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MISCELLANEOUS 

WORKS 

or 

EDWARD .  GIBBON^  £fquii«« 

VOL.  m. 


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MISCELLANEOUS 

WORKS 

OF 

EDWARD .  GIBBON^  Efquire 

VOL.  JIL 


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MISCELLANEOUS 

WORKS 

EDfFARD  GIBBON,  Ef^uixe. 

W2TM 

MEMOIRS  OF  HIS  LIFE  AND  WRITINGS. 

COMPOSED   BY  HIMSELF: 

ILLUSTRATED  PROM  HIS  LBTTfiRS, 
WirB  OCCASIONAL  JiOTMS  AND  NARMATirM^ 

fiY  JOHN  LORD  SHEFFIELD. 


IN  THR£;E..vpLVM6Si.  r: 


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•  * 


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»«»**«  • 


•  •••••  ♦ 

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DUBLIN: 

nUNTSD  roH  p.  WOGAlfy  L.  WHIT£,  JOHN  CHAMBSfLSf 
r»ByAN£,  JOHK  MILLIKEN,  JAMES  MOORE,  J.  RIC£, 
W.  jGNi^S,  JOHN  HALPEK,   PETER  MOO&E, 
H.  FITZPATRICK,  N.  KELLY, 
AND  O.  FOLINOSBV. 


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iTHENBWYORK 

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A9T0R,  LE^^OX  AND 
TIU>EM  fOUWpATlONS. 

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CONTENTS 


OF  TH^ 


THIRD  VOLUME. 


U,  Extracts  from  Mr.  Gthhon*s  Journal, .  >  i 
4«  An  Account  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  Abbe^ 

Montgon,  -  -  -  II 

5.  An  Examination  of  Rutilius'  Numantianiu' 

Poem,  •  -  •  •  -  jj 

5,  .  of  Spanheim's  Work  De 

Praftantia  it  U/u  Numi/matumt       -  ^j. 

7.  pf  MaIlct*a  Jntradi|^oa' to 

the  Hiflory  of  :r>gnmar!c;  '    Y^i,;  :  6y 

-  • -    "  * ' '  '    z  *' ' 
Ilf.  A  Colleilion  of  his  Rerrtarks^  an/oH^cb^.S  Pieces,  en 

;      dijerent  Subjeds,  ,  -  .  ;    j^-'.  T  7i 

I.  An  Enquiry,  whether  a  Cjiydjogiie"  of  :hc  Ar> 

mies  fent  into  the  Field  is  an  cflential  Part 

of  an  Epic  Poeni,    ■  ■  ,  -   ^  ^1 

2  An  Examination  of  the  Catalogue  of  Silius 

Italicus,  -  .j^  -  81 

5.  A  minute  Examination  of  Horace*s  Joarncy 

to  Brundttfium,  and  of  Cicero's  Journey  into 

Cillcia,   -  -  8j 

4.  On  the  Fafli  of  Ovid,  -  •  ip^ 

A  Difl'ertation  on  the  Subje£l  of  Medals,    -  io8 

6.  An  Account  of  a  Letter  addrefled  to  Cocchi, 

by  Chevalier  L.  G,  Aretino,  rcfpcding 
feme  Tranfaftions  in  the  Cifalpine  Gallic 

War,  A.  U.  Q.  529,  -  -  iij 

7.  Upon 


WB  CONTENTS 


7.  Upon  the  Triumphs  ef  tJie  Romans,   ijj 

An  Account  of  r  MS»  by  the  Abbt  G.  V> 
Gravina^  Dei  Go*verno  Ci^viU  it  Roma,     *  164. 

Yl.  Outlines  of  the  Hifiory  of  the  WorU,    167 

I,  The  ninth  Century,  -  -  167 

Ihe  tenth  Ccnttiry,  -  -  169 

3.  The  eleventh  Centufy».  -  -   t 

4.  The  twelfth  Century,  -  -  174, 

5.  The  thirteenth  Century,  -  178 

6.  The  fourteenth  Century,  -  1 84 

7.  The  fifteenth  Century,  -  -  191 

V.  Ifjaifur  PEtuJe  dt  la  Literature,  -  201 

VI.  Critical  Obfcwaiiom  on.  the  Defgn  of  tht  Sixth  Back 

of  the  j^neiif,  -  -  25^ 

\IL  A  DiJJertation  on  the  SuhjeS  of  L 'Homme  au  Maf- 

quc  dc  Fer,  -  -  -  289 

VIII.  Memoir e  Jufiificatif  pour  fervir  di  Reponfe^  ^c.  -  293- 

\X.'*Ai^h^^fSfi»n  if  fomr  r^rjlce^es  in  the  fifteenth  ard 

•  StxrecTtfb  Chaprefj  tf.:f0e\  Hiftory  of  the  Decline 

and  l^ilf  of  -  tne  lloHi^:n  Empire,  -  315 

 1 »' * '  • — »  ** »  

•    ••»»•-.  .J 

X,  jlfft,i<^ies<f.thcji(i}if',f>f  Brunf^xt  ky  -  393 

1.  :^\/Iiey>or  rfgwiinlie  rSubje^  fuppofed  to  be  ad- 

drefled  to  Mr.  Langcr,    394 

2.  Chapter  1.  Sc^ion  i.  ^  -  399 

a.  I  Sedion  U.  -  -  41 S 


EXTR4sITS 


JOURNAL 


Cluvier  pafft  aax  c&te]f     la  IMef  Adriatique. 

Jam  Toccupent  un  inftam.  11  parle  cnfuite  dc  1'  yapy^i.; 
dcs  Grccs,  oti  TApulie  des  Romains.  11  en  etablit  ks 
borncs  et  la  divifion  g^ttetale.  CetV  ici,  i  la  page  i  2  to, 
que  rcciiteur  nous  inllruit  que  Cluvier  n*a  pas  poufTc 
plus  loin  la  revifion  dc  Ion  ouvrage,  et  que  ia  fuitc  pa- 
TOitra  moins  limce,  moins  travaillee,  cr  pcuT-;'tre  moihs 
exac^U'.  La  (.IclicatefTe  dc  Ivl.  Hcinfuis  cii  louable, 
mais  je  n'ai  pas  enccic  vu  la  iit-ceftite  de  ctt  avis.  Nous 
vcvons  paficr  cn  rcvuc  tcMitcs  ic.s  viiics  de  I'Apulie  ct  de 
la  Calabrc  :  ^'^^ ^^'^'^^^A^^''^  Luccriiiy  inulufiuin^  ft 
crifia  "Jat  tnii.jHf  qui  ell  ifdite  avec  un  dctaii  proporu- 
onne  a  ion  iniportance. 

29.J — J'ai  Tini  la  Bib'ioihcque  Raifonn^e^  h'  iome  Irfuiv 
dftixfewe^ — Rerhet\'hes  Philfifophmu^s  Su  Hyaiinthe: 

petit  ouvrage  d'uu  homjne  qui  avoit  bieo  plus  le  talent 

Vol.  UL        '  B  '  du 


ItfoTrmber  I  r«d  Cluverioa  InJ.  Amiq.  L.  iv  C.  ix,  x,  r\,\\\. 

ziti.  p.  1205 — T24».  H«  jirocMcb  to  the  coafis  ol  tiic  Adriaric,  and 
peaks  fiiortiy  of  the  Fi^ntMii.  He  th«n  tfeatt  of  the  OMMttry  calkd  Ja«  . 
pyjCta  bf  the  Gfcckai  ivd  A^nlfti  by  the  RotMHt :  pvill;  its  neoml 
dsfifiim  sad  limitk.  In  paj^c  ri to  the  editor  apfrife^  ip,  rl  it  Clove- 
rins  «iid  rot  proceed  farther  in  reviling  hi^  work  ;  and  that  the  rcrham- 
der  "wili  appear  Itf"^  prliilKil,  lefa  elaborate,  ami  perha^  left  accurate., 
IMuim*  dcUescy  in  {giving  thi*  MftraMrften  it comnleiiddile ;  !nrt  i 
have  not  fet  dilco^errd  am  fwceiiity.  All  the  towns  of  Apolii  and' 
Cibbrii  here  pafs  in  review;  Ar^^  Giinuftm^  Luceriu^  Jirundufnrm^ 
of  q!1  l\irtnhim^  which  i>  treated  witli  a  cqpkuiiiefs  prop  or* 
tttfoaico  Its  tinp>ruiice. 

U  OMttsilia  PUk^jkfMxti  J^fearcbn  nf  .Rt.  Hyachfh :  a  fmall  performance^ 
1^  a  man  wIm  Im  nnrt  taknt  for  ridicule  than  lor  rw^iin^ — Cum^ 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

1^63.  <Ju  ridicule  que  celui  du  raironnement. — Traite  fur  let 
w^-f*^  Loix  Naturellft^  par  Cidnibvrlaffd^  trudint  d  cowmenie  par 
iW.  Barbeyrac  :  lavante  refutauon  de  Hobbes.  Cc  phi- 
lofophe  avoit  rabaiflc  rhonimc  jufqu'a  la  bctc ;  I'autrc 
I'eleve  jufqu'aux  intelligences  fuperieures.  L'hommc 
eft  fait  pour  la  fociete  (dit  Teveque)  :  il  elt  Ic  Icul  entre 
les  animaiix  qui  rit  et  qui  pleurc.  Sans  contrediti  lui 
rfpond  le  plnlofuphe,  i'homme  n'eft  nullement  fait  pour 
la  focit:u'',  puifquc  les  cnfans  et  les  fous  n'en  ont  pas 
d'idee,  bien  qu'ils  participent  a  la  nature  humainc. — 
Letires  de  Calvin  a  Jacques  de  Bourgognt  f  Seigneur  ifjilais, 
Te  voila,  efprit  dur  et  farouche.  Tu  te  brouilles  avec 
un  ami  refpe(ftable,  parcequ'il  cherche  a  derober  une 
vi<ftime  a  ton  7ele  theologique.  \A  roccafion  de  ccs 
lettres,  le  bibliorhccaire  de  Geneve  cn  ecrit  unc  aux 
journalilles,  pleinc  de  recherchcs  curieufes,  fur  toutc 
cettc  affaire.  Ce  biblicnhecaire  a  deja  foiirni  plutieuTS 
pieces  au  journal.  Ellcs  nc  roulent  que  iur  des  baga- 
telles litternires,  mais  ces  bngatelles  font  traitees  avec 
beaucoup  de  gout  et  d'agrcment. — Confonnitcs  de  Jefus 
Chriji  et  de  St.  Francois  d*  AJJife.  Barthelemi  de  Fife 
ji'en  avoit  trouvc  que  40,  mais  cet  auteureft  alle  jufqu'a 
4000,  la  plupart  ou  tres  triviales  ou  tres  alambiquees. 
L'abfurdite  de  celivre  Ini  donnc  unc  cfpece  de  prtx. — 
FhUon^  par  Mangey.  Fhilon,  du  premier  Heclf ,  cite 
toujours  Ic  Vieux  Tcftament  felon  la  verilon  d'Aquila^ 
qui  n'a  ve^u  que  dans  le  fecond.  Ceil  unc  difficulte 
embarn^flantc  pour  Ie8  cridque8.-^jlff^^f!mf  du  Tranque^ 

^  harm 


heihnd^s  Trcit'ife  cn  tic  L  \vs  nf  Nature ,  trarjlatii  end  csmmrnicJ h\  Bjf 
htyrat,  A  karoed  rcfuutiun  of  Hobbe«.  Ti)i»  philofopher  had  de- 
eded HUB  to  the  conditioD  ol  »  boift  \  the  bifliop  enki  him  to  that 
of  in  aogcl.  Man,  Cumberbnd  tells  us  made  for  focicty;  he  i« 
the  onlf  animal  that  laughs  and  wee p^.  H^  hhr  s  maintains  thnt  man  is/ 
not  made  ior  ibciety,  becaufe  children  and  ideots,  though  participating 
o{  hooiMi  nature,  do  not  hnow  what  Ibeiety  mean*  — C«leiv*j  Lt^ 
Ur»  u  yitepici  de  Bourgogne.  Here  we  find  yoa,  harih  and  intradable 
fpirit  !  quarrelling  with  a  rcfpc^lablc  friend,  h  raufche  wiihcstofnatch 
a  victim  from  your  theological  ztal.  On  the  lubjeA  of  thcfc  Icttcri, 
the  librarian  oi  Gcucva  writes  one  to  the  reviewers,  containing  a 
cmrieos  ioveftigation  of  the  whole  bufioefi,  Thit  Cbntriau  had  al- 
ready  fupplicd  them  with  fevcral  other  pieces:  which  treat  indeed 
merely  of  Uttrary  triflch,  but  thcfc  trifles  are  written  agreeably  and 
elegantly.— C'»*/a*|w//i>/  IttVKtn   'Jt/m  CLnji  und  6i.  Fruntii   cj  JIfpft, 

Bartholemy  of  PiiU  difcovered  only  40,  but  this  author  canies  the 
DiunW  to  4C00,  moft  of  them  tri«ial»  or  too  fabtikw  The  sbfiirditf 

of  this  book  gives  it  s  kind  of  value.~/'Af/0,  by  Marngty.  Philo,  in 
the  fiift  century,  always  quotes  the  Old  Teftament  in  Anuila'^  vorfion, 
frho  iiTcdio  the  kcoud  ;  a  pcrp icxwg  diiikulty  for  critics.— iV//^/Mr/  to 


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EXT^AITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

kar.  Voici  le  pendant  du  Voyiigc  mi  (.frotn].uM.\.  Tout 
y  eft  oppofe,  hormis  fon  objet.  Lcs  aucicns  oni  uii  peu 
outre  ks  cholcs,  mais  fi  les  zoiic^  torrides  ct  glaciales 
font  habitees,  Ic  Tont  elles  par  des  hommcs  ?  Je  doute 
que  cc  pays  loit  jumais  civilile  comme  les  zones  tern- 
pcrces  ;  la  rarctc  et  la  foiblciTe  dcs  aniniaux,  ct  le 
defaut  de  fer,  dc  bled,  et  de  vin,  formcront  toujours 
des  obllacles  phyfiqucs  bicn  puifrnns.  Mais  je  veiix  lire 
ic  livrc  meme.  CVft  puurquoi  jo  n  en  diraipas  davantage. 

Novcmbrc  ^o.^—  J'ai  lu  Cli/vicr  JfaL  Autiq.  L.  iv.  C. 
xiit,  xiz'.  p.  1242 — 1282.  Apres  avoir  fini  h  Calabre, 
U  paOc  a  la  Lu^anie^  la  fcule  province  dc  rit:dic  qui 
voyoit  les  deux  mcrs.  On  y  voit  bc  iiit  c  ui)  fc  villes 
Grccqucb  fur  les  coles,  et  une  nation  nombrcufe  et 
fcroce  dnns  rinttriinir  des  terres.  Mais  les  conqu^tCS 
des  Remains  abuliicut  loiitrs  ccs  diftin(f>inns.  Lc  pcu 
d'habitans  qui  ecliappa  a  la  lureur,  oubiia  tout  ce  qu'il 
avoit  etc.  Lc  gco^i^raphe  voit,  jieut-ctre  mieux  que 
rhiflorien,  ce  qu'il  ea  acoutc  a  Tunivers  popr  devenir 
Komain. 

Docembre  3.] — J'ai  lu  C/uvier,  hai,  Antiq,  L.  iv*  C. 
xvi^  xvn*  p,  Ijao — 1338  'f  Jin  du  quatr'ieme  livre^  et  df 
rOuvrage  entitr ;  tachc  vraimeot  laborieufe  !  J'ai  mis 
plus  d'ardcur  a  rentreprendre»  que  de  conflance  a  le 
ii>utentr.  Ce  petit  relachement  peut  fe  pardonnen 
Lcfi  details  de  Cluvier  font  immcnfesi  Ul  methode  eft 

B  2  confufey 


*TrMtquebar.  Thif  U  the  councerpart  of  ihc  Voyage  into  Greenland  ; 
ftU  itoppofite  in  lliefe  vo>.igc:»,  cxcqiting  the  dcfign  for  wbtch  iKey 
were  underuken*  The  »ocienU  went  too  far  in  their  aifertinnH ;  but 
if  the  frozen  and  torrid  zo\\>:^  jrc  iuhaliittd,  is  it  hy  nit'ii  ?  I  doubt 
"Whctht-r  thcfc  rc'gions  will  ever  be  ctvilizeJ  like  tlic  itrnpcratc  zones. 
The  fc^ircity  auil  wcakuels  uf  animaU,  aud  the  wane  corn,  wine, 
aod  iroa,  will  always  fonn  natunl  oblUdes  of  great  importance.  But  I 
intend  to  read  the  book  itfclf,  and  therefore  leare  thefiibjeA  it  prelent. 

N'ovrmbrr  50.] — I  read  Cluvcriu»,  L.  iv.  C.  xiii.xiT.  p.  1241 — 1282. 
Airtr  !iiiiihi('g  the  fub^ed,  of  Calabria^  he  procecdi  to  Lccania,  the 
oniy  pruviii(.c  which  cotnip^ndcd  a  view  of  both  feas.  There  were 
many  Greek  cities  00  the  coaft»  ami  a  numcroos  and  fierce  people  in* 
habited  the  inbnd  country.  Thele  dilfenti'  ns  wrre  aboUfhtd  by  the 
Roman  cooqucfts.  The  Uvt  inhabi'anfs  who  efcspcd  the  cfl'cds  of 
their  fury,  Icil  ail  remembrance  of  their  (ormcr  condition.  The  gco- 
^jphcr  pcrhapft  feci  better  tbaD  the  hitioriao,  how  dearly  it  coft  the 
world  ft)  become  Roman. 

December  3  ] — I  read  Cluvcrius  Ital.  Antlq  1-.  iv.  C  xvi,  xviJ.  p. 
Ij2;>— 13.^8  ;  which  cunrlndtsthc  fourth  hi»«k,  ami  t!v  wholf  work; 
a  truly  laborious  talk  ;  uudcrtiikcu  by  mc  widi  more  ;irdour,  than  it 
waa  CMitiiiiicd  with  perfeverance.  Bot  intervals  of  relaxatkm  were 
pardonable.  Hitnutcrials  are  inunenfes  hit  method  perpkscd,  and 


*7^3*    confufc,  fon  (ly)e  ©ft  bigarrc  par  un  tiffu  prcfque  cen- 
^         tinuci  de  citations  dcs  auteurji  dc  toys  Ics  tcms.  Er.ftn 
je  in'cn  fuis  tire,  et  je  m'en  fuis  tire  avec  dcs  conntMiTui- 
ces  ties  intercilante^  et  que  je  conferverai  Inti;:;  icw.s, 
Y^i  dej  .  lemarque  quel  anias  prodigicux  deraafrrinux  i\ 
a  recuciliis.    Sur  Ic  plus  chetif  cndroit,  tour   rv  que 
Vantiquitc,  on  Ic  moyen  age  out  dit,  fe  piei;  nic  a  fa 
mc moire  j  ct  un  patTage  nVll  p. is  mieux  c.ichc  h  fes 
ycux,  pour  etre  cnfoui  «l:ins  un  kgcndaire  du  dixiem© 
wecle,  que  s'il  fe  trouvoit  a  la  tete  de  TEneide.    F  irmut 
il  ailegue  fes  nutorites,  il  ]es  cpluchc,  il  ks  compare, 
Ic  refuitat  dc  cctte  comparaifon,       leui  eft  pas  tou- 
jpurs  favorable.    Les  aiiciens  citoicnt  beaucoup  da  mt- 
moirc  :  Ics  livrcg  etoient  rares,  Ics  cartes  gcographiquos 
Tetoient  encore  davamage;  et  dans  une  fcience, 
Tefprit  s*egare  facileinent>  s*il  n*e(l  arrole  par  k  fecours 
iet  yeux,  il  leur  etoit  diftcile  d'eviter  Terraur.  L» 
coramentateur  Scifius  e0\iy«  foi^vent  k  crktque 
CluYlcr,    C'ctoit  un  faux  faTant,  a  qui  il  armhe  le 
mafque  de  fa  pretendue  erudition.   Scs  bevues  nc  ibaft 
^alto  <|ue  foi  celles  de  I'luftoriai  AfpWn*   Hfoift  k9 
plus  grands Qooiftdc  la  g^ogmphie  aAci«iiic>  ir  (but  par 
a  Tabri  de  fa  cenfure :  Ptolem^,  qm  ooMioiflbil  mieux 
rOrient  que  rOcddent ;  Strabon,  qui  eft  qutl^  Im 
liiftorieiiy  politTqii€|  oil  jriiilofophe)  plutot  quo  g/tom 
graplie;  et  PUne,  qui  9  voulttdtotre  Tuniverd  daM 
tieote  fept  pctits  liTies^  qui  a  Ibuvcnt  facriii6  ia  pr^clfion 

a  Is^ 

msssssssoBBsasssssssssm 

}v«  ftyle  »  modey  mixture  ol  qoot^ttons  Ironi  autbort  of  all  ttgm.  My 
imilrrtiHn  w       irinnyliflinil:  uni  >  iMwedwiffed  Anwi  it  urneb 
^  ttflful  knowk^e,  wluck  will  not  bo  eoiHy  forgotten.  I  have-  atresdy 

remarked  hi«  prodijjiom  niaf«i  of  m?itrri:il5.  In  fjfwfahing  of  the  mcancft 
v>llagt,  aU  the  icarning  oi  antiquity  aitd  the  middle  agef  occtm  to  hit 
memarj  t  and  m  paibge  ia  Mt  awie  «mwMl«d  from  nit  iMen  eye  ia  a 
legeod  of  Ihe  teodi  century^  iImui  ii  itftood  at  iht  head  of  the  $liei4. 
Throoghotttf  hi*  authorltie*  are  pmf^v.ccd,  arxl  fiftcd,  atid  compared 
with  each  other;  and  the  n-fnlt  <  r  the  comj»arirnn  if  net  alvrayi  to 
th^  honour'  The  attcicucs  quoted  oftan  from  memory.  Bboks  wore 
Ui^i  tnapa  ftittteaCMr ;  widiiis  ftae»D»  wKmc  iIm  niiod  i«  fo  liable 
Ift  wander  wichowt  tlie  dire^ka  of  tile  cy««  eircr  was  unavo;  J.blr, 
Sfn,'!!!*;  f he commer^tatf^r  is  often  pxpofcd  tn  Cluvfriin'  rriticifm  ri.is 
pretended  fcholar  i»  htre  Axippcd  of  hi»  ma(k  ol  counterfeit  erudition. 
Hi*  ahfnrd  miftake*  are  only  to  be  equalled  by  thofe  of  Appian  the 
hiftorifttt.  Bnt  cut  aiither-a.  cenfore  fparct  not  dM  greateft  flames  of 
ancient  geography;  Ptolemy,  who  knew  the  eaft  better  than  the  weft  ;• 
Strnho,  who  h  fonictitncs  .in  hiftorian,  politician,  or  philofoiihiT,  ra- 
ther than  a  geographer  i  and  Hiny,  who  undef takes  to  dcfcnbc  the 
fWfU  iBtikitty  kiMa  liMll  hodkni  wfccft  brevky  l«  often  obfcurity. 


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ZXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


i  la  bffttfnc^t  ^  4^1  fi'i  qm^  trop  ru  par  des  yeitx  itrA0« 
£crb,  CI  finmm  tn&dttea.  Apm  u&t  d'explriciicc*  ihi 
vcu  d'«ta£Htttdc  dt$  aoden^  Ouikrf  «i*tiia  q«t  prnt^ 
Mfie,  devoil  footMik  leur  tnfaiUR>IUe<«  Je  le  vdb  t«M 
poidaiit  pr^fcnm  de  ec  lefpcl^  lupstftftmx  pour  to 
f  fasds  Doms  de  Tantiquue,  qui  tvoit  fttbjugu^  refbrit  dt 
to«i  fe«  cotttcmporftias.  Qnand  U  ne  refte  i  Ctttykr 
wacnag  fcflbutcei  m  d*oiplicatigii|  ni  d'eicvfef  il  a 
dvt,  moun  dt  rcjattn  renrcor  fur  k  copifte.  Cc  piittclp& 
g6n^l,  qu'il  ne  faut  qua  ramciMr  Pczpteffiott  a  ia 
Tirki,  pour  titMk  Ic  taatc  dc  fauteur,  det tent  Hcond 
catTB  les  tftiaiAs.  Lc  nombft  d4  fes  «otte£tions  n>(i 
^gal^  que  par  kur  hardttik*  La  piupart  de  ccs  cor-^ 
Jt£ltons,  me  paro^tit  inatilet  ct  haaardeet ;  maie  ii  f 
c«  a  de  tres  heurettfet.  Le  changement  d'  Athtjts  et 
^iJfens  en  JEJit  et  Auftnp^  ^pargne  i  Titc  Live  une 
bevuc  a  peine  conee?»Me,  Aabftkiie  deux  noma  obfcurs, 
nais  convenables,  a  deui  aatres  beaucoup  plus  illuiiresi 
maii  iresdcphicrs  ici  j  ct  rend  aux  Gauloia  Stmnfjf  Icur 
veritable  habitation.  Les  6diteurs  de  Titc  Live  on( 
dcpuis  Infers  cctte  correction  dans  lc  tcxtc. 

Decerabre  5.] — J*ai  acheve  Je  trente  trkifi^mi  tfm^  di 
Li  Bibiiothtqui  Raifefifief.  J'y  trouve  Hijioire  dc  Richard 
df  Corn^unillts^  Emperiur  d* Allemagtiey  par  M.  Grlhiufr^ 
Pycjllpkr  h  Getiingen.  8i  cft  Allcmand  n'avoit  paa  et^ 
fujet  du  roi  d' Angletcrrc,  FJetfteur  d'Hariovre,  auroit- 
il  jamais  trouble  le  repos  d'uii  prince  obfcur,  dont  lc 
regne  foibk  et  ignorei  fut  fi  pcrnicieux  a  rAngleterre, 


and  «Im  frequently  feet  by  •Aer  mme%  «yei,  awl  AoA  aac  dl^ieyvla 

hetteptndfd  nil.    Aficr  f9^  mttdi  experience  of  1  heir  iBtifcuracy,  tC 

C«yM  h  rdly  be  «3qic6^c<l  ch^^  Cluvrrlu*  ftiould  maintain  the  rrf  illibi- 
Itry  of  ihtt  ancients.  But  m?^y  perceive  in  ht^'ivork  iIk'  Idmc  tupcr- 
ftiuous  vvneratkm  far  the  great  names  af  aoci^uiiy,  which  prevailed 

aniiH^  K»diami|mPin.  Ima  a«  tfcfeee  eaeofe  fw  AeMi  feiB*icrt>  htf 

it  Au«  fo  tfirow  th«  bltme  on  tnnfcribers.   This  principle,  diat  tit* 

trtie  te\t  n?^d  nrlt  V>*-*  r^-^oted,  in  order  to  rcftorr  ffo  propriety,  he  ap- 
piin  vrich  afiwearied  Cih^ence.  The  gre«(  aumbcr  ot  his  corfe«%ont 
i«  oaly  equalled  by  their  boldncff ;  the  g;reffter  part  are  raSi  or  ofcleft ; 
hm.  liMM  of  tiMm  are  iHM—ily  iMppf .  The  elMMife  ef  Athefit  end 
U6n»  into  JBfu  antf  Aufent,  rdeued  the  tevt  of  Livy  from  an  abAirdity 
tlrno#  incfmcchraWe  ;  fubfttttiti^  VKo  obftrure  but  fit  oaiRes,  inflcJkd 
two  fax  more  illo(Uiati9,  but  totally  mtlpbced  ;  and  rrftored  the  Oalll 
leaaaeiteefelr  proper  hMcitioa.  TMi  eemAiea  hat  banreddptcA  bf 
l.iTy'ft  editort,  and  ;idnv,ttad  into  the  text. 

I>f<cff»b«r  ^.1 — I  finiftisd  th«  thirty-third  volume  of  the  Bibli  ^b^juf 
P.f^fvn-.'ii.  It  contains  the  Ltfe  ef  Jfhfi^ni  of  Comioitll,  Efpir^r  of 
imnrmmmy^  hy   JUr.  G^imwvr,  Proft^tr  at    Qvtimgtm.     Hsd   not  tjhi« 

aUB  Wen  a  fobjeft  of  the  king  of  Oieat  BritaiA  as  Eledor  of  Haa- 
over,  wonli  he  ever  have  difietbed  the  afliM  of  thii  obfcurc  priooe, 

_  .  .      t  whole 


6  EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

1763.  et  fi  inutile  ^  rAllemagnc  ?  AuroitMl  jamais  pr^fer^  ce 
W-v'-^^  prince  au  fage  tot  de  Caftille  ? — Hijhire  VrnvtrfelUy  par 
une  Soedte  de  dnt  de  Lettns,  II  eft  queftion  dans  cet 
extraity  de  Thiftoire  des  Macfdoniens.  Elle  eft  trait^e 
avec  beaucoupde  favoir,  de  critique,  et  de  gout.  Cette 
Hilloire  UnivcrfeUe  fcroit  fans  prix,  fi  tout  y  etoit  dfc 
cctte  force.  Je  me  rappcllc  avcc  plaifir,  que  j'ai  forme 
la  meme  idee  de  ce  morceau,  lorfque  je  Tai  lu  a  Bath 
Tan  1751.  J'avois  alors  quatorze  ans. — Dijfertaiion  fur 
une  Mcdaille  de  Smyrne,  par  M,  de  Boze :  plcine  dc 
gout  ct  d'eruilition.  11  y  a  des  rccherchcs  tres  curicules 
fur  la  primautc  des  villcs.  de  TAfie. — Rt'cherches  fur  les 
Polypc'Sj  par  M.  Trtfiihli's.  Quel  monde  nouvcau  !  quelle 
lumicrc  jjour  la  pli\  !ie|uc,  ct  ijucllcs  tcncbrcs  pour  la 
meta[)liv!iv|U!.'  '  —  hijuiuticfus  dc  Vf^ece.  Les  idees  gc- 
jicralcs  cc  1  .iClicien  font  laities  ;  Ics  u^  l  lil:^  lur  la 
difciplinc  des  Remains,  font  pleins  de  coniufion  et 
d'anachroriifmcs. — Dcfautx  Tht-Aogiquiu  Eh  !  qui  liC  Ics 
coiiiioit  pab  ? — Coriformit,  s  entre  If  Culte  des  Payens  et 
celiii  des  Catholtqu£S»  MM.  Warburton  et  Middleton 
font  partages  fur  cette  queftion.  Cclui-ci  penfe  que  les 
Chretiens  les  ont  cmpruntes  des  Payens  :  cclui-Ia  vcut 
que  les  uns  ct  ks  aiitres  n'aycnt  confulte  que  les  mouve- 
•  mens  naturcls  de  I'cfprit  humain,  portc  de  lui-meme  a 
toutes  ces  fu perditions.  Ces  fentinicns,  font-ils  diflerens  ? 
Pour  vouioir^  il  nous  faut  un  motif.    Ces  fupcrflitions 

etoient 


whofe  Weak  and  ij.Tnnra:it  reign  was  as  pcmidcu?  to  England  z%  ufelpfs 
to  GermanT  ?  Would  he  ever  have  preferred  tlii*  prince  to  the  wife 
king  of  Cwile  ^^Unlvtrpd  Hifleryt  iy  a  Society  »/  Men  of  LtMtr*,  This 
menA  treats  of  the  hillory  of  the  M^ccdnnians.  It  is  executed  with 
much  erudition,  taftc,  and  judj^ment.  This  Univcrfal  Hiftory  would 
be  invaluable,  were  all  its  parts  of  equal  merit.  I  remember  with 
plealurc  that  I  formed  the  ianie  opiiiiun  of  iliis  article  when  1  read 
It  at  Bath  In  1751.  I  wm  tbca  fionrteeo  ywrt  oVA^Di^mUm  m  $he 
Mtdmt^  8mynm%  iy  Mr*  Btmtt  repleie  with  erudition  ind  taftc  ;  coil* 
taininf^  curir)u«i  refearchcs  on  the  pre-eminence  of  th'.  ci'i'  s  of  Afia.— 
Rtfearitbtt  cn  tie  Foiyfm,  liy  Mr,  iCrembley.  A  new  world !  tiirowing 
light  OQ  phyfics,  out  dHrkenitig  mctaphyGck — Vegeimt'  iH/iitutiMs, 
Thl*  writer  on  ta^ftics  has  good  general  notions ;  but  hit  panicalar  ac- 
count of  the  ,Kr^man  difcipliiie  is  deformed  by  confufion  3nd  anachro- 
m[va».'—'Thee'ori.a/  Faulti.  Who  docs  nf*t  know  them  ? — Ccnfcrmity 
iettueiM  tht  Fa^an  and  Catbdic  RUei  0/  Worjisip.    McAVs.  Warburton  and 

Middleton  are  divided  on  thi«  qncftioo.  Tbe  latter  thtnkf  that  the 

Chritiians  copied  ;i(tfr  the  Pagans.  The  forver  think*  thathoth  fol* 
lowed  the  natural  iropulfe  of  hiumn  f  nrnTTt  !it,  always  prone  tn  fuprr- 
fittioii.  Tlcfe  two  opinions  arc  not  nn^f-rully  difTcrent  The  will 
tOkxAi  Always  be  ^^uatcU  by  fonic  wutive.  Thvic  riUs  were  familiar  and 

fuitabk 


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EXTRAITS  BU  JOURNAL. 

croicat  familieres,  elles  convenoient  aux  Romalns  du  qua- 
trieme  (iecle.  Us  y  avoient  rcnonce  avec  difficultej  iU 
les  reprenoient  avec  plaifir. 

D^cembre  7.] — Je  me  fuls  remis  ^  mon  recueil  g^o* 
graphique  fur  ritalie,  que  j'avois  interrompu  depuia 
qudque  terns.  Je  le  partage  Cuivant  les  regions  Augufte^ 
et  j'y  fais  entrer^  fur  chacun  de  ces  chefs,  ce  que  je 
trottve  de  plus  curieux  dans  mes  lediures.  Mon  voyage 
d'ltalte  ne  peuc  manquer  de  le  groifir  beaucoup  s  et  i 
mon  retour  en  Angleterrc,  j'efpere  me  trouver  en  etat 
d*en  tirer  unc  defcription  de  Tltalie  ancienne,  qui  fera. 
le  refttltat  de  mes  etudes,  dc  mes  reflexionsi  et  de  mes 
obfervations.  Ceft  un  ouvrage  encore  a  faire,  et  dont 
lltalie  de  Cluvter  ne  difpenfe  point,  i.  Cluvier  eft  trop 
difftts.  Nous  ne  fommes  plus  dans  le  fiecle  du  travail, 
oik  les  Ie£lures  n'avoient  d'attrait,  qu'a  proportion  de 
leur  difficulte,  et  de  leur  etcndue*  Les  gens  de  lettres 
de  nos  jours  s'efirayent  plus  facilement,  et  deux  in  folio 
font  un  objet  tris  redoutable.  Pour  pen  qu'on  ait  ce- 
pendant  de  curiodte,  on  ne  fauroit  fe  contenter  de  ces 
abreges  decharnes,  qui  nc  nouriflcnt  ni  Tefprit,  ni  la 
memoire.  Un  ouvrage  done  qui  ticndroit  le  milieu 
cntre  Cluvier  et  Cellarius,  feroit  naturellement  goute. 
1.  Mais  un  bon  abregc  de  Cluvier  nc  fulTiroit  point. 
Pour  .ibrc^cr,  il  faut  conferver  les  proportions  dc  Tori- 
ginal,  et  ccllcs  de  Cluvier  iic  Idiu  pa.i  toujoms  jultes. 
5ans  lui  reprochcr  beaucoup  d'cndroits  irop  eccndub,  ou 

trop 

fotuUe  to  the  Romans  of  die  foorih  century.  They  had  renounced 
them  with  rtlutflance;  they  refninefl  thcfh  with  plearure. 

Drccm^'cr  ;.] — I  retiTn-*!  to  my  peographical  colIc(5lion  on  It^Ty, 
which  had  been  a  Iboit^  Mi  c  i'ltcrruptcd.  i  divide  the  country  ac- 
cording to  the  regions  ol  Auguitus,  intruducing  under  each  region  the 
moft  iaterefting  particulan  that  occur  inthecourfeof  my  leading.  Thb 
coUeAion  cannot  fail  being  much  augmented  by  my'traveUin  Italy; 
and,  at  my  return  to  EnglT^  ^,  I  hope  to  be  able  to  givf  a  defcription 
of  ancient  Italy,  which  will  he  the  joint  rcfult  nf  my  lludics,  rcflcc- 
tiqns  and  obfervacion*.  Sucif  a  work  AUl  remains  tu  be  writteu  ;  that 
of  ChiTeriiia  by  no  meant  fupplying  it»  place,  x.  Cliiveriiia  ia  too 
difTufe.  We  live  not  in  that  age  of  induiky,  when  ftudiet  were  va* 
lued  in  proportioTi  to  the  ir  extent  and  d  lliciilry.  Our  men  of  Icttfrt 
are  afraid  to  encounter  two  volumes  in  ioixo.  Yet  chofe  who  h^ve 
cnrtoficy,  cannot  be  contented  with  fuch  meagre  abridgments  ai  cn- 
tich  neither  the  undcrftanding  nor  memory.  A  book  holding- thn 
mid. He  plac'c  bL-twecn  Clnv^'rius  nnd  Cellarius  would  fuit  the  public 
talle.  a.  An  abridgiTicn:  (jI  the  former  would  not  aiii'wcr  the 
purpofe.  In  abndgmcnis  the  prup«rtioaa  of  the  original  muil  be 
prefervcd ;  and  thofe  of  Cluverio*  are  noe  alwayt  accurate*  Wick* 
M  reproaching  hia  with  esceiliTC  dlfibfion  in  Umt  pvtt»  lad 

contradUMi^ 


«XTRAm  DU  JOURNAL. 

V 

trop  Strangles,  trm  objets  pineraux  m^ritoifnt  Hen 
quHl  en  fit  mention:  les  divifions  des  provinces  par 
Augufte  et  fes  fuccefleun^  les  gramU  cheminsde 
et  !a  topographic  dela  viUe  de  Rome.  peine  parott- 
i1  s'en  apper^evoir.  Je  fens  qne  Clavier-  n'^oit  pas 
oblig^  de  pr^venir  les  d^convertes  de  notre  iiecle:  mais 
c'ed  un  bonheur  pour  un  toivain  plus  recent,  de  pou- 
voir  propter  de  la  connoiflance  plus  cza^e,  que  nous 
avons  des  mcfurcs  itmlraires,  et  de  pouveir  omer  fon  * 
ouvrage,  de  la  ileur  de  deux  nouvcaux  genres  d'^rudition, 
les  iDonumens  Etrufques  et  ceux  d*Herculaneum»  3.  * 
I  e  Latin  n*cft  plus  la  langue  de  Icttres  ;  Ic  Latin  de 
Cluvier  n*a  jamais  etc  la  langue  des  gens  de  gout.  Le 
public  verroit  avec  plaifir,  qu'au  lieu  dc  cctte  chaine  de 
citations,  un  bon  ecilvaiu  fondit  enfcniblc  toutes  I'cs 
aiitorUc i!,  pour  cn  foriricr  unc  nairation  claire,  mctlioui- 
quc",  et  iiucrclTante.  (Jhiclquefois  neanmoins  je  con- 
ferverois  les  proprcs  p.nDles  dc  mes  autcurs ;  niais  je  ne 
le  ferois  qu*a  I'egard  des  pt  cccs,  doiu  rexprcflion  fait 
fouvent  le  moritc  principal,  et  lioiit  les  images  rianies  ' 
6gayeroient  dc  terns  cn  tema,  la  iecherefle  d'une  de- 
fcviptlon  gcographiquc.  4.  Jc  fuivrois  iStrabon  plutut 
que  Pliiic.  fians  les  diviiions  gcncrales,  ct  les  ncmcn- 
ciatures,  je  tacherois  de  mettre  tout  I'ordre  et  toute  la 
nettetf  liont  je  fuis  capable  :  mais  j  envifagerois  d'uii 
ccU  philoiophc,  riutcricur  de  Thabitation,  et  les  habitaas 
cu^-mcmes,  apres  avoir  decrit  ct  partage  la  furface,  les 

productions 

contraAion  even  to  torture  in  others,  Uucc  ol  jidli  tre  totally  oipittcd* 
yirbich  futslr  "merited  his  attcntioD :  the  divifion  of  the  provinces  hf 

Aijguflus  and  his  rucc  .fTors  ;  the  j;rcat  roruls  of  Italy,  and  the  topp« 
jfraj)liy  of  the  city  of  Rome.  Cluvirius  is.  fcarccly  fcnfible  of  tJ.cfe 
oimfiiciit.  He  was  uot  indeed  oJiUgcU  to  anticipate  the  dikovcrics  ot 
the  pr^fcot  q^c  *,  but  k  luy^Ds  fortunately  for  a  more  modem  writer, 
t!iat  it'i  iaht9  povrer  to  tual  himlelf  of  a  more  accurate  knowledge  p£ 
itinerary  nicafurc!:,  nrrl  to  enricli  Mi  work  with  the  firQ  fruits  of  two 
new  difcovcrrici,  the  lufvaij  mmiumci.ts  and  thni'c  cf  Hcrcislancurn. 
3.  ^alla  L»  no  longer  the  language  even  of  Icaruiug,  and  C1uvcx)m)>'« 
Latin  whoever  the  language  of  tafte.  Tbi:  public  ironlj  Ixr  pleal«il  to 
Icf  l^if  broken  chain  of  quotations  melted  down  by  a  good  writer  into 
u  clear,  nKtho<!icjl,  and  intcrcllirig  narrative.  Sonierime*  I  would 
jire^icrv^;,  huwev^ir,  t):ic  very  wurd»  of  my  authoritic!-,  when  they  hap- 
pened to  be  poctt  whofe  ftyk  oftco  formsdieir  principal  merit,  aud 
whufe  (inUing  iiuage-i  would  enliven  the  dryiu*f«  of  geographical  de* 
Uriptiun.  4.  r  would  follow  Strabo  rather  tiian  Plitiy.  To  my  grnc  - 
11]  tHv"inni:s  iipd  tablc'i  I  would  cnficnvciir  tn  givi;  all  the  ncati.:!:.  ai,d 
perAf  ituuy  polBLle;  while  I  ci^amiucu  with  the  eye  nf  a  phUofpjfhvr  the 
interior  <if  the  country  and  the  manOera  of  ita  iohabitaotv;  the  pro- 
dudiooi  of  art  and  natufc,  aalar  at  they  were  koovd  to  the  aticieDtV ; 

the 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

productions  de  la  ntture  et  de  I'ait,  aatfti^  qu  cUcs  nous 
font  connucs  paH*  les  anciens,  les  migrations  dc6  pesplcg, 
leuTsloix,  etieur cara^VefC.  Parmitantd'objersfiintereirans 

pouriiii  J  fiih'fcplic,  ju  laifiroistoutcsles  occafiorii  (|vie  mon 
iuj^t:  loiii  niiuit,  de  rcchercher,  quand  et  julqu'i  que! 
point  lu  Curifi;;iir.ui(jii  tin  p;iys,  Ic  ciiir.ac,  U  fituation  oat 
influc  fur  les  maurb  dc5  Itabitans,  CL  iii;-  les  6vcnemens 
qui  Icur  font  arrives.  5.  Les  metliodcs  luiu  alFez  aiDi- 
traircs.  Ccllc  que  jc  fnirrois  mc  paroit  Ucilc  et  lumi- 
iicufe.  Apres  avoir  c  iubli  4Ui.iques  prellini.nires,  jc  mc 
placerois  fur  It  Mont  Palaiin  nvec  Romulus,  er,  com- 
mcn^ant  par  Ic  berccau  de  U  iiatio:),  et  le  prciiiier  po^ 
maerwm  de  la  ville,  j*efi  parcounoiti  ies  quarticrs  difTercns, 
Dans  la  defcriptioTi  de  Tltalie,  je  fuivrois  I'urdre  deg 
COnquctes  des  Romains,  et  j'obrciTCrols  la  diviTjon  dcg 
regions  d'Auguitc.  Jc  dci  ogerois  feulcment  a  ccttc  di- 
vifion  a  iVgard  du  pay^dcs  Sabins,  que  je  UroU  obli^^ 
de  detacher  du  Sdmnium^  pour  le  nettrc  a  la  tete  du 
Latium,  Au  moyen  d'un  cban<yc'int  nt  'a\\^\  I''»gcr,  je 
coTiciIierais  ces  deux  oVirts,  ct  le  Icctv  ur  iLiivioit  fiins 
peine  Je^  .irmes  des  Roinuins,  et  ia  narration  de  i  itc 
Live.  Un  ouvrage  dc  cctte  cfpeec,  s*il  etoit  bien  cxe- 
cute>  fcroit  fans  doute  accueilii  du  public.  II  poarroit 
enrichir  un  Hbrairc,pn(rer  a  la  dixicme  edieion,  ct  devenir 
tm  livre  cbfEque  pour  les  colleges,  les  voyageurs,  et  meme 
pour  gens  de  lettres.  L'auteur^  cependant,  auroit 
tort  de  i  eoorgucifiir  d'un  fuceis  ({u'U  ne  devroit  qu'a 

k 

the  migntiofi  of  tvlMt,  tKeir  Imrt  M  dMraAer.  ^hmM  f»  many 
tecdliA^  obje^),  I  wuuld  ii^M  tfeiy  Ofi}}nTC4inity  of  iav^lligatioghow, 

far  pubfic  irir.ni^^Inr.'i  uiul  manner*  were  afT'  iHv'J  hy  Iac3l  iuiKiiion  :;nd 
ci'mate.  5.  Arxanj^emcius  atc  arbitrary.  I'ht  method  whic)i  1  fhauid 
foliuw,  appeacs  ta  xtw  natttrail  una  iuminou*.  1  wouici  pUca  mytcif 
with  Romiilttt  on  rile  Vakcnie  Mount,  aed  tK««  proete^  m  tlw  difier- 
Mt  qu.'^ra'rs  of  Rome,  from  the  cradle  t  f  the  nation  to  ih«  firft  /xm 
vnfr'ru-r  t  f  the  city.  In  dcfcriLii  ^  Italy,  i  would  A)Uow  the  profrrcfs  of 
P.f-ni  in  coaqucfts,  and  ftay  particular  attention  to  its  divifior  by  \u- 
^uUu»  into  regions  \  with  thii  one  exception,  that  1  would  Ic^ur^c  tax. 
tcnritwy  of  the  Sabioe*  from  StmniiiBH  *^  <^  *M  lM«d 

LatimD.  By  tllb  finftU  alteration  I  would  recmH  ile  the  two  pratiploo 
r»f  my  arrangement ;  and  the  reader  wt>«H  e^fily  i  .il  >w  the  fmjrreft 
•i  Rumau  arnit,  and  Livy's  htllory.  A  work  of  iht»  kind,  well  cv* 
ccuted,  would  be  favourably  received  by  the  public.  It  might  eorich  a 
(oi»kft:Beje»  paftilifMgfc  (ni  edhiofii,  aoA  become  a  dtfllcil  book  witii 
ft  T'lrh:*  in  colleges,  traveller*,  r.rid  eveit  men  of  letton.  Tbo  author, 
h.r.vfvcr,  wculd  do  wron^^  to  va'uc  htmfelf  on  a  perfarmancc,  which 
o •vcd  Its  vuholc  fuccefs  to  the  nature  of  the  fuhjeA,  induftry,  and  mc- 
tbcd.   Tofpeakonly  of  ny  owa  cflay,  the  proUui^Iun      my  youth, 

wrktea 


EmtAITS  BU  JOtntKAL. 


b  nature  (Ic  fon  fujet,  foo  travail^  et  8t  tin  efprit  jofle 
et  methodique.  Pour  ne  parler  que  dc  moi-memcy  moa 
cfiai»  ottvrage  dc  jcimefle^  fait  dans  deux  mols^etoubU^ 
dans  quatre^  annonc^  plus  de  genie  original,  ne 
potinoit  faire  un  parcil  traite.  Des  deux  pivots  de  la 
reputatton,  la  dtiHculte  et  TutUit^  du  travai]^  cclui*ci  eit 
le  plus  fur,  maia  le  moins  fljteur. 

DeccmlKC  p.J— J'ailu  ia  BioUotbiifui  Ratfenncc,  h  tome 
innte  quatre  ;  partU  premiere,  J'y  trouvc  trois  TraiteS 
par  JJf.  Harris f  fur  P  Art ^  fur  la  Mti^que^  H  la  PiinUtrti 
ft fur  U  Souveraitt  Bonbeur*  Ceil  un  grand  admirateur 
de  Platon  et  d'Arlftote^  qui  lui  one  appria  }ifip  m^thode 
fcientifique  de  debiter  des  chofes  communes^  et  un  en- 
tlioaliafme  fur  le  beau,  le  vrat»  et  les  vertueux,  qui  lui 
tient  quelquefoia  lieu  d'id^s  pr6cifes»  Ces  defauts  reg- 
nent  furtouc  dans  le  premier  et  le  dernier  des  trois  da- 
cours*  Le  fecond,  rempli  d'obfervations  jullesi  et  de 
diftindlions  fines»  efl  plus  dans  le  goftt  de  la  philofophte 
snodeme»— -if|^rtf  NaturelU  des  MeiliiSf  tiree  des  Uuv^ 
rager  de  Af,  de  Reaumur  e  tout  eft  dans  le  meilleur  go&t ; 
le  choix  du  fujet^  la  fineile^  rabondance  et  la  fingularit6 
des  obfervations»  les  agr^mens  du^  llyle  et  de  I'arrange- 
iacnr»  donnent  le  plus  grand  int^ret  I  ce  petit  livre. ' 

1 1.] — J'a  lule  trente  eifiqmiiHe  tme  de  la  Biblktbeque 
Xaififmee»   J'y  trouvc^  HifiMre  Uaiverjelle :  cet  extrait 

contient 


written  ID  two  moBtht,  and  forgotten  in  four,  yet  doct  it  fhew  more 
wrigintUcy  of  gcnioa,  than  would  be  required  for  fuch  a  geographiral 

perrormance.  Of  the  two  fmirccs  of  liicrary  fame,  difficulty  and  ntUi* 
ty,  the  fecond  is  the  furcft,  thojj^h  the  Icaft  ilatttriog  to  vanity. 

December  9.] — I  read  the  Bti/Uoti^eque  Raifmnie,  volume  thirty-four, 
part  firft.  It  containt  three  treatifet  of  Mr.  Harrb,  00  the  fubjedt  of 
•rtf  mufic  and  painting,  and  happincfs.     He  is  a  admirer  of 

Plato  and  ArlQotlc,  from  whom  he  has  Itarnc-d  to  exprefx  common* 
place  thou^hu  in  technical  laoguage;  and  an  cnthuftafm  fcr  the  hrau- 
tiiul,  tlie  true,  and  the  virtuous,  which  arc  often  fubilituted  with  hitn 
for  prccifion  of  ideate  Thcfe  faiiltt  chiefly  prevadl  in  ^e  firft  and 
tliird  of  thofe  eiTays.  The  fecond,  containing  many  juft  obfervation* 
and  nice  diftindlion?,  is  more  conformable  with  the  tafte  of  modera 
phiiofopby.— iVa/vra/  Hijhrj  of  But^  extratied  from  the  Workt  of  Mr, 
Jteawmur :  written  in  the  bcft  taile  ;  tlie  chmce  of  the  fubjed,  the  re- 
finement, copiodnefi^  and  fiogvUriCy  of  the  obfervatlons,  the  beau* 
ties  of  flylc  ;ttKl  arraogenient,  all  contribute  to  raife  the  valneof  tbii 

littK'  ptrfotiiKKirf 

Ii.j — I  rc^(i  the  thirty- hfth  volume  of  the  Eii>Jiotlr</ue  Raifcnnee.  It 
contaiaa  Am  BxifuB/rpmAt  Ummr/al  Hifory^  cottufh,  .^  iLe  Life  o/Aim- 
mtitr,  A  good  compilei  would  not  have  expatiated  on  a  life  fi>  well 
known.  A  few  fcAioni  would  have  fuflucd*  Thcie  compilen  com- 


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EXTRAiTS  DU  JOURNAL. 


ootttient  la  Tie  d'Ateatidre :  tnais  un  bon  joumaliftey 
aurmtoil  jamais  domie  un  grand  abrege  d'une  vie  aulG 
coonue  ?  11  en  auroit  lallu  detacher  deux  ou  trois  tniitv. 
Ges  journaliftes  font  la  meme  chofe  dans  ce  Tolume,  I,' 
roccafion  de  THiftoife  Romame  de  Cremr.  Get  nfage 
nultifilte  inatitement  les  livtcs,  rebate  Je  le^cor,  et  n'eft 
avantageuaqa'aux  librsiires."^j^'fis#  Sermmu  fur  ks  De^ 
voirs  Sociam^  par  It  IMiur  Delanj:  cet  hiftorien  de 
David  a  Tefprit  un  peu  trop  alambiquey  mais  iJ  dit  de  trea 
bonnes  chofes.  Son  difcours  concre  Je  vice  trop  cam- 
man  de  ne  point  payer  fes  dettes,  eft  un  niorceau  aufit 
excellent  qu'il  eft  nttkf,^Bihihtifique  Francoifi,par  Pjibke 
Goujet,  les  tomes  fiftiemi  et  huitteme  :  c'eft  la  foite  d'un 
ouvrage  curicux.'— JLrT/r^  du  Bihlkthecatre  de  Geneve  fur 
Jean  Faufl :  cet  excellent  correfpondant  du  journal, 
proiive  aflcz  bien  que  Tinvcnteur  de  rimprimCTie  mourut 
de  In  pcilc  a  Paris. — Voyage  au  Nordj  par  Al,  OuthiiT  : 
c'etoit  un  des  compagnons  de  M.  dc  Maupertuis.  Ce 
voyage  a  cte  furenient  utiU"  pour  I'aflronomie,  mais  \\ 
geographie  nc  lui  doit  pa^  u:rand-chofe. — Dijltrtnt'ion  fur 
les  Impt\  j.it\.:is  de  David.  It  s'ap't  do  prouv  cr  tjue  David 
pouvoit  fouhaiter  la  deilriiction  dc  les  ennemis,  et  fe  re- 
jouir  de  leurs  maux,  fans  blcfler  la  douc(-*ur  ct  la  charite. 
La  tache  eft  difiicuc.  Vn  homme  pcut  <ju*y  echouer. 
Un  h.ommede  bon  iVns  ne  Fauroit  point  entii^pi  iic. 

