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EX LIBRIS 
Wilham Healey Dal 


Division of Mollusks 
Sectional Library 


a 
| 


This book was bound through 


the generosity of the 


NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB 


/ WNILLIAM H. DALL 
/ SECTIONAL LIBRARY 


DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS 


Hy 


Aoological Jllustrattons, 


OR 


ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS 


OF 


NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING 


ANIMALS, 
SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF 
Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, 


AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF 


CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS. 


BY 
WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.LS, 


MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC. 


VOL, I. Beotion.)  Molunk 
London : 


PRINTED BY Re AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE: 


FOR BALDWIN, CRADDOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER- 
ROW; AND W. WOOD, STRAND. 


ed 


1820-1. 


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PRY EF A CE. 


Tue termination of the first volume of the Zoological 
Illustrations is accomplished, and its contents will not 
only enable our readers to discern the nature of the work, 
but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of im- 
provement which we have introduced since its first publi- 
cation, and they may safely rely on the continuation being 
in no respect inferior. 

In commencing a work of this nature, we have had 
two principal objects in view: the diffusion of original 
observations, which, while they might further the ends of 
science, would also be interesting to the general reader ; 
and that of discouraging the publication of distorted 
ficures copied from old authors, by accustoming the pub- 
lic eye to original designs and correct representations of 
natural objects. How tar we may have succeeded in this 
latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are how- 
ever satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope 
that abler pencils than our own, may engage in the prose- 
cution of this most desirable object; for it is only by the 
publication of original matter, that a check can be given 
to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied 
copies of ‘“ill-shaped” figures, by which error is perpetu- 
ated, and science retarded. 

The only original work that has appeared in this coun- 
try similar to our own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. 
Leach,which, as it was discontinued after thethird volume, 
it way be presumed was unsuccessful : although little can 
be said of many of the figures in the early volumes, 
those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole 
are original; the descriptions also abound with details 
highly interesting to the scientific world, for which indeed 
the Jearned author principally intended it; nevertheless 


1V PREFACE. 


it is a question, whether science in the end would not 
have been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this 
work been more adapted to general readers. Instruction 
in these days of refinement must be made easy, palata- 
ble, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the un- 
derstanding is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dig- 
nified garb will often be deserted for Ignorance, decked 
out in the glittering trappings of J’olly. 

The Naturalist’s Miscellany conducted by Dr. Shaw, 
in its miscellaneous nature also resembled the present 
work, and reached to the extent of twenty-four volumes. 
What an invaluable fund of information these might have 
contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately, 
however, the exceptions are so few, that the whole may 
be termed a loose compilation, the descriptions being 
mostly given in as few words as possible, and the figures 
not only copied from wretched representations found in 
old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions 
only! It is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose 
talents and abilities were unquestionable, should have ex- 
erted them so little, and thus have descended to the rank 
of a voluminous compiler, for little bettercan be said of the 
General Zoology, begun and continued under his name: 
little original matter can there be found, excepting in the 
latter volumes, yet even in these no notice whatever is taken 
of theimmense number of new species discovered in Africa 
by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the Oiseaux 
d Afrique: the engravings also are in like manner copied 
from old prints, enlarged or diminished as occasion offers, 
without even a regard to the selection of the best. It 
may be as well to observe in this place, that great num- 
ber of generic distinctions have been made in the two 
last volumes; which, as they have not been followed by 
any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists on the 
Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and 
unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work. 

It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the 
scientific arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted 
the principles of the modern classification ; which the 


PREFACE, Vv 


strict followers of Linnzus (in this country alone) have 
so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been 
designated as the natural, and the other the artificial sy- 
stem; and, without entering into a critical dcisquisition 
on these definitions, it will be sufficient to observe, that 
by the Artificial System we bend nature to conform to 
certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to 
which we insist all her productions known and unknown 
will conform ; while in the Natural method, we endea- 
vour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our system to 
that which appears to regulate her operations. In the 
one we give laws, in the other receive them ; by the first 
we are taught to believe that the highest attainment 
of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of an ob- 
ject in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record 
it in our favourite system as a grammarian enters a new 
word in his dictionary, and there the matter terminates. 
Where the artificial system ends, the natural begins ; 
for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities 
founded on anatomical construction, economy, and geo- 
graphic distribution ; our attention ceases to be confined 
to individuals, and extends to large groups; general facts 
enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind be- 
gins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which 
the zones of the earth are peopled by their own respec- 
tive races of animate beings ; blending their confines 
unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and use- 
fulness. 

That these inquiries and results have had a most won- 
derful effect on the natural sciences of late years, is abun- 
dantly evident. Geology, a subject hardly thought of in 
this country a few years ago, is now found to be a science 
of the first importance ;_ w with this, however, Conchology 
1s SO intimately connected, that without a certain know- 
ledge of it, the geologist is frequently unable to prosecute 
inquiries of the most interesting nature ; and there is lit- 
tle doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it 
now so justly holds, solely because its natural system 
has been more generally studied and advocated in this 


v1 PREFACE. 


country, than that of any other branch of Natural His- 
tory. In this science at least, we possess a superiority 
which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the 
name of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of 
our philosophic inquirers. 

That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnean 
system, has been the primary cause why Zoology has 
been more neglected with us than on the Continent, will 
admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all fur- 
ther improvement, it has impressed the generality of our 
countrymen with an idea, that the highest object of the 
Naturalist was to label the contents of a museum, and 
to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns of old 
china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the 
vulgar, this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and 
ridicule, and very few of those qualified by nature for 
accurate investigation and philosophic reasoning, have 
been induced to make the science a study; and thus from 
such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a pow- 
erful writer of the present day, ‘‘some future historian of 
the progress of human knowledge, will have to state that 
England, till within the few last years, stood still at the 
bottom of the steps where Linneus had left her; while 
her neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the en- 
trance of the temple*.” 

Finally—Linneus toa comprehensive genius united in- 
defatigable industry; yet he could not see and study those 
innumerable productions that have been discovered since 
his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects in- 
creases, So must our systems change, until the natural one 
is fully developed ; and the question simply comes to this, 
Whether the Linnzan method should be upheld as a so- 
litary exception to the mutability of human wisdom. 

The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and 
there is every reason to think it has already broke, and 


* Hore Entomologice, by W.S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College, 
Cambridge. London, 1819. A work which for acuteness of reasoning and 


profound research, has never been equalled either in this, or perhaps ia 
any other country. 


PREFACE. Vil 


will gradually disperse these mists of prejudice. It is how- 
ever much to be regretted, that our public institutions are 
wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement 
of students, but the researches of those who are already 
engaged in prosecuting their inquiries : in Scotland alone 
are founded any Protessorships of Natural History, and 
the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch 
only) is confessedly difficult: materials for study are 
more necessary in this science than any other; yet the 
public Institutions and libraries of the metropolis, “ rich 
and rare” in every other department of knowledge, in 
most instances are deficient in this of the most elemen- 
tary books; setting aside those of illustration, which, from 
being unavoidably expensive and within the reach of few 
purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such gene- 
ral repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its 
noble possessor, was the cause no doubt of the Banksian 
magnificent library being left deficient in several of the 
latest continental works ; and that of the British Museum 
I have reason to think is still more defective. To the 
honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Rad- 
cliffe Libraries, it should be mentioned, that no pains or 
expense have been spared to render them as perfect in 
this branch as possible; and we have been told that the 
latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom. 

We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the con- 
tents of this volume. 

In the Ornithoiogical department the systems of Cu- 
vier and Temminck have mostly superseded all others : 
as a whole, we give a decided preference to the latter, 
as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the 
generic distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier 
are too many: both however can be considered only as 
sketches, subject to improvement—as natural afiinities 
are more studied. 

Regarding that part of our work which relates to En- 
tomology, we have given a decided preference to the Le- 
pidoptera, for the simple reason that this order has re- 
ceived less attention from all writers, concerning their real 
characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have 


Vill PREFACE. 


been most unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the 
reat founder of the modern school : we have therefore 
thought it necessary to propose in this department many 
new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions 
could not be made more perfect without the destruction 
of the specimens, frequently not our own, and which 
therefore was unattainable: a more extended knowledge 
of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will alone 
confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions. 

In Conchology many of the genera long established on 
the Continent, but new to our own collectors, have been 
characterized and illustrated, as well as specific distinc- 
tions defined between shells hitherto considered as vari- 
eties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude 
has been given to the meaning of the term variety, that 
in its general acceptation its definition becomes im- 
possible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a shell 
possessing one or more characters which are changeable 
and uncertain, and which consequently will not serve as 
indications by which it may infallibly be distinguished 
from all others ; vartety depends on local cireumstances, 
and affects the size, colour, and greater or less develop- 
mentof thesame modification of str ucture; a species is per- 
manent, its structure always the same though more or less 
developed, producing and per petuating its kind, and de- 
pending on formation, discernible in youth, and matured 
in age: we cannot therefore comprehend the contradictory 
term of permanent varieties in a state of nature (though 
such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors 
have used, and which has led to, in many instances, the 
most erroneous conclusions. 

It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still 
made by our own writers against all the modern improve- 
ments ; yet although Linnean Introductions to Concho- 
logy are constantly i issuing from the press, the desire of 
being acquainted with a nore natural and intelligible clas- 
sification has already appeared; and as we are frequent! y 
questioned on the subject, we cannot in this place do bet- 
ter than refer the young student to the valuable article on 
Conchology contained in the late supplement to the 


PREFACE. 1x 


Encyclopedia Britannica, the perusal of which will con- 
vey more solid information, and less perplexity, than all 
the Introductions our booksellers can boast of. 

With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should 
be observed that we have in most instances limited them 
only to original works, all doubtful ones have been re- 
jected, and such only given as have been actually con- 
sulted ; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the 
occasionalomission of some, existing in books we had not 
the immediate power of consulting ; our own library is 
not small; but the difficulty and expense of procuring all 
the new continental publications, ana the impossibility 
of meeting with them at our public libraries*, may have 
sometimes led us into error, and unintentionally to have 
passed over the discoveries of others. 

With the few additions contained in the Appendix we 
shall now conclude ; trusting that in the remarks drawn 
from us by the present state of the science in this country, 
our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance of want of 
candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the la- 
bours of others, every one at all acquainted with the sub- 
ject can inquireinto, and either acknowledge or disprove : 
we neither deprecate nor despise criticism: an author who 
presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions 
publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficien- 
cy exposed ; no one is more sensible than we are that our 
own pretensions chiefly consist in having set an example 
for others more able to follow: and if we have in any 
way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object 
will be attained, and we shall then gladly retire in the 
shade. 


* Itis truly grievous in those which are privileged to possess themselves 
of the works of their countrymen, however expensive, at free cost, and 
thus to inflict a ruinous fine on authors. 'Thus—National Institutions, 
founded for the encouragement of learning, are made to oppress and im- 
poverish its followers. 


LonpDoN, 
Sept. 15, 1821, 


LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. 


Bruguire, Encycl. Meth. Tistoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire, 
1 vol. 4to and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of 
the “ Encyclopedie Méthodique.” Paris 1789-1792, 

Bloch.. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin, 1796, 

Cramer. Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782. 

Cuvier. Le Régne Avimal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817. 

Chemnitz, Martini. Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols. 
Nurnburg, 1781-1795. 

Dill. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn, 
2 vols. 8vo. London, 1817. 

Edwards. A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of 
Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c. 

Fab. Ent, Syst. Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J.C. Fa- 
bricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794. 

Gen. Zool. General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued 
by Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819. 

Ginelin Linn. Syst. Nat. C. Linné Systema Nature. Cura J. F. Gmelin. 
Lipsie, 1788-1793. 

Godart in Encycl. Method. Encyclopedie Methodique, t.9. p. 1. 1819. 

Gualtieri. Index Testarum Conchyliorum que adservantur in Museo 
N. Gualtieri. Florentie#, 1742. 

Illiger. Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811. 

Knorr. Les Delices des Yeux et de l’Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760, &e. 

Klein Hist. Pisc. Wistorie Nat. Piscium promovende Missus, 6, 4to. 
Dantzic, 1740-49. 

Linn, Syst. Nat. See Gmelin. 

Linn. Trans. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols. 
Ato. 1791-1821. 

Lister. M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770. 

Lamarck Syst. Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Verteébres. Par le Cheva- 
lier de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819. 

Anal, Mus. Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 

4to. 1802-1821. 

Lath. Synop. Suppl. A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham, 

3 vols. and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c. 

Index Ornith. Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790. 

Martyn Univ. Conch. The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 
4 vols. 4to. London, 1784, &c. 

Martini. See Chemnitz. 

Pennant. British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812. 

Risso Icth. Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810. 

Rumph. Thesaurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagz, 1739. 

Seba. Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols, folio. Am- 
sterdam, 1734-1765. 

Say. Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United 
States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819. 

Shaw in Gen. Zool. See General Zoology. 

LTemminck Pig. et Gall. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons et des 
Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813. 
Manuel. Manuel d’Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820. 

Le Vaill. Wist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus. folio. Paris, 1806. 

-- Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. ~ Paris, 1801. 

White’s Voyage, Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790. 


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4 


PSITTACUS Cayennensis. 


Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibula supe- 
riore adunca ; inferiore sub-recurvata, breviore. Nares rotunda, nuda, 
Serme verticales. Pedes scansorit. 

Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper mandible 
sharply hooked ; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and much 
shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi ceruleis, caudd 
brevi cuneata. ; 
Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills blue 
at their base. Tail short, wedged. 
Le Perruche a tache souci. Le Vaill. pl. 58, 59. p. 169. 


re 


We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an 
inspection of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the 
Banksian Library: for the description of the orange-winged 
Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not applicable; and Dr. Shaw has 
persisted in the old error of considering this species a variety of 
the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put at rest 
by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant. 
There is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and 
form their theories from books, and those who study nature, and 
think for themselves; and nothing will result from the first but 
mischief to the science, and perplexity to the student. 

Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by 
C. Edmonston, Esq.; another is in the possession of A. Mac- 
Leay, Esq. ‘Though rare in our cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says 
it is common in Cayenne. He has given a beautiful figure of 
the female, which is entirely green. 

Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, be- 
neath paler and inclining to yellow; just under the lower man- 
dible is a small snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of 
the same in front just above the nostrils ; the quills dark-green, 
the greater ones on their outside base are blue, with which the 
head is also tinged. ‘The spurious wings are entirely of a rich 
and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside 
greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a 
line of black. ‘Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch 
beyond the wings, both above and below green: the interior 
margin dirty-yellow, the feathers poited. Bill and legs flesh- 
colour. 

Pl. 4, 


POE yd aU IAT SY 


asd hagas AN Oty SwanSysn 3 


home baad bevower 5 vaio 
s 


omni - wars Water. - 


‘ 


ee) grb 


Avent ban abrewipe ay 


a 


i 


via 


behest PRET Teh yo 


fe eh abn ty’) eyed wut 


> 4 


| 
ra 


TOAHEM ) DIUDATe., 


aa mableton oe Sit 


rsarh. snawao 
betsy ban “ouhaedalne uwlincina Sar ete nie 
ae a ai? rn Neola pate lk oan wrt 
aa vege Wag i a res Saas 


opal adlbde by TOT HITE UI9% Aci sbe (USE 


veiytoh yhiletvtig' i abit ~ bys Ae wi Ngpaste 
these bode bndal elrqan7t” setts 


a 


cited antlglonw allen. sitnge, se aaeenpe a 


aiken vee 


x Ws a i- 7 “ ° 
a eMlniatin :enitiboeatblos abe sicrtoga ome dtu de Aged ays) 
| ' + oy 


houfow ods G8 dem steeds sa 
ui ey Met 44 onoe artnet Pasay al 


—~ + ee — 


ria rd brid nisgal lnitinemd alt doiiaabé yfehguornilt wna. & a 2 


ett tah ‘ lines! air ase 
Bgpiitrr seahaees alk 
L brig 


rf 


Bs 


1 oe ee 


pacliia Y ob Yo anton bor bnienr bite ‘aii Iqi Hous fee rene: ca a 


- bes aliay cree: ) nih Ay ay Ath tae Wy rly the 1 f xsd, sbi 
. hurr YTD chute on a 9x00} tidte a ie Oc ecevit as frost Weds aria: 


we Bh “seo, 


gud seri oh! maya Jhiviet Niw une wr beis. ; eairline tr ods Ww Stauls 
A riee, oie? ny Hes Pays wld od lonloeie 


Joglgys ol) 


4 
‘ 


yd arenes) tqnt' 


anit A ia) heels 
vyae Yoalfia Yb Te 


his ay Pe LAr bs prude! ay 
aul rived Eretg are a i 


mer a silt CT. TTY nai ¢ en. re 


My (ot it el ‘1D whee a pe wt ade. 


a iH Be 


sf aed Shes iti, net Ap ded it peck ee] 
ty kaart ¢ bi” conto wa: DY at modo ar 10 
— pateery ylornitey at does HAS sselt 


3 ,uenrg ub rues i oy words ogeenil *{ # vd aE FID Atgivsl | lato’ 
~fiht et ner aut doris bi uy; 2 wo tj 7 os mriscel: st) iyrist ‘Terk sesy Weer 


a vim heh efltu e only 


“Je ett vrovind iv 2 beim dodge haruole PRuse linens 8 ef aldily 
ili odd avs nviinot mt sate GL 


out toi vid w dtiye | thes rin * ‘ed obdaino Wall ud-eoar time m2 ot 
fai 6 to viii oe eqciw evohuie oll .foyait o@la et Basel 
obient stig) feet, 
par monly ormelyy Attila lt abie lage oo igen ysuldedatqoreg 


etlenfl ago lene et 


fovoo-yitw weel ens; aesla AGA 


- dori ik oy TA weary lbs wal al ron bottle lieT <dontd to anit 
— tortetal offi idem wolad ban svods dod egetive ot haga 


yy yiew odd Yo aot gene, : 
ootg hor off vt oyweidil netedeh 
: i ante ips 3 to msl ae fo t03 Ry ry 
tov it eunt: rae andy Orit: ayigins t? WITS ‘blo: ofl ni bate ei 
Jean th dug oe wil tard geiko ah in prolate iit nds 54 iuoT 


aS 
« 


a 


‘battiog etadinal otis velar nigrern” 


. tO B, 


= ti 


ae sex. ei Mog pais oot Aakee 


we Shy hactl 


Se vere = 7 
ees Weis 
=: cy, ¥ 
a Evel es Aero 5a et : 
Reece ize 7 ee 
a 
= . a 
kita 
: 
z 
“j 2t We he 
vieg 
iis eae 


i eee ity Dae tage 


é —” 


, 


SITTA frontalis. 
Blue Nuthatch. 


GENERIC CHARACTER, 

Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum ; utroque mandibulo ad apicem aque 
anclinato ; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales, ovales, 
aperta, plumis setaceisi ncumbentibus extrinsecus tecte. Pedes tribus digi- 
tus anticis ; uno postico; interior minor ; exterior ad basin medio connexus ; 
hallux productus validus. Ungues compressissimi; antici subequales ; 
postico maximo, Cauda brevis, rectricibus duodecim subequalibus. 

Typus Genericus S. Europea. 

Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed ; both mandibles equally in- 
clining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed wedge. 
Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent seta- 
ceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward; 
inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base; 
hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed ; anterior nearly 
equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers. 

Generic Type Sitta Europea. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
S. supra cerulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in medio nigris ; 
subtus cinereo-fusca, aures lilacine, mento albo, 
Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the lateral 


tail-feathers black ; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin white. 
Orthorynchus frontalis. Horsfield in Linn. Trans. 


Tue present species is one of the many interesting birds col- 
lected in Java by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, 
until [ had described and engraved another specimen, sent to 
Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I discovered the species had 
already been included in the Doctor’s account of the birds of 
Java, presented to the Linnean Society, where he has described 
it under the name of Orthorynchus frontalis. 

The specific name of its first describer is of course retained : 


with respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed 
P). 2. 


to dissent from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the 
prolongation of the hinder toe being somewhat more developed 
than in Sitta Europea and Carolinensis, both which birds are 
now before me, and which in themselves differ in the relative 
proportion of this part: thus in S.Carolinensis the hind toe and 
claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in S. Europea 
it is one-tenth shorter ; and in the present species it just exceeds 
that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest difference 
[ apprehend will be observed, as the foregoing generic character 
has been drawn up from these three species. 

Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, 
from the angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines ; front of the 
head velvet-black, continued in a stripe of the same colour over 
the eye, and terminating above the ear feathers: the upper plu- 
mage is of a rich blue, mere brilliant on the head, and paler on 
the front, and external margins of the quills. Spurious wings 
and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner wing-covers 
deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to lilac 
on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on 
the flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle 
feathers blue, the rest more or less: black, having the external 
margins and tips blue. ‘The outer quill of the wings is short, the 
second and third longest and equal, the fourth rather less; the 
hind toe with the claw, measures one inch in a straight line. 


nD 


mer “ite ee ane 


a, as (aes f is 


G , } = is i - 
fi bits F ; an 1% 


LT 
A oe ae My ia pie Wl 
a < ‘ 
a LE | Ni. 
: * i ‘ a 
} i 
é ‘ee ’ 
| fi ay , “ Tino 
f 
i ' ase 
' 4 ; / ied ' 1 
; a ' er 
' ‘ i 
‘ { ! ' 
F ae Ok. 
7 by \ ; j ~, af 
i : i] - 
. 
* 1 i] 
' ‘ \ ‘ ‘ 
. ~ 
. yr} 4 
re . 
a 
; F y 
4 f J s s 
* a 1 
, - aah Lan ¥ t 


MITRA zonata. 
Zoned Mitre. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 
Testa inequaliter fusiformis, spird producta attenuata, labio exteriore intus eden- 
tulo. Columella plicata. 


Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip simple, 
not toothed within. Columella plaited. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. epidermide lutea, fulvo-marmoratd, anfractibus inferne basi nigris, columella 


quinque-plicata. Linn, Trans. xii. p. 338. 


Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at 
their base black; columella five-plaited. 
Mitra zonata. Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol. xii. pl. 10. fig. 1. 2. 


Tits unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by 
Captain Marryatin the Linnean Transactions: the figures, how- 
ever, are uncoloured, and give a very indifferent idea of the grace- 
ful symmetry of its form. My friend Dr. Leach, with his usual 
liberality, permitted me to draw the accompanying figure of it 
at the British Museum, where it is now deposited. 

It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, 
adhering to a sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular 
locality, since nearly all the Mitres have generally been supposed 
to inhabit the tropical seas, or at least far from the coasts of 
Europe. It should, however, be remarked, that Cyprea lurida, 
an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of Greece: and 
C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates 
several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine 
Bay, which are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea 
and Indian Ocean. ‘These facts, with many others, prove the 

Pl. 3. 


physical distribution of Moliusce to be less decidedly marked 
than almost any other class of animals. 

This genus is included with that of Voluta by Linneus and 
our own writers, although long ago justly separated by the con- 


tinental zoologists. 


tegen teo ae ie 


« 


he i eae, Hit Ay ji) 


See 


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‘ day 


BULIMUS melastomus. 
Blackmouthed Bulimus. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum, sub-ovale. Colu- 
mella laevis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, reflecum. Internum 


ultra medium cavo-inflecum, Operculum nullum. 


Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval. Column 
smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip beyond 
the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
B. testa oblongo-ovatd, alba, cinereo marmorata, spire anfractibus longitudina- 
liter plicutis, labio exteriore complanato ; apertura nigra. 


Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls longi- 
tudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black. 


rr 


Tue venus Bulimus was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the 
heterogeneous mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnean 
genus Helix*, &c.: it comprehends some of the larger and most 
beautiful of the exotic land shells, among which the present spe- 
cies will stand conspicuous both in beauty of colouring and ex- 
cessive rarity. While travelling among the forests of Brazil, in 
the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured one morn- 
ing on the leaves of a Solanum. I not only searched myself, but 
promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me 
another, a two-bladed Birmingham knife !—the greatest tempta- 


* Were it necessary at this time of day to point out the unnatural se- 
paration of shells intimately connected with each other, which the Lin- 
nan arrangement presents, it would be sufficient to observe, that the ge- 
nus Bulimus is formed of shells scattered in the old genera of Turbo, Helix, 
and Bulla: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn’s Catalogue, the large pink-mouthed 
African land-snail put in the same genus with our English Bulla lignaria, 
and aperta; the one inhabiting the depths of forests, and the others the 
depths of ocean! 


Pl. 4. 


tion they could have!—but in vain; for I never saw another 
before or since. 

There are many peculiar characters presented in this species 
independent of its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited 
longitudinally about half their length, and marked very slightly 
(but sufficiently distinct) with several oblique indented strie ; the 
principal whorl has a row of indented and unequal sulcations 
near the suture, and a slight appearance of elevation along the 
white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad, and flat- 
tened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a 
prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed 
closely, appears rough with minute scale-like elevations, very 
much resembling shagreen. 


COLIAS Statira. 


GENERIc CHARACTER. 

Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti. Articulis 
tribus ; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultra erecto ; secundo erecto, 
brevi ; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso. Antenne breves, cy= 
lindracee, ad apicem nudam et abrupté truncatam sensim incrassate. Ale 
anteriores trigone. Abdomen maris, ultimo articulo acuto, et subtus tenui 
unco incurvato ; valvis magnis, attenuatis, aduncis. 


Typus Genericus Colias Ebule. 


Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with scales. 
Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base, erect be- 
yond ; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining forward ; 
the tip naked, obtuse. Antenne short, cylindric, gradually thicken- 
ing to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior 
wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joimt pointed, 


and a slender incurved hook beneath: the valves large, attenuated 
and hooked. 
Generic Type Colias Ebule« 


Speciric CHARACTER. 

C. alis dilute flavis, vel fulvis ; anticis supra, puncto medio margineque extima, 
nigris ; subtus ferrugineis ; posticis subtis, singulis duobus niveis punctis 
inequalibus ; palpis productis. 

Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and central 
dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each with two 


unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened — Female. 
Papilio Statira. Cramer, pl. cxx. fig. C. D. 


a 
Tue present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family 
of Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, 
yellow, and white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or 
less degree throughout all the species. ‘The generic characters 
above given will distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and 


principally those of South America; one or two species only 


being found in Africa, and five or six inhabiting India. 
Pl 5. 


I have no doubt this is the Pap. Statira of Cramer; it is 
found only in Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by 
Godart and Latreille as a variety of C. Jugurthina, an Indian 
insect, and which in fact is not in itself a species, being no other 
than the female of C. A/emeone, as an attentive examination of 
a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr. Horsfield, en- 
abled me to ascertain. 

The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, 
and the white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, 
will distinguish this species through all the variations; im the 
ground colour of its wings, which in no two specimens are exactly 
alike, and one before me is nearly white ; the lesser snowy dot 
is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting; but the prolon- 
gation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer’s figure above 
quoted. 