Deccnibre  17.] — Je  m'ctois  aflez  mal  occupe  dcpuis 
quelques  jours  des  Aft'tncirej  de  l^j^bbe  de  Moni^on^  en 
httit  Tolumes  in  j2mo.  grand  format^  peiit  carattere,  et 

les 


ftilt  the  fame  fiioh  wttb  regard  to  Crrvier  t  RomaD  Htftory.  Thisprae- 
lice  iao1tiplie»  ufelcXs  booka,  dif|^ftt  their  readeiVp  and  enriches  nune 

but  bookfcllers — Sermcnt  on  f'<r  ^c  ial  Z).  /.v;,  "  f  Drhny.  This 

bTflnrian  of  David  fnvours  rv:  h  of  Oic  cn'ir.iliaft ;  l)iit  he  f.iys  cxrcllctit 
things.  Hj«  dilcoiirfc  agaiiili  ihc  common  vice  of  not  puyin;r  our  debts, 
k  a  performasice  aa  ezeeUem  at  it  i«  ncw^Bi$lf«tiifiif  Frarfoi/e,  hy  //># 

AUt  Gltjet ;  voiumet  feventb  amd  eigbtb  ;  the  continuation  ol  a  curioua 
work. — A  J  r'.'.fT  of  the  Lihrnrian  ijf  Cenrva^  concerning  *JtJjn  Faujlm. 
This  cTrrllcnt  ciirrL-f; ondrnt  of  the  Review  clearly  proves  that  the  in- 
ventor oi  priiitingdkJ  at  Paris  of  the  plague. — A  Voyaget^iht  Nfih^  ky 
Mr,  Omthier,  He  waa  one  of  the  ermipanion*  of  Mr.  Mati]>ertmt.  Thia 
Toyage,  or  journey,  was  furely  ufeful  to  aftronomy;  bur  geojfraphy 
gained  little  by  it  — D!ffrtation  «nDjvift  Curfn.  The  author  attempt*  to 
prove  that  David  mijrht  with  for  the  dcftruclifn  of  hit  enemies,  andrc» 
joiee  in  their  calanutiea,  without  offendin^^  againft  charitf*  The  talk 
ja  difficult*  any  man  would  lail  in  performiitg  it;  by  m  man  of  fenfe  it 
would  not  have  been  undertaken. 

Deccmher  17  ] — I  employed  myfelf  very  ill  for  fame  day^,  v,  ;th  the 
^cmuiri  oj  AUv  Mont£«nt  in  eij|;ht  volumct  large  I  »mo.  fm<«U  letter, 
and  vcty  thick  volumes.  The  decided  patience  of  a  Octjnan  would  be 

tired. 


EXTRAITS  DU  jOURNAL. 

les  volumes  tres  epais.  11  y  a  de  quoi  lafler  la  fmtkRcr 
derAlleroand  le  plus  deicffmia^f  iMik  votamea  ^ii'oin 
a^fok  i<6duit  le  plus  facUcment  du  Mode  I  cent  ^gea  I 
ToBt  ce  qui  regardoit  TAbbe  de  Montgon,  lui  paroiOoit 
wtdnUtt  rattemion  de  IHSiirope  enti^,  li  lui  faut  cin- 
quante  pftges  pooi  nae  converfation  avec  i'Archeveque 
d^Amida^  cenl  p^gct  povr  une  intrigue  delaDucheiie 
de  St.  Pierre  ct  du  Comte  de  Rottenibourg»  et  ainfi  i 
peoportion*  Je  yoia  que  let  eimemb  de  TAbbe  lui  re* 
piodieat  dcvx  defeuta^  une  hiuneur  tncaflidrei  qui. 
Toyoit  pRrtoQt  des  ennemb  chimeriq«es»  et  wic  ambitioa 
deiiiefiif^e*  Je  foup^onoe.  bien  qn'it  en  (tok  quelque 
cbofe»  et  que  k  cabtie  du  Ctrdnal  de  FleBry«  reflon* 
bloit  beauoonp  a  la  cibile  cUm^kitte  de  Juriett.  Poiir- 
«pioi  ce  Cardinal  loi  en  vo«lok-il  ?  Montgon  ae  dcfoit 
pat  toe  Tobjet  de  fa  vengeance^  et  encore  moins  celui 
de  ia  ctainte,  ou  de  fa  j&ufie.  Ceft  cependant  ponr 
Buire  a  cet  honime»  que  k  Cardinal  de  Fleury  fait  a^irp 
pendant  cinq  vn,  des  reflbrca  prefqu'invifibles»  et  qu'il 
tranflfome  en  laches  et  en  fripons  PArdi^dqiie  d'Amt* 
da,  la  Dncbeile  de  St.  QerrCi  le  Marquia  de  Branca^ 
ct  le  Comte  de  Rotiemboorg }  toiu  trb  bonnetes  gtost 
de  ITatfeu  de  Momm.  Pour  ton  ainibition»  elle  parctc 
lies  i  decoBfert#  XJa  iaint  eedellaftique  ne  fooge  a  quit* 
ter  (a  retraitey  que  pour  aller  partager  ccUe  d'un^and  roi  i 
c^Mitd^  unmouvcMat  doot  ilaucoit  dftfe  d^&n  Avant 

foia 


tired  with  eight  large  volumes  which,  with  the  greatcil  facility,  mighc 
W  ndaced  to  aa  ImiiiNd  ftfm*  Whmwm  cwttim  the  AbM  Moot- 
goo  ap|Mir^  to  himietf  to  defimrt  die  attention  of  all  Europe.    f  'Jty. 

|«^cs  arc  cotjiumed  in  a  converfation  with  the  Archbifliop  of  Amida  ; 
one  haodrcii  pages  in  aa  iotrigoe  between  the  Ducheiji  of  Ht.  Pierre  aad 
Count  Roctcmfaionrg ;  the  otlw  parts  ir«  ia  duo  proportion.  The  Al»» 
W»«Mnies,  I  perc«iiM»  aMafe  him  of  two  babes  a  bouac^ldii  aaih^- 

tlon,  and  a  iufpidout  temper,  which  was  always  haunting  him  with 
imajfinary  enemies.  1  am  inclined  to  think  the  accufationa  jufi ;  and 
ihdt  CarUioal  Fkury 's  cabal  was  as  cbuiicncai  a«  that  of.  Jurieu.  \^  <Uy 
AouU  tUCtodinal  hwto  bwa  tba  dOAetmrnff  Moatgoa  M  aat 

to  be  tiic  ohjcA  of  his  veni^moce,  dill  IcTs  of  bit  blind  09 

j^L^iioufy.  Yet  to  hurt  thi*  mm,  the  Carc^inal  during  five  ycirs  employi 
corictultd  nnd  nituoft  invililiic  inQrunicii*,  aud  tranvforms  into  rokjucs 
or  cowards  tiie  Archbiiiiop  ui  Aimda,  the  Duch«J&  ui  ^t.  Pierre,  uio 

•»  th«  Abb6»  bad  oC  tfaeai  IboMrlf  ban  very  hoaeft  people.  His 
ambition  nppeart  very  manifeft.  A  holy  ecclefiadic  doea  not  think  of 
quitting  hi»  retreat,  but  with  a  view  to  b#cowe  the  attendant  of  a  great 
king.  This  wasao  incUnatioD  which  he  oi^ht  to  have  diftrufled.  Be- 
fiwabiadepaitaisduafriBCismaantahifttroQa*  Vte  bad  tbe  good 

Abbi 


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JEJITIUUTS  BU  JOURNAL. 


for)  dt'pAFi,  cc  pnncc  rcm^ntt  fvir  tirKM'.  0^\:.liOit-'il  17^1. 
faire  a  U  ccur  ?  11  s'y  rend  cepciu'  jnr,  ir:  plon^c  Jansles  .^^^-v^ 
affiirci  du  fiecle,  ct  toute  hi  ticvotioii  que  j'nppcrcoU 
tians  la  iuiiC  do  I'ouvrage,  i"e  reduit  a  qticlqucs  pair;iges  dc 
Tccrlture,  dont  il  fe  fen  centre  fcs  cnnemis.  Jc  con- 
vierrs  que  noire  Abbe  fuivolt  fa  vocation.  II  avuit  i'ci- 
prit  d€9  affaires;  )e  tin  pcu  tvop  minuticux;  mais 

rcfte>  dc  la  finefle,  cfe  la  prudence,  rt  de  la  nettetc 
a  deduire  fes  raifons.    Lcsd^ux  clmU  s  It-s  plus  intcref- 
fantes  que  j*ayc  trouve  dans  cet  ouvrage,  font : — i.  Un 
tibleau  foTt  curieux  df  la  couf  d'Efpagnc,  aprcs  Ic  traitc 
de  Vicnnc,  qui  unit  par  les  li«ns  Ics  plus  ^trclts,  deux 
princes  qui  s'etoicr.t  difpiuc  une  caurormc  avcc  i'aninio- 
Cte  la  plus  vive.    h\  C(Hir  de  \  iL-nnc  y  dupa  ccilc  de 
Uadrid.    Au  moytn  iVv.n  martage  chirnt.Tiq!!r,  qu*oa 
Xnontroit  dans  reloigr.umcr.t,  die  en  tiroit  des  lommes 
iminenfes,  pendart  qu'oiic  Itipuloit  dcs  avantages  tres 
reels  pour  ton  commerce.    L'ambafladctir  Autrichicn, 
\fi  Comtc  d«  Konigkck,  goui^ernoit  l*Efp;^ne  cn  j^mier 
SMNftiftfC.    li  pouSa  foQ  credit  jufqu'a  faire  verifier  au 
c^eUi  dc  Caiiiile,   les  lettres  patcntcs  dc  quelqucs 
Grandt  que  Charies  VL  avoit  eleve  a  ce  rang,  pour  Ici 
•ffivti qttHs  vnmat  f<MU  coatie  h  tytamnic  du  I) uc  d' An* 
yovu    a.  On  Toit  clairemcrrt  par  h  conimi(?^on  qu'ba 
donna  ^  rAbbe>  qotl  /•nd  Ton  doit  faire  fur  la  rcnon- 
ciation  dt  lat  hcanekt  d'Avjou  k  la  courotme  de  France^ 
«i  qn'cUe  nc  manqueioit  point  de  faire  valoir  fes  ilroits. 


ABbc  to  do  at  his  court  ?    Yet  he  goe»  th«.-«,  plongtr^  Ixsto  wofldly  af> 
fjtri,  and  the  only  figns  of  -'..'t^otion  th  '.  T  can  d'l"  ovt  in  the  f-rjtjr'l  of 
hii  wurk,  confiil  in  fonie  paflage»of  ictipciire,  whicii  iie  applies  to  hi% 
enemies.    I  ackoavrldlgc  thait  our  Ahhi  folbwed  hisnatiual  vocacioask 
He M  a  tura  for bufinelii;  ftoii.  tlMWgk  too  foaAof  BMHia,  wMme 
deficient  in  a<i4icis»  fictldencc,  and  pcrfoaTicm.    The  two  moft  intereA- 
inj  part»-of  his  worlc  are,  i.  Thc»  curiiMis  ptj'lure  of  Spain  after  the 
treaty  of  Vienoa,  which  united  in  the  clokii  aoHty-  two  prineOi  who 
had  difputed  a  cvovm  with  tKe  6m«(II  aatnoiity.   The  co«rt«^  M>* 
drid  wai  the  dupe  of  that  of  Titooa*    Bf  weans  of  a  chinMMlmar" 
tiagc  (hewn  in  dillant  ffro[pc£ty  AuAria  drew  vail  foow-firom  Spain,  at 
the  fame  time  that  flic  grained  real  advantag-cs  frr  her  con.mcrce.  The 
«     i\un.riaD  anibaflador.  Count  JEj^ooig^clt,  gnvtntiju  Spjiin  with  tbeau« 
thohty  of  a  firft  minificr.   Hit  weight i«aa  fo  great,  thit  ho  0Ml(M  tho 
council  of  Cadilc  to  confirm  the  letter*  jmtut  whkh  Ciluttoo  Imi 
pr.mred  to  fome  Spaniatiis,  creating  fl;em  GraQdee9t  in  reward  of  thoir 
Hrvicei  in  refilling  the  tyranny  of  tht  Vv.)<.c  of  Anjou.  1.  1  hi?  tom- 
mifllon  gtaoted  to  the  AbW  ihew»  cleariy,  how  Uttb  dcucndancft^  to  be 
bad  on  9ic  tenunctauoa        liy  tlie  houfe  cf'Aiq&a  of  k»rfglic»tTHliie 
.  crown  of  France;  and  that  thefe  rights  would  be  coforccd  on  t)ic  fir  ft 
lavombk  op^orfvaky* ,  H  i»tt»c  t&t  fndias  opportuoiiy  it  much  l  fs 

likely 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAI-. 

fi  roccafion  s'en  prefentoit.  II  eft  vrai  que  ccttc  occafwrt 
ml  bcaucoup  plus  cloigncc  a  prtfciit,  qu'cllc  nc  I'ctoic 
alors.  Le  llyle  de  FAbhc  Moiitgon  eft  fans  cxaAitudc, 
et  fans  interet,  cclui  d'un  hommc  qui  nc  tounoit  in  Icj 
graces,  ni  Ics  regies  de  fa  languc.  Quels  mou  que  tcui. 
dc  Th/potlrii/  ct  de  Stoiciie  ! 

Dccembre  ly.]— J'.ii  lu  (Uaudn  Riiini:  Niiinantiani 
liLty  L.  i.  y.  1 — 644  i  ti  L.  it.  V,  I — oB.  C'eft  lout 
ce  qui  nous  rcftc  <ie  cct  uiivi.i^e,  qui  tonicnoit  deux 
livres  complrts.  Jc  I'ai  lu  dans  Ic  Jiivnd  tome  des  Poetdt 
J^Jmores  Luiuu  dc  B/jr.fi  ui,  d  Ltidty  1 73 1.  C*eft  uii  ties 
ViiriQt'utn  d'liollandc,  ou  le  texte  s^apper^oit  a  peine  a 
iravers  les  commentaires.  Les  700  vers  de  Rutilius  oc- 
cupent  pres  de  200  pa^es  in  4 to.  qui  font  heriffees  des 
commentaircs  dc  Siiulcr,  dc  Caftalio,  de  Pithxus,  de 
Sitzmanus,  et  de  Barthius.  Cepcndant  Rurilu.s  n*eft 
point  un  auteur  difficile ;  je  n'ai  eu  befoin  d'ctlairciflc- 
mens  qu'unc  ou  deux  fois :  les  ai  cherchcs,  et  jc  n'ai 
rien  frouve.  Je  connoillois  trop  les  critiques  pour  m'cn 
etonncr.  L'auteur  de  ce  petit  pocme  vccut  fous  TEm- 
pereur  Honorius,  qui  I'avoit  eleve  aux  premiers  emploisj 
il  avoir  ere  Conful,  Prefet  du  Prctoire,  ct  Gouvctneur 
de  Rome.  11  ctoic  Gaulois  dc  naillance,  Ce  fut  le  9 
Oclobre  4  16,  A.  U.  C.  !  169*,  qu'il  s'embarqua  a  Oftie 
pour  retourner  dans  fa  pacric.  La  relation  qu'il  lionb  n 
laifTee  de  ce  voyage  k  loi^g  de$  cotes  de  TEtrurie  et  de  1^ 

JLigivie, 


likely  to  occur  nuw,  tlian  it  wojt  theZL.  The  Abbe  Montgun\  itylc  i» 
inaccurate  and  uninterelliDg ;  thst  of  a  maa  9iiaci|uaintcd  with  the  beaiv 
dct  and  rnlea  of  bia       lasguage.  What  ftrange  words  arc  HH^tiUite^ 

Sieicitef 

December  19.] — 1  read  Ciauefii  Rutilii  Numantiani  Iter^  L.  i.  T.  i — 
644  ;  aod  L.  it,  V,  1—68.  Thk  it  all  that  Tcmaicft  of  a  work  that  cua- 
Uioed  two  complete  boolca.  1  read  it  in  Burmannt  EUtkn  0/  tht  fwttm 
Latimi  Miifrti^  Ltjd<%^  17.^1;  <»nc  of  thofe  Dutch  editioat,  (um  noth 
Var'iotum^  in  which  the  ti  xt  i»niy  peeps  out  amidft  a  heavy  tnafs  of  cdm- 
ixicotary.  The  700  vcrlcs  of  KutUtui  arc  fprrdd  over  zee  4to.  pageti, 
crowded  with  the  renailts  of  Simler,  Caflalto,  Pithxu*,  Sitzman«i» 
and  Barthius.  Yet  Rutiliiis  b  not  a  difficult  author ;  nnce  or  twice 
only  I  niould  have  been  glad  of  an  explanatory  norc  ;  I  I  <  Iu*d  for  it  ia 
vain,  but  knrw  romnientator^  too  \vc!!  to  be  furpri/td  at  the  difap- 
pointmcut.  ihc  :iuthur  of  tjii»  litil<.  puem  iivcd  under  ihc  tmpcroy 
Honoriuf,  by  whom  he  had  been  raifed  to  the  firft  employnieota.  He 
^ati  Conful,  PrxfciSu*  Pr«torii,  or  Govrrnor  of  Rome;  being  a  Gaul 
by  birth,  he  embarked  at  Oflia  the 9lh  of  Oiilober  416,  A.U.  C  wt^)*, 
tii  return  to  his  lutivc  country.  The  account  whith  he  has  kft  ui  of 
hit  voyage  along  the  coaA«  of  Eiruria  and  Liguria  is  impcrfcd,  con- 
chiding  at  the  town  of  Luna.  Ilia  worh  may  be  coniidered  io  rcjatioo> 

•  CL  Rutilii  Iter.  L.  i.  iBj.  j^oj. 

3 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  15 

ligttrie«  eft  imparfaite,  ct  £nit  i  la  nlle  <le  Luna.   Oa    1 76^ 

pcut  envifager  cct  ouvrage  par  rapport;  i.  Au  fujet«  w>^-^ 

2.  Au  ftyic  ci  a  la  pocfie:  ct  3.  Au  cara£lerf  pcrfonnd 

de  I'auteur*    i.  Si  Autilius  avoit  rctranche  les  180  pre- 

mlm  yen  de  Ton  poeme,  on  le  lui  auroit  pardotme. 

Apr^  avoir  expofe  en  peu  de  mots  Ic  fujet  de  Ton  voyage^ 

el  lea  remn  qu'il  aeprouves  en  quittant  Rome,  Ic  the« 

Itre  de  Ics  honneurty  et  fa  nouvclle  patrie,  il  fe  jette  fur 

les  eloges  de  la  capitale,  et  de  Tcmpire  dc  ccrtc  vlUe 

etemcUe,  a  qui  Jupiter  n'avoit  point  alCgne  de  limites^ 

et  qui  devoit  regner  fur  tous  les  peuples^  et  fur  tons  les 

Aedes.    Pour  rcmplir  dignement  cette  iiler,  il  faJJoit 

Stre  grand  poete  ;  et  Rutilius  n'ed  qu'uQ  froid  declama- 

tenTy  qui  s'^puife  a  cberchcr  dea  lieux  -cominuns,  au  lieu 

de  trouver  dans  la  nature  et  dans  fon  genie  totts  lea  grands 

traits  de  fon  objct.    Je  penfe  meme  qu'un  grand  poete 

aoroit  evite  celui-ci.    Ce  n'etoit  pas  fous  le  regne  d'Ho* 

mmus^  qu'il  f alloit  peindre  la  force  de  Tempire  Romaio. 

Ses  forces  I'avoient  abandonne  depuis  long  tenia  ^  tnais 

ion  antiqutte  et  fon  etendue  infpiroient  une  forte  de  ve-» 

Deration,  et  m^me  de  terreur,  a  fes  Toifins,  et  le  foutin- 

lent  encore.   Cette  illufion  fut  enlin  difitp^e.   Pen  a 

pea  les  barbaves  le  connuientt  le  mepriierent,  et  le  dc" 

iruifirent.   La  Grande  Breugne  fe  detacha  de  rempire^ 

ks  G<flhs»  les  Vapdaies»  etles  Snevesj  inonderent  lea 

plus  belles  provinces  de  TEfpagne  et  des  Gaulcs;  et 

jorfque  Rutilitts  ecrivit,  il  f  avoit  iiy  ans  qu' Alaric  s'etoit 


1.  to  !Hfub]c<5^;  2.  its  ftylc  3n<f  po-try;  3.  the  pc  rfonal  charadtr  of 
it»  author,  i.  if  Rutiliu^  had  lopped  off  the  (irft  180  verfes  uf  hitpocm, 
the  reader  would  not  ba^e  been  a  lofer.  After  briefly  xucntiouing  tlic 
«fajeA  of  hi«  voyage,  and  his  ffwrow  at  leavtiig  Rome,  hit  adopted 
country,  and  the  ftcuc  of  his  honour*,  he  ex(:atiatc<;  on  the  glory  of  the 
capital,  that  eternal  city,  to  whnfc  empire  Jupiter  Jnd  not  aflij^iicd  any 
limit*,  aud  which  was  di  Oined  to  reign  over  all  ifaaon»,  and  during  all 
ages.  Sochafubjeft  rr  ^ aired  a  truly  poetical  genius;  und  Rutiiiu»  is 
<ialy  a  cold  df cjaimcr,  v,  h<>  ftrain*  bis  faculties  to  flring  commoti-jilace 
thouj^hts,  withotit  findi::";  in  natMrr  nn.]  fiimrcit  colours  fitted  to  adcra 
his  theme.  Thi»  theme  indeed  would  :iot  Imvr  hrfn  chofen  by  a  judici- 
ous writer;  for  the  reign  of  Houonuft  wah  nut  a  proper  period  fur  dc- 
fcribfOf  the  gre«tne(s  of  Rome;  a  greatnefs  long  lincc  fallen  to  decay. 
A  veneration,  and  rven  terror*  for  her  name,  had  been  ittpported  by 
her  antiquity  at;.?  extent  of  empire.  But  the  illufion  was  now  n\\  r. 
The  barbarians  gradually  kucw,  defpifcd,  and  dellroytd  her.  Crt  M 
Britain  (sparaced  from  the  emp.rc;  the  Goths,  Vandab,  and  cucvt 
qWrHowed  the  fiodi  proviACca  of  Spain  and  Gauls  and  when  RutUiiit 

wrot*-. 


1 7<^3«  Tttmaitrede  Rome^Je convlens  que  netrepcrt^t^, qui  toyoii 
'^y^  tow  ces  malhears,  a  pris  hi  feole  foitrn«me  4}ui  Ini  re  (loir  $ 
f^n  les  difliinttkr»  \\  les  oppofe  aair  jdtttiUket  de  Camies  et 
if  Aliie^  poor  faife  fenttr  qoe  llMitf  n'eprotivoU  jamais  &d 
itvers,  que  pour  s*en  re  lever  encore  plus  fhrittuaM,  Com-' 
paraifon  foible  et  Isiuffr.  Tout  efoit  chati^  itepais  let  gi»* 
cms  Funiqota.  Du  terns  de  RstUivs,  terns  les  reflbrt# 
ifu  gouvemeiiient  etolent  nfes  $  le  cara£^^e  nadeivai,  Im 
leiigion,  If  s  principes  des  loix^  h  diftipiiivfi  mttkaiTtf ; 
torn  jufqu'au  fiege  de  ^empire  et  a  lalangiK!  memc,  fuc* 
comboit  fofts  le  terns  eC  Ics  reyoiufions,  oti  n'tntftoit  dejil 
pin.  II  etoit  difficile  qse  cct  empire  fe  reWar^  msn^ 
quand  il  anroie  eu  cc  bonheiir*  c'ctoir  |dttt5t  i'empifc  dv 
Conftantinople  ou  de  Ravenne,  que  celcri  dc  RoHMW  ' 
ITnc  deft  qvr  torek  daime  femtr  i  Ratiffw,  eombicit 
lbs  di^gca  MieaX  d^oonrviw  d«  ^rite  ef  de  miimi^ 
blMRre,  c^ift  nmage  nu§t  ct  e(Mifufe»  qu^il  ft  Icmm  dtt 
Rome)  perfomdifte.  |ta  teiiM  de  WirpiCi  elle  auialt  M 
jnfte*  HofnCf  legaiifte  eoninie  iine  il^efff  qvHm  tivr oquoi^ 
dansiesteitipTeSiexKMc  potirIc9prapie»«uAbien  quepoyr 
Its  poetn.  Mbe  dC9  cieoyen^i  Malttcft  dt^pumom^ 
die  repreiemoft  cct  empire  qui  M  ebMbit.  Mais  kirrfve 
rempire  n'etnic  plue  qu^m  afefiillage  de  pays  ftpiiim»aiir 
indnc  prhnect  Rome  fai  etoit  <feveniio  ^rangcre^  ci  ceite 


wrote,  Ahric  had  already  been  for  fix  years  maftcr  of  Rome.*  T  ac- 


4eicati  of  Allill  and  Cannx,  to  (hnr  that  Rome  never  fbiTcred  a  rcverfe 
of  fortune  withovt  rifirg  more  vigorous  from  the  fhock.  But  the  com« 
parifon  feeble  and  (alfc.  Since  the  Punic  wars,  circumftancei  were 
totally  changed,  fn  the  t[ttit  of  Rntnius,  the  fprings  of  govetnment 
WttB  worn  out;  the  national  characl or,  n  ligion,  laws,  military  difci- 


would  have  been  difficult  to  revive  the  empire;  but  even  could  that  have 
been  effeftcd,  it  would  have  bcea  the  empire  of  Confttntitmpfe  or  Ra. 
"VMHNi,  nthcr  thto  tbtt  of  Rome.   Rutilius  might  have  felt  how  defti* 


■ad  invoked  in  temples,  had  an  exigence  in  the  opinion  of  the  anslritude 
as  well  as  in  the  ^ncy  of  poett.   As  the  mother  of  the  clttz«nS|  and  th« 

TniftriTs  of  tV  :  yirr  vincee,  her  ramf  recr^lled  the  image  of  her  empire  : 
but  when  this  cm]  ire  cunfifttd  in  the  atTemblagc  of  nations,  fu))]r<S  to 
the  fame  prtncc,  Rome  was  no  longer  iu  fovercign ;  anJtWac.ty,  re- 
duced to  an  idea  mcrelj  phjiieal,  rmrefented  nothing;  more  but  w:illfl. 
temnksi  and  hbofen  boitt  on  feven  hills  and  on  the  baoki  of  the  Tyber. 


The 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

rkn  que  des  murs,    des  templcSy  et    des  maifons 

baties  fur  fept  moiitagnes,  et  fituees  for  ]es  bords  du 
Tybrc.  Le  refle  du  voyage  de  Rutilius,  eft  d*un  plus 
grand  prlx.  Ce  font  des  objets  plus  (Implcs,  mais 
plus  T'-'cls,  t]LiM  a  vus  a.v;:c  un  cipr.t  CJ^.b^^:r^■atK:'^, 
ct  nif;i  ilccTit  avec  cet  air  dc  veriLc  et  dc  Vivacite, 
qui  tliilingue  toujours  ce  qui  eft  le  rLlitkat  de  notre 
experience',  djs  fruits  de  la  letlluic,  dc  la  meditation, 
ou  ds  i'inveitLion.  On  voyage  fort  a  iou  aifc  avec 
Kui:lius  ;  on  parcourt  les  cotts  de  I'Etruric  deja  pref- 
que  cielertc  ;  on  voit  les  ruines  des  villes,  le  coup 
tl  oL-il  du  pays  et  tous  les  lieux  que  I'art,  ou  la  nature 
avoient  tir^s  de  la  foule.  Le  voyagcur  n*oublie  point  les 
ifles  du  voifinage  ;  et  la  curiofite  Tcngage  plus  d'une  fois 
a  p^ntitrer  dans  rintcricur  des  terres.  11  cgaye  dc  terns 
€11  tenis  la  I'^chcrcfTe  d'un  poeuie  didacli(|i!c,  par  des  di- 
grellions  liccs  avcc  Ton  fujet*,  et  qui  ne  i'en  eloignent 
pas  trop  :  Ic  carnclerc  des  Lff-jfiy  I'oritrinc  de  I'ufage  du 
ter,  la  religion  Julvt:,  les  niomcb  Chretiens,  &c.  Je  le 
louede  n'avoir  pafi  admis  le  merveilleux  dans  fa  relation, 
toute  ferieufe  qu'elle  eft.  En  eflct,  il  convient  mal  dans 
un  pocme,  ou  Tauteur  parie  dc  lui-memc.  Notre  ima- 
gination aime  ce  merveilleux^  notre  raifon  le  rejette.  A 
confiderer  cette  fbi  conditionelle  que  nous  avonst  cette 
aUufioD  imparfaiie  qui  nous  domine  dans  les  ouvrages  de 

Vol.111.  C  fiAion^ 


The  remainder  of  Ratilhii*  Toyagc  it  fttmped  with  a  Itigher  value. 
The  objedb  which  he  defcrihet  have  not  only  more  fimplicity,  bttt 
•lib  more  reality ;  and  a<  they  were  obferved  with  attention,  they  are 
painted  with  thofe  colours  of  truth  and  nature,  which  always  diftin- 
guifli  the  refulc  of  experience  from  the  fruit  of  ftudy  and  inventioo. 
Bf  a  dtftioA  and  etiy  rotd  he  conduAa  itt  atoBf^  tlie  coaft  of  Etrttria» 
which  was  become  almoft  a  defert ;  he  points  out  the  ruins  of  citie»,tlift 
beauties  of  the  Undfcape,  and  all  thofc  places  which  were  difllnguifhed 
either  by  art  or  nature.  Our  traveller  forgets  not  the  ncighhourin^ 
illat;  and  htscurioiity  leads  him  more  than  once  into  the  interior  of 
die  eoontry .  The  dryneit  of  a  dtdaAic  poem  »  oecafionally  enjiveoed 
by  digreffioni  either  immediately,  or  not  too  remotely  conneAed  wicb 
tlic  fubjcd  ]  ;  fuch  as  the  charai^cr  of  the  Lepidi,  the  difcovery  of  the 
ute  of  iron,  thr  Jtwifh  rrliginn,  .-.nd  the  ChritHnn  monks.  He  it 
worthy  of  cummcnddtion  ior  not  giving  to  his  narrative,  ferious  a&  it 
m,  too  modi  of  the  marreUout  %  which  never  betomet  a  poem,  where 
the  author  is  his  own  berOt  The  marvellous  is  pleaflng  to  our  fancy, 
j,  ^^!^?^^cd  hy  our  retfon.  When  we  cnnfidcr  tliat  conditional  faith 
aod  uoperfe^  dclulion  with  which  we  are  aftedcd  in  works  of  fi^aOy 

f  1  txBtft  bit  inve^ve  againll  fitilico,  ^    v.  41. 

U 


s9  EXTRAIT^  DU  JOURNAL. 

1^6^*  fi£lion,  on  croirolt  voir  un  conflit  df  deux  puiflances 
\^^y^m^  cnnemics  ;  etat  de  lui^:«iiii:,  cjui  p^ur  lublUlcr  que 
par  I'eloignemcnt,  I'oblcurite,  ou  Ic  mcivcilleux  dcs 
garants  et  dcs  aclcurs.  Defquc  le  poHtc  feroit  k  la  fois 
I'un  ct  I'autrc,  il  nous  ramcneroit  trop  a  Tordre  com- 
mun  dcs  chores,  et  notre  illuiiun  volonuiic  auroit  de  la 
peine  ^  fc  foutcnir. 

2.  L'ouvrage  de  Rutilius  Tc  fait  lire  avcc  plaifir.  II  eft 
int^reflant  ct  utile  ;  mais  pourquoi  ^crire  en  vers  P 
C'ctoit  faire  violence  a  fon  genie  et  i  fon  fujet.  La  re- 
lation d'un  voyage  convenoit  au  philofophf>  ^  rhommc 
d'efprit,  au  bon  6crivain,  mais  elle  n*a  aiicuii  rapport 
avcc  !e  ]>r^»etc.  Lorfqu'on  veut  trailer  en  vers,  un  fujet 
tout  utii  et  tout  iimple,  il  n'cft  prf'fque  pas  poirible  de 
conlcrver  a  ia  fois  le  ton  des  chote"^  ct  cclui  dc  la  verfifl- 
cation.  Celui-la  nc  dcmnTid"",  il  ne  comportc  mcme  que 
1:1  Ticttct6,  et  quclques  orti  rnens  difpolr'^  -n  c  c  r-.rt  ct 
menaj^es  avcc  foin,  Cvl.:i-ci,  qui  do't  iuj^poler  i'en- 
thoufialme  cb.ez  le  poete,  et  Texcitcr  chcz  ic  Icctcur,  nc 
cherche  que  Tenerqie  et  Tharmonie,  et  Icur  lacriBe  fans 
peine  toutcs  les  beautes  d*un  ordre  infericur.  Lapoefie 
a  fon  langage  particutlitr.  II  ne  convient  qu'aitx  gnuidf 
mouvemens  de  Tame.  Ce  n'ed  done  que  pour  eui 
qu^il  eft  fait.  Le  poete  qui  cherche  2  remplojer  dans 
un  fujet  qui  laiflcra  i'ame  tranquUle  et  fans  fentation,  ie 
trou?era  plac6  entre  deux  icuia)9  qu*il  nc  pontra  gueres 

^viter* 


it  ftiould  fftin  ri^  if  there  wn«  a  conflid  uftwohollile  powers,  by  which 
the  mind  it>  kept  in  a  Hate  of  fufpcncc,  that  can  only  be  mairttained  by 
dUUnce  and  obfcurity,  and  an  air  of  niyitcrj  hanging  over  either  the 
mdor  or  tbe  imthor.  When  the  poet  unites  both  charadcrt  in  his  own 
pcrfoOi  we  ins  difpofed  to  examine  hat  oamtivr  hy  the  manmt  of  ex- 
perience ;  and  our  voluatBTf  ddufion  ctooot,  withont  the  greateft  diffi* 
culty.  be  fupponcd. 

4.  Rutiliu*'  voyage  is  rcikd  with  j>lcafurc  i  it  i»  intcrclling  and  ufe- 
fsXi  but  why  waa  it  written  in  irerfie?  Poetry  feema  equally  to  miibe* 
come  the  fubjeA  and  the  genius  of  the  author.  The  narradve  of  u 
▼pyage  conic*  very  properly  fmm  :i  phi!^fopher,  a  ni  in  (  f  part?,  or  a 
fine  writer,  but  has  no  connc-diun  wah  vcifc.  Wh- n  v.  -  ;  rtcmpt  to 
adorn  with  numbers  a  fubjcA  plain  and  fiinpic,  k  is  karctiy  poihbk 
that  our  ftyle  flioold  not  be  either  unpoctical  or  improper.  The  fuW 
jcA  requires  cafe,  pcrfpicuity,  prccifion,  and  feme  ornamenta  intro* 
dn-C('>  ff .ifonably,  and  \vith  a  fp^ring  hnnd  Hut  the  pn-  t.  'r.  rrdor  to 
affcd  hi»  reader  with  enthufufm,  muft  firit  kcl  it  himk!l  ;  iic  muli  aim 
at  energy  of  cxprefiQon  and  harmony  of  nurobcrB;  and  be  willing  to 
lacrlfice  to  them  all  beautiea  of  an  inferior  order.  The  language  of 
poetry  fuits  only  thofe  fliong  pafTionsof  the  foul,  by  which  ic  was  oti- 
frinally  pro(l.!f?d  :  and  he  who  sttempts  to  cniii!  .y  ihh  l.tngtiaire  on 
topics  which  k^vc  ihc  mind  in  tranquillity,  wiii  iiiidhimlcU  between 

two 

« 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

fviter.  II  echoucrn  tour  a  tour  centre  I'un  et  i'autre. 
lei  )a  force  dc  ion  coloris,  defipurera  la  fimplicit6  dc  fon 
objcr,  au  lieu  dc  I'embelHr.  U  ic  poetc  ne  fe  fcra  fcntir 
^uc  par  rharmonie  des  vers,  pendant  que  Ics  expreffions 
feront  froides  et  profaiques.  Toutes  ces  r6Hexions  con- 
Ttennent  au  voyage  de  Rutilius.  Se$  id^es  font  ing^ 
nleufes^  plac6e$  avec  art,  et  vendues  avec  clart^,  avec 
precifion,  et  avec  gout.  Mais  ia  poeTie  eft  lache  ec 
tralnante,  fans  nerfs  et  fans  harmonie«  On  voit  qu^ 
s'eft  d^fi^  quelquefois  de  lui«meme,  et  qu'il  a  voula  fup* 
pl^r  aux  dons  de  la  nature  par  Ics  reffources  de  Fart  $  ref- 
fourccs  ibibleset  uf^esyqu'onpardonnc  a  peme  aux  grands 
lioiiimesi  mai's  qa*on  a  raremcnt  befoin  de  leur  pardon* 
ner.  t.  Rutilius  paroit  avoir  cm  que  les  mots  lonores, 
qui  remplifToient  le  mieux  la  bouche,  frappoient  auffi 
plus  agreablement  I'oreille.  Mais  j'aurois  voulu  qu*il 
eut  abandonn6  aux  poetes  Malabares,  un  ufage  qui  n'eft 
digne  que  d*eux.  Jc  doute  que  Bdlerophonteh  foHicHudU 
Mus  *  foit  jamais  cit^^  que  pour  la  fmgularite  de  deux 
mots  qui  rempliiTent  an  vers  pentam^tre.  2.  II  fe  doone 
beaucoup  de  licences  les  plus  bardies,  pour  des  mots 
nouTCaux,  00  des  liaifons  eztraordinaires.  II  renffit  ra« 
Tement.  Quoi  de  plus  fbrc^  que  €e»mtbium  pour 
^iUum  f  ^  mis  ^atme  beaucoup  T^pstbete  de  itgiferit 
appliqu^e  aux  triompbes  des  Romsuns.  lis  produifoient 
iicceflairement  les  loix  et  Tordre :  c'^toit  pour  ainfi  dire 

C%  te 


tWD  fftcfcti  oii<m«  of  nthich  henufl  (hipwreck  ;  the  bnlliancy  ef  fcb 
«tpre(rion  will  cither  milbccomc  the  fimp!iciry  of  hi?  thoughts,  or  the 
tamenefs  of  hi*  word*  and  phrafes  will  ilifiracc  the  dignity  of  vcrfc. 
All  thcfc  rcficdioh>  arc  applicable  to  Rutiiiu»'  toyage.  Hw  ihoughti 
arc  ingenious,  artfally  arranged,  and  exprefled  with  dcunefs,  pred* 
fioQ)  and  tafte.  But  his  poetiy  i«  mean  and  creeping,  dcftitttCe  of 
ftrength,  andderoid  of  harmony.  We  fee  that  he  diftrulls  his  natural 
▼»|jotir,  and  has  rccourfc  to  contrivance*  ot  art;  contrivances  weak 
and  common,  fcarceiy  pardonable  in  great  autlioi^,  and  for  which  thcf 
fddom  ftand  in  seed  of  pardonr.  I.  RucUhra  feemt  to  hrtt  thooghc 
that  fwelUng  wordt,  which  beft  filled  the  mouth,  were  alfo  moft 
pleafing  to  the  car.  But  I  wtlh  fuch  words  wrrc  rcCgncd  to  Ori- 
efital  prict«,  of  whom  only  they  arc  not  unworthy.  I  doubt  whe- 
ther BtHtrmfboniai  Jnii'utimdtnthus  *■  be  ever  quoted,  except  on  ac- 
cooitt  of  the  fiogtUarity  that  two  worda  Ihouid  conipole  a  pentaoieter 
mfe.  %.  He  b  bold  even  to  liccntioufncfs  in  forming  new  word^l 
or  giving  new  comhinations  to  the  old.  What  cat;  be  more  forced  than 
niiofr  ^i,fini,!'t!/m  for  torakiim  |  /  1  am  pSea^ed  however  with  this  epithet 
l^i/trif  appiiLa  to  tlic  Roman  triumphs.   Lawa,  order,  asd  civilk/ 

•  RiitiL  Itar.JL.  L  450.      f  14esBt  I'*  i* 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

k  fruit  qu'ils  portoient  3.  J'ai  era  apper^evoirqucl- 
ques  rimes  Mais  elles  font  en  trop  petit  nombrCt  pour 
decider  (i  elles  font  I'effet  de  iMiegligenoe,  ou  d'011 
maavais  goiit»  que  la  corruption  de  la  langue  et  Ic  com* 
merce  avec  les  barbares^  qui  avoient  des  vers  rim^s,  io* 
trodttifoient  peu  ^  pen  parmi  ]es  Romaias. 

3.  Les  auteurs  fe  peignent  dans  leurs  ecrits.  Ceft 
une  mauoie  au0i  mte  qu'elle  eft  ancienne.   On  peut 
ajouter  que  lorfqu'on  apper^oit  des  ombres  dans  le  por- 
trait, elles  font  furement  dans  I'original.   Le  cara&ere 
de  Rutiliusnie  parok  aimable ;  j'y  vois  de  I'amour  pour 
U  patrie,  et  furtout  pour  fa  patrie  malheureufe  i  un 
coeur  fufceptible  d'amiti^»  un  fouvenir  tendre  et  refpcc- 
tueux  pour  la  memoire  d'un  pert.   Tant  de  belies  qua- 
*  lit^s  feroient-elles  £clipf(^s  par  un  peu  de  vanite  ?  Ru- 
tiltus  repaile  avec  ptaifir  toutes  fes  grandeurs  i  et  cette 
patrie,  ces  anii;^,  et  cc  pere  lul  deviennentpluscherspar 
la  liaifon  qu'ils  ont  eue  avec  fes  honneurs.   Cette  vanite 
fait  piti^.   Cic^ron  ne  fe  vantoit  pas  d'avoir  ^t^  Conful» 
mais  d'avoir  fauv^  la  republique  pendant  fon  confulat. 
Je  pardonne  plus  volontiers  aux  hommes  de  s'^norgueil- 
lir  de  leurs  talens  et  de  leurs  a£^ions»  que  de  tirer  vanit6 
de  quelques  emploisi  de  quelques  titres,  vaines  et  frivo- 
les  didinflions  de  la  fociete.     Rutilius  dctciloit  les 

Juifs, 


were  prodnced  by  thofc  triumpht*  and  were  their  ordiiuuy  fraiti.  s* 

1  thought  t!ut  1  had  ilifcovtrtd  fonie  rhymes  but  they  arc  too  few 
to  enable  us  to  determine  whether  they  ought  to  be  afcribcd  to  ncgli- 

S:ncc,  or  were  tiic  effed;  of  that  bad  tafte,  which  the  corruption  of 
Dguige  and  cofmeAioo  with  the  berbariatu,  whi»  were  fond  of  rhyme, 
gradually  introduced  antong  the  Romans. 

^.  Authors  defcril)L'  tlieiufc  Ives  ill  their  works  :  a  maxim  as  true  at 
it  is  ancient.  We  ni:iy  adiitli.it  the  Ihadcs  \v]ii:h  appear  in  the  pi(5ture, 
certainly  were  to  be  lound  iti  the  oti^iuai.  i  lie  character  of  Rutilius 
appear*  to  me  to  have  been  amiable.  I  perceive  a  love  for  hit  cottntry, 
efpecially  in  its  adveriity;  a  heart  fiilceptible  of  friendihip,  «o4  a  ten« 
dcrand  n  fpi  <Hful  regard  for  the  memory  of  his  f  ithcr.  Arc  fo  many 
good  qualities  to  fuifcr  a  total  crhpi'e  from  a  little  k  f  nuch  vanity? 
Kutiliuft  reviews  the  Hages  of  his  greittucU  with  complacence  ;  hi$ 
eountry*  hit  friepdi,  hit  father,  arc  endeared  to  him  by  their  connedioo 
with  his  own  honours.  His  vanity  is  contemptible  Cicero  boafied 
not  of  hcin^  conful,  hut  of  favtn^  the  republic  in  hi?  conl'ulfhip.  Men 
may  be  more  ealiiy  pardoncd^for  being  proud  of  their  adliont  and  ta- 
lentt»  than  for  vahung  themfetveaon  their  employments  and  titles,  the 
vain  and  fiivolotti  diiUndtoni  of  fbctety^  Rutilim  detefied  the  Jewi^ 

*  Ruc.l.  lur.  L.  1.  J9,  jG^,  &c 

and 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

Joifs,  et  m^prifoit  ks  Moines*  Lui  en  feroft  oh  un- 
crime  ?  J^aurois  voqIu  i  la  y^rite,  que  fes  fentimens 
euflent  eu  un  principc,  et  un  ton  p]us  philorophlcjue* 
Mais  il  ^oit  Payen,  il  voyoit  fa  religion  s'afFaifler  fotfs 
le  poids  de  la  vieilleflfei  et  entrainer  Pern  pi dans  fa 
chute.  Les  Chretiens  infultoient  il  la  rutne  de  fa  fed^e, 
qu'ils  croyoient  prccipiter  par  kurs  perfecattons.  On' 
peut  bien  lui  pardonner  un  peu  de  mauvaife  humeur. 
QuQi  de  plus  vif  que  le  tableau  qu*il  fsut  des  Moities  de 
l*mc  Ceprariaf  Quoi  de  plus  fenf6  que  Ics  reflexions* 
dont  il  l^ccorjpigne  ?  La  folic  de  ccs  folltaires,  qui 
pcnfoient  que  la  Divinite  voit  avec  plalfir  ks  louuianccs 
dc  fes  crL\.uuL'i>,  cioit  extreme  ;  mais  1  m  conduite  ctoit 
confequente.  Si  Riitilius  avoit  vecu  uans  Ic  douzieme 
ficcle,  qu' iurc/:t  il  dit  de  Icurs  fucceflcurs,  qui  avoicnt 
mis  en  ojuvrc  la  p..a»  rcte  volontaiie  et  riiumilite,  pour 
acqucrir  relLimc  des  peuples,  et  qui  avuiciit  proiite  de 
cette  eUii«c  pour  s' ippioprier  des  (ouvcraiiietes  tcmpo- 
rcUcs,  et  la  moiiic  de.s  richcil'cs  de  TEiirope  ? 

Decembre  20."' — J'ai  lu  le  "jQur/htl  (h  (  Savans^  pour 
les  mois  de  Janvier,  Fevrier,  et  Maib  176^^.  Jc  ne 
faurois  dire  ronibieii  je  fuis  content  dc  cc  Journal  ;  le 
favoir,  h  precif^on,  et  le  bon  gout  en  font  Ic  c  aracUre; 
mais  i'aiinc  lurtout  un  ton  qui  lui  ^(t  unique^  un  ton  de 
mod(  ration,  d'impartialitc,  qui  dillinque  avec  fureto  et 
avec  plaiiir      bcautesd'uh  ouvragCj  ct  qui  en  releve  les 

defauts 


apd  dcfpifed  the  monks.  Was  this  in  him  a  crane  ?  I  coulj  v.  ifh  indeed 
ttot  hi*  feelings  had  been  exprcfled  with  more  plialofophica!  Bnodera- 

tion,  and  rcltcsl  ou  a  bcucr  principle.  But  he  wa«  a  P^giu.,  wliO  Lc- 
held  hi$  religion  ruiljiiig  uuJ'-r  iht  weight  of  ycar^,  and  involving  th<; 
empire  in  its  fall.  The  Oirifii.t^  inlultcd  ilic  dec!!!"  *  i'  hh  fcA-*\ 
wiuch  they  ciiUtavoatcd  to  lialku  by  pcriccution.  iiiti^  bud  liu- 
inowr  yf»A  excuriMe.  Nothing  can  be  more  aiiimfttcd  than  hk  dc- 
fcffiption  of  the  mouks  in  the  iile  of  C?apraria,  or  more  judicious  than 
the  rcflcdions  with  wl/uh  i:  is  accompanied.  The  folly  of  t!u.rj  jnonl:s 
ii  extreme,  in  tliinking  that  God  took  plcafure  in  the  fuffcriiigs  of  his 
c(eaturc»  :  but  tlicir  cuudu<fl  was  conformable  witli  their  priuciplc^. 
Had  Rotilittt  lived  io  the  twelfth  century,  what  would  be  have  faid  of 
f heir  fucceJIbrt,  who  availed  thcmftlvcs  of  their  voluntary  poverty  and 
I.uiuility,  foac-^uirc  iJ.c  cP.ctiii  of  th  ■  nr.iltitudc,  and  of  that  cllctrn  to 
appropriate  ta  thcoUcivcs  icmporal  power,  and  half  the  riches  ot 
Europe  I 

Pectmber  39  }— •!  read  the  yturmU  in  for  the  months  of 

January,  Fclruiry,  and  M«rch,  1763,  1  can  hardly  cxprcfi  how 
luuch  I  am  delighted  w  ith  tliis  Jotirnal ;  its  charawleriilics  arc  t-rudiiiun, 
fUKciitfiiiy       to^c  I  but  what  1  nu^ft  tidailre  u  tluit  unpoitiality  and 

caudour 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

d^fatits  avec  beacon p  dc  fang  froid,  ct  mcmc  de  tendreffc- 
Ce  Journal^  le  perc  de  tous  les  autres,  en  eft  ^  prefent 
le  tneilleur.  II  doit  meme  avoir  nouvellcment  acquis 
dee  travailleurs.  Je  voudrois  connoitre  celui  k  qui  nous 
devons  un  morceau  excellent,  c*cil  Tanalyfe  et  la  criti- 
que de  la  nouvelle  tragedie  de  Zelmire.  On  ne  pent 
fouhaiter  I  ce  Journal  qu'un  peu  plus  de  hardicOe  ct  de 
philoibphie ;  mais  il  eft  fait  fous  les  yeux  du  Cliancelier. 

Decembre  33.] — ^J'ai  lu  deux  morceaux  de  Virgile, 
tres  intereilans  pour  la  g^raphie  |  U  CataUgue  de 
PArmee  de  l  urnus,  L.  vii  64 1 — 8 17  \  €t  dim  dig  Sec9i$rs 
qu  Efjee  tira  de  I'Etntrie,  L.  x,  214}  pour  les 

reflexions  que  cette  le£ture  m'a  UXt  n4tre  V.  L  dc 
mon  nouveau  Recueil  d'Obfervations* 

04.3— J'ai  Itt  dans  la  meme  Tue  le  Catalogue  de 
rArmeeKomaineavantlabataille  de  Cannes,  par  SUim 
ItMHeuSf  Punie^  viL  334 — 623.  Je  Tai  rela  enfuite 
une  feoonde  hUs,  plutot  pour  le  graver  dans  ma  m^ 
moiie,  que  pour  me  fatisfairc  Ttmagination*   F»  No*  IL 

25.] — J'ai  lu  ia  dnqmeme  Sap^e  du  premier  Liwre 
JtHorace.  Ceft  fon  voyage  dc  B'rtmdufium,  C'eft  tou- 
jours  le  poete  qui  m*a  occupe,  moins  que  le  g^ographe. 
Ce  voyage  m*a  fait  faire  quelque  reflexions  fur  ccux  des 
mcicns  en  g6ncraL    Je  les  ai  railcmblccs,  V,  No. 

et 


^ndotir  which  dif'^nfulfh  the  h  luucs  and  (lcfc6t!«  of  a  work,  giving 
to  the  former  ciuc  and  hearty  ^jruilc,  and  calmly  and  tenderly  poioting 
OQt  die  latter.  Hiis  Jbiinial,  tbe'fothtrr  of  all  the  reft,  is  ftill  their 
fiiperief  t  of  late  it  mufb  have  acqaired  the  help  of  fome  ntw  la* 
bourrr«.  T  fh'>vl<^  Jikc  to  know  th^utlior  of  an  excellent  piece,  an 
analyOs  and  critic  ilm  c  f  the  new  trj^'dy  of  Zelmire.  There  is  nothing 
to  be  wiflic'd  for  in  tins  Journal  but  a  little  more  boIdnti»  and  philofo- 
phy  ;  but  itia  pahliAed  under  the  ChanceUor'tefe. 

December  id.]-**!  read  two  detached  picecf  of  Virgil,  of  great  im- 
portance  in  geography.  The  firft  is  the  review  of  Turnu**  army,  L.  Tii. 
V,  641 — ?li7  :  t^f  ff-rontl,  an  account  of  tho  fuccDur*  which  Eneat 
received  from  Luuru,  i-.  x.  V.  163 — 114.  My  rcfltdions  on  thcfc 
paffagetwiU  be  found  in  No*f.  of  my  new  CollcAion  of  Obierv^ttofit. 

£4.] — I  read  with  the  fame  dedgn  the  review  of  the  Roman  armf  by 
Si\ius  Ifalicus,  htf'^re  the  battle  of  Cann»  ;  Pnnic,  L.vii.  V.  3^4 — 
till.    I  r^'■^^.  ir  ov  r  . '^ain,  rather  to cogravc it 00  juj  memory,  than 
pkalc  uiy  fancy.    i>cc  No.  II.  '  ^ 

25.] — I  read  the  Jifih  Sd&n  At  firBM^f  Htrat*^  cotttaSmn^hia 
iourney  to  Brimdafiufn.  Geography  rather  than  poetry  was  n  bjeft* 
rhi«  fatire  gave  occafion  to  fome  re^e<5lion»  on  the  joumics  «>f  the  an- 
cieota  10  gcoeral,  which  i  have  cuUe^ed  in  No.  lU.  and  from  which 

•tho 


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fiXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


ttVcm  pent  voir  avec  combicn  peu  de  fondement.  Ad- 
dlfon  a  8ppr6ci^  les  jouriito  ordinaire$  d'un  Seigneur 
Kooiain  ^  <)uatorzc  milies* 

D^cembre  26*]— »J'ai  iu  pluifieurs  Dfjetiathns  dam  U 
vingf  figumfi  titmt  d€t  Menmres  de  PAcadtmt  dis  Belles 
iettreSf  qui  pouToient  avoir  du  rapport  avec  mon  objet 
a^ueK — Mimsire fur  k  MUU  RomaitSf  par  M»  ^Amnlle^ 
J).  346-^362.  Ce  favant  le  forma  fur  le  r^fultat  d'un 
grand  oombre  de  mefures  particulierea,  prifes  fur  la  voje 
fmtliemie^  et  dans  lea  environs  de  Milan^  et  denne  au 
mUle  Remain  756  toifes  de  longueur.-^i^ar^^wy Jtir 
mtelques  F^ntt  de  P^ncUme  Geographies  par  M*  de  la 
Nawu^  f,  362 — 397.  11  s'agit,  i.  De  Rome  I  Aricia  s 
elle  itint  certainement  de  16  milles  Romains  de  128 
ftades.  Si  Strabon  lui  aOigr.c  160  (lades,  il  faut  s'en 
prendre  ^  fon  ignorance,  ou  d  cellc  de  fon  copiile,  ct 
imlkment  al  un  (lade  particulicr  qu'il  n*a  point  employe 
dans  L'  .  environs  dc  Rome.  2.  Pime  ic  trouve  d'accord 
avec  5tia.)un,  qu  .ti  l  I!  [a  ir.ivcrlcc  clc  Ih.lrunlum  ;  a 
1*1  cute  d'Epire;  tic  50  iiiiiicb  Roniair.s.  3.  11  y  avoit 
deux  cfpeccs  de  Ihidcs  ;  rautiea  cioit  d^--  an  iniile,  le 
moderue  n'etoit  que  de  Imit.  La  diitinction  parolt  ne* 
cellaire.  Mallieiiieufement  elle  ne  fait  que  niettrc  I*in- 
certitude  a  la  place  des  diificiiltes.  4.  jufqu'aii  temj 
ci'Aueufle,  on  comptoit  les  milles  depuis  Ics  povrcb  de 
Komc  i  le  milliaire  j|  qu^on  y  trouvoit  n'ecoit  qu'un 

miile 

the  ft  a  \:  r  ■will  f.c  v\'ith  how  little  foundation  Mr.  Atldifon  edimaus 
the  oriiiiidry  da) '»  journey  of  a  Koman  nobleman  at  fourteen  miles. 
December  a6  ]— 1  read  feveral  diflcrtitioni  in  the  Hpeafy  fxtb  Vwm 

lynt  0/  tie  MeMiirs  if  tit  Jiademy  of  Bclltt  Lettres,  relative  to  ttVf  ptC- 
ient  purfuif. — AL'fxn  rj  /  Mr.  D* An-jU'e  cn  tht  Roman  Ml!.,  /.  346 — • 
361.  T  he  rcfuii  i»  Jriwn  by  this  learned  man  from  a  1  i:nih;T  of  parti* 
tuUr  inii«.»  mcofured  on  the  Emiliau  way,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Mi!aQ*   He  maket  the  Roman  mile  756  ftthomt  long.— i^^iMrl*  bit 

fimt  PtitUief  ancient  Geography ^  iy  M.  de  ia  Nauzt^  p,  36a— 397.  He 
trears,  I.  Of  ihc  d'.f^aiuc  bttwccn  Rome  and  Aricia  :  it  w.s  rctfairly 
16  Rom^D  p  ilciy  or  \  i%  fladia.  Though  Strabo  nukca  it  160  Itadia, 
thismuft  be  imputed  cither  to  his  ignorance,  or  tlie  fault  of  his  tran* 
fcribcrt,  and  Vf  no  metns  to  ki»  reckoning  by  a  purticuUr  ftsdium  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Rome.  2.  Plloj  agree*  with  Strabo  in  making 
the  diflance  from  Hydruutujn  to  the  coaft  of  Fyinn  50  Ror^^-^.n  miLi". 
3.  There  were  two  kind*  of  fiadia  ;  .the  ancient  of  ten,  and  the  mo- 
dern of  eight,  to  a  Roman  mile.  I'his  difUndion  is  a  ncccifary  one, 
Wt  unjofConately  it  only  fabftUutet  uncertainty  for  difficulty.  4.  Ua«  . 
til  the  time  of  Augudue,  <he  mile«  were  rcclc.ned  from  thelites  i>f 
Rome ;  and  the  firft  milc-flone  only  denoted  the  commencement  of  a 
mUc ;  but  when  that  prkicc  creeled  the  gilt  pilhir  in  the  irorum,  the 
'      ■  ^.         "         "     -     >  mile- 


EXTRAm  DU  JOURNAL 


mille  commence.  Lotiqne  ce  prince  cut  etaUi  Je  millt- 
aire  dor6daii«k  Forums  celui  de8  portes  devitit  uii  mille 
T^Tolu,  mais  un  mille  imaginaire  qui  en  contenoit  denx 

ou  trois. 

Decembre  27.]— J'ai  lu  U  Mimmn  i*  PAb^  Eartht^ 
limy  fur  /enuiciitis  Monumem  de  Rome,  p*  579 — 61 1,  dtt 
vmgi  fimeme  i:rnc  des  Menwiret  de  FAcat^mie  des  Bella 
Leitru*  II  eft  plein  de  gout,  cl*6ruditioAt  et  de  bon  fens* 
digne  decc  favantaimable  que  j'aibcaucoup  connu  d  Paris. 
J'aflidai  Tannic  pafs^e  a  la  rentree  de  fon  acad^mie 
aprea  la  fete  de  Paques.  L'Abb^  Barthelemy  de- 
Toit  lire  un  difcours  fur  la  langue  Cophte.  Nous 
le  favions  d'avance)  et  chaciin  blamott  ce  choir  d'un 
fujet  6pinettX9  qui  ne  parolflbit  fait  que  pour  lea  afl^- 
bite  I»rticulieres.  On  vit  avec  un  plaiiir  mel^  de  fur* 
prife^qonabten  notre  Abb^  lerendoit  int^refTant  aux  fern* 
inea  et  aux  gens  du  monde,  qui  I'^outoient,  par  ies 
graces  de  fon  ftyle,  par  la  finefic  de  fa  critique,  ct  par 
fes  prindpes  juftes  et  lumineux* 

3o.]-*II  ne  me  reftoit  plus  rien  i  lire  fur  Tancienne 
geographic  de  ritaUC)  finon  ce  que  Strabon  en  a  eorit. 
^*en  ai  lu  Z.  fv.  i39-«-i44,  etL*v*p,  145 — 157, 
4ati8  la  verfion  Latine  de  Xylandre,  rpvue  par  Cafaubon* 
Strabon  j  parcourt  la  Venetie,  la  Gaule  CifalpinC)  lea 
Alpes^  laLigurie,  rEtrurie,  etrUmbrie. 

Decembre 

IBik-ftooe  ft  die  gatet  denoted  the  cod  of  a  mite  ]  tmt  tbet  nik  de« 

peodcd  oil  the  diftance  of  the  Forun  from  the  feTcralgitfify  aod  con* 

t^iintil  fvvo  or  three  miles. 

JDcccnibcr  a7.j— -l  read  the  AUe  Bartbelftfiy  i  Mtmoir  ch  the  andeni  Af«« 
wmwUt  •f  Jtmff  im  the  Hoenty/xA  vetttme^  ft.  579 — 61 1,  0/  Mm 
mfbn  ^  iht  A  a.i^mj  BtlUt  Lftten,  It  rcplccc  with  tallc,  crudi- 
tiot),  and  jjood  iVnrc  •,  worthy  of  tJie  .iniijhlc  iVholar,  wlu^.-n  I  v-Al 
knew  at  i*a:  i»,  I  was  jiri.rcnt  lufl  yor  .it  thr  puhHc  meeting  of  the 
'Academy,  alter  the  liailcr  ]iuliday6.  1  lie  Abbe  wa«  to  read  a  difcourl'c 
«n  the  Coptic.  Thie  watkoowo  beforehand ;  and  every  Ixxly  blBincd 
the  choice  of  fo  thorny  afuhjed,  that  wai  fitter  to  be  difnifu.l  at  the 
Acadcniy's  private  mcclinp<^.  But  ourpleafiirc  was  hris^Iircncd  by  li  r- 
rifcf  when  wc  f>crceivcd  the  Abhc  rendered  hii  fubje^  uucrcRuig  10 
it  audience  of  people  of  faihion  and  women,  by  the  beauties  of  his 
ftyte,  the  delicacy  ^  hi»  crtttdfiiM»  a&d  hi»  priociplet  of  reaibotog  as 
pfffpicuous  a»  they  were  foUci. 

^^c.  i — There  remained  for  me  nothing  10  read  conc?rntn»^  the  ancient 

fcogrdphy  of  Italy,  except  the  book*  of  Strabo  on  that  fubjedl.  I  read 
iv  p-  1S9— 144»  and  L.  p  14.5— 157,  in  Xybnder*t Latin  tranf* 
lation  revifcd  by  Cafaubon.  Strahu  there  treati  of  Veiietia,  Cifalpine 
Gauly  the  Alpt|  l«isuiia»  £tniria>  and  Unbria. 

December 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  2J 

IMceml»re  31]— J'at  lu  Straben  GUgn^h.  L.  h, 
1 1 73,     /».  ttt.  1 74 —  1 99 ;  tn  faount  fenlement  • 
la  {Kurtk  qtki  regatxie  la  Sictle.   Pai  toujours  admM  la 
variety  des  connoifiances  ec  le  grand  fens  dc  Strabon. 
X>'antiquit6  nous  a  laifle  des  ouvrages  plus  briUans,  nsais 
jc  n*en  coimois  aucun  de  plus  utile  et  de  plus  inftra^lif. 

1764,  Janvier  f.] — J*ai  commence  pendant  Ic  moit  1764* 
de  Janvier  les  Faftes  d'Ovide,  dansV^diticm  do  Dauphin. 
Comme  jc  vcax  fairc  fuccedcr  ^  la  g  ^ogrnphie,  Ifs  me- 
dailles  et  Ics  antiquites,  cc  poeme  didacliqii?,  qui  reri- 
ferme  toutc  la  mytholoijic  Romaiiie,  m'  l  p:iru  uiu:  bonne 
introdiiciion  a  Tune  et  a  Tnutre  de  ces  etudes.  Comn";^ 
ouvra;;e  de  pocTie,  ii  n'a  point  foutenu  Tidee  avantngcuk'^ 
que  les  rlogcs  des  ancicns  ct  des  modrrnes  mVn  avoient 
donncci  m  lis  cc  n'cft  pas  ici  que  jc  dois  niVvpliquer  la- 
deffus.  L'edition  ell  dc  Daniel  Crifpiu,  SutiTe  de  nation, 
attachr  a  la  perfonne  da  Daupliin.  C^c  i'eveque  Hiiet 
a  eu  raifon  de  fe  plaindre  du  choix  qu'on  fit  des  Tujcf;, 
pour  cxecutcr  I'idce  heureufe  de  M.  de  Montaulicr  ! 
Cettc  Edition  eft  aflv.'z  belle,  bien  impriniee,  et  corri^ee 
avec  foin.  Le  iibraire  a  fort  bien  execute  h  :h(  he  ;  m:tis 
que  do  chofes  5  reprcndre  dans  celle  de  Tedi^cur  !  Les 
notes  font  au-defTous  de  h  critique.  Elles  ne  lerviroient 
qu'a  unecolicr,  encore  pourroient-elle^  I'e^^.irer  fonvcnt, 
tant  eljes  font  mal  faites.  II  nc  Icur  nmiqii  nt  que  Ic 
ridicule  d'un  cortege  dc  moraie^  ct  memo  de  theoiocic  i 

U 


"December  3r.>— I  retd  Slrth*$  Getgrapij^  L,  h.  fi,  1 57^x73, 

X.  vi.fi.  174  — T99;  having  flcippcd  over  thaf  part  which  relates  t<>  St- 
cily.  I  have  always  been  an  admirer  of  Strabo's  good  fcnfe,  an*!  varii  ty 
of  kBOvrlcdge.  Antiquity  has  left  us  more  brillunt  pcrfortuanccb  thua 
his;  but  I  kiww  of  none  more  iolid  uul  mons  ulrfiil* 

1764,  January  1/ — -fn  the  month  of  January  I  beg;an  to  rrad  Oyid'i 
Fafti,  in  the  Da\iph:n  etlition.  Furpofing  to  u  ?d  the  ftmly  of  nici!a!» 
and  antiquities  to  that  ui  geography,  I  thought  thiidida(ftic  porni,  con- 
taintng  the  wbok  Roman  mythology,  would  be  a  good  intrudu«Sion  to 
thofr  piiffttUi.  At  0  poem,  this  work  by  no  nieftns  correfponda  to  the 
farourabte  opinion  which  I  had  conceived  of  it,  from  the  commenda- 
tion* of  ancirni  aii.l  modern  crif'^*  ;  huf  thh  i«;  not  the  place  for  conG- 
dcrisg  it  in  that  light.  The  edition  is  that  of  Crifpin,  a  Swifs,  in  the 
fenrice  of  the  Danphin.  Bilbop  Huet  had  good  reafon  to  complam  of 
negUgence  in  fcieding  competent  perfoni  for  execofiog  Mr.  Montvu*' 
Ccr's  excellent  defij^n.  This  editi«>n  is  handfome,  well  printed,  and  care- 
fully corrcif^rd.  'I'hc  bookffHcr  hns  done  his  part  welh  hut  rhis  is  fur 
from  being  the  cafe  with  the  editor.  His  notes  are  below  criticlfm. 
They  *tt  fit  only  for  «  fchootboy,  ifrho  would  often  be  bewildered  hj 
their  abfufllity.  To  render  them  completely  ridicolou«,  they  wanted 
«niy  «  co|Ho«t»pp«ratiit  of  morality,  and  even  of  theology,  a^  n  fir  :>j«  . 

pcndugo' 


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76 


EXmAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


1764.  la  fuitc  d'un  poete  iibcrtin  cr  Payen.  Leur  auteur  a  cu 
^1  grand  foin  de  le  leur  donner  de  terns  en  terns.  L'intcr- 
pretation  auroit  pu  etre  utile,  en  fubiUcuant  des  mots 
communs  a  des  mots  peu  connus,  et  des  tours  fimples  ^ 
des  tours  poetiques.  ^interpretation  de  Crlfpin  e(i  k  la 
fois  profaique  ct  ampoulee,  auiTi  peu  propre  a  faire  com- 
prendre  les  beautes  d'OvidCf  qn'i  rendre  fon  fens  litt6^ 
ral.  On  a  dej^  rcmarqtie  que  ces  indices  enormes,  qui 
font  un  quart  des  Editions  Dauphmes^  devoient  fervir  i 
d^voiier  IcB  fineifes  tt  lea  tours  particuliers  i  une  langue» 
ou  d  un  auteur}  et  non  pas  1  compter  combien  dc  fois  il 
a  emp'o"^^  gt  ou  dans  leur  fignification  fimple  et  uG- 
l6e«  M.  CriCpin  a  mis  i  ia  tete  des  Faftes  an  cnlendrieir 
ancien.  II  avoue  qu'U.ne  repond  pas  ^  cdui  d'Ovide^ 
niais  il  n'avotc  pas  le  terns  de  les  concilier.  Tout  d^ronte 
un  ledleur  de  cette  Edition,  jufqu'a  Tufage  dc  num^lroter 
les  vers  par  p^gc  *  au  lieu  dc  le  fuire  par  lim;  ce  qui 
eiBp^lie  de  verifier  la  moindre  citation. 

J'ai  lu  quatre  tonut  de  la  Bibliotiieque  Rmfonnrt^  k 
wcffWf  KXKvU^  mfcffvtiif  ft  xKoix.  Comme  je  n'at  plus 
entre  les.msuns  }e  trentc  Jtx&me  tme^  et  qu'il  tie  m'ea 
eft  meme  reft^  qu'une  idee  aflez  confufe^  je  ne  pafletai 
que  d'une  piece  origtaale  qui  m'a  beaucoup  plu*  '  Ceft 
um  DiJertoHm  fovante  it  twriiufkcontn  U  Prctendu  Mar^ 
$jr§  dt  la  Legion  TbehSame,  II  fait  valoir  avec  beaucoup 
de  force  le  filenise  des  coutemporainsj  et  les  d^fauts  <te 

vrai* 


pendage  to  the  poem  of  a  P^igaD  and  a  libertine.  The  author  has  takeu 
care  to  fupply  mx  dcfeft.  Hit  explARuion  imghc  have  been  iiififul»bad 

|ie  fubftituted  comraun  for  unccmmon  word»;  and  fimple  for  poctica| 
phrafes.  But  Cril'pin's  infcrprffatinn  is  at  crce  fivDjieti  £.x\i\  prufiiic; 
equally  unfit  for  difplajing  Ovid's  beauties,  and  fur  niakiag  hu  incuu- 
iDg  ttoderftood.  It  fas*  been  judly  reourked,  that  thofc  enormotia  Jji* 
dicet,  which  commonly  make  a  fourth  p^t  of  the  Dauphin  cditimu, 
pught  to  have  been  employed  In  pointing  out  the  delicacies  uti  l  i  li  in  f 
j'fir  lan'Tu^'^e  or  atithf^r,  lir.d  not  in  ciiumcratir'i' Kcv.'  nuit;  /  times  he  uft  j 
ti  anti  ^ue  in  their  common  fignificatiou.  .  Mr.  Criipm  has  prciixcd  an 
weieot  calendar  to  the  F«fti ;  he  eonfelTef  that  it  doea  not  agree  wtth 
Ovid's ;  he  had  not  time  to  reconcile  them.  Every  thing  di^ifta  \xs  m 
this  edition,  cvrrn  to  the  mode  of  rirkrcnce;  which  is  to  thr  p~pi",  .^rd 
not  to  the  book ;  which  prevents  the  polhbihty  of  vtedfmg  Hia  quota- 
tions. .  ^ 

I  read  four  volumea  of  the  BiUhiiifite  /yl  :«Ar;  the  36th,  37th^ 
38th,  and  39th.  NiiC  having  the  36th  at  hand,  and  retaining  but  « 
confufcd  notion  ff  its  conteutf,  I  f^Kill  only  fpcak  of  one  article  with 
which  I  was  higlily  picafed.  Thn  is  d  learned  aud  curious  JjJlrtJt^cn 
tonterning  the  frtUndsd  M.attyrd<i:n  cf  the  Tbtbjtt^n  Levlun,    Tile  author 

infiila  with  great  force  on  the  improbability  of  the  and  the  fiience  of 
cauanporarywriten.  He  invcAigatei  the  origin  of  afaUeffawfcfvl  to  the 


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E3CTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

yaifeinblince  dans  l*htftoire  m^ine*  H  clMrche  FoTigifie 
d'liiie  £iible  qoi  a  fi  utile  i  T^glife  de  St.  Maarice»  cn 
Valaisy  et  la  fuit  jufqu'au  teinf  d'Eucher^  ^veque  de  Ly* 
ODy  qui  a  vectt  un  ii^leet  demi  aprea  Dioclctieny  et  qui 
Fa  lacoot^  le  premieri  fur  une  tradition  vague  et  ob>« 
fcure.  11  paroit  qu'un  offickr  et  quelques  legionnaires 
avoient  lbuffi:rt  le  maityre  vers  ce  teout  ik  en  Syrie,  mala 
qu*en  paflant  en  Occident,  ils  ^t^ient  devenus  une  legi- 
on entierCf  compoO^e  uniquement  de  Chretiens. 

Le  trente  ftplifmt  tome  de  la  BihUotbequi  Raifonnee  ccm^ 
tient :  Lettre  fur  le  Genre  de  NourrUure  dei  premiert  Hopt" 
PUS :  c'eft  unc  queftion  aulli  oifivc  qu'cllc  eft  vague  et 
obfcure.  Je  nc  vois  point  de  n^ceflite  de  Icur  faire  quit- 
ter Ics  vcgctaux  do  C\  bonne  hcure.  La  tcrre  a  du  ctre 
peuplee  avcc  Icnteur  per  Ics  hommes  ct  Ics  aniiii.iux  ; 
pendant  lung  terns  elle  tuarnlflbit  a.  luui  cs  les races  diffe- 
rcntes,  unc  nouniiuic  :)boiK'antc,  fans  quLllcs  fuflent 
obligees  de  fc  devorer  mutucllement.  A  la  fin  les  ani- 
maux  cioicnt  devenus  ^  charge  ^  l'hom»ne,  qu'iJs  mena- 
^oient  d'afFamer.  Mais  il  a  fallu  un  danger  prcflant, 
pour  I'engager  a  furmonter  i'horrcur  n.iturcllc,  que  le 
iiicurtre  et  le  carnage  nous  infpirent.  Nc  donnera-t-on 
que  t^uatic  ou  cinq  ficcles  a  toutes  ces  revolutions?  — 
Defcr  'ipiloti  de  rOr  'ie^it,  par  M.  PocGcke  ;  favnnte  et  curi- 
eule  \  premier  ti  ihuxtline  Exirait.  On  voit  dans  la  The- 
baidc  Ics  niaifons  des  premiers  homines,  creiilres  d.ms 
Ic  roc.  La  niagniticence  perfedlionna  Ics  ouvragcs  de  \x 
n^cei&t^.  Mais  Tart  des  £gyptie<is  n'avoit  aucun  rap- 
port 

ch'jrch  of  Sc.  Maaricc  in  the  Valley,  and  traces  it  back  to  Eucher,  Biftiop 
ot  i.yon«,  vho  lived  a  century  and  a  half  after  Diocletian,  and  who  fir& 
ffdaced  it  on  Utt  aotbority  of  %  Tagoe  »od  ohfcnre  report.  It  sppeart 
that  fome legionary  foldiert  with  their  ofiicer  had,  ahcut  that  time,  ful- 
fered  martyrdom  iti  Syria.  But  Fjnjc,  in  bringing  this  tranfaclion  td 
tKe  Wrf>,  m^goiiicd  them  into  a  complete  legion  entirely  ccmpofed  of 

The  37th  "vohtme  eodtiiiit  t  LM«r  cpncerniiif  Utc  food  of  the  firft 

men.    1  he  quellion  it  Midle  at  it  is  vague  and  obfcure.    I  do  oot  iee 

the  necefTin-  c  f  niakirg  them  leave  off  vrpetablcs  fn  foun.  The  earth 
ni'aft  have-  bi:(  u  llonly  peopied  with  men  and  antnmix;  and  for  a  long 
iaac  aiulL  iiiivc  fupplied  all  living  tribes  with  fuch  abunduiC  noiiriih- 
meox  at  iiMcIadcd  th«  neceflity  of  dero^viBg  each  odier.  At  iengtb* 
asimab  became  formidable  to  nan,  wlio  watin  danger  of  ftdrvtn|^.  But 
nothing. fhort  of  urj^enl  danger  could  overcome  his  n:itr**?l  repugnance 
to  the  ibedding  of  bluod.  Arc  hve  or  fis  gcturatium  luiucicrt  for  pro- 
ducing all  tiicfe  revolutions  ? — Defchftion  of  the  JSJjJi,  by  Air.  Ftkekts 
lesraed  and  coriooi^  The  houfei  of  the  firft  inhaUitann  of  Egypt  ace 
fiUl  to  be  feen  in  the  Thebaid,  in  the  hollows  of  rock«.  Marrnificcnce 
iasproved  the  workt  of  ncccffity*  The  vu  of  the  Egyptians  bore  no 

leiaiuui 


28 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


1764.  ^  ^^^^  Grecs*  L'un,  aflenri  aux  propoitionsy 
p-^-*^  avolt  Fair  Hbre  ct  hardi  %  Faatre,  abandonnl  au  capfkc 
des  ouvrim>  paroiflbit  extravagant  platot  qu'bnginal.— 
Commerce  E^elnire  de  MM*  Leibnitx  et  Jean  BerneuiHi* 
Ceil  un  plaiGr  d'^tudier  ces  deux  g^mes  puiflans,  de  voir 
la  force  et  la  profondeur  de  I'otiy  la  vari^t^,  T^tendue, 
ct  la  penetration  de  Vtwxe^^Hifloire  de  h  rnwueth  Jfnmee^ 
par,  U  Pert  CharJewtKt  bien  ecfite,  cnrieufe,  etinfidele* 
'^Hiftotr4  di  Lmdi  XL  par  M,  Duclot,  Lonis  XI.  naa» 
interefle  tres  peu  \  fon  iiecle  nous  interefle  beaacoup* 
AuiE  M.  Duclos  a4*tl  neg1ig6  )e  (i^cle  pour  n^envifager 
que  le  prince.— i>/  Georgiqi^es  di  Firgiley  en  Attgim;  par 
M.  Martin  i  utiles  pour  connoitre  la  botaniquc  de  Vir* 

Le  trente  huiiieme  tome  de  la  BMotheque  Ra  'tfonnee  con- 
ticnt :  Milnn^^e  Hark'teny  tome  in,  J'y  vois  le  proces  de 
NicoKts  Antoiiic,  biulc  a  Geneve  eii  16^2,  non  point 
pour  avun  invente  une  hcrcfie  noir  ullc,  imun  puur 
;i\i>Ir  prc  fi5re  Ic  Jutlaiime  au  Chi lituinifme.  Cell  Ic 
j)CiKlanL  lie  i'iiilluire  dc  Scrvct. — D^Jcription  de  V JJlandey 
is*c.  pnr  M,  jindcrfon.  Qu^el  pays  et  quelles  nuxrursi 
fes  habitants  cependant,  n'y  renoncent  qu'avtc  la  vie. — 
I. a  Nctrffite  flu  Cultc  Publii,  par  AI.  df  la  Chapclle^  rofj" 
trc  unc  Lettrt:  anoii\nn\  l/aiH<igo:ii{le  lie  M.  de  l.i  Ctia- 
pelic  e(t  un  niiiiiflre  dans  le  Pays  de  Vaud,  nommc  Ai- 
laDiand,  et  un  des  plus  beaux  gcnics  que  je  connollTe. 
II  a  vouki  embralier  tous  les  genres;  niai^;  cVfl  la  philo- 
fophic  qu'U  a  ic  plus  approfondie.   bur  toutes  les  qucf- 

,  tious 


relation  to  thofc  of  Greece.  The  latter^  harmottiriU  hy  propnrtions, 
were  bold  aod  libeni;  the  former,  tollaved  hj  cipricc,  were  eitrava- 
gant  rather  than  orig^inal. — EpiJUUry  Cwr^ttJcnce  btirvem  Ltihvtm  mmi 

^ 'In  BernoiiiHi.  It  i*  A  plcaftirc  to  contcmpl.^.tc  thtfc  two  v:;jf  rr^'j» 
ntitids :  the  torcc  aiui  depth  of  the  oik- ;  the  v.iri-ty,  (  xtrrt.  ami  j  anc- 
tratioO  of  the  other. —  fbt  Hiflory  of  Nrtu  iy  i^atbrr  Lvuricvi^ix 

WfU  wrirten,  eoruran,  and  vnratthful.— -//^^r^  of  JLewh  XL  iy  Mr, 
p..cl.!.  l.i  w'is  Xf.  i'-  aniininterening  obje^;  hiisgc  quite  the  rcvetfe. 

liut  Mr.  Duclos  h  i*  fhewti  UHOiily  the  prince,  niid  ncglc<Slcfl  flic  I-i'lory 
of  his  age.  ytt^ii'<  dnri^^Llf,  tranf^iitfJ  <.nti  f  f^llfh  by  I^rtyu:  ufcfu] 
for  its  luMiwIetlgc  ut  the  pUntii  mcnnuntil  by  Virgil. 

The  jSth  volnme  of  the  BUlUti^pif  Raifmak  coDtauM  the  Nmrltitm 
MifUUs^y^  vt»iiL  We  meet  with  the  Pncef  of  NichtLt  AtOwty^  Urmt 
at  Ger.n'tj  in  1^32,  not  for  inventing  3  new  hercfy,  but  for  prcfcrrirg 
the  jcwifh  religion  to  the  Chnfliiui.  It  fomis  the  counterpart  m  ths 
hiilory  of  Scrvtiiw.— J5^ri^/i»jf  »f  IfdamJt  hy  Mr.  AnJtrfon,  The  coun* 
try  and  the  manneriof  itt  inhabitante  are  equaiiy  flrangc:  Death  only 
can  make  them  quit  this  wretched  ifIand.«<-«Ti(tf  Stctjfity  •/'  PuLlk  War- 
fh'f^i       ^Tr.  i/r  f.   Ch.rptHe^  in  aifftvfr  to  an  anoffyprcat  J  .-fier .     Mr.  C!u- 

^Uc'i  advcriary  is  a  mifldUr  ifi  the  i'ats  dc  Vaud,  oi  thcnamv  of  AlU- 

uiaud. 


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EXTRA  ITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


tkms  U  s'eft  fait  des  fyftetnes,  ou  do  moins  des  atgumens  I7<S4* 
toujours  origlnaux     toujours  inginieuz.  Ses  idles  ibnt 
Baes  et  lumineufest  fon  exprelfion  heureofe  et  facile* 
.On  lul  repvoche  avec  raifon  trop  de  rafinement  et  de  fub- 
tilite  dans  I'efprit ;  trop  de  fiert^,  trop  d'ambstion,  et 
trop  de  violence,  dans  le  cara£iere«   Get  homme,  qui 
auroit  pti.  eclairer  ou  troubler  une  nation*  vit  et  oiourut 
dans  Tobfcurite.  II  eft  fingulicr,  qu'il  n'ait  prefque  riea 
ecrit,  que  deux  pettts  ottvragesde  Qomm9ude**^Foytgeen 
Egypify^U  Sieur  Grangers  hardi,  mais tres fuperiicieL 
JjCB  canaux  des  anciens  rois  porloient  les  eaux  du  Nil,  et 
I'abondance  dans  tous  les  cantons  de  TEgypte.  Les  Turcs 
*  ne  les  entretiennent  point.   Le  pays  a  perdu  fa  fertility, 
et  le  Sieur  Granger  donne  le  dementi  i  toute  Pantiquite, 
qui  dit  qu*il  la  pofTedoit  autrefois. — Peem  de  Pierre 
dEhato^  fur  Us  Troubles  de  la  Ski/ey  fms  CEmpereur  Henry 
VL  tire  de  la  Bihlicth^que  de  Berne ^  par  M.  Eugel:  il  eit 
aiTcz  curieux.    Dans  les  (iedes  barbures  la  poefie  ticnt 
lieu  d'hiftoire.    AuflTi  en  a-t-ellc  l*exa<flitude. — Lcttrcs 
d un  Francois,  oui ;  fur  les  Jtngloisy  non.    Lc  pauvrc 
Abbe  le  Blanc  ! 

Lc  trrntc  neuvume  tonie  de  la  Biblioti..  que  i^uijltint  t'  cou^ 
ticnt :  Lettre  d'un  BibliolLi.jirt:  dc  Gtv/f  iu,  jur  une  Bulle 
Jingulfoi.  Ji  LiciKitit  y L  Singul'iLirc  en  clVct.  C'cft  une 
permilFion,  accordcc  i  aii  1354,  a  tous  les  confeflcurs  de 
tous  les  rois  de  France,  de  difpenfer  le  prince  des  fer- 
mcns  qu'il  ne  pouriuit  tenir  iazis  quelque  inconinio- 


mand,  apd  never  did  I  know  a  man  of  finer  genius.  His  mind  embmced 
all  kiadi  of  leamiiig,  but  philofbphy  was  hu  principal  ftudy.  On  all 
quefiiont,  he  had  contrived  fyftems,  at  leilLarguments,  equally  new  and 

ingti)iou<».  Mis  ideas  were  refilled  and  pcrfpiciimis;  his  cxpr  fTion  ra- 
tural  and  happy.  He  \V3S  jutlly  rrproachcd  with  too  mu  Ji  lubtLiv  of 
thought,  wiilk  pride,  ambinou,  and  txccffivc  warmth  of  temper,  i  his 
man,  qualified  to  enlighten  or  dtfturb  a  nation,  lived  and  died  in  obfcu* 


are  not  kept  ia  repair  by  the  Turkf.    The  country  hat  loft  ita  fruttfoU 

nefc;  and  Mr.  Granger  «:ivcsi!u:  lie  to  all  ancient  wriurs,  who  declare 


<yf  Bern  by  Mr.  Eugel.  The  work  is  curious:  poetry  i*  the  hiftory  of 
barbarous  aget;  and  ha*  then  all  the  eircutnltautlal  niinutentf^  which 
yiiftoi7  requires  — "  Lettert a/ a  FttndwcMt*  true;  Mtbt  Bt^lifi^*  falft* 

P,:or  Abbe  lc  Blanc! 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL* 

iRxi.  Lt  bibliothfcfttre  fait  det  reflexions  tt  its  Te« 
cherehtSf  qui  repandent  beattcoup  dc  lumtere  fitr  Tau* 
theaticit^y  le  cara^^re>  robier^  et  le  ftyle  de  cette  buUe. 
La  lettre  eft  ^crite  avec  gout  et  moderation.^— ^inm/or 
it  Theodora^  par  M*  MaUtt*  Si  mon  ami  a  jamais  une 
ffloire  poetique,  c^eft  cet  ouYrage  qui  la  lai  donnera.  M* 
SCaty  avoir  foumi  cet  extrait  dont  Mallet  fut  fi  content, 
qu'ii  rechercha  au1!it6t  Ton  amiti^.   Ceft  une  anecdote 

3ue  je  ttens  de  tons  les  deux.^^^^^  de  la  Gotbie  Occi" 
^tntale,  par  M.  Linnmts  $  if  ce/ui  de  ia  Stberiey  par  M, 
Gmeiin  f  ces  deux  expeditions,  la  demiere  furtout,  qui 
a  ouvert  un  monde  tticonnu»  font  bien  Feioge  de$  fou- 
▼crains  du  Nord. — QL-ivrh  de  Virgile^  avec  les  Comtneft^ 
f aires  de  N,  Heinftus  et  de  Pierre  Burman:  c'elt  la  meil- 
leure  edition  de  Virgile  ct  dc  Servius,  comme  cllr;  eft  la 
dcrnlcrc. — P^ffte^  de  Af,  de  Hiillet%  iraduitt's  de  P AlUmiVid, 
Une  imaj^inatio;-!  richcj  une  cncr^ie  de  Ityle,  ct  un  ton 
de  philofophii',  dont  il  a  troiuv'  u  projio^  dc  Ic  tieraire. 

L'unite  ct  la  v  n  iv  ic  font  les  fources  dc  nos  plaifirs. 
L'idec  me  parok  jufls;  inais  clle  n'cft  point  ni  aiVcz 
ncuve,  ni  aflcz  precife  pour  cn  faire  un  livrc.  J'ai  lu 
aufli  les  Lc'ifrcf  de  Lad\  Mary  JVcrtltj  Alontaguff  qui 
vicnncnt  de  paroitrc.  C'elt  la  relation  d*un  voyage  oik 
clle  fuivlt  fon  mari  ambaii'adeur  a  Conftantinople.  ElJes 

font 


deed !  Thii  bull  is  a  pcrmiffioi),  granted  to  I354»  to  all  the  confeflTore 
•f  alJ  tlie  kings  of  France,  to  fruit  difpenfaticwif  to  their  fovereigot  from 

the  obligation  cf  oaths  wluMi  it  migh^^be  incoavcnicnt  fur  them  to  ob- 
fcrvc.  The  librariairB  rLficdions  and  rcfearchc*  throw  much  lipht  on 
the  authentic it]r>  the  character,  the  objcd,  and  the  lijlc  of  this  bulL 
This  letter »  written  ivkhmodenKioQ  and  tafle. — Amudemintwitra^i^y 
Mr,  MalUt.  If  my  friend  (hould  ever  attain  poetic  fame,  it  will  be  acquired 
hy  thii  v.cr!:.  Mr.  Maty  furnifhen  the  extr  ,tv.*l,  which  plcafcd  Mallet  fo 
much  that  hi-  n  qvirflcd  his  friendlbip.  i  lii>  anccdorc  I  knrncd  from 
both  partial. — Travel*  into  We^erm  CallUnd^  Ly  Mr.  Linnaut  (  amd  ini9  , 
Siteriat  ly  Mr.  G$mBm,  Thefe  two  works,  the  fatter  efpeeially,  which 
openft  to     an  unknown  world,  do  much  honour  to  the  Aiv  iv  i^nsof  the 

North.— TA^  JVerii  if  '  iri^ll,  iv'iih  C^mvcntarict  0/  li(\t-.fnfs  end  Pc 
ttr Burma-..  this  is  the  latcft,  lo  it  is  th'jhcll  cdtfioTi  of  Virgil  and  S.'  r- 
\\Xi%,-^  HiiUtr  t  Pnemi^tran^atcd  from  the  German  ;  diUinguiftlcd  by  i  ntll 

ioMgittation,  energy  of  ftyle,  and  an  air  of  philofophy,  which  he  hit 

thought  fit  to  lay  B^At.— -Theory  of  agretahle  Srntimenfi^  by  M.  de  PmuUfm 
Unity  and  v.iri  ty  ?.tc  the  fources  of  isur  ulc .^I'lres.  Th*:  idea  fetrns  to 
hcjuft;  but  it  ii.is  not  cuaugh  cither  of  novelty  or  precifion  to  dcierve 
being  cipanJcd  into  a  book.  I  read  aifo  Lady  Mary  fVortley  Montaiue't 
Z^mtn,  juft  publilhed.  They  contain  an  account  of  a  jonniey  in  which 
file  accompanied  herhofhaiHl  in  hi&embifly  to  Conftantinople  ;  and  ara 
lively  iiiil  cnt  rtatning.  I  am  moft  pleafcd  with  what  {he*  fay«  concern- 
ing tiuife  inner  aparuneotatnia  which  mca  arc  aotaliowcd  to  j^cactratc. 


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3^ 


font  fiflez  IcgcKS  et  amufanees.  Cc  que  j'aime  le  mkiix»    1 764. 
c'eft  ce  qu'eUe  die  dc  rint^rieur  dcs  inailbli8»  oik  jamais  w^"y^ 
hooiine  h'a  p^ii^tr6.   £lle  veot  que  les  fenunes  Torquet 
ayent  beattcoup  de  Uben^  et  qu^elles  forteilt  feutes  d  pied 
et  ▼oileeSf  tant  qu'elles  venlentj  fous  le  pretexte  d*aller 
au  bain  ou  ^  la  mofqu^*   Les  Turcs  n^epoufent  qu'one 
femmc^  fi  quelqucs  unsfe  fervent  de  la  permil&on  cTavoir 
des  efelaves  concubines,  Ic  public  les  regarde  comme  des ' 
libertins»  et  leurs  femmes  n^habitent  point  avec  eux.  £lle 
avoit  ^tudi^  la  langue  Turque,  et  parch  faire.beaucoup 
dc  cas  et  de  leur  mufique,  et  de  leur  poHHe.   On  s'ap- 

Ser^oit  i  peine  que  les  moeurs,  les  ufages,  ou  le  genie 
es  Grecs,  ayent  chang^  dcpuis  le  terns  d'Homerc. 
Fcvrier  i."f — J'ai  lu  les  Fafles  ci'OvUe,  L.  iv.  p.  599— 
610.  La  feie  de  Palilia  (tres  dillinguec  lic  celic  de  U 
fondacion,  quoiqu'elles  tombalTcnt  I'uiieet  Tautic  L  ine- 
mc  jour,  21  Avrii)  paro'it  r(K'cuper  beaucoup.  Que 
refprlt  humain  ell  extr.ivaganl  !  Puri^cr  iin  peuple  !  et 
Ic  purgcr  encore  uvec  le  fain;  tt'uti  chcv-!,  \.\  goufle  d'unc 
feve,  et  ics  ccndrcs  des  cntrailles  d'uii  vcau  tue  d  ins  le 
ventre  de  lu  mere,  et  confumerur  I'auteldc  Veda  I  Ovide 
difculpe  fort  bien  le  fondateur  de  la  ville,  du  crime  dc 
fra:ncide.  Remus  r.e  fut  tue  qu'cii  confcqueiicc  d'une 
ordre  general,  et  trcs  lage,  que  Ton  frere  avolt  donne, 
et  que  cc  prince  viola  fans  ic  favoir.  8i  Romulus  parut 
indifferent  ^  fa  mort,  c'eft  quVn  legiflatcur  il^ouloit 
profiler  d'ua  accident  aaalheureuxj  pour  donuer  a  fes  loix 

Uli 


S!,:'  maintains  that  the  Turltifh  worr^n  cnjf^y  a  ercat  deal  of  liberfy,  and 
walkout  atone  veiled,  as  nftcti  as  they  plc^ilt;,  on  pretence  of  coiug  to 
the  bath  or  tile  awtfcnie.  The  TuHct  mmny  oaly  one  wife :  and  though 
Ibmc  n&  the  f^crniiuioQ  of  concubiDajre  with  flavcs,  they  urc  regarded 
as  Iihertine«,  and  Tuf-iUcn  hy  their  wire*.  Sh^  nudicd  the  Turkifh  lan- 
guage ;  and  ipc<ik«i  in  high  terms  of  the  Turkiih  niuiic  and  poetry.  The 
manners,  cuftoms,  and  genii  s  of  the  Greclu  I'ccm  to  have  uuUergona 
link  change  iioce  the  dayi  of  Homer. 

February  I*J — I  read  Ovd^s  Fafii^L.  h9*p.  599 — 610.  The  feftivalof 
Pihlta  i*an  objfA  of  mt!ch  attention ;  if  is  different  from  that  ofthcfoun- 
datiun  of  Rome,  though  both  happmc  don  the  fame  day,  the  2i(l  of  ApiiL 
To  what  eitravaf^necf  it  not  the  human  mind  liabk  /  Pariff  a  nation  I 
and  thar  too  with  tlie  blond  of  a  horfe,  the  hulk  of  a  bean*  and  the  alhea 
of  the  bowihof  a  calf  kilh  d  in  the  belly  of  ittmother,  and  burnt  on  the 
aJtjr  /  f  Vclla.  Ovid  clearly  juflifie?  the  founder  of  Rome  from  the  guilt 
of  killing  hia  brothrr.  Kcmus  was  put  tM  death  ia  coDic<ittcnce  of  a 
wife  taw  made  by  hit  brother,  and  which  thii  prince  anioteiMionaltf 
traolnted*  if  Romnloa  did  not  fhew  grief  fo^  hia  dotb^  this  was  to 

vatBtats 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOU&NAL. 


17<S4.  on  caraclcre  facrc  ct  inviolable,  qui  Icur  ^Loit  tres  nccc(^ 

'^'^^  (aire  dans  une  republique  naiiiantc 

Fevrier  2.] — J'ai  lu  /f/  Fn/Ies  iFOvidey  Z.  v.  p.  610 — 
610.  Tout  ce  qu'il  racontc  dcs  cliiierentcs  etyniologics 
<ju  niois  de  Mai,  ell  curieux  ct  b:^*n  dit.  J*y  dillingue 
lans  peine  une  ullegoric  Oriental.",  une  fable  Grecque, 
ct  une  trndition  Ronmine.  L'idcede  f.iire  ibriir  les  dicux 
du  cbaos,  et  de  piacer  ia  Majejlc  fur  le  t:one  de 
i'Olympc,  pour  y  former  la  hierarchic  cciefte,  cll  d'une 
extravagance  fublime.  Lc  tableau  des  Mufes  cll  bien 
frappe  *,  mais  pourquoi  ne  pas  fc  fouvcnir  que  des 
46eies  infaiiUbles  doivent  toujoun  etre  du  meme  fen* 
timent  ? 

f .] — j'ai  lu  Us  Fqfief  d^Ovidf^  L.  t'.  />.  620—630.  H 
raconte  i'origine  des  jeux  Floraux^  dc  la  fa^on  la  moins* 
deihoiiorante  pour  fa  religion.  En  etFet  il  e(l  difficile 
qu'un  pcttple  ait  dreiie  (les  autels  ^  une  courtifanne. 
C'eftaflez  qu'on  ait  fait  danfer  des  filles  nues,  en  Thon- 
aeur  d'une  d6e(l*e  ^  laquclle  on  croyoit  dej^.  II  dl  vrai 
que  toutes  Ics  ceremonies  ne  refpiroienc  que  la  debau- 
cbe;  mais  la  faifon  des  fleurs  a  toujoiirs  infpire  des  ideea 
libertines,  i  des  peuples  et  a  des  hommep  qui  ignoroient 
tres  furcment  rhiltoire  de  la  courtifanne  Flora.  Pour- 
quoi chercher  dans  la  Uhifi,  ce  qu'il  faut  puifer  dans  la 
■ature  ? 


maititaln  the  invtobble  finAity  of  hit  laws,  a  thing  Mceflaiy  an  hisia*' 

Itot  ktnplom. 

Februarjr  2.} — !  reitd  OviJ\  F.^f.i,  L.  p.  6ro — 620.  His  account 
of  ill.  dUlcienc  etymologies  of  the  month  of  May  is  curious,  and  well 
exprclied.  We  may  diftinguilh  in  it  an  Oriental  allegory,  a  Greek  fa« 
blCf  and  a  Romr^n  tradition.  The  ifTuing  of  the  gods  from  chao^,  and 
\hc  m:ijrfty  of  Oiympus  arranging  the  cclcdial  hierarchy,  is  fuMini.  Iy 
extravagant.  The  pidure  of  the  Mufes  is  well  delineated ;  hui  Ovid 
ihouid  have  rtmembered  that  thefe  infallible  divinities  were  always  of 
•oe  onad^ 

^.3—1  read  O'o'nf  i  FafW^  L.  v.  p.  620—630.  He  explains  the  origin 
of  the  Floral  games  in  a  m.intier  l«fs  diOionouralde  for  his  relij^inn.  It 
ia  not  credible  that  any  people  ihouid  have  eroded  altars  to  a  harlot.  It 
waa  enough  for  them  to  cdebrate  the  fefttva!  of  a  goddefs,  in  whom  thej 
already  belieired,  by  the  d<)fic(tof  naked  girl«.  All  the  ceremonies  of  thia 
goiucf;*  favoured  (tf  debauchery ;  Imt  tlu:  ftafon  produ<ftivc'  of  flowers 
too  n:.turully  infpircs  fhofe  with  licentious  fcntim-nt«  u ho  have  rcvcr 
iieard  of  the  courtefaii  I  i^t^.    Why  have  rccouric  to  f^bk  fui  wii.iC  m^y 

K  ibwid  in  natare  \ 

♦ 

1  RAd 


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J'ai  lu  /es  Fajles  cPOwde,  L.  v.  />.  630 — ^643.  Tput  s*an-  1  ^64. 
4iobUt  ions  le  pince^u  du  poetc.  Neuf  fevcs  noices  qu'on  s«,»-y-^ 
jctte  derri^re  foi,  nc  font  pas  un  tableau  bien  re\cvi6.  Ce- 
^endant  Ovide  a  lu  leur  dunner  un  air  de  fulcu\nite,  ct 
jn^Une  dc  Tublime.  II  fe  {cix  furtout  de  ce  colons  foible 
It  inccrtaio  -qui  rend  le«  objeis  plus  terribles  en  ne  ioft 
moiurant  qu'a  demi  et  d'une  facon  confufe  le  filence  et 
1^  tencbrcs  de  la  nuit,  ct  J'onibre  qui  nous  t'uit  a  pas  le- 
%CTSy  mais  qu'on  ne  pcut  fe  rgtuurucr  pour  voir  :  toua 
ces  traits  me  paroiiTcnt  de  ce  genr.e  qui  a  etc  ifi  biai  indi- 
^ue  pa>T  M.  Eurke*.  Le  -teuvplc  de  Mars  Ultox  a  du 
^rc  m.^nliique.  Le  culte  dcs  Payens  avoit  au  moins 
|)Iu5  de  juftede  quccelui  de-.-;  X^atholiques.  Mars  le  Ven- 
^ur  punit  Jes  meurtriers  d'un  grand  guctricjr,  fan  dcf- 
Jcendant.  C'cft  bien  plus  naturcl  qu'un  apotre,  oil 
.qu'un  bermite  qui  te  mele  de  faire  donner  la  vi<itoire  dans 
une  gucrte,  -gji  cncDz^  .il.ap  kia  gMeiiign  tyie  d*'mtkt§tA  * 

f  evrier  6.] — Je  fttis.entre  a  Uij^ihliothequc^paurxowfu]- 

n*a  ff^  trop  unite  los  (peres  -de  fon  iiedc.  jcw 

i'la^cfit  lies  fmm^  ^twbkpt  pAH^  ilai  liifpoAiMii 

tedamentaire  d'une  courtifimiie. 
¥v^Ul.  D  Fevrier 


,tjxad  (hoifiiFa/fi,  L.  v  p.  630—443.  The  poet's  geoIus.cnnoblM 
,ewf3r>obi^;  .cvcd  nioe  I^U^k  bqant  .thcccwi  hehmd  the.baijk,  to  which 
;^fpmiK^JlM,s^Sle^gtam^y  9^  J3e  chiefly  employs 

fl|«t«dQohtful  and  iauit  colouring  which  ineodfln  Qb|«d-i  more  terrible, 
hy  (hcwiitg  th«ni  .partially  and  ooufufedly;  filence,  obfcurity,  the 
.ihadow  which  follow*  us  with  light  llcps,  and  which  \sc  cbrc  not  look 
^^cI^ikI  .ifft  to  fee ;  ch^ie  toi^cbek  ^jDclpug  to  that  kiud  of  .fublipiity 
^ich  it  well  pointed  oat  hj  Mr.  Bnrke  «.  The  temple  of  Jupiur  the 
JkTcngferjBVft  ha.vcJ>r«n,ittagnificcut.  The  worfliip  of  the  P;ypiiMhafl 
at  li  jfl  more  confifttncy  than  that  of  the  Catholics.  Mars  the  avenger 
puiiilbes  the  murderers  of  a  great  wanior,  his  dcfccndant.  This  is  more 
,j^i^alihan  the  iotcrfecoice  «f  ao.opoAle  or  Jiermit  10  vicars  and  vidp- 
fios ;  jfld  wart  ofitfo  undert^kf b  jnetvljrCor  worUlf  iater^ftt. 