Thave examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by 
myself, and all have been females; and I strongly suspect future 
and more decided observations will prove C. Evadne to be the 
other sex: it has the palpi lengthened, though in a less degree ; 
and the articulations of the antenne im both insects will be found 
somewhat thickened at their termination when viewed under a 
magnifier, a peculiarity | have seen in no other species; and 
although [ have examined near thirty specimens of C. Evadne, 
they have invariably proved to be males. 

The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the 
generic character now given; a striking proof that in a natural 
system no single part can be taken as an unerring criterion for 
generic distinction, without making it eventually an artificial one. 
The Colias Drya of Fabricius has the same formation of palpi, 
but is a totally different insect. 


ies oy ar aeeng? =: 


7 7% meh 
= eae Sai nich Nem gh Aa = 


‘ 


ities Qe 
a : ed 


rye a dig oe Leia : , 
Ses, SVS eR, Ce ee Lr = 
rea Fe 


Behr Mag enters. ie hE 


if 


COLIAS Leachiana. 


Leachian Colias. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


C.alis subrotundatis, wtegris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra fulvis, margine 
punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus maculd centrali ferruginea. En- 
cycl. Method. 


(Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white ; anterior pair above 
orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair beneath 
with a central ferrugineous spot. Female —————? 

C. Leachiana. Godart in Encycl. Method. vol. ix. p. 91. 


In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered ; it 
was first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my 
learned and valued friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Mu- 
seum, whose talents are too well known to need any eulogium 
in this place. 

It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extre- 
mities of Brazil; for [have seen it in a box sent from Para, and 
my specimens were captured in Minas Geraes by my friend 
Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare species ; for I have only 
seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all males: the fe- 
male, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in most 
of this genus. 

The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; 
but the tuft of hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is 
entirely wanting. It should be likewise observed, that although 
this insect in every outward respect resembles a genuine Colias 
(the type of which may be C. Ebule), it differs very materially in 
the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the last jomt being the 
shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead of being con- 


cealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by 
Pl. 6, 


two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves 
are also much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although end- 
ing in an incurved hook. In the present ignorance in which a 
true knowledge of the Lepidoptera is mvolved, it is impossible 
to say how far these dissimilarities may point out natural groups ; 
it is therefore of the highest importance to the science such facts 
should be noticed. 


eer ears 305 ~<or balay 


ve 
7 


Be AS ge i ~~ a) a 


x aad see fe) 7 bos Si 


pote ag? or : ie at. 
te mths. oh te mh) 

in esa Regiecats abe, Les 

MEGA Re Crete ee is wail bel 


Aula saeaeel oe paige hese ahve tres Cues ‘ ‘ 
<a + aes: ye: ae ed ee Hea yin 
Gon, wh a ty ig a i 
, - 
. 
oriae eS 


eo 


CARDUELIS cucullata. 
Hooded Seed-eater. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum ; mandibulis subequalibus ; apice 
immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibula superiore culmine convexra; infe- 
riore basi marginis angulata, utrinsecus subtusque convera. 

Typus Genericus Fringilla Canaria. Lath., Kc. 

Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both mandibles 
nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper mandible con- 
vex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an obtuse an- 
gle, the sides and under part convex. 

Generic Type Fringilla Canaria. Latham, &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fascia trans tectrices remigibus caudaque nigris ; 
remigibus primoribus basi oblique aurantio fasciatis. 
Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and 
tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange. 


—<——— rE EO 


A RICHLY coloured little bird, much smaller than our Gold- 
finch, and approaching very near to the Bowvreuil de Bourbon 
of Buffon, from which, however, I think it quite distinct. The 
only one I have yet seen is in the possession of E. Falkner, Esq. 
of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it with a few other 
rare birds from the Spanish Main. 

Total length four inches, Bill blackish and very sharp. The 
whole head and forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of 
the body is a fine reddish-orange, dulleron the back and brightest 
beneath: wing-covers the same; the greater ones at their base 
black, which forms a bar: the quills are also black, the greater 
ones having at their base an oblique bar of orange, and some ot 
the lesser ones slightly margined externally with white. Tail 
divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly mar- 

|e ar Cc 


gined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws 
brown. 

The Bouvreual de Bourbon, and the B.du Cap de Bonne Espe- 
rance of Buffon (Pl. Enl, pl. 204. fig. 1, 2.) appear to have been 
described as the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Gross- 
beak of Latham) on mere conjecture. I think them quite di- 
stinct, inhabiting different countries, and having all the appear- 
ance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for the females 
in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and 
the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a 
female. 

The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very 
slightly defined,) and includes the common Goldfinch and 
Canary-bird. 


eA? eee epee 
ane t ; < > vi ne 1 


ae] 


mid A ae ‘ 


eC 


é. 


“ 
? ~ 
-1 
. — 
; . 4 
‘ 4 = 
7 , 2 
‘ : fj 
i 
. 
’ 
‘ ’ 
. 
i _ 
x 
s 
. 
< ’ 
‘ Se 
- 4 4 
7 ’ 
Fi i = i i 
, 
. 4 
’ ’ a 
—~. - “4 ~ 
. / ce ‘ 
+ DS 5 cid 
‘ 
A 5 
7 & 
‘ 
- ‘ q , 
Th ey 
> 
‘ z oe a 
- - 
aay , 
: ' 
‘ 
‘: ~ 
i » 


MEROPS urica. 


Javanese Bee-eater. 


Generic CHARACTER. 

Rostrum productum, leve, subcurvatum, compressum ; apice acuto, basi trigono ; 

culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Ale attenuate. 
Typus Genericus M. apiaster. Linn., &c. 

Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point; 
the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back carinated. 
Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed. 

Generic Type Merops apiaster. Linn., &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

M. viridis, infra pallidior ; capite, collo supra rufo; mento, jugulo, sulphureis ; 
lined temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus uropygioque ceruleis ; 
cauda subfurcata. 

Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat sul- 
phur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black. Tail- 


covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked. 
Merops urica. Horsfeild in Linn. Trans. 


eee 


Tue true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally 
inhabiting Africa and Asia; one species only, the European 
Bee-eater, being known with any degree of certainty to be found 
in Europe; and this is occasionally seen in England. They 
are all gregarious, feeding on the wing, and in general migra- 
tory. 

Most unwillingly [ have again in this instance anticipated my 
friend Dr. Horsfeild in describing this bird, which he found in 
Java, and which I engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without 
knowing it had also fallen under his observation. 

The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that 
of our European species. Bill an inch and a half long from 


the gape, and black. Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated, 
Plis. 


partially defended by incumbent hairs; at the angle of the 
mouth is a row of short, stiff bristles ; a black line commences 
from the nostrils, passes under the eye, and terminates with 
the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and between the 
wings, rufous. The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the 
chin and throat sulphur tinged with rufous, where an irregular 
and narrow collar of black crosses the neck. The remaining 
under parts yellowish-green. Wings and quills fulvous green, 
the latter tipt with black, and all the inner shafts more or less 
rufous: the second quill longest, and the lesser quills and tail- 
feathers notched at their tips. Tail green, slightly forked; the 
tips and under side dusky-black, and three inches and a half 
long. Wings, when closed, four inches one line in length. Vent 
blueish-white. 

The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by 
the two middle tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elon- 
gated. 


eR ae 
J a or : 


JAX NATE 


= 


HELIX auriculata. 
Eared Helix. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 
Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata, Apertura 
integra. Lubium exterius marginatum. Operculum nulium. 
‘Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated. 
Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. | Operculum, none. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

H.testd depressissima, ferrugineo-marmorata et bifasciatd, umbilico magno, pro- 
fundo, aperturé auriformi ; labio exteriore incrassato, margine interiore 
dente obsoleto. | 

Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous. 
Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened, 
reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within. 


SEE 


A SHELL no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity. 
The mouth bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear ; 
and the only specimen known in this country is the one here 
figured, from the cabinet of Ch, Dubois, Esq., who obligingly 
favoured me with it for examination ; neither does the exquisite 
work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac, now publishing 
at Paris, contain this species among the numerous matchless 
figures already given of this family. 

In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the 
genus Helix, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present 
following the example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it 
with that family, in preference to adopting the ill-defined and 
palpably artificial distribution of them by D.de Montfort, or 
of forming a new genus for its reception. 

The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures 
than described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obso- 
lete longitudinal strie ; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth 


does not extend externally beyond the margin of the lip. 
Pl. 9. 


? q 
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6. ; ; “" 
ad } : 
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; 
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> 
a : ’ 
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7 
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1 
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ie 7 
it I 

o¥Ji 
|? Pe 
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4 Wt 
. Ms mae 
14 * 
iy ALA 34 
fis 
: 
rf Ta} ea) 
rié wie 
cn 
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: ' 
tna J 
10 hed 1 


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aol sh. yd med to aoiediieb lipaie vag 
; SiG! ML ‘i tot SLT Wt, FF Hie ri : 
4 348 yallociece varieeln iT ct a uphuay a 

“eign elias 4 3 fi (ly abntir oth Harty: 

1Sca qasheneay u audio ot! > nitty Lanibudtage 
if ba ff HF Cire v send viieitiex9 buol xs Jorn 

i 


ak oT PK ra 


. ; a 


“a “dolissieae Bak kK Bs 
‘ gaat RK x 


‘ 
otal ee HIRE ete 
A 
; 
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Niwot» Wys Th wea eo 4 OT 
ne ’ : pee UY ’ a 
. iy . + AA Wt 8, a Tis 8 bath Ll 
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A 7 
a Is . (oD SIGS ~ Sexes -ie values! 
, 
j ‘j beng “hi rT wy on uss 
; | a 62 ae ‘ rte ot 
‘ 
= s 4 3a) 42 
. a a 
i Bat elt Ly alg Satie 
Bes V aris a oe wi acaba 
4 


' 

beotnse ib hon. fetdwern. fomeigiab aig 
if yaw) Jogaoeis stutieg A .qeeh siaub poole 
; aitaiy fou stsbede anfdiily ani eee : 

Ab -—iceeeaea Reet emmoncnes 

ray  aurlParicl ot TO)eldaiea Aeon Ut ‘tf 
} ol Sure tinaeoe and iaG0t # aanstl dud re 

aii BAO Ait ai nw al i i MALONE yl sift 
Ode @phl uKk a AO. to tonidas gel ‘tio hot 
<4 Mob usihen imax tot ti tive Dit ot sd 

re went thease b Wed siled@ bao ods i994 
Pees Olt, pare xSi9ade alii OGIO) « A 


int eidz to wovty thesis» 
part vittisTiaony Inset Sid: > 
id AUIS Gad vd Stol x RS call eg 


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STROMBUS. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Testa ventricosa: basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato ; labium exterius 
simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata ; supra dilatata. 
Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum ; corpore spirali ; pede compressa 
ad cervicis basin inferiorem. Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. 51. 
Typus Genericus S. pugilis. Linn. 

Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate or 
truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the base, 
and prominent above. 

Animal marine, carnivorous ; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the 
inferior base of the neck. 

Generic Type S. pugilis. Linn. 


STROMBUS minimus. 
Little Strombus—central figures. 

S. testa nodose plicatd ; spird subtilissime striata; labio interiore reflecto, in- 
crassato, supra obtusé-acuminato ; exteriore intra levi, supra alte-lobato, 
anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto. 

Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip thickened 
and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth within, 
deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution. 

Lister 859. 15. Chemnitz. tab. 156. fig. 1491, 1492. Rwmph. tab. 36, P. 
Gualtieri, tab. 32, G. 

Strombus marginatus. Dillwyn’s Cat. p. 665. no. 18. 


EE 


A PRETTY and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than 
one inch three lines long. The spire long in proportion, and 
occupying half an inch: when in perfection the colour is a deep 
chesnut, minutely broken into finely serrated darker lines, with 
one, two, or three interrupted bands of white on the body whorl, 
the spire, and margin of the outer lip paler; there are two or 
three nodules above ; and the spiral volutions have the carinated 
row of tubercles usual in the S¢rombi, and are besides finely stri- 
ated transversely. The base of the shell is more deeply and di- 


stinctly striated; both the lips are much thickened, tumid, white, 
Pl. 10. 


and highly polished ; terminating above in obtuse points on the 
second spiral whorl, leaving a narrow ascending channel be- 
tween; the inside of the aperture is a fine yellow. 

Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common. 

By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well 
described this shell, but under the name and supposition of its 
being the S. marginatus of Linnaeus; though a few pages after 
he brings all the true synonyms referring to his shell, under a 
description purporting to be that of S. minimus, but which in 
reality is more applicable to our next species. Why this writer 
should doubt the correctness of Gmelin, Chemnitz, &c. respecting 
the true S. marginatus of Linneus, does not appear, particularly 
as he has substituted for it a well known species. I have little 
doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell, which is 
nothing more than a scarce variety of S. accinctus, now before 
me, with which Linneus’s original description pretty well agrees. 


STROMBUS variabilis. 
Variable Strombus—upper figure. 
S. testa nodose plicatd, spira striis nullis ; labio interiore simplice, exteriore re- 
fiecto, intra levi, supra leviter lobato. 
Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple. Outer 
lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above. 


Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little 
more than half an inch. The ground colour generally is white 
with numerous undulated short lines of a darker colour, some- 
times crossed by four or five obsolete whitish bands: it ap- 
proaches very near S. minimus, but is easily distinguished by 
being in general much larger, by having the inner lip not at all 
thickened above, the outer lip very slightly lobed, and only ad- 
vancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies, however, 
amazingly in colour. ‘There is a small variety, having a brown 
spot beneath, from India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas) 
in the Banksian collection, also small, are purplish-brown, with 


three or four well-defined bands of white: the aperture is always 
pure white. 


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DRUSILLA Horsfeildii. 


GENERIc CHARACTER. 


Antenne mediocres, clavd productd, gracili, cylindraceé. Palpi breves, coms 
pressissumi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes ; lateribus utrisque 
hirsutessimis, articulis obtegentibus. Abdomen (in maribus) 7-articula- 
tum: 1mo longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato, supra integro, subtus unco 
incurvato, valvis nullis. Ale antice (in maribus) basi posticé dilatate, 
fasciculum in alas posticas obtegentes. 

(Oss. Ale integerrima, subdiaphane, postice magne, orbiculares. Pedes an- 
tict spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad apicem incrassati.) 


Typus Genericus Papilio Jairus. Fabr. 


Antenne moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi short, 
much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue, covered 
equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the joints. Ab- 
domen (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last simple, 
truncate, and entire above, without valves, and with an incurved 
hook beneath. Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the posterior 
base, concealing a tuft of hair on the inferior wings. 

Generic Type Papilio Jairus. Fabr. 

(Ozs. Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous. Hinder wings large, orbicular. 
Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of the antenne thickened at 
the end.) 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 

D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus ; margine posteriore et exteriore 
aqualibus: posticis albidis ; margine exteriore fusco, supra uni-ocellato, 
subtus bi-ocellato. 

Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal, uni- 
form brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one 
ocellate spot above, and two beneath. 


EE 


Tus new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy 
friend Dr. Horsfeild (after whom I have named it) in the inte- 
rior of Java: it forms a part of the extensive collections made 
there by this zealous naturalist for the East India Company, and 


Pls 11. 


which will make a most important addition to our present con- 
fined knowledge of the productions of that interesting island : 
indeed these collections exceed in extent, preservation, and value, 
any which have been brought to this country. 

The general resemblance of this species with Papilio Jazrus of 
Fabricius is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a 
mere variety, did not the form of the anterior wings at once point 
out the difference. In the present insect the posterior and exte- 
rior margins are of equal length, giving a narrow appearance to 
the wings, much resembling some of the true Papilionide ; but 
in P. Jairus, these wings are much broader, more obtuse, and 
the length of the posterior margin much greater; other minor 
differences exist in the colouring and markings. My valued 
friend A. H. Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &c. possesses a fine pair of 
the true P. Jairus in his rich and extensive collection; and the 
liberality with which it is constantly and freely opened to me, de- 
serves my warmest thanks. 

From these two species I have formed the present genus, the 
characters of which will distinguish it from that of Jetera 
(Fabr.), a scanty genus confined to South America; and thisseems 
to occupy its place in India: both will come in the natural family 
of Hipparchia. Only one specimen (a male) exists in Dr. Hors- 
feild’s collections ; [ could not therefore dissect the mouth, &c. 
On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a lengthened tuft of 
fine hairs: the anus beneath has on each side an obtuse lergth- 
ened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply 
the place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of 


GARTNERA racemosa, 


which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Rox- 
burgh’s Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t.18, Dr. Horsfeild considers 
as the same plant. The Javanese name is Kakas. 


st 
_ 


Pax 


‘oe Teh): 
a = 


sol ean iste By 


Te wh Ee shan i 


Pool 
ae - 


é Sanh Hh oft ala ee. thy; 


GOBIUS Sueri. 
Suerian Goby. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinne dorsales dua, radi flexilibus : ven- 
trales conjuncte, infundibuliformes.. Branchiarum apertura contracta, 


membrana 4-radiata. 

: Typus Genericus Gobius niger. Pennant. 

Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible. 
Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture contracted, 
the membrane four-rayed. 


Generic Type Gobius niger. Pennant. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


G. olivaceus, caudé atro-purpurea. Capite, operculis, pinnd dorsali et caudalt 
longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis. 


Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal 


fins with yellow longitudinal lines. 
Gobius Suerii. Risso Icth. p. 387. pl. 11. fig. 43. 


—— 


Tuts beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here repre- 
sented. It is not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring 
months : it has likewise been discovered on the shores of Nice 
by Risso, who is its first describer: his figure, however, is so re- 
markably bad, that it would be impossible to recognise it but 
for his description: in fact, the fish is so delicate, that unless the 
fins are very carefully expanded in water their form and colour- 
ing will never be seen correctly, It has been named after 
M.C. A. Le Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French 
circumnavigation), an able zoologist and most inimitable drafts- 
man and engraver. 

General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure 
large spots along the body somewhat brighter. ‘The head has 


four yellow oblique bands, between which, and behind the eye, 
1 ag 


is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins blackish. The first dorsal 
fin is trigonal, and has the third ray lengthened and longest ; 
the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the second fin is length- 
ened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white with 
narrow longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate, 
pointed, blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines 
parallel with the borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with 
faint yellow transverse bands. Anal fin resembling the second 
dorsal, greyish, with the margin dull-purple. Scales large, very 
deciduous ; lateral line invisible ; lower jaw longest ; teeth mi- 
nute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first dorsal fin has 
seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral twelve ; 
caudal seventeen ; ventral fourteen. 


13, 


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yie 


PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis. 
Ceylonese Flat-bill. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, ferme trigonum; mandibula superiore 
ad apicem abrupté adunca, emarginata ; inferiore recta, breviore ; mar- 
ginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et Nares longis rigi- 
dis vibrissis obtecte. Nares, media inter apicem et hiatum rostri. Cauda 
plerumque equalis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et Tarsi breves, graciles. 

Typi Generici. Div. I. Todus Platyrhynchos.Gm. Div. IL. Muscicapa 

barbata. Lath. 

Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the upper 
mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins fold- 
ing over those of the under mandible, which is straight and shorter. 
Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils medial 
between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of twelve 
feathers. Legs and claws short, slender. 

Generic Types. Div. I. Todus Platyrhynchos. Gm. Div. II. Muscicapa 

barbata. Lath, 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. olivaceus, subtus flavus ; capite mentoque cinereis. 


Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous. 


_——— EEO 


Tue sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of 
Europe than of India, of which country however it is a native, 
having been sent from Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the 
only one I have yet seen, and appears hitherto undescribed. 

The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the 
length of the bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and 
the whole bird in every respect but colour closely resembles the 
bearded Flycatcher (Musc. barbata Lath.). 

Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distri- 
buting the Linnean Muscicape into their natural families; but 

Plis. 


as we are acquainted with a great number from descriptions 
only, the arrangement is by no means perfect. 

The generic characters now given of the genus Platyrhynchos 
(very slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly appli- 
cable to the separate divisions here formed; the first comprising 
the Todus Platyrhynchos of Gmelin, and a few others having 
the bill larger and more dilated than the second division, which 
includes the present species, together with M.barbata, cerulea, 
cuneata, aod no doubt many others. ‘The construction of the 
bill in all these birds will be found precisely the same, though 
more or less developed in each division, and even in the species ; 
it thus becomes impossible to draw the line of demarcation with- 
out refining too much on generic distinctions. ‘Their bills, al- 
though so broad, are by no means stout; thus enabling them to 
prey with greater readiness on the Lepidoptera and other large 
winged insects with soft bodies; while the long stiff bristles at 
the base of the bill seem intended to confine the resistance their 
prey would otherwise make by their wings. The illustrious 
Cuvier has well observed, that the true Flycatchers have the bill 
longer, narrowed, less compressed, and the tip but slightly bent: 


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PICUS rubiginosus. 
Brown Woodpecker. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum, attenuatum. 
Nares basales, ovales, patule, plumis angustis recumbentibus tecte. 
Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus validis, 
rigidis, acuminatis, 10, intermediis duabus longioribus, Pedes scansorit. 


Typus Genericus Picus viridis. 


Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed wedge. 
Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow recum- 
bent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed. Tail- 
feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones longest. 
Feet climbing. 

Generic Type Picus viridis. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. supra rubiginosus : vertice nigrescente ; occipite rubro, subtus fulvo, fusco- 
Sasciato. 
Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; bind head crimson, beneath 
fulvous, with brown transverse bands. 


ee 


Tue Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and 
are dispersed in every part of the known world, excepting the 
Polar regions. Eight species inhabit Europe, five of which 

~ are found in our own country. The largest however of these, 
the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and even the others 
are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual diminu- 
tion of our few remaining forests. 

The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent 
from the Spanish Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. [have 
since seen the male, which, like many others of this genus, is 
distinguished by a patch of red below the eye. 

Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long, 
blackish ; front and crown cinereous black; the hind head and 

Pl. 14. 


nape crimson; a dusky whitish line (beginning at the nostrils) 
includes the eye and ear-feathers; below this on each side 
blackish, with longitudinal whitish dots, which in the male is 
mixed near the bill with crimson; chin blackish, speckled with 
white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny rufous 
brown, becoming more olive on the rump. Under parts oliva- 
ceous yellow, crossed with numerous close bands of blackish 
brown. Quills with the inner web black, the margin pale yel- 
low; shafts and outer web tawny ; tail the same, the shafts and 
outer half black, excepting the last pair, which have yellowish 
shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange. Legs and 
claws dusky green. 

Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my 
observation: the male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater’s, Animal Pre- 
server, in Brewer-street, of whose liberality and integrity in 
every way, | can bear the most unqualified and cheerful testi- 
mony. 


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: . % = 
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ets ety yi * L aod 
day es YT? Wa A. Ca. VEE ‘ 
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LICINIA Melite. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Antenne graciles ; clava elongatéd, fusiformi, compressd. Palpi brevissimi, viz 
ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis linearibus tecti, mar- 
gine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo subequali. Abdomen elon~ 
gatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo integro; valois 
plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice acutis. Ala antice (in maribus) 
anguste, obtust-attenuate, (in feminis ) latiores, oblique rotundate. Ale 
postice (in maribus ) dilatate, longitudine anticis pene equales ; margine 
antico opaco, in feminis breviores, suborbiculares. 

Typus Genericus L, Melite. Nobis. 

Antenne slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi 
very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the 
tongue, covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs, 
the last joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint. 
Body elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire. 
Valves generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed. 
Anterior wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the 
female broader, and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) di- 
lated, nearly as long as the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque ; 
in the female shorter, and nearly orbicular. 

Generic Type L. Melite. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

L. ( Mas.) alis flavis ; anteriore supra nigra, fascia obliqua flaca, et lined basuli 
transversi, margine posteriore flavo. ( Fem.) Alis supra albis ; anteriore 
apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris ; posteriore supra nigro mar- 
ginatd, subtus (in utroque sexu) flavescente, lineis duabus transversis fuscis. 

Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band 
and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings 
above white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma 
black. Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both 
sexes) yellow, with two transverse brown lines. 

Papilio Melite. Fab. Ent. Syst. 160, 494. Cramer, tab. 153. C. D. 


Tue remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of 
this genus will distinguish them even to a casual observer as 
Fl. 15: 


forming anatural group. They are all natives of South America, 
where I discovered nine species. The females differ most strik- 
ingly, and have hitherto been mistaken by authors not only for 
distinct species, but as belonging to different genera. 

Their natural situation will be among the Pieride, with whose 
general habit they accord. 

The female of this species resembles Pap. Licinia of Cramer, 
except in having a short black stigma in the middle of the an- 
terior border of the fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exte- 
rior margin. Cramer’s insect, however, is the female of another 
undescribed species in my cabinet. 


The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the 
same. 


Ve 


a 


i ae LP AP oS he pa es 


od i 


YORAM 


: ae Ae og Revi. 
Seer: Riss pe fs 


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ISMENE Q<‘dipodea. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Antenne cylindracea, juxta medium crassissime, versus apicem subulate, articu- 
lis numerosis brevissumis pene detectis. Palpi crassi sqguamosi, fronte ob- 
tusd, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus ciliatis, articulo ulti- 
mo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari, compresso, Oculi (in maribus ) 
magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum, articulo ultimo supra ap- 
pendice transverso truncate subemarginato terminante, subtus duobus un- 
cis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis ; articulo 1mo et ultimo brevissimis : 
(in feeminis ) articulo ultimo producto, subacuminato, 


Antenne cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half subulate ; 
articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi thick, 
scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the margins 
externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened, nearly 
horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large. Body 
(in the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse, slightly emar- 
ginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved hooks 
below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment shortest. 
Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and pointed. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

I. alis supra fuscis, basi nitide-ceruled, posticis aurantio marginatis, subtis 
rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in maribus) basi auran- 
tiis, macula nigré tomentosé. 

Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined with 
orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at 
the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange 
at the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black. 


PR 


Tue resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments 

the body and part of the wings in this very singular insect, can 

be but ill expressed in the figure. It is one of the many new 

and interesting subjects in entomology discovered in Java by 

Dr. Horsfeild; and by his kindness and liberality I am enabled 

to add the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were 
Pl. 16. 


copied out of a fine series of drawings made in Java under his 
own eye: they do not appear to differ in their formation from 
others of this family, although the perfect insect possesses such 
striking and peculiar generic characters; one of the many facts 
which prove the impossibility of making the Larve a primary 
consideration in forming the genera of Lepidoptera. 

This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave 
the generic character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth, 
&c. would destroy the specimen. ‘The posterior margin in the 
wings of the male is sinuated; in the female it is nearly straight ; 
the underside of the wings in both sexes is the same; the an- 
terior pair reddish-brown, paler in the middle ; the tip and pos- 
terior margin whitish: inferior wings reddish-orange towards 
the inner margin, with an obsolete central curved band of the 
same, and a black dot at the base of the inferior wings. The 
head, palpi, and thorax are margined with orange, less conspi= 
cuous in the female. 

Our knowledge of the genus Hesperia of Latreille(under which 
the present insect would come) is little more than what was 
known of Scarabeus twenty years ago; nor has Fabricius even 
noticed one half of the species figured by Cramer. The larva 
feeds on 

GERTNERA Javensis 
Foliis ovatis, obtust-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo, ramulis diffusis, 
deflexis, 
a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfeild, who has 
distinguished it by the above specific character. He informs 
me the natives give it the name of Kakas-rambat, which last 
word signifies twining or trailing. In the inflorescence and fruit 
it differs not from G. racemosa. 


BU LIMUS zonatus. 
Zoned Bulimus. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 3. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


B. testa levi conicd; spire anfractibus quinque ; ultimo aliquantulum distorto ; 
albis duabus fasctis ferrugineis inequalibus ; anfractu basilari rufo duabus 
albis fasciis ; aperturd alba. 

Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted ; white, 
with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two 
white bands. Aperture white. 


EE EEO 


AsMaLu though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections ; 
nor do I find such a description of it as will identify the species. 
One figured by Martini, at tab. 134, fig. 1215, comes near it, 
but differs sufficiently for a specific distinction. 

Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my 
father’s collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and 
this is the only one I have yet seen. 

The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one 
half the total length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected, 
and the transverse bands on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete. 

F). 17. 


As 


‘ La if ba CORA pene 


4A 


Dietracrcad Pere Ls iy 


MITRA contracta. 
Contracted Mitre—upper figure. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—Fi. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
M. (Div. 3.) testa sublevi; margine superiore anfractuum prominente, an- 
Sractu basalt in medio contracto 
Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal 
whorl contracted in the middle. 


AN undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted 
to Mr. G. Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as 
a collector, and integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and 
confidence through a long life: and it is.no less singular than true, 
that many genera of modern authors, now universally adopted, 
were formed by him near twenty-five years ago (under different 
names) in the Museum Calonianum, printed in 1797. 

Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire 
with faint remote grooves ; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex, 
and their upper margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse, 
slightly reflected below, and contracted above. Pillar five- 
plaited ; colour yellowish white, with two or three waved longi- 
tudinal bands of orange, and a few others broad and remote on 
the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with Mr. Hum- 
phrey’s was one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour 
pure white, the aperture orange, and the bands rich orange- 
chesnut, 

Pl. 18. 


MITRA australis. 
New Holland Mitre. 


M. (Div. 2) testa levissimé ; spiré elongata ; anfractibus basi castaneo-fuscis ; 
fascia alba in basali anfractu, centrali. Columella 4-plicata. 

Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral 
volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl. 
Pillar four-plaited. 


Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Die- 
man’s Land by Mr. Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of 
strie, excepting a few faint ones at the base: the mouth, which 
is smooth inside, appeared in the few specimens he had, to be 
unformed ; it is, however, sufficiently distinct from any other. 


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TINAMUS Tataupa, var. 


Tataupa Tinamou. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato obtuso; cul- 
mine lato, excelso. ‘Nares laterales, media, ovate, patule, aperte. Pedes 
setradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo, insistente. Cauda nulla, aut brevis- 
sima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Ala breves. Temminck, vol. iil. p. 747. 

Typus Genericus T’. rufescens. Latham. 


Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad. Nos- 
trils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed, cleft; 
hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the ruamp- 
feathers. Wings short. 

Generic Type T. rufescens. Latham. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

T. corpore supra fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo fusco-nigro; mento 
albo; gula, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infra albeseente ; uropygio 
lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis albo-marginatis. 

Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck 
dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body 
beneath whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers mar- 
gined with white. 

Tinamus Tataupa. Temminck Pig. et Gail. ili. p.590 et 752. Gen. Zool. 
vol. xi. part 2. p. 416. 


Tue Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where 
they seem to hold the same scale in creation which the Par- 
tridges do in the old continent. Our knowledge of these sin- 
gular birds has been much increased by the writings of Professor 
Temminck, who has described twelve species. The present bird 
is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only once in the 
interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or fre- 
quent to particular districts only. Though differing in some re- 
Pl. 19. 


spects from the description of Temminck, | am inclined to con- 
sider it merely as a variety. 

Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter. 
The bill is one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides, 
isred. The head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown 
much darker and tinged with brown, the rest of the upper plu- 
mage uniform reddish-brown ; theedges of the wing-covers tinged 
with pale cinereous; the spurious wings and quills greyish- 
brown ; the chin is white, changing on the throat, neck, breast 
and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the body, again 
becomes white ; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or rufous, 
beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal 
mark of the same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked, 
but on a pale rufous ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the 
under tail-covers rufous, marked by narrow undulated concen- 
tric lines of black, the ends whitish. The length of the legs 
(from the knee to the base of the middle toe) one inch two lines, 
and from that to the tip of the claw one inch. Legs blueish- 
purple. Hind toe very short, and elevated above the ground. 


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PICUS Braziliensis. 
Brazilian Woodpecker. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 14. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P, olivaceus, subtis fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus ; cupite subcristato, supra ru- 
bro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et rubris. 


Olive Woodpecker : beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands. Head 
sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red streaks. 


SSS EE 


A wew species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the 
interior of Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it 
but once. It was, I believe, first described in a paper I sent to 
the Wermerian Society some time ago: the figure is less than 
the natural size. 

Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish, 
Irides yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part 
crimson. Orbits and cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a nar- 
row line of tawny-yellow begins at the nostrils and passes down 
the sides of the neck; next this is a similar stripe crimson on 
the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and throat in front 
yellowish; the plumage aboveis tawny-olive. Quills black, with- 
in edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow, trans- 
versely banded with blackish lines ; inner wing-covers yellowish. 
Tail three inches and a half long, the feathers black, unspotted, 
and tinge? at their base with olive. Feet and claws lead-colour, 
The neck is very slender. The only one I have yet seen was a 
male. 

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PROCNIAS hirundacea. 


Swallow Fruit-eater. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem contractum: 
mandibulis emarginatis ; marginibus intraflexis ; mandibuld superiore, to- 
mus curvatis, carinatis; inferiore rectd, breviore. Nares late, basales, 
subnude ; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus, apicem quam malam ma- 
gis appropinquantibus, Lingua brevissima, angusta. Rictus amplissimi 
infra oculos aperientes. -Pedes insidentes. Ale mediocres, 


Typus Genericus Ampelis carunculata. Latham. 


Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end contracted ; 
both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper mandible 
slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight and 
shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much 
nearer the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow. 
Mouth very large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perch- 
ing. Wings moderate. 

Generic Type Carunculated Chatterer, Latham. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

P. (in maribus ) caerulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris; corpore subtis 
in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis nigrescentibus. 

( Fam.) viridis ; mento temporibusque griseis ; corpore infra flavescente, striis 
obscuré-viridibus transversis. 

(Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body beneath 
white, the sides with blackish transverse strie. 

(Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish, trans- 
versely striated with dusky-green. 


——<—— ee 


Tue birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width 

of their mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swal- 

low family, thus enabling them with ease to swallow the large 

berries of the Medastome and other tropical shrubs, on which 

they alone subsist; not on insects, as Cuvier asserts. Although 
Pl. 21. 


in the construction of their bills they perfectly resembie the 
Swallows, their wings are not formed for long or rapid flight; and 
their feet are much stronger, and calculated for searching among 
branches for their food, in which situations I have frequently 
seen them. The term “ pedes ambulatori,” or walking-feet, is 
applied too generally, and should be confined to the gallinaceous 
and Pigeon tribes. 

This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the pre- 
sent is the smallest species known: our figure is of the male 
bird. Total length about five inches and a half. The bill from 
the angle to the tip measures seven lines ; but from the nostrils 
only three lines and a half. ‘The middle of the body, vent, and 
under tail-covers in the male are pure white; in the female yel- 
lowish, with a line of olive-green down the middle of each shaft; 
the quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are black, margined in 
the male with blue, and in the female with green: the tail is 
slightly forked. ‘The nostrils round and bare; the base of the 
bill has a few weak setaceous hairs. ‘The legs resemble the true 
Chatterers, having the outer toe rather longer than the inner, — 
and attached to the base of the middle. 

This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I 
met with it only three times in Bahia; but it appears more fre- 
quent in the southern provinces of Brazil, specimens having been 
sent me from Minas Geralis and Rio de Janeiro. 


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TERIAS. Elvina. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Antenne breves, clavd subtruncatd, compress. Palpi brevissimi curvati, vic 
ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis imbricatis in 
totum éc%:, apwe nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-ar- 
ticuluium, uriiculo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis approximantibus ; valois 
latis, imcrassutis, truncatis, aduncis. Ale utroque sexu similes ; late, ob- 
tuse, rotundute, wétegerrime. 


Typus Genericus Papilio Hecabe. Linnzus. 


Antenne short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very 
short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed 
on the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip 
naked Bedy elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last 
with two approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened, 
fruncate, and hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse, 
rounded, very entire. 


Generic Type Papilio Hecabe. Linneus. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 


T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtis immaculatis. Anticis supra apice ni- 


gris, posticis (in maribus ) margine antico basi gibbosis. Fam. 2 


Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior, 


‘above with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the 


fore-margin gibbous at the base. Female fr 
Pieris Elvina. Godart in Encycl. Method. p. 158. no. 67. 


Tuts is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme 
delicacy of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea 
of living “ but for a day.” [tis found in Brazil, inhabiting only the 
_ deepest iorests, as if fearful its little life would be endangered by 
the scorching rays of a tropical sun: in these sombre shades it 
is seen to fly slowly and feebly near those spots where a ray of 
the sun has partially entered the thick canopy of foliage above, 
which is frequently fifty or sixty feet from the ground. 
P22, 


The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the Colzade, and 
appears to connect that family with the Pieride: their distinc- 
tions are obviously marked and very constant in all the species I 
have yet seen, and which are tropical: of these, seven I disco- 
vered in Brazil; three or four more are natives of the southern 
extremity of North America; and Dr. Horsfeild has four or five 
from Java. I know of none from Africa. Their size in gene- 
ral is very small. 

I think this species is the Pieris Elvina of Godart; although 
the insect he mentions as the female is in reality that of his. 
Pieris Neda. The true female I have never seen; I suspect it 
will want the gibbous curve on the hinder wings of the male, 
which sex is, indeed, not common, and is generally much smaller, 
and sometimes half the size only, of the figure. 

Papilio Nicippe of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly be- 
longs to this genus, though placed in that of Colias by Godart, 
as well as his Pierts Agave, Hecabe, and doubtless many others 
not now before me. 


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MITRA vittata. 
Ribbon Mitre. 


CHARACTER GENERICUS. 


Testa inequaliter fusiformis, spiré producta attenuata; labio exteriore intis 
edentato. Columella plicata. 


DIVISIONES. 
I. Apertura angusta, linearis, supra angulata, infra subcontracta. 
Mitre vulpecula, plicata, $c. 

Oss. Testa plerumque longitudinaliter plicata, equaliter fusiformis, 
labio exteriore levi leviter undulato, interiore ad apicem intra 
crassato; guld striata. 

II, Apertura supra acuminata, infra angusta, extrinsecus curvata, 
Voluta mitra-abbatis. Chemnitz, &c. 

Oss. Testa plerumque spiré elongata, aperturé ad basin angustaté, 

siphone superiore parvo aut nullo. 


III, Apertura supra acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infra rotundata, dilatata, veh 


effusa. 


Oss. Testa plerumque levi ad basin obtusa, truncata, labio exteriore 


Mitre papalis, episcopalis, &c. 


margine crenato, guld levi. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip simple 
not toothed within, Columella plaited. 


DIVISIONS. 


I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little contracted. 
Mitre vulpecula, plicata, &c. 

Oss. Shell generally longitudinally plaited, equally fusiform ; 
outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip much 
thickened within; throat striated. 

II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved. 
Voluta mitra-abbatis. Chemnitz, &c. 

Oss. Shell generally with an elongated spire, the aperture below 

narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or wanting. 
2.23. 


III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded, widened 
or effuse. : 
Mitre papalis, episcopalis, §c. 
Ops. Shell generally smooth, the base thick and truncated; 
margin of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The smaller 
shells of this division connect the genera Mitra and Colom- 


bella (Lamarck). 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. testé angustd, basi cancellatd; spira plicis carinatis; interstitus sulcis 
transversis confertis ; columella 4-plicata; gula 4 aut 5 striis remotis. 

Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the interstices 
with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four plaits; 
throat with four to five remote striz. 


—— 


Tuis superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought 
home by that illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late 
Sir J. Banks, from the Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with 
his entire collection of shells and insects, in the Museum of the 
Linnean Society. 

It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in 
size any [ have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father’s 
collection which measures only two inches one line long: it dif 
fers slightly in wanting the lower white band and its inferior 
border: there is also an additional small plait between the se- 
cond and third, a variation not uncommon in the Linnean Vo- 
lutes, and which lessens the importance of this character as a 
specific distinction. 

It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in 
Solander’s MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked 
as one of the numerous varieties of M. vulpecula; but the sharp 
angulated plaitings, the cancellated base, and the numerous 
faintly-grooved lines on the spire, as well as the more slender 
and lengthened form, will at once distinguish it: its colours also 
are very striking and dissimilar. 


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CONG@IIX. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 
Testa coniformis ; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex ; columella plica- 
ta; apertura linearis, angusta, spird longior. 
Typus Genericus Conelixv lineatus. Nobis. 
Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or pil- 
lar plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire. 
Generic Type Conelix lineatus. 


CONC LIX marmoratus. 
Marbled Conelix—upper figures. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

C. testa striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus ; spira subproducté, acuminatd ; 
anfractibus in medio lined sulcatéd ; labio exteriore crenato. 

Shell with remote capillary transverse striz. Spire slightly produced, 
acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip 
crenated. 

pieces A ene 

THE rare little shells composing the group I have now formed 

into the genus Conalix, seem to have escaped the observation of 

modern systematic writers. They form a beautifully defined 
link connecting the Cones with the Volutes, strictly so termed, 
and their generic characters seem to be very constant and clear. 

The present species varies more or less in the regularity of its 

tessellated markings. The inside of the mouth is brown, and the 

pillar has five plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian Ca- 
binet, from the Pelew Islands. The figures are enlarged to one 
half more than the natural size. 


CONQLIX lineatus. 
Lineated Conalix—middle figures. 
C. testa lavi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis, capillaribus ; spiré depressé, 
apice prominulo; columella 6-plicata. 
Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines, Spire de- 


pressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited. 
Pl, 24, 


Figured of the natural size. ‘The volutions of the spire are 
somewhat convex ; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits 
the South Seas? 


CONCLIX punctatus. 
Punctured Conelir—lower figures. 
C. testa fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intra minuté punctatis ; 
spira brevi ; columella 5-plicata. 
Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse strie, which are minutely 
punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited. 


Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures 
are on the same scale as C. marmoratus. 

These are the only three species which I have myself seen. 
Another is figured in Chemnitz x. tab. 150. fig. 1415 and 6. 
Mr. Humfreys informs me he has seen at different times five or 
six others, all of a small size. 


* a 


25. 


PROCNIAS melanocephalus. 
Black-headed Fruiteater. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 21. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis, capite omnino ii- 
gro. 
Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse strix. Head en- 
tirely black. 


Se $$ 


Awortuer new and very rare bird of this singular genus, 
inhabiting, like all the other species, the tropical regions of 
America. I met with it n Brazil but twice in the forests of 
Pitanga, not far distant from Bahia; and my hunters were at a 
loss for its name, never having seen it before: the eyes in the 
fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson. 

Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine 
lines from the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nos- 
trils, at which part the bill is not so proportionably broad as in 
the Swallow Berryeater (pl.2t.): the colour blueish-black, paler 
at the base: the whole head, sides, chin, and part of the throat 
are black, the feathers of the crown a little lengthened and 
pointed, giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings and 
tail are dusky-black on the inner shafts and green on the outer ; 
the whole of the upper plumage olive-green, and of the under 
pale greenish-yellow crossed with short dusky transverse lines 


from the breast downwards; under wing and tail-covers the 


same. ‘Tail four inches from the base, slightly divaricated, and 
of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a half, the first quill 
very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal length. Legs 
black. 

This was a male bird: the female [ have not seen. 
PE), 25. 


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ALCEDO azurea. 


Azure Kingsfisher. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in totum compres= 
sum, mandibulis carinatis ; marginibus lateralibus leviter infleais. Nares 
basales, membrana tecte, apertura nuda, lineari, obliqua ; cauda plerum- 
gue brevissima, Pedes gressorii, digito antico interiore minimo aut nullo. 

Typus Genericus Alcedo ispida. Linn. 

Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed the 
whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent 
inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear, 
oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner 
fore-toe small or wanting. 


Generic Type Common Kingsfisher. Lath. Bewick, &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

A. corpore supra, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis ; subtus rufis ; mento 
gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus ; digito antico interiore nullo. 

Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath 
rufous: chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe 
wanting. 

Alcedo azurea. Azure Kingsfisher. Lath. Synop. Suppl. ii. p. 372. 

Lewin’s Birds of New Holland, fasc. i. pl. 1. 
Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. Shaw in Gen. Zool. viii. 1.105. 


—_— i 


Tue Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the 
most casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long 
straight bill, short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very 
small legs, are the prominent distinctions of such as are usually 
seen; and the richness of plumage that generally pervades them 
cannot be better exemplified than in our own beautiful species, the 
common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in many parts of England. 
These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus, 
nevertheless contain two distinct groups differimg materially in 
the construction of that primary organ of supporting life, the 
bill; and in their physical distribution, or the countries they re- 


spectively inhabit, two most important considerations in the na- 
Pl. 26. 


iural arrangement of animals under the present elevated views 
of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study of Nature con- 
sists no longer in the study of words, the retention of names, or 
even the accurate description of species. 

These considerations have induced me to form these birds into 
two genera, the definitions of which are now given: those re- 
tained under the old genus of Alcedo appear to be scattered 
(though sparingly) in every part of the old and the new world. 
Their bills seem formed for swallowing their food more in an en- 
tire state, similar to the Herons. In each of these genera one 
species exists with only three toes, a remarkable circumstance, 
which in an artificial system would endanger their being united 
in a separate genus ; but which, from the remarkable smallness 
of the inner toe in all the other species, cannot I apprehend point 
out any peculiarity either in their habit or economy: and this 
opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor 'Temminck. 

Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape 
two inches one line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both 
with a slight appearance of a notch; the colour black. All the 
upper plumage, as well as the sides of the head, ears, and stripe 
beyond, fine ultramarine blue, more vivid on the rump and tail- 
covers, and duller on the tail, wing-covers, and lesser quill-mar- 
gins; front blackish; from the nostrils to the eye a whitish line, 
and from the ears on each side the neck a whitish stripe, which 
almost forms a collar round the nape. Quill-feathers sooty black. 
All the under parts orange ferrugineous ; throat and belly nearly 
white. ‘Tail very short, nearly hid by the upper covers. Feet 
red, claws black. The inner fore-toe wanting, but a slight ru- 
diment of it exists in my specimen. 

Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and de- 
scribed in a beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds 
of New Holland, which Mr. Brown, the learned possessor of the 
Banksian library, pointed out tome. I believe but a few copies 
are known. Lewin observes, “ it inhabits heads of rivers, visit- 
ing dead trees, from the branches of which it darts on its prey in 
the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by 
the velocity of its descent.” 

Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked 
the construction of the feet. 


2 


27. 


HALCYOWN collaris. 


Collared Crabeater. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latins quam altius, lateribus te- 
tragonis ; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin rotundata ; inferiore 
carinata, recurvata, margine superioris inferiorum obtegente. Nares ba- 
sales, membrana tecte, apertura nuda, lineari obliqua. Cauda plerumque 
mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito antico interiore minimo aut nullo. 


Typus Genericus Alcedo Senegalensis. Linn. 


Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides tetra- 
gonal: upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under man- 
dible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those 
of the upper.. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture 
naked, linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial’: 
interior fore-toe small or wanting. 

Generic Type Crabeating Kingsfisher. Latham. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
H. viridi-cerulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi albis. 
Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white. 
Alcedo collaris. Latham Index Ornith. i. 250. 
Sacred Kingsfisher, Var. D. Latham Syn. il. p. 623. 
Collared Kingsfisher. Gen. Zool. vill. i. p. 80. 


——<—— een 


Rererrine to the observations we have already made on 
Kingsfishers generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that 
the species now formed into the genus Halcyon appear entirely 
excluded from the American continent: their bills are much 
stronger, thicker, and more rounded than the genuine Kings- 
fishers, and the under mandible beneath invariably carinated and 
curving upwards, One of them (the Alcedo Senegalensis of 
Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and disjoint- 
ing of which this structure seems admirably calculated to ac- 


complish; and although some authors mention insects also as 
Bl. 8Y 


their food, I apprehend it is only in the absence of other larger ~ 
prey more suited to the construction of their bills. ; 
Total length eight inches anda half. Bill two inches three ~ 


lines from the gape, and one inch three quarters from the nos- — 
trils; upper mandible and margin and lip of the lower, black, 
the rest yellowish-white. ‘The general plumage above is pale 
and changeable greenish-blue, the green predominating on the 
scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck is crossed. 
by a white collar, separated from the green of the head by a nar- 
row margin of black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the 
nape; a narrow whitish line runs from the nostrils to the eye- 
brows, and another very short one is beneath the eye ; the whole 
of the under plumage white. Quills black edged with blue, the 
second, third and fourth equal and longest. Wings four inches 
and a quarter. ‘Tail even, near three inches long, above blue- 
ereen, beneath black. Feet dusky ; middle and outer claws much 
longer than the leg. 

Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe un- 
figured. The line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of 


a 


an ich. 

Since writing the above, Temminck’s new edition of the Ma- 
nuel d’ Ornithologie has just reached me, in which I perceive he 
has continued the birds of this genus under that of Alcedo, ob- 
serving that their plumage is always shining, and that he can find 
no characters for their geographic distribution: yet, notwith- 
standing the opinion of this eminent ornithologist, a close atten- 
tion will I believe prove, first, that no species of Linnean AL 
cedo bearing the characters of [falcyon have yet been discovered 
as natives of America; and ‘secondly, that species of genuine 
Alcedo will be found with plumage quite devoid of any bright 
or shining colours. One or two exist in my own cabinet, but 
to which I cannot now refer. 

The situation of Halcyon will be between Alcedo and Dacelo; 
from the last of which it is distinguished by its perfectly straight, 
acute, and entire upper mandible, which, on the contrary, in 
Dacelo is notched, the tip bent and obtuse. 


Rig 


HESPERIA Haworthiana. 


Haworth’s Hesperia, 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Antenne mediocres vel elongate, recta, graciles ; clava subterminali, brevi, cras 
sata, cylindracea ; unco abrupto, brevi, acuminato. Palpi in fronte com- 
pressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel angulatis, articulo ultimo erecto, 


verticuli, Ale (sedentes ) erecta. 


DIVISIONES. 
I. Palpi lati, in fronte compressissimi, Antenne breves, clava crassissima. 
II. Palpi pene quadrati, crassissimi. Antenne elongate. 
III. Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antenne mediocres. 


Typus Genericus Hesperia Comma Auctorum. 


Antenne moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly termi- 
nal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and pointed 
hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the sides 
convex or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically. Wings 
when at rest erect. 

DIVISIONS. 
I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antenne short, the club very 
thick. : 
II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antenne elongated, 
IlI. Palpi with the last jomt lengthened, slender. Antenne moderate. 


Generic Type Hesperia Comma of Authors. 


SPECIRIC CHARACTER. 

Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, basi nitido-ceruleis, anticis fascia 
mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis, lineis duabus longiiudinalibus vi- 
ridi-flavis ; pedibus fusco-aurantiis. 

Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue; 
anterior with a medial liyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with 
two longitudinal yellow-green lines, Legs brownish-orange. 


ei re 


THE celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has 
well observed, that the immense number of insects crowded to« 
Pl, 28. 


gether in the genus Hesperia contain many natural genera, but 
which the paucity of species generally found in cabinets prevents 
us from discriminating. Having for a long time paid attention 
to this family, and possessing near 300 species in my own cabi- 
net, I have had the opportunity of attempting their élucidation ; 
and the above generic character is applied to those insects only 

_which I propose considering genuine species of the genus Hes- 
peria, and which will comprise near 170 species. 

1 have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in 
honour of my esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &c., 
well known by the benefits his writings have conferred on the 
sister sciences of entomology and botany. ‘The only two insects 


T ever saw of this species I captured in the southern part of 
Brazil. 


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MITRA cancellata. 
Basket Mitre—upper figure. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 23. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata ; striis longitudinalibus incrassatis, spira 
aperturaque equalibus ; columella 5-plicata ; spira sublavi. 


Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striz thickened; spire and 
aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly smooth. 


EER ewess 


ANOTHER undescribed species of this elegant family, and of 
great rarity, in the private collection of Mr.G. Humfreys. The 
whole of the body whorl and commencement of the spire is can- 
cellated. The longitudinal striaw are crowded, thickened, and 
slightly elevated, giving a crenated appearance to the suture: the 
transverse striz slender, and filling up the interstices. The spire 
is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground colour very light 
orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the body: whorl 
separated by two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral 
whorls have only two bands and a line between ; the upper mar- 
gins slightly compressed on the suture; the outer lip within 
smooth. 


Pl, 29. 


MIT RA nigida. 
Ribbed Mitre—middle figures. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris, interstitiis levibus 
ad basin granulatis ; spira producta ; columella 4-plicata ; apertura brevi. 
Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the interstices smooth, 


the base granulated; spire lengthened ; pillar four-plaited; aperture 
short. 


Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding. 
In habit it approaches nearest to M. exasperata of Chemnitz, 
but has not the ribs angulated or their interstices striated, and 
is much more narrowed at the base than in that shell, which I 
have seen: the outer lip is also smooth; the inside strongly 
striated. ‘This shell was formerly in the collection of Mr. Keate, 
the elegant author of the “ Sketches from Nature.” 


ACHATINA marginata. 
Marginated Achatina. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Testa ovata, vel oblonge-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale. Colwmella 
levis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue, internum 
inflecum integrum ; umbilicus nedlus. 

Typus Genericus Bulla Achatina, Linn. 
Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate ; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval. Colu- 


mella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely 
inflexed. Umbilicus none. 


Generic Type Bulla Achatina, Linn. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inequalibus ferrugineis ; spira ad apicem obtuse, 
5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginal, 
Shell ovate-oblong, with irreeular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse at the 


top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal indented 
line. 


Lister 579. fig. 84. Gualt. pl. 45. B. Knorr, wol. iv. tab. 24. 1. (badly 
coloured.) 


oo 


Tue largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land 
belong to this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but 
still divided by the strict followers of Linneus between the Bulle 
and Helices, with a singular infelicity of even artificial arrange- 
ment. ‘The simple characters peculiar in a greater or less de- 
gree to all, will readily distinguish them; and I apprehend most 
of the species of the first division (which includes the present) 
will be found to inhabit only the African continent, while Bud/a 
virginea and the smaller shells placed in the second division are 
found principally in the new world; where also two or three 
gigantic species of Bulimus occupy the place of the larger Afri- 
can Achatine. 


Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has 
Pl. 30. 


nitherto been overlooked as a variety of the Linnean Bulla 
Achatina; the colour of both is subject to much variation ; but 
this will be found at best a most indecisive and vague character 
for specific distinction when unaccompanied by others more 
important and connected with the formation of shells. I have 
therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct species, from 
having had the means of examining at different times near twenty 
specimens, all of which presented the following characters. 
Spire of five whorls, the last or terminal one very small and 
flattened ; the apex obtuse ; the suture depressed, as if flattened 
on the shell, and margined by one or sometimes two indented 
lines, parallel, and at the top of each whorl. In the colour of its 
mouth it varies in sometimes having a tinge of rose-colour at the 
base and top of the spire, but the mouth is more generally white. 
The body whorl is more or less ventricose; the outer lip is a 
little reflected, and the whole shell, when full grown, much thicker 
and heavier than any of the other species. The epidermis is 
yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is nearly white, beau- 
tifully marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with others 
more slender (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have 
another specimen which agrees tolerably with Lister’s figure in 
being more than usually ventricose, and which I think is acci- 
dental. The only constant variety appears to be that figured by 
Knorr, i. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the spire entirely rose-colour. _ 

The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the 
spire are well expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and 
Knorr. The first of these figures is accidentally more ventricose; 
the second, like all the other figures of Gualtieri, is defective at 
the apex; and Knorr’s I suspect has been outrageously coloured 
from the real pink-mouthed Achatina. 

It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the ani- 
mal is eaten by the natives. 


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PHIBALURA cristata. 
Crested Shortbill. 


GENERIC CHARACTER 

{Phibalura Vieillot.) 

Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum ; mandibula superiore culmine 
subcurvata carinata ; wnferiore recta; utrisque marginatis. Nares basales, 
simplices, subrotunde, plumulis densis incumbentibus in totum obtecte. Rictus 
ampli, infra oculos aperientes. Ale attenuate, remigibus spuriis nullis, Cauda 
elongata, furcata, rectricibus duodecum. Pedes wnsidentes, digitis anticis equa= 
liter fissis, ad basin subconnexis. 

Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above slightly 
curved and carinated ; lower mandible straight, both notched, Nostrils 
simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick- set incumbent fea- 
thers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings pointed; spurious 
quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve feathers. Feet formed for 
sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and slightly connected at their base. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

P. corpore supra nigro fievo variegato ; sublus albo, fasciis nigris lransversis ; mento 
flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro variegato, alis caudaque elongata furcata, cha- 
lybeis wnmaculatis. 

Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black bands ; 
chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with black. Wings, 
and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate. 


————— — 


For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss 
_E. Yeates, of the Dingle near ieerpal who received it from South 
America. Its gener al habit clearly points it out as belonging to the 
Baccavore or Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera Proe- 
mias and Pipra, where Temminck with much judgement has also 
placed it, in the new edition of his Manuel d’ Ornithologie j just re- 
ceived, and before reading which I had considered the genus as un- 
published. 

The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and 
a half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring 
only three lines from the nos trils to the tip, but three quarters of an 
inch from the angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye : 
the plumage is singularly variegated: the crown of the head is fur- 
nished with acrest, which, when not elev ated, is scarcely seen, and 
appears a deep glossy black mixed with grey and rufous; but when 
erected it is very conspicuous, and all the feathers are bright rufous 
tipt more or less with black; the upper sides of the head grey, the 
lower part and ears deep-black ; the neck above is greyish-white, 
with blackish transverse lines: the back, scapulars, rump and tail- 
covers are varied transversely with olive, shining black, and bright 
yellow, each feather being olive at the base, black jn the middle, and 
yellow at the tip. Beneath the feathers of the’chin and part of the 
throat are somewhat lengthened, semi-setaceous, and of a bright yel- 
low; the neck and breast are white, with two transverse lines of dee p 


black on each feather; these lines diminish, and are broken ito 
Pl 31. 


spots on the body, and nearly disappear on the vent: the edges of the 
breast-feathers are tipt with yellow, which colour increases down- 
wards on the vent and tail-covers, which latter are entirely yellow. 
The wings are four inches long, uniform deep black with a blue gloss, 
much pointed, and calculated for rapid flight. Tail the same colour, 
the exterior basal margins olive: all the feathers are narrow, pointed, 
and gradually lengthening, the middle pair being two inches three 
quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed those next them 
by aninch. The feet are very pale yellow, and three-quarters of an 
inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of which are 
equally connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the first 
joint; the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the 
hind-toe: claws slender and much compressed. 

Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Tem- 
minck as existing in the French Museum under the name of P. fla- 
virostris, it 1s quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird 
has never been published. ‘This leads me to notice a custom several 
naturalists of the present day have lately adopted, of publishing names, 
and names only, of new or undescribed animals, which they then wish 
to be considered as permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to 
themselves all the merit of first describing. Now this at best is but 
a surreptitious path to fame, and in many instances bears the ap- 
pearance of originating In a petty vanity, quite beneath the dignity 
of true science : it is easily fixing a name to an object which we 
have not before seen, or suspect may be new, without the trouble of 
investigating authors and comparing synonyms: the name may re- 
main, but if it should afterwards be discovered as hasty and erro- 
neous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions and criti- 
cisms of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no 
clue is given them beyond a name, which may frequently be appli- 
cable to half a dozen species. If, on the other hand, the object is 
really new, the scientific world is still in the dark, tor without a de- 
scription the name conveys nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency 
to deprive those writers of their well-earned merit, who undergo the 
laborious but necessary investigation of books, the examining and 
comparing of specimens, and the construction of sound characters 
previous to their publishing a new addition to the great volume of 
Nature. Against this sctentific monopoly a stand should be made, 
and all names either of families, genera, or species should be totally 
rejected, unless their meaning is clearly defined. Let those who run 
the race, receive the wreath; and not let it be snatched from the 
winning-post by another, who jumps from behind and claims it as 
his own. 

On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are 
not covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are 
open, obliquely and ovately round, and a narrow rim round the 
margin. ‘That excellent ornithologist likewise remarks that the first 
and second quill-feathers are the longest; but my bird (which, how- 
ever, is in full plumage) has the first and third of equal length and 
shorter than the second, which is longest. These nice distinctions — 
lead me to supposethe species from which his generic character was 
taken, is distinct from this. 


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PSARIS Cuvierii. 


Cuvier’s Psaris. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum walidum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem leviter 
compressum, culmine convexo non carinato ; mandibulis emarginatis, sus 
periore apice adunca. ares basales, simplices, rotunda, juxta marginem 
site, basi paucis plumulis setaceis incumbentibus. Pedes simplices, tribus 
digitis anticis equaliter fissis. Remiges spurie nulle, Cauda brevis: 
rectricibus duodecim equalibus. 

Typus Genericus Lanius cayanus. Linn., Lath., &c. 


Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly com- 
pressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the 
tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near 
the margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers. 
Feet simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none. 
Tail short, of twelve equal feathers. 

Generic Type Lanius cayanus. Linn., Lath., &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. oliwaceus, subtus albidus ; capite supra nigro ; occipite temporibus et colli la- 
teribus cinereis ; pectore lateribus tegminibusque infernis flavis. 
Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck 


pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow. 
— EE ———————— 


Tue genus Psaris was first instituted with great propriety by 
Cuvier; and before the discovery of the species now made 
known, was supposed to consist of only one, the Cayenne Shrike 
of Latham, which with the present bird (named in honour of the 
first zoologist of the age) is found in Brazil. The figure is nearly 
of the natural size. 

Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quar- 
ters of an inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths 
from the nostrils, which are ovately round, rather large, and 
simple, being entirely devoid of an external membrane, but the 


Pl. 32. 


base 1s partially covered with smail thick-set, short, setaceous 
feathers; between the eye and base of the bill are a few weak 
and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, 
is capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the 
nostrils and the eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour 
is white, which changes to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of 
the head and round the neck; the ears at their base and margin 
of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of the upper plumage 
yellowish-olive. The under plumage on the lower part of the 
neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-covers are clear 
yellow, and from that to tlie vent white. Wings two inches long, 
the quills brown, margined externally with olive and internally 
with yellow ; the first and second quill progressively shorter than 
the third and fourth, which are of equal length. ‘Tail short, 
slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish marginal tips. Legs 
blueish-black ; the three fore-toes are equally cleft, but a mem- 
brane will be found connecting them equally at the base nearly 
as far as the first joint. ; 

Temminck must’ be mistaken in giving as a generic character 
to this genus, that the external toe is connected to the middle 
one as far as the first joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base; 
at least such is not the case either in my specimens of this bird 
or in those of the Cayenne Shrike: and they have been care- 
fully relaxed in warm water, the best method of ascertaining 
such peculiarities. 


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TAMYRIS Zeleucus. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Antenne arcuate, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in famimis graci- 
liore attenuata. Palpi in frente convexe-compressi, supra linguam ob- 
venientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso, approximante, pro- 
clivi. Ale breves, sedentes horizontaliter divaricate. 


Antenne arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more slen- 
der and attenuated in the female. Palpicompressed convexly on the 
front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last jomt very mi- 
nute, thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short, 
when at rest horizontally divaricated. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ETC. 


T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apweque corporis sangui= 
neis. 


Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and 
top of the body bright red. 
Hesp. Zeleucus. Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. pt. 1. p. 346. no. 317. 


EE 


Tuts insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of 
a striking natural group belonging to the Hesperide@; it has there- 
fore been selected as the best example for the genus I have now 
formed them into.. [ have not seen more than twelve or four- 
teen species, and these were all from different parts of South 
America, to which I have no doubt the genus is exclusively con- 
fined. The club of their antenne is very thick, obtuse, and 
without any terminal hook. ‘The bright red at the end of the 
abdomen (improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most con- 
spicuous in the female, which is also larger and having the wings 
more obtuse, of which the upper and under surfaces are both 
alike. 

The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown 
by the thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make 
of their wings), generally frequenting openings of thick woods 
and alighting on leaves where the sun strikes: I seldom saw 
them on flowers. ‘Their wings when at rest are half expanded 
in a horizontal direction. Their metamorphosis is unknown. 

This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Bra- 
zil, but common in the southern provinces. 

P53. 


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vite Uo’ trees OfU> wa tome ohh nk hood iseansto wo tyodsin 
nip ee ee a idad Gals inden s Pasraie oman connabd, 
Bs aluiadta ght raat Ah cagnilr cole shakoabat gals ht Ould ak: eNOM DAME 
_ * ia Ew ie 1 bis yi San abhd loethva 3 Yy, eon 
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wy iis . bi (vipmn'S E00 Chai i eid ia vial 
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| ae kate sah Wo rqgahere! ade oat somdie eataul a wetted Mh 
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=e 


Wat, 


COLIAS Godartiana. 
Godart’s Colias. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5. 


. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 

C. ( Fam.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine puncloque rotundato 
medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis subtus puncto gemino ar- 
genteo margine nigro, uno quadrato ; palpis productis. 

(Female) Wings fulvous-yellow ; anterior above with the outer margin and 
round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and three- 
cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined with 


black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened. 
? | 5 Pp te) 


8 a 


An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with 
the possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, con- 
vinces me that the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any 
other. [tis in the cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent 
it me for comparison and description, and is the only individual 
I have hitherto met with. The prolongation of the palpi, which 
is even more obvious than in C. Statira, is alone a specific di- 
stinction ; and the form of the spots both on the upper and under 
side differs very much in character from that insect, with which it 
has the most affinity. It may be the Papilio Drya of Fabr. 
(omitting his references); but his description, whether intended 
for this insect or any other, is so vague that [ can see no advan- 
tage in retaining it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one 
is oval, the other larger and quadrangular. 

I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent co- 
adjutor of M. Latreille in the entomological part of the Encyclo- 
pédie Méthodique. 

P}. 34. 


* 


MITRA bDifasciata. 
Double-banded Mitre. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—Scee PI. 23. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. (Div.1.) testé levi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali fasctis dua- 
bus angustis flavescentibus, spira unifasciatd apertura levi. 
Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands 
on the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth. 
Voluta caffra. Martini iv. tab. 148. fig. 1369. 
Knorr. vol. v. tab. 19. fig. 4, 5. 


——————EE—E EE 


Tuts most elegant shell has been figured from one of the spe- 
cimens that belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well 
known to spare neither expense nor assiduity in procuring the 
most select and matchless specimens of every species ; so much 
so, indeed, that such as are known to have been in his posses- 
sion generally bear a higher price. One of these is now in my 
father’s cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr’s-hall, 
Windermere. [ have seen both, and they appear equally fine. 

I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from Mitra 
caffra (Voluta caffra Linn.), with which it has hitherto been 
placed only as a variety: it is much larger, the volutions more 
convex, but compressed on the suture, and the whole shell (ex- 
cept near the point) perfectly smooth : the beak or channel like- 
wise, which in M. caffra is short and nearly straight, is in this 
lengthened and recurved. ‘The mouth is very narrow (occa- 
sioned by the outer lip being thick and slightly inflexed) and 
smooth within, the terminal volutions slightly plaited, and the 
base of the shell grooved. 

The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no 


correct idea of the shell, except its colour. 
PL 35: 


, 
at ‘ 
ix} 
> 
J i 
Sy 
ind 
y 
1 A 
havi 
ped 
be * 
¥ 
‘ M4 -% i 
’ ¥ 
i 
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) 
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4.) 
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t i 
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: 
1 aT 
. y LF 
‘ 
. Ns 
; 
J 
, 
i 
‘ 
. 


s 
. 
' 
> 
. 
' 


ph G .. fi: 
\s! vit! 
; r 

i A VEN 


; + 
2 TSIGRN i wERE ia 
' eb tae 
Sard ’ esd Sonny ( 
' 
ae 
ifr d 
"Wi Le eh nd 
a? Ta re 
PSuet en Ga 
: ed Sey 7 
ae g : J ako ty 
5 7 a ‘ee 
‘ or , 
> Ti lite. ; see += SURE? 
yoy Coody Gatk Tplaty TE 
' . 
A ~h3 : rity » Sy 0 
ed AG (ft SE ary 
Lu! Pipa’ t Leen 
iP9t . bathe Vis PMisAtS } 
if anya ntik Pst iy ane 
2 
ae t<-¥ fyi 
le + 
iy ots 


“4 
4 - 
' 
\ 
¢ 
’ 
4 ' 
‘ 
i 
‘ : ; 
SI 
‘ 4 
‘ 
a . 


IO 


ACHATINIA perversa. 


Reverse Achatina. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 30. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

A. ( Div. 2.) testa aperturé perversa: spird producta, 7-voluta, apice truncata ; 
albida strigis nebulosis cinereis ; linea transversa in basali anfractu; co- 
lumna margine labii exterioris castaneis, apertura intus alba. 

Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex trun- 
cated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the 
basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer hip chesnut; mouth 


within white. 


SS ccnnEnEEEESEEESIEtmees_<ccemeeeeenennneeeen 


Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front 
is on the left side, are generally held in much estimation by col- 
Jectors. This deviation from the usual form of shells is some- 
times accidental, as in our common garden Snail and several 
others; while in some species it appears a constant, and there- 
fore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the case with 
the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species, apparently 
not noticed by any writer ; two or three existing in the British _ 
Museum and one in my father’s cabinet are all the specimens I 
have hitherto seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in 
South America. The whole s!:ell is very finely marked with 
longitudinal strie, and the colouring better seen than described: 
the buff tinge at the base is occasioned by the remaining epider- 
mis. 

This shell belongs to the second division of the genus Achatina 
as mentioned at Plate 30, having the aperture much shorter than 
the spire and the base nearly entire. Bulla virginea of Linn. 
seems to connect the two divisions, having the lengthened spire 
of one and the truncated base of the other. 

Pl. 36. 


sskaniod wr Lua VEAMDA) | 
nebo ne ou ly ; 


0 AL pe eh ED ORR, ES 
; ¥ ; : ; Saas 
5 ' * as hn soe 


sot een tint ntti 4 4 


\ 


x \ 
ees ‘sp denna we Drow ek pate 
| * 
5 See Cee er re sna tingly 
, ‘ 
" : 7 a? bi 4306 ~is AB, ban he 1\ wnt * ws punicgraclapbinn ageing alii, 
ene ee a wm 
SE ek! , EPO MS, Cw TORR pad, ris 
ihn), Ryd, Sa tied | aoeteise gate 
A ; i oy. iy ay & ‘ ) ae ard 


aR Be - ee gen tits 
tes de i cs teal ‘gal 
enininiy the Uldcrall ey gered bine ay, ‘wit, 
ica " | biases baa hieag). ae lnuay, a pasar 
tae | “peal wre, eibdattsone & aepys “anata 
F th dil ait a Laralaigge Ab dpi, one et 
I PE de od ci Sanus. cet 
oo , sloinhrth ads. ai-yoidaitiejadull tn ayy Fagin 
ho 8 oeotapiamepe aah he cess Jonaioleety aici, sein a 
ras + eile ehsmmaidenchanhaaaalein 18 0 
a Hn benkvaen, yond, gow e's a a am . 
, lit da on eh tla iinoet i" 
‘easy , seniaaineal aif escent 


mir Caen au adgaikt jo soiniliesiemeits 
rsiiad, ot cr 2g Oa 
é _ of tetad lo savage GAL, » (outa gy eat | 4p 
. viens ath ete eniaethany ‘eho 
sone. aalt 26 


ae 


i 


hs 
L? 
i 
Fi 
‘> 
5 
A 


€ 


y 


AM. 


Lane fe >, Se ok ae P 
tk 


‘ be i , ’ 
. ta) = 
ti > fc: ? ’ 
_ Wr eae bf” tee Dog F Pe 
oe ae Lee ae a 7 , ; : 
i 
y 
7 ‘sa . 
v ‘ 
- \ 
: 
. 
> ° 
z ’ 7 
. “a 
i 
Ps +, an 
5 : s 
7 
¥, = 
- \ 
a oo 
4 - ‘ ' oe 2 
4 4 }- ¢ 
- a i, ~~ - a » 


ee es 
autho 3 AiA4 
hh fut 4 : v" stad 


as oie 
op SE Od eeu? GP 
¥ 


t 


Acq. Too weeisingy a 5 ca : 

end ey jets 

i pases 62 cote epee | wits 
3 ris cease — es a my 


® } y ae pve a 18 “st 


j : ‘ ral Ne OE pe Po) Re eende 


Ma® 


pei "Lhe St 28 Sar aes 


i F tab? ityeelet doa spe * 
' 
. A >gay Rel ABS 


Poste: MORNE TRE 


PROCNIAS cucullata. 
Hooded Berry-eater. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 21. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata ; tergo fusco, alis caudaque nigris ; 
tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus flavis ; capite sub- 
cristato. 

Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown, 
wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and 
body beneath yellow; head subcrested. 


T a indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received 
it with a few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to con- 
nect the genera of Ampelis and Procnias, having the bill much 
less dilated at the base than any of the latter; it however has a 
close similitude to Procnias melanocephalus (P\. 25.), which 
seems further removed from the true Chatterers, 

Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme 
length near an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base fur- 
nished with bristles something resembling the Chatterers: the 
opening of the nostrils large, round, terminal, and nearly naked ; 
the feathers on the crown lengthened ; the whole head, neck, and 
fore-part of the breast black, bordered above by a narrow collar 
of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides of the 
breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow ; wing-covers 
black margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown, 
the rest with yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive. 
Wings four inches and three-quarters long, the first quill very 
short, the third longer than the second. Tail four inches long. 

PL Si. 


Sellars CPA i J Og “f 
Pe MAT VE . {FRO RALE | - 


+e 


+ ‘ \ j ell 
eM suguieaeD 40. andl, ie : Wp eee et obit anegien Roa 
gona. WTRAS ANS | Bolin merit, | 


7 hasta ‘ 


My) yy ie 0 ya 1 a Ly, Pieccmd haa 3S ii be tar Qty j Bia dog dain 
bom descaad abt tae cual FEUD BEN Batt, bey ay gaan igi Pee ey pensads 4 


‘ : 7 y aly 
Lert, UNUR ¢ protay aroadl thy nd 


M02 Oi agraee di. .VAGIAL. 00 Cape Stow fb, 8 youn wer 


oo 


segiwoiaved 4) ovolial alt to ye ip ened, 98% pabes 


t . Xx ~ 


SY Bony As 
AN He VYING Re, 


a 


* v. - ¢ ‘> 4 
tajely; chee Fi} Bh aL PEM ay IES j @ ~S4 indy 


ratio) oar odd goad Leeonngaaad 
SIF A ia bas Ads KPLias OS Se te Atgnaais 


i) S48), Otla: einuyhAin WUGEs Si Men CRED 2h ee uG Ls" 
’ ‘ — ’ \ ‘ v4 aya = 
ME PAGE Bake? OLE Eee Se eI. deed he Bee area ; 


pudis ytd oes Ute te us) oO) alts Me ae 
ER AME gD Me eR Shed pee Ee, AIT ED, Sees gah 


mikes worms vl geode hol ORS Pas | Jeol Gh, FOS 
hi io Cee’ SG BE fe We tg de le id Ati conse 
(Oat el tho)" Poa er | ig cup hate FEED, TG 
LEV OO Jape eens hd Ck? Ok Teh NT A 


le dil basis ond high bey aly weeds wena Li 


i ' iy tits O45 Pus Pe ar. ihe dake iy rhea ith eaihapi aot, 2acd' m 
a ob fi maT] tel fa #8 4 wat z wth: pare= ee i vagqih bats : ort? aan 
. yo ii baG 

zs : - r 
= at 

. : 


: ; ea 
f wee. 


Ne as 7 cae a 
‘Srl ie 


‘a 7 rs 


ga 
a . F Le | - 
ig + \ 
Sires ns Ce rie 
yeité + Seas Sek i Yi ai * 4 
; iar pee, Se r - 
os oe ge eee a = : 
ye Z ‘ ! * : et, $ he <5 
. j : 
: 7 
7 . ‘ j + 
= + ra. @& 
i Ms 3 f 
4 7 Paar 
4 atts 2 2 * ; 
4 
/. : = f P. ; 7 
7 =" - . 7 : 
Loa A ial oe - a -_ -_ a 


PICUS bicolor. 
Black and White Woodpecker. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI]. 14. 


Speciric CHARACTER. 

P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris, rectricibus nigris, 
basi maculisque marginis interioris albis. 

White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape, black ; 
tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner margin 
white. 

THE simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will 

easily distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate spe- 

cies already known of this family. It is one of the new birds the 
recent investigations of Brazilian zoology have added to our mu- 

seums. ‘The individual here figured was sent me from the di- 

strict of Minas Geraies. 

Total length eleven inches and a half. Bull from the upper 
base to the tip one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four- 
tenths; the colour blueish-black; the upper mandible above 
sharply carinated and slightly curved; orbits (in the dead bird) 
yellowish-white ; the whole of the head and nape, sides of the 
neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under plumage pure 
white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly: a 
narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down 
on each side, joining the black of the upper neck ; the wings and 
remaining upper plumage are of a uniform dark sooty black ;_ the 
tips of the quills much paler and brownish. Wings six inches 
and a half long; the inside covers black. Taii four inches, and 
black banded with white at the extreme base; the two outer 
feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands on the 
inner web their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish : 
this was a female. 

PL. 38. 


aolanid eU OES 
“oaaghoo aback W Pies Soke 


~- ote ee nes es 


ie bh set?—~daToLsanm) grew , cr 


{PIAL SD EI ga4ae . . 

‘eae - +4 es 

ai wihsartioot AA Divi SMG Dub wd cat, wR ae 4 ee ; 
oe t 7 lee ¥ ¥ 

2519 aivokreater, Rye gt un tt 

pas d oqen gd id eee et and oui pas nad sqit le cers sven alsvace 2 


abipy3GEe rosie oat slog? fax. seek vial ‘ab sssapet 


a shana : 


Hive baid: 2the, to ee elt Ht Be wer 4 ho i 
qs stevtani bas, auwagua odt getcurea cathe se a 
adit ebaigl won ant Fo ae0 ei 41 .efianet wish ‘lomboaiah 
avec wo ot bebbs. evil qyeloos asilixe saci 

“fly oult cork: Ott Ju8e as mires aie pir 


payee s “eft eit ital Algel ae 

“uot doa a0 aye 4 ahi ‘ogre z ; | 

acl whl beeen woul oi) josh. | 
(bricl hesob ot at) sili’ ; bana: thor 

ail} Yo eabie me (huie bao uit Tos . 

Stn oRamyiq ‘tbiit ol lis bon ee 

Se oy < lb ade Yo obistsiese’ sai} owls ‘ober 

Av70b botnso.2t bas, gad ott ts ago sa 

bits: waive ot : dos Page: guid. To dgeld wild | IU DL ni ; 

P uel? - domed Yto0: Jind soyotiont a ho vn % } i : 
mits le eect WY.“ deirigrord ae aglag i al 

Ayras eolout rao ial’, donate Peo © obvi ght wis TR 

Tuo ow! yeh : awed MEH xP on) se hither rf 

1) aa abi sins! r does toaid ot BLeTaR is Siw sh 

é; J + digict FESO 27D Lilo ieey | ; Argel ‘ane ‘i 


a 


tits 


Pe | tat 


HESPERIA Itea. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 28. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


Hesp. ( Div.2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus basi fulvis, 
anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine exteriore et linea lon- 
gitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis. 


H, (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous. 
Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a ful- 


vous outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous, 


Tue descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other 
extensive families of Lepidoptera, are in general so vague and 
short, that unless a figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes 
totally impossible to ascertain the precise species intended. Such 
is the case with the present insect, which will not agree with 
any described by Fabricius, or figured by Cramer. 

During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but 
am indebted to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Con- 
sul-general at Rio de Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as 
well as a number of other rare and fine insects of this family, 
which were then not in my own collection. 

On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish 
round dots, and another behind: the posterior wings above have 
a natrow whitish margin, the colour beneath much paler; but 
the nerves on this, as well as at the tips of the anterior wings, are 
blackish-brown; the legs at the base and the tarsi are black. 