February. 6. ]«-^  .went  to  the  UhCBfj  to.confult  the  article  JSiflMBfl  JD 
3ayle's,Didlonary.  Latftantlus  too  well  imitates  the  fathers  of  his  age. 
The  Floral  games,  founded  A.  LJ.  C.JI4,  firft  celebrated  occafionully, 
ik(Mrwvdfc  rc»d<>rx;d  annual  in  jjio,  tj^y  an  order  vf  thcicnate,  ^.d  tUcir 
czpence  defrayed  by  nionffy  kvied  on  fines;  sU  thjftlMtttH,«Bjji(fi:9i* 
hbnce  to  ihe  tdlaauDtaJ7  unogemest  of  «  ccurcefii^ 

•  Upon  the  lubiimc  asd  beautiU 

Febmary 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


Fevricr  7,] — J*ai  la  /r/  Fajlet  A^Ovidf^  L.  vi,  p,  648 — 
687;  la  fin  de  ce  livrc,  tt  dc  la  partie  dc  Touvrage  que  le 
terns  a  cpiirgne*  Les  fix  autres  livres  qui  achevoient  Tan- 
nee  et  ic  calcndricr  Remain,  nefubfiUcnt  plus.  Le  de- 
but du  fixieme  livre  eft  tres  beau  \  k  difpute  des  trois  deef- 
fcs  n'cn  vaut  que  mieux,  pour  etrc  cmpruntee  de  cclle  dc 
PariSi  et  du  Mont  Ida.  La  harangue  de  junon  eil  nuili 
un  peu  moulec  fur  celle  du  pTcmier  ]ivre  de  l'£neide ; 
mats  I'aimable  Hebe  s'exprime  avec  des  graces  qui  n'ap- 
partienncnt  qu'au  poete. 

8.] — J'ai  lu  une petite  brochurt  de  Ircnie  huh  pcget^  par 

?ean  Jacques  Rou£i:au :  c'eil  un  extrait  des  argumens  de 
laton  centre  la  poefie  imitative,  et  furtout  contrc  le 
theatre*  lUdevoient  plaire  au  citoyen  dc  Geneve  ;  mais 
comment  a-t-H  pu  adopter  cetiflu  de  fophifmcs  irietaphyfi- 
quc5?  Toiifc  la  premiere  partie,  qui  roule  fur  le  plus  dc 
juftefle  de  rimitation,  eft  d  une  fauflcte  et  d'une  foibleflc 
qui  m'a  etonnc.  Vers  la  fin,  fes  raifonnemens  devien* 
*nent  un  peu  plus  fpccieux.  Je  conviens  que  le  theatre, 
et  furtout  le  theatre  d'Athencs,  a  quelquefois  peint  fes 
hero<^  trop  foibles  et  trop  fenfibles  k  leurs  malheurs,  mais 
-aufli  ii  faut  accorder  quelque  chofe  a  Thumanite,  qui  ge- 
mit  en  fecret,  ou  qui  depofe  fes  ennuis  dans  le  fein  d'un 
ami.  Les  fpe^iateurs  font  le«  confidens  du  poete,  mais 
il  neJe  font  pas  du  perfonnage. 

'  Fevricr 


Fel:ruary  7.] — I  rcai!  Oii.  'f  Fap,  L.  W. (ij^?, — 687,  the  conclnfirn 
of  the  book,  and  of  r.ll  tlmt  port  of  thf  work  which  h3«  come  down  to 
\xu  The  fix  other  huoki>,  wiiich  compicted  the  Ri)inan  cairnil;jr,  liave 
perilhcd.  The  beginning  of  tb«  iixth  book  it  twauttful.  Thcdif|»ne 
of  the  three  j;oddeir<8  is  more  pleafing,  becaiifc  b<  rrc  wed  from  that  of 
I'ar's  p.nd  Mount  Ida.  Jurto')^  fpccch  is  nlfotail  in  the  fame  mould  with 
that  in  the  firft  book  of  the  hntid  ;  but  the  amiublc  Hcbc  cspuile* iicf- 
(cU  with  thofc  gracts  tl.at  aic  peculiar  to  Ovid. 

.  8-?— 1  read  a  little  pamphlet  of  thirty  eight  fMge*,  by  J«hn  J«met 
"  Roufleau.  It  contain*  an  aHHraA  of  Plato'*  argunient>  againll  imitative 
portry,  cfpcciaily  the  t'rania,  I  was  r.Ooniftvcd  at  t^^  v.taknrfs  and 
falfcndiof  the  whole  tirlt  part,  which  treats  of  the  impcifeciion  of  imi- 
UtioD.  Toward*  the  conclnfion,  his  reafoniogt  are  more  fpecioua.  I 
'  ftcknowledj^e  that  the  theatre,  and  cfpccially  tiat  of  Athens,  fometimet 
paints  its  heroes  too  weak  and  too  much  alive  to  tlitir  mi^fo^fv^es.  But 
ionic  indulgence  muft  be  pir.ntc d  to  luminnify,  which  prc>;uis  in  iecrtf, 
or  pouts  its  grief  into  the  boiom  of  a  friend,  i  he  ipecittiur-*  arc  indeed 
cotifidenta  of  the  poet,  but  not  ofhii  charaden. 

Fcbnary 


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EXTRAlTS  DU  JOURNAL. 


Fevrier  9."] — En  attendant  la  fulre  de  J.i  Bibliotheque 
Rnifonnety  j*ai  iu  J^txcellent  Traite  fur  k  Choix  ei  ia  Mf» 
tifsde  des  Etudes y  par  PAbbc  Fleury  s  h  Paris  1753, 
i2mo,  fp,  364.  Touty  rclpire  I'amour  de  la  v6rite  et  de 
*  la  vcrtu,  joint  a  cette  raifon  jufte  et  luimneafe,  k  ce  boh 
fens  perfe^ionncy  qui  eft  bien  plus  rare  que  I'efprit,  et 
prefquc  autant  que  le  g6nie*    L'auteur  6coit  CathoHqae 
ct  Pretre  \  mais  ce  dmut  ne  fe  fait  fentir  qu'a  ceux  qui 
ne  le  font  pas.   U -commence  par  l*htftoire  des  £tttdes» 
dont  il  fair  un  beau  tableau*   Les  Grecs  feuls  ont  eu  ua 
fydeme  d'^ucation  phibfophtque  et  nationale.  La  vertu 
ct  ia  juilefle  d'efprit  des  RomatnSf  leur  ont  tenu  lieu  de 
cette  th6orte  exa^e.    Les  etudes  des  barbares  du  Nord, 
etoient  au0i  barbares  qu'cux.    Aux  (iecles'  d'ignorance 
ont  fucc^de  ceux  d'une  fcience  pr^tendue  de  la  philofo- 
phic  d'AriftotCy  les  Arabes»  et  les  Scholaftiques.  Let 
Lumaniftcs  du  quinzieme^  fiecle  ont  rappell^  la  connoi£> 
fance  des  anciens.  De  toujes  ces  m^thodes  il  s*eft  form6 
un  cahos  d*6tudes,  qui  regne  dans  nos  colleges,  mais  qui 
qui  eft  (ans  fyft^e,  fans  ordre,  et  fans  utilit6.  L*Abb6 
Fleury,  qui  veut  toujours  ramencr  les  fciences  du  ciel  i 
)a  tcrre,  lui  fubftituc  un  plan  court,  mais  raifonne,  le 
foin  de  Tame  et  du  corps  avcc  la  connoifllince  dts  loix  et 
des  afT.iires  economiqucs.     Uii  Francois  a  i.ulo.'i  J.c 
compter  I'ii'.iLttirc  ct  la  politique,  parmi  les  rtudcs  cjui  ne 
font  que  curieufes  pour   un  particulier,     J.c  cit(  ven 
ti  uu  ccut  iibre  ici  regualcroit  commc  iiccelTaircs.  L'Abbe 

D  2  Fleury 


February  y.j — While  I  waited  for  the  fcqucl  of  the  Bibliotbcfue  Rai^ 
fmhtt^  I  reaa  an  excellent  work  on  the  Mtib«d  and  Ckmt  »f  mr  Studies, 

iht  A'Ji  Fleury;  Parts  ^  1753,  in  ZlMM./yfr.  364.  The  whole  brcathcs 
a  fpirit  of  truth  and  virtue,  topfthtT  with  that  ckarnefs  and  ftrcngth  of 
reifnn,  and  that  fupcrior  rooa  !•  nfc,  which  is  morr  uncomn-nn  than  wil, 
^nd  ainioti  as  rare  a&  g'.niua.  '1  he  author  wah  a  Roman  Cathuiic  and 
a  prieft ;  but  thi»  fault  is  perceived  by  thofe  only  who  are  neither  the  oott 
oor  the  ether.  He  beginft  by  the  hiflory  of  education  in  different  coua* 
tries,  of  -which  he  civcs  us  a  bcautifn!  pii^'^virr.  That  of  the  Grecksalone 
-Was  philofophicai  and  national.  The  want  of  education  among  the  Ro- 
niaA&  was  fupplicd  by  virtue  and  natural  good  ^enfe.  The  ftudies  of  the 
barbarians  of  the  North  were  a«  barbarous  at  themfelwt.  To  a^  «£ 
ignoraoee  fuccccdtd  ihofc  of  the  pretended  philofophy  of  Ariitotlep  the 
rf\ral)*  and  fcholaftirs.  The  hum^nilh  of  the  fificrtith  centiiry  revived  the 
Ln'^wledgc  uf  the  ancients.  I'lom  all  tbcfe  united,  is  compofed  that 
ch4i>s  of  Teaming  taught  In  our  oniverfitie.*  and  colleges,  alike  dellitnto 
of  fyfteni,  order,  and  utility.  The  Abh^  Flcnry,  who  wifhet  to  bri0|p 
duwn  fcicncc  from  the  heavens  to  the  earth,  propofes  a  plan  equally  (hort 
and  rcafonabie,  the  care  of  the  body  am!  r^.^.e  mind,  and  the  tinowledge 
of  (Economy  and  iaws.  A  Frcnchtuao  juitly  reckons  hiUor}'  and  politii.a 
amoog;  tboCe  ftudies  which  are  rather  curious  than  nTefuL  The  citir^a 


^XTRAm  hrs  journal. 


Tleury  a  ajout^  I  ce  trait6  un  drfcoors  fur  Platon.  II 
mepnfe  lieaucovp  fa  phytique  et  fa  m^taphynque;  mall 
il  fait  les  plus  grands  ^loges  de  !a  logique,  dc  la  mofrdet 
du  ftylcy  et  de  la  m^thode  de  ce  philofoplie. 

Tevrier  10.] — J'ai  rchi  avcc  (bin  les  fix  Hvres  des 
F^fiif  d^Ovidt.,  Left  reflexions  aux^efles  cette  le^hne  a 
donn6  lieu^  fe  trouvent  xalTcmWto  dans  mon  Recudl 
d^Obfienrations,  N^,  IK 

f  t.1*-Pai  commence  nn  <ihannant  pedt  oim!S|ge»  tur 
les  medaines  anciennest  par  M.  Addifbn — Dia/opirs  upon 
the  XJJefulneJs  of  AndaA  mtitds^  dans  h  tro^hne  iom  de 
fes  OeuvreSf  (t  Londres^  1746 :  i^en  ai  la  p.  i — 113.  II 
cliercheles  diSlErentes  efpeces  d'nttlit^s  qn  dnpem  trotrrer 
dans  rtode  des  ni6dailles  \  il  s'arrSte  ati  rapport  frap. 
pant  entre  .pluGeufs  de  leurs  mers,  et  les  d6rcriptions 
des  poetcs  Latins.  l>ans  cette  voe  tl  parcoart  deux  ftttt<s 
de  mldailles  *,  Tune  des  ^tres  all^riques,  et  I'antre  des 
fj^mboles  ^nigmatiques.  Chacntie  lui  fonrntt  me  ▼ing*'* 
taine  d'exemples.  Les  paflaees  parall^  des  poetes  font 
xrboilis  avec  gout|  et  les  reflexions  de  Fairtcar  fbnt  rcm- 
j)Iies  d'efprit  et  de  fagadt^.  Pcrfonne  n'avoit  retire  plus 
de  fruit  de  Fetudc  des  Belles  Lettrcs  que  M.  Addifon. 
Ses  ouv  rapt  s  ont  beaucoup  contribue  a  former  la  langue 
et  la  litteiMture  Angloife. 

xa."] — J'ai  achcvc  Ftmvrac^r  d' Addifon.  lyialogues  upon 
the  Ufi'fulnefs  of  yfnru-nl  Altdah,   p.    JI3 — 16).  Les 

plaoches  des  nicduilles  en  occupent  encore  68.   La  tro- 

ificme 


«1  a  free  country  ru^ards  them  as  indUpenfable.  To  thtf  treatlfe  the 
AU)^  Fleury  baa  added «  Dtfcwrfs  m  He  defptfetboth  hit  phv- 

6m  M>d  jnet«phylics ;  bat  tttt  the  UgKeft  viliie  «a  faia  kfic,  inonii, 
^yle,  aud  method. 

February  io.\ — I  read  over  with  care  the  fix  HooVs  of  Ox  'fi  Frft' ; 
aad  hav«  writteu  tiie  tefledioni,  which  occurred  to  me  in  the  pcrulai,  *■ 
mtf  CtlkftiMipf  Obfervattmie,  No.  fV. 

3 1.|»>|  to  read  Mr.  Aidifttit  charming  litde  Tmtifi  w  amei" 

tni  MtdoUy  in  the  third  vdlume  nf  Worki,  Lfmif,n^  I74^>.  I  read  p. 
1  — 113.  Wt:  ronfider*  the  different  advantages  that  maybe  derived 
Iraoi  the  ftuUy  uf  naodaU;  and  dwell,  on  the  ilrikin^  connedion  be- 
MP6tii4lMir  rouecfieaond  the  defcriptiomof  lAtin  poett.  In  this  view,  he 
tfHSMMOtwo  fericfca  of  medaU;  the  one  ronta^inlng  aTIci^orical  perfen* 
•f^s,  and  the  other  enignratic  fymbcls.  F.acfi  clafs  fumifhcs  I  Im  with 
twenty  r»arnpl«'s.  "The  palTagcs  of  thr  ^o^'M  nrr  fcl<  iflcd  with  tafte; 
•ltd  tiic  akuthtir'ft  rcilciliiom  are  repiece  with  judgment  and  iagacuy.  No 
flMn  9v«r  bciwitcd  snore  tbm  Hx*  hjbXSOiK  by  the  Ibid j  of  the  BeVee 
LgBtim.  Hit  woilcf  bm  much  <ostribiited  to  inprofo  theSoginh  Ion* 

l^ijac^?  and  literature. 

1  finiihctl  Afi'hfr>n%  yxoT'Ss ,  T)i,\h7uet  upcntbe  Ufe/uhiefi  of  aiietemt 

Miuuh  i  f.  lij — iO;  :  b(;auc»  wkih,  ihc  y'lktoB  take  up  fixty^eighc 


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EXTRAITS  jJU  JOURNAI^ 

iGeme  (bite  d'mmples  eft  dr^  des  vepr^fentations  des 
pays  fur  les  medailleSk  £Jle  eft  curieufe.  M.  Addifoa 
employe  ua  tfoiGexne  enitetien  \  faire  le  paraleUe  un  pen 
flaue  des  aociennes  iDedailks  avec  les  moderaes.  Ce 
autcur  debute  fort  bien,  les  caracfitrcs  des  pcrfonnages 
foot  bien  marq^ues ;  tout  y  refpire  une  converfatiori 
'  d'amis  libres,  polk,  et  favants  j  mais  il  auroit  tout  aiiffi 
bien  pu  donner  aux  deux  dcrnicrs  ciitrciiens  Ic  nom  dc 
Icupcs,  d'ciFais  que  tie  Ji.ilo'^ues.  I/cpitre  dc  Pope  elfc 
digne  '1:  lui  ;  ni.^Ls  citte  infcription  d-j  la  mcdaillc  ima- 
gina:rL;  dc  Cra^jT^^  hiicripiUiii  cm  I.a  ^T.indu  vcr.s,  auroit 
etc  ptu  go.'itcc  p.ir  Addifoa*.  On  ne  fait  pas  I'eloge 
d'ixu  ouvrag3  <':dacTique,  tn  negligeiiu  Je  plus  impor- 
tant lie  Us  preeeptes. 

J'ai  commence  k  bd  ouvrage  de  M.  Spanheinif  dc  PrdF" 
Jlantia  et  Ufu  Nunufnuiluuif  tn  deux  V jlumes  in  4/5.  A))!' 
JUrdcftif  i  fyj  u  Ce  n*e(l  pas  la  mcilleure  edition  \  mais 
jc  ra*cn  fers  en  autix-Unt  cellc  de  Londres  de  1708,  que 
je  fab  vcnir  de  Geneve-  JTai  lu  Frt-facc  et  la  Dljfcrtatton 
1.  p,  I — 49;  fur  la  beaute  ct  les  a^iremens  de  la  fcicnce 
niiinifmitique  *,  ct  In  Diftrtatiofi  IL  p.  49 — 68,  fur  les 
fccoursquc  les  graninuiriens  y  trouvcnt  pi^ur  determiner 
lo  cara(ftcre  ct  I'ortbographe  des  langues  de  i'antiquite. 
J'ai  achev<^  quelques  rcffexioHS  fur  les  Fajles  (TOvide^ 
y\       ly.  dc  man  Recufil  d'Obfervations. 

Fevricr 

4 


pa^es.  The  third  lcxie«  of  exai»pl««conuia«  the  ceprefcntatton  of  coun* 
triet  00  medak ;  It »  oiriotM.  Mr.  Addifoa  hM  a  thira  dialngae,  is 
-vrhich  the  parallel  ladnviB  betwetn  ancicBt  and  modern  mttlaJf ;  rather 
flafterintj;  for  the  ancient*.  In  the  third  drdog^ue,  the  author  fci^i  out 
weH ;  hi»  chara^ei^  arc  wcU  nmrked ;  and  tihe  whole  has  the  air  of  a 
free  coDverfation  atnang  poUte  and  leamed  frtooda :  hat  the  two  fpUow* 
lag  dlalogpCB  mifht  at  wen  have  been  cabled  lettera  «r  cflbya.  V«fM*a 
cpt^  ia  worthy  ofhimfitlf  t  hut  the  kifcription  oa  hin  imaginary  medal 
of  Craggs,  frllinjr  fir  ▼<crfe«,  vo\!M  nor  have  hcvn  relifhed  by  AiUiilon  *. 
it  is  a  bad  cotopUtncoc  to  a  duiaciic  work,  to  violate,  iu  commciiding  it, 
lAe  npft  layortMt  precept  wMch  itoaMina. 

I  htgUt  9foitbeim*%  noble  work  dt  Prajiaotia  et  Ufu  X'nmifmidnh  *"  9 
^umtty  4/«.  A  f^r'  hm.  This  it  not  the  be  ft  cdiiioii ;  hut  I  make  wfc  of 
it  £.'111  rcceivT-  tiiat  of  Londoi),  i  70S,  from  Geneva.  I  read  t'  i"  Pi^- 
Jlite  ami  DiJJtrtation  I.  p.  I — 4j^,  oo  the  beauty  aod  cntiertBtf^tiKiu  oi  ms- 
dkllie  Ictiowlecl^e  :  and  JHftrMkm  JJ.  p.  49^8,  #•  tile  affiAance  wbtoli 
it  may  ai^ord  to  grMlinarlMi*  in  nfcertainiiij^  tho  Ictt^s  aod  orthographjl, 
of  ancici!t     T7rm<';»       >  finifticd  Pime  wflc^OBi  OD  Qmi£» 

nty  CoUcditm  of  Ob^rvacum),  Mo.  IV, 

♦  V.  IKalog.  Hi.  p.  i5<; — r56. 

February 


38  EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

F<^vricr  13.] — J*ai  ecrit  quelqucs  rcmarques  fur  les  ^TtB 
allegoriqucs  des  mcdailles,  F,  No.  F,  dc  moii  Rccucil. 

J'ai  lu  Spanheim  de  Ufit  et  Fr^fiantia  Numifmatumf 
Dijfert,  JL  p.  68—93.  ^'^^  obfcrvari- 
ons  grammaticaies.  Elles  font  curie  ufes,  mats  un  peu 
ftclies.  Spanlieim  oublie  un  peu  fa  politefTc  pour  rclan- 
cer  Tnftan«  li  eft  vrai  que  fa  m6pri(e  6toit  des  plus 
lourdes. 

J'ai  achev^  U  quarantieme  tome  de  la  Bibliotheque-  Rat* 
fmnees  j*y  trouve  Trmle  fur  le  Senat  Romain^  par  U 
DoBtur  MidtUeton,  La  queftion  fur  la  m^thode  d'entrer 
dans  cc  corpSy  me  paroit  des  plus  fimples.  lies  rois,  les 
confulsi  et  les  cenfeurs  y  nommoient :  mats  comme  Us  y 
mettoient  toujours  les  quefteurs,  leur  pouvoir  diminuoir, 
i  mefure  qu'ils  fe  muldpUoient*  et  il  fe  trouva  reduit  a 
une  pure  formalUe>  lorfqu'iis  fiirent  devenus  aflez  nom« 
breuz  pour  recruter  le  (enat  tous  feuls.  Hijloin  de  la 
Siuide,  par,M'  Dalitiy  en  SuedoU,  Ce  pays  elt  nouveau } 
il  y  a  deux  mille  ans  que  les  montagnes  de  la  Su^de*  et 
encore  plus  celles  du  Dannemarck,  ne  formotent  qu'un 
archipel  de  petites  iles  entrecoup6es  de  canayx  et  de  d6- 
troits.  La  mer  s'eft  retiree,  et  fe  retire  tous  les  jours  dans 
la  proportion  d'environ  cinquante  pouces  par  (tecle.  On 
CToit  m^me  que  I'ocean,  beaucoup  plus  €tendu  dans  le 
commencement  de  Fempire  Romain,  &'6toit  ouvert  une 
communication  avec  la  mer  Cafpienne.   Cetce  circon- 

ftance. 


VchnuTf  13.1^1  wrote  fome  remarkt  concerning  the  tUegorictl  pe»r 

fonagcs on  medaU.    Sec  my  CollLdion,  No.  V. 

I  read  SpJnbdm,  Jt  I'j'it  t  l  Pt  j;1umtij  Nytnifmotum,  jy^ffert.  II.  p   68  — 

93.  It  conuinft  the  Icquci  of  his  grammattcdl  oblcrvatioiis.  I'hcy  ^ire 
euriovt,  bot  rtther  dry.  Spuiheim  forf^ets  hit  iwliteneft  in  refuting 
Triftan.    The  htterN  miflakc  ti.dccd  was  a  mod  ahfurd  «>nc. 

I  fini(bed  the  fortieth  volume  of  the  li^lH Abeijue  Raijonnti.  It  contaijii- 
Jlr.  j\4idrl!:ion' t  Trcit'ft  nn  the  Rowan  Sin.itc.  'I'he  f)titftinn  cooccrnin 
thr.  mode  of  entering  into  the  Roman  icnate  appears  to  :nc  caf^abic  ol  an 
_  tffy  anfwer.  The  nomiMcion  belonged  fueceflively  to  the  kings,  confult, 
"sod  cenJbr*.  But  a»  they  always  named  the  qucfturs,  t^ctr  right  of 
naming  gradually  ht  camc  of  lcf>  v.iluc  as  the  qucdoni  became  more  nu- 
merous, and  was  reduced  to  a  mere  formality,  when  their  number  bc- 
cmne  fufficic-nt  tofuj)piy  that  of  the  fenaie. — Hif.»ry  of  Szt/td'o^  iy  Mr, 
JhUm,  im  Stindijk»  This  is  a  new  cooiitry.  Two  f  houland  years  ago  the 
mountain?,  of  Swtclc-n,  a*  well  as  thofe  of  Denmark,  ftood  in  an  archi- 
jieta;:;o  of  little  flji  d^  intcrftdlcd  by  canaU  and  ftraits.  The  fea  retired, 
and  liill  tontmurn  to  retire^  the  fpacc  of  fifty  inches,  each  century.  It 
|p  thongbt  aUb  tluit  tke  ocean,  THrhUh  cotertd  a  far  gfcater  fiirface  to< 


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JSXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


39 


ilaoce,  ct  un  ciirnat  mains  rigoiireux  alors,  rendoit  les 
Emigrations  des  Scythes  beaucoup  plus  faciles.  La  co* 
lonie  la  plus  ceiebre  y  pall'a  vers  Tan  lOO,  fous  la  con- 
duite  ci'Odin,  Scythe  dcs  bords  du  Fanaj's.  Cc  Icgilla^ 
tcur  du  Nurd  s'euiioli;  a  Upfa!,  le  de  la  religion  ec 
dc  rcmpire.  Ses  fuccciTiurs,  rois,  pontifes,  maitresd'un 
beau  paySf  et  rerpe(fles  des  autres  rois  dc  la  nation,  y 
re^nerent  jafqu*en  870 }  fa  race  ne  s'eceigntt  en  Norvege 
qu'eii  1060. 

Fevrier  15  • — la  Sp^nheim,  de  Pr^fiantia  NumiJ^ 
mitum^  Di£t  ri.  11.  p,  93— 112.  Cell  un  pcu  trop  iine 
declamation  fur  la  morale  et  la  politique  des  m^dailleSf 
aiTcz  ennuyciir<:,  quoique  I'auteur  y  ait  enchaffe  tous  les 
termes  numil'niaciques.  Fourquoi  juftiBcr  la  lachcte  du 
fenat  qui  decruiroic,  autant  qu'il  pouvuit,  Ic  fcul  frein 
qui  reltoit  encore  a  fes  tyrans  ?  lis  les  louoietit  (dii-o:i) 
pour  leur  tracer  la  route  de  la  veriu  et  de  la  gloire. 
Cette  cxcufe  etoit  bonne  la  premiere  annee  de  Domitien, 
mais  elle  ne  valoic  ricn  la  quinzieme.  £t  puis  quels 
elogcs  nouveaux  avoicnt-ils  pour  Trajan  ? 

16.] — J'ai  lu  Spa/ibeim,  de  Prajlantia  Numifmaiumy 
Dijn-t.  If.  p.  112 — 122,  et  Dijfert.  Ill,  p,  122 — 166., 
L^s  laaiicres  que  les  reprefcntations  des  animaux  fur  les 
medaillcs  peuvent  fournir  a  riiiftoire  naturelle,  y  font 

ctal^es 


wards  the  begluning  of  the  Roman  enij>irc,  opened  a  communication 
with  the  Cafpiaa  Sea.  This  circumAjoce,  -aiid  a  climate  miMer  than 
the  prelect,  fjcilitated  the  ei»igratiot.!>      the  Scyth'un*.    Their  moH 

cclchratci  colony  triV-UrJ  to  fht  N«trth  in  ihf  ycar«.f  J.  C  ico,  under 
the  «'ondu<fl  of  0;!in,  a  S^ythliii  fmni  tlic  banks  f»f  t!ic  Tanais.  Tla* 
Icgiilaroi- of  the  Naith  iclidcil  at  U^  lal,  the  itut  ul  liU  religion  and  em- 
pire. Hi«  fueceflbn,  both  kiog«  and  priefU,  were  niaflm  of  a  fine 
country,  and  u  fj>'dc.l  by  the  other  kings  of  the  nation*  They  feigrcd 
at  Upfal  till  A.  C.  870.  Thvir  family  wa&  uot  e&tinA  io  Nornandf 
till  1060. 

Fc'nru^ry  I5.] — 1  tt%liSpMbtim,dt  Prmfiantia  et  Ufa  Numtfm^m,  DIJ* 
fiii*  II.  p.  93-*>Iia  :  and  found  it  a  tircfome  dedaination  on  the  morality 
and  policy  to  hv  k^'-oc'  from  mrda;^ ;  \u  w'.i.tl.  rKt  author  l.i*  ccMifr-vcd 
to  introJiicc  ;»U  tl..*  tcchni'.  il  njcdJlu-  i  rms.  \Vi,y  docj  he  ju-tify  x\.c 
fenatc  fur  rcin«kvi;i^  th  -  ou'y  *;hLck  th-t  fwmiir.cd  ou  ih  *  tyraiiuy  ol  the 
cmpcroTA?  They  pra  fed  theni»  he  fiys  to  (hfw  t"  ih^ni  the  road  of 
virr  i^:  '^  \\  gicry.  Tl.Is  cxtufc  was  jTMj'd  i  i  tliC  fiffl  y  :ar  of  Domitian'a 
rt;i<rrj  ;  bu:  \va»  ^  hi'I  for  n<;tiiMi;r  in  ti.c  £fteeath.  fic&de«,  what  ueW 
praife  vjs  kc'jjt  ill  r<  T  i  vc  f.jr  1  r.ija';  ? 

— !  rcbd  Sjij  .Liltn^dc  Pirfi>,r.!ia  Nufr.lfcut^mf  Dijfcrt.  II.  /  1 1  a-— 

He  dcTcribef  the  advantas^a  which  natural  htftory  may  derive 

from 


Digitized  by 


EmttAirs  DU  journal 


6talecs.  Yy  ^"^'(^c  plrfifir  la  prcuvc  de  ce  que  j'aToi^ 
avanc^  c^nn  r?  .^li,  fur  lc$  fpc£lacles  du  Cirque  cldc 
r  Amphitheatre 

J'ai  achev6  Ic  qt:ai\irjL'  it  unienie  tome  de  in  W.hliotheque 
Eaifofirue.  J'y  trouvc  Voyage  dt  Monf.  Atifon^  premier  et 
deuxihne  Extralt.  ]c  connois  pcu  dc  livrrs  aiilTi  air.ii- 
fans  ;  mats  le  portrait  dn  chef  c(l  bien  iiaite.  Ccr  linm- 
me,  61cve  cnfuitc  aux  prcrmierca  places,  n'a  point  lou- 
tcnu  Ic  fardeau  de  fa  rcnommee.  II  ne  lui  ett  reft6  qod  ' 
ceiui  de  choifir  et  d'cmployer  le  m^ritc.  Brett,  Saiin- 
dcrs,  Rodney,  Kcppcl,  font  du  nombrc  de  fes  ^Icwcs.— 
Traite  fur  Us  Mrracies,  par  M,  U  Maine  :  un  pareil  ouv- 
fagc  affbiblit  U  reltgiGm  qn'il  vcut  appuycr.  Nous  fom- 
tnes  bien  fatts  pour  apper^evoir  T^tendue  de  la  puiifance 
de  la  nature,  et  des  angcs !  ConnoifTons-noagfculcment 
cdle  de  nos  femblabks  l—Les  Maturs.  On  ne  pettc  plni 
accufer  les  cnncmia  de  la  revelation,  de  n'eire  pas  Ics 
amis  de  k  religion  naturelle.  Le  pauvrc  Touflaint  fait 
k  prefent  la  Gazette  de  Brnxelles.  Quel  emploi  pout 
un  phiiofophe  ' — Ouvrage  de  Pcnckpe^  oU  Machiauel  eH 
Medtdnef  par  M.  de  ia  Metriei  c'ell  une  fatyre  mbr- 
duite»  tng^^nieufe,  et  favantc  contre  h  fsculte  de  Pa^ 
tisy.  et  fttrtottt  Aftmcy  Sylva,  Cbirae,  et  WinHow. 

Fcvricr  17.] — ^Matin6e  perdue.  J'at  cependant  trouv^ 
mijta  de  lire  Sfanbem^  deFr^anttaNumifmatum^  DiJ^ 

firU 


(xotti  medals.  I  faw  with  plcafurc  the  proof  of  what  1  hid  faid  in  ax^ 
tSEkf  oil  (he  ftttjjeAi  «if  thii  Circns  tnd  Amphtrhemtre. 

1  finHhed  the  lorty-firft  volume  of  the  Blbliotbe^ue  JRatfoanet.  It  con- 
tain ^  Anf.ns  t  oyai^^y  j^rji  anJ fc^ond  ExtraS).  \  knoW  fcw  book»  that  are 
more  amufin^;  but  the  hero  i»  painted  ia  too  flattering  colovn.  When 
afterwards  raiiiedto  the  firtL  employments  of  Hate,  he  was  unable  tofu}>- 
^ort  the  weight  hit  reAoWn.  One  praHe  Indeed  betongi  to  hi«,  that 
«f  choofing  and  employing  merit.  Brett,  Saunders,  Rodney,  ar  l  Kcp- 
prl  are  smong  thofe  whom  he  brought  forward  and  educated  — Mr,  !e 
JHoine'j  *Treatife  en  Miracltt,  Such  a  work  tends  to  injure  ihe  cnufc  of 
religion  which  it  endea^^oun  to  Ihpport.  How  ill  qualified  arc  we  to 
gfcertain  thi  powers  of  Qttvre,  and  of  iDgelt!  Do  we  know  the  ex* 
tfent  of  thofc  belonging  to  our  fellow  creature* ? — Morals.  The  cnr- 
itilfi  of  Revelation  can  no  longer  be  aecufed  of  hoftility  to  natural  rcli* 
glon.  Poor  Tou^Taiot  i»  now  the  editor  of  the  BruflcU  Gazette.  Strange 
employment  for  aphiloropher  X^-^niUpi^iWd^  er  AUeBit^  PA^xf"'""* 
I)  Mr.  Je  la  Metrie:  a  fevere,  tAgcDtoilt,  and  learned  Atire  agaioft  the 
faculty  in  Pari»,  partlculjrly  Aftrue,  Sylva,  Chirac,  andWinflow. 

Fc'h^uATv  t;.] — This  mofiur.g  was  loft,  except  that  I  foun'l  tin-?  to 
read  S^aiibuM  de  Fr^Jlantm  liumifioatttmi  D'jjtri*  IIU  p,  l6o — J9t>. 


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EXTRAITS  mr  JOURNAL. 

fert.  II L  p.  i66 — rp^:  c*eft  une  fulte  du  mcme  fuiet; 
dcs  pamhercs,  dcs  Terpens,  et  des  dauphins.  I/  uticie 
dcs  fcrpcns  furtout,  Jcs  miniflres  des  oracksj  €t  les 
gcnics  tutclaire.^,  eft  curieux. 

FevTier  iS.  ] — Ce  ioir  j'ai  lu  un  contc  €n  vers,  que 
▼ohairc  vient  dc  faire,  et  qu^on  m^a  prete.  Cf  qui  plait 
anxtlavics;  c'eft  I'aHtorhe.  L'ideeeil  cmpruntte  de  ia 
temme  de  Bafh^  de  Pope,  Le  conte  ell  d'.uiieurs  un  pcu 
ditli!^,  ct  le?  vers  n*ont  point  cette  le^crcrc,  et  ce  natu- 
tc\  qui  cit  ii  ciTcntiel.  On  m*a  pick-  t  ii  meme  terns 
FEbge  du  Due  de  Su/fyy  par  Af,  ^hr  ffins :  pidCC  qui  a 
ftmporte  le  prix  de  rnrndr  imc  Fr.MTcoife. 

19.] — Au  lieu  decontinuer  Spaiiheim,  j'ai  repris  moti 
Rteueil  Geographique  fur  Pltaliey  qu*il  faut  cxpediob 
yen  ai  ccrit  deux  pages  et  dcmie  fur TEtrurlc. 

J'aA  achcv^  PElcge  du  Due  de  Sully,  M.  Thomas  eft 
ten  grand  orateur.  Quelle  force  dans  la  pcnlee  !  quelle 
ftpidite  dans  le  ftyle  !  II  a  Tame  d'un  citoyeii|  TcfDrit 
dTun  philofophe,  et  le  pinceau  d*un  grand  peintie.  veft 
I>6mofthene«  mals  Demofthene  qai  a  facrifie  atui  graces. 
On  y  trouve,  avec  toute*  la  pompe  de  r£loqiience»  la 
prfcifion  des  d^tnils,  qui  ne  font  jamais  petits,  auand 
Us  font  linen  choifis,  et  bien  rcndus  ^  ct  la  fid^lite  kifto- 
fiqve  qui  ne  peut  qu'embellir  I'^loge  da  tout  homme  qui 


He  cop.tinucs  the  fame  fu'-  'Tt^  :  ]  i-  n  rs,  fcrpents,  dolphins.  The  part 
refpcdiog  krj«t:nt»,  thole  miLuicra  oi  cr.icici»  and  nu«iary  gtati,  m 
psnEcnlwIy  cnnotn. 

'   FetMvary  18  ] — In  the  evening  T  md  1  tale  in  ^ieHb«  uliich  wm 

\frr.  to  me,  juft  puhlifhed  by  V>  Irnire.  TVhatm^  pUafet  'ujumin  T  Com- 
r,,.:  1.  T  hf  cltn^n  i->  horrowcJ  from  Pope's  Wife  of  Bach.  The  nar- 
r^iuvc  is  raincr  Ciuuxc,  aud  the  vcrics  iiMvc  uut  th»t  oatarai  ea^«  sod 
InrHlnieA  wbteh  w  an  eicatial  re  qui  fits.'  f  b«nwwed«t  tbcliait  ibm 
th€  PatUp/m  ^OeDM^f^Smliy,  iy  Mr.  Thmui  a  pcifdnBMKse  whidi 
gnoed  me  prize  propolcd  by  the  French  Acad'.iny. 

19. J — lDile;id  of  coat!  nuing  Spanhelfn,  I  rcfuiued  my  nmrrim^hd I 
Calleihen  on  Jtaty^  which  I  wuQi  to  put  out  oi  iiwd.    I  wrote  lwo pages 

aadao  balf  of  ic,  «ii  Etrarb. 

1  ftaifhcd  ^u!ly*s  Patiegyrie.  Mr.  Thomas  is  a  great  ontnr.  WJu£ 
ftfCOgth  of  thought,  what  ripidityof  flylc  '  He  has  the  f-  iil  nf  n  ci- 
VHUtky  the  fenfeof  a  philofophcr,  and  the  pencil  of  a  grcnt  painter- 
Hii  manner  it  that  of  Demofthcncs,  but  of  Dcziwilhcnos  wmo  fa« 
crificed  totbrgfMSi»  Uoitcdmith  the  pomp  of  cloquenec,  W9  iad  aa 
ictnrate  dettilof  piltiralars,  which  are  never  miniitt  when  thef  tw 
well  rhofcn  and  well  etpreflcd  ;  and  that  hillorical  truth  which  always 
^hcliilhet  the  panegyric  of  every  man  entitled  to  public  praif'-.  1 
•parallel  of  Sully  with  Colbort  ianot  dr^wo  wi(h  flattery,  Ararcciy  with 

e<|uity. 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL, 

en  merite  un.    Le  parall^Ie  de  Colbert  et  de  Sully,  bien 
loin  d'etre  flateur  pour  fon  h^ros,  ne  lui  eft  pas  equita- 
ble.   On  compare  trop  les  difficultes  que  ccs  deux  mi- 
niftres  ont  eu  a  furmonter.    Faut-il  comparer  les  lior» 
reurs  de  la  ligue,  quarante  ans  de  guerres  civiles,  le  fa- 
natifme  et  rindepcndance  maitres  de  tous  les  efprits  ct 
800  millions  de  dettes,  avec  les  caprices  de  la  Fronde, 
quclqucs  coiicufllons  cic  Mazarln,  ct  unc  nation  fans 
chef,  r.ms  principcs  lie  revoke,  ct  iiiULe  <ics  li^fordies 
donieftiques.    M.  I'lioni-L.   iic  le  louvicnt  pas  tovijours 
que  I'cloi^e  eft  un  pjfiiic  niitoycn  entre  Thiltoirc  ct  TuiMi- 
ioii  iun(  Sre  j  pcui-ctrc  nicme  que  Ton  {lyle  fort,  iua- 
limc  et  nourri  des  ima^^es  les  plus  jultes  ct  les  har- 
dies, auroit  pu  fe  pafTer  dc  la  conip.ii.iiloii,  dcrapoilia- 
phe,  et  de  toutes  les  figures,  qui  ne  conviennent  pariciiie- 
mcnt  qu'a  la  poefic.    Jc  fuis  iur  qu'il  auroit  miciix  fait 
de  ne  point  faire  contrafler  les  operations  de  Suliy  avec 
cclles  dc  1a  fngefle  cternelle.    C'cft  un  fublinic  toujours 
faux,  qui  nc  peut  que  ravaler  les  deux  objets  dc  la  com- 
paraiibn. 

Fcvrier  20.] — j'ai  ccrit  une  page  et  demie  tiu  Raufi/ 
Grogrnphiquey  fur  le  Tybre  et  les  rivieres  qui  s'y  jettenr. 

j*ai  acheve  le  quaranit'  d^uxitme  tome  de  la  Bibli:itheque 
Raifonnce,  A  ne  confidcrcr  que  le  Fcyage  de  la  Buye 
d^Hudfotiy  par  Ellis^  on  ne  peut  douier  de  TexifteriCe 
du  paO'age  tant  recherche  du  Nord  Uued.    Lu  tout  cas 

la 


eqaity,  tor,'?rd«  th?  former.  ^Tr.  T^nm^  i^wclls  too  lonjj  f>n  ^^\t  coni- 
pariion  of  the  difficulties  which  tlufc  two  nttuillfrs  h.>d  rcrpc'cliv^iy  to 
enccuntcr.  The  horrors  of  the  leagQc,  forty  jvars  of  civil  war,  ci.rhu- 
iMfm  and  independence  in  the  public  mind,  and  eight  hundrrd  mil' 
Hon*  of  <!t.lir  r  (Iivf-  were  dilKcuItiL-s  fno.niparahly  irrearcr  than  the 
caprices  of  thf  I  ronj  fomo  extortions  on  the  part  of  CiirJiini  M^za- 
rmc,  a  nation  delinutc  oi  cither  priDcipIcs  ui  leader',  of  r«.l>cllioit,  au<J 
long  Weaiy  of  dotneftic  diftorbancc^.  Mr.  Thonias  docs  not  alvva)  s 
rpmcmber  chat  a  panef^ic  onght  to  hold  tlu  nu(U'L  pl.icf  hf-twocn  a 
biftnry  an*!  a  rnr.rr-.}  ornrion.  Ptili  ips  tli'.  flrcr^iii  ami  fDMinuty  of 
his  fly  c,  replete  w  irh  imajXP>  as  a^  th^y  ;uc  n:j.ur:'.?.  rri/h;  have 

cnabkJ  him  to  tUlpcrf'.- with  compjrii'ons,  ^imihopho,  and  all  ti.i  fe 
figures,  which  mor  j  t ,  p-rly  belon^r  to  poetry.  I  am  certain  he  would 
have  done  wrll  to  oniir  his  coniparil  ni  cf  Sully's  opcratiofi"^  with  tl.ufc 
of  clero^l  wif.?oni  ;  n  fprcir^  i  f  faU'c  fubltme  which  can  only  tend  to 
degrade  both  the  compared  ohjcds. 

February  10.}— I  wrote  a  page  and  an  half  of  my  Geo^r^pL^al  CU- 
Mien  on  th<*  Tihf  r,  and  the  rivers  which  flow  into  it. 

I  fininictl  the  forty- frcond  volume  of  the  liiL'i.:^  ;uc  R^tfonne,-.  If  we 
eonfidcT  only  Air.  F>'>i't  i'cy  r^tr  to  Ht,<iJor.*i  2)',.v,  the  exiiUnrc  of  a 
noni.-wtli  jwffi^r  wiii  appear  very  doubifui.  be  thai  a$  it  ni  ly,  the 
tympany  will  alwayi  enUcavouc  to  prevent  its  dtfeoTcrj.— ij^'  v,  ly 

Mr. 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


43 


Jt  compagnie  cn  cmpechera  toujours  la  de'convcrte,—  1764* 
Ejfai  fur  la  Marine  des  Anciens^  par       Dejlandes.    Ja-  w^^-^ 
mais  Ics  anciens  n'ont  connu  qoe  les  trireoieSi  ou  Ics 
Taifleaux  de  guerre  \  trois  pontSy  chaque  potit  garni  de 
lames  de  longueurs  differentes.    Les  quadriremcs,  ^c. 
n'ctoient  quis  des  ponts  fuperieurs  garnis  de  machiness 
tnais  fans  rames. — Efsp^tion  dts  Decmvertei  de  Ne^an^ 
pttr  M.  Mazlaurm  $  ouwage  admir^  de  tous  les  math^"  . 
maticiens*  J'efpu^re  y  aj  outer  uq  jour  un  fuffirage  ^cbir^  , 
— Relation  d*un  F jyage  au  Pirout  par  JIf  •  JBouguer,  Les 
CordUi^res  forment   la  chaine  de  montagnes  ]a  plus 
haute^de  la  terre.   Le  fommet  du  Chimboraco  eil  61eve 
de  321 7  toifeSf  au  defibs  de  la  mcr ;  et  a  9400  toifesia 
neige  ne  fond  plus.   Le  provtuce  de  Quito  eft  an  vaW 
Ion  des  Cordtlieres,  et  cependant  fes  habitans  font  les 
plus  eleves  qu'on  connoifle.   Les  monumens  qui  fub* 
fiftent  encore^  ne  permectent  point  de  douter  fur  Ja  gran** 
deur  des  Incas.    On  voit  encore  les  traces  de  la  chauflee  . 
de  400  Heues de  Cufcoa  Qmto^Melatige  HarUien,  tome, 
vi.   On  y  trouve  la  fuite  d'une  piece,  otH  regne  la  bonne 
philofophie*   De  I'axiome  que  r£tre  Eternel  fe  fuffit  a 
iui-memey  on  d6dttit  une  religion  (ans  fuperfttttonj  fans 
contradt£Uons»  et  fans  peines  ^ternelles. — Forage  en 
Turqttie  ei  en  Ferfe,  par  M,  Otter:  curicux^  mais  biea 
fee. — Ltt  Fie  beureufci  par  M*  de  la  Metrie  i  c'eft  un  fou, 
qui  empoifonne  en  nsail,—Remarques  fur  le  DiHionnaire 

-de 


Mr,  Dt^mdftt  M  At  Jiikrvie  •/  ihi  Amtktdu   Th«  ancietitf  never  mtde 

uic  of  any  but  trireme  grallics.  that  it,  vcflcls  wirh  iLtlc  tire  of 
cars  of  dliT-rL-fi:  Icn^^tiH.    The  quadrircmes,  &c.  had  dcckb  ;ibovL  thtfe  . 
bartis  of  oars,  provided  wichmachioes  of  war;  but  they  had  only  \.\\tcc 
tire  of  oari  ^-^Maclauriit  t  Atctmid  of  Sir  Iftac  Ne%vtf>ni  DfcaMtries.  .  A 

tvork  admired  by  *U  nuthematidaiu.   I  hope  to  be  able  at  ibme  future 

time  to  beftowon  it  enlightened  approbation.— iVtfrrij//vf  of  a  V'^y'i^^e  to 
Ftr  i,  ly  Air,  Botigufr.  The  d  rdillcras  form  the  hightd  chain  of 
xuountaiu»in  the  world.  1  he  top  of  Chimboraco  i^i  3:17  f.itbomaabove 
the  fea  :  at  the  height  uf  2400  the  fnow  never  melts.  The  province  of 
Qoito»  though  a  valley  in  tlie  Cordilleras,  it  the  highcd  inhabited  cuun- 
try  known.  Subfiftinj::  monuments  ftill  artcfl  the  f(»rmer  preatnf  f.  cf 
the  fnc?««.  Wr  ret  hfhold  the  vcfli;^'(-s  of  the  ciufcway  eX'Ctxiing;  4:0 
leagues  from  Cufto  to  <s^ito. —  Tie  Harieian  jVlif^ciiany,  Fol.  vi.  coiittuiiS 
ihc  fcquel  of  a  work  dillingttiilicd  by  the  fpirit  of  found  phtloft^phy. 
From  the  axiom  that  the  Eternal  Being  is  all-fufiicicnt  tn  hunfelf,  a  re* 
fif'ion  is  dcdurfd,  f  ee  frnm  fnp- rP.aion,  contraditSions,  and  ct^  r'r.'.l 
P"i;iihmen^3.— 'TV.it'f/i  in  'Turkey  and  Pitrfia,  Ly  Mr.  O'Jrr  :  CUrJOUs,  UuC 
^y. — Tbi  ba^fy  h        ^      Mcfrie:  the  work  ol  a  fool,  whv.fs 

lai^hur 


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I 


4i|l  £XTjELAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

de  Bayle.  La  fupcrftition  iatoiirante  eft  encore  piud. 
dangereufe  que  i*impi(?tf. 

Fevrier  24.] — T*n!  rcrit  une  page  et  demie  du  Recueii 
Geograph'tque  jur  rOmbne.  Je  commence  a  mcttrf^  dans 
le  detail  4e  chaque  legion^  itn  oc4re  qui  me  feia  tre» 
utile. 

2^.] — J'ai  achevc  le  quarante  troijieme^imnt  de  la  Btuli- 
dtheque  Rmfonnee.  J*y  trouve  Letbnizn  Protsgea :  ouv- 
T>ge  podhume  d'nn  grand  homme,  fur  la  (lru£ture  pri- 
mitive dc  la  terrc.  Tout  etoit  cahot.  Un  incendie 
fondit  la  Riaife,  ct  les  matieres  diffcrootts  a^utfcai  leur 
dl^6  de  folidif^,  depuis  la  vitrification  da  pi^rm  pi^ 
Ciieafes  juii^'^  la  fluid ite  des  eaux,  ^  proportion  du 
terns  qu'cllcs  ont  mis  a  fc  refroidir. — Hifimre  du 
bmtbrmt^  0$  mSU  du  Parimmnt  £An^eierrej  par  fJlhim 
Jta^fkd.  Ses  portraits  font  lempKs  de  tret  jolies  aaii- 
thefcs.^ — Hi/lairf  d»  y$viiHy  par  tAhb^  de  hi  BleUru^  mksc 
la  TrmUtSkn  dt  qmfqttes  Ouvrages  de  Juiien,  Quslle 
litt^ntnfe»  quel  gout,  et  quelle  elegftaot  I  J'ajoCtte,  et 
quelle  moderation!  Julien  etoit  Pajren,  et  TAbbe  OA 
hait  que  ks  Jcfuitcs. — VEfpr'a  des  Loifc,  Qu'en  dire 
ici  i^Le  M.M  Fatrmtf*  MUord  Bolingbroke  avoit  de  la 
farce  et  de  P^l^ation  dans  P«fpnt»  mib  il  eft  petk  pU- 
laCiiphc*^IUekefvies  /iArar  fur  Us  Minfeitt,  par  le  DaQmr 
JfiidUftrtm.   Get  hoRmie  sf oie  bten  de  la  Atttcc<  et  dc  U 


boghtcr  U  poifbnont.—- ^<-Mrarix  om  Bajift  DIAWrf.  Ifttoleraot  foper* 
ftiCMMi  u  more  daiigcrou«  than  impitty. 