This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen. 
Piso. 


a set ATAVEAAH 
y _— t 
\ | ' “ A vor ime DP ATER) 


; et imoRn spewias? 
a —" 
' Po , aide cpg beh - ve hen4 2% St a wean ele, Cd StL Lag 
' = 8 aut i pares : pout, chan asin nm 
oy pediywssnlh wwdh, i é ss AS 
a — ‘s ah 
fide dinvited weeapt-deidond otnele aged "Cs i}. 
Sa tah eres deren ad ps Vi mege wolls¢ stalgdeeadt volvi oieten 
yaboldtt \ seed dooeher tioned pigs taste edaw ‘ 


soefler were a Hse 2 0D bo emivinted hs £ Sind eemisey in 

8 dwee serves lwiaaey i Ste orcedeiulpaat oases 
partroded sf perl stobmads ea bode sir o otetydh a eee 
dat Amavies ad oor py es inl uiieltelinasi shea 
dtivesee tua fire dvi esenipseaeey siting s 
toma) yh Leteted oo upainde'l Sind 
dd wena i) citvae yoyes tonya dy Hemel wk cloveart gai 
0) pte I) iirobudn ld AL bodied lewelil yon oe 
(more l aap vs ja wif tab g yeaa obs wit te in site 
hal ey jo @ ier ties 7 brim 9) se aa @ to ae 
sstolrysiloo.ceerey ‘ets ii id eels 
os = deopotay owt ote ond paigiol 1a ielagy' tf To. aba os 
: Siedyvode eget See dione haw vob hie 
A gud eyieg dowat desta awelne ads atsiy th! cor alent 


a. 


‘ 
‘ 
i 3 ‘ 
. ' 
“ 
. 
; 
+ : 
Shei , J 
ate, ‘4 
? 
} z 
~ 
‘ . Pigs - 
2 ‘ * 
» 
7 , * 
= ” 
. 
“ 
. 
: 
. . 
hs . 
or 
: _* 
4 
a 
p . 


40. 


aT) 


? 


a i 5. 


HESPERIA Cynisca. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI, 28. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus ; antiis supra 
Sascia flava trifissa (in feminis alba) ; posticis subtus immaculatis, casta- 
neo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo. 

Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a three-cleft 
yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath imma- 


culate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow. 
EE 


Tue different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly dis- 
similar to those who are familiarised only with the nice distinc- 
tions that separate the species of European Lepidoptera, that 
this affinity by such may be doubted ; nevertheless, observations 
in their native country, and the close examination of several spe- 
cimens, will we are persuaded confirm the fact. 

The male insect is distinguished (like all the Hespertde) by 
having the eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more 
narrowed than in the other sex: in this species the bands on 
their wings assume the form of three yellowish spots, adjoining 
which, on the inner side, is a semi-lunular villous mark, an al- 
most constant indication (where it exists) of this sex. The straw- 
coloured border beneath the posterior wings is narrower and 
darker than in the female; but in both it forms a slender mar- 
ginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous ; antenne 
black; the club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured. 

Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common. 

Pl. 40. 


: = — Sr Re U u 
. 7, 
‘ : r $ the Lee rte ee 
x ff 
: , 
' ‘ c ¥ Tet: PPR * .- — 
i : ‘a / He “4 ry Tey eT | Af wg Loa boy high — ALY Ay 
= ‘ : i ; * tre \, SWANS ROe ANG ain a ate 
J oH uy mani ap ds i ; ant ee) a ais Hiedddoaticl eitta ay hid im we Hott 
q : 
eri ited, wdlyspony. 5 wh idm a ja at ath ane kde Lira 
i] fide biutoize. Seagate rats sagt ira 
= ‘ ‘ 
- a Mil 
% *d : ’ s ® i \ ve as “ 
bi iy iyaery ce MAC 210M Us et meses» 
UST OAs VALINE Haida bee 51) inna) cr ate Lee pail 08 - 
Lash arpa, Fit Cid, 09 “sO ois ete wet iit 
ie i bute a ieeley paabonis tid iadg .. Util euayiotad, LT te deh! 
) rene POO X Jiu ah Bae ae: aihesiel 
ial aay uae LS AMAR LOG és nee diene 
yeh wreak b ar ile whale ; yh Avge iziD St 4 dense: oles, bs) 
= BNET aealaa Weeokrn anes OO) Bette oh oe wal ¢ ide: ihre cups ORD RS 
ot piers TT See i ph: oe cone oth oe fod bay 
: :. ’ 
| simi chee dtiroliay voi Tounqoh adh ayzen aye 
Pe eee Tee ear Be poetry ee ey ‘ong odd a0, «de / 
ete nil ee stilt 3 MLV Lh Oe ete nainciins eahiea a 
- ae ao dy e Bain, a) Dae: tathg. | sail Keadagel Tt sbuawed b 
Tihs COME BRI BT A, 1 dG lain ptlaptanti 
i a aa be a ; ityidy ee ede aes oe 
» pt tend wd OQ i be PDEA) ha sdht 0 Lvingy, Piped alae ae 
\, ‘ in r tbl - J hd 
. bbitddidid ‘hs % cee. F | Snes alteer: etidaa 
rk, 
i } 
is x, 
| A ' 
7 ; 
= 
‘ 5 
‘ / 
_ 


pares 


(or - ‘“ * = . : r 
iti). gmat east * ~ 
eS 


hal ajost bar: jhe 
hows veg 


4 ten 04: 
= Soy! inal 
5 Aw’ 


ACHATINA pallida, 
Pale Achatina. 


GENERIC CHARACTER —See Pl. 21. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 

A. (div. 2.) testa cinereo-albd, fasciis duabus angustis fuscis, spird elongaté 
recta, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio interiore roseo, columella bast 
recta, integra, apertura ovato-oblonga. 

A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire elongated, 
straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip rosy, base of 
the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong. 


rr 


Tue species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells 
are subject to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes 
extremely difficult to ascertain which are species and which va- 
rieties. The shell now figured might, on a cursory glance, very 
well pass for one of the Protean varieties of the Linnean Bulla 
fasciata ; but a comparison with that shell will at once point 
out the strong specific difference that exists between them in the 
formation of the mouth. In this, the lower half of the inner lip, 
or more properly the pillar, is nearly straight; the base entire, 
or without any notch or truncated appearance: whereas in the 
true A. fasciata, the inner lip at the base is very much curved 
inward, and notched before it joins the outer lip. The mouth is 
also short and broad: whereas in this it is much more oblong, 
and the base round. Other more obvious characters exist in the 
form of the whorls, spire, and more particularly in the colour, 
of these two shells; but these are in comparison of minor im- 
portance. 

I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents 
me from tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good 

Pl. 41. 


in other specimens. ‘They are such, however, as, I think, fully 
to justify the propriety of considering it a species. 

Its locality is unknown. 

I have little doubt more than one species exist among the sup- 
posed varieties of the true Bulla fasciata of Linn., which I take 
to be the shell figured by Lister. 


42 


ite eat a 


sry es 


s 
a pent ing) 


4 aa 


Aerila hie red 9) 


OLIVA Braziliana, 


Brazilian Olive. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima; labium exterius 
simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum ; columella plicis numerosis graci- 
libus ; apertura base truncata, emarginata. 


Typus Genericus Voluta Porphyrea Lin. 


Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer lip 
simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender 
plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate. 

Generic Type Voluta Porphyrea Lin. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


O. testé coniformi, lata ; apertura effusd, labio interiore tumidé callositate su- 
per spiram extendente. 


Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner lip 
large, and spreading over the spire. 

Oliva Braziliensis. Martini p. 130, tab. 147 & 8, 1367 & 8, 

Oliva Braziliana. Lamarck, 

Voluta pinguis. Dill. 516. 36. 


No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious 
to common observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our 
English terminology no one would ever think of calling them 
Folutes, we still shrink from giving them that distinguishing ap- 
pellation in Latin which we every day use and acknowledge in 
our own language. The strict followers of Linneus, by thus re- 
jecting generic distinctions, which at once convey a definite idea 
of form and structure, contribute to render systematic arrange- 
ment less expressive of ideas than the common nomenclature of 
our sale catalogues: a striking proof of the pertinacity with 
which we cherish those particular doctrines we first imbibed, 
although an unbiassed reasoning and an attentive observance of 


nature would convince us of their fallacy. 
Pl. 42. 


The great Linneus, at the time he formed that system which 
laid the foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the ma- 
terials for gathering and combining those natural genera which 
the immense discoveries made since his death have given us a 
knowledge of. He accordingly arranged those few shells known 
to him, in large, and for the most part natural, groups. That of 
Votuta I consider as one of these last (excepting the first divi- 
sion); but the great accession of species now known, and which 
is still increasing, has long ago induced the principal Continental 
writers to divide this very extensive family into the following ge- — 
nera : Marginella (Date shelis), Oliva (Olives,) Mitra (Mitres), 
Lurbinellus (Turnip shells), Voluta (Volutes), and Cimbium 
(Melons); all possessing not only clear but natural characters ; 
inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links and 
ramifications that connect this family with the Bulle, Cones, 
Cowries, Murices, and other genera, can be traced; and which 
perhaps affords the most fascinating and intellectual source of — 
contemplation and study the science can bestow. 

The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this — 
numerous and intricate family. The basal suture is deeply chan- 
neled ; those ou the spire covered by the polished callosity which — 
spreads from the inner lip. 

Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander, 
although the shell had long ago been described and named by 
Martini and Lamarck. I consider this as contrary to that prin- 
ciple of nomenclature which awards a preference to priority of 
publication; and I have therefore restored the name of those au- 
thors who have this undoubted claim.. Mr. Dillwyn’s descrip- 
tion is very clear and good. 

I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species — 
has been received. 


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MELLIPHAGA auricomis, 
Yellow-tufted Honeysucker. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

{Melliphaga, Lewin.) 

Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum, acuminatum, at- 
tenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus compressis ; culmine cari- 
nato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata ; inferior lateribus com- 
pressis. Nares concave ad medium rostri porrecte, membrané tecte, in- 
ter rictumet apicem longo fissu aperientes. Lingua longa, extensibilis, fibris 
cartilaginosis terminata. Pedes simplices, digito exteriore connexo, halluce 
pervalido. - 

Obs. Cauda rectricibus 12, remigibus 1 et 2 spuriis; rostri margine aliquando 
subtilissime dentato. 


Typus Genericus Certhia Nove Hollandia Lath. 


Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender, curved, 
pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides com- 
pressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the 
under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the 
length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit | 
midway between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, termi- 
nated by cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected ; 
hind-toe very strong. 

Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of the 
bill sometimes minutely toothed. 


Generic Type New Holland Creeper Lath., &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus ; temporibus au i- 
busque nigris ; gula et pennis elongatis pone aures flavis. 


Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and 
ear-feathers black; thruat and lengthened feathers behind the ears 
yellow. . 

Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque au- 
rium flavis, per oculos striga alba. Lath. Ind. Orn. vol, 2. Suppl. xlix. 1. 
Gen. Zool. 10. 2. p. 354. 

Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. Lath. Suppl. 2. 215.no.4. Gen. Zool, 10. 2.554." 


Tue Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by La- 
tham, has hitherto remained unfigured; and I therefore select 
it as an excellent example of a tribe of birds which I think are 
peculiar to Australasia, and which seem to hold the same situ- 
ation among the birds of that vast country as the Humming-birds 
occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds (Cinnyris, Cuvier) 
in Africa and India; all of which more or less derive their suste- 
Pi. 43. 


nance from the nectar of flowers, and which they extract on the 
wing by means of their long tubular tongues. 

It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were 
distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems, 
under such of the Linnean genera as they thought most adapted 
for their reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the 
first who, by creating a new genus, brought them all into their 
proper situation in systematic arrangement; one of the many 
proofs that Nature, and Nature only, is to be studied; and that 
no system, however ingenious or however applauded, can be con- 
sidered as infallible. 

By anerror (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of 
this bird in Latham’s Index, the eye stripe is called white, though 
in the description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied 
this error into “ General Zoology ;” and his description of this 
bird, as well as numberless others, seems merely an abridge- 
ment or alteration of Latham’s; a practice highly detrimental 
to science ; for, when an original description cannot be obtained, 
it is much better, and safer, to copy without disguise that of 
another. 

How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus 
really belong to it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore 
constructed the generic character from those birds of New Hol- 
land only which Lewin, who founded the genus, must have had 
before him. 

Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the 
frontal feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of 
the ears are lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much 
more so; the feathers of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending 
in fine setaceous hairs curved outwards; the breast and body 
pale brownish-yellow. Quills and tail dark-brown, margined 
with deep-yellowish ; the two lateral tail-feathers tipt with dirty 
white ; plumage above olive-brown ; front and crown of the head 
dark brownish-yellow ; bill black ; legs brownish, inner-toe very 
deeply cleft. ‘Tail, from the rump, three inches and a halflong, 
and slightly rounded. 

Latham, who first described this bird, says, “ it makes its nest 
on the extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by 
this means escapes the plunder of smaller quadrupeds.” It ap- 
pears not uncommon in New South Wales. 


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PTEROGLOSUS sulcatus, 
Grooved-bill Aracari. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine incrassatum, 
maxille angulo frontali obluso ; tomia serrata: nares supere in maville 
basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata, cuneata. Pedes scan- 
sorii. Illiger. Prod. p. 202. 

Typus Genericus Ramph. Aracari Linn. 

Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the basal mar- 
gin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils nearly 
vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender, fea- 
thered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial. 

Generic Type Aracart Toucan Lath. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


P. viridis, subtus pallidior ; jugulo albescente, circa eculos ceruleus ; rostrum 
duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum. 

Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue; bill 
with two lateral longitudinal grooves. 


P. sulcatus. Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol. 9. p. 267. 


EE 


ALL those species of the Linnean Toucans having a long 
wedge-shaped tail, and the nostrils passing through the upper 
part of the bill, are comprehended by Illiger and other conti- 
nental writers under this genus. They have been called by the 
French Aracari; which name I have retained as an English ge- 
neric distinction. They inhabit the same country and situations 
as the real ‘Toucans, which are distinguished by having a short, 
broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill. 

A fine example of this very rare bird 1 first met with in the 
small collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq. 
from the Spanish Main. I have since noticed another which 
was in Mr. Bullock’s museum, and is now in the possession of 
Lord Stanley: these are the only two specimens known. 

Pl. 44, 


This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the 
Royal Institution near a year ago. When Professor Temminck 
was in England, I showed him the manuscript description and 
drawing which [had then made: he assured me he had never seen 
the bird before, otherwise than in Bullock’s museum. A short 
time after, my account of it was published. I observe, however, 
that in the new edition of his Manuel he gives this name to a 
new bird of his own: no description however follows, and it 1s 
therefore impossible to say if the Professor intends it for this 
identical species. 
We must postpone any further observations on this family, 
and conclude by giving the original description above alluded to. 
Total leagth twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme 
length measures three, It is much curved, and more attenuated 
than any of the Aracaris, being thickest at the base; from which 
it narrows to a sharp point at the tip. ‘The upper part 1s con- 
vex, and somewhat thickened; the sides are compressed, and 
the upper mandible has two broad slightly indented grooves on 
each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles, and the ser- 
ratures deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth 
of the upper, the sides concave, and the teeth less. The colour 
(in the dried bird) black; the base of the lower and the upper 
half of the superior mandible rufous, the base with a whitish 
marginal line. The nostrils are more lateral than usual, being 
placed in a line with the eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown, 
the feathers encircling which (particularly beneath the eye) are 
vivid cerulean blue. The whole upper plumage is parrot green, 
paler beneath, with a gloss of golden yellow on the cheeks and 
sides: throat dusky white. Wings short, five inches long, and 
rounded ; inner shafts of the quills black, margined with white- 
ish. ‘Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long, the four 
middle feathers equal. Legs dusky black. 


Fetes: TAT tae 
4 oe 7 oe ‘i - 


RAMPHASTOS carinatus, 
Sharp-billed Toucan. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 


Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine 
imerassatum ; maxille frontali subtruncato transverso : Nares verticales, 
pone mazille basin site; tomia serrata; lingua angusta, pennacea ; 
cauda brevis, equalis ; pedes scansoru. IUlliger. Prod. p. 212. 

Typus Genericus R. erythrorynchus Lath. 


Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and thickened 
at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely sub-truncated, 
margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of the bill. 
Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet scan- 
sorial. 

Generic Type Red-billed Toucan Lath. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


R. niger; gula flavd ; fascia pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus rubris ; ro- 
stro viridi, apice rubro ; mandibula superiore culmine carinato flavo, la- 
teribus macula aurantid ; inferiore ceruleo variegata, 


Black; throat yellow ; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill green, 
-. tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides with 
an orange spot ; lower mandible varied with blue. 
Yellow-breasted Toucan. Edwards, pl. 329. 
‘Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. Gen. Zool. 8, 362, 
(excluding the Synonyms.) 


No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that 
in general pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and 
Aracaris in the new, and the Hornbills in the old continent. A 
question naturally arises, why the bills of these birds should be 
so monstrously out of proportion, and what possible use they 
can be applied to. ‘The elucidation of these questions is highly 
interesting, and calls for the most accurate observations to be 
made in their native regions. It will be sufficient for the present, 
however, to point out, with regard to the Linnean Toucans, that 
the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my va- 
lued friend Dr.Traill, F.R.S. E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved 
that an immense number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of 
these bills, all connected with the organs of smelling, which are 
in the highest state of development. A short notice on this 
subject will be found in the Linnean Transactions ; but as my 
PI. 45. 


learned friend is pursuing his inquiries further on the subject, 
I shall for the present confine my remarks to the individual here 
illustrated, observing that no birds are so little understood, even 
in regard to the species, as these. 

The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed 
this bird. His ‘description, though in the quaint style of the 
day, is clear and comprehensive ; “and his figure strengthens it, 
both being made from the living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has 
quite overlooked it as a variety of another species ; and Dr.Shaw, 
although he copies Edwards’s account, gives references which 
belong to other birds. It is not in the costly work of Le Vail- 
lant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have escaped 
the notice of all modern ornithologists. ‘The perfect bill of the 
bird is, however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Ed- 
wards’s account ; and also an original sketch in oil of another 
individual, by an unknown artist, with a note stating 1t was done 
from the life at Exeter *Change. All these testimonies put the 
existence of the bird beyond any doubt. 

Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Ed- 
wards, | shall close this article with such part of his description 
as appears necessary. 

“The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having a shazp 
ridge along the upper part ; the upper mandible is green, witha 
long triangular spot of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge 
onthe upper part yellow; the lower mandible is blue, witha shade 
of green in the middle, the point is red, it hath about five faint 
dusky bars, which cross the joinings of the two mandibles. The 
iris of the eye is a fair green colour; round the eye is a broad 
space of naked skin of a violet colour: the throat and breast 
are of a bright yellow, below which is a bar of scarlet feathers ; 
the covert feathers of the tail are white above, beneath of a 
bright red; the legs and feet are all of a blue or violet colour.” 
Edwards says it was brought from Jamaica, but doubts its be- 
ing rather a native of the continent : he says they are very rarely 
brought home alive. 

The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the 
same scale, both in this and in Edwards. 


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Pa ee ray 
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BULIMUS citrinus, 


Citron Bulimus. 


_ Generic CHARACTER.—See Pl. 4. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 

B. testa obovata ; spira conica, in medio sub-crassatd, apertura longiore: spiré 
anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis ; labio exteriore basi rotundato ; umbi- 
lico subclauso, 

Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer than 
the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture; outer-lip 
rounded at the base; umbilicus nearly closed. 

Bulimus citrinus, var. B. Bruguiere Encycl. Meth. 314. no. 27. 

Martini 9. tub. 110. fig. 930. 


Se .,  e 


Tis variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and deli- 
cate in its colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although 
figured by several of the older writers, so little justice has been 
done it, that we make no apology for introducing it into the pre- 
sent work, both on this account, and for the purpose of giving 
such a discriminative specific character as may lead to the in- 
quiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by authors 
really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observa- 
tion goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression 
of the whorls on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction 
of the mouth at the base, afford the only constant characters ; 
for, in regard to colour and the situation of the mouth, both ap- 
pear subject to great variation, the latter being as often reversed 
as regular. Martini’s is the only figure that can be safely quoted 
for this variety. 

I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr’s-hall, Windermere, 
for the loan of this and several other rare shells: it formerly be- 
longed to Mr. Jennings, and appears an old shell, being heavy in 
proportion, the umbilicus thickly closed up, and the outer-lip 

PI). 46. 


very thick. Another [ have seen at Mrs. Mawe’s, and one is in the 
British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour and preser- 
vation is in the possession of my friend W.J. Broederip, Esq., 
of Lincoln’s-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely 
and delicately marked by transverse elevated striz, while those 
on the basal volution are striated transversely, though in a less 
regular manner. 

Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the 
South American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana. 

Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of aurea to this shell, in 
addition to the five others under which different authors have 
described it. Such changing of names and multiplication of syno- 
nyms, without strong reasons, are very objectionable. I have 
retained that of Bruguiere, as being the only author who has 
placed it in its proper genus. 


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BULIMUS citrinus (ar. perversu). 


Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 4. 


SprciFIc CHARACTER.—See Pl. 46. 


SYNONYMS. 
Martini, vol. 9. tab. 934 § 5. Knorr, 4. tab. 28. fig. 4, 5. (bad.) 
Bulimus citrinus, var.B. Bruguiere, 314. 27. 


ee 


A FINE pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collec- 
tion of Mr. C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and 
many other occasions, for the facilities he has afforded me in pro- 
secuting the present work: one of these is now figured ; it dif- 
fers in no respect from that in the last plate, except in being re- 
versed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed; a cha- 
racter which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other spe- 
cimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner. 


BULIMUS aureus. 
Golden Bulimus.—upper and lower figures. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
B, testa obovatd, spird conicd, anfractibus 5 convexis, sutura simplici, umbilico 


aperto. 


Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple; um- 
bilicus open. 
Lister 34.33. Martini 9. tab. 110. 928. 929? 


Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed 
it as a distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally 
for the purpose of calling the attention of conchologists to a more 
rigid examination of the specific distinctions of this family (un- 
connected with colour) than has heretofore been done. The re- 

Pl. 47. 


gular convexity of the whorls, not in any degree compressed at 
the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on the spire, 
and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which cha- 
racters I have found in the varieties of B. citrinus to be con- 
stant), afford a specific distinction which future observations 
must confirm or annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of B. citrinus 
which is entirely yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is 
in the British Museum, and which possesses (as well as the ex- 
cellent figure of Gualtieri) all the specific characters I have given 
to B.citrinus, but not of the present shell. Lister’s figure, on the 
contrary, is rude, though very characteristic of this; and Mar- 
tini’s representation, here cited, also appears the same. 

Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is un= 
acquainted with its locality. 


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MITRA casta, 
Chesnut-banded Mitre. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 23. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. : 

Mitra (Div. 3.) testa alba, levi, oliveformi, spird apertura breviore, anfractibus 
supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide castaneam fusciam formante, in 
anfractu basali centralem et latam, 

Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture, the vo- 
lutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis 
forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal 
whorl. 

Voluta casta. Chemnitz 10, p. 138, vig. 20 c p.—figura mala. 

Martyn Univ. Conch. i. tab. 20. 

Dillwyn Catalogue, vol. i. p. 554, no. 127. 


EE 


Ax the writers [ have been able to consult, uniformly describe 
tnis species as having a coloured band on the white ground of 
the shell. Inthe Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and 
which have enabled me to ascertain that this brown band is no- 
thing more than an epidermis, or external coating, with which the 
shell is only partially covered—a circumstance of very rare occur- 
rence; and which, being removed, proves the real colour of the 
shell to be of a uniform polished white. This, together with its 
excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving original figures, has 
induced me to include it in this work, although it exists both in 
those of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither seen 
nor heard of specimens being in any other collection, besides 
the two above noticed; and which no doubt were collected by 
their late lamented possessor on some of the South Sea islands. 
A striking affinity exists between this and M. zonata figured at 
the third plate of this work. 
Pl. 48. 


MIT RA oliveformis. 
Olive-shaped Mitre. 
M. testa olwaformi, glabra, nitida, spira brevissima, longitudinaliter rugaia, 
stria centrali transversa ; columella 4-plicata. | 


M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short, longitudinally 
wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar four-plaited. 


I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed 
shell from its affinity with the last, and as forming a most inte- 
resting transition from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with 
the former in the structure of the pillar and the sculptured spire, 
and with the latter in its general form and prima facie appear- 
ance. Its perfect resemblance, in fact, to a small olive, may have 
occasioned its being hitherto overlooked. ‘The spire is slightly 
wrinkled and striated; the teeth on the pillar very near each 
other, slender, and four innumber. The colour pale yellowish; 
the mouth darker, and the tip and base purple. ‘The whole shell 
is scarcely half an inch long. 

It was received from the South Seas. 


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OXYRHYNCUS cristatus. 
Crested Sharpbhill. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 
Oxyruncus Temminck. 


Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigond, ultra basin attenuatum, apice acu- 
tissimum ; mandibuld superiore supr drotundata, utrisque integris. Nares 
basales, nude, membrana partim tecte, apertura lineari ad marginem 
rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito medio longiores ; digi- 
tis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo, interiore fisso; halluce valido. 


Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very fine 
point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal, 
naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the 
margin of the bill, Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle 
toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind 
toe strong. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


O, supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescente-albus, maculis nigrescentibus ; capite 


crista coccinea incumbente ; capitis lateribus lineis transversis flavescente- 
albis. 


Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head 
with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with 
transverse yellowish-white lines. 


a ee 


An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird, 
considered with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a 
new genus, having the perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, 
but totally unlike that bird in the position of its toes, which in 
this are not placed in pairs. The Professor has slightly described 
it, in the new edition of his Manuel, without a specific, but under 
the generic name of Oxyruncus, the spelling of which must be 
presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, 1s made 
of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest. 

Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length 
from the gape ; general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming 
nearly white on the under part, and on the transverse stripes on 
each side the neck, front and temples, where there are also ob- 
scure bands of black; crown with a concealed crest, which is 
vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the tips; imner mar- 
gin of the covers, quills and tail blackish ; inner covers yellowish ; 
chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are 
broken into spots and stripes beyond. 

Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare. 

Pl. 49. 1 


ae pik. notte wig eae te qt Stath 4 prt 


Raphi sey lidgliaeed, gage 


oT Minh dade ‘aia 


—_— a a) re 


5 
‘ = 
. ; s - ‘ 
. ’ a 
~ 
j dst 
4 
g. 
Biers i 
% 
, 4 , 
i c — 
NE 
a a 
y * 
LE ea) oe le .Be = irs,4 ii 
Pd , 
. . aa 7 - 
. j ~, a 
as er ’ oe 
ae) CTE) te tab r 
z 
* Pl i RAG f ‘i ¢ Pe int 
te iy 
Bee FO2e An yi ORD 1 BH oe 


ines ahisveae ails g Ciatupio Hane ace ws 


wir ie a ia siuace weg Ui Ae a 
a see ay sin. ; 


ny ils dunt a Apiaigs s nostber 


wiepis Nore Harr mek 
. Se we  lohties - * ms 
LID i Pats Lo Ph ify hes 


a Me Mule bolas: isin te 
¥ } Erg GRU .Oibe 2 18 iy iagd bre, 
Pal MY Mer'riep ie y, hh Aaa {isd fen 
a uate rad atitsets oltaze 
ve 

7 Se Wie 


in ld Wl a ads = 7 i 


Ye 


ALCEDO Asiatica. 