February  14^ — I  vrrotc  a  p«'j;c;  and  an  half  of  my  Giovmphh-it  Col- 
Mh0m,  OR  the  iubjudt  oi  UmbriA.  I  begia  to  put  the  matehaiit  io  or- 
der, WloBgiag  tt>  cadk  region  of  Ualft  whidi  will  be  of  moch  vCe  m 

25.)— I  Boiflicd  the  forty-thfrJ  x  rUimc  of  the  BlUhttjt<ive  R^ilfoMn'r.  ft 
CT>nt3ins  Lei^tt^ii  Pr.^o^^a  .'  a  poithumou*.  v/frk  of  thh  ^rcat  man,  on 
the  ori^al  (Irudurc  of  tke  earth.  Ciiaoi»  nril  rciyiicd  ;  a  coofla^a* 
tioa  aimd  the  miA ;  and  diftrwn  ftibftaneet  acquired  different  de* 
grta  of  hard»e&  froai  iuid  water  to  vitri^ed  gems,  in  proportioa  t» 
the  time  they  were  in  cooltnfr. — 'The  H'-pory  cf  the  OJfi.t  ef  .s'/i/./.-Wilr, 

»f  tk*  Parllamrnf  Fi'^IjjiJ,  /v  /£v  j'ioir  R.iy^  fl.  'I  ho  pii.'hiri'S  which 
he  draw&are  d  woh  pretty  aniiihcicfc.^iii«  Jiijitry  y  'Jfnuut^  and 
Hv  Tw^^fafcii  v^MV  Wmkt  of  JmlLin,  by,  tk*  MUitlm  BidiFh  t  ad* 
mirable,  in  poiK  of  emditiok,  taile,  ele^rance,  and  I  wilt  add,  mode* 
ration  Julian  was  a  Papuan,  hut  the  Ah^n-  hate»  only  the  Jcfuits  — 
7be  Sf>trtt  sf  L^n  i.  What  uccafioil  was  there  to  fpeak  of  it  Inrc  ?— 
Lord  JiaJim^nie't  Patriot  Xing.  Thi«  Wd  had  ftrcDgtU  aod  cUvation  of 
Mind ;  bat  he  waa  %tmj  phi<aibffhcr^*^<4<rt^'<      J^guhy  imu  iU 


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JEJCT&AITS  DU  JOU&KAL, 

penetration.  II  voyolt  bieo  jufqu'ou  I'on  pouvoitpouffcr 
lee  ccmfequcT'ces  de  fes  piincipes^  maifi  il  ne  lui  con* 
^cnoit  pas  de  les  tircr. 

Fevrifr  26.] — J'ai  6crit  trois  pagrs  demon  Recuril 
{j^cgraphiqift'f  au  chapitTC  dti  iiamntum.  J'ai  Sichcve  ic 
^ys  def  Snbins^  et  une  partie  dc  celui  den  Marfes. 

27.] — J'ai  rcrit  deux  paijes  dc  mon  Recueil  GeogmphU 
que,  au  chapitre  du  Sanimum^  fur  Ic  lac  Fucinus^  ic 
pays       Equi^  ct  celui  dcs  Ptitgni. 

J'ai  aonTi  Ju  mon  Spafhi\:rif  de  Ufa  ei  Prirjlcintin  Mr/^ 
mifmatum,  Dijfert.  III.  p.  196 — 245.  II  y  cll  qucltion 
des  animaux  tabu  leu  X,  du  fphinx,  dc  i'iiydre,  deslyrene£» 
dcs  oifeaux  St\  mphalidcs,  du  phoenix,  On  voit 

c^^pendnnt  que  reiprit  (ks  Grecs,  tout  romaDclque  qu'il 
^toit,  a  moins  invents  qu'il  n'a  cmbelli.  Lc  fphinx 
n*etoit  dans  rorigiiie  qu'uiic  guenon  d'Eihiopie,  dont  Ics 
habitans  de  la  Tlicbaicle  iirLnt  le  fymbole  du  myfteve»  6t 
<ju'il8  piacoient  aux  pontes  de  Icurs  temples. 

— ^Je  n'ai  lu  de  Spanheim  que  Dtffert,  III.  p*  245~ 
153.  11  y  cii  queition  de6  animaux  monfttiieux  ct 
hj^oglypKiques,  dont  les  noms  font  inconnus. 

J'ai  ackev6  le  quarante  quatr»me  irnne  de  la  &hlMikfM 
Re^mtiee*    J'y  ti  trouv6  Hiftoirt  des  Papts^  par  ,£$mm*  s 
pmuu't  et  dem'time  EKtrmd,    Let  MEwncncement  4e 
Rome  Chr^denne,  ibnt  poor  k  iBokkt  wsSk  obfcurt  ct 

£ibiileux 


,Mirmi€$f  Uft,  Thi»  ovao  was  eii«iuwcd  wuh  jjcoetration  and  acuixacjr. 
fTi  f>w  Ulinwi  liii  prinr Iplw kd $  hm  htdHAaat  tbink  proper  to dnnr 
■  th<c>iifaqawcei. 

TrVruary  16  ] — I  wrot<  thrrc  pa^s  of  mj  Ci:ogmf>h'ital  ColltSiion^  on 
the  iubjcdl  of  Sam-ns^m,  I  havc  now  finifhcd  the  coimcr]^  of  the  Sa* 
^i^etp  Aiui  ft  ^Mt  01  ihc  tcrikoiieft  uf  ibe  Hiarii. 

«7»]<^  wMte  fewu  p4get  «f  dM  chipttr  Siwialwi  in  sijr  Gttgraphust 
CM0imt  AefaAiof  tlM      Aifwc,  Aod  tlv  Mooirict  of  the  £fw  wd 

1  al£o  read  S^^ltitn,  de  llfu  et  Pr^Jia»tia  Numijimitinii^  DiJ'rrt.  IJI.fi, 
iyt'"il45.  He  tmtt  of  fabulou*  animaU,  the  Q>hinx,  hydra,  Urcocii, 
ikerbkiiof  Scympluiriaw  tbt  plMmts,  Ac  Wc  any  perceive  thac  the 
IpniiiM  of  tb*  Oreck4,  rMnantic  as  k  was,  employed  itldf  rather  in  cm* 
bellirnn^cnt  than  rnrvcntiou.  The  fphinx  wjs  origin lUy  ,m  Ethiopian 
-^pc,  whcrm  the  inhalritsotf  of  Thebaw  «kulc  ior  the  lymhoi  oi  myHcij, 
mad.  pUcod  aft  the  fttct  of  thdr  ttanpUi. 

^.\^W9aA  ki  Spamhtim  only  Difetit.  JJI.  94§~^B*  If C  tSMtt 
«f  nwflri         hier«f;lyphic$,  wh(»lc  name*  are  unknown. 

I  5fli(hc<i  the  futty-fourth  volnm  j  of  t'  •  BiUiuhtfue  BoifttmJf.  h 
«onMH«s  Mmtir'i  lima  ^  th*  Bt^iy  Jtrji      /c.oni  JSklmH.    Tht  brgin- 


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EXTHAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

fibuleux  que  ceux  de  Rome  PavcrMie.  On  a  reprnchf^ 
a  l*auteur  d'avoir  fait  uiie  conipibtion  partinle  ct  indt- 
geiLd  ties  Papes.  C'eit  un  Iripoii  doinahjiir,  qui  a  joui 
pendant  viiigt  ans  de  la  f ivcur  publi(]uc,  pour  avoir 
t|uittc  uTie  ici\c  a  laqucllc  il  tcnuit  cncDrc,  ct  pour  avoir 
6te  conlcillcr  dc  i'iuquintioii  dans  la  vill  j  de  Mart'raia^ 
ou  il  n*y  .i  point  d'inquilitinn.- — Voix  lihrr  d*!:n  Citoyen. 
Quand  un  rui  Pulonois  ccrit  fur  la  conllitutiou  tie  fa 
pairir,  on  eit  furpris  de  nr  voir  que  Ics  lieux  communs 
ci'un  rlK'tcur,  ct  les  vifions  impraticables  d*un  fpeculatif 
de  cabinet. — Tr.iilf  fur  les  Sv/Jcmes,  par  rAbbe  de  CondiU 
Inc.  II  crt  tres  fmement  pcnfe  ;  mais  TAbbe  de  Con- 
di) lac  confond  quclqucfois  les  vcrites  dc  iheoric,  qui 
peuvcnt  dccouler  de  quelques  principes  gencraux,  ct 
les  arts  pratiques,  qui  demandent  encore  les  talens,  Tcn- 
pericnct'9  et  dont  qaelques  iins  par  leur  nature  font 
beaocotip  plus  incertains. — UAfiatifue  'Tderanh  Des 
v6nt6s  importantcs  ct  communes,  exprimees  avec  beau- 
coup  de  hardiefl'e— JL'^r/  de  faire  eckrre  les  Poulets^ 
i^c\  parld*,  de  Reaumur*  Ct  lui-ci  cil  fur  ct  facile. 
Cet  horn  me  me  fcroit  aimer  rhiitoire  naturelle.  Quel 
in(lin£l  que  cclui  du  Fouler,  qui  travaille  pendant  une 
dcmi-journee  n  Touvrage  diificiJe  de  fa  propre  naiflance  I 
^Effm  dg  FhiirfophU  Morale^  par  M,  di  Mauperiuis 
aoo  \  ttt  ne  me  feras  pas  hur  la  vie. 

Elege 


xi'r[^%  nf  Cbriftinn  Rnnic  ire  st  \c2^     chUmc  anfl  fal:ulou<  us  thoO'  of 
the  Pagan.    1  he  authur  is  rt  j-roaihid  with  making  a  partial  and  lii-di- 
gcfted  coDipilatioit  of  papal  biograpiiy.    He  is  a  rogwt  ofiniaiked*  wbo 
enjoyed,  for  twenty  years,  the  fuv(  ur  of  the  pQbBc,  bccaufe  he  Itad 
cjuittcd  a  fi:i5^  to  w hich  he  Hill  fccrctly  i>dhtrcd;  and  liccaiifc   he  lia<i 
been  a  couiilcllor  of  tht  inquifitifin  in  the  town  nf  Macerata,  w  litre  an 
uiquifilton  never  cxided. — 'The  /rte  Va'ue  of  a  CUizen,    Whey  a  king  ut 
Poland  writeaoD  the  cooftitiition  of  hta  coantiy,  we  flioold  not  expe& 
to  find  the  trite  topics  of  a  rhetorician,  or  the  Ipeculative  dreamt  of 
a  |>pd:tnt — A    Ttrjilfc  en  Syf^tmjy  Ly  the  jiUe  Cf>d,Unc  :  judJcioi:':,  nnd 
abounding  with  line  thoughts ;  but  the  Ahbc  fumetimcs  couivund;* 
theoiy  and  truths  flowip|r  from  a  Irw  general  prinriplei,  with  thiili; 
pradical  aitt  which  require  talents  and  exprricnce,  and  which  from 
tlicir  nature  arc  liable  to  great  uncertainty. — Tte  To/eration  e/  the  Aji* 
uti.t  :  truths  coninicn  and  important,  cTj-rcntd  with  much  holdncfi.— 
*Xbe  An  »J  batcbiitj^  ^M**        ^        ^<'""'*i*''    J  hat  propuled  i*  lure 
and  eaff .   This  author  wtl)  make  me  in  love  with  natural  hiftory. 
How  extraordinary  an  indimfi  is  that  of  the  chicken,  %vi<ich  employs 
itfclf  half  a  day  in  the  difficult  %vork  of  its  own  tlrih  ' — ^jj-'y 
rn!  Pl-ffc/'lfjf,  iy  Mr*  Mmufwtmit,   Mo  i  jToti  9XC  AQt  abic  to  makf 
h.iLc  Lie. 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  47 

,  M/oge  dt  Al,  (ie  Schultt'ns,    Cc  Uvant  a  trop  prtfcre  ks     1  764. 
Hcbrcrux  mix  Arabcs. 

Mars  i.l — J'ai  lu  8panhfim,  D'tjfft't.  li\  p.  253 — 265. 
Dcs  .inimanx  il  'pallc  aux  p!antc^>,  tt  lurtout  .lu  lotus, 
doat  lc5  EgypticiKs  coaroniioicnt  louvciit  fur  les  medaUles 
Icurs  rois,  leurs  dieux,  et  leurs  aninmix  Ucres. 

2.] — J'ai  lu  Spanheim^  Dilf  rt.  IF.  p.  265 — 310.  II 
ti\  tcnijonrs  quoltion  dcs  pUntes,  qui  font  rcpretcntecs 
fur  Ics  medaillt  ^. 

J*ai  acheve  If  qtiarante  tinquihm  iomi  de  la  B'lbliotheque 
Raijonnee,  J'y  trouve  Negociatiom  du  Chevalier  hdmotid^ 
publiees  par  le  D^Beiir  Birch  ;  curicufcs  pour  le  oarnc- 
tere,  les  derniercs  annecs,  et  !a  mort  d'Elizabeth. — 
Alf moires  de  Brdudthour^,  lis  font  bien  ecrits ;  mais 
ccux  dc  I'auteur,  que  jc  ]cs  attend';  avec  impaticiice  !  — 
J'mite  fur  la  GliU-c,  pur  3/.  de  ALiirari :  profond  et  judi- 
cicux.  J*avois  iVnti  nufB  bicn  que  le  journaiiile,  qu'il 
ne  faut  pas  multiplier  les  etres,  ct  que  le  feu  mis  en 
mcuvrmcnt  fufRt  fans  la  mnfiere  fubtile. — Hijloire  Net" 
it4relJe,  par  AI.  de  Buffm^  pruuli'r  lyttie.  Lc  grand  pein- 
tre,  et  le  genie  original!  Le  jouni.dilte  veut  foMtcnir  ic 
deluec.  Mais  quel  avcn,  que  !?s  coquiilagcs  nc  ic  trv^u- 
vent  lur  Icf?  monta^ncs  qut*  julqu'a  la' hauteur  dc  600 
pieds. — Rfciu'il  dr  Pi?ci'^  d'  t.l'jquence  de  f  Academic  I'Viifi^ 
coife :  vox  et  pi'.ftcrca  nihil. —  H'J}oir:!  de  la  dc,  par 
Mn  Daiin^  en  Suedois,  tome  dtuxihme.    La  fupcriticon 

et 


Tht  E4»g«9f  Mr.  Si,bulUiu,  ThU  karned  man  prtfcirctl  the  Jcvr» 
too  mudi  to  the  Ar»btaQ«. 

March  t.]*-I  read  Spamieim^  I^J*ri,  IV.  p,  353^265.    From  am« 

tmli,  he  profc^xJs  to  plants,  anrf  |)nrricu?arly  the  lotus,  with  which  the 
£gyptian  mt  dsl««  tifrcn  crown  thtrir  kings,  goiis,  and  facred  animals 

a. J — I  rrad  Sp^nheim^  DiJJert.  IK, p.  263 — 310.  He  ftill  trcalsof  the 
plamt  tq^rcfntcedon  medal«. 

I  finiflied  the  forty  fifth  volunir  r-f  thr  B  y.>f  '.hffiut  Ratfthf'e.    It  coo- 
tam»  Fi-^fntTs  Nr^iijtiotis ,  inibliflx**!  hy  7V.  Bnch  :  curiou*?,  in  asi'^r  3« 
it  reJate*  to  the  rharad^er,  lail  yean*,  and  the  death     Qncen  Elizabtth. 
^^Mtmoirs  </  Brantfenlnrgt:    'J  hty  arc  wtll  wii(tfn  ;  but  the  memoir* 
of  the  author  himfelf— bow  imfiatientty  d**  I  expeft  them  l^Treaii/e  m 
•Jit,  iy  Mr.  M.tiran  :  judicicu>  and  prof«  uHil.    I  of  rented,  as  well  at 
.  rhc  iournal- writer,  that  caufc*  nnt  bt  not  10  he  mn!?iplied  without  f\c- 
oeCUty  ;  and  that  lirt-  Art  in  motion  is  fuiicicnt  without  the  fubiilc  m :<t- 
ter.— A^*#»r»/  Hijiery,  by  Mr.  Efffvn  :  a  great  |)8inter,  and  an  orir:i>aJ 
f^enius.     Thcr  reviewer  ciideavours  todHVod  tbc  di  '.uge  ;  but  rc«i)tL  !ls4 
that  fhclU  are  found  in  the  niounrains  only  at  f!u^  elevation  of  fix  hun- 
dred feet. —  A  C*:/fc1ron  vf  F"    ,    'f  .  ^  iht  Fr.'f'fh    A.  d.n>\  • 
VOX  Ct  practrrca  ulli;l — 'Iht  iii:'utj  aj  .'iu-.-.ien,  t\  Mr.  Limut^  in  6"»**'  »i, 


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» 

tt  It  ^iiiffiiQicc  du  clerge  furent|>ortccs  par  les  Suedolb 
plus  haut  point.  Cette  nation,  cn  fc  convcrtiflant,  prit 
le  i^'ft^c  entler,  ct  dcviat  Chj?etiennc  a  1 1  mode  du 
doiiisicfcne  iicck.  jLlle  iiWoit  point  do  tr.uiitionb  .uicii* 
eoBies  4  Tcclamcr.  Son  biftoir-e  ne  lui  iuurniiloic  nucu9 
argument  contrc  k  fylteoie  Rom.nn,  et  foa  ignorance 
Tiempechojt  dc  les  chcrcher  dans  (^Ibs  des  autres  pcuples, 
dam  la  Tairon,ct  dans  recnture. — PartUele  des  AUrhru 
dc  Paros  awi  /c^  Chroniques  Egyptienfits.  C'cft  une  piece 
OrigiiUhie.  Jc  vois  cjut*  r-auteur  (T Able  RilImh  da  Bou^ 
tker)  m^prife  ces  niarbic^  ;  €t  qu'il  a  bcaucoup -etudi6 
Mi%nt  tlion.  Toutes  fes  decouvcrteb  vienncnt  a  un  f)r{lcmc 

jDeaucoup. 

Mars  3.] — J'ai  lu  Spa tiheim^  Differ t.  11".  p.  3  1  o — 340, 
£t  Diftri.  V.  p.  340 — 344.  II  finit  I'artick  des  phtites. 
3*en  fuis  charme.  Elles  n'ont  qu'une  liaifon  indircde 
avec  les  niedaillcs.  D'.ulleurs  Spanheim  n'etoit  point 
-totaniite,  etje  n'ai  pas  envie  de  Ic  devcnir.  J'ai  aclievc 
ce  qui  doit  etre  l;i  partie  la  moms  inrereff'iinc  dr  rouvragc. 
dLa  d<:uxieme  diilcrtiitiori  eft  scche,  quoique  utile  :  niais 

Ji^duiroisadix  pages  toutes  ies  declamations  de  moiak 
^  deipolttiquCy  et  je  ne  conferverois  des  dciyt  deniicres. 


t^Tf/.  a,  ^perAuion  aad  derieal  jpower  ccad^d  the  higheft  pitch  in 
Sweden.  At  the  time  of  their  conyerfion,  the  SwedM  adopud  tJie 
mMe  ^pipil  i^Ftem,  and  Ucine  fihriftiani  tlMr  ^he  JiAimi  -af  die 

twelfth  ceoeury.   They  could  not  plead  the  authority  «f  ^any  ancNSt 

tradition? ;  their  hiAory  furclfbcd  chem  not  with  any  argument  againft 
y^iiUjaua  i&xth,  «nd  their  igopcaooc,  hindered  theov^om,  fee  lung  fuch 
aryntncntt  in  the  Uftoiy  of  other  nattmis,  in.  rcafonjiiorJO'lcripture.—- iV- 
<miUl^  tht  jUrmMioM  Marhkt  mbh  the  iRgy^tim  Ckmthfum  I  f«xceive 
ithtttJK- amhor,  the  Abhc  Richer  du  Boucher,  has  a  .great  contempt  Car 
thc£:  marbles ;  ami  that  he  is  deep  in  Manetho.  All  hi;  dirroverif* 
4«re  coooedcd  with  at^oocrai  fyitcui  ol  chxoMolm^,  mhidi  ^c  4ucijiot 

;Mtiidfc3.]«-Ll«tdS/«i4#(49,  Djfirt.  IV.xp.  310—340 ;  and  Bijfnt. 

V.p.  340 — 344     He  concludes  the  article  M  planti^ ;  I  am  glad  of  it ; 

th«y  arc  but  lurlc  conoe^d  with  jiiedats  :  Spaiibcim  wa»not  a  botanifi, 

IK>r  do  I  wdii  It  become  OBe.  I  have  now,  jinifliod  the  nioit  uUtu^eilutg 
^fut«f  liitwmk.  The  HpumI  diiemiioii  it  49jf,  Imtofirfvl :  hit  4e- 
.dbaiatioBs  on jaoralt  and  politics  anight  be  reduced  to  ten  pages;  and 

ftam  the  tvro difTcrtatinni;  I  would  felcd.onjf Akpr-iaiUi  deued 

iraoMU  wvia&nMf;%imMigf^,Vi.  the  iiitye^ 

JMaroh 


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EXXRAITS  DU  JOURNAL 

Mars  4.] — J'ai  lu  Spanheintt  Difirt'  V'  p.  344 — 373. 
II  y  i  unc  grande  erui-iuion,  et  dc5  iietails  tres  curicux 
fur  les  corucs  done  on  ornoit  la  t^c  d'Ammon,  de  Ju- 
non,  de  BacchuS|  des  Fleuves^  d'AIcxandrCi  et  de  iet 

fuccclicurs. 

5.] — J'ai  parcouru  k  Nouvel  Aretin.  Unc  crafle  ig- 
norance, une  bouffbnerie  dc  corps  de  garde,  et  des  dif- 
cours  impertinents,  qui  n'ont  pa^  meme  le  meritc  dc  la 
nouveaute,  dillingucnt  cc  mauvais  ouvrage,  qu'on  rejet- 
tcroit  iur  le  champ,  ne  fut-U  qu'^cht  contrc  la  reiigioa 
avec  une  licence  etfrenee. 

6."j — J*a*i  achcve  le  quaranie  Jtxieme  tome  de  la  Biblio^ 
thique  Raifonnte,  J*v  trouve  Le  Su^icntr  d*OudenJorp, 
L'edition  me  paroit  bonne.  Mais  pourquoi  en  falre  unc 
nprcs  celle  de  Grsvius  ?  Pc^urquoi  omettre  les  exccllcus 
commcntaires  de  Torrciitius  et  de  Cafaubon  ? — Altmoires 
de  Re'ine  Ckrifiine  :  curieux,  et  d*un  travail  immenfc, 
— Altmoires  de  rAcademie  de  Feterjhourg.  ToutCS  les  in- 
flitutions.  en  Ruilie  doivent  etre  bien  entendues.  On  a 
pu  les  jetter  tout  d'une  fontCy  dans  uo  terns  qu'eUci 
etoicnt  d^ja  perfe^kionnees  chcz  fes  iroi(ins.  -^Nouveau 
IHBionnmrt  Hijloriqta  et  Critique,  par  M.  dt  Umufepie. 
Yy  trouve  le  favoir  et  rezaditude  de  Bayle»  mait  oi^  tfk 
ia  pbilofophie  et  fon  g^nie  ? 

Mars  9.] — ^J*ai  ecrit  trois  pages  et  demie  de  mon  Bit^ 
€ueii  GUgraphique,  J'ai  acheve  le  chapitre  du  Santnium^ 
par  un  precis  afltz  detaiiJc  fur  les  Sanuutet  et  fur  leDiip> 

V0L.IIL  E  cU 


Mndi  4*)— Y  veld  Sp^mheim,  Dijftrt,  F.  |44^37l«  ThU  part  h 
SCpletc  with  entdhSon,  and  enters  into  many  curiout  ptrticulan  coq- 
cerning  the  horns  which  adorn  the  head  of  AlitfBoa,  Juoo^  Birfhn% 
RiTcrs,  Akzander,  uid  his  fucceflun. 

glanced  over  tbt  Niew  Antbh  Groft  ignorance,  bltclEgail4 
hoSioaerfp  aad  impeittneat  realcmiDm,  wbtch  have  not  even  the  racriK 
of  novelty,  disgrace  thisjwrctchcdpeifurmanccs  which  would  be  thrown 
by  with  dilgidl,  did  It  not  attack  idigi^^  w'^h  the  moik  iboc|uo|  19* 
decencv. 

6.3—1  fioMied  the  ferty-fluli  volaait  of  the  smMpm  JUifmA.  It 
cootaiai  Smiimhs,  if  Owimkrp,  Tho  oi^doa  is  good,  but  uoneceHiff 
after  that  of  Graevius.  Why  are  the  excellent  commentaries  of  Torren- 
tiut  "and  C^^fauhon  omitted? — MemmrB  cf  ^'ff»  Chriftiana:  a  curioMi 
wotk,  and  of  lounenfe  induftry. — *Mnn9'u  i  oj  lU  Atadtmy  9/  Piitr^itr^ 
All  the  ioftitvtiolM  of  the  Ruffiam  uoght  to  be  well  contrived,  ud  M* 
fuUy  proportioned*  Hiqr  niay  be  made  at  one  cad,  from  modelf 
highly  improved  among  their  nf  ?ghbourfl  — A  New  Hifltruai  and  Crith 
tol  Dl  '  wnery^  ky  Mr.  Chaufepn  tiic  kacmng  and  accMlf cy  pf  £*yl^ 
%  iii.out  hit  phiiofophy  atiii  gcniui*. 

j^.J— I  wrace  cbiee  pages  and  aa  half  cf  my  CoigrapUtd  Cwttt^m*  I 
kmaairiajIM  d^duytiTM  Jmmp«  iy  a can|)ktf  abodg^eot 


EXTRAtfS  pu  JOURNAL. 

che  de  Beneventum.  J*a  auiE  commence  Ic  chapitre  cle 
r  ApiJiey  done  j'ai  fait  la  premiere  divtfiooj  le  pays  des 
Jiirpinu 

Mars  10.]— J'ai  ecrit  pros  de  quatre  pages  de  mon  Rf' 
eueil  Gedgraphique.  Celt  tout  Je  rede  du  chapitre  de 
rApu!\t\  II  y  a  un  article  ail'  z  etendufur  farente. 

V.\\  acheve  le  quoranti  ftptieme  tome  de  la  Biblkth}qu€ 
Raifonnfe,  J*y  trouve  Memoir es  Critiques  fur  les  Suiffes^ 
'pnr  M,  de  Bochal Tainc  et  futile  fcience  des  etymolo- 
gies  I — Nwtwau  TeJIatnent  de  JVeifiein.  Le  MS.  Alcxan- 
•drin  paroit  avoir  etc  ^crit  en  Egypte,  tcrs  la  fin  du  cin- 
quieme  ficde. — Lett  res  fur  kt  JuhileSf  par  M*  U  Chais: 
fnvantes  et  philofophiques.— Monoganie^  par  Af.  di 
PremonivaL  Pourquoi  intereiler  la  religion  dans  une 
^ueftion  de  cslcul  et  de  cofiTenaoce  ^^-^Defknfe  du  Cbrif" 
thmfmei  par  U  DoBiur  StebHng*  II  fe  hat  bien*  mais  il 
embraflb  tr*p  de  terreiii}  il  fandroit  abandonncr  au 
jmoins  les  ouvrages  ezterieurs.*— D/^i;^  de  Mojfe  eorthre 
jlppien,  par  PAhbi  Richer  du  Boucbei*  il  repand  toujours 
fur  fon  fyft^me  chronologtque^  une  obfcurite  myftert* 
eufe.  Je  n'ofe  d6cider»  mais  je  le  crois  un  pea  vifion- 
-nairey  parcequc :  i.  II  parle  des  djnafties  Egyptiennes 
comme  il  pourroit  faire  de  la  cour  de  Louis  XIV.  II 
iKtAt  trop  de  confiance  et  de  certitude  dans  un  fujet  qui 
ne  permet  que  la  vraifemblance,  et  les  conje£lttre8.  2* 
Qoand  il  ?eut  chercher  la  clef  da  fragment  hiftorique  de 

•  Manet^on^ 


of  what  concerns  the  Sammtet  and  the  Duchy  of  Bftrventum.  I  have  alfo 
hegnn  %he  chapter  oD  AptJUt ;  and  floiiiied  the  firft  divifion,  the 

territory  of  the  UirfUmi, 

March  10.] — T  wrote  n^'ntly  frmr  pages  of  niy  Geo<^rjphi'al  dHenipm  s 

containing  the  remainder  of  AfulU,  There  it  a  pretty  exteoiive  ankle 

on  Tartntum. 

f  tpnlhed  the  forty.fevcoth  tohme  of  the  BiUMhc^  M^fimm*  It 
ContJljllt  Critical  Memmrt  9m  tht  Svtifiy  hy  Mr.  Hofbat ;  turning  oo  die 
vain  and  futile  fciencr  of  etymology. — lV{t!Tr--\  y,  -:v  Tcfldment.  The 
Alexandrian  manulcript  appears  to  have  been  wtttten  in  -Egypt  toward* 
the  end  of  the  fifth  ceiitory. — L^tert  m  JaUltei^  by  Mr,  U  QA:  leun* 
ed  aifd  phUofopbictl.— ^M^^tfsvy,  iy  Mr,  Frm*»^l.  Why  flmald  re* 
li^ion  be  introduced  into  a  qudlion  depending  on  calculation  and  cir* 

CUmftances? — [hfrt^r  rf  Cf:rff}hnitr,  by  Dr.  StMhi^  He  i^  3  f^nnd  po- 
lemic, bat  embraces  tuo  wide  a  field;  the  outermoft  work*  iiiould  be 
nUnqf^tA^Mo/ej  df/enJtd  a^aiitji  J/^ftntM,  by  the  AUi  Rkttri§  JhmkeU 

He  ftill  throws  in  tir  of  myfterjr  over  his  chi  onolngical  lyftem.  I  fpeak 

rrt *(^^*-lrlc(1!Y,  birt  To  inc  he  .ippears  a  little  ot  a  vif-  r,?rr.  I,  He  fpf  ^kt 
ot  the  Egyptian  dynaicics  a*  he  wrnild of  th  -  .^  -  rf  r  i  I  r\,  i>  XIV  :  fhe\s  - 
inirtoo  much  confidence  and  certainty  on  a  luujcct:,  winch  admits  oa\j 
t>{  jirobahilityaiid  c<mjcd«fTl' '  S.  When  heiiiveAi}{itetthefc«f  toMm- 
'nctho'i  hiftorkal  liagineilt,  he  qaan  the  foad  ef  crittcifm«  but  givci  nm 

\'>  to 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

Mao^thon,  SI  rejette  la  critique,  et  laifle  entxevoir  que 

cc  denoument  ne  peut  fe  trouver  que  dans  Tanalyfe  geo- 
meertque.    Cet  homme  n'eft-il  pas  un  pcu  fou? 

Efaii  et  Ofiris  !  Je  vois  que  c'ell  le  fondement  de  fori 
fyOemc.  Qu'il  mc  ftroit  facile  tie  le  renverfer  !  Jamais 
princes  (fi  Ofiris  en  etoit  un)  n'ont  eu  moins  de  rapport. 

Mars  I  i.l — J'.ii  cci  lt  deux  ]mc;cs  de  man  Rtcut-il  Gio~ 
grophtqut  y  .lu  cliapitrc  dc  la  Liuafik.  Liica  comprcunent 
piclquc  tome  ki  Lucanie  propre. 

12.] — J'..i  Lcnr  deux  pages,  .ni  chipitrede  la  Luiunie, 
EHes  compreunent  le  relie  de  u  Lucanie  propre,  ct  uue 
par&ie  de  Bruiiuni. 

13.] — Je  n'ai  ocrit  que  trois  quarts  de  page,  au  cha- 
pitre  de  la  Lucifiie ;  c'cft  \,\  cniuiauation  du  Brutii/m. 

14.1 — J'.il  lu  un  ouvrage  nouve?.u  de  Voltaire.  Traite 
fur  Li  Tolerance,  Le  but  ne  peut  qu'etre  louable  :  reve- 
i]!er,  rappeller  dans  tous  les  cccurs  les  fentimens  de 
rhumanitc,  ct  dcvcloppcr  les  fuites  affreufcs  de  la  fu- 
perllition  ;  mais  dans  l*execution,  cc  n'eft  qu'un  petit 
recucll  de  lieux  ccmmuns,  ou  I'auteur  parle  de  tout^ 
plutot  que  des  grands  piincipcs  de  ioii  fujet.  J'aime 
bciucoup  fes  conclulions  taulll's  et  cLMUradicfVnlres  fur 
I'hiitoire  aiiclenne.  L'hillolre  ancienuc  (dit-il)cft  remplie 
de  prodiges;  ils  ne  fauroient  etrc  vrais.  Done  tout  y  e(t 
iable  et  conjecture      L'hiltoire  ancienne  eil  remnlie  de 

£  2  prodiges  \ 

to  uodcrfiand  that  this  knot  ciu  be  unravcUed  only  by  geometrical  ana* 
lyCu.  Ooetnot  thitfamr  of  madoeft?  3.  Efaa  and  Ofirif!  Tlieir 
ti»mt'iv.T<,  f  fee,  b  the  foundation  of  his  fyAem.  How  eafily  might  it 
be  refuted !    No  two  prioccap  if  Oiirii  wm  reallj  a  ftriace*  bad  ever  lelii 

refcmbUncc. 

March  xi.] — I  wrote  two  pages  of  the  chapter  on  Liuania  in  my  G<9» 
gr»^hkmt  CtJit^m  t  compreheodiog  aku^  the  whole  of  Lmumia  pro* 

pcrly  fo  called. 

12.] — I  wrcte  two  pages  on  the  chapter  of  T.ucamM^  covprehendiDg 
the  reil  of  proper  Lucanm  acda  part  of  IJn^tiL-.i. 

13.] — 1  wrote  only  three  quancn  of  a  page  of  my  chapter  on  Lucenia, 
being  a  continuation  of  Brutium. 

14  ]  —  •  rraJ  a  ncvr  w  rkby  Voltaire;  Treati/e  om  Tofcr.jtLn.  The  end 
i.^  comnieudublc ;  rn  r.wakon  in  the  foul  the  feeling*  of  humanity,  and 
ciiXpUy  the  dreatiiui  coiifc^ucuceti  of  fupertlition.  But  in  point  of  execu- 
tjati  dlii  work  is  a  trifling  coUedion  of  common- place  remarks,  in 
which  the  author  expatiates  rather  on  every  other  topic  thnn  the  ^reat 
principles  btlorginj;^  to  his  fubjoc^.  1  am  divrrtcd  with  his  fallc  and 
contra diifiory  curicluf.ona  concerning  aucicnt  hiih-ry.  Thi^  hillory,  he 
iay»,  i»  filled  with  prodigies.  1  hey  cannot  be  true;  tltercfore  atKtent 
h&ory  confiiU  merely  of  fables  and  coajeftarea  ^.  Again,  this  hifljory 
is  filled  with  jirodigies :  we  are  obliged  to  bdieve  them ;  therefore  the 

•  TtiitI  fiir  h  ToMrance,  C.  is.  M.  c.  p.  71—75. 

principles 


i  EXTRArrS  DU  JOURNAL. 

1764.    prod  iges -5  on  nc  peat  que  les  adopter.    Done  Ics  hom- 
^-         mcs  et  la  n  uure  meme  n'avoient  dans  ccs  tems  rccules, 
ricn  dc  commun  avec  nous  *.  Voltaire  revoque  en  doutc 
Ics  debauches  in  fames  de  Tibere  dans  Tifle  de  Caprec. 
Ccpendant  Tacite  et  Suetone  etoient  prefque  contempo- 
rains  de  ce  prince.  Jc  n'apper^ois  aucune  trace  de  hainc 
dans  leursecrits.    lis  le  juftifient  iDuveiu    i!s  dillingu- 
ent  avec  autant  de  bonne  foi  que  dc  penetration,  les  epo- 
qiies  dilFcrcntcs  de  la  diflnnulation,  des  cruautes  et  del 
debauches  pubhques  dc  cet  empereur.    On  connok  Ic 
dcbonicment  affrcux  de  ce  tems  ;  faut-I!  J^'etonner  qu'un 
monarque  qui  pouvoic  alTouvir  toutcs  tes  palTions  avec 
impunite,  ne  leur  refufat  rien,  furtont  lorfquc  la  rer  r urc 
I'cut  affranchi  de  robfervation  du  public,  le  feul  fremqui 
puifTc  rctcnir  un  dcfpotc  ?    Pour  ces  debauches  recher- 
chees,  qui  ctonnent  M.  de  Voltaire,  c'cfl  prccilement 
dans  \m  vicill  ird  dc  foixantc  et  dix  ans>  que  je  les  trouve 
vrailemblables  f . 

Mars  15.] — J'ai  acheve  /<f  quarante  huiti?me  icmt  de  la 
Blhliotheque  Rjif.nriee.  J*y  trouve  Dccar.^'rrfs  fTH^rrU'^ 
ianeumy  par  le  Alarquis  i^fnuti.  C'cft  a  ia  protoruleur  dc 
73  pieds,  foii<^  plufieurs  couches  fuccelfives  de  tcrre  et  dc 
picrre  vitrihee,  qu'on  a  trouve  cette  anciennc  ville  qui 
auroit  merite  dcs  obfervatcurs  plus  exacts  et  plus  fideles* 
Hcrculaneum  n'etoit  qu'une  ville  obfcure.  Elle  avoit 
cependanc  un  theatre  a  troU  etages  qui  avoit  300  pieds 

de 


ptiociplct  of  liatOte,  as  well  36  of  men,  wrrdv. quite  Hiif<rrent  then  frotn 
vvba^  they  are  at  prefpnt  He  call*  in  qucAion  the  ipfimous  debauch- 
crici  of  Tiberius  in  the  iili9)d  of  Oprea.  Yet  Tacitus  and  Suetonius 
were  almoft  the  contcmporariet  of  that  prince.  I  perceive  not  any  marks 
of  httred  ia  their  worki.  They  often  lofttfy  Tiboriat,  and  diftinguilh 
with  as  much  penetration  as  honefty  the  diflferent  ftagei  of  the  diiTimuo 
lation,  cruelty,  and  public  dcbauchrries  of  that  emperor.  Thr  abomi- 
nable licentioufncfs  of  thofe  timet  is  well  known;  and  ic  is  not  matter 
of  furprifethftt  Tibermt  fliootd  refole  nothing  to  his  a))petites,  when  he 
had  the  unbounded  power  uf  gratifyinfrthem  with  impunity,  efpecfally 
when  thry*werc  conccakd  by  hi>  rcrircment  from  ihc public  eye,  which 
ii  thf  only  refbraint  on  the  behaviour  ui  a  dcfpof.  As  for  thofc  refine - 
meucs  in  debauchery  which  aflonifh  Voltaire,  it  precifely  in  an  old  pio* 
lliftte  of  feventy  that  I  flhonld  expe^  to  meet  with  theiii.t 

March  15  ] — I  finiihc'  the  forty  eighth  volutQe  of  the  BUtit^i^m 
Raifenner.  It  Contains  the  Difcoverits  jr.ih  ,it  Htrculanfum,  hy  tht  J\fjr- 
fiit  Fenuti.  This  ancient  city,  which  dtfcrvcd  to  be  examined  nvirc 
accurately  and  faithfully,  was  fouud  at  the  depth  of  f«vcnty-thrcc  ictt 
nnder  mapy  fncetffivc  bedt  of  earth  and  ▼itrified  ftoDc.  HadduciiiR 

•  Traire  fur  h  Tdrranr*-,  C.  iti,  pi,  t%^^lt^»  * 
f  Le  m^me,  C.  yiu  p.  62 — 6j. 

waa 


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EXTRAITS  JDU  JOURNAL- 


de  clrconference,  et  qui  ^toit  poie  lur  dcs  pilaftvcs  dc 
briqu»'«5,  couvcrts  d*un  beau  veriiis,  et  onies  de  corniches 
dciiiaibre. — Liffircs  fur  Its  Jubilh.  li  clt  difficile  de 
ciilhnguer  avec  Ics  thcolv">gieiJS  cntre  la  couipe  et  la  peine. 
Dans  Teglile  des  Feuillans  :i  Paris,  on  pcut  gagner  dana 
Un  Carcmc  pour  plus  dc  150,000  ans  d*nidulgences.— - 
FJfai  fur  rEfpnt.  Cct  ouvrage  de  i'eveque  de  Clogher 
cil  un  Arianifme  m6taphyuque. — Dlffertation  fur  la 
Chroiidogie  d^Uffcrius,  Encore  I'Abbc  Richer  I  le  per- 
fonnage  efl  lou.  Quel  emportement  cantre  les  Juifs  et 
les  Protedans  fur  une  queftion  de  critique  !  II  rejette 
la  chronologic  d^s  Hebrcux,  parcequ'cUe  eft  fortie  de 
Tecoie  de  Tiberiadej  et  qu'ua  ^v^ue  proteftant  l*a  iBiit 
valoir. 

Mars  — ^J'ai  ecrit  unc  page  dc  men  Recueil  Geo» 
graphiqutf  au  chapitrc  de  ia  L^cattiis  c'eit  la  fuite  du 
Brutium, 

17.') — J*ai  ccrit  une  page  ct  dcmie  du  chapitrc  de  la 
I^ucanie^  fur  la  Grande  Grhce.  Apres  c^uoi  je  fuis  monte 
a  la  bibliothcquc,  pour  lire  les  favantcs  rechercbes  de 
Freret,  fur  les  premieres  peuplades  de  I'ltaltei  Hif* 
toire  de  I* Academe  des  Belles, Ltiires^  tome  xtim.  72-^ 
1x4. 

iS.j^J'ai  ecrit  one  page  de  mon  Reateil  Geographique^ 
ao  chapitre  des  Nations  de  PBalift  fur  les  prexpieies  peu- 
plades de  ce  pays. 

Mars 


but  :in  obicute  )»Uce«i  yet  it  v/m,  aduincdby  a  tiicatrc  three  hundred 
fm  10  circiiuferciite,  railed  on  brick  piltf  rn»  cnwrcd  withi  bcAUtifut 
Tanilfh,  »nJ  ornamented  with  cornices  of  inarUe.*Z,//^ri  m  ynUimm 
It  i-  (Jjffiriilt  to  difliiiguifli  with  theologians  between  the  d^rfilcmait  of 
fill  ar.d  its  punifiimciit.  In  the  church  of  the  Fcuillansat  Pji  u,  indul- 
gences may  be  procured,  in  the  fpice  of  one  Lent,  for  ijo,cco  years. 
£J'ay  en  Spirit.  Tbh  wofk  of  chc  BUIiop  of  Ckifrb«r  coqUiiu  m  mt taph y- 
lical  Arianifm.— D^^dfiM  m  ibt  Chrtmoiogy  9/  UJbmr^  Tlie  Abbe  Richer 
t^ic.  This  man  \^  a  fool.  Wherefore  fo  niucli  ragfc  agairft  the  Jcwt 
and  Proteftancs  in  treating  a  quetlion  of  criticiTm  \  He  rejeds  the  chro- 
cology  of  the  JcWs,  becauife  it  came  from  the  fchooU  of  Tihexiju^  and  ii 
spfmvcd  by  a  Proteftaot  bilhop* 

March  16.] — I  wrote  a  page  of  the  chapter  of  Ziwtaia  in  my  Qngf^ 
fbical  Cd(.r>ori ,  it  is  the  continuation  of  Bruitwm, 

I  J,] — i  wrote  a  page  and  an  half  of  my  chapter  on  Lueatua,  coocern- 
iag  AUgm  CrstU :  after  which  1  fvem  to  the  library  to  read  Ifttttt*^ 
Icsmed  refiesrches  on  the  firft  iobabitantf  oC  Italy )  Mmtirs  tjf  A*  JUm* 

demty  of  BtUti  Ltttrti^  Vol  xviii.  f>.  7  a — 1 1  4. 

iS.j — I  wrote  a  p.'^c  :ind  an  half  of  tV.r  chriptcr  intitled  "  N.-.tirm** 


EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL- 

Mars  1 9.] — J*ai  ccrit  uiie  page  de  mon  Recue':!  G'o' 
gyaph':q!fe^  fur  les  premieres  Peuplades,  au  chapitrc  dt^ 
Nations  dc  r  Itiilii. 

y.n  achcv''*  It'  quarantc-  t:cuvteme  tome  de  la  Bihliotheque 
Raijomu-e.  J'y  troavc  Lcitres  fttr  Ic  ^utznTner.i^  par  M, 
Verru't  s  je  pencherois  pour  le  mchinge  du  vous  et  ilii  toi. 
— Confide  rations  fur  les  Moeurs^  par  Af.  Du  Clof.  L*ouv- 
rage  en  general  cii  bon.  Quelques  chapitres  (le  rapport 
de  TEfprit  et  du  Cara6\ere)  me  paro'iflent  exccUcns.  Dii 
Clos  a  prelude  au  fccrefari:\t  de  racademic,  par  celui 
dcs  cafeS)  ou  il  recucilloit  foigneufcment  les  propos  des 
ge^  d'eiprit. — Hijloire  Romaine  de  Dion  QaJfmSf  par 
mM.  Fabricius  et  Raymar:  exccllente  edition. — (Euvres 
de  MM^ertttiss  Appel  au  Public^  par  M.  Kenig,  Dans 
fespropres  ouvrages  il  nc  paroit  qu^un  vifionnaire  extras 
vagant,  dont  la  'reputation  ne  pouvoit  pas  fe  fouttnir/ 
Dant  la  difpute  avec  Kenig»  c'eft  un  lache  perfecuteur, 
qui  employe  bras  fee ulier  pour  ecraftr  un  dc  fcs  con« 
freres. — Efprit  des  Nations,  Eh  !  le  mauvais  fingc  !— 
prefer  des  Medailles  Imptriales  de  JllorJ,  avec  les  Cottt'^ 
mentmres  de  Gori  et  d*Havereamp,  Qiu  lies  richcflcs  !— 
Nouvenit  Tefiamentf  par  Wetjldn.  Dans  unc  difpute 
que  les  Franclfcains  eurent  avec  Jean  XXII.  au  quator- 
zieme  ficcle,  iU  invcnt^ent  ^explication  de  TApoca- 
lypfcj  ou  le  Pape  eft  rAntichrKt.  Des  eflatmsnom* 
breoz  de  ces  Motnes  fonirent  de  leurs  •ouvensy  pour 

cmbraficr 


Marcli  19.1 — I  wrote  a  pap-  and  so  haif  oa  the  chapter  "  iVWiwsi,** 
coticeniiug  the  finl  communicin  iii  Italy. 

1  fiiiHhed  tht  fortfHiiiitii  volume  of  the  BHUwOtfrnt  Raifomm,  It  eon* 
tsins  Letifft  on  the  Vfe  ^tifBfMtitm  ,7,  Mr.  Fernet:  I  am  inclined 
tn  tliink  both  lL»u  and  yjw  ought  to  be  ulcil. — Cenfulerali^m  c«  ^^UfJ't^ 
by  Mr.  Du  Ckt.  1  he  work  ib  in  general  f;ood  :  fomc  chapurs  treating 
of  the  oonncAion  of  geniot  with  churadcr  arc  excellent,  Pu  Clus,  be« 
Ibre  h«  wm  iecretarf  of  the  icaukny,  had  breo  that  of  the  cofi««*h(»«fe  ; 
irfiere  he  can  fully  creafureil  up  the  convcrfations  of  men  of  wit. —  Tht 

Roman  H>flar^  nf  Dim  CrJ/trty  /v  hl'Jfrt.  F,  'i  :';iia'^dRa\inar:  an  cXCei* 
lent  edition.  Mavp<rtuu  iV9yki ;  and  Ap^tal  totitt  PMU^  hy  Mr*  Kr» 
mig.  tn  hit  own  works,  Maupertuii  afpeart  only  at  an  cxtraTftj^ot 
Ttfionary,  whofe  fame  fefta  not  on  iny  UMid  hrtfia.    In  his  difptite  with 

Kcnifr  he  is  a  cowardly  pcrfccntor,  who  employs  the  ftriil;ir  ::irn  to 
cnilh  one  of  his  coUea^cs. — 'The  Sp-rit  of  Notims  :  a  wretched  imi- 
tation.—  7be  Trr*ffvry  ef  Imfier  'tal  lAcdah^  hy  MereU,  "wUh  tb:  C##»^.7r«/4»- 
Het  •/  Gorf  tfW  Nrnvtrtu-r/, :  what  lichet  1— IT^j/F/rV/  Nrw  TrJlamenU 
In  a  difpute  which  the  I  rjncifi  anthad  with  John  XXII.  they  tirll  <^>iv^ 
t'nt  explanation  r f  t'r.f  Rc"vclatirn<^,  v.hirh  mikcs  the  Po]>c  Antkhrift. 
>iunicrout  fwtrois  of  tboie  moukiUlc  thcur  coaveiitt,  «cd  cm'^f.^crti 

Luihct'ii 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  55 

•* 

cmbraiTcr  la  reformntlon  de  Luther.  lis  repandircnt  ccttc  1764. 
iUee  Capucine  parmi  Ics  Proteltans. —  -  "wrV^W 

JVIars  20. — J*.\i  cci  it  uut  page  ct  demic  tie  mon  Rrciteil 
Gt'orraph'tqiUt  ce^qui  achevc  k  chapitrc  des  Nations  (U 
ritalte, 

2  1.] — J*ai  ecrlt  quatre  pag'  S  dc  mon  Ren/ril  Gfo'rra^ 
phtque,  ail  chapitre  de  la  Carn^amc*  Cell  la  Divi/i^n  de 
iette  Region  ct  du  La  flu  in  pro[>rt\ 

J'ai  acheve  L-  cinquante  ct  dernier  tcme  de  la  B'ibliaiht  q:te 
Raif'.nnee.  J'y  trouvc  Ejpii  fur  la  Nature  de  la  Soin/i^ 
iiiture.  Peiit-efre  que  Ic  clerge  Chretien  n'a  fucccdc 
rn'aux  phiiofophes  et  aux  prophctcs  qui  enfeignoicnt  I  t 
morale*,  et  nuUement  aux  pretres  Payeiis  et  Juifs,  qui 
n*etoieDt  charges  que  des  lacrlfices,  et  de  la  ioi  cclremo- 
n\<t\\c.'-rOeuvres  de  Scarron,  Le  feul  Roman  comique 
wra;  dans  tout  Ic  relic  la  plaifanterie  ell  pi u tot  dans  I'ex- 
prefEon  que  dans  la  penfcie*  Tout  au  plus  elk  elle  daaa 
le  coQtralle  unique  du  cnratflere  de  Scarrori  et  de  fa  fitih* 
at  Ion. — Deux  Epttres  dt  St,  Cietncnt^  fn  Syrlaque  et  en 
Latin,    Dijfirtattm  upon  two  Jipi^es^  Le  Do^kur 

Lardner  contefte  cette  decouvertc  de  M.  Wctdcin,  de  ce 
monuroeiu  des  premiers  Chretiens.  Sub  judice  Us  ijl.  Jc 
▼CIS  que  les  idecs  de  St.  Ocroent  fur  le  celibat  font  tres 
outrces,  mais  nc  convicnnent-ellcs  pas  au  fanatifme  d*un« 
fe^e  naiflante  et  perfecutee ?  Au  rede,  fi  ces  cpitres 
font  authentiqoesi  St.  Jean  avoit  ecrit  fon  ^vangile  long 

terns 


Luther's  reformation.  They  f^rcud  this  Capuchin  notion  among  the 
Prtttrftanti. 

M  iich  1  wrote  a  page  and  an  Tialf  of  my  Gtpgrepkkat  CJltSim^ 

i^hich  firiihcs  thf  chapter  1 1;  the  Nd/icnr  c/  Italy. 

21.] — 1  wrote  four  pr.;^c^  cf  thf  rhaptcr  Cam^ama  in  my  GeogrnffhLaS 
ColUSion.     They  treat  uf  tL>e  Dt-vjion  of  ilat  Ccuutry  and  Lailum  proper, 

1  fioiflied  the  fiftieth  volome  or  the  BiUivtbeque  Raifmmee,^  ft  contains, 
JSJiynthB  Stturttfihe  Offite  of  Satrifcfr.   The  Chridiati  def;g]r  have 

pf^hap'i  fti'cccdca  only  to  the  phllofopherj  arvl  prophets,  yrho  taupht 
nioraiity  ;  and  not  to  the  prielb,  wha  p-rfcrnu'd  facrifices  and  othc^- 
loriK  of  tlic  ceremonial  law.— Sfarr^Vr  H'orh.  His  comic  Romance  alone 
will  live  ;  in  other  parts  of  his  works,  the  wit  b  ratiier  in  the  (lylc  than 
Lb  the.thojjpht.    At  bcft,  it  rcfults  f^oni  the  coi:truft  between  his  cha- 

rstflcr  and  fitHiitinn.— .V/.  C'eme/.t^-j  I-.l'd  K/'if.'ru       Syrhtc  and  Latin.  Drf' 

•  Jntatmn  on  t-u/o  EfiJUetf  life.  Dr.  Lardncr  difpulcs  Mr.  WciAcin**  da- 
corery  of  this  moniiineot  of  the  firft  Chrtftians.  Suh  juHet  lit  rjl,  St, 
Clement**  ideas  on  celibacy  arc  carried,  I  perceive,  to  great  extrava* 
gancc.  Bi'r  cvrn  they  arc  natural  to  the  cnthufiafni  of  a  rifinj;  an<i  pcr- 
Ucutcd  [aid.  1  li  theiic  cpifiles  4rc  autlicotic,  6t.  Joho  muft  lave  written 


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£XTRAITS  BU  JOURNAL.  « 


trms  urnrtf  la  vieillcfle  de  Clement)  qui  aYoit  unc  trea» 

'taine  d'amier*;  vfrs  Trin  60. 

CVil  line  txci  llentc  reiTourcc  que  d'avoir  toujourf 
queique  lefture  intcrcfTante,  facile,  et  detachee  pour  Ics 
momens  perdus,  ou  qui  le  feroienc  fans  cela.  Ricn  ne 
convient  mieux  qu'un  bon  journal.  La  Bihliotheque  Ral* 
finnti  merite  certainement  ce  titre ;  mais  on  peut  parta- 
ger  fon  etendue  en  deux  paitieei  pcu  pres  Agates,  mais 
d'un  cara£lere  bien  different.  La  premiere  fuit  le  gu&t 
des  bonnes  Etudes  du  dix  feptieme  fiecle :  beaucoup  de 
theologie,  de  jurifprudence,  et  de  BcJles  Lettres,  une 
Erudition  pttifee  daas  les  fources,  et  une  faine  cntique* 
Ir'efprit  de  controverfc  reiigieafe  y  domine  un  pea  trop»  . 
et  Ton  y  voit  trop  d'aigreur  et  de  minutiet.  Dans  la 
leconde  partie,  le  journal  fe  rapproche  de  notre  terns  % 
vne  aflez  grande  indiflereiice  pour  la  theologie,  vne  Itt- 
tirature  raperficteUe,  une  phiiofophie  hardiet  un  ton 
dogmatiqne,  un  ilyle  plus  figure  et  plus  coupe. 

Mars  21.] — J'ai  ecrit  une  page  et  demie  du  Eecuni 
i^hgrt^lnqui  de  Pltalie^  au  chapitre  de  la  Can^ames 
c'eft  le  pays  des  Ruiuli  et  des  Hernia. 

23.]}---J'ai  ecrit  pres  de  trots  pages  du  Ruueil  G4§gr»» 
fhiquff  au  eliapitre  de  la  CanfanU  /  c'eft  le  pays  des 
Voifques  et  des  Aufones^ 

Mm 


h'i%  Gofpel  a  long  time  before  the  old  age  of  Clemcot,  who  wti  only  ua 

bis  thiitieth  year  in  A.  D.  60.  * 

It  is  a  ^cat  convenicQce  to  have  alwajtac  hand  fome  book  containing 
caiy  and  intcrcfting  produdiont,  that  they  may  read  by  fnatche«p  at 

moments  -which  would  otherwife  be  lod.  Nothing  anfwer»  thii  end 
better  than  a  good  joamal;  which  tirlr  the  hihlfji?-:ir  Kai/cKnfe  cer- 
tainly menu.    It  may  he  divided  however  into  two  p«rts,  of  nearly 

XI  extent,  but  of  completely  diffrrent  charaAerc  The  firft  part  ii 
,  ted  to  the  taflefor  trao  learning  which  prevailed  10  the  feTcntecnth 
century;  contr.ining  a  great  Heal  of  theol(  jurifprudence,  and  Belles 
Lettffs;  cruoitiiin  drawn  from  the  fourcc,  amJ  mixed  with  foun^l  critl- 
cifm.  The  fpirit  of  religious  controverfy  is  rather  too  prcvdUnr ;  and 
are  difgufted  with  tooainch  mifrateDrf«»  or  provoked  at  too  much 
afperity.  Thefccond  part  of  tlit-  journal  has  more  affinity  with  the  taflc 
at  prefer*;  uniting  much  indlfrcTcncc  ahimt  thcolngy,  with  fuj-LifKi- 
«lity  nf  learning,  and  b  idn  f'^  in  philofop}  )  ;  its  tone  i--  <1"^'.n-'jrical, 
and  a»  Ayle  more  broken  mio  ibort  ieutcnct»and  muic  metaphorical. 

March  9S.]»I  wrote  a  page  and  an  half  of  my  Cto^raphiad  Ctttt&wt^ 
eootaining  a  Dtftrip^^tkt  Cmwtritt^  Shf  JtrntUi  mmJ  Htrttki,  compre- 
hended in  the  chapter  on  Campanra. 

23.] — I  wrote  nrar  three  pa]  ' >  of  n\j  Cagraf bleat  CcUefnon,  o;i  the 
coQOtries  of  the  yoijtt  uid  Aujmtt^  comprehended  in  the  ch^picr  ou 

*  Maftb 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  . 


Mars  24."! — J'al  ecrit  une  ,p;i;^c,  au  chapltro  i!e  ]\  1764. 
Can^mnu:  c'elt  le  commcacemeac  dela  Qampatiu  pro^  ym^^"^^ 
fre, 

25.] — ^JVi  ^crit  environ  trois  pages.  J'ai  achcvc  le 
chapitre  de  la  Campanie^  et  j'ai  6cfic  pluficurs  morceaux 
d^tach^s  dans  d'autres  chapicres. 

26.] — ^J'ai  ksxVL  pres  de  trois  page^^  au  chapkf«  de 

27.] — J'ai  toh  pliia  d'unepage  et  demlej  au  chapitre 
de  Rcme. 

28.] — ^J'ai  6crit  plus  de  deux  page^>  au  chapitre  de 

2p.] — J'ai  ecrit  deux  pageSt  fur  Us  It'meraires  tt  In 
grands  Chfmins  des  Romaitts.  Je  m'arrete  i  pr^Tent  avec  m 
iond  d6ji  tr^  riche  de  fuaire  vmgi  dwze pagts  in  foliof  et 
tm  femes.  Ce  fcrott  k  mes  leSures  futures,  et  a  mem 
voyage  d'ltalie,  d'augmenter  moo  recueil>  au  point  que 
je  a'aiirois  plus  qu'un  certaiiL  arrangement  2  )ui  donner, 
pouf  trouTcr  la  d^fcription  de  lltalie  toute  faite. 

3  =  -l—]^  ^  remis  a  Sfanbnm^  di  Ufu  it  Prmfiafiim 
Nnmi/matum,  dont  j'ai  lu  D^firt*  F,  /.  373 — ^476.  II  j 
traite  des  m^lailles  des  ?oi8»  furtout  des  fuccefleurs 
d'AlexandrCi  et  des  titres  qu'on  leur  donnoit— d*amis 
des  Romains  ou  des  Grecs,  de  vi^orieux,  de  foudroy- 
ant|  de  grand  roi>  de  roi  des  rois^  d'autocrator,  ou  roc 
par  foi-ro^me ;  du  nom  de  Dieu  en  g^n^ral,  et  en  par. 
siculier  de  ceux  de  Bacchus»de  Dieu  Sauveur  (Sotcr)^  et 

de 


March  24  ] — I  wrote  a  pa^e  of  mj  chapter  on  (Ump^iMt^  which 
the  beginning  oi  Cum/mnia  f  roper. 

ajO^I  wrote  about  thr^  p^^gct^  fioiihio;  the  chapter  oa  Cum/ania, 
aadinferting  fame  detached  naccffials  into  other  chapters. 

46.] — 1  Nvroie  nearly  three  pz^a  of  my  chapter  r.n  Romf. 

27.  J—?  v  rote  mnrc  than  a  pa<^f  <ii)d  an  half  rif  my  chapter  on  Jiwne* 

28.  j — I  wrote  more  than  two  pages  of  the  chapter  on  Jiomf. 
ay.}— I  wrote  two  pages  00  the  Itm^arw  mni  high  kindt      iht  Jt»» 

mams  and  Oop  (hort  at  prefeot  with  a  rich  fund  of  ninetf-twc  folio 
papcs  clofcly  written.  Mv  travels  in  It.ily,  with  my  future  {lui1iL«, 
will  fwtll  thi-i  cf  llf^ir'n  to  frich  a  magm'u  that  it  will  be  uccciliry 
lor  me  only  to  arrai^gc  uiy  matcriai»  to  iiavc  a  complete  dcicxiptioa  of 

30j^T  r.Tumed  the  perufal  of  5/<mI«mi«  i*  Ufu  et  Pr^fianiU  Xvmif- 
mstt^m;  of  whidi  I  ixzA  Djfer!.  r.  f,  373 — 476  He  trrMs  (  f  the 
jiird^ls  of  kujgs,  parricuLrly  the  fucccfror<i  of  AU xandrr,  and  the 
epithets  befto wed  00  tncm — iricnds  to  the  Romani  or  Gtceks  ;  vido* 
fiowi  thoaderen;  great kingrt;  king  of  kings;  autocrator,  or  poflcf* 
Ibrof  iodcpetidciit  power;  the  name  of  God  in  general;  and  fbc  par- 
ikalar  aanca  «f  fiacchos  «^       the  Sanoury  or  Sotcr ;  and  of  God 

giinift-flfd 


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EXTRAITS  BU  JOURNAL. 


1 764*  l^icu  manifefle  fur  la  terre  (Epiphaney  qu'il  ne  fiat 
pas  traduire  feulement  par  illuftre),  ToUtes  ces  me- 
dailies  font  Grecques.  Nous  n'airons  des  rois  barbaies^ 
que  celles  qui  ont  etc  frappees  par  les  viiles  Grecques 
de  leurs  etats. 

Pai  lu  une  comedie  de  Piron^  qu'oii  a  parle  de  jouer  ^ 
Mon  Repos*  La  Metromanie»  *  La  veffification  en  eft 
tres  belle,  et  Ton  y  troave  des  fentimens  aufli  juftes 
qu'ils  font  bien  rendus.  Toute  la  fc^ne  entre  M.  Ballivau 
et  Damis  ell  de  cette  efpece.  Mais  je  n'^i  rien  d'auS 
nial  coufu  que  Tintrigue.  La  partic  du  plan  qui  regarde 
les  amoureux  Dorante  et  Lucile,  eft  tres  eitibrouill^e. 
Celle  de  Damis  eft  pjaifantey  mais  d'un  plaifant  a^ez  pea 
dans  la  nature.  On  trouver  un  poSte  qui  renonce  i  une 
mattrefle  belle  et  riche,  pour  un  autre  qui  n*ei^ifte  que 
dans  le  Mercure  ?  Quel  cara6:ere  que  celui  de  ^e  poete 
qu*on  veut  rendreit  la  fois  ridicule  et  h^roifque !  Compa* 
rez  la  fcene  de  fon  oncle  avec  celle  de  fon  Talet.  Je  fats 
que  le  chef  d'oeuvre  de  Moliere  eft  U  MiftmUfrope^  ridi- 
cule et  refpe£lable  cn  meme  terns,  mais  c'eft  que  fes 
fciblcfles  ne  font  que  les  vertus  pouflTees  a  Tcxces,  et 
qii'cn  fc  moquant  de  fes  travcrs,  on  nc  peut  que  rtvcrcr 
km  piiucipe.  Rien  n'cft  lie  dans  Dciiius.  Lc  iii^uw-is 
poetc  eft  un  c.tiaclcrc.  L'homme  jufte,  gcnorcux,  qui 
pardoime  les  foibleiTcs  de  fon  ami,  et  qui  ne  repoulTe  les 

outrages 


manifefied  on  earth,  Koipl  niKs,  vlikh  U  n^t  fully  tranflatcd  hy  "  lU 
lullriaua." — Ail  thcfc  medals  arc  Greek.    Wc  have  not  any  other  mt- 
'  dab  of  Btrbamn  kings,  but  ilmle  flrvck  by  the  Greek  cidet  in  their 
domlDions. 

I  read  Ptrons  Cunedy^  J\f.  trcrn.imfy  which  thcTc  w  an  intt  ntlrn  rf 
a(5linj^  at  Mon  Rcpm.  The  veififirafion  Ix  juriiul,  and  inaiiy  of  the 
fcntiments  coritdl  and  well  exprrfud.  1  his  .tpplicft  to  th^:  wIkjIc  Icenc 
between  Mr.  Ballivau  and  Damis.  But  1  never  read  any  thing  worfc 
contrived  than  the  plot*  There  is  much  confufion  in  that  y.nt  whtck 
rfpards  f!ic  lovers  Dufiinte  and  Lucilr.  The  pr.it  <:f  Damis  is  divert- 
If.g.  bur  viT,!i,.ttiral.  Where  is  it  p'^f.'  i.Ic  tu  f  Dd  .i  patr  rh  it  will  rcii^'ii 
a  ncii  <ind  handfomc  nTtdrcfs  for  another  that  ha!>  no  cxiucdcc  Lui  in 
■>  the  Mercury  f  What  an  extravagant  attempt  is  it,  to  endeavoor  to  ren- 
dei  the  charade r  of  thi  ;  ccr  at  once  hcroical  and  ridtculona !  Com- 
pare together  his  fccnc  wirii  hh  nnrlr  ai  d  that  with  hit  valet.  1  know 
rhat  in  Molicre's  maftcr-pircc,  the  Milanthropc  19  at  once  ridicu'.nt  <? 
ai>d  rcipctflable.  But  this  happens  bccaufe  his  faults  coniiil  in  vuiuis 
carried  to  exceft ;  which,  though  ridienlons  in  tbetr  efleda,  are  rcfpcc- 
table  in  their  principle.  There  is  no  conne^lioa  in  the  part  of  Uaniiti. 
TJje  bar!  j  n'  f  i'.  nv.r  charxftfr  ;  th''  jufl  and  generous  mnn  w  ho  pjrdona 
his  friend^  fauUio,  and  anfwcrs  his  infultsonly  by  gitod  offices,  h  quite  a 
dilTcrent  olc.    It  probability  i&  cot  violated,  unity  atleail  is  not  main* 

taiocd. 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

cntnges  que  par  ks  bkiifaltSy  en  eft  uii  autre.  Si  la 
vraifemblancc  de  mceurs  n'eft  pas  violee>  au  motiis 
rumt6  n'eft  pas  confervee.  Encore  ou  eft  la  vraifem- 
blance  dana  la  /a^on  dont  Damis  re^ oit  k  dernier  aveu 
de  Dorante  ?  Ses  exces  ne  fe  coo^oivent  qu'en  lui  fup* 
pofant  la  M^tromanie  dans  toute  fa  force.  Copendant  il 
revolt  avec  indifFi^fence  la  chute  de  Ul  trag^ie,  cu'li 
traite  de  JrMe  fin.  S'il  avoH  pirdonn^  %  Dorante 
<faToir  attent6  it  fa  tic,  ians  pouvoir  lui  pardon ner 
d'avotr  fait  lifRer  fa  piece^  le  caradcre  m'aurpit  paru 
mieux  foutcnu.  ' 

Mars  3 1 J'ai  la  Spanbetmy  Dlffert,  V.  p,  476 — 494, 
//  Differt,  VI.  p,  494 — 55  J.  II  pafle  aux  mcdaillcis  cun- 
fiil aires,  aux  noms  et  furnoms  dcs  Romains,  et  dcs 
diffortris  emploisqui  font  marques  fur  Its  mcdailles.  Je 
m'etois  iittendu  a  y  apprendrc  plusde  chofe^  nouvelki. 

Je  fills  moiit^  a  la  bihlioth^quc,  ou  j  ai  parcoiiru  le 
journal  d'un  vovage  ilc  Dii  lic,  par  M.  (!c  la  Co:u!.!niino. 
F^,  Mem.  de  P^'u^'thmir  Sciences^  p.  386 — 411,  de 
tann^e  '757*    J'Y  phiiir  le  cnit  ul  tie  plufieurfj 

i.rtuteurs  diffi^reQCCS  par  rubicryatioii  gu  uaioa.cue  \  Ic 
voici  : 

Niveau  dc  la  mcr,  -  -  O 

Le  Rhoiiiy  et  le  Lac  Leman,  Canigon^  fom-  ^ 

met  dcs  Pyrenees,  -  -  ^'4'^ 

§uito  dans  le  Pcrou,  -  •  1430 

Chcmiti  du  Mont  Ccnis^  -         -  1460 

La 


taincd.  But  how  improhabic  is  the  rtccpriun  -ivhich  Damis  yivrs  to  the 
lafl  declaration  t<i  Dc^rantc  I  His  ttanfports  canma  be  ccncciv  (i  4s  na- 
tural* without  nippoiiiig  him  domineered  by  the  Meircmamk  in  *x%  uc< 
tnoft  force.  Yet  he  receive*  an  account  of  the  fall  of  lu'?  tr.tgcdy 
with  indifTc fence,  callinj;  this  a  iriflir  g  matter.  H.id  he  l  aruo.M'i  Do- 
rante for  attcn>piing  10  put  him  t«>  death,  but  rcnuincd  inexorable  to 
the  crime  of  hi0i:ig  his  phy,  the  chmder  would  have  appeared  to  me 
to  be  better  fupporicd. 

March  31.] — I  rr.jd  S/jj.him,  V  f^.  ^176 — 494;  and  Drfftrt, 

VI. p.  494 — 5  He  proctcds  to  thf  confi.l.ir  medals  ;  th*:  r.imc;  ixA 
furium<:s  uf  the  Romans,  snd  their  diifcreiU  oITtccs  rcpreicnteu  on  mc- 
dali.    I  expeded  to  have  found  more  novelty-  io  rhis  part  of  his  work. 

I  went  to  ti  c  li>irary  tn  read  Mr.de  la  Condavtine"!  Joutmft  ^  bis  Tra' 
9ehim  Italy,  in  tllc  Mcnolrs  cf  ihr  A.Jr:yofScitniefyrl':';,'J,f   ^,^6  — 
iff  r.    I  was  plfa<V(^  »n  t-tif?  fhc  heights  ol  f vrrnl  luouataius  in  fathoms 
nictfured  by  the  i»urunittcr.    They  aTcasfoliuw  ; 
he^tl  ti  the  fea,  ,  •  .  o 

The  Rhone,  and  Lake  n{  OeneTt  and  CanSgon  the  top  oi^  7 

the  Pyrenees,  •  -  -  •  -j^'"*^^ 

Q^ito  in  Peru,  ...  •  •  14.10 

The  road  ov;.r  Mount  Ccnis,  •  -  1463 

The 


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So  EXTRA  ITS  JDU  JOURNAL, 

Ln  plus  haute  poiatc  du  Mont Ccnis,  -  ■  J^JO 
Pic  dc  TeneriiFj,  -  -  -  2150 

Lc  Mont  Bhnc,a  14  ou  i  ;  licues  aa  Sud  ell  dc  " 
Geneve,  on  rapper^oii  a  60  lieucs,  dcs  cn-  5*  2676 
V iron 8  de  Langres, 


Chimboraco,  la  plus  haute  montagne  des  Cor- 
dilieres  des  Andes,  ti  pcut-etre  de  \a  tcrre 


3220 


M.  dcia  Condaminc  a  remarqu^,  que  dans  le&voyesRo- 
maines,  les  jolntes  des  piiTrcs  ne  font  jamais  placees 
dans  la  dire(ftion  des  voitures,  ct  que  le  lit  du  I  ybre 
doit  etre  exhauffe  de  dix  ou  douz^  picds,  puir(]Utf  lc 
pave  antique  du  pantheon  ell  inonile  tous  les  hyvcrt 
d'an^nnt.    L'em^rauilc  de  Genes  n'cll  que  dr  vcrre. 

Avril  r."] — y.u  \{i  Spanheim,  Differt.  ^1- p- $1"^  —  5^9* 
ei  Dijfert,  FII.  p.  589 — 633.  II  continue  Ic  chap  it  re  tics 
emplois,  ct  I'urtoui  les  legats  propretcurs  que  les  '-m- 
pevcurs  envoyoicnt  danslcurs  provinces,  et  qui  acquirent 
lc  titrr  i\c  confulaires  vers  !e  terns  des  An^onin?,  11 
paile  cniuitc  au\  n^'^dailles  des  empereurs  ct  des  impera- 
fiicrs  Je  n'ai  ri' ri  \  u  d'aufli  curleux  que  Particlr  dc 
c>' .  jnaiceflcs.  Jc  nc  lerai  plus  ctranger  a  leur  cour, 
p\!  lu lie  je  reconnoitrois  ju^u'aux  deux  Faulliaes  a  kur 
coeiiure  difiereate, 

Avril 


The  fiig^ft  ^iat  of  Mount  Ceiiii»  •  •  l^ro 

Pic  of  Tfneriffc,  -  ai^O 

Mount  Blanc,  14  or  15  ieagucs  to  the  fouth^cail  of  Gcocva,  7 
and  vjfiblc  ac  60  l-aguc*  uff,  at  i.aiigrti»,  -  3 

CbimbonM,  the  higheft  monotaio  of  the  Corditterit  of  the  1 
Andes,  and  perhaps  of  the  world,         -         t  J  3^*^ 

Mr.  C<)r.djimipc  rcmarl'.s,  tJiat  in  t'l  •  Roman  highways,  the  jtiinlngs  of 
the  ihincn  arc  nrvcr  pLiccii  in  th  -  t.uii'.-  (hrtelion  with  th.^t  ot  tht'  trm- 
tion  of  theCiiriidgcs  tiiai  travcilcd  tivct  ilicm;  and  that  tiic  Wd  uf  ti)c 
Tiber  mttll  have  acqoij-ed  ceo  or  twelve  feet  in  height,  hecaufe  the  an* 
dent  ptvement  of  the  pantheon  a*  overflowed  tu  that  height  eftrjr 
winter.    The  emerald  of  Genoa  U  only  a  piece  of  glafs. 

^pnl  r  J — f  read  Sfini.ir:,  Dtjfeit.  VI.  fi.  SSi — S^9'*  D'tjrt. 
VlLf.  58<^ — 633.  I'e  couttnucft  the  chapter  concerning  office^  par- 
ticularly thofe  of  Jegaieft  and  proprattort,  whom  the  emperors  lent  into 
the  provinco*,  and  who  were  diltinguifhed  hy  the  epithet  **  Confttlar" 
towards  the  tirru-  (»f  th<  Ai.tonlncs.  lie  then  proceeds  to  t!ic  meduU 
of  cmpreUcs.  1  have  met  with  nothing  more  curioui  than  the  article 
concerning  thofe  prioccfica.  I  fliould  not  be  a  ftranger  at  their  coortt, 
ftnLc  I  could  dtftinguiih  the  two  fouiUaM  l»y  |;their  fcfpcAive  head- 
4reilef. 


* 


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6i 


Avril  2.]— -I'm  Iti  Spanheim^  BifferU  VIL  p.  <^^'— 66o*  j  ^5^. 
Tomjours  les  femmes  et  les  parens  dcs  Cefars.  ;  „  ^r-^ 

3«3— J'ai  Itt  SpMheim^  Dtffert.  VIIL  660^^^^ :  rictt 
de  plus  curieiix.  Ceil  le  detail  des  differens  titres,  dont 
la  rettnlon  foimoit  h  puiflance  imp^mle:  Cefar^  Augude^ 
Imp^rator^  Souverain  Pontife^  rere  de  la  Patriet  revetu 
des  puiflaDces  proconfulaire  et  tribunicienne ;  Tcmpereur 
^toit  bien  plus  que  rot.  Encore  des  le  tcmi  de  Domhien^ 
les  biftoriens  Grecst  et  les  poetes  Latins  lui  donndrenc 
ce  titre,  qu'ils  n'oferent  ccpendant  prendre  euz*memes 
que  fous  le  bas  empire,  et  vers  le  terns  de  Conftantin, 
Jorfque  toutes  les  maximes  de  la  republique  ^toient  effa* 
c6es  des  efprits. 

Je  fttie  mont^  i  la  biblioth^ue,  pour  revolt  le  Journal  * 
de  M.  de  la  Condamine,  que  j'avois  parcouru  un  peuI6- 
gercment.  Voici  deux  6c1airciflbmens  fur  la  baureur  des 
montagnes.  i.  Les  1460  toifcs  qu'on  donne  au  Mont 
Ccnis,  nc  regarJent  point  Ic  chcmin,  mais  une  flation 
bien  plus  elevce,  ou  ce  voyat^eur  monta  avcc  dcs  pcines 
infinics.  L'Hofpital  dcs  Prltrins  c(l  11  cinq  0:111  xo'iia 
plus  bas.  2.  M.  F;iHo  dc  Duillicr  avoit  donnu  -aii  l  ie 
Lcmaii  426  loiles  d'ckvation  au.  tlcilus  du  niveau  de 
fner,  ct  au  Mont  lihnc  2cco  toifes  de  plus,  en  tout 
2426  toifes  :  mais  on  l.ut  que  les  deux  elen.ens  du  calcul 
pechentj  Tun  par  dclauti  I'autre  par  execs.    M.  de 

Chefeauz, 


April  1  ]— 1  reid  S^anham,  Dijfcrt.  I'll,  p,  635—660.   He  C0Dti> 
Uiics  to  fpcak  of  women,  and  the  rcUtiont  of  the  Caeiart. 

3.] — I  read  Sfanheimt  Dijfert.  VIIL  p.  660— 737.  Thi*.  part  is  very 
curious ;  containing  an  acconnt  of  the  diffcrcDC  titk»»  which,  by  their 
unioo,  fonncd  the  Imperial  authority:  CkCir,  Auf(uftu«,  ImperacoTy 
High  Priaft,  Father  of  the  Country,  Proconful,  Tribune — all  chelc 
taken  together  rendered  the  empcroi  s  far^rcatcr  than  kin^s.  Thia 
lall  title  was  alfo  gives  to  them  as  early  as  the  time  of  Domician  \>f  > 
Greek  hiftoriam  and  Latin  poets,  though  thofe  prbcct  thcmTelrea 
did  not  TentnrcCo  aflvme  it,  till  the  tine  of  Couflantinc  and  the 
lower  empire,  when  all  repabttam  isaxiaif  bad  been  effaced  from  the 
mind;  of  their  fubjc^s. 

I  went  to  the  library  tti  re-examine  Mr.  de  la  CoxKlaminc'^  Journal^ 
irhich  I  bad  read  toohallily.  I  met  with  the  two  following  partietfan 
concerning  the  height  of  moBOUiju.  i.  The  1460  fathunu  given  for 
the  ahitujc  of  Muunt  Cenisarc  not  applicable  ta  the  rouJ,  but  to  a  fic- 
tion far  more  derated,  which  Mr.  cc*  la  Condamine  reached  with  the 
utmoil  dit^culty.  The  Piignm'5  Hoipical  is  five  hundred  faihoma 
lower.  4.  Fklio  de  Dniliier  made  the  Lake  of  Geneva  416  fathoma 
above  the  level  of  the  fca.  and  Moont  Blanc  1000  fathoms  higher  :  ia 
all  i3,i^<  fathnms.  But  of  two  elements  of  this  calculation,  the 
oju  i»  caken  tuo  Ugb,  aod  the  eUicr  too  kw«   Mr*  de  Chcitiau^,  nic%- 


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Cft  EZTRArrS  DU  JOUlUf Alip. 

]754«  Chefe^ux,  qui  «  mefore  une  plus  gruide  bsUCy  trouvolt 
wp^i'-w     Mont  Bhnc  2250  toifcs  au  deiTtts  du  nifeatt  da  lac  ; 

mais  il  faut  redreiTer  la  difference  entre  cc  niveau  etcelui 
de  la  mer,  par  les  obfervations  da  barometre  faites  ^ 
Geneve,  ^  Turin,  et  a  Genes,  et  qui  ne  iui  donnent  que 
188  toiCcs  au  lieu  de  426.  La  hauteur  corrig^edu  Mont 
Bianc  fera  done  de  2438  toifes.  Celt  ainG  que  M.  de 
la  Cbndamine  Te(5tifie  dans  Tiuftoire  de  Tacadeniie,  let 
idee$»  qu'il  n'avait  pas  afiez  approfbndies^  lorfqu'il  a 
compof^  fon  journal. 

Avril  4*]— ^J'ai  lu  Spanheimt  de  Ufu  Ni$mfmattm%  Dif^ 
firU  VUL  p.  737 — 757,  €t  Differt.  IX.  757 — %iy 
Apres  avoir  epuife  les  titres  ites  princes  qui  n'^toient 
qu'honoraires,  il  pafle  aux  medailles  qu'on  appelle  lea 
fyffttri^  de  Tibere.i  il  crott  que  c'etoient  des  monnoyea 
qu'on  jettoit  parmt  le  pcuple  aux  jeux  obfc^nes  de  Flore» 
ice*  II  parle  enfuite  des  colonies,  des  vtUes  facr6es«  11- 
bres»  et  autonomes,  des  bienfaits  des  empereurs*  du  v0» 
kkuiaih  Itaiia^  et  des  reliquats  des  impots*  Celt  bicn 
un  livre  clalfique  pour  les  m^ailles* 

J'ai  achev6  la  Critique  Gcnernie  de  PHi/Jsire  du  Caivi* 
mjme  de  Maimhmtrg^  par  M.  quatre  femes  in  1 2«m. 

k  Vilk  Francbe^  1684 iroifieme  editieft*  L'enkpire  de 
la  nuxie  a  jett^  le  philoiophe  Bayle  dans  la  contro?erfe  ^ 
11  y  a  porte  un  efpric  de  lumi^e»  de  juftefle  et  de  mod6- 
xatSon^  joint  d  des  agremens  qui  font  aflez  rares  dans  ce 
genre*  Dans  tous  fes  ratfonnemens  fitr  nnfaillibilite»  les 

drctta 


faring  a  largeffM««  found  Mount  Blanc  to  be  2250  fathoms  iibove  the 
level  of  the  lake;  btit  the  height  given  to  the  lake  above  the  fca,  cor» 
redded  by  barometrical  nUfcrvations  at  CTcneva,  Turin,  ant!  Genoa,  np- 
pcart  CO  be  only  unread  of  416  fathomi:  fo  that  the  tnie  height 
•f  MottHt  Bbne  it  2438.  Mr.  de  Ift  Coadunine  that  reAifiei,  in  the 
Htftory  of  the  Aca<lcmy,  the  notions  wldch  he  hid  BQC  fnfideitdf  fX* 
aroliie<l  when  he  publiihed  M  journal. 

April  4  l  —  l  r>i^  ,       Ufu  Numlfmatum,  Dlffert.  VIII.  p  -  \t 

"•7J7»  Alter  diJiuUjng  tht:  honorary  title*  of  prince*,  he  proceeds  xo 
the  medali  cftlWd  the  SfkOrim  of  Tibcrim:  he  DcUevet  them  to  have 
Wen  pieces  of  'OiOBey  tMt  were  fcuttcred  eraon^  the  common  people 
a?  tlic  <>f4ctiic  g^menof  Flura.  He  thiu  treats  of  colonies;  facred,  frifc, 
and  iruicpcnUetit  citien;  the  bounties  ot  the  emperors;  the  velfralTtio  Itn' 
JU ;  the  arrears  of  impofts;  the  wbok  furaitn^  a  daiEc  book  uu  the  lub- 
jea  of  medelt. 

I  fioiflied  Btiylet  Gtneraf  Cr 
ifmt  In  \im9.  Villa  Franc.i,  1684,  thif d  eJitlon.  The  faChion  of  the  a«^e 
made  ti\c  phtlolopher  fiayle  enter  the  liils  of  controvcrfy;  into  which 
he  brought  with  him  ft  meefare  of  kaoirkdge,  pceciiliMi>  vA  aindiiBr, 
M  well  at  caterttiiiiiieot,  feUom  exhibited  there,  la  hk  reafimii^ 

ceoceim^g 


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EXTRAITS  iru  JOURNAL.  ^6 

droits  d'une  confcience  erron6e,  jc  tots  m  diaIe£Ucieti  1764. 
precis  et  dairy  mais  un  peu  diffus.  Jamais  hommc  n*a  w-g"^^ 
fu  comme  Bayle,  fe  mettre  a  la  place  de  fon  adverfairCt 
revetir  fon  fyftemc,  ct  prevoir  tous  Ics  avantages  qu'il  cii 
pouvoit  tirer.  Ce(l  la  un  des  effetsks  plus  proclcux  de 
la  philofophie  fceptique.  Les  chapitres  fur  le  manage 
des  pntrcs  font  pleins  de  plaifantefiey  de  ]::t  ?rature,  et 
d'ude  coiinoiiTance  exaOe^de  rhomme.  Mais  les  deux 
Jettres  fur  I'amour  paterncl  et  fur  la  jaloufie,  font  d*un 
pbilofophe  profond  $  il  y  d^vdoppe  une  chaine  de  pr^- 
juges  li6s  i  notre  etre,  n^ceflaires  ^  notre  bonheiir>  et 
deftin^s  par  r£cre  Supreme  i  nous  tenir  lieu  d'une  raifoa  • 
trop  relev^  pour  le  commun  des  hommesy  et  qui  n'au- 
roit  jamais  eu  le  degr^  de  vivacit^  propre  I  nous  faire 
agir.  Au  refte  les  nouvelles  lettres  me  paroiflent  trds 
fttpericures  aux  deux  premiers  tomes. 

'  Avril  5.] — Je  n'ai  lu  de  Bpankeim  que  Differt,  81^ 
-^34.  II  y  parle  des  rois  que  les  Romains  donnoient 
aux  nations.  ' 

7  .]— J'ai  employ^  tonte  la  matinee  \  la  bibliotheque, 
oil  j'ai  lu  des  morceaux  tr^s  ^tendus  de  la  deuxi^rtie  par- 
tie  du  troifieme  tome  de  VAntiquite  exphqu^f^  par  le  Pere 
Mwfaucon^  fur  les  th^s^trcs  elf  les  amphitheatres  des 
Komains. 

Avril 


concerning  iufallibiiit} ,  and  the  rights  of  nn  erroneous  confcience,  yon 
fc^  the  accurate  and  enlightened  dtaleftician  ;  but  he  b  ftther  ton  dlf- 
fuic.  Ko  man  wa<  ever  better  qualifted  than  Bayle  for  iflbming  the 
char3(f?cr  of  his  adverFary,  fticwing  hi?  fyftem  in  ;i  new  jrarb^  and  for 
av^i!:n;^  himfelf  of  all  the  places  open  to  affrMflt ;  -which  is  rmo  of  tl;c 
greatcft  advantages  of  the  fccptical  philofophy.  His  chapters  on  the 
>nafTiage  of  the  derpy  AVt  fVill  of  pleafantr>%  learning,  and  kncvwlcdjrc 
of  human  nature;  ;-t  i  (  ,  ;v\  o  ktt'  rtonche  love  of  parents  towards  their 
children,  ant!  on  'csloufy,  comuiti  a  profound  philofophy:  in  which 
he  unfolt!"?  a  chain  of  prcia:'i:t5  conneifte^  wirh  our  cxiftcnce,  ncceflary 
for  our  happincb,  iud  intended  hj  tiic  .Supreme  Being  to  fitppIy  the 

Clace  of  a  reafon  too  exiked  for  the  bulk  of  mankind*  and  tot*  weak  <o 
e  a  pnnciplt  of  aditon.  The  new  letters  appear  to  me  far  fuperior  to 
the  two  firft  volumes. 

April  5  ]— T  readonly  th"  ninth  Difffrt.  of  Spmham^  p.  834. 
He  ucat«  u£  kings -appointed  by  the  Kumant. 

7  ]— r  fpent  the  whole  moming  in  the  libttry,  reading  very  eitenfive 
articles  in  ihe  fecond'part  of  the  third  ▼olnme  of  Mmrfawnnt  Expla*a- 
ttcT  0/  AMtifuUm^  He  treat*  of  the  theatres  and  ampitheatrei  of  the  Ro- 
snapft. 

April 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


17^4,  Avnl  9.^ — J'ai  parcouru  unc  bonne  partie  de  Keyfier, 
pour  en  tircr  ce  qui  pouvott  intercfftr  la  tournee  dltaJie 
que  j'entrcprends  dans  quclqucs  j  nif^  avcc  Guifc.  Ce 
Kcyder  mc  plait  beaucoup.  II  eit  pleiii  de  chofes  utiles, 
curieufci;  ct  meine  f.iv:inre^  fans  aucune  affe(flation. 
Quand  jc  fonge  qu'il  a  bicn  vu  i'ltalie  dans  neuf  mois,  je 
fens  combien  k  terns  eit  long  i  qui  fait  ie  mettre  i 
profit. 

10.] — J*ai  ki  Spanheinty  Dijfert,  IX.  p,  834 — 860.  II 
y  eit  quellion  (it  s  vi^toires  dcs  cmpereurs,  de  leurs  ouv- 
ragcs  publics,  et  de  leurs  allocutions  aux  foldats,  qu*cux 
feuls  avoient  droit  de  fairc.  Les  chefs  d'accufation  coiw 
tre  Metius  VoluftanuSy  n'etoietit  point  aufli  ridicule?  dans 
]cs  moeurs  des  Komains  que  dans  ks  ndtres*  MM.  de 
Montefquieu  et  Spanheim  font  du  meme  avt8>  et  Terudi- 
tion  a  prouve  ce  que  k  genie  avoit  entrevQ. 

1 1.] — J*ai  lu  ^panhelm^  DiJJert*  IX.  8do— 914^  fin 
de  Touvrage*  II  y  park  dcs  fecours  que  la  chmnoto^ic 
et  la  g^ographk  peuvent  tirer  des  m^daiUcs. .  M.  D'Alem- 
bert  pouvott  bien  les  ignore r. 

— ^J'ai  rcpafle  k  Traite  de  Spanheim:  c'cfl  ua 
vrai  tr6for  d*erudition  in6dalliquej  et  an  Uvre  clafliqae 
fur  cette  fcience. 

Avril 


April  9.] — T  rcail  a  confiJeriblc  part  of  Kryfer,  in  nrdcr  to  rTtrai?l 
from  him  whatever  mii^hf  be  ufefn!  in  mj  travels  in  Italy  ;  on  whuh  I 
ice  out  ill  a  few  day*  with  Guiic.  t  mucii  picalcd  with  Kcyllcr  ;  hi* 
work  it  lilSeful*  coriom,  and  leanicd  without  >fiA«tfoo..  When  tcoofl* 
dcr  how  welt  heexamiiwd  Inlf  in  oioe  montl^  I  am  Ibnfible  that  tioie 

it  long,  when  wc  know  how  to  make  a  good  ufe  of  it. 

lO.j — 1  read  .sy.W;#i«»»  Difftri.  JX.  p  834 — 860.  He  treats  of  the 
▼i(ftories  of  the  cmperort,  •their  public  works,  aiid  the  fpcechet  which 
^  vmly  hid  a  fight  to  aMke  to  the  foldien.  The  head*  of  accniatioa 
apainft  Mctiut  VolttiiaDu.s  were  not  fii  ri«BcvloQa  accor  liiig  to  Ronan* 
t*  thry  would  be  according  to  modern  mannen.  Moritefquicu  and 
Spiiihcim  think  ahkc  on  chu  fub^d;  the  luggcllioDt  of  gcoiu;}  «rc  cou* 
firmed  by  erudition. 

ai.)— 1  read  Spmabeim^  Differ t.  tX.  86o-*-9Z4s  which  ceochdee 
the  work.  He  treats  uf  the  afTiftancc  which  chronology  and  geographf 
may  derivs  from.  mcd«k,  Mr.  d'Alemhert'a  igiuinace  on  d^ia  fub]c<^ 
is  pardonable. 

la.]^  te-eaamioed  Spaiiheim*s  wocic*  which  at  a  real  tfcafiirf  oC 
anedalUc  efoditio8«  a  daflic  book  on  this  Ibieoce* 


« 


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eSTRAITS  DV  JOURNAL. 


Avrtl  14.] — J'ai  parcouru  i'ouvrage  de  Vaillant  fur  les  Mj6^ 
medailles  des  coloniesi  pour  Tarticie  Juk6  C^ar*  1^- .-^ 
Qge  n*al  je  ie  terns  dc  Tapprofondir  ! 

16.3 — J*ai  trouv6  moycn,  au  milieu  dcbeaucoup  d'em* 
iKirras,  de  parcourir  I'ouvrage  de  Vaillant  jufqu'au  regn^ 
de  Claude.  Je  voudrois  qa*ii  eat  nomm6  leg  cabinctt 
d'ott  tl  a  tiri  ies  m^ailJes, 

Qlnes,  Juin  1  i.]^Je  n'ai  rien  fait  quant  anz  feudal 
de  Ur«  les  fejpc  premieres  ^pitres  du  premier  livre 
d'Horacs.  ht  cbamant  phiioibphe  et  rexcellent  poete  I 
Daus  quelqoes  autres  momciis  perduii  j'ai  fait  des  eflaU 
dc  traductions  Angloifes  fur  quelques  endroits  de  met 
lecueilii,  qoi  m*ont  donn6  lieu  de  faire  plttfieara  obfervav 
tiOM  fur  I'idiome  diC^rent  des  deux  langueS}  eC  fur  Pes* 
ty(me  diftcult^  d'^crire  bien  dans  Tune  et  I'autre,  fan$ 
que  leur  puret^  nc  foit  alt6r^  par  le  melange  r6:iproque* 
Ua  matiD  je  me  fuis  jett^  dans  des  rf  flexions  qui  m'cmt 
liENiTetit  occup^  fur  les  moimofes  anciennes.  J'^tots 
W«  en  tmxk,  «|a*avec  ^iieJ<|ues  lims  je  fercis  allf  loin.  . 
Je  erpis  ^uc  notie  ikfrt  de  Trtye  pourrait  bieo  ^tre  Faa* 
dme  Uvre  Romaine.  Kn  attendafit  des  recherches  qui 
pewemt  fe  fum,  ^ot^u^oo  ne  ks  ait  pas  encore  faiteSf 
Mici  ma  t«fak*  Je  fixe  le  denier  par  ua  moytn  propor* 
titnel  eatre  oeux  de  MM*  Greaves  et  Aibuthno^  et  le« 
dMu^ttons  du  Conge  Barnefc :  toujoufs  en  f  comptant 
nne  fizi^me  partie  d'alliage. 

Vol.  III.  F  <  Denier 


April  14.] — I  read  hailiiy^  V'aillant'i  book  on  the  mcdaUof  colonici. 
with«refimncetothciRide«f  JalimOifiv.  I  moch  wifli  tbiit  I  baa 
tiinc  to  eiamlne  it  more  duplf* 

16.1 — 1  foond  Irifure,  amioll  multiplied  occupatinns,  to  rend  Vail- 
lant down  to  the  reign  of  Claudius.  I  wiib  be  had  nvcnitoBed  tbccabi* 
ecu  iu  which  hi*  mcdab  are  to  be  found.  * 

Gems,  Jhoc  r  I.] — I  have  done  nothing  in  the  way  of  but  r«ad 
the  firfl  fever  epiftleaof  the  fird  book  of  Horace;  who  waaaa  delight- 
ful a  f  hUfifophcr  at  an  excellent  poet.  At  leifnre  momrrt'^  T  tranfl.itcd 
ifito  Eiigliih  foibc  parts  of  my  CoUedtr>u,  which  luggcltcd  to  me  vari- 
ous obfervationt  concerning  the  different  idioms  of  the  two  language%i 
•od  tbe  extfemc  difikiilty  of  writing  in  both,  witbont  injuring  the  pib> 
ritr  of  either.  One  morning  I  gave  way  to  refle<ftions  which  had  often 
occurred  tome,  on  ancient  coins;  and  was  fo  well  diffoicd  for  dili- 
gence, that,  with  the  aOillance  of  a  few  hooka,  1  might  have  made  great 
nrogreft  in  the  Tohfedt  I  believe  tbatthe  ponod  Iroy  was  the  ancient  ' 
iUaiin  pound.  Until  more  accurate  refeax^es  are  made,  which  how- 
ever have  hitherto  h.cn  ncglcded,  1  would  propofle  the  following  table* 
The  dcnari'j?  (hould  be  afccrtaiticd  by  r;  mean  proportional  iK-tween  the  '  » 
eftisnate  of  Greaves  and  Arbuthnut,  and  the  conclufion  reluiuiig  from 
lb»  fiataifr  Congiut  i  dadndiii^  a  iuth  ^paitlur  alio/. 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 


1764*       Der.lcr  Romain,  ou  drachme  Grecque  eli  i  7^  fom 
d*Anglcterre,  environ  14  fous  de  France. 

Le  talent  Attique  i  187I.  los.  (terling»  emiron  438^ 
livTCS  de  France,  plus  pu  moms. 

Le  grand  federce  e(l  de  7K  i68.  3d.  (lerlingi  de  iSo- 
Ihres  de  France. 

Florence,  Juin  25.] — Je  n\c  fuis  procure  deux  tomea 
des  Synkia  J  izntitin^t  de  At.  Grri,  pour  lire  la  difleria- 
tion  de  M.  de  Muratori  fur  h  table  de  bronze,  trouv^e 
aupr^s  de  V\!ie:ny  hquelle  il  a  mife  a  la  ictc  d'une  copic 
fort  exa^c  de  la  table  mcme.  V,  SymhU^  feme  V* 
1 — 56,  ct  fept  feudles  pour  la  table.  Elle  eft  ecrite  avec 
^rvdition,  avec  precifion  et  avec  clatt6.  M.  Muratori 
n'td  point  un  fiinple  erudit ;  il  prouve  tr^  bicn  que  Tra- 
jan eft  le  premier  qui  inftitaa  des  Pueri  Alimenterii  en 
Italte,  Tan  de  J.  C.  103  $  que  cet  ^tablifiement  utile  fut 
foutenu  par  fes  fuccefleurs .  jufqu'au  regne  de  Perttnaz, 
qui  I'abolit  entierement,  et  qu'on  peut  tirer  de  cette  in- 
fcription,  unique  par  fon  ^rendue»  des  lumieres  tr^ 
miles  fur,  I'hiftoire,  la  geographie  ct  Tecononiie  de  ce 
fi^le.  Je  le  penfe  avec  lui  $  mais  apr^s  y  avoir  miiTe- 
ment  r^fl^ht,  je  crois  qu*il  ne  les  a  pas  toutes  tir^s. 
'  Juiilet  2.] — J'ai  revu  la  diflertation  de  Miyratori  avec 
foin.   Je  me  donne  la  peine  d^extraire  de  la  table  de 

bronze. 


The  Roman  derarlus,  or  Greek  drachma,  will  make  7^  Eogltik 

pence,  abuut  14  French  h)u«. 

The  Atiic  talent  187/-  ioj.;  about  4280  Frcncli  livres. 
.The/eftertittro,  m  great  jrprft^  7/  i6j.  .V.  or  i8e  Fjvbch  fivret. 

Florence,  June  25.  j — [  procured  two  volumenuf  Mr,  Con\  SsmUim 
T'ofti  tifro!,  in  ohIlT  to  read  Mr.  Muraton's  «^ilTcit;''i»^n  (mi  the  brar,vn 
ybic  fouiiUntar  Velkia,  which  he  hits  prefixed  loan  accurate?  |  late  nf  the 
t*blc  itfelf.  Sre  SytaM^t  «•  I — 5^,  and  feven  fnccts  for  the  tabic 
itfcif  l(  ii>  written  with  a*  much  precifmn  and  perlfftcutty  a»  learnm^. 
M;.  Muratori  is  lici  a  mer<.  antiquary.  He  prove*  clcrarly  that  Trajan 
frit  ;?;fHtutcd  the  t'u-fi  .^/j  -urturii  i-t  Italy,  A.  D.  IGJ;  and  that  thi^ 
initituuon  was  fupporrtd  by  h«i>  fuctefl'i.r»»  to  the  time  ol  Pcrtinax,  who 
CDtirclf  aboliihed  it.  He  thinks  that  this  irfcription,  far  longer  than 
any  other,  may  throw  much  light  on  the  hiftory,  geography,  and  oeco- 
nomy  of  that  aef-  I  ntiiic  agrer  with  him;  buf,  tfter  mutur^•ly  tonfi- 
dcrin^  the  inferiptirn,  do  not  thinh  that  itc-h^bkcn  ail  the  coclequcDcea 
which  ought  to  be  drawn  from  it. 

July  a.j— I  carefiJIy  re'examiued  Munitori*s  difll*rtttion.  1  take  the 
trouble  of  extract  in^r  irom  the  bierae  t^Ue  ihr  rfnt<<  which  a  vaft  niun* 
ber  of  citizeuf  of  Vciicia  covenant  to  pay,  and  (he  funds  from  whirh 

they 


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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL.  ^7 

hximntf  les  rentes  auxquelles  un  G  grand  nombre  des  ci-  |  ^5^, 
tofenfl  de  VaUia  s'etoient  aflujetds,  et  Ics  foods  fur  lef- 
qutils  on  Ics  avoic  ai&gn^s.  Cell  nn  travail  fee  et  in* 
grat;  mais  quand  on  conftruit  un  ^difice»  il  faut  en 
creufer  les  fondemens.  L'on  e(t  obUg€  dc  faire  le  Alt 
de  ma^on,  audi  bien  que  celui  d'architede.  J'efp^re  pott» 
voir  tircr  quel  que  chofe  de  cette  efp^  de  recenfemenL 

Juillet  4.] — J'ai  acheve  le  Tolume  des  Staiufs,  avec 
)cs  obfervations  de  M.  Goi i. 