Asiatic Kingsfisher. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See P]. 26. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato; auribus cyaneis ; 
mento, guld, strigdque luterali colli albescentibus ; dorso nitide ceruleo ; 
corpore subtus rufo, 


Tlead black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part 
crested: ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side 
the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous. 


aE Snnieeienesene_eeneeaneRneEEnEnEGA 


Tue general resemblance between this and the European Kings- 
fisher may have been the cause why it has remained hitherto un- 
noticed by ornithologists. It bears, however, on closer inspec- 
tion, a strong and peculiar distinction in the crest at the back of 
the head, in being much smaller in size, and especially as inha- 
biting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves the cold 
of a Siberian winter. 

Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the 
mouth to the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is 
black, with the under mandible paler; the ears and the upper 
part of the head and neck are blueish-black, transversely banded 
with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow bands of a rich deep 
blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and ears: from 
the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed 
with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between 
which and the upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just be- 
hind the ears (this in the European species is rufous). The 
Wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills are blackish glossed with 
blue, the two former having a bright spot at the end of each 
feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish ; down the 
middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue, 
with a slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour ; 
line between the nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, 
under wing-covers, and all the lower parts of the body, rufous ; 
tail deep and obscure blue; legs red. 

My specimen came from some part of India; [ have met with 
others from the same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise ob- 
served it in Java. 

Pl, 50. 


waiiek, Oh La yia 
: aed ro A afawk? - 


tl Hp eee es 


ag it oh — a Teen oe 
\ eremeptiaes, sees a 


TEP as whey TT ia 


' dud ‘ahaha 2 ors flores CTS rare + od ar sip 
Calwe: bits ook, collate Jy Abel Sigel Sieg alin 
‘N : me oar sivhue siaquin, 

Tit) wad eet ? pareheny Herts -faihigrat § poets. sreatit | 

i i i so [edge fe ; ees) train i diet oe : eer 4 
serPics Meat BS apts Ben nina aud {Getto hipaa ash F 


ee sinc ladlbptlleaniaB asics: Bi 
‘yl eer a? tres etd Ys veined gee ele ters Hewes j 

dee OTE Bair ace t nett St vlan Gecy ol) sgod Webinar Soh 
“ten -toveel, 4etetydey Beck yrs arith evite if : sets ‘nigel beth Un 

Tis Sond ote cig BRA lle i Gen vibe dee, so a 
wf ~ oR on Seni + ee a elie ig) Feethen nitioe alg 
Live oti “ecard deo Wine Mee rathal Yo we une “a 
, . ve AME a 


ary rs od h FY ig neg niles? 1 maul: vavt ae 
bs ne ersivaig @ fse a sya 


- anal) eee, Sey & + Aggie ahs ob Pree Ty i 
cots Mila SS % s * rte p07 Ova) FR wna 
‘ 


af, 4ly a Ts we) cay eget hey hfe noe) silk 
LHL 3 reels PASAY ives Elite Ce aoa ue doe 

seuho siiarisurere Slt be mit Bscary tomers wiht Ws 
reyslictol doe art) ais Vi Yay Aron Lemna aks <0 he 
at Sl prise white Hatters % Srideg poqeyie ane. 
ayeg Ate ahr 7. ae np eres KD (MM, gt etfs). dae) 
Wins Feveribe Omani wile melp rim hy 6 oR ae eG 
(bgo Blom wT Sn He cele Ae Paella tig 


Aaa len rabies ect Doe ‘HilitS. pion bears ae 
‘ int Lis pela fyita ae ea ei7yt eal = Pies i2 Ta teen ss rar 
-euotin, t od Oth bay PaO Gee Me ieee ee re 

. vb etc ord ton 
iP Janka | seeyph a ei Ae inthe? Sines th 


oot wel resi! eat! Blytiviet hh AL as a of = J 
ais 


COLIAS Pyrene. 
White African Colias. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 5. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

C. alis albis ; anticis supra punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad apicem ap- 
proximante ; posticis margine integerrimis ; singulis subtus puncto ocellari 
lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus. 

Wings white ; anterivr with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot nearest 
the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all with 
a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes alike. 


Unpen the head of Colias Pyranthe, M. Godart has united 
the three insects described by Fabricius, as, Pap. Pyranthe, 
Nepthe and Gnomia, all bearing in their leading colours a very 
near resemblance to each other. Yet as this consideration alone 
appears to have decided this ingenious author in uniting them, 
without apparently noticing the nicer but more important cha- 
racters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as 
geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains 
doubtful; and although I am not at present prepared to offer an 
opinion as to the actual affinity between these three insects, I 
have little or no doubt that the one now figured is a really di- 
stinct species from either of the above, which all inhabit various 
parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from the interior of the 
Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr. Burch- 
all, among whose insects [ have seen about twenty unvarying 
specimens, but they were all males. I discovered however three 
or four of both sexes, varying in size, in Mr. Haworth’s cabinet, 
and the perfect similarity in colour of the female with the other 
sex is very striking: it wants of course the little tuft of hair and 
opaque spot within the borders of the wings, so generally found 
in the male Co/iade. 

The distinctions of Colias Pyrene as a species rest on the 
areola of the anterior wings being considerably larger in propor 
tion than in the others allied to it, thus making the black dot 
(which is always placed at the outer extremity of the areola) 
much nearer the tip than the base: these wings are also more 
sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the slightest appear- 
ance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly en- 
tire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes 
‘not differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus, 
the ocellate spots beneath vary considerably ; sometimes they 
are silvery, at other times not; the anal valves in the male are 
short and obtuse, and the wings in the female not so sharply 
pointed. 

Fi,51. 


ta ne 
vet bea wild Fo visual a Ai 
4 ‘. ; 


+3 ites Satexs Sei: 
Pole Pie: 


a 


a, Sahp es a ts , a 


COLIAS argante. 
Orange Colias. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—Sce PI. 5. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
C.( Mas.) alis aurantiis, supra immaculatis, posticis subtiis atomis ferrugineis, 
plerumque puncto gemino argenteo. 
C. (Fam.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis supra, apice punctogue medio atris ; 
posticis subtus, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis. 
C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate ; posterior beneath with 
minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots. 
C.(Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot and 
black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots 
and two silvery spots. 
(Male.) Papilio Hersilia. Cramer, pl. 173. C.D. 
argante. Fab. Ent. Syst. ili. pt.1. p. 189. 
Colias argante. Godart in Encycl. Method. 9.92. no. 11. 
(Female.) Papilio Cipris. Cramer, pl.99. E. F. 
Colias Cnidia. Godart, 93. no. 14. 


eee 


No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than 
the sexes of this species ; and it was only after a considerable de- 
gree of attention to the subject, in their native climate, that we 
were at last thoroughly convinced that Coltas argante and C. Cni- 
dia were, without the least remaining doubt, the male and the 
female of one species. I have had the same opinion communi- 
cated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long residence 
and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small autho- 
rity. 

As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given 
in the specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, 
that the under surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both 
in the density of the minute dots, and short undulated stripes 
that spread over their surface ; and that the silvery spots in some 
males are strongly marked, and in others quite obsolete : there 
is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint bloom of pink 
spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens the 
vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. ‘The females are not so 
common. I met with them both in northern and southern 
Brazil, and have seen them in collections from Para directly 
under the equinoctial line, 

Pl. 52. 


. 
z : ‘% 
. A - 
5 . 
I 
re 2 4 ee -ay $2 6 j 
= oat He CaN rene a 
ie L452 
4 s 
3 4 J ot 
“ 4 7 
444) " 
‘ . 
birds 
~ nies J 
, ‘fe pee 
io lal Bari 
} hdvar : 
RTOs ee 
re (ewegt) (aff 3, i 1% 
Pe Feg is ri #5 a) a 
? . 
x F peer eh; ruby ahh: : 
‘ Pal) Day 
Rey ut 


’ 
a is 
‘ ) a Ue 
i 4 bs 
+ tr 
, + ied « 
‘ ’ ¥ 
Ps h, eiae 
4 2 
zs 
‘ar, 
> ¢ 
Dbas .< 105 


fBma ! ie B ah he ban ain i ¥ ‘ ”* 
ebr eile jy Mh Seah te Dee 1d. eal dyailt. : 


=  -—— ---™ 


ne 


a) 


STROMBUS cylindricus. 


False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus— 
Upper and under Sigures. 


GENERIC CHaRACTER.—See PI. 10. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

S. testd coniformi, spira brevissimd ad busin depressa, anfractibus convexis in- 
@qualibus, labio exteriore supra lobato, intus striato ; interiore sub-obsoleio, 
albo. 

Shell conifurm; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex and 
unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip 
nearly obsolete, white. 

Lister 850. 5. (bad.). Gualt. $1.1. Knorr, vi. tab. 15. 3. 

Strombus luhuanus Linn. Martini, x. tab. 157. 1499. 1500. 

Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated. Lister, 849. 
4.a? Knorr, vi. tab. 17. 2. 


rE 


WE introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing 
out those characters which induce us to consider it more as a 
distinct species than as a variety of S. Luhuunus of authors ; and 
this consists not so much in the colour of the inner lip, as in 
the almost total absence of that important part, which this shell 
invariably exhibits through all its growths: it is therefore, [ 
think, contradictory to the meaning of the word to term that va- 
riable which is found to be constant, particularly where the 
point of distinction rests on a marked difference of formation no 
less than of colour, though both shells are common to the Orien- 
tal seas. Minor differences exist, in the mouth of this always 
being pink, the inner lip white, and the outer lip but slightly 
lobed (or cut out) above: in S. Luhuanus the mouth 1s deep scar- 
let, inner lip black and highly polished, and the outer lip deeply 
notched above; the two former characters, indeed, begin to 
show themselves at a very early growth of the shell. 


STROMBUS Persicus. 
Persian Strombus—middle figures. 
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
S. testa sub-coniformi, brevi; spird conica, equali; labio exteriore prominenie, 
supra sinuato, intis glabro; interiore polito, albo. 
Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip promi- 
nent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white. 


Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is 
always smooth and white. It is a local species: a few received 
from the Persian Gulf are all I have yet seen, some where young, 
but no other variation was observable. 

PL 53: 


ye 


: stp boprar el bear sete my | 


~{ VN een 


$2’ ,ettirngn eset 


ele. 

ia rps ~cepn Many Bae 
$id ive j laepaliss 
2 cal e le BAT 
RO teeta 


‘ hr 
z i OLRiha 12 Ariat 


Wid a ti Lida mq 
twee dyes) Bote 
Lae Sipld- Qi ae 

f ee) Sey VGS ins fans 
save ne ee 

i Vd 


eee Da 
inka ~ 
ae) Sees teiotlen ia 
reve athe eases iovagae 
, eeeotiens aight 
nie peta eae 


$ 


‘oceap stb daael Beal 


cen Ulgeyed asin atta ul 
now notelie, whe am 
cs a 


| = 
» 
~ 
= 
- 
. 
= 
. 
‘ 
See 
: 
| . 
4 


if by 
YY DLhe 


MITRA lyrzformis. 
Harp Mitre. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI]. 28. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
M. testa costis regularibus, carinatis, approximantibus: columella striata, juxta 
basin triplicata: spird subattenuatd ; apice subpapillosa. 
Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs. Pillar 
striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated. 


Apex slightly papillary. 
ae 


Tuts beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally 
considered unique among the collections in this country. It was 
originally in the possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am 
informed by Captain Laskey, was on first being received, in a 
much finer state. Mr. Jennings had it cleaned, and in so doing 
many of the delicate transverse strie were partially obliterated, 
and the sharp ridges on the longitudinal ribs worn down, as in- 
deed was apparent from a drawing Captain L. had made of the 
shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It however still re- 
mains a very fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of Mrs. Bol- 
ton, of Storr’s-hall, to whom I am obliged for the opportunity of 
now publishing it. 

The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out 
its distinctions. ‘The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly gra- 
nulated at the base; the spire delicately striated between the 
ribs; the two last whorls before the apex are close, thick, and 
somewhat papillary ; the apex itself small and sharp. The upper 
part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete teeth, but the base 
has three very strong ones. 

It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of 
Mitra and Voluta. Its country is unknown. 


Pl. 54. 


ut 


a | 


yeh a +hey 
> patty lh 
ra hey 
I { itt ate 
+ 
. ‘ ca ke 
sf ike 
pn) SE Se 
4 ‘ LTS Wwe ELS 
ith Yrs) st ao 
flake yi To 
Li Sa eR 
ri iis “e tat 
VO IWS 


’ 
zu) “ivt) Se 
os A 


; 
cwthhieyPey teenfyv2 


if vont sill Toy 


SOLEN ambiguus. 


Ambiguous Solen. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Testa bivalvis, equivalvis, transversissime elongata, utroque latere hians. Dentes 
cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, rard divaricati. Ligamen- 
tum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede subcylindraceo ; 
ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos continente. Lamarck. 

Typus Genericus Solen Vagina Pennant. 


Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both ends. 
Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely divari- 
cated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at 
the anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others 
united together. Lamarck. 


Generic Type Solen Vagina Pennant. 
YP ‘S 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
S. testa lineari, crassa, recta, pallida, obscure radiata; cardinibus unidentatis, 
margine anteriore sub-approximantibus. 
Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal teeth one 
in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity. 
Solen ambiguus. Lam. Syst. vol. il. p.452. no. 7. 


EE 


Unpenr the genus Solen (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are 
comprehended a variety of shells having the common character 
of both extremities open or gaping when the valves are together, 
yet differing materially in their form, teeth, and general appear- 
ance: some are long, slender and straight; others more or less 
curved; a few short and oval, or with one ‘end only lengthened. 
Modern writers have, however, retained nearly all these in the 
genus as left by Linneus; and this method for the present is 
more desirable than that of creating a multiplicity of genera. 
Dr. Turton, in his very useful Conchological Dictionary, enume- 
rates thirteen species as found on the British coast, including 
the Solen Novacula of Montagu, which the Doctor suspects is 
not truly a species. ‘The original specimens which Montagu 
described I have carefully inspected at the British Museum, and 
have no doubt in my own mind they are in reality no other than 
S. Siliqua with one of the cardinal teeth broken off; a circum- 
stance which, from their fragility, frequently happens, even in 
opening the recent shell. 

Solen ambiguus was first described by Lamarck, who says it 
is from North America. ‘Two or three specimens are in my pos- 
session; butit is a rare species, much thicker, and with larger 
teeth than any other; the epidermis is pale-brown, and in some 
parts obliquely lineated. 

Pl. 55. 


“ 


re ae ue 


eae yah 4 aa 


ita atal ieee i BF eA eee eee i vo lp 6) ‘ 
SCA Maes VY oh ANE ® Gn APP: aTalel yee hs ey babe, sea, «marcas anh > 
A jie hovered +a AMM ty 1 aN ON oes a 

a si pars Sony qT giAph Paw. Fou =} most 
as ins cEPat a'S Yb DP CCAM ae Jaxpop3 cela 
atin! rer ola alias fae! Tiss: retiShetits 
sy iendt fi bleed eam Other tenia Rk yer A reed Sis 


kee i 


ot 


ost i P fay Cate, : ois 3% a ine teepatse ott 
7 Ge) Tete oe nee 
cn Aare alee SGT ae aoe 
rosie) 
e t ohasiey |? Sida 


cara Was 


Ye) cist bag is tg tea aedh 7 ‘ Pas ‘isa § me i 
¥ 2 ith jou" felt. 
Chae ae ee ie sii 


< 
ne EO 6 RIN # yee 


:] "tr Ho Daliar vl Guy) Relare 2 NiyS 
i tee: 9 A } vl ty rae b | gohan £ tr: 4 

” J zs © + 
hota ty 2 £9 05 area ae | bseitey paris vn er 
~“j erie iF br ak tiiB at Be eh reel buat, TBTRME HE, ahniey 


aeolian Ae atotio Salta Ease ashitals ot ae) alien “a 
Pott W lect Fane a neha et fava Tuts Prayelg §y ct its fore 

: thy wie he Vrbodl. PASO oY wot i abawirrd “a ald 
By typoaeiny) ort on kee aay ek, 2 siren) yer Rises y 
Pee) he ae ae anys ie a ind pal” 
ONE “nid ra ctaltsat eg) hlaoi angur alle ia 
nee 1 how ey Lat a ies hea en hee? bagi a 
a oe ff vir | iyi fener . : 
“beh le ee re aa : 
oui LAAs igh Fes vi Lalli: at fil 


fon, Parey ‘i Hoa it 
- e 4 

4 (ule Fa oy cf ds 

~ } ’ om Liv y 

7 al (ie ils een & 


ty 


z 


cy 


RAMPHASTOS vitellinus. 


Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 45. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


R. niger, gula flavo-aurantia ; lateribus auribusque albis ; fascia pectorali teg- 
minibusque rubris ; rostro nigro fascia basali c@ruled, culmine subcurvato 
convexo, lateribus incrassatis. 


Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar 
and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex 
and but slightly curved, the sides thickened. 

R. vitellinus. Iliger 

Le Pignancoin. Vail. pl. 7. 

Var.? Le Grand Toucan a ventre rouge. Vall. pl. 6. 


—— SS 


Tue descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of 
Dr. Shaw on the various species of Toucans, are so confused, and 
their synonyms so inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote 
them in reference to this bird; but which I am informed has 
already been distinguished by the celebrated Illiger as a distinct 
species, under the name here adopted. 

Independent of colour, this differs from R. Tucanus in having 
the bill less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat 
and blue. The belt at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the 
dead bird), not, as in R. Tucanus, of a rich yellow. This I 
have never met with in Brazil; the other is common from lat. 8 
to 23°S. A drawing from the live bird by the late Sydenham 
Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley) confirms others I 
have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &c. It varies, how- 
ever, in that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and in the 
tail-covers. A specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the 
breast is nearly white, and the upper tail-covers sulphur. In 
young birds the white on the sides is tinged with grey. I am 
inclined to consider the Grand Toucan a ventre rouge of Vaillant 
as a mere variety, having the red pectoral bar very broad. 

In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan. 
Our figure is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its 
precise locality I am unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge 
more on this interesting genus in another publication. 

Pl. 56. 


| aly my Ten a 1b | 
aie a » Wt aky ue! dear attr vot | | 


— amishtimirieiRrh epessenssievchas 


CRE) SMe BORE a oy se wr) eo 


‘ een pete 
OPES AS Ve 


meth Ni aoa ‘aes a: Ae 4 savrgrcashy + iii eal’ uy) ‘- :fabrempneiccilg | Ly 
BWidtithas oes Baianty Devel Senet chaie a ok: 
AFF veh i aalnyana wdisighah ae 
vad fared) ail -enae hoe eshia-ailt, spesnioelid walle. drat: ; 
bgt lle =r abinneise ai oor; tit hos. Ry 
"3 bag val toils te salt digaesit “ah i 
ona enone NAVE. 
Dlg MEE vargas 
oa Maa) .ayeee ee: saaisiito E31 


RAO To) A 7 Tiih val 1E We ha Lat 
eS Auseniinay Ch SOT GED hg). bi Ted. YES & ous wise cath OM, 


ae aad vyhal tase Patt Tee Lee a rT ih Aiuelt Late TARO HIM hai it 
; i p “4 4 dow tae a + bited aad A393 jas * 
gages # enowltl barwideles os) in Lele 4AM petal ad 
0 AG] OE ental sarang ath lied 
widens iat awe Yb cate i eusitels atdd ain We 
Ld 
ch 


ih UG. CURRAO Qh a2 y shins tls ued, 
SAP. cre Yared bie svat A a pet Bihh hy sitet aT : 
‘ ey” uy i ato evn i) \ ae ii, ba gf OH: 

& Lp date eh quay. at pocliin arly neal ik cera 
winddnyiry 2 et ahodd yd id ot eae gutviei Ls) 
Lgrotio worritiio you a et To tyal Ee 208 uf yhue rigid 
LTE” De Mb Pee Wolo ldo yt 
irae: bere bit 7 iva aya ne! bs) he sword Bes To, 
ly variant talon 9Gied eeaundd E oe Ta K. 
Wb) thd: syerdiedict anata bia | iawn oy A‘ 
Th Os a eR tani : 
sendin’ hy UT SPER AA + Livre bei 
| idepad ese janan of) Soren a0 
heme Be Pome Lg eins das sy ‘ras a 
oH ' tds rel indy Ct aa, Meath Th 1 wave Ignis 2 

Hy Oe phi ik fe ty my vk aE AL sti E xis ving Bae if 
5 olated wilh ti PEM oe ont. 
, é suuset gees : 
2 


BI 3 Peas 


YG 


Jan vats Nay AE SHE 


; . 
=) 4 pier Pisin Fit cna wat 


Fu 


1 whe oe 1. 


UNIO nasutus. 
Rostrated River-Mussel. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Festa transversa, aquivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis, suberosis ; impressio 
muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis unicus, brevis, irregularis, 
simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus ; dentes laterales duo, elongati, com- 
pressi, infra pubem producti. 

Typus Genericus Mya Pictorum. Linn. 

Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated. Posterior 
muscular depressions double, Cardinal tooth one, short, irregular, 
simple or double, striated ; lateral teeth two, elongated, compressed, 
and prolonged beneath the corslet. 

Generic Type Mya Pictorum. Linn. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 
87, (Div. 2.) testa transversim elongata, margine dorsi rectd, antice angulaté 
obliqué attenuata, extremitate subtruncata. 


Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight; an- 
terior side angulated, vbliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly trun- 


cated. 


Lister, tab. 151. fig. 6. 
Unio nasutus. Say in Encyel. Am. Conch. pl. iv. fig. 1. 


ED 


Tuts is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems 
of conchology, as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two 
rough cardinal teeth in one valve and one in the other. The 
colours of all are more or less dark-brown, sometimes radiated 
with green; but the specific characters rest on the contour of the 
shell and the proportion of the teeth. 

There can be no doubt this shell is the Unio nasutus of Say, 
who refers to the figure of Lister. The Unio nasuta however of 
Lamarck I apprehend will be found different, as he seems to 
think ; his shell also is purple inside with short thick teeth; in- 
deed so much uncertainty hangs on the shells of this genus, that 
the species can only be fixed by ample descriptions and very 
correct figures. ‘The figure is from a shell in the Linnean So- 
ciety’s cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common in the Delaware 
Riyer, North America. 

PI, 57. K 


_ abba OTE 
‘EAseawit- rees P| bolo 


Sinton erlang hem wt va) 


_ APTIR ARH) Di eeRAD 
Oa OU Repo ao Mabey ne ay WOR 4 1a Oy Bley yea igpiyeny ett 
Jase are). ais sees ith nae Leagan shang rahe 


a “rene pls aan talin dake a en olbebseget Sie, or, 


. haat igy wewhang ark ste aot 
isa, ame ehh, euanveniel sage? } 


yele: sheauepeheaoslaqat thi darite 104 ar lainiges esavseanyert Eh 


ghebygen, Jasin, oolpebd Leniirs >: .obheb clash orga vonlaapnaaier 
Hoeemqaiws heslapeals dows toy ides J phntele + obttiaale “1, oben 


Flee ols sleondd preset 


¥4 ox 8 i = 
will At i SAM ad 


Bh. nye E opener r= 


ery Si ear tie - a 
MCD AAT vee? 
Rotenee Sosien dikes chewable. siabeerott glibas ait iy ate macieait jl i 
epi BENGE Sao ot Ae Joye g ches ae rae, sepia eee 
Ae 
am phlvieds pnpuece latioh balnggoly yparorventilede LS wht " 
‘ . ‘ - Q 
Dt er is eRe Mae ies Ge Gre le ead SOs vial tat > dninsceg ee bite hes 


DM: het MA g a 
ot Bho de, let: aaa Jagan wage 


o i y 
—= rrr OPIN wth g = s 


etanie obo a} awenog degen om aud je. aia 
P ‘ i a 
OE EF ar getelioatc daw hugeille Beritol aete jiask gaolordoaaa bo 


"rh 


ved? | wile od) aieuo ta ede oquy ae dias Jette: th 
dataibet cariiomnoe. awe t+ Ainh ne 10-rGun: 908 lis ‘Io, 
fd, vo uroiaws aul! ne jeu aioe oNingge ads jd pamep ; 
t «thtaet. oty te ROLL Mp onl bing fi J 


S20 Jo awison owe) one ef eile ait eel aed aa 


\ 


ato teveyiod simatigih)> ad Suieshte oamtrady oi 
.0).2c ofc gaoith bao ad How, Bese sro a : 


No 


§ 3d yagi enti ta eliadie.o 


ot wemonctixt. ofl ti, Jade = ciecyit a gui ail pis Fe 
s pnawhlot, ‘eal stl mona, 2b Jinn yn ahh dat 


ary =~ 
a 
oak 
_e 
4 ele 4 
oe ‘ , 
: dhs! 


ACHATINA crenata. 


Green hair-streaked Achatina. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl. 30. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
A, ( Div. 2.) testa alba, fasciis viridibus capillaribus ; spira elongata, subatte- 
nuatd, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore crenato ; basi subtruncata. 


Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated, sub-attenuated, 
of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated ; base slightly truncate. 


(a A eRe a a 


A Few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were 
found by my brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of 
Cuba; nor am I aware of its having by any other means reached 
our cabinets, excepting a distinct variety which occurred in 
Mrs. Angus’s, and is now (together with a young one of the same) 
in Mr. Dubois’s collection. This has, in addition to the green 
bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous spots at the 
base of the first and second spiral whorl ; and others of a longi- 
tudinal square form on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with 
the inner lip, is slightly tinged with pink. The form of the shell 
also is shorter; but the general contour, and particularly the cre- 
nated mouth, common to both, clearly proves it can be consi- 
dered only as a distinct variety. The specimen we have figured 
agrees with all those sent at the same time, in having not the 
slightest appearance of spots, though in a perfect state of pre- 
servation. ‘The little notches on the margin of the lip are always 
placed at the commencement of each of the green lines; the 
base of the column is straight, and slightly truncated before it 
joins the outer lip. 
Pl. 58. 


re ‘ as | nee ed > ane 
a : x 
J) : 
~ 
ihe tb Ok y"> fA Aj 
! Y ae. » a rark f 
Mis ih eh) \ ¥z a hs ‘ 
- eae 
pect <a 
) | a. fi i 
e - - 
A hiv ¥ 
AV and it ie Mit. sla apy wee 


iy wrk VE a oerrl way fers ih, Aah vate 
; ‘ P fell roy i 
299 5 tiie baad? [he AMV ae) ; = bys ae (75" bee ele iv fies syie 

vatviegiey “PTE Me Bell < bel ceery ae a Te sonilay se 


. 


eps iotle Likywed Face i ich ib Sout sat te erat 

tee bei SAP AE 4 sonatas 5a Ky i fet i: scitevedl yid te 0 
a fa aire * iy ree td Pr freee wi dn ne Tavern » that 
ti bse Sj sirbag ‘ rile: 'B yilitegioed \ saree 


(acitae arly Ip Soe gee” ‘avi gt) watt 3 nee 


* - ' . 

eee aber scbiibhe af ata? oc tt OHS ob Bi 
‘ ote Sy acm anion 44 sei faaret te a re 
i ehal'n to ede hai onde tio Boel 8 baat \ sit . 


dete’ koh cia selfite naan Whaley Gell: iss av ; 

flevete hy kai why ee ak ’ ; git 4bT fey bye Saipcortes 
- aa ti 

a3 ofl} 9 ales sities ¢ Ly taser 1 parrot: 


hyn ra nay Sova uigieals’ ellacidls ar an 


f breil sad Bye is FEET OA ¢ Pt a ye ¢ oh Sstinis ae 

Sc) Min nigel al mine pia Hy See. Nera, ve 

. an 1 hs gate an4et a th iyoats sae Avrt 
are ain 910 4 idol Ana tk op en Rae pH 

Sa pentli norm adh to doe jo Frgaewe 


> tat 
H Spied, hutmanisit vicitelin be csr 


“* 


— 


59 \ 


pyre atv le ore! in ~~ 


/ 
a 
ey 


v 


PSITTACUS Barrabandii. 
Red-collared Parakeet. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pi. 1. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
P. viridis, sincipite guldque fiavis ; torque coccineo circa medium cervicem ex- 
tendente ; rostro rubro ; alis spuriis carulescentibus. 
Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of the 


neck in front an orange-red collar ; bill red ; spurious wings blueish. 
ens eR 


Tue vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded 
us some of the most beautiful birds of this superb family, and 
among which the species now, as we believe, for the first time 
published, will stand conspicuous. It is from a fine skin in the 
possession of Mr, Leadbeater, and is named in honour of the 
late M. Barraband, the first ornithological painter that France 
or any other country has produced. 

The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters ; 
the total length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green 
which predominates over the plumage is bright and changeable, 
having a blueish tinge on the hind head, which is much darker 
and stronger on the outer margins of the quills and middle of the 
tail-feathers: the back and scapulars are tinged with an olive- 
brown; the spurious quills and their protecting covers are 
greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of the latter 
colour; the inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as their 
entire under surface, deep brownish-black ; but the tips of the 
tail-feathers beneath are much paler; the two middle feathers 
five inches longer than the outermost, and extending near two 
inches beyond any of the others; their extremities instead of 
being pointed are rather widened and rounded. Bill red; ears 
and space between the eye and bill green; fore-part of the head, 
chin, and half the neck, a clear orange-yellow, which is termi- 
nated by a narrow collar of a beautiful orange-red ; the remain- 
ing under plumage pale-green; inner wing-covers darker. Legs 
black. The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched at their tips. 

Pi, 59. 


dna eo diy onmeanat WIE) Sliiee Sea et ETERS |” 
: 7 ae to, a i iat 


hon hil cheaqine oil Tha tide ha nedl anetn ee aati abe 


ea bin ceaahiceap: | ace nok idaiauges hod od uit imdsrreed old’ ria ¢ 


tegveotd) « sila) neotiinass eet bud adie aie! 


‘pepo tt Rove ree Deeapiatlbetioy ed) to mine arr) THI ate 7 wala 


at i 3 eft aH Gyah lk Su { > AH sad tlul reeset i weit eal re vohow, orn 
n , * 7 ; , PO a 
vnlieel clabia ow ody leg oeeetionesiioaedh wriachisitelind: 


> vibeedaerall” 27 Sp se aie 
Ta hay iif! isrwhensliel, oo a 


© rN ee 


ch Of 494-<—p Tae VSR DHRD 
‘ ‘ 
ms 
Oras " *. 
ss ie 
PA " ‘ ‘“ « 5 f p 
aed A. CEA 2G OR ee ; : - 
vf Pal * Pe 7 e " b s 
- Bee TNL UALS a RSD eed , eh Sar ae dl Ate J * 
7 + 4 » © . 5 ahd bd 


ees rot may ¥ wy wae wey water «nieayh 


arse Ch al bbinn aef phn {salve leant haa) pad pia | Xe t ubep er tert weeny 


my 


’ Wes f - =~ a 4 Y iar 7 Fm sip 


~~, 


; sity 2 ne 74 "7 or > ] 
if: hiia att BH yess bey & it ara ry aodnap pad abit fi ‘ig uae mea 


eumy tet ol oth tae ky HE OS on rhe tloiciew nena” 


Soh (te vet oe bie caret st) aod pesca (oer iste HP Cee 


? as 
Me hc Mit gem te rca he ae het ul wtf to Hesree 


wl 
-Larmabuney nandyy tina vseeh ai van 


7 f y a 4m 1 ‘ 4 ae tt a! 
SOO CRAM AID ft elani AED STONE Wat \ Haal y Pere; ale ut 


Lie) 


, iL! i ¢ 
Sse pNeUL us igor 8) Sypdloegel! ee aie Abaerpeeiew) 
SWE «110 Ges PLD Mmaw phi hig heal 00 Syne selouid 5 yong 


: F caterer eeeta, oft, fie agente) hye 


oul) 2rd ag we DY > se 


santihed tia hg VA OT vLa é ceedity sani vr a Ea: pe 3 dradtasielios ; 
Wen Che « Ca tee hhiber Pa Lal Cerner wile Pay rod, ( 


Tada als JG ole add ee nh ee aaeneee, apts sie sien, 


ved men nuiiedee hig, caoceie tage To Ue eund 2octried art 
1, SBS ehh oi NITIES tins ae esoole ‘Y Oad 10 car Puyad eotlone 
é ei J8dtiaot- beoy dsivabed ve gisele ne beapetiony paige 
sso DO Peg 3 a9 oniltas Lighae sore pel tinwer tod bouhige bas 
<Uniwial Ob siusichyy, go olisry-aueiiey tule gq does oils Pak bis wis 
sHecityey Onl} kinbinigen ii Mitenpeck se Be nalleia porns 8 4d hasan 
tgod). toate nS teo-polw Met 2 er gnc wptss } Wek: 

nny viad da Leodlasin Ibaaryy ‘bso: Lita om dlnwet ost “ae 

— 


oy 
‘ 
ue 
= 
oS 
-.. 
» 


« 
. 


60 


sk <r 


ase yt pagar ee 


jue ®t, pied <.eteta : 


Pea tw eae 


THYREUS Abbottii. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

(Familia Sphingidis Latreille.) 

Antenna lineares, in medio incrassate, in maribus extrinsecus ciliata, (sub-bar- 
bate) in faminis simplices, filiformes, mucrone obtuso arcuato sensim ter- 
minantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque sexu similes. Ale opacae, 
angulata. Abdomen crassum, barbatum. 

Antennz linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the male, 
simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an arcuated, 
obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings 
opaque, angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et obliqué lineatis ; posticis 
flavis, margine lato nigro. 
T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades and 
oblique lines ; posterior yellow, with a broad black border. 


ee 


A LOVELY insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can 
ascertain, undescribed by any author. It appertains to the 
Linnean genus Sphinx, which can be viewed (from the immense 
diversity and great number of the species) only as a family con- 
taining many and striking natural genera : in modern arrangement 
it is most nearly allied to the Seste of Fabricius, from which, as 
it strikingly differs in the formation of the palpi and antenne, | 
have separated it. . 

I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of 
Mr. Abbott, well known as having furnished the materials for 
that beautiful work the Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited 
by Sir James Edward Smith. And from the unpublished draw- 
ings of this zealous collector, the larva and pupa have been 
figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in Georgia, 
and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from 
the male, which is here represented. 


Pl. 60, 


dittoddA 20 THTNT. a 


irual whigeiigh sila 
F = . ° 
o* ~) a\abin petaednies abet 2: solace ahd ili Tate 
o*9} fthbe ds Gheawta ueide trervasts. game it ascbaegia casi, at (sine 


5 ? (Lele ead i 
emg) lh. cow Grew dads aye fe - sabe - 


s Th YW ‘ at} stotlss th heees UP a) einer met? fi Regulars, opengl agro, : 


duo ne oo a cobs glitietieg obemels dP ad hes ue aby 2 
eguid! .2oxae dyeb-ar wdile gauddey eats, beled Avtih nau i 


nh Mai aomebd A. Badalp Pm a -— 


ny =» 
if 
27 Se AD SiN eae oo 
: é of 
F : ‘ n fc : ere wee . ome 
tenho , Lagi) WG SQ Siete ee Sie} . ' ipbt ah kilo pia git tis Aes 


meus. Sage 


i , edi twe ach ads +i i 4 has Nie. +h tesne “eal 7 ce 
-viio) Maid juee ¢ dow oeoled voleteup veogitaupiige ; 
‘ pe 
' 
a on nt Ra me, Pa 
d L £ 7 : ee id , 
ied S97 46 1A aA. , its lial rep si dbvichyr joeens tga fot A 
i. “ee 
" ralehiagne ib aydiee ene yd bedéeesbie (alah 


genni 462 soot) howal’ od rem dvieher sag suuyD oooh Ee 
og vial ase vine end yonie oct toe roel cnuact iaag bas -yhepedh 
Hs gis Ce hooters at bemioy lage anidiate bag qi SOIASAP 
ae haither cool aniaetday to iapyale oll ol} belles dhaau jeout wa” 
dt. Yo paises sil iti eedlil vy didiede 
| OO REND i ai aa adjow ouadk 
eT ina: eli ae VCRNENIGEOND, 08 tooeai edd, frente aved ye 
ct alain ‘adds f ly sitadertull yithrort ai nom, Yhow dtodd A Se 
) paevye Da. } ano4 nocd only duce hAiDimadt bast 
ww balelfvqan sl med bad” ditiwle Bea bch sajppel wit od 
roel dad aati bore. aval ult. otaaliso anoles: alt Yo alt 


shin 


yo i 


: ye ; t 
iwi? ta awa aay 6 of 16 Jane aedet We dod A a ee Coy t st 
det wolog ni.jog wind alu off ep rad fio alain hee 
: hainoasiy yy sed ai doisber joleae oft 


; p 00 Us 


’ 
ae 
iD ‘ 
AV 
baba 3 
t ~ y 
- 
- ~ : . 
( 
; 1 
a 
‘ 
¥ 
* - , 
’ . 
‘ = 
S -aretea, : evil OFM 
eee 
~ 
t? 
Dear ba 
‘ ale 
Prins 
Pale} yeti 
i Se moi 
? A =; > 
ea ‘ ; 
By * E Trot 
“ tn y y > 
a oye AM isons 6 rp ers ¥" 
i 
‘ 
ae 
i 
. . 
; 
Z 
y 
> a 
i 
KS 
Find : 
r 
ss 
’ 
w 
‘ 


“aS 


TAMYRIS Nurscia. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 33. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

T. alis nigris, anticis supra fascia centrali rufescente, infra punctis duobus ad 
basim albidis ; posticis infra ca@siis, cinereis, basi nivris lined obsoleté albi- 
dé; margine nigro. 

Wings black ; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white 
basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black 
with an obsolete white line; margin black. 


Se 


THe marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a 
few white dots between the nerves, and the upper surface is 
sprinkled or powdered in the middle with blueish-green atoms ; 
on the under surface of the anterior wings the lower part of the 
band is orange, the upper bright rufous; and within the black 
margin of the posterior wings is a large blueish spot, and two or 
three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax. It seems nearest 
allied to Hesp. Celsus of Fabricius, which is only slightly de- 
scribed from Mr. Jones’s unpublished drawings. 


TAMY RIS Laonome.—lwer figure. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 
T.alis utringue similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi aurantiacis ; 
capite anoque rubris. 
Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of 
orange; head and tail red. 


The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles 
the upper: it will approach near to Hesp. Amiatus of Fabricius, 
which no doubt belongs to this genus. 

For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabri- 
cius, I am indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug, 
Director of the Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied 
them, I therefore conclude they are undescribed, and probably 
inhabiting South America. 

Pl, 61. 


ee 


et Ege tne Hi ih veg ap. 

vo pina : 
; NI 6 DAY De TITER) 
a es i biineany, Gis oerren ct Herbert elsauh Spey alee: 
, calla di’ x cues Sega Ge bas fehl iene othe pain 
wae iin 
wide nie, GANA beet thither te (MIA & \live 4veda yori : a fs 
del - igh: AO eget) LH 0% “terest eal ae itysaad Bab h i 
ald i agian -oai) ai ie) ie ihe 5 


again mn 


‘ “did agirace wih ff eyitt Sate) | oi tos rueebit: denniggt 
; Re ag inet whey ith a Theuee ASA alt bitryeaat ‘soht allie 
| Seid rye tar reich, ative ‘sob NOT unas tid: hereabav ody ve beta 
sit We ras 3. bead mali, uae i create ett te decpaaty tae leat Ty 
gilda spatdaioe Bie; Aniheare ‘fui thd me Seis eo: n 
ay Gav tty eh ne (nists loyiel a al eye " Vatipetd, wihig 
'Siesenare aut eit se pvilt oild Vente ve iM nels ihe 
ae didisi } rst 4 bolt $4 pial; ihn, to esnela el AF 3 
1Fas Bye said ibe le agian ‘epemaaan hac! 


omnirgpey mania 


Si 


oe 
ean erie ~ “pow a iT » ie i 
4) AG OMA A Aa Se Ug a. Pt 
« Ativan ¥ bila i wih a (eel ered, sel ian ey jibe” 


, 


| a a aay Tere 
he Wiganser | Dore nn es didi ial arndiain ada poe 
hens Uiaad Siem Digan 


: i Aaja: a eis r 
‘ alotmeiay, elias ine & oat well i) lagna sisly Te sale win 
mus isda fea ayy ECM ole Ot aT ee he 
opti Sit at agate a 
viet ab hin ae Ue sind deco eepDaNe 
ohh % seman teeter bye ta wb iL aooae AP aneb aad Fig 
Heviliyraonena on a ailwil je nupdy tll to a 
(hteks pul bay uly wat es ie ¢ att abartanng 2 nal ce mt 
severed A = 2 sa wi 
“* eae 


vs 
ry As ch - 


i <. 


at 


“or. * ve 


= 


7 
~ 
5 
‘ 
a] 
2 


PSITTACUS discolor. 
Red-shouldered Parakeet. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See PI. 1. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


P. viridis ; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, macula cervicali, lateribus e& 
scapularibus coccineis ; humeris puniceis ; vertice, tegminibus exterioribus 
remigibusque violaceis ; rectricibus fulvo marginatis. 


P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck, flanks 
and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external wing- 
covers, and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black mar- 
gined with yellow. 

P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. White’s Voyage, pl. at p. 263. 

La Perruche Banks. Le Vaill, pl. 50. 


Tuts is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the 
forests of New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear 
in our figure, it sinks into dullness when compared with the 
bird itself. Dr. Shaw was the first who described it in W hite’s 
Voyage to New South Wales, where it is badly represented. 
It has been since figured by Le Vaillant, probably from a female 
or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented by far too short, 
and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my collection. 

Total length eleven inches. ‘The upper plumage bright green, 
tinged with blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish 
beneath ; the crown of the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a 
crimson belt in front, and a large patch of the same round the 
chin; paler spots of this colour are also in front of the neck, 
breast, flanks, and under tail-covers ; the under wing-covers are 
deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some of the lesser 
covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer wing- 
covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing 
to a vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black 
glossed with violet, margined externally and internally with yel- 
low. Tail near five inches long, the middle feathers dark rufous 
tipped with blueish; the rest more or less rufous at the base; 
and shining blue beyond. Bill and legs pale. 

PI. 62. 


ii ur 
ES 


won 29 AIP IRE ee 


. in 
sods bowsisbade- sth : ae 
cs tie ee “Y 
. a: _ ‘poe oie nanan ad Rea pers 4 . 


ee EE tee ee + Py | > = 


Aetaanend wro res : 

saassdiested vow ot Sige sudo na evi atest elite’, ster’ eee, q 
‘adie bi otis hatin MapV ia, ae orisha Newnge * Pa tl) va See chantioa 
an poy yea eat ant “Wight airpan di sageyt 

wise yer sly a ue bits ony vp sear vehirige a sticky sat; bey A a 

~ Seoagive Lyeeytes Ment ; Laid we ier alin te ants arahert ese frie ; 

‘ta bi¢ahivintd dip abirehory adit fiat! Leva tf he Nahe : ; : 

y : . actos Iii ae “hott 

Ce ae dev don't berotitiredantradl hop = 
dey Neti adn Set ae 


Me . pe ne | 
2 i II a te et . 
. ‘ H 


oft ‘uf sivibtet ad id i re shevsiz' f eT} si! ue wre siete id ich ning Pr VW fs 
LeNCTLEG Yuet see Tales EF en tert v fdas . pivaniio lt “urs tenon ‘ 
ght pie Geen Afi0KH aorta seantivh aiai waders ti oti 1g ti | 
Soe idl bedi: sooty ont lz darit ‘ott LRH wr eeelee = Abe ini —_ 
TOs g rey hegy pltone® ei th vender a ola? lier wel ww ose | 
banek c cee lactony tretilis y ahh SNPS STE nasd an sts | 
rodbe comet vad bi atttaeonys yy at lua oats ies Kahn otra yet 
or atloo verb que tt idl iw’ opty crea abttegy 2.008 “euioei acy era 


Aan yiteird genni aa ad T= .ngcad solo het get , 
“ eivroliez bus vettydl oda Gd? Ie eebia pa ad pul dtter beagatt’ 
wealBion “aild-sgbois 6 safe sa bao ont To mod od; ; Hsorewt >. 


od? Daves cares add Jo dota sarah shine: Hort oF of Had cuoeettins 
der sil Toa tao ol ole aia 80109 sae 6 ek aloga ld : tA 
is HRIVODYALY! bree oid; evavou-bint volun Dye ating Janet 
soeash otis ah npgae-I0 uftada quant odd en low na “segetiy gash 
-gubaioetce asd ;irelon-boold +b eoblueds od pobre aves" 
i. yiliokery piv ort to nimi od? no ould-pssh aibyAS 
Aenkd ‘ellivg voarg otf} sitive ebook dotder sild bet oot 
> bg hte yilnerad ini is gllermteo byatwinns paket dtigy lessedty 
mote diab ewdiist olbbine sds yl asdont sri rest htsT oot 

ated ody ta uuchire eal ad groan vay Ab; ‘divi dive: baguziy \ 
ey slag xgol bes (a doit sled) qarieite tive 

eT 


Toa 


MOLL 


OLD Em 
LELL - 


<eaeeeseeeaeeswace: - 


Sires n 


63 


wv 


AMMODYTES. 
Sand- Lance. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Corpus gracile, teretinsculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix conspicuis. 
Labium superius duplicatum ; mandibula inferior angusta, acuminata. 
Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis corpore pene 
equalis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus. 

Typus Genericus Ammodytes Tobianus. Linn. 

Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip 
doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed. 
Dorsal fin nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays. 

Generic Type Sand-Lance. Pennant. 


AMMODYTES Siculus. 
Sicilian Sand-Lance. 
A. pinna dorsali sinuatd, in medio angustatd, pone anun altiore. 
Dorsal fin smuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind. 


$$ $$ ———_$__ 


OF this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique 
example, we were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new 
species now figured, and which early in the year visit the coasts 
near Palermo and Messina in prodigious quantities. ‘There 1s no 
striking difference between this and A. Tobianus, excepting the 
extraordinary shape of the dorsal fin, which is invariably undu- 
lated and narrowed in the middle. It never grows to a size ex- 
ceeding the figure, and is usually much less; while the British 
species is often found double the length. Like that, also, 4. Szcu- 
Jus has the lateral line running close to the dorsal fin ; for the fine 
line in the middle of the side, as Lacepede has well observed, is 
that only which connects the muscles. That author likewise 
mentions, that the jaws in A. Tobianus have minute teeth, but 
these I could never discover. ‘The rays of the fins are, pect. 16; 
dorsal 56; anal 30. <——_—_ 

AMMODYTES Tobianus. 

Common Sand-Lance—upper figure. 
A. pinné dorsali lineari, equali. 


Dorsal fin linear, equal. 
Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p.1145. Pennant iv. pl. 28. Bloch, pl. 73. 2. 
Lacepede, ii. 275. Klein Hist. Pisce. fasc. iv, tab. 12. f. 10. 


This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all au- 
thors as if the rays were spined and naked at their extremity ; 
they are, on the contrary, soft and connected. . 

[t abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The 
number of rays stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27. 

Pl. 63. 


a@LPEEOM MA 
on ask howe, 


re 


’ 


: Seat nae a 

UMS. Late davmaasyr dusbaeale vinualvpg heed condlecpenga tiers at moran) 
ANWR Yealy. albedgrees vara atlas “irbacalqn eave, eaendial » 

Ao, Gna ehawdls taRh “At wats ‘hers iin bgp beste asters witorlage st 


- 
a a 


7 

is also pibialgaede. aavbayr ava pte d 1 

and ay “ual ay Pathe oa Ve. “auc Midas mgt - 

qil Tp) Fi etre! beast inet: Haake rat ro inn tT, ‘ seibeaar: cviale hati. - 
7 


der gatoy We soenlasne (iD, teiite gw se A Waly tte! ; - Lprbtavads 
sean bdivols lyons clave zhodl etd pam st 2a yes ai inawe * 
Athan wF) cya be Akviete 2 1% at, met): 


\ 


ee 1) eo 


et ene 


unsie GE OG Ol Mw A ea 


sth b-thende wnghionee ~ oo) = 
reoaila sa au: leks yee doe Nae sie svat seme Juctiq Ki E 
atted rolimue (mesibltis sa? ot fees ) «lonelsals ne inal - ; 
! aR i —- 4 

SuplTU 4 £ x Moti owe Pi bevel j 8 7aK2 A nites a sia Tr a). 
wen cabs uli DiC% 14 Laudve oaiereouilts +O ai OLY MSVEe olga | N 
Hacer Mle Jigiv We Y athe) ot a rf otis fi i fis erg OS Bese J = 


Bie “4 vt se) (7 


Cie 


ries eels pe ixwizal y ‘ig yi goths a ht fs fits ccervele’ | 1s 
Sine ito Kee esi ‘ lst. We Ube zig) 1awrds ae soiensiiis nendeibe 7 
midloracs “Chel Bc coves 27 shod, Oe Leama Aad to aqade vinnibyienxg 
ME ORB ye wn rye tayo th) liao slp atk fhowortsn i ion lvsted 
“ Morn he onndag, « caunads re wa yileewes 2b bare. Piangit othtiy thea, 
ridge ¥ 08! (iii oid: ees) edt sidgeb banch asite shemisonn 
Siakt os "Gi ‘i ler wl re Ay panls prereset ty 1 orl iessiet oid zal zw 
teal ciltiage doh Hbxoad ee obideds to olbbim nila smb 2 
suircoddxorlgpetag D> -eakdandenn stil iosnnoo dojdy -ylao Yodt 
Sith pea Hk ae! sunaod ts of ewe, olf ted? 2sanqonE, 
= Ol iaag iment sol 1eynt olT s9vooeibtavem bldos I sped 
apy afin a ee 
secede ar As a Q M MN oes = 
fi ‘oraeni neem paar Suessonigode | tes 
; i Aaurgy: vat salsa N 
ae Bus ee ee aan Cin _lsiips uxaail of pero 
SOMA mS a vi ie abthiq: é Ace Vl Swit ld 
“ Dba 2 gh, vi. Pe wl el wih > ae i in aes 
<hmbicatiliesbilaiained t 
aitadlird baa teil g noth sash laid nortan: cae: crass aid 
+ yeaa is od} 16 bintea bar hactiqe SOW AYRE ody Ti as = 
-bejoaucos bre dine scumaoo. edt 10 yor 
OEY 2teiop gee To ang (Bad 00 sont) eianiog $$ ebusods 2 
SSigia , lech . 2b friedeo: awa bases Yo ted 
: Ge By 


hh baw 


eo! — a a 


. 


MACROGLOSSUM assimilis. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 

Antenne subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice unco brevis- 
simo gracili incurvato abrupté terminato, in maribus sub-barbate, in Saminis 
simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti, crassi, articulo ultimo acuto. Ale 
opace, integra. Abdomen crassum, barbatum. 


Typus Genericus Sphinx stellatarum. Linn. 


Antenne subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip ab- 
ruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated 
in the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected, 
thick, the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick, 


bearded. 
Generic Type Sphina stellatarum, Linn. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER, 

M. alis supra fuscis ; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto nigrante terminali, 
posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus abdominis aurantiacis. 
Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal 
blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots 

on the body, orange. 


SE 


Tuts genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and 
differs principally from Sesta by having opaque wings, and from 
Thyreus by the very great difference in the construction of their 
antenne. Many exotic species are known, but only one is 
found in Europe (Sphinx stellatarum of Linn.), which likewise 
inhabits our own country, and to which this our insect is very 
nearly allied. 

Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find 
this species either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted 
with its locality. The under figure is of the male; the upper of 
the female ; which differs only in the wings being rather broader, 
and in having one segment in the body less than in the other 
sex. 

Pl. 64. 


<Sitdorisen! AF 22 ED ORD M IM 


cme ella se a ren a 
‘ 4 
roe MarvagaaD ASD 
Aste s : 
<thares QU 3 ak PERSP tat ACN RY Care” Tas ‘ yrs oer ahd 
eMLverel, te py arene as pM bimewee set aetna Sua tn olan hel eee t 
pity svi ogeivie glee wei “ite ARS seins bp somgitianay ‘ avalreus ; 
. ave did (rears et RE beh ad PHD, 
Fs tia 1: cote Siva ¥ Ae ed pla o 5 aap : ay. o 
: ~<dg yt adh, Etgen't us. ab uplyd ose Aohitt9 wy 2 NReaahaa pares Creech A a 
bageitio: claod fers i ob pele It “ale ne Bd ghia cud) riod dgars . 
clnarvwerag iyls'l - soliaerlt auld at Sofas eve use bx # olqure said edit 
ahoits amettalkt. omer co Pbige (ae rk ob eit ini, tesi ; wis sibel ik 
oe wh ee 2 eed et 
HOLT seacntollele ela ae rf obese ae ay 


Pe ee . Ft rym, 8) orth gee Pn eth | 


Vivatiaas ssi, agai, oan eae 


Avie Lnniwn aya becncsly yay totale tant a al ave «ass a, hart eng f . 


denies Gbyeo wake: ov eval yao 


hiiares. a doa hard sae bin F railants ‘ont ‘itiwete insite: pared rntietacs 
HCE iad ood bau PEL UNTO e ig alt: ie etbbie tosiok dadyatd 4 
Se Ve og dbod elt ap 


ntl 


Se Ay RN RIE et I 


bas: ore: igo, ras iogaad Ne: heshpiagal, eb W aintog tt: 
aot bis. apaive Ou pays giro td niene, mor Gia wqinaing rate ‘i 
tists to apit: dunenog ons it Soienathi imei ayow ol wd eset | ,. 
Bh Otto xhini9 judd, OL oh soienge, Bios qt “f % 
ee adil shi ule sles; to ans svutabbate. ani) aor on hu 


“er a i199 aa ai 1 i nied nlvid wo oe TuMCD Loo! 10) atidadta 


shad doit wo, d _qpavincesins noMUROoKK 2CuSE, “On: vat Mitgueet® 
; hotaisep: ne ras by pubuL On ibe odivrkety 10 boeet: sults eed Ur 
be rage only palenuads Ww. af otupl rehrer ad oGilepol ating 


_ dlabaed sorte, guivd ane eld tt wiv saathi ibaidl vs - 
sitio only ii ixedls eeal ybou oat deat ous gaivnd ai. 