14.3 — In  Vlntrodu^ion  h  PHi/hhre  de  Damemargkt 
par  M,  MtiUeti  avec  la  TraduQian  di  PEdda^  le  livre  ^ 
cf^  des  anciena  Celtes.  Nons  avons  i  preferit  une  demi*" 
douzaine  de  ces  bibles  (eii  y  comprenant  les  notres.)  Qt 
feroit  nn  bel  ouvrage  i  faire  que  le  tableau  philofophlque 
^es  religions^  leur  efprir,  leur  raifonnement  et  leur  in« 
fluence  fur  les  mceurs,  le  gouyernement,  la  philofophie 
ct  la  poeTie  de  chaque  peuple.  M.  Mallet  eft  fage  et 
fenfe  \  il  a  ctudi6  fonTujet  avec  foin,  et  U-le  developpe 
d'une  fa^on  plutdt  claire  qu'el^gante.  Son  id6e  princi* 
pale,  que  la  religion  d'Odin  a  forn)6  le  cara£l^re  des  Sep* 
tentrionaux,  qui  fe  fait  encore  fentir  parmi  nous,  efl  une 
idee  judicieufe,  vraie  a  bien  des  egards  et  parfattement 
fuivie.  Ses  reflexions  fur  la  population  ancienne  du  pays, 
font  exccllcntes;  il  fait  voir  que  tcs  eifaims  nombreux 
pouvoicMt  luitLr  till  Nord,  fans  Ic  fuppofcr  plus  peuple 
<^u  ^  prcicnt.    L"£iid«i  iui  avoit  bcaucuup  iuuiiii  iiir  la 

F  2         ,  rcli^iuu 


they  are  to  mife  them.  I'he  tafic  i«  dry  and  unpieafant;  but,  before 
building  an  edifice,  it  it  neceflaiy  to  lay  the  fouodattoo;  there  mull  ht 

bricklayers  as  well  as  architcdls.  I  hope  to  benefit  by  this  enumeration* 
July  4.]— I  firilhcd  the  volume  of  Statues^  with  Goti's  obfervations. 
14.  |- — !  read  Mr.  Alali  t\  InlroJu^hn  to  the  Hijlory  nf  Denmark ,  with 
a  Tranjiution  oj  the  Eddny  ihc  iacrcci  book  of  the  ancient  Ccltn.  We  have 
now  half  a  dozen  of  biblei,  if  we  iaciude  our  own.  A  vilumble  woric 
vi^iC  be  -written,  giving  a  philofophical  piAure  of  religioois  their  ge- 
nius, reafi  niiig-,  and  inriuencc  nn  the  manners,  government,  phllofo- 
pliy,  aiiU  poetry  of  their  reljcdive  vurjirits.  Mr.  AUllet  is  a  man  of 
fczife  and  candour ;  he  has  c^cfuUy  cx^mixicd  iiis  fubje^,  but  treats  il 
widi  more  perfpicuity  than  elegance.  Hit  great  priocaple,  that  the  re- 
Ugion  of  Odin  formed  that  charaAer  Cjf  the  oorthcm  oationi,  who£e  el^ 
arc  ftil!  p:rcc}  tibi '  amonof  nurfclve?,  is  judicious,  in  many  refpe^ 
well  loundcd,  aiiU  pcrfc^y  well  lilullrated.  He  niakc»  excellent  ob- 
ftrrationf  on  the  pupuioafnefii  of  the  North ;  tending  to  ibew  that  the 
Bnmeroiii  fwarma  which  ilTucd  from  it  in  ancient  timti  4k>  not  prove  \% 
to  ha%'e  been  more  populous  than  it  is  at  preficnt.  The  £dda  fuppUf^ 
hun  with  copitiui  lOiittfiaia  on  the  of  religion  and  morals.  In 

u«#(i|}g 


1 


i')64,   itHgkm  et      motnirs.    Dcftitue  cle  ce  fccours  fur  le 
^- gimfernemcnt,  il  s'abandonDe  iTacite  et  a  Tanalogiei 
siHus  ces  guides  lui  font-ils  toajoQTS  fiddles  i  Tacite  com- 

Srencit  la  Scandinavie  fous  le  notti  dt  Germanie  *,  mak 
fonge  dtns  fa  defcripttcm  g6n6n]e  des  conftttotion>»  k 
cel)es  qWil  connoiiToit  le  mieuX)  celles  de8  Yoiiins  dn 
RMn  et  da  Danube.  La  religion  dfOdin,  tfk^t  d'aii* 
fcm  anffi  ancienne  que  Tacite  ?  Lorfqne  je  voia  que  cet 
hiftorien  fuppofe  comme  une  r€nt€  claire  et  incontefta- 
Uie  que  Ie»  Germains  font  une  nation  indig^tiei  qui  n'a 
jamais  €tk  alteree  par  aucun  melange  Stranger,  j*ai  de  la 
peine  d  me  perfuader  qu'il  ait  pu  ignorer  qu*nne  grande 
ec^onie  Scjthique  s*etoit  empar^e  oe  la  Scandinavie  150 
ana  auparavanc.   J'aime  mieux  fuppofer  avec  M.  Dalin» 

2Ue  la  mtgzatton  d^Odin  eft  du  tems  de  Trajan*  La 
)iblefl^  des  Cimbres^  et  Fefclavage  des  Shwiet,  que  Ta- 
eite  a  apper^u,  ont  dft  donner  de  grandes  fadlit^a  i  ce 
eonquerant.  Cettc  epoque  me  fait  TOir  que  le  peu  d*in« 
mention  d^bommeai  encore  plus  que  la  politique  des  pro^ 
ph^test  lea  o)>Kge  d'enrichir  toujours  des  religions  noUi*. 
t^es  am  d^pens  dc«  ancicnnes,  et  d'aAujettir  ccllcs  Hi 
au  cara^^  national^  &c.  Une  religion  qui  auroit  prft- 
ch6  la  crainte  de  la  mort,  auroit  ete  mal  re^ue  parmi  lea 
elites.  C'eft  pourquoi  tiouvc  un  meme  foiul  dc  mneurs 
et  de  religioa  chez  ks  Cimbrcs,  k»  dcvancieT&  d'Odin, 

et 


treating  of  coTemmeDt,  he  has  not  a  voucher  equally  authentic,  and  is 
obliged  to        retourfr  td  Tadtui  wad  analogy.   Thefc  guidei  ire  iMt 
to  t»  tmicd*   Tacilaa  indeed  comprelieiid«d  ScandimYit  wa&ar 
tile  ittme  of  Germany;  but  in  his  general  defcription  of  the  Germanic 
inftitutions,  he  had  chtcfly  in  view  the  nations  with  which  he  w^r  beft 
*9C%ttaiiiCed,  thofc  iituate  near  the  R)une  and  the  Danube.    Bciides,  it 
il      certda  dutdie  rdigioiiof  Odin  it  m  aid  at  the  tine  of  Tadttta; 
Whett  that  hSAoran  uli;:*  it  for  a  tnilh  certain  and  incontrovertible, 
tiiat  the  Germans  were  indigenous,  and  that  the  purity  of  their  blood 
wa*  ncn-cr  cornjpte<l  hy  ai  y  foreign  adniixiurc,  there  is  fome  (Hflicuity 
in  conceiving  how  he  cuuld  be  ignorant  that  a  great  Scythian  colony 
M  coawnwd  Scanditoayia  one  hnndivd  and  ffty  yean  bafbrff  bib  owa 
tiaica.  I  would  rather  fuppofe  with  DaKn,  tliat  Odin's  migration  hap* 
•ptncA  in  the  rcipn  i  f  Trnir.n.    That  conqu'-mrN  dcfign  njuft  have  been 
greatly  faci1i'aT(.(l  by  t'u-  \S  LDkricf^  of  the  Cimbri,  and  the  llavcry  of  the 
flioones,  iiidiuentiy.maicatcd  m  Tacitus.    Thia  mn  tends  to  fiievv  that 
Iftopbifctty  of  Impnafi  iilvcntioD,  at  titll  u  the  policy  of  prophets,  al- 
wm|»  obliges  them  toterieh new  icBgions  at  the  erpence  of  the  old,  and 
Ml  rnculd  thrm  conformably  to  the  national  chara<3rr.    A  religion  in- 
culcating the  fear  of  dcatlj  would  have  met  with  n  very  unfavoOTabte  rc- 
ce^lioQ  amou^  the  Celts.   The  genius  of  Odm's  iapcrlittioa  and  morala 

.  prtfiiltd 


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JEXTRAITS  DU  JOUR^NAL. 

ft  Ics  Ccldfc^fet  qtti  n^cateatfimt  pet  toe  janiA  fwifler 
de  lui.  Quant  au  lieu  d'oft  foitU  le  fondateur  du  culte 
d'Edda,  je  m'eii  tiens  ^  k  tradition  commune,  qui  Ic 
place  aux  environs  du  Taiiais  et  du  PaJus  Meotide. 
JL'cioignemcnt  ne  me  rebute  point.  Ccs  courfes  immen- 
fc5  coiivicnnent  aux  nations  fauvages.  Je  fens  ijuc  Ics 
connoilTances  |ie.?graphiqucs  font  tre  ,  uraces  pnrmi  elles, 
Di^li  lei  accidtj:];-.  ics  ctcndenc  Icmvcnt.  Un  Scvthe  dc 
la  tribu  dcs  J^fi^-'i  t.ur  priionnit.-r  pnr  tcs  voifins,  .\urapafle 
de  main  en  mdin  juiqu'aux  bonis  uc  ia  mcr  Baitique.  A 
fon  refouT,  il  aura  parle  des  advantajyes  du  pays,  tt  dc8 
faciiitcs  qu'oii  auroit  a  eu  faire  la  conqucte.  Odin  (il 
faut  Ic  foppofar  homme  de  gcuie)  aura  tompris  que  ies 
nations  limitrophes  de  Tempirc  etoient  plus  aguerries,  et 
moins  ignoranics,  et  que  le  chef  d'une  petite  cite  qui 
vouloit  fonder  un  grand  empire,  devoit  s'avancer  plus  au 
Nord.  Les  pcuples  fur  fa  route  fe  ferout  delivres  d*ua 
avanturicr  inqiiicr,  on  lui  accordant  un  pafl'age ;  gr  u  c 
que  la  fcicncc  iniiitairc  dc  ces  fiecles,  rendoit  pen  impor- 
lantc,  et  doTit  la  fiuceritc  heroiquc  des  barb.irrs  Ifiir 
permettoit  pas  d'abufer.  Les  rivieres  niiront  pu  taciiiLLT 
ia  ffiarche.  II  aura  remonte  ic  Janals  on  le  y^o/ga  pour 
4e£ctn6rc  he  Din  a  jufqu'aux  environs  de  ^B'ig^*  four- 
oes  de  ^es  rivieres  font  peu  eloign^es  les  unes  des  autres^ 
<c  49m  na  tii^ok  AH^  aoacrea  atoimt  ibixanfie  dix 
^  huit 


preraiicci  «m<H)g  the  Cimiiri,  who  were  long  anterior  to  that  le^iflator; 
m4  anMig  liieCeklbflritM,  who  probably  never  heartl  of  hit  nsne.  A* 
tPfbecMtiyfriim  whidlChcMldlorof  the  £dda  came,  I  would  adopt 
thect»mmon  tradition  which  fi»es  hisancirnt  ftit  in  the  ncighhoiir}:'>od 
of  the  Tamit  and  the  FaloB  Mteott*.  I  am  not  frightened  it  the  great- 
ncf*  of  ihe  diftance.  Great  ]ourntc9  are  accoropliflicid  by  lavage  nations; 
ud  iMr  ((ssoiy  g«ographi«w  loMWledge  \%  often  evteoded  bf  iceideiit. 
A  Scythian  of  iIk-  tri?ie  of  Af«,  taken  prifonor  by  his  netghhours,  may 
have  paffcd  through  fucccfllvc  mafters  to  the  fhrre  of  the-  Baltic.  At  hi< 
return,  he  would  dcfcribe  the  adiranta^e-oui  fittiation  of  the  country,  and 
ih«  facility  wkh  whkh  itt  eon^ueft  «iight  he  efleAed.  Odin  (wc  mud 
fbppoTc  Vam  ■  imn  ofgeniiit)  wonM  perceive,  that  the  nstiont  horder- 
ia|[  on  the  empire  were  lefs  ignorant,  nnd  more  warlHte,  th^n  thofc  rc- 
movwd  at  a  greater  diftanre;  and  that  the  let^rlrr  rsf  a  imill  trihc,  who 
wiihed  to  found  a  great  ktngdoin,  muU  marcit  againll  the  northern  ex^ 
tremity*  fht  inHrinedlafre  wtioiBi wouM  gladlydefivet  ihemfciv«s  from 
ft^i&ttferous  invader  by  granting  to  him  »  free  ptffage;  I  favour  which. 
In  «ti  aj;t-  littK-  (killed  in  ibr  ^rt  of  fortification,  is  of  fmall  importance; 
and  which  the  b«roical  fincf  rity  nf  Harharians  fcldom  permitted  them  to 
al^e.  The  conrfeaof  t^•t•  rrrcat  riven  niuit  have  much  facilitated  hi* 
journey.  He  woafcl  fki!  up  the  Ttmismd  the  Volga,  to  rfeftend  with 
Mlt  Ahmb  of  the  DiBt  to  the  neighhoarikood  of  Kiga.  The  fourcct 
riven  arc  oot  fridcly         ttma  each  other ;  and  wheo  ihc  li  nd 


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4 


TO       ^  EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

* 

1 7^4.  ,  hult  pieds  d'^l^ation  moins  qifil  prefent,  on  a  foup^onni' 
que  les  mers  avoient  des  communications  qu'eUes  n'ont 
phis*  U  a  ^tabli  fon  culte  dans  la  Scandinavie.  li  s'eft' 
repahdu  parroi  les  petiples  Septentrionaux  de  la  Germa- 
nie,  connus  fous  le  nom  de  Saxons,  qui  font  port^  en 
Angleterre  au  cinqui^me  fi^le.  Voil^»  ce  me  femble> 
les  pays  ou  tl  faut  le  chercher.  M*  Mallet  s'en  fait  une 
id^  un  peu  trop  generale.  Je  ne  vois  point  dans  PEdda 
que  le  conquerant  du  Nord,  le  pretre  du  dieu  Odin»  nom- 
me  Odin  comme  lui,  ait  jamais  voulu  fc  fairc  paiTer  pour 
dieu ;  ni  que  les  Scandinaves  ayent  adore  des  hommes 
deifies,  culte  blen  plus  rare  qu*on  ne  penfe.  Odin  le 
conquenm  ie  vantoit  d'etre  magicicn,  non  pas  dieu; 
Tunc  tic  ces  pretenfions  cxlIul  1  autre. 

Juillet  16.] — Je  n'ai  pas  voulu  m'eupager  dans  \% 
giamic  hiltoire  du  Dannemarck  de  M.  Mallet,  qui  fuit 
rintrodu(ftion.  Elie  rn'auioit  trop  6carte  de  mcs  vues 
afluelles ;  mais  je  n'ai  pu  mc  refufer  le  plaifir  d'en  lire 
un  morceau  detachc,  qui  re-^arde  la  converfioii  dc  U 

*  Scandinavie,  ct  de  voir  la  chute  d'un  culte  dont  j'avols 

vu  reiabiiiiement  et  les  principcs.  II  me  paroit  ieche- 
jnent  traite,  et  d'une  tres  petite  maniere.  C'eft  une 
queftion  intereflante,  pourquoi  leii  peuples  du  Nord  out 
Tcbute  le  Chridianifme  avec  tant  d'opiniatrete,  pendant 
que  leurs  compatriotcs  etablis  dans  i'empirei  Tont  em- 

braiie 


WMkftelefatMl  by  fevaitf<*cighr  ftcr  than  hi*  at  prcfent,  there  may 

have  been  communications,  now  loft,  between  ncighhdurin^  fca<.  Odia 
eflablifhed  hi»  worihip  in  Scandinavia,  i  hence  ir  iprcad  among  thd 
northern  nations  of  Germanj  caXit^  Saxons,  by  whom  it  was  carried  into 
SogUod  in  th«  fifth  century.  In  thofe  countriea  mdf,  I  think,  we  ' 
ought  to  look  for  it :  Mr.  Malic  t's  fyHcm  fuppnfes  it  too  cxtenfivc.  I 
i^o  not  find  in  the  Edda  that  O.iin  tht  conqueror  f^f  the  North,  and  the 
pritii  of  4  god  alfo  named  Udm,  wiihcd  ever  to  pais  hiuifclf  for  a  divi- 
nity ;  nor  d)»t  the  Scandinaviapc  ever  worQiippcd  deified  iiieo;  a  wor- 
ship much  rarer  than  it  eommonly  mtagiued*  Odin  the  conqueror  huall- 
ed  of  being  a  magician ;  a  pretention  altogether  tnconfiftent  with  that 
of  bin  divinity. 

July  16.J — 1  did  not  wifli  to  proceed  with  Mr.  Malici"*  iargc  hiflory, 
which  followed  hit  introdudlioo ;  this  wt^uld  have  divrcted  me  too  much 

from  my  prcfent  purfuits;  but  (  could  not  dcoy  myfclf  the  pleafure  of 
reading  a  dctaclud  part,  relative  to  rhc  rnnvcrnun  of  Scandinavia,  io 
order  to  fee  the  downfall  of  (Jdin'i*  iuperilitiou,  ul  wliich  I  had  beheld 
the  cilabiiibinent,  and  eiuiniiucd  the  principleb.  1  iiis^  lul'jci^  i»  treated 
•  dryly,  and  without  tafte.   An  important  qneftioa  ocetish  why  the  in* 

habitant!  of  the  North  Ihould  have  fo  obftinaiely  rejcAcd  Chridianity, 
while  fbrir  C'?urtr)'mrn  1 1^  iMifhcd  in  the  empire  embraced  it  with  the 
vtmuH  readiseift.   Mr.  MAiitt  wiU  aofwer,  that  tiic  Uuer  (^ninkd 

oiily 


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EXTRAIT3  DU  JOURNAL. 

braOe  avec  une  (i  grande  facl]u6,  M.  Mallet  nous  r^pon- 
dra  que  ceux-ci  n'etoicnt  qu^unc  jeuncflc  inqui^te,  qui 
avoit  quitte  fon  pays  avart  que  d'etre  aSlermie  dans  ks  prc- 
jages  de  fes  p^res.  Cependant  il  fait  aflez  luUmeine,  que 
la  pi  up  art  dc  ces  tnigrattons  fe  font  faites  en  corps  de  na- 
tion»  et  que  cette  jeuneiTe  tratnolt  avec  elle  des  vietUards, 
dont  le  coeur  et  Tefprit  ne  peuvent  plus  changer,  des 
femmes  dont  le  temperament  foible  et  craintif  Ics  porte 
i  la  devotion,  et  des  bnrdes,  des  prophetcflcs  et  des  pre- 
tres,  qui  combattoient  le  nouveau  culte  par  tous  Ics 
moyens  quails  empruntoient  de  la  crainte,  de  Phabitudc 
et  du  point  d'honneur.  Cette  raifon  ne  v.iut  ricn.  Jc 
lie  penfe  pas  non  plus  que  les  chefs  des  barbares  aycnt 
fjuvent  embrafll"  Ic  Chriftianlfme  pjr  poiiriquc,  ni  qu'ils 
a.cnt  vouiu  rifquer  d'alioner  Ics  cccui..  des  vaincpic  urs, 
pcur  captivcr  ccux  d'un  peuple  ilc  valncus  na'iU  lucpri- 
foiciit.  1'  vo;s  craillcuis  que  ki,  ciiefsd:  1! argundicns, 
ct  des  \'.i!Klalcs,  ont  embrafTo  rAriaim in^\  LJii  poiiii- 
que  auroii-il  adopte  les  fcntimciis  tlu  plui  pciit  noinhre 
de  fcs  fujcts  ?  trouve  vrais  motifs  de  C!itle  diff'  i- 
C!icc,  dans  la  Icule  circonOaiue  que  k's  uns  lont  relics 
dans  knirs  pays,  et  que  k  >  autves  en  font  fonis.  Je  ne 
pavle  pas  ici  dcB  Saxons,  qui  ne  connoiflbient  la  rcliji^ion 
que  par  le  bapttnic  et  k'  fupplice.  Ces  homnu  ;  libres 
Tepoufr)ient  une  religion  (jui  ne  Ifur  paroifibit  t|u'ane 
panic  des  luix  imperiLuks  Je  Charlemagne.  Je  ne  fais 
attention  qu'^  ceo  nations  chcz  qui  Ic  ChriUianifme  a 

paru 


only  of  unftcady  yQ'Jng  men  v,  ho  had  Icff  thfir  rative  country  btforc 
they  were  thcroiig!-.ly  totifii  me  1  in  (hr*  t  rrjudice^  of  iht  ir  !!ur{}or^.  Yet 
be  wcH  kuows  that  itvcral  ui  tiiolc  migrattoos  were  nude  by  cunmiu- 
niuetac  Urgei  aad  that  the  youof  iiMn  were  accompanied  hymen  ftf 
advanced  io  yean^  whofe  hearts  und  principles  were  un  hitif^cr  ruf<xpti* 
bic  of  chanjrc  ;  by  women  %\  lu-f  weiskncfs  .m.l  timiJity  rt  ndcr  them  pe- 
culiarly pruiic  to  fupcrf^iiiun ;  a&  well  iis  by  bards,  priciU,  and  propfie- 
tcflxs,  U'hu  cotmbarcd  the  new  wnrfl^ip  hy  every  wciipuo  that  their  cuf* 
tofB»  fear,  qr  hoDcnir  conld«  Aipply.  Thit  ciplanation,  therefore,  will 
Dot  ainXwtrr  the  purpofc.  Ntiti  cr  do  I  think  it  piohable  that  th< 
learierci  of  thr  Barbaiianicmbrkccd  Civrinianlty  througti  policy,  andven- 
tur«d  to  provoke  the  coiiii|ucror«.  in  ordfr  tu  inj^ratiitU  themlirlvcs  with 
the  cmiqucred,  whom  they  defpifcd  Beiidcit,  thofe  IcadTK  of  the  Van* 
daU  and  Burgtindians  embraced  Ati.uufnt.  t'.>iicy  would  not  have 
•alight  them  to  adopt  rite  Ictiiinicnts  '>!  the  rmjilt';!  p  inion  ol  their  iub» 
yiSt-i  1  btltcvc  iht'  true  r-  jTiti  f.  rthc  fl  fT/ritijc  ar -fe  merely  iVoni  tiii* 
(ircumuionce,  ihat  ti»c  one  claH  ku  tiicu  country,  \vherea<i  the  other  rc- 
matoed  at  home.  I  fpcaV  not  here  of  the  Saxons,  who  knew  Chriftia* 
airy  only  by  baptifm  and  puninimcn: ;  und  wh<  ic  lovcnf  liberty  rejedkcd 
that  rcUgioo  m  a  badge  u£  the  imprsiouk  iawi  i(»(>of.:4  by  Charjcniagne. 


EXTRAItS  DU  JOURNAL. 


T764.  caru  cn  fuppliant,  non  cn  vainqiicur  et  en  perfecutcur# 
«w  Toutes  Its  religions  font  lociiles  jufqu'^  un  certain  point. 
Le  Chretien  Ic  moins  iuperflitieux,  fcntiroit  plus  dc  de- 
votion fur  la  montagne  du  Calvaire  qu'i  Londres.  MaiA 
chez  les  nations  favantes,  les  livres  ct  la  reflexion,  et 
c)iez  les  peuples  de  TOricnt,  une  imaj^^inatinn  echauffce, 
fuppleent  I  la  pretence  acluelle  des  objets,  et  les  repre- 
,  fentfnt  a  IVfprit  en  tout  tt-ms  er  c-n  tour  lieu.   Les  idces, 

ou  Icii  images  etoient  trop  iul^il^s  pour  ne  pas  echapper 
^  la  durete  tranqnillf  ft  phlegmatiqnc  de  no.;  Scandinaves. 
Un  mifTionnairc  combartoit  avec  beaucoup  de  dcfavan- 
tages  fur  leurs  foyers.  Cc  temple  d'Upfal,  ou  ils  avoient 
achet^  la  fiaveur  d'Odtn  par  des  milliers  de  vi^imes  hu* 
snaines;  ces  rochers  que  les  anciens  Scaldes  avoient 
C0UT€ft8  de  caradl^rcs  Runiques  qu'iU  redoutoicoti  par« 
ccqu*il8  ne  les  entendoient  pas ;  ccft  collinea  que  la  reli- 
gion avoit  61ev^8  i  la  gbire  de  leurs  ancetres,  ct  qui  let 
attendoient  eux-memes ; — tous  ces  objets  frappoient  leur 
cfprit,  parcequ'ils  avoient  frappe  leurs  fens*  Ceahabt* 
tana  de  la  Germanie,  tranfportps  dans  les  pays  du  midi^ 
avoient  perdu  d^ji  le  fondement  principal  de  leur  culte. 
Les  temples,  les  autels,  les  tombeanz  et  les  lieux  confa- 
€r£s  par  les  miracles,  appartenoient  ^  une  nouvelle  reli^ 
giony  qui  s'infinuoit  doucement  dans  le  vuide  qu'ils  fen« 
toient  dans  leur  ame«    Affaillis  par  tous  ces  objet8»  tls 
pafs^renc  infenfiblement  I  I'admiration  et  i  )a  fot»  Le 

cbangement 

I  ham  io  TiMr  eolf  thofe  nation*  amMg  whom  Chrifliaok^  ■ppeared 

dot  as  a  conqueror  or  pcrfccutor,  ^tit  as  a  fupplicant.  All  reli^iims  dv* 
picnd  in  fome  degree  or.  local  circumftancet.  The  leaft  fuprrftjtians 
Chriftun  would  feci  more  devotion  on  Mount  Calrary  than  in  JLoodoo. 
Anoog  learned  mdpM  nadtn^  ftod  relleAkMi,  aod  aMDOf  the  Mdom 
«f  the  fiiil  •natural wMweh  of  fancy,  fttpptf,  10  fome  mearote*  die  ff«al 
prcfcncc  of  objc»5^*,  and  give  them  in  all  linv  -  and  in  all  plnces  a  mental 
cxift«*n-c.  Bu^  mrnral  rr-prefentatiou*  arc  ftm  lubtilc  tom:ilic  an  impref« 
iian  un  the  phlegmatic  infenitbiltt/  of  Scandiiiavtum;  and  a  mifiionary 
■nft  htve  eftmbatfd  their  fiulh  with  gictt  dHikNaiifige  in'ihcfr  natfva 
country.  The  temple  of  UjiTaiia  which  the/  had  pnrehafed  the  favour 
of  Odin  bv  thnijfjnds  nf  human  viflims;  thofc  rnfhs  whuh  the  anciAic 
Scatdi  h^ci  cover;  ([  With  Runic  rharacS^cr^,  the  mnrr  venerable  becnufc 
unioteih^iblc ;  liiofe  mounts  which  religion  had  raifed  to  the  giory  of 
thdraocefton,  and  bf  ^iHiich  they  hoped  that  their  owo  wAald  he  pei^ 
petoated >all  thdie  ubjcAs  kept  poflcflion  of  their  minds,  becanfethef 
were  ccistinii  lly  Orikinp  thv'.r  fenTcs.  But  the  nations  of  Gc-rnany, 
when  tranJpurtcd  into  fouthcrn  countricn,  lofl  hole!  of  the  firmcft  foun- 
dation of  their  fstth.  Temples,  altars,  tomb*,  and  cuniecrated  placea 
«a  the  ide  of  a  newrefigioii,  which  iMMMlly  iitflmMted  hfiflf  into 
thcvoMof  crodditjkft  cratiag  iaUiciraiiMla*  Tb^ -fiiA  waadciad. 

aod 


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7» 


changcment  que  k  nouveau  climat  produifit  bientot  dans  T7<^4- 
la  fa^on  (^c  vivre  ties  vainqucurs,  et  dans  le  temperament 
memc  de  Icurs  cnl.ins,  les  eloignoit  encore  d'une  religion 
Gui  convenoit  mieux  aux  bords  de  TEIbe  qu*^  ceux  d^i 
Ta,^e,  aux  forets  qu*aux  villes.    Un  barbare  qui  avoit 
^oute  le  vin  de  Falernc,  fe  foucioit  alTez  peu  de  s'enyvrer 
d'hydromel  aux  fcflins  d^Odin,  et  quand  il  foufFroit  toute 
Tardeur  d*un  folcil  Afrlciiii,  un  cnfcr  dont  les  fenctres 
fcroient  ouvertes  du  cote  du  Nord,  ne  lui  paroiflbit  plus 
bien  redout  able.     Son  eFprit  s'eclairoit,  et  fon  cocuc 
s'adouciflbit  dans  le  commerce  des  vaincus,  et  tout  con- 
tribuoit  2i  le  detacher  d*un  cuke,  qui  n*cft  fonde  que  fur 
la  barbarie  et  fur  rijjnorancc,  pendant  qu'il  Ic  di{pofoit 
en  faveur  de  celui  qui  contenoit  toute  la  fcience  du  fiecle 
qu*il  commencoit  a  goutcr,  ct  qui  n*cnfeignoit  que  cette 
hnmaiiite  dont  il  fentoit  deja  le  prix.    II  (l  trouvoit  en- 
core  envtronne  d'un  peuple  de  miiFionnaiics  que  i'iaceii^ 
luift  ten  "flue  ie  z^)e,  animoit  dam  ie  trvrafl  de  CMifOw 
tir  firs  maitres,  et  d'arreter  ces  tigm  fevoces  dans  let 
de  la  religion.   Les  eveqiie^  les  precre^^ 
maitrefTcs  qtit  M^ieiit  lot  careficB  et  ia  contrarerie, 
s'attachoient  furtout  aux  princes,  dont  la  nation,  deja  in- 
dtfferesite»  fuivoit  fans  peine  rcicmplc.  <2uelle  dtfiErence 
de  Tentreprife  d'ttae  pareille  converfion,  a  qaelqiies  Be* 
fMi£lins  qui  ymt  tians  les  forets  de  la  Suede  pidcflier  hi 
patience  Fhumilit^  et  la  foi,    des  nations  nombreufet 
de  pirates.   Ces  gaerriers  ks  maflacrent^  ou  s*ik  let 
•    6pargncn|, 

end  tlicn  believed.   The  chan^rec  produced  hj  «  new  climate  10  their 

Viodes  of  life,  and  in  the  education  of  their  children,  tended  to  eftrange 
them  from  a  fupcrrftition  better  adapttd  to  the  bankt  of  the  Elbe  than  to 
thofc  of  the  Tagus,  and  to  foreftt  than  to  cities.  A  Barbarian,  who  had 
ttfted  die  wine  nS  Ftknym,  wvnld  net  feel  nuieh  dofive  of  intOBiceting 
liimfelf  with  hydrpmetetOdao'eleilivBl;  end  wiieahe  pented  under  ea 
African  fun,  a  ht!!  open  to  the  north  would  not  greatly  e«cilc  his  terror. 
Hi^  I'r.dcrftandini;  would  be  improved,  and  his  heart  foftcned,  in  hb 
perpetual  iutercourfe  with  the  vao^uifhed;  and  every  caufe  would  coo- 
csr  to  nake  bim  qrit  a  mode  of  worflup  foonded  ou  ignortoce  end  Imi^ 
barifm,  and  to  'fiibftitote  in  iti  ftcad  a  religioD  co— oifttd  with  fcience 
which  he  bcjjan  to  rclifti,  and  inculcating  the  virtuet  of  humanity  whirh 
be  began  to  value.  He  wa»  befides  furroundtd  by  a  nation  ot  milliona- 
ries,  whofe  zeal  was  animated  by  a  perfonal  iutcreft  in  the  convcrfion  of 
tfieir  miftert,  that  thofe  fierce  tigert  might  be  confioed  ia  tiie  fhaina 
of  rdigioo.  BUhops,  prieib*  and  women,  who  mingled  cucflea  with 
COOtroverfy,  were  fedulou«  to  convert  the  princes  and  great  men,  whofc 
example  was  eafily  followed  by  that  of  the  carelefs  multitude.  Such 
mean*  of  converfioo  are  far  more  efficacious  than  tboic  with  which  a 
lew  Beaedt Ainea  are  fimulhed,  who  travel  isto  the  wooda  of  Swadea 
us  preach  patieoeey  huadlitj«  and  fidth  to  Bnoaecoos  btnda  of  pirates. 

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EXTRAITS  DU  JOURNAL. 

^par^ncnt,  cVfl  moins  par  bonte  qu€  par  m6pris.  Une 
exception,  qui  ne  hn  que  confirmcr  ma  thefe  ;  c'cft 
celle  des  Saxons  ctablis  cn  Anglctcrrc,  ct  qui  ne  fe  con- 
vertircnt  qu^au  bout  de  cent  cinquantc  ans.  Mais  c'cft 
parcequ'ils  avoicnt  chafle  touA  its  ancicns  habitans  dang 
la  province  de  Galles,  parcequc  Je  climac  etoit  moins 
differrnf  du  leur,  et  que  ccttc  province  de  Tempire etoit 
1 1  plus  incultt :  Ics  caufes  agirent  n^anmoins,  quoiqu'avec 
plus  de  lenteur,  et  lorfqu'ils  furent  tranquillctncnt  ^ta- 
blis,  ils  embrafserent  fans  difficuite  le  Chriftianifmc  que 
Icur  annoncerent  les  miHionnaires  Romains. 

.  Un  Proteftant  diroit  encore  que  le  Chriftianifme  da 
dixi^mc  ficdc  ctcit  bien  plus  difficile  a  dig6rcr  que  cclui 
dtt  cinqui^me :  il  Teii  aflur^ment  pour  ua  raifonneur. 

Thcfc  y^srrton  either  mafTacrcfi  the  pricfts,  or  fpared  them  throufffc 
mere  contempt-  An  apparent  exception  to  this  the  ory  tends  really  to 
confirm  it :  the  Saxons,  who  ftttlcd  in  tngUoii,  were  not  converted 
taifuie  hundred  and  fifty  yeart  af(erf}ieir  eftftblxfhnent  in  that  country. 
This  happened,  becaufc  they  drove  the  ancient  iDhahitantttoto  Wales  • 
fercaufc  the  climate  nf  Eny  land  v:;.  nor  widely  difTf rent  from  tbcirDwn* 
and  becaulc  this  kingdom  was  the  Icart  poljfhtd  .  f  all  the  Roman  pro^ 
iHttces.  But  the  lame  canfet  operated  ou  ti»c  baxoos  though  more 
ilowly ;  and  when  they  began  to  tnjoy  trarquilllty  at  home,  they  rca. 
dily  embraced  Chnltianity  as  taught  them  by  the  Roman  miifioAariea. 

A  Piotiftanr  would  alfo  ubfcrve,  that  the  Chhaianity  of  the  tenth 
century  is  ol  Ur  more  difficult  digcHioo  thin  that  of  chc  Mth,  It  CCT* 
tainiy  ii  fo  to  a  man  who  reafon>. 


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RECUEIL  de  mes  OBSERVATIONS,  et  PI  ECES 

I, 

^np^OUS  lc8  poetes  epiqucs  otit  pahi  croire  qu'un  ca- 
talogue  d^taille  de$  armies  qu'Bs  mettottnt  en' 

canipagne,  et  des  h^ros  qu'tUes  avoitnt  ^  leur  icte,  fai- 
foit  une  partic  cflcnticllc  et  n^celTairc  de  leurs  poemcs. 
Un  commcntateur  eft  oblige  de  les  juftitier  ;  mais  quel 
lectcur  les  a  lus  avec  plaifir  ?  lis  refroidiflent  Tinteret, 
ib  ralcntiflciu  raclion  iui  moment  que  I'attention  eft  la 
plus  aitach^e.  Toute*;  les  be.iutes  des  details,  toas  les 
ornemens  cic  Li  pocfic,  nous  garantiHcnt  a  peine  de  Ken- 
iiui.  On  le  fcnt  un  peu  cet  ennui,  lorfqn'on  parcoui*t 
iin  pareil  denombrcruciit  Jans  un  ouvrncze  liiltonque  ? 
niais  on  le  pard(>nne  parceqn'i!  eft  iir-cciTaire.  Dans 
rhiftoire,  c*eft  ortiinaiicmt  nt  Ic  nonibrc  et  la  qualite  des 
ti'oupes,  qui  tlijinient  la  vicloire.  Dans  r-^popee,  c*eft  ton- 
jours  la  pcotectiou  des  dieux  et  la  vaieur  merveiileure 


A  COLLECTION  of  tny  REMARKS,  and  - 

I>±-'rACi:ii:.D  PILCES,  on  uili'-rciu  Subjects- 

Kp  L 

13d  Dcceiaber  17  63* 

ALL  epic  poets  fccm  to  confidrr  an  cxaA  catalopue  of  the  anrttc* 
whicfi  tlicy  fend  Into  the  fi'ld,  nnd  of  the  hero:',  by  whcni  ilu.y 
are  coinmundcd,  as  a  ncct  fl.ay  and  elicntial  pirt  of  thvir  po^n)^.  a 
comnicntaror  is  obliged  to  juflify  this  prai^ice;  but  to  what  rentier  6id 
It  ever  pvr  p}«aftire  f  Soch  cfttalognes  deftroy  the  intereft  %n6  t«tarl 
the  pro^r'-f<^  of  ti.e  adion,  wheti  OUT  attenttoti  to  it  ii  mod  alive.  AH 
thr;  b' .iuT:r'>  of  titt.iil,  and  all  the  ornament';  rf  poetry,  fcarccJy  fuHirc 
to  amufe  our  weariucis;  a  wiariiufs  produced  by  fuch  enumerations  rvpn 
in  hiftorical  works,  but  which  are  pardoned  in  them,  becjiuG:  nertffary. 
In  hiftory,  the  viAoiy  eoonnonly  ^pendt  on  the  number  and  quality 
of  the  tro'^ps ;  but  in  epic  poetry,  it  is  always  decided  by  rhe  proteAloO 
iaf  the  god*  aod  die  mirvdlous  valoar  oft  the  hero.   AchiUct  Uin^rr.ci* 

hie  J 


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RSCUEIL  4b  Mr  OBSERVATIONSt 


d*ufi  heros.  Achille  e(l  invincible ;  mats  les  Mymudont 
font  si  peine  connus.  Homere  a  fait  un  catalogue  det 
Grecs :  je  le  fais  y  mais  Uomere  pcttt  n*aToir  pas  en 
nufon.  11  peut  ne  Tavoir  eue  que  pour  lui  feuL  Son 
ezemple  ptrticulier  fait>il  wic  ioi  generate  ?  En  ce  cis 
tout  poeme  ^ptque  doit  etrc  un  Gege  ^  il  doit  finir  .has 
que  la  place  foit  ni  prife»  nt  delivr^e.  Une  pieuve  Trap- 
pante  que  tout  les  poetes  ont  fenti  eux-memes  qu'Us 
iuifoieot  rufage*  plutot  que  la  raifpn  i  c'ed  qu'ils  ont 
tottjours  traite  ces  catalogues  coBune  dea  hoia  d'oeuvre» 
que  iet  h^roa  du  catalogue  font  raremenc  ceux  de  I'liif- 
tDiie»  et  que  les  prcmient  apres  avoir  briUe  un  inliant  i 
la  levue*  difparoilFolcnt  pour  faice  place  auz  perfennafcs 
plus  eflentiela.  L :  poete  tt*a  pas  Woin  d'une  reflbuice 
aui&  iroide  et  auili  ufee,  pour  faire  connifitre  i  fiaa  kc* 
teun  les  v^atables  Ji^ma  de  (on  ^pop6e. 

Ua  critique  pent  coodamner  ces  ottaiogues  poellqiicasi 
man  malheur  H  ee  critique,  s*il  eft  Jnfeafifale  i  umtes  lea 
hcaut^s  que  Virgile  a  fu  mettie'dans  le  fien,  i  la  vivacilt 
duGOloriq,  aunombreetila  diffiieace  des  ufakauxf  et 
I  cede  hannoiue  douce  et  (butenueiiut  facisfait  tDujouB 
roreiUeetrefpriL  J«*anii£e  dea  Etnilques  o'eft  passn* 
fi^rieuie «  ceUe  de  Tumus :  comme  elle,  cVft  rfliie  de 
plufieuiapeuples  belltqueuit  laflemU^  (bus  les  tendarta 
des  him  et  des  demiHlteux*  Mais  elle  a  fur  les  Rutt^ 

un 


Mtiyriaidwuife  Ictrodf  katwa.  nfoqwrlnf  indeed  gitca  m 

cAtalogoe  ;  yet  thii  perhaps  vau  not  right  in  HomcTf  ViHflit  <uAf  •ia 

htm.  Ought  hi'?  particuhir  riamplc  to  make  a  general  law  ?  Tn  fhnt 
oifc,  thefubjei^  of  cvciy  epic  poem  ought  to  be  a  iiege,  and  the  poem 
•oght  to  condode  bellore  eitber  ihe  place  b  taken  or  the  fiege  r^ifcd. 
F«et»  thefdiUves  afford  a  coimncing  proof  that  thtry  were  fimfibk  of 
Coltowing  cuftom  rather  than  reafon,  by  treating  thofe  catalogues  merely 
as  epifodes.  and  hy  »ntroducI»ig  int'>  fhfm  hrro'-«»,  who  an-  rnrcly  thnfr 
of  hiftory;  tod  who,  ahcr  ihioing  a  moau:ut  lu  thole  reviews,  totally 
difappear,  ia  order  to  make Joom  for  ckavtAfn  more  cff^al  to  the 
l^iMi.  Ao  epic  poet  ftanda  noc  in  need  of  fo  dnll  and  Tulgv  911  ezpc« 
£ent  for  making  the  reader  acquainted  with  hirtruc  heroes. 

A  critic  may  coin<lfnin  thnfe  poetical  catal/»jrut« ;  h»»t  woe  to  the 
aritiCf  il  he  is  infetiiiblc  to  aii  the  beauties  by  which  tiiat  of  Virgil 
iii^nniad ;  the  brtghcseft  of  hit  eolaaripg,  the  number  and  variatf  el 
biapidhuea,  and  that  fweet  and  welUiilftaincd  harmuny,  which  alwapa 
charm*  the  earnnd  the  foul.  The  army  of  the  'i'ufcans  is  not  inferior 
to  that  of  Turnus  ;  being  jlfo  conipofcd  ol  thcftowcr  nf  many  warlike 
nations  aiicmbkd  uuder  the  Aand^rds  of  heroes ^nd  demigods.  Hut  it 
Cfljoyi  over  the  Rutnti  an  advantage  which  it  wat  oataral  fliould  hdoiig 
to  the  allica  of  JEseat;  having  jaftice  and  the  gods  on  iu  fide.  Every 

.  mdcTi 


im  mntagCy  tel  qo'il  convenott  smc  amis  d'Enee.  lite 
a  pour  die  ]a  juftice  et  lea  dteux.  Chaqtie  Ic^keur,  ea 
d^teftant  les  forfaits  de  M6zence^  applaudit  aux  efforts 
4*Wttt  nation  libre  et  genereufe,  qui  a  ofe  detrdntr  (on 
tjnn»  etqui  ckerche  a  le  punir.  pai  toujours  ete  6tonn6 
que  le  cauftifan  d^Augtrfte  ait  fong6  a  cet  epifbdei  qai 
aiiratt  mteux  convenu  a  Tami  de  Brutst*  Totttyfetjnre 
les  idto  republicaines  les  plus  fortes^  et  peut^tre  ks  . 
plus  cmlT^es*  M^zence  ^ott  fooreram .  legitime  et  h^i^ 
ditaire  d'ttti  pays  dont  il  deviht  le  tyran.  Son  penple 
anffitdt  le  pi^6cipite  du  trfine,  et  regardant  d^^i^aia 
comme  lft>re  $  il  ne  fonge  pas  un  inftant  aux  droits  (Pun 
fib  infoitan^  et  vertueux.  M6zen€e  trouve  an  afyle 
chez  les  RuiuH,  xnais  fes  fujets  furieux  implorent  lea 
fecours  de  leuia  allies.  Toute  FEtrurie  les  armes  i  la 
maini  veut  enlever  fon  roi  t  fes  defenfeurs,  pour  le 
condnire  au  fvppKce  ;  et  cette  fttrenr  des  Etrufquea  eft 
approuvfe  des  loix,  des  dieux  et  du  poete ; 

J'f'^o  ownh  fi/t'iif  fttrnxU  i'  /r  jiijlisy 
Re^em  ad  ju^^iuiuut  prafenii  liluHe  repofcutit. 

Virgil,  -/Eneid  viii.  494. 

Si  je  voulois  etablir  la  tliefe  geacraie  et  iUimitea  dn 
droit  qu'ont  ks  iiijetsde  punir  les  crimes  de  leurs  princes^ 
je  ne  choifirois  que  cet  exemple  qui  ne  permet  plus  da 
xaftri^tion  ni  de  modification.  Farms  ks  anciens  eux- 

ffiemea 


PHidcw,  while  he  dctsfit  ti»  (Amu  «f  MezendiMi  onift  applMid  tht 

etertion»of  a  frcL-  and  gtneroos  people,  who  haveTcntured  todcthnmc 
their  tynnt,  and  arc  eapcr  to  punifh  him.  I  hive  always  wondered  that 
tbecouitkr  ol  Auguiius  fhouidhavc  introduced  an  epiAjde  which  wouid 
hvm  kevi  iSore  properiy  tretted  bf  the  ttmA  of  Bmtat.  Ettry  fint 
Wwthii  nepobtican  femnnciits,  the  boldeft,  and  perhap6  the  tn«ft  ex* 
travafjtmf.  Mczetitius  wa?  rh  -  hwful  and  hereditary  foveretf^n  of  a 
coUTitiy,  of  which  he  rendered  hitnicli  tli-'  tvriint.  His  fuh}e^s  hiTr!<;d  .. 
himir&mthe  tiu'oac,  and  ihencciurth  regard  ihcxniiclves  at  tree,  without 
mi»  eoafi4eriof[f  the  fiahlteC  htavafeitwHtft  end  wnoas  Cmi.  Mbmrb 
tius  finds  an  afylum  amon^  the  Rutuli ;  but  Uefbiiow  fabjedh igipkw 
the  afliftance  of  their  alHe?.  AH  Ftn:ria  in  arm*  determine  m  tear 
their  king  from  the  hands  of  hie  defei  drrs,  in  order  to  ftibir<^>  htm  ro 
punifhmem  ;  and  this  £ury  of  the  Tufcans  u  approved  uy  tnc  gods  and 
tEe  pod  i 

Mfg^  mmii  furiU  furnxit  Etrur'mjtfiiy 

TT  T  wiihed  to  eftablifh  it  as  a  genwal  and  unlimited  principle*  that 
fubjedb  have  a  right  to  pnnifti  the  crinie*  of  their  fovr-cign*,  I  would 
prefer  this  example,  which  admits  ot  neither  modi6catiun  tior  rcllric- 
tion.   Among  the  ancients  thenifclve^ic  appeart  to  luc  t«  iuve  been  at 


98 


RECUEIL  dc  mcs  OiiS£RVATiON^» 


memcs^je  le  crois  unique  dans  la  dieoric,  comme  la  riioit 
cl'Agis  Teft  dans  l.\  pr.itiquc.  Augiille  dcvoit  lire  en 
tiemblani  I'uii  ct  Tautre  j  et  fi  Vir^ile  avoit  eu  le  tems 
de  reciter  Ic  huuicJiic  livrc  lie  I'Kiiculc,  jt  ne  fai$  pas  li 
.  on  Tauroit  recompcnle  conimc  i'clo^c  tic  Marccllus.. 

Ivlii  fuiprilc  augmente,  loiTquo  jc  j)Lnle  que  I'liiilolre 
de  Mezence  ell  dc  rinvcntion  tiu  pocie  5  qu'il  nVntioit 
point  dans  1 1  nrcmtere  ordonnance  de  fon  pt)einc  et 
qu'ii  TignoKnt  hil-meme  quand  il  cuiripoloit  Ic  ^  ptiemc 
■livre.    11  pari/it  ijuc  Vfrgile,  aprcs  avoir  concu  I'itipc 
;generale  du  but  uu  il  icndoit,  s'abandonnoit  a  ion  j^cnic 
^xHir  liii  fouinir  des  moyens  pour  y  arrivcr,  et  que  rc- 
icthikiiL  Tcipiii  et  la  fituarion  dc  <ou  Jiero5,  il  chercluiit 
<les  dillicult-^'^  pour  K  s  lurnHMUer,  fnns  I'avoir  preciie- 
znent  comment  ii  ies  iurmontcroit  \  qu'cn  un  mot  dans 
le  rems  qu'ii  faifoit  debarquer  £nec  fur  Ic;  horris  du 
Tybre,  il  i;;n()r()it  Ic  d'^tnil  des  evenemeiis  qui  condui- 
Toient  a  la  mort  de  i  urnus.    Je  dis  le  deiuil  des  evene- 
zncns  :   le   pcrfonnage  de    Mr?:cnce  depend  de  cclui 
d'Evandre  ct  de  Pallas,  et  la  mort  de  cclui-ci  eft  eflenii- 
cllement  lit-c  avec  celle  de  Turnus.    Cettc  metliode  dc 
travailler  n*a-t-elle  pas  fes  avantages  ?  On  a  donne  dc8- 
applaudiflemcns  a  celle  de  RicHardfon,  qui  n'en  eft  que 
limitation.  La  verite  et  la  hardiefTe  valent  hien  le  timide 
oaibarras  d'un  poete  qui  meme  ea  formant  le  nceud^  ne 


fingubr  in  theory  as  the  death  of  A^'s  wis  in  pra(5lice.   AagoftM  muft 

Vive  read  both  with  terror;  and  hiJ  \'ir;^il  continued  to  recite  the 
eighth  bc.ok  <'f  the  £neid,  I  lulptcl  tiiat  he  would  hot  have  been  fu 
«cU  rewaidcii  ior  the  ilury  of  Mcztaiius  as  he.was  fur  tiic  paucgync 
oC  iMUreeUu*. 

My  furprifc  incrc&(c9,  wlien  I  coofider  that  the  {lory  of  Mesentius  is 

CTtiiviy  Virgil's  invention  ;  that  it  entered  not  into  tlie  penrr^!  plan 
of  his  poem;  and  that  he  bimfcii  had  not  thought  ol  it  when  hcctjmr 
poicd  hit  ieveoch  bpok.  Itappeandiat  Virgil,  afurr  forming  a  gene- 
ttl  idei  of  hivdcfign,  trolled  to  hb  genina  for  fupplyuig  him  with  the 
Bieaotof  carryitig  it  into  execution  ;  and  that  cutciing  into  the  charac* 
tcr  and  firu  aioii  oi  h\s  hrro,  he  prepared  for  him  difficuttici  tocncoun* 
ter»  Without  itnowing  cxai^iy  how  he  would  furmuunt  them  :  in  one 
Wont,  when  he  landed  Eneai  on  the  bwiks  of  the  Tiber,  that  he  knew 
Mt  the  whole  ferics  of  events  which  fhouJd  lead  to  tlie. death  of  Tur- 
nu%.  I  l^y  the  whole  fcric^  of  t  vents;  for  the  part  c  f  Mczc  tius  de* 
pciids  on  the  jt;?rot!!K*^i«n  <jf  Kv^nKicr  and  P.^ila^,  aiiii  the  dvatii  of 
Palias  is  intimately  conutclc  d  wuix  that  o^  i  uiuu^  i  iu»  matiuer  ui 
writing  i»  not  dcilttute  of  its  advantage*.  It  ia  araltuded  in  Richard* 
Ion,  who  hasonly  imitated  Virgil,  'i'lie  truth  and  Ooldoel*  by  which  it 
is  chara<ftcrifed  far  furpaf'  i'.-.  limKl  j)t  j }  lexiry  of  a  writer,  who,  ^vhil; 
lie  forms  hi»  plot,  i»  4i  liic  fame  tiiuc  cooiidering  how  he  ihail  Uiiravei 

it. 


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a  PrECES  1>£TACH£  £S. 


s'occupc  que  du  denoueiAeiit.  Uexemple  de  Virgiie 
vaut  bicii  celui  de  Chapelairij  qui  avoit  ecrit  toate  la 
Pucelle  cn  profe,  avant  de  la  traduue  cn  vers.  Je  fens 
que  Vlrgile  auroit  revu  (on  travail,  s'il  avoit  vccu,  pour 
cn  former  un  tout  f.mplc  et  uniforme,  et  qu*ii  auroit 
efFace  avcc  foiii  toutcs  les  traces  aux-quelles  un  Icdleur 
attentit  puurrolt  reconnoitre  dcs  pieces  detachecs,  qui 
ii'etoicnt  point  iaitcs  ks  unespour  ks  autres.  £n  voici 
deux  or  trois.  • 

I.  Mezence  paroit  a  la  tete  des  guerriers  qui  luivent 
Tumus :  mais  il  y  paroit  en  roi  maitre  de  fes  etats.  li 
arrive  des  cotes  Tyrrhenienncs  avcc  dcs  troupes  nom- 
breufeSf  et  Ton  tils,  le  vaillant  Laufus,  le  fuit  avec  miUe 
guerriers  de  la  vilk  de  Ctfr^«  2.  MeHapus,  roi  de» 
Faiifcif  eft  Tofcan.  Fejcennmmy  Serailc  y  la  foret  Cimi- 
plennC}  font  parmi  ks  Ikux  ks  plus  celebres  de  r£lni-* 
rle.  Ce  prince  £trurque  auroit- il  abandonne  le  corps  de 
la  nation  enticre,  ralTcmblee  par  les  crimes  de  Mezence  ? 
Be  Ceroit-il  trouv6  dans  k  camp  des  ennemis,  auroit-il 
amend  au  fecours  de  Turnus  des  peupks  ^nerves  par  in 
iKiokiie9  et  qui  ne  connoifibknt  plus  la  guerre  que  pour 
la  deteller  ?  Le  poete  n*auroit-iI  pas  donn^  a  une  de- 
marche ii  finguliere  des  motifs  vraifcmblables  ?  Auroit- 
ii  dit  que  toute  i'£trurie  s'^totc  foulevee  contre  Mezence  ? 
3*  Get  Aveatknus  du  Mont  Aventin^  k  fils  d'Heicakt 
•  eft  un  perfonnage  pittorefque  dans  k  catalogue  $  mais  il 
ne.peut  fubiifter  avec  £vandre«  L'un  el  Tautre  regnoknt 

djuis 


it.  VirglTf.  fx'impic  is  furclf  more  Wf^rrhy  of  ituiratlon  than  that  of 
Chapcbiti,  who  wrote  thr  whol-*  «>f  his  Puerile  in  prole,  bcfnrc  he 
tranllatcd  it  iatopattry.  i  am  i'cntibie  thai  huU  Virgil  lived  to  revile 
hit  work,  he  would  hmve  given  fo  it  uniforintty  and  unity ;  and  care*' 
fully  cffiwed  all  thefe  marks  by  which  an  attentive  reader  may  perceive 
in  if  drtached  part*,  nnf  nriginally  written  the  one  for  the  other*  Of 
thefc  take  the  ioUowii.g  cxantpiet. 