CONUS Augur. 
Girdled Cone. 


GENERIC CHARACTER. 
Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. invers® conica, convoluta ; apertura longitudinalis, 
angustata, edentata ; basi effusa; spira brevissima, 
Typus Genericus Conus marmoratus, &c, Linn. 
Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture longitu- 
dinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short. 


Generic Type Conus marmoratus, &c. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


C. testa glabra, fulvo-albidd, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis, lineisque transversis 
punctatis ; spird obtusd, convexd, striata, depressd. 

Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and trans- 
verse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed. 

C.augur. Lamarck Annal. Mus. xv. 277. Encycl. Meth. 333. 6. 

Conus magus. Gmelin 3392.57. Martini ii. 58. 641. 


Ee 


Tue Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells 
of this extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands, 
which are either two or three in number, and more or less broken 
into spots; in high-coloured shells the minute lines of dots be- 
tween them are also of the same colour. It is not a common 
species, and inhabits the Asiatic ocean. 

This is the Conus Magus of Gmelin and Martini, and of our 
sale catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having 
described two distinct shells, C. dugur and C. Magus, under 
the latter name, 

I have not referred to Lister’s figure 755. 7, being doubtful 


of its affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very 
bad. 
Pl. 65. 


= 


wis 5 A @UHOD 
- snot) wilbad: 


ata RTI ea ON 
2 a a e my 
MIRA D See) Ce oN 


UL bak 2 ee visti) loratoy Wot Seva Ry stihl on a wi 
nA Hahei 3 inige gnc } vad ena tho | omubninyien -§ ’ 
“5 j 


al ane aur mao) ee nls. at gen i. 


. si scat ba od uty ON 


“anh feel 4 4 visit ns t wale H09 Ret: 109-% fort ol ai anid nw ovlevisns 192, 


Ba israes Wis? gig a poesia ound; baltook Jos RSE: deaits., 4 
mee! asia aay sino oy P ofa am ees oe 
ee — aid ge 
— 
i an 
ANTI ALND 1 #1 pa22 “ hp Me 
- s | 
vier onegeeah ‘dadhinlad " yin: p boh, Ginemy!, glindiin-cih WA, antsia Fes vd 
Sal dine Me oy ieee) dusthor iy ty 7a Noli 

~2itent has ebstad tumeado- ay inh. Booad sini @ ickerweunn wit schiciave! fel 
fiageo tod: grtatria aero? aiiy atiqa 230 to eyail ator’, f i 
i 


ee WALL Joye... 178 wie awit dobar ssugin a? 
| PED 8S tb aly. TE See uewiilonss) seni erie) 


1 
v ‘ 


A ‘gosta suousitaos al one) hatin s nT a 
Iveta hao oft. ad ee liarst ovianat 19 aids te. a 
ip 8 ae ti crodrnginr nt aotdhao owt sodlyig-eas laielur 4 ; 
| 2d etob, lo- agai! outtict ott allade henolo o-dyicl ad esege aii © 
uorenia e jon af 4] .tueloo omed oft To cele sae snedd! eae 

A990 oitated okt apicherlect Dias coir ’ 

“tue to bar dali ME his cilarcit lo, swyoll emo) “ods i ath) 

“galvsdl silogat) etcit- Be etigito as oy 10119 ae: : sauotatina ‘ales 

soba, awgehh,' 3 has ig e la tonideib ows bediizest a 

| wt ime roited sya 
hduoh gaiod .¥ Sot cyte oad o) barges toa aved I 

YT OnE doroingnitl bu re imi eh Yo Sead) bes sie, abt hic i 

a! 


rf] tj. 


a 


=) 


MITRA lugubris. 
White-banded Mitre. 


GENERIC CHARACTER.—See Pl, 
aes, 
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 

M. testa inverse pyriformi, fuscd; sulcis transversis intus punctatis ; anfrac- 
tibus superné obsolete plicatis, fascidque albé ornatis ; labio exteriore te- 
nui, margine crenata; columellé 4-plicata ; basi albd, truncata, 

Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves, 
punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded 
with white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated ; pillar four-plaited; base 
white, truncated. 


WE have had much difficulty in the investigation of this spe- 
cies: for its characters cannot be reconciled with any of those 
contained in Lamarck’s Monograph of the genus in the Annales 
du Museum. With regard to the unnamed figures in the old au- 
thors, it bears the closest resemblance to that of Gualtieri, 
tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes for his M.crocata; but then 
his description is not at all applicable to our shell; and Mr, Dill- 
wyn’s synonyms of the Linnean V. nodulosa (where he has also 
included M. crocata), we are satisfied comprises two or eyen 
three distinct shells, 

This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in 
Mr. G. Humphrys’s collection here figured: it is exceedingly 
rare, and its locality unknown. In form it resembles a Buc~ 
cinum; the transverse grooves are broad, strongly defined, and 
have large and deep excavated dots within them; the upper 
part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular plaits, which 
makes the suture uneven, and takes off something from the 
smoothness of the lower part of the whorls, but the shell is in 
no way granulated. 

Pl. 66. 


MIT RA ferruginea. 
Thick-lipped Mitre. 


SPECIFIC CHARACTER. 


M. testé nubilé, maculisque ferrugineis interstinctd ; costis transversis, elevatis ; 
labio exteriore crasso, obtuse crenato; columella 4-plicata. 

Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated 
ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited. 

M. ferruginea. Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol. 17. p. 200. 

Young. © Vol. vitulina. Dill. 553.— Martini 4. 149. 1380 & 1. 

Variety more elongated. Vol. abbatis. Dill. 557. _ Chemnitz 11. t. 177. 
1709 & 10. 


This (a common shell) can be no other than the M. ferruginea 
of Lamarck, though neither that author nor any other has noticed 
its primary distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thick- 
ness of the outer lip at the margin, which is also divided into 
convex obtuse crenations; in young shells this is not apparent; 
such is Martini’s figure. Mr. Dillwyn has changed Lamarck’s 
name to Vitulina for this, and given the name of Abbatis to the 
variety more lengthened, figured by Chemnitz; but which, from 
specimens now betore us, we consider with Lamarck only as a 


variety, possessing all the essential characters here given to 
both. 


GEN ERAL. IND EX 
TO 
carve) bags 


IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. 


ne re 
Pl: Pi. 
Psittacus Cayennensis . 11 || Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged 1 
' Sitta frontalis - 2 || Blue Nuthatch - By OG: 
Mitra zonata 3 || Zoned Mitre reg 
Bulimus melastomus 4 || Black-mouthed Butigas 4 
Colias Statira 5 || Colias Statira 5 
Leachiana 6 || Leach’s Colias 6 
Carduelis cucullata ; .» 7 || Hooded Seed-eater 7 
Merops urica & || Javanese Bee-eater 8 
‘Helix auriculata . 9 || Eared Helix A 9 
Strombus minimus 10 || Little Strombus . A 10 
‘variabilis ; ib. || Variable do. ; ib. 
Drusilla Horsfieldii 11 || Drusilla Horsfieldii 11 
Gobius Suerii - 1214) Suerian Goby  . 12 
Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis 13 || Ceylonese Flatbill 13 
Picus rubiginosus 14 || Brown Woodpecker 14 
Licinia Melite 15 |} Licinia Melite 15 
Ismene (Edipodea 16 || Ismene Cidipodea 16 
Bulimus zonatus : 17 || Zoned Bulimus 17 
Mitra contracta 18 || Contracted Mitre 18 
australis ib. || Southern do. ib. 
Tinamus Tataupa ~ 19 || Tataupa Tinamau 19 
Picus Braziliensis 20 || Brazilian Woodpecker . 20 
Procnias hirundacea 21 || Swallow Berry-eater 21 
Terias Elvina . 22 || Terias Elvina 22 
Mitra vittata 23 || Ribbon Mitre 93 
Concelix marmoratus 24 || Marbled Concelix 24 
lineatus ib. || Lineated do. ib. 
punctatus ib. || Punctured do. . ib. 
Procnias Melanocephalus 25 || Black-headed Berry-cater 25 
Alcedo azurea 26 || Azure Kingsfisher 26 
Halcyon collaris 27 || Collared Crab-eater 27 
Hesperia Haworthiana 28 || Haworth’s Hesperia 28 
Mitra cancellata . 29 || Contracted Mitre 29 
rigida ib. || Ribbed do. . ib. 
Achatina marginata 30 || Marginated Achatina 30 
Phibalura cristata 31 || Crested Shortbill 31 


Psaris Cuvierii 
Tamyris Zeleucus 
Colias Godartiana 
Mitra bifasciata 
Achatina perversa 
Procnias cucullata 
Picus bicolor 
Hesperia Itea 
Cynisca : 
Achatina pallida . 
Oliva Braziliana . : 
Melliphaga auricomis 
Pteroglossus sulcatus 
Ramphastos carinatus . 
Bulimus citrinus . 
citrinus, var. 


aureus 4 F 
Mitra casta P ~ 
Oxyrhynchus cristatus . 
Alcedo Asiatica . 7 
Colias Pyrene 
Argante 
Strombus cylindricus 
Persicus 


Mitra lyreeformis 

Solen ambiguus : 
Ramphastos vitellinus . 
Unio nasutus 

Achatina crenata . 
Psittacus Barrabandii 
Thyreus Abbottii 
Tamyris Nurscia 


Laonome . : 
Psittacus discolor , 
Ammodytes Tobianus . 

Siculus - 


Macroglossum assimile. 

Conus Augur 

Mitra lugubris 
ferruginea . : 


Cuvier’s Psaris . . 
Tamyris Zeleucus ° 
Godart’s Colias . 
Double-banded Mitre 
Reverse Achatina : 
Hooded Berry-eater 


Black-and-white Woodpecker 


Hesperia Itea 
Cynisca 

Pale Achatina 

Brazilian Olive 


Yellow- tufted Honeysucker 


Groove-billed Aracari . 
Carinated Toucan 
Citron Bulimus 
Reverse-banded do. 
Golden do. 3 
Chesnut-banded Mitre 2 
Crested Shortbill . 
Asiatic Kingsfisher - 
White African Colias 
Orange Colias 

False scarlet Strombus 
Persian do. fs . 
Harp Mitre A . 
Ambiguous Solen 


Sulphur-and-white Toucan 


Rostrated River Mussel 


Green hair-streaked Achatina 


Red-collared Parakeet . 
Thyreus Abbottii ‘ 
Tamyris Nurscia 
Laonome - 
Red-shouldered Paritect 
Common Sandlance 
Sicilian Sandlance 
Macroglossum assimile 
Girdled Cone 
White-banded Mitre 
Thick-lipped Mitre. 


GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX 


OF 


LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES 


TO 
VOLUME I. 
EE ee 
Pi. 

AcHATINA, Gen. Char. 30 || Colias Leachiana 
crenata ° 58 Pyrene 
marginata .. 30 Statira wilt: 
pallida Al Godart’s. , 
perversa 36 Leach’s : 
green hair-str caked 58 orange : 
marginated . ; 30 white African . 
pale 41 || Cone, girdled 
TEVErSE : 36 || Conus, Gen. Char. ; 

Alcedo, Gen. Char. 26 Augur «ly ake 
Asiatica. Yue 50 || Conelix, Gen. Char. 
azurea 26 lineatus 

Ammodytes, Gen. Ghar. 63 marmoratus ; 
Tobianus . ; ib. punctatus . : 
Siculus , 3 ib. lineated : ; 

Aracari, Grooved-bill 44 marbled 

Bee-eater, Javanese 3 punctured 

Berry-eater, blache-heated- 25 || Crab-eater, collared 
hooded , 37 || Drusilla, Gen. Char. 
Swallow 21 Horsfieldii . 

Bulimus, Gen, Char, 4 || Flatbill, Ceylonese . 
aureus 3 . 47 || Gobius, Gen. Char. 
citrinus : , 46 Suerii 
citrinus, var. ~\ AT || Goby, Suerian } 
melastomus 4 || Halcyon, Gen. Char. 
zonatus ; 17 collaris 
black-mouthed 4 || Helix, Gen. Char. 
Citron : 46 auriculata . : 
reverse-banded do, 47 eared 
golden ib. || Hesperia, Gen. Char. 
zoned . 17 Cynisca 

Carduelis, Gen. Char. 7 Haworthiana 
cucullata . : 7 Itea . 

Colias, Gen. Char. 5 Haworth’'s 
Argante ’ 52 || Honeysucker, yellow- tufted 
Godartiana : 34 || Ismene Edipodea 


Kingsfisher, Asiatic : 


azure ‘ A 
Licinia, Gen. Char. 

melite 
Macroglossum, Gen. hur. 

“assimile : 
Melliphaga, Gen. Char. 

auricomis , 
Merops, Gen. Char. 

urlea . : 5 


Mitra, Gen. Char. ; 
australis. 
bifasciata . 
cancellata 
casta 
contracta 
ferruginea 
lugubris 
lyreeformis . 
oliveeformis h 
rigida 
vittata 
zonata 
Mitre, contradied™ 
cancellated 
chesnut-banded 
double do. 

Harp . : : 


olive-shaped : 
ribbed 

ribbon k i 
southern : 


thick-lipped . 
whate-banded 
zoned : 
Mussel, rostrated, Riser , 
Nuthatch, blue 
Oliva, Gen. Char. 
Braziliana 
Olive, Brazilian 
Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char. 
cristatus 


° 


Parakeet, Cayenne gold Miteed 


red-shouldered 
red-collared 

Phibalura, Gen. Char. 
cristata 

Picus, Gen. Char. 
Braziliensis 
bicolor 
rubiginosus 


Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char. 


Ceylonensis 


2B wo we a 
Or (Co KS" 160 69 Go 


Gr 


me PO S 
9» 0 OO 


18 


Procnias, Gen. Char. 
cucullata 
birundacea . 


Melanocephalus 


Psaris, Gen. Char. 
Cuvierii 
Cuvier’s 


Psittacus, Gen. Char. 


Cayennensis . 
Barrabandii 
discolor 


Pteroglossus, Gen. Char. 


sulcatus 


Ramphastos, Gen. Char. 


carinatus 
vitellinus 
Sand-lance, common 
Sicilian 
Seed-euter, hooded 
Sharp-bill, crested 
Short-bill, crested. 
Sitta, Gen. Char. . 
frontalis . 
Solen, Gen. Char. 
ambiguus 
ambiguous 


Strombus, Gen. Char. 


cylindricus . 
minimus 
Persicus . 
variabilis 
little 
Jfalse scarlet . 
Persian 
variable f 
Tamyris, Gen. Char. 
Laonome . 
Nurscia 
Zeleucus . 
Terias, Gen. Char. 
Elvina : 
Thyreus, Gen, Char. 
Abbottil 
Tinamus, 
Tataupa 
Tinamou Tataupa , 
Toucan, carinated 


sulphur-and-white 


Unio, Gen. Char. . 
nasutus . 

Woodpecker, brown 
black-and-white 
Brazilian 


Gen. Char. 


. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


VERTEBROS A. 


PART I. 

ORNITHOLOG Y. 
PL 
PsaRIs Cuvierli 2 ; 3 4 5 ae 
Procntas hirundacea ; : = oe 8t 
melanocephalus : j : - 25 
cucullata : : : : ST 
PHIBALURA cristata : 4 : - eos 
PLaTYRAYNCHUS Ceylonensis . 3 . 18 
CARDUELIS cucullata A : é a iG 
PTEROGLosSUS sulcatus. 3 : . 44 
RAMPHASTOS carinatus A ‘ ; =» AS 
vitellinus : rc : ‘ ; 56 
Psirracus Cayennensis . : : og 
Barrabandl ; : F - ¥59 
discolor . : ; : : . &62 
Sirra frontalis . F : : = ae 
Picus rubiginosus’. : 4 . =) dA 
Braziliensis  . : a : > 20 
bicolor . : - ‘ ; . 38 
OxyYRHYNCUS cristatus . : : . 49 
MELIPH AGA auricomis : 2 : >; 4S 
MEROPS urica . : 3 : : ses 
ALCEDO azurea 2 : : - +826 
Asiatica F é 2 : ~ 50: 
Hatcyon collaris z : : : =) QF 
TINAMUs Tataupa. ‘ : : - 49 

TCHTHYOLOG Y. 
Gopsius Suerii_. : : : : + 12 
AMMODYTEsS Tobianus é : F +? 6S 


Siculus : : : sox 


AGAUL IE fa RAYS  ¢ 


tm s 
- 
- 


oe Se 


os ae 
ae 
ee. - 
ae 
Gh i 
u . 


WZ . sehveolye) eva oe weet 1 cA a 


th 
od » 
Thi 
P 
& * 
Li) 
as « 
5 é 
Sele el. 
GE” 2 
oe): 
Ta < 
eg . 
Shy . 


- 7 7 A \ : ee 4 2. cia 5 “fey: pa 
Wha ‘ ree . wre t iy 5 valahadeal EO Ris a * 


 MOUOLOY “ a) re ab 3 


’ > 

» 

3S P, 
; bi i A r] ; 


he yd ATH EM rt eee 


ae Pia 7 : < ‘" hog 


re a0, ¥ yh’ Ww ao Sen 


7". 
a 


« i ee *" soil saaaciiak ar 
" es ae iehoardtl eas watt. 7 


«x ee oe - aghedg OT USEP EEL af at 
RGF RS BY. 0 taal <7 re ey 
l f 4% 


; , sie 207) peuannin’s 


ie at ad i ba 


7 ns {ashe ie ZU DORA) aie 
o . - tay 2b ee cat *) t “ay 
% 7 . ena iedie + hy 
; F . aenocriys Deuaarred. 7) ~" 


ere. ee . Hbewidarwdd pete VE 
OE Pi CS ("SS re 
Ae be . oy ieee SS 
; eee . 2groraidor esos} 

: PRP 2s . — abagreniruatt ~ Fey. 

‘ hay” - a ay, whi - 


oy a 4 | eptaatan acy rete , a 


~o  «k | aii LO Gb a 7 
| eos ge? 


nn 


DC a Sean Ce 


? 4 : k eae! nce ei MA Mi ‘ie hi 
. . * . mt 
. . ts. 


: _ ‘yt ee PE ad edt aos 


, Pe es ee ee ee * 
ne ol) Bie DE eiintertee pe 
. ‘ 5 RRS far 
, ‘a 


SYSTEMATIC. INDEX. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
PART I. 
DIURNES. 

PI. 

Couias Statira . 3 : : : » =o 
Leachiana ; : : ; - G6 
Godartiana , . : é - 384 

Pyrene ~. : < : : 5 Ll 
Argante : . . . - 52 
Licitnia Melite : - ‘ : oS 
TerRiAs Elvina . é : ” - «2129 
DrusILua Horsfieldii : F : yA 
Hesperia Haworthiana . - , . 28 
Itea 4 : 5 . : . 389 
cynisca . * : : : . 40 
TamyRis Zeleucus . : : ‘ , §33 
Nurscia . : : ‘ 5 . 61 
Laonome : , : ; BP los 
IsMENE (Edipodia_ . : : » 6 

CREPUSCULARES. 

THyRevs Abbottii . , , ; > 360 


MACROGLOSSUM assimile . - : = 64 


i 


Y DOLOWOT "eT os aes 
‘ta 
Loe 
ORV ORE ur eT 
s F con i, Sittss4 eaLiey. 
, - 2 Pees 
ensttichets 
ie : oa aT 
‘ F adnan 14 
: = 4 ate 11 aout 
: " ¥ enrdst 2018GT 
A iibfahewH a ryt att 
. Biehl nome # re 83 
‘ ny a gaye 
. “ - - oe iy: o 
4 R . ‘sttsyetS brayeeT 
oe: . lee eet ’ “a 
5 : aticimheal ~~ 
7 aitoqgih a) aeumel 
Slee: : 
AALAVIANA HD 2. 
i — 


.  iitedaa et axenT. 
ek . Mieriewe sa! weeoroog24M 


; 7 cael Le a 


~~ 


= 


Ny 


wept EMATIC INDEX. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


PART I. 


GASTEROPODES (Univalves). 


Pr 

HELIX auriculata ‘ ‘ 5 : e439 
BuLIMUS melastomus . ; 2 : A 
zonatus . A = F é a walré 
citrinus : : 5 : ‘ . 46 

do. var, : : ; : . Bae: |Z; 

aureus : : : ; 3 a Ibs 
ACHATINA marginata . : Fs : 30 
perversa ° . . : . 36 

pallida te : ; - . . 41 

crenata 5 ‘ : 5 2 Ae tits) 

Ouiva Braziliana . , é ‘ ; .| 42 
Conus Augur ; : 5 : , - 65 
CONG@LIX marmoratus . : : : cw Qe 
lineatus : : ‘ ; : tice 
punctatus : : : - . ib. 

MITRA zonata F é ; : : ae: 
contracta . Z : 5 : 2 ss 
Australis. : : : : c« otDs 

vittata : ; : : - . 23 
cancellata ., F : : : . 29 

rigida Z ‘ : ; : saab: 
bifasciata . 5 i f , 3 35 

casta . A A : Peake 25 
oliveformis : ; : f 5 ala) 
lyreformis . = . : ; . d4 
lugubris i * : : : . 66 
ferruginea . : : ; : =! ibs 
STROMBUS minimus ‘ : f ; a0 
variabilis : : : : : = 1D: 
cylindricus : 5 F ‘ . 99 
Persicus. Z - ; : - ab. 


ACEPHALIS (Bivalves). 


Unio nasutus.. 2 : : . 37 
SoLEN ambiguus 5 


fe 
Bie ; 
i * i v re | 
ii ‘ . ; § 
Rrra wart: He 2a .s . 
¥DO 1OWIM £0: a) Fi : 
ok + 124 > : 
u a is — : 
A eovie’ win FY Aor pha TAD ae Yt eS 
Hy _— = rays se 
4 2 f , cies Prete ee | 
Sy. ‘ “ Pf 4 ROARS Ra ua wun, 1 = 
‘ cont) tyne, yet Shae SS 5 
yr Ry ‘ Sve bl a eS ne,” he er ae a ; 
‘ at a « me ~hs ho a y =e = . 
ah 7 : i Kat hayes, dager, i al 2 = 
OE. Pr : (csi ds siden the om 


Mt a ee: : ¥ ; 


,  stavelavtl) 


AdLHWa ME Se og 


4 eerie” ' P f oe 
wie " j 


. | ea eee ’ Pree 
ge F Pee ee ee 
Sl | us 7 et iy th Ae < a een 

bo fo Lo pe ie eggs ; } ( 

i oe. aL : Ave rank WW AVI LS ny ee, 
di. : : 2 OE Ss mbhieail ne 
wi. ; P a pret a 
S - : ~ r : atpaieiy, OR ie 
Bt . , eR ai a ss 7 
mr a Ha nih, 

ge rY 
wm - ; ins 
dt N 
Re ir aie ieee amet ame gli ON : 
ck 
Mi a “nt ee aes 
4 i aren SURNCRTG 
whi ¥ F Ne | liad we 4 a A 
he. : } tse i -enrpeebaaiyp > mr oS 
lie. :3 : ¢ 2 euniero pt 
i j 7 . 


eae me , . .  Sritetn ows ; 4 . 
, b pn ae manidthy waar, + = ¥ — 2 
\ 
' 4 


Pl. 2. 


ADDENDA ET CORREGENDA. 


line 6, for Setaceisi numbentibus read setaceis incumbentibus, 
4, between postico and interior insert digitus. 
for minor read minimus. 
6, for ‘‘ postico maximo”’ read ‘‘ posticus maximus.” 
17, for aures lilacinze read auribus lilacinis. 
erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans. 
second side line 10, cancel. 
— 4, for nudam et truncatam read nudum et truncatum. 
— 6, for utrinsecus read utrinque. 
6 from the bottom, for dulleron read duller on. 
3 from the bottom, for oi read on. 
14, between tectrices and remigibus insert a comma. 
— 6, for Horsfeild read Horsfield, and wherever this occurs, 
— 5, for articulis read articulos. 

second side, 10 lines from the bottom, for Hipparchize read Hippar- 

chide. 

— 16, for claws read toes. 
— 6, for basilari read basali. 

Add to the synonyms. P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3. 
p- 291. 

Oss. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without 
our knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias 
Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should 
stand in the system. 

for Fruit-eater read Berry-eater. 
— 6, for inferiorum read inferiorem. 
— 18, for variegato read variegata. 
after furcata dele the comma. 
19, after chalybeis insert a comma. 
— 6, for adunca read adunco. 
— 1, Add tothe synonyms Hesp. Zeleucus. Oxs. Donovan's Indian Inx 
sects, where that author has figured it by mistake as a native of 
India. 
Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49, fig. 21, 22, 41. 
for Acwarinia read ACHATINA. 
— 6 and 7, for columella margine read columella margineque. 

Oxs. another specimen of A, pallida quite agreeing with this, is in 

Mr. Dubois’ cabinet. 
— 6, for base read basi. 
next page, line 12, dele “and Cimbium (Melons) ”’. 
— 4, after maxillz insert angulo. 

in the Latin specific character, for ‘‘ basi rotundato”’ read “ basi sub- 
contracto,”’ and in the English for ‘‘rounded ” read “ slightly con- 
tracted at the base.” 

— 3, on the back page for Broederip read Broderip. 

Oss, Butimus aureus, inMr. Spurrett’s valuable cabinet is another spe- 

cimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described. 
— 6, for supr arotundata read supra rotundata. 

Oss. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells mejis his d/cedo meninting described 

in the Linn. Transactions. 
2d line from the bottom, for where read were. 

Oxss. The Ammodytes cicerelus of my friend Professor Rafinesque 
must be different from 4. siculus, as he makes no mention in his 
figure or description of the peculiarity of the dorsal fin. 

for M. assimilis read M. assimile, 


7 nl 

7 | a 

ny, - 7 \ 

LS | Ag 

a . : as 2 

Sv" a rw 1) y ‘y 

" re) st 

’ : ha he , od : 

er oe a ‘a iy 

} iv ; coke rm ow i : 
me) ey, ry : } : 7’ ie : ~~ : > vine | . 

fe yah 7 Pre, ; ant ee = 


' 
M 5 wer 7 vio) oe ne 
~~ Jae iv ; 


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