X.  Mczentius  «pf>c;irs  at  the  head  of  the  warriors  who  follow  Tur» 
ana,  but  appear^aa  a  king  completely  maftcr  of  hit  dominiona.  He 
a^rivea  from  the  ryn-heoian  coaftf  with  numerout  troops,  and  hia  foo, 
thr  valiant  Lauru<i,  f.ilto'.r-.  him  with  a  rhnufund  warriors  from  the  city 
ol  Cxrc.  2.  Mefljpus,  king  uf  the  Fulifci,  is  a  Tulcan  Fcfcennium, 
SoraAe.  the  Ciminiaa  foixft,  are  among  the  mod  celebrated  places  of 
Etraria.  Thia  Tofcan  prince,  would  he  have  fsr&ken  the  whote  body 
of  his  n:ition  united  by  the  crimes  of  Meacntlus  ?  Is  it  to  he  expei5led 
that  he  IhoulJ  h<  found  in  the  camp  of  the  enemy;  vr  that  he  would 
have  bfouKht,  as  auxiliarir»  to  Turnut,  a  people  limk  in  cifcminacT, 
and  who  knew  war  only  by  their  deteftation  of  it.'  The  poet  wonfd 
have  coloured  fo  extra  jrdmiry  a  meafure,  by  aiTuniing  for  it  fomc  pro- 
bable m  nive.  Would  he  have  Qid  that  all  Etruru  wan  in  infurre^ion 
af'^\inl\  Mcz  prins  ?  Avcniimjs,  of  Mirjnt  Avcniinc,  the  fon  of 
licicuU»,  nuke*  a  ftnkio^  figure  ill  the  ^atitluguc  i  but  bis  part  in  in- 

fffnfil^fPt 


RSCUEIL  ift  Mr  OBSERVATIONS, 


dans  leg  mcmea  licux,  ct  cn  nicn^c  terns.  On  dira  peuK 
fitre  que  l*un  de  ces  princes  occupoit  Ic  Mont  Palarin 
pendant  que  I'autre  dominoit  fur  )*Aventln.  Non;— 
£vandre  montre  a  Enee  cet  Aventin,  qui  n'^roit  qu'un 
TDcher  d^fert  (itu^  dans  Ton  petit  rojsuimc^  qui  n'^toir 
born^  que  par  It  T^bre  et  lea  RuiuM  f . 

Je  croU  que  Virile  aiiroit  encore  corrig^  quelqnet 
iratcs  qu'on  apper^oit  a?ec  peine  dans-  le  catalogue  dea 
guerriers  Tofcand.  II  favoit  bien  que  lorfqu'ttu  poete 
porie  d*unc  feience,  il  doit  en  paricr  am  pr^nfiou,  et  il 
le  feroic  fappelle,  que  k  geographic  ne  nmt  point  i  la 
po<^  I*  8ur  les  douze  cit^s  de  r£tjnirie9  qui  compo- 
fioiciR  Ic  corps  de  la  nation,  il  en  atiroit  nomR^  plus  de 
deux,  Clufium  et  C^fe^  el  tl  fe  feroit  moins  appefanti  fur 
UM  look  de  Heui  fubalteraea  et  obfcurs,  dont  ka  liabt« 
tana  ne  puuvoient  que  fuivre  lea  tendards  de  leurs  makm* 
a*  II  aufok  penfe  peut-toe  que  fept  ou  huit  beaux  vera 
nevaloient  pas  la  peine  qu'il  fit  patoltte  lea  Liguriens, 
■udoB  irrang^re  et  ennemie,  dans  une  gu^trk  civile»qat 
«  wt  pmfok  i^re0er  que  le  eorps  Eiruique.  3.  Je  rob 
dea  Tofcana  aflia  fur  loi  betda  de  la  meff  MIS 
•untom de Cerr;  je  voia kura  TaifleauX)  et tous let pr^ 
pararilb  d'Vwe  espMitiofi  lfIoign6e«  Ik  a^embavquenr  es 
cdiet|  aaaia  te  n^eft  que  pour  une  navigatkn  da  trenta 


eoafftent  widi  diat  of  Eviiidcr.  They  reigned  at  die  lame  timey  and 
over  the  fame  place.    It  will W  ftU  dMC one  of  thofe  princet  occupied 

tJie  Palatine,  while  tbe  other  reigned  over  the  Avrntine  Mount.  This 
it  iiupcJUbk;  for  E'vaadcr  jbewi  the  Avcatiae  to  Eaeas,  which  wjt>  a 
luirreji  rock  fituate  ia  hit  Kttle  kinf^em,  whicii  bad  no  other  boiu»>. 
daries  tiiaa  the  Tiber,  and  the  iceritorjr  of  the  Rotoli  f. 

I  believe  that  Virgil  would  alfo  have  correAedfooM  fatdta,  which  it 
n  pninful  to  fee  in  his  enunieratioD  of  the  Tafcao  warrton.  He  well 
kncv^  that  when  a  poet  fpeak*  of  a  Hueiice^  he  ou^ht  to  do  rt  -with. 
ptccifioD  ;  aad  he  eoM  not  Idi^  that  aconate  gcojrraphy  i«  net  io* 
compatible  with  poetry.  Of  the  tmelve  cite  which  ceoMafei  lh« 
cuiift  dcracy  of  Etmria,  he  would  have  named  more  ^an  Cau'c  and 
Clufnim,  and  he  would  not  have  dwik  on  the  crowd  of  fcconf^ary 
town»,  which  could  qot  do  otherwik  thao  follow  the  ftaodards  of  their 
lefpaAi^  capiiala.  He  weald  aethnaiboagbt  that  fefes  or  eighe 
beautiful  vcrlet  conipeaJGfited  fee  iatvodociog  the  JLigurian«,  a  foreigii 
ari'i  hr  ftilr  nsiion,  into  the  civil  war?  of  the  Tufcan!*,  which  could  onlf 
b<:  iiucrcliing  to  the  n-icnibcrt  of  their  nwn  confederacy.  J.  I  fee  the 
camp  of  tile  Tufcao»  on  the  ica-ihore  scax  to  Cxfc;  f  fee  their  vcflelv 
aod  all  the  preparadem  for  a  dttaai  eapcditioa.  They  embark,  hut  k 
la  ealy  for  a  voyage  of  thirty  miles  They  prefer  this  oavigatioa  to  ao 
aa^  aMoiA  of  twa  4a9%  whkh  waald  haw  faeoi^  «he«  to  the  couatof 

of  ' 


d  by  Google 


€t  PIECES  DETACHE  ES. 


8l 


aif6e  de  deax  jours,  qui  les  auroit  conduit  aux  terres 
d'Evandre  Icur  allie.  Us  y  auroient  paffe  le  Tybrc,  ct  fc 
feroicnt  vus  fur  la  frontiere  des  Rutuli.  4.  Cette  expe- 
dition navale  me  furprcnd,  mais  cclle  des  troupes  dc 
Mnntoue  ne  (c  conrou  pas.  Cin^  ecus  mjcrricrs,  qui 
s  civ.ba ;\]i;ejit  lui  Ic  Afincius,  nc  peuvent  ic  trouvcr  dans 
Jes  niero  dc  I'Erruric,  f.tns  avoir  lait  le  tour  de  I'ltalic 
ciiticre.  Vir^iic  aimoit  l.i  patrle,  mais  il  auroit  facile- 
ment  trouve  Ic  moycn  dc  I'ainencr  au  fccours  d*£neej  tans 
choqucr  la  vraifemblauce  ou  la  geographie. 

IL 

Le  14  I>5cembrc  1763J  a  Laosannb. 

J£  vais  dire  quatre  mots  du  catalogue  de  Silius  ItalU 
cus«  I.  II  me  conviendroit  mal  de  parler  de  rordon- 
nance  gen^rale  d'un  poeme,  dont  je  n'ai  lu  qu'un  mor- 
ceau  detach^  ;  mais  ce  morceau  me  fait  fentir  que  Pline 
avott  tres  bien  connu  fon  contemporain,  quand  il  a  de- 
cide qa'il  devott  plus  ^  I'art  qu'sl  la  nature.  Get  art  pa^ 
TtAt  moins*  dans  le  ilyle  qui  eil  aife  et  coulant,  que  dans 
les  idees  qui  font  d*un  homme  qui  fe  donne  la  torture 
pour  etre  fublime,  et  qui  lutte  contre  fon  genie  en  faveur 
de  fon  fujet.'  Je '  croirois  vdontiers  que  Silius  auroit 
micttz  fait  de  prendre  Ovide  pour  fon  modele  que  Virgile* 
Vou  ill.  G  Dans 


their  ally  Evandrr.    There  they  would  have  paffed  the  Tiber,  and 

foun  1  t)u  nirdvcs  unjhe  frontier!>  of  the  Rutuli.  4.  This  naval  expe- 
dition affords  matter  cffurjnife  ;  l>  )t  that  tjf  the  trnnpsof  Mantua  U  to- 
tally increiiiblc.  Five  hundrctl  warriors  cmb.irkiiig  on  the  Minciu», 
rnold  not  arrive  in  the  Tolcan  Tea  without  m»ki.^g  liic  circuranavi^cioa 
of  the-  whole  ttahan  coaft.  Virgil  loved  the  place  of  hisbtrtb  ;  but  he 
might  eill'y  h  ive  difcovcred  the  nirar >  of  bringing  its  ancient  inhahU 
ran:<  to  :!:::  afBilance  of  Lacat,  wjthuut  ofiVDiituj^  again^  probability  and 
j^eio^raphy. 

11. 

44tb  December  1 76 j .    I  a  i  3  a  s  \  t . 

T PROCEED  to  fuy  a  f^w  words  on  the  catalogue  of  Siliu,  iMlicus. 
I.  It  would  ill  hrccmc  wx  to  fpcak  of  the  ^mcral  plan  ot  a  poem, 
of  whicli  I  have  read  only  u  lictachcJ  paffa^c  :  yet  this  p»fi"agc  i«fuffi- 
cicnt  to  convince  nte  that  Pltny  well  knew  bis  coiitemporar)%  when  he 
prooottoced  that  Silii.s  owk  J  more  to  irt  than  tt..  :i  iturc.  This  art  ii 
J  fi  apparcrr  jn  the  flyle,  which  ij  •  2{y  aiul  fln\vir<i,  th^.n  in  ^ 
th:»ughti,  ^hiwh  arc  thole  of  a  man  vho  h  cotirinur.Uy  driving  to  be 
me,  and  coniintialh'  f^i  -g^-ii-^  u^iod  hi*  own  ^(.'i.iui  iu  iavourof 
hi*  fubjcA.  I  am  perfuudcd  that  SiUu»  would  have  jud((ed  better  in 
taking  Ovid  dua  Virgil  for  hi*  moUci.   Wherever  he  Joes  not  cffcr 

Violence 


Digiiized  by  Google 


RECUEIL  it  ma  OBSERVATIONS, 

■ 

Dans  tous  les  endrotts  ot!k  il  ne  fait  pas  violence  i  Ton 
efprit^  je  vois  une  imagination  riche,  aifee,  et  naturelle* 
.Avec  cc  cnra<^€re,  jc  m'etonne  qu'il  ait  prefere  I'epop^e 
a  Telegie.    La  plupart  de  ceux  qui  ont  echoue  dans  la 
haute  poefic,  avoient  I'efprtt  dur  ct  rimagination  der^ 
gl6e.    Comme  malheureufement  ib  avoitnt  auffi  peu  de 
gout  que  de  talent,  il  leur  6toit  facile  de  prendre  ce» 
qualit^s  pour  la  fbfcei  I'el^ation  et  un  g^nie  cr6ateur. 
C^s  d^fauts  y  avoient  du  moins  quelques  rapports.  %• 
Virgile  ^toit  libre  %  Sitius  ^tok  efclave.   Uun  potivoit 
choidr  fur  tous  les  peuples  de  ritalie,  ceux  qui  lui  con- 
venotent  le  mieux ;  l*autre  ne  pouvoit  en  omettre  aucun. 
II  fe  voyoitdans  la  dure  n6ceflit^  d'ecrire  une  geographic 
poetique  de  tout  ce  pays,  dcpuift  le  Detroit  de  Rhcgium 
jufqu'aux  Alpes,   Cette  co()trainte  ne  fe  fait  que  trop 
fenttr  dans  fon  ouvrage.    3.  Silius  a  voulu  fuivre  fan 
grand  modele  avec  un  refpe£t  trop  fuperftitieux.  L'ltalie 
ne  renfermoit  plus  dans  fon  fein^  une  multitude  de 
nations  difFerentesy  dont  les  armes,  lesmoeurs,  et  juf^u'a 
la  langue,  repandoient  fur  le  poeme  une  vari6ce  int^rcf- 
fante,  pendant  que  leurs  chefs  ct  leurs  fondatcars  four- 
niiToient  au  poete  des  ecarts  agreables  dans  le  pays  des 
fi^lions.    Toutcs  ces  nations  devenucs  Romaincs  ne  con- 
noiflbicnt  plus  que  lea  loix,  les  Hrapc.uix  ct  la  iliiciplinc 
ac  ia  republiquc,  ct  cc  grand  corps  pr^featoit  plus  d'ob- 

jets 


violence  to  his  genius,  his  f^ucy  i&  rich,  t^ijt  and  n<itural.    With  fudl 
a  charsAeTi  it  i«  furpiifing  chat  he  did  not  prefer  the  elegiac  to  the  epic 
The  ^rcateft  part  of  thofc  who  have  failed  in  thit  lai^  fpecics  of  poetry 
arc  difVinpiiilhed  tiy  a  fcverity  of  char2(ftcr,  and  a  vi  il.l  irregularity  of 
fancy;  and,  a&thi-y  h  id  as  little  tafle  as  talent,  they  laftiy  miftook  thofc 
cjualitiesfor  ftrer.gth,  elevation,  and  originality  of  genius.    Faults  were 
confounded  with  excelh  ncic«,  to  which  they  hr»re  fome  baftard  refetn- 
blance.    1.  Vir^ril  wa»  fr^e,  SiHus  in  fetters    The  fornier  mi^ht  choofe 
among  all  the  nations  uf  Italy  thoft  who  mod  fuiftd  his  dcfign  :  the 
latter  couid  not  omit  any  of  thule  nations  without  b::ing  j^cuilty  of  a 
fault«   He  wa9  under  the  hard  neceflity  of  writing  a  poetical  «;e<>^raphy 
4if  thewhole  country  I  etween  the  Strait  of  Rhegium  and  the  Alpn  ;  and 
thif  conflraint  is  hui  too  virMf  in!:"   p.  rformanc-.    3.  Silius  followed 
his  model  with  a  rcfpcA  bordering  on  fuperflirion.    Italy  no  lotif^cr 
contained  in  her  Uofom  a  muliitu'lc  of  diCLrcnt  nati'ins,  whole  arms, 
tiMDnefs,  and  eren  Unguat^ca,  difTufed  a  plcafin^  variety  over  the  fub- 
JeA,  while  the  ftnry  of  their  chiefs  and  founder-,  invitrd  the  writer  to 
agrecahlc  c^curron'i  In  the  region  of  f.incy.    All  thofc    n  ntifis  were 
btconie  (Iritflly  Roman,  ard  had  exits') H*  «  nr0rnifd  t^  the  1  <\\ »,  c-fr^r", 
and  ilifcipline  uf  the  republic  ;  a  vail  but  uinr<.rm  uhjocl,  whuh  >vas 
better  fitted  for  fii{(>^Aing  relic  Aioni  to  a  pfiilofopher,  than  for  animat- 
ing tb«  dcicriptttfot  of  a  poet.  Silius*  after  foeking  for  charaAcriftie 

dificrences 


d  by  Googl 


it  PI  ECES  DE'TACHE'ES. 


jets  ^  la  fp6cuiatk>n  du  philofophe  qu'aox  d^icriptioni  da 
poete.  Le  notre^  apr^s  avoir  cherch^  des  traits  charac-* 
terifUques  qui  nc  fubfi(toient|  et  qui  ne  convenoient  plus 
aux  nations  qu'41  d^cric^  fe  jette  a  tout  inftant  fur  ceui^ 
des  pays  qu'ils  habitoient.  Ses  tableaux  font  y\h  et 
vari^Sy  mais  ils  font  aflez  peu  a  leur  place.  La  nation 
qui  vient  fe  meler  aux  combats,  pent  influer  fur  Taflioa 
du  poeme.  Le  j  ays  qu'elle  a  laiil]^»  ne  peut  qu^etre 
etranger  a  Tepopce.  4.  StJius  auroit  dfi  fe  fouvenir 
q\i*j^qmlina  ne  fubdftott  point  dans  la'  feconde  guerre 
Punique  et  que  nous  ne  la  connoiflbns  que  depuis  la 
colonle  Latine  que  le  f^nat  y  pia^a  contre  les  Gauloisy 
plus  de  trente  ans  apr^s  la  bataille  de  Cannes  f. 

15  Deccmbre  1763»  4  Lausaiiiik. 

UN  chapltre  k  faire  dans  I'Hiftoire  des  grands  Che- 
roins  de  I'Empire,  par  Bergier,  c'6toit  l^ufage  ique 
les  Romains  en  faifoient.  II  a  bien  par)6  des  poftcs  qui 
n'etoient  utiles  qu*^  un  petit  nombre  de  perfoiyies ;  mais 
it  reftoit  encore  bien  des  chofes  a  dire.  Une  recherche 
cridque  fur  les  joum6es  ordinatres  des  ▼oyageurs,  auroit 
^te  intereflante  par  les  lumieres  qb'ellc  auroit  r^pandues 

G  2  fur 


^fference*  which  no  !on^  prevailed  amon^  chc  naiioiM  whom  he  de- 
fcribcs,  is  crntinually  introducing  thofc  of  the  cnuntrics  which  they  in* 
hnbhr-l.  Hii  pifJiTrcs  have  life  and  vanety  ;  but  they  are  not  in  their 
proper  pUce.  ihe  chara<^er  of  the  people  who  were  to  hght  wai  of 
impoitaoce  in  deciding  the  iiTue  of  the  battle;  the  nature  of  the  coua* 
trie*  which  they  left  I^hind  them  was  entirety  foreign  to  the  fnbjcA. 
4.  Siliu»  ought  to  have  rcmcn^b'^rcd  that  Aquilina  was  not  in  t  xiflrnce 
durin^T  the  fccond  I'unic  wui  '  ;  and  tr  ^t  \vc  knew  r.r'thitig  thi» 
place  till  it  became  the  feat  of  a  Latin  coiuu}*,  lent  thither  to  check  the 
■ncorSooa  of  the  Gauls,  thirty  years  afterthehattle  of  Cannie  f* 

N°  III. 

S5th  December  1763.  LAVtANHB. 

AN  nfelul  chapter  might  be  added  to  the  Hiftory  of  the  great  Roads 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  by  Dero;icr,  cxi^^LIu  i  k:  the  ufci  to  which 
the  Roman**  applied  them.  He  ha?  indeed  mcijtior.rd  toft^.  which  af- 
forded convctiicDcy  lo  a  Iniall  number  of  prrA  iis, ;  hut  luisomatcd  many 
important  partknlars  thatftitt  remain  to  be  told.  A  critical  examidatton 
of  the  mdinary  jottroiea  of  travellers  would  afford  important  infonna* 

•  Sllius  Ital.  viia.  606.  f  Tit.  Uv.  sxais.  55.  Veil.  FtttrcuL 

JL*  L  C.  i^. 

tioa 


RECUEIL  de  mes  OBSERVATIONS, 


fur  la  vie  priv6e  dc8  Romains,  ct  fouvcnt  meme  fur  la 
geographic  ct  la  chronologic.  Jc  fais  que  les  differences 
il'age,  de  condition  et  de  circonftances,  ne  pcuvent 
manque r  d'y  mettre  de  ^incertitude  ;  mais  ks  moycns 
qui  loat  les  memes,  rcclaiiout  tcs  differences  d«ins  dc 
ccrtalnes  limlics. 

Augufte  voyagcoit  avcc  uiielcnteur  finguliere  dans  les 
environs  de  Rome  ;  une  promenade  a  Tibur  (20  millcs 
Remains*),  ou  a  Prenefte  (2c  millesf),  etoit  pour  lui 
un  voyage  de  deux  jours,  ou  plutot  de  deux  nuits  J. 
Mais  la  fituation  d'Augufte  ctoit  aulFi  finguliere  que  fon 
gout.  Une  fante  languiflante  depuis  fa  jeunefle,  robii- 
gcoit  aux  menagemens  les  plus  cxceflifs,  ct  Ton  peut 
foup^onner  que  finclination  lui  failoit  encore  outrcr  les 
confcils  de  la  raifon.  On  volt  par  Ton  fidele  blogfaphCf 
que  ce  prince  s'ctoir  bientot  rafl'alie  de  la  debauche,  qu'il 
meprlfa  toujours  k  luxe,  mnis  qu'il  confervoit  un  grand 
penchant  ponr  la  niolefTe.  Ajoutons  encore  qu'il  vov- 
ageoil  en  litiere,  purtc  par  des  cfclaves,  ct  qu'ii  marcholt 
avcc  beaucoup  dc  k  nreur  pour  ne  pas  derober  un  inilant 
au  travail.  La  douceur  de  la  voirurc  lui  permettoit  de 
lire,  d'6crire,  et  de  vaquer  aux  affaires,  comme  dans  fon 
cabinet     Un  paretl  c  «  jmplc  ne  tire  point  i  confequence. 

11 

sssesasssBSBsasss 


tion  conccrrlnjr  thr  private  llf-e  of  tlio  Rnni^ns,  and  even  throw  light  on 
geography  and  chronoiogy.  1  am  IciiUulc  that  the  dlflicrcnci*  of  age^ 
condition,  and  circmnftincet,  mnft  resder  our  genera]  coQclofiom  mi* 
Gcruio  ;  but  as  the  meann  were  univerfidlj  the  iiine»  diefis  Qoccftttn* 
.  ticf  will  be  reduced  within  certain  limits. 

Aug^uftu*  travelled  with  an  citraordinary  flitwncf-^  HI  tlif  ;i.  ighbotir- 
hood  of  Rome.    A  journey  to  Tibur  (2Q  Roman  luilca      ur  tu  Pre- 
oefte  (aj  miles f),  eonrumcd  two  dajrt,  orntber two nigbttf.  But 
the  fituation  of  Auguftus  waaaafiagnUr  a«hi«u(le.    The  weaknefsof 
his  hcahh  frrm  his  youdi  upwards  cumptlleJ  him  to  the  flridtvl  rc^i. 
nu  n  •  and  by  his  own  temper  he  wouhl  he  inclined  to  carry  tlic  dictates 
of  prudence  to  an  extreme,    li  appears  from  bis  faithful  biograpkrr 
tbat  thif  prince  wat  fonn  tired  of  debauchery;  and  that  he  always  dr- 
fpifed  luxury,  thoagh  much  addided  to  efTcmioacy*    Wr  may  add  t<« 
theft:  clrcuniftnnccs,  that  he  rravf  Ucd  in  a  litter  carried  hy  Aivm;  an. I 
prncfrHfr!  wirh  <7rf rst  flownrfs,  that  liis  attention  might  not  be  vith- 
drawn  a  moment  irom  hi»  uiual  occupations.    The  gentle  motion  of 
carriage  allowed  him  to  read,  write,  and  attend  to  the  fame  affiiri 
which  employed  him  in  his  cabinet      From  ftich  an  example^  no  ge-* 
Mini  conftqoenee  can  be  deduced. 

•  Itineraria  Antuj.  Kilit.  Wc^Tcliug,  p.  |  Idem,  p.  5c  1. 

I  Sucton.  in  Augu.l.  IxKVui.  %  Pltn«  Epift.  iu«  5.  Jurenal  Satir. 
m.  139. 


Uigiiizc 


ei  PFECES  DETACHE'ES 


It  en  eft  de  ineine  de  cescouries  rapides  et  furprenan- 
tea  dont  Ics  anciens  nous  ont  confervc  la  m6raoirc. 
Quelle  difference entre  la  marche  d'Augufte  et  ceile  de 
ion  6l8  Tib^re  qui  (it  deux  cens  milles  en  vingt  quatre 
heures,  quand  il  alia  fermer  les  yeui  i  fon  frirc  Dni- 
fu$*;  oa  du  DtOateur  Cefar,  qui  couroit  cent  mtlles 
par  jour  avcc  des  voitures  de  louage  \  I  Stacc  nous  parlc 
d'une  vlcefle  aufli  extraordinaire,  quand  il  dit  qu'un  voya- 
jjeur  pouvott  partir  de  Rome  le  matin,  et  couchcr  a  BaU 
ou  PuteoU  /  cctte  journ^e  eft  bien  forte,  puifqu'ellc  eft 
de  141  miller  Romains  Xf     de  127  xnillea  d'Angleterre. 

Nil  obftat  fupidis  ;  nihil  moratur 

frinw  TUerim  reliquit  oriu 
Prima  vefptrt  mnnget  Lucritmm 

Je  fci.s  que  le  poete  veut  faire  I'cloge  du  beau  chemm 
que  Donilticn  avoit  fait  conftruire  de  Sinucflc  ^  Cumes^ 
qui  avoit  affrrmi  Ic^  fables  de  Liternum  ct  contcnu  les 
ticbordeniftis  du  Vtniurmis.  I.cs  trente  milles  qu'il  par- 
couroit,  tt  (jui  confumoient  uii  jour  entier,  etoicnt  de- 
vcnus  rafl.iiic  de  deux  pLtitcs  hcuies.  Peut-etrc  qu*il 
faut  rabattrc  qutlquc  chore  pour  Tadulation  d'un  poetc 
qui  Touloil  fiiae  la  cour.    Cependant  la  poffibilit6  du 

vojrage 


Tbe  fame  may  Ve  ftid  of  ttiofis  rapid  and  citnordlnary  jviimi««  of 

which  the  ancicntt  rometimes  make  mention.  How  wide  is  the  dilTtr- 
cnce  hetwetn  thr  nmdc  of  rfvllinp  nf  Au;iuftu»  and  tlut  «>f  his  fon 
1  iberius,  who  accompiifhcd  ajuurney  of  two  huiidrct)  miles  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  when  he  haftenea  to  clofe  the  eyei  of  his  brother  Dnifiis  *  \ 

or  that  <-  f  (*xfar  the  di<5)ator,  who  poded  one  hundred  miles  a*day 

hired  carn..ges  f.  Statiu*  fpcaks  of  .1  rapidity  a"^  cxtmordinr.ry,  \vh(. ii 
tic  fav-^  rhjt  a  rrav^llf^r  rti"7ht  let  out  from  Ri  rnc  ir>  the  morning',  r.r^d 
fleep  at  batx  or  i^utfoli  ;  an  expeditious  journey  indeed,  lincc  the  uii- 
taocc  »  141  Roman  t.  or  127  Englifli  mil^. 

^ui  primo  J  icrr/m  rctt^utt  ortm 
J^rim*  vtfp»r§  maviget  JLtierimtm  5* 

1  know  :hat  the  pact  wi!}.  d  to  celebrate  the  fine  road  which  D  ^mitian 
hid  made  fiotu  SinuLiia  to  Cumai ;  which  had  fixed  ti)C  iaiidn  of  Li- 
lerntim,  aod  reftraiiied  the  iouodatioos  of  tho  Vukumas.  Tlic  tbinr 
mOcs  which  he  had  paffcd,  and  which  ufed  Co  be  the  work  of  a  day, 
row  fcarccl)*  coiifumcd  two  hours.  Forh.ir>>  we  mud  nukf  inmt  al- 
lowance fur  the  iUtteiy  uf  a  poet,  who  wUhcd  to  pay  hi»  court.  Yet 

*  PUn.  Hill*  Mat.  vii.  30.  f  Saetoa.  b  Cc£ir,  hnu 

i  Vetera  Itiucr.  p.  107,  xo8.  111.     |  Siat.  Sylvar.  14.  Cam.  fit. 

•w 

the 


RECUEIL      ms  OBSERVATION'S, 


Tdyage  devoit  ^re  reconnue.  Cc  n'eft  pas  fur  des  objctf 
ftuffi  (imples^  aufll  publics  et  aulfi  precis  que  I'on  ofe 
tnentir. 

Je  concois  jufqu'a  quel  pomt  les  clieinins  des  Remains 
avoient  facility  les  voyages,  quand  je  me  rappelle  la 
marche  du  courier  qui  apporta  I  Rome  la  premiere 
nouvelle  de  la  defaite  de  Perfi^e.   Le  jour  de  la  bntaille 
eft  fix^  par  une  ^clipfe  de  Lune,  qui  arriva  le  jour  pr^ 
cedant  le  troifi'eme  des  Nones  de  Septembre,  c'eft  a  dtre» 
le  2 1  de  Juin  de  Pann^  Julienne  Froleptique  Ce 
courier  arriva  dans  le  Cirque,  le  fecond  jour  des  jeux 
Romainsi  et  le  treizieme  jour  apr^  la  defaite  f .  Ces 
deux  cara£^eres  montrent  que  pour  avoir  les  treize  jours, 
il  faut  compter  Tun  ct  I'autrc,  puiiqu'ils  nous  indiquent 
le  feizieme  des  calendcs  d*0£lobre  J,  le  4  Juillet.  On 
peut  done  Icur  donner  douze  jours  complets.    La  na- 
vigation de  D\rrai  hiur7i  a  Brundnfi;n)}  pouvoit  lui  en  em- 
porter  deux,  puilqu'clle  ctoit   de   i  :^co  itades,  cu 
milles  §  ;  et  que  Ptolcmct  coiriptc  la  navigation  urtlinunc 
d'lin  vaiilcau  a  icco  U  i.icb  par  jour  11.    II  refte  a  diflri- 
bucr  tiix  jours  fur  la  route  de  PcUa  a  l^yt  nchiuniy  qui . 
6toit  de  253  mii]c>  ^,  ct  lur  cellc  de  Brurdijium  a  Rome, 
qui  ecoit  de  368  miilcs  **.    Ce  total  dc  621  milk^i,  ne 

lui 


the  poflibHity  of  the  journey  mull  be  admitted,  fincc  fa]fchoo<U  not 
to  he  rifkcd  in  matters  io  iimple,  public,  and  precifc. 

We  may  p^ceive  how  much  the  Roman  ro«dt  muft  h»Te  fadlttated 
travelling,  when  we  call  to  mind  the  joorney  of  the  courier,  who 
hrought  to  Rome  tlic  fjrfl  ni.v.  >  of  thcr  defeat  of  Pcrfcus.  The  dktc  of 
the  battle  is  prccifi  ly  fixed  by  an  tchplc  of  the  moon,  -which  liappcncd 
the  day  preceding  the  nones  of  September,  that  is,  the  aitl  of  June  of 
the  TnliaD  year  *.  The  courier  arrived  Id  the  Circut  the  fecond  day  of 
the  Roman  games,  and  the  thirteenth  after  the  defeat  f .  I'hefc  two 
circiimlVances  fhew,  that  to  get  the  thirteen  days  we  muft  reclion  Vi  th 
the  day  of  his  departure!  and  that  of  his  arrival,  which  wiii  bring  us  to 
the  l6th  of  the  calend*  of  Odobcr  J,  the  4tii  of  Ju'y.  \Vc  may  there- 
fore reckon  twelve  complete  days;  two  of  which  might  be  employed  in 
failing  from  Dyrrhnchium  to  Brandnfiam,  finee  the  dtftance  is  1300 
fiadia,  or  11^  milec  §  •,  and  Ptolemy  eftimatcs  an  ordinary  fbi}>'s  v.  ay 
tt  ICCX)  fladia  each  day  |j.  The  ten  reniainir^  days  w*rp  eorAnncd  in 
the  joorney  from  Pella  to  Dyrrhachiutn,  253  miles  ^  :  anu  in  liia*  irom 
Bmndufium  to  Rome,  368  milet     ;  in  all,  611 ;  which  gives  no  more 

•  Ifar.  Bnlliad  Epift.  ad  Calccm.  Tom.  iii.Tit.  I.'v  ex  Fd!t.  Hronov. 
t  Tit.  Liv.  xliv.  37.  »lv.  x.  \  Rofin.  Aruiq.  L.  iv.  C.  13. 

§  Itinerarta,  p.  31 7  ct  Not.  i^efleltng.   Plio.  Hitt.  Nat.  iii.  a. 
I  Piolcmaei  Gcog.  C.  i«.  \  ltiocrvia,p.  319. 

Ittnmrin  Ant.  p.  307.  iii.  1 17. 

than 


d  by  Googl 


a  PFECES  DE'TACHE  ES. 


lai  donne^gueres  que  folxante  mUles  par  jour.  C'etxnt 
neanmoins  un  fcul  courier  qui  apportoit  dans  la  plus  belk 
faifon  de  I'ann^,  la  nouvcllc  d'une  graode  vi^oire*  Apifi 
devaii^a^t*il  de  pluiieurs  jours  les  depute  du  conrul^  qui 
fasfoient  cux*meRies  toute  Ja  diligence  poflible.  Mais  la 
voye  Egnatienne  n'etoit  pas  encore  fatte :  ia  voye  Appi- 
enne  ne  s'etendoit  que  jufqp'i  Capoue^  ec  les  Grecs  ne 
fe  font  jamais  occupes  de  la  conilruflion  des  grands 
cheroins  *. 

Parmi  les  voyages  plus  ordinaires  des  Remains,  qui 
n^alloient  ni  en  courier,  ni  en  matade,  j'en  trouve  deux 
que  nous  connoiflfmis  avec  quelque  detail:  le  voyage 
d'Horace  a  Brundujsum  par  Camjfium^  tt  celui  de  Ciceron 
m  meme  endroic,  par  la  route  de  Fenufia  et  Tarenium, 
JL'un  et  I'autre  oi'arreteroot  quelques  inltans.  Commen- 
^ovis  par  le  Journal  d^Horace. 

I.  Horace  ne  pcnfoit  point  \  nous  inftruire,  mais  ^ 
nous  amufer;  il  marque  affez  confufenisnt  fcs  jourijccs, 
ct  on  les  dcvine  plutut  qu'un  nc  Ics  connoii.  ii  :>\.ttachc 
aux  licux  qu'il  a  trouve*;  cn  chcmin,  a  propoitiviii  des 
t>b]cu  qu'ii  y  a  vur,,  pratQt  que  du  tcnis  f]iiM  s'y  cit  ar- 
reie.  Les  commciuateurs  vculent  t|u' Horace  ait  ete 
quinze,  ou  dix  R'pt  jours  en  cheniin  j- j  mais  le  principe 
fur  Icquel  '\h  le  fondcnr,  qu'Hovace  a  couclie  dans  tous 
les  cndroits  dont  il  fait  mention,  me  parok  des  plus  f  oi- 
bles. 


atom  fixty  tiiilcss.day.  We  r  to  re  member  that  this  jonroey  wai  per- 
formed by  orre  ccuricr,  in  the  fineft  f  ifon  of  the  year,  and  bringin;^ 
the  news  of  a  great  vidory.  He  therefore  anticipated,  by  fcveral  dayj, 
the  deputies  of  the  conful,  although  they  likewife  travelled  with  the 
greiteft  vipedtcion.  The  Egmtian  road  wis  not  yet  made ;  the  4f>piaii 
cxteitded  no  further  than  to  Capua;  and  the  Grerkanevcr  applied  them* 
Cdves  to  the  making  of  highways  *. 

Among  the  oruinary  journies  of  the  Romans,  who  travelled  neither 
like  iuvalids  nor  couriers,  there  are  two  which  we  know  with  fome  de  • 
frree  of  accuracy :  the  journey  of  Hoface  to  Bruodnllum,  by  the  way  of 
Canufium;  and  that  of  Cicero  to  the  fame  place,  by  the  way  of  Venu» 
iiaand  Tarentum  ;  Ifhallfpcak  of  both,  bcpfiiininf!:  with  th"t  f  Horace. 

I.  Horace's  aim  was  m  l  to  inform,  but  to  an:uie  us :  his  auy'&jour- 
mt%  are  defcribed  ccnfafcdly,  and  we  rather  gueft  at,  than '  afcertain 
fbeoi.  He  dwell*  on  the  places  in  hi*  ra«te,  in  proprrcl  .n  to  the  o')» 
je^fls  which  they  prefcntrd  to  hi  -  fancy,  rather  than  to  the  (ime  during 
which  he  rcn;ained  in  tl.cm.  Comniunt.itor.s  wc\ilct  pt::fuade  us  rliat 
Horace  wa»  fifteen  ^  fevcntcen  d;«yi  on  the  road  I  ;  but  the  foundation 
of  this  opinion,  namely»  that  the  poet  flept  af  all  the  placet  of  which 

*  Fir^bon.  Ccoj.  V.  p. 

j  Herat.  L»  i.  b^t.     v.  134.  Edit*  ad  ufum  Dciphtui. 

hi 


R£CU£IL  d€  mes  OBSERVATIONS, 

bles.  II  efl  bicn  plus  natnrel  i\c  nc  (.lirc  attcntir-n  (ju'.iux 
circonftiinccH  chara^lerHLujucs  dc  loir^  dc  raatin,  ile  rc- 
pas,  &c.  (jui  k  trouvcnt  difnerfccs  dans  la  fntirc.  Voici 
Ic  journ.)!  v,\x  j'en  voiulrois  titer.  Premier  jour,  Horace 
partit  dc  Rome  avcc  le  rhetcur  Heiiodorc,  pour  alitr 
coucher  i  Ancit^  Jeixe  milles  } 

^g^^Jl^^  fnagnd  me  accepit  Arkia  Rom4, 
H^pitk  modico 

Deuxiime  jour,  il  arriva  a  Forum  Appii^  a  Tentree  de  la 
nuit ;  vingt  fept  milles, 

— — — —  J^^-        indiii  t're  hrrir 
UmbraSf  et  ctIo  dtffunderc  Jigna  parabat* 

II  voyageoit  fur  Ic  canal  pendant  la  ouitj  et  prit  tcrrc 
vers  la  quatri^me  heure  (dix  heurea  du  matin  du  troifi^me 
jour).  Apr^s  avoir  pria  un  r^pas  Icgcr  i  Fironia^  il 
tnarcha  trots  milles  pour  gagner  Terracine,  qui  etoit  a 
dix  huit  milles  de  Forum  Appi,  Je  nc  vois  point  qu*il 
fe  foit  arrctc  a  Terracine,  ni  a  Fundi,  Audi  etoit-il 
bien  fatigue  lorfqifil  arrtva  ^  Formiitf  qui  6toit  a  tiente' 
deux  miUea  de  Feronia, 

In  Mamurrarum  lafft  deifuU  urhe  manemuSf 
Murena  prahente  domum^  Cupitone  cuiinam. 

#  Pour  tout  ic  voyage,  lacinquicmc  Satyre  du  premier  Uvrc  d'Horace. 

Le 


lie  makes  mentiun,  ajtpear*  to  me  to  be  an  exceedingly  weak  one.  Our 
conjcdhire*  will  be  more  itatiirat«  if  we  attend  co  tke  charadfirlftic  car- 
cnmftanrcft  of  the  eveninj^,  morning,  the  ho'ir  of  repaft,  circum- 
Oanres  whirh  arc  fearn  r/'d  thrrti>;i»  the  faiirc.  The  following;  i«  the 
jourtui,  with  which  this  coundcr^iion  will  furniih  ut.  The  firft  day 
Horace  left  Rome,  with  the  rlicturiciaa  Hcliodoru«,  to  take  up  hit 
night**  abode  at  Af icia,  fiitecn  male*  diftant* 
JSgf^&m  m^nii  mi  amfH  AtUh  R»mif 

The  fcrnnd  day  he  arrived  at  the  Forum  Appii,  towards  the  eveniuf  ; 
twcDty'fevea  miles. 

■ '  ^om  nex  inJutfre  tetris 

He  failed  along  the  canal  in  the  night,  and  landed  at  the  fourth  hour 
(tcD  o'clock  A.  M.  of  the  third  day.)  Arccr  a  light  hrcal&ll  at  Fcro- 
Dia«  he  trayelled  three  mileatowardiBTerracina,  which  is  eighteen  nnlci 
(^tfl.int  from  the  Fotum  i^ppii.  I  do  not  perceive  th.  t  he  lialicd  cither 
at  Tirriirina  or  at  Fundi ;  fo  that  he  wn*  niuth  fat ij^ucd  when  hearriv* 
cd  at  Icrmix,  which  i«thjrty-t\vo  n;ilcsIiom  Fcronia. 

Mmmm  pt^^mU  dnmum^  C0/>it«M  sutiMmm 

f  The  w])o]e  jovmcy  is  dcfcrJfccd  in  the  fifth  Satire  of  the  firft  bcolc 
of  Horace. 

The 


Digitized  b' 


n  PI  ECES  DE'TACHEXS. 

Le  qiiatri^e  joar,  Mecene  et  fa  Aiite  arrivtont  de  bonne 
heuiel  Sinuefle,  elolgnee  de  F&rmue  din  huh  fmUet^ 

P  jlcrii  lur.  oritur  multo  graiijjima  :  namqiie 
Pktius  et  Variui  ^inuejfit  Virgiliujque 
Qccurruntm 

Let  commentateuTs  ont  fenti  eux-memes  que  nos  voya- 
gears  ne  firent  que  manger  un  morceau  a  Sinuefle,  et 
qu'ils  pottfferent  juf^a'au  pont  de  la  Campaniey  P^ns 
Campamus^  fur  le  Savo^  a  nuit  iniUea  de  Smuefiej  et  a* 
ieize  de  Capoue 

FroKtma  Campano  pontt  qum  vtliula^  ieElum 
Pruhmt ;  et  parochi  qua  debent  llgna  falemque, 

L.e  cinquiemc  jour,  leurs  jBulets  les  xnenerent  a  Capottd 
de       tx)nue  heure. 

Hinc  muR  Capua  cUiflUts  tempore  ponunt. 

Jc  vois  que  les  po<'tes  fe  couuhcrcnt,  ct  cjuc  Mecene  nlla 
jouer  a  la  paume,  ce  qui  arinorice  i'heurc  dcs  excrcices, 
<]ui  finifibient  avant  deux  heiires  aprcs  niicii ;  mais  Hor.Tcc 
ne  parle,  ui  du  bain,  ni  du  louper  qui  le  iuivoieiu  Vn:- 
diiinire.  Jc  penfe  qu'au  lieu  de  fe  mettrc  a  table,  ils  re- 
monterent  cii  voiture,  ct  firent  encore  viiigt  un  milles 
pour  alkr  fouper  ei  coucher  chez  Cocceius,  Tun  de 

la 


The  fourth  day,  Me ccnas and  hiafuitc  arrive earlj at  Si&acfla,  <n|;hteen 
miicM  from  rormi*. 

Popera  lux  «titur  ivu!to  ^t-'^'ffi/rfii  •  vamque 
Oermrrtmi, 

i  he  conimcntators  have  thenJcives  obfcrvcd  that  our  travcUci!,  only 
dined  St  Siooefla,  and  then  proceeded  ttf  the  brid|re  of  Campinia,  Pont 
Camptumui,  on  the  Savo,  eighteen  miJeifroiii  Sinuefla,  and  fixteen  lion 
CaiHia  *. 

Proxima  C^pam  p^nti  qua  villula  USwm 

Tbc       day,  the  mnlei  brought  them  eaily  to  Capm* 
Hint  mmti  C^ptut  Hiittlat  tempere  ptmmt. 

The  poets  went  to  flctp,  while  TVIcccjiaa  tliverteci  himfclf  at  tennU; 
which  ihewe  that  it  was  the  time  for  exercSre,  which  ended  before  two 

o'clock  P.  M.  Horace  fays  nothing  of  the  bath  and  fupprr  which  com<- 
monly  foHowcd.  I  conclude,  therefore,  that  inlkad  of  fittin;;  dnwn  to 
table,  they  again  entered  into  their  carriage,  and  proceeded  iwenty>o>ic 

*  CInvier.  Ital.  Antiq.  L.  iv,C*  T.p.  1077.  Ittaer.  Miercfolytammu 
Edic  Weircl.p.6ii. 


HECUEIL  dc  mes  OBSERVATIONS, 

la  compagnie^  qui  avoit  une  matfoa  fur  les  hauteurs  au* 
defliis  de  Cauditim. 

Hinc  ms  Cocceii  reripit  plemjjtma  vilia^ 

^//<c  fnpcr  cjl  Caudt  caup  :nas.  

•  «#•**#*#«* 

Prwfus  jtieunde  cmnam  produKtmiu  iJ/am* 

Le  fixieme  jour,  ils  ne  firciit  qu'unc  tres  petite  joiirn^e 
du  chste  iu  uc  Coccciiri  h  B^fievcnimr.  :  die  n'etoit  f,'jc  dc 
Qjtzc  ifiillcs.  On  pcui.  foup^oiinfa"  que  I.i  p;aiefc  ct  1;\  bonne 
chcrc  Ics  fit  vcilior  un  pen  tard  clicz  Coccrius,  ei  qu'il 
ne  les  Inifla  p"'rtir  qu'aprcs  le  diner  da  Ici^.dumain  ;  c'c  ll 
pomiHioi  jc  no  comptcrni  tci  qii'unr  rlen-.i-jntiriu'^.  Ncus 
avons  done  164  mine's  lloinainsa  icpartir  iur  cinq  jovirs 
ct  demi,  ce  qui  doiine  ciiviron  30  milles  Roni.iins,  ou 
27  rr/dles  d'Angi«^tcTrc,  par  jour.  M.iis  je  croib  qu*il  ne 
faiidroit  r-o.  «  -  *  quatre  jours  ct  dcmi.  Horace  voy- 
agca  avec  L'  j^av;  (1%  d\in  homme  de  Icttres,  jufqu'a  la 
rencnnfrr  drs  ambilladeurs  a  Tcrracine.  II  mit  deux 
jours  pvnir  ullcr  ut;  Rouie  a  Fotiim  Apply  mais  il  nvnue  en 
incuK-  terns,  que  dcs  voyagcurs  plus  adiifs  n'cu  auioieoC 
fait  qu'une  feuie  journee. 

Hoc  iter  ignavi  dtvifimus^  oitnis  ac  ms 
Pr^tcinBu  mum*  Minus  cjl  gravis  jfpfia  tanHs, 

Les 


tntletv  to  fup  and  fleep  at  the  honfe  of  Coccetus,  ooe  of  the  comp^Dr, 
irhich  was  fitgaie  on      height!  of  Caadium. 

Hht  not  Coemi  rtcipit  plenijfima  9iUa, 

^nrfiu  Juofude  tsnam  pnduximus  lliam» 

The  fixth  day,  they  performed  only  a  rrry  Ihoit  ioornt  y  frmi  the  ca(ll« 

Cocccln^  to  Ikncvtntum  :  it  wat  no  mor?  thin  ti'^'hr  n;:'r  -.  it 
pr'/iubic  tliat  ihc  t^iifrv  and  good  cheer  ot  the  houfc  i/l  Cnctu'.i-  :nn  ir- 
tncm  lit  up  late,  aiid  that  i  c  JKl  unr  ^llow  them  to  depart  ncit  il-y  tiii 
after  dinner;  for  which  reafon  I  (ball  reckon  this  but  half  a  da)*«  jonr- 
iiey.  In  the  i;vhole,  th  -r  H  e,  wc  have  164  Roman  miltrs  to  divide  by 
five  days  and  a  half,  whitii  ;^iv(  <  ;o  I'  niv  '  i,  cr  27  Enj^lifh  niiics,  a  duv. 
But  I  am  of  opinion  t!:a*  w.-  c>n^i-.'  to  (i:vnl„-  l^y  fo'ir  cby:^  nnd  an  ha'f. 
Horace  travelled  with  the  lazttuu.  uf  ;i  niau  uf  icttcrii,  ui.iii  he  rvtt  the 
ambaffadon  at  Tenracina.  He  employed  two  daya  between  Rome  and 
the  Forum  Appii ;  but  he  coofeflea  that  more  espeditioiia  cmvdlcra 
would  haire  pecformcd  that  journey  in  one  day. 

•       I{o,  it^r  iffutvi  Jiv*fiaiui,  nhiiii  ac  net 

Fmtiaffmt  Jliitiiu  tj^  grexis  <dppia  tatdh* 

TU 


Digitized  bv  GocKyle 


.^t  PrECES  DETACHE  ES. 


I^es  ambafladeurs  voyagerent  avcc  benncoiip  pli!<;  dVmlor- 
riis,  mais  en  mcmc  tcms  avec  plus  cr  iifince  j  ct  dc  dili- 
gence. Mais  il  faudroit  etrc  mieux  initruits  que  nous  ne 
le  fommes  de  Icur  negociation,  pour  dctcrniiurr  ^iMq 
avoient  envie  d'arriver  au  pliUot  a  Bnwdujiutn.  Qu^hI- 
quefois  un  negociateur  veut  gagner  du  tem*;;  il  liii  con- 
vier.r  quelquefois  d'en  perdrc.  Ces  quntr  •  jours  et  dcmi 
auxcjuels  redult  Je  voyai^c  d'ilorace  (ie  Riiinc  a  77."-- 
vrntum,  donncront  par  jour  361;  uiilics  Romaiiis,  ou  prcs 
de  ^3  milles  d'An^lcterre. 

JufqiVa  Bericventum  nous  voyagcons  en  p.'iy.i  de  con- 
noifiaMcc  ;  niais  en  lortant  de  cctte  ville,  Horace  va  fc 
pcrdre  dans  les  montagncs  de  TApulie,  pour  ne  rcparo- 
itrc  qu*i  Canujmm.  Tout  eft  obfcur  dans  cctte  partie 
de  fa  route,  ct  fi  nous  avons  quelques  Incurs,  cilcs  font 
li  propres  a.nous  trompcr,  qu'cllcs  ont^fait  foup^onncr 
au  Fere  Sanadon  qu'Horace  s'6toit  egsnr^  dans  ies  mon- 
tagncs de  fon  pays*.  Mais  pourquoi  vcut-on  que  ia 
Villa  Trivici  fott  Trivicum^  et  ^  Mquotutium  foit  )e  nom 
qu'on  ne  poUvoit  pas  exprimer  en  vers  ?  La  gcographie 
de  ces  llcux  s'y  oppofe.  Pourquoi  s'obftine-t-on  i  voa- 
loir  determiner  une  maifon  de  catnpagne  et  une  bouF- 
^de  foppiJuhmJy  fituto  dans  Ic  Canton  de  I'ltalie  le 
plus  d6fert  et  )e  moins  connu.  Contentons-nous  de  la 
coiinoiflance  generate  que  ces  deux  endroits^  ignores 

•d'aiileursy 


The  unbanadors  were  embamiTcd  with  a  more  ounier«ni»  fnite,  Init 

they  travfllf  d  with  more  convcnltnclcs  and  greater  cxprdition.  Yet  we 
ought  to  be  better  iirliornied  than  wc  arc  of  the  ohjc<5i  of  tiitir  negotiation, 
to  determine  whether  they  were  bcut  on  rcuchiiig  Bruiulullum  with  all 
pofiible  hafte.  An  ambaflador  wishes  to  accelerate  or  retard  hia  jotirnef 
as  the  bufmefs  of  his  million  may  reqnire.  Thcfe  f«)ur  day;;  and  an  hatf 
to  which  I  would  ccduce  the  journey  of  H<.r ae\  from  Rome  to  Bene- 
veocum  will  give  Roman,  oear  33  Sogliib  nuic^  for  Uic  progrda 
of  each  d»y. 

MThile  we  travel  to  Befteventtttn«  we  tmverfe  a  welUknown  country* 
But,  after  quitting  this  city,  Horace  ia  loft  amonj^  the  mountains  of 
Apiilia,  iritil  he  re-apptpr  af  Canufiiim.  Wc  mrtt  with  liitlc  hut  nb- 
fcunty  in  this  part  of  his  roi:tc ;  and  the  glimmerings  of  light  arc  fo  wcU 
fitted  to  deceive  ui,  that  Ftither  Saoadtin  fufpeSt  Horace  of  having; 
iofl  his  way  among  hia  native  mountains  *.  Yet  why  ihooid  we  fup- 
pofe  that  the  villa  ^Trivici  muft  mean  Trivivum,  or  that  Equotutiimi 
niud  be  the  name  of  the  place  that  can;  >it  he  infr.idnccd  into  an  hexa- 
meter verfc?  i  hcle  conjctturcH  arc  uic<  nliltcnt  with  geography.  Why 
Ihoold  we  perfift  in  fixinj^  with  accuracy  the  filuation  of  a  covntry-houfe, 
and  of  a  village  (ofpldulumj^  belonging  to  the  moft  dcfcrt  and  lenft 
koowo  diilrid  of  aU  Italy  f   Let  ua  be  contented  with  hnowing  that 

*  Hoface  de  Sanadon,  torn.  v.  p.  xjS* 

thefie 


RECUEIL  de  mei  OBSERVATIONS, 

d'ailleurS)  ^toient  fur  le  grand  chemin  de  Bemvtnium  i  Co- 
ntifiumt  et  tl  n'y  a  plus  de  difficulte.  Mass  cettc  con- 
notifanee  g^^rale  ne  nous  permet  plus  de  compter  les 
journ^es  dHorace  comme  auparavant.  Cependant  notre 
poete»  tout  obfcur  qu'il  eft  fur  les  lteux>  eft  encore  aflez 
•cxa6l  fur  Ic  terns.  Continuons  fon  journal,  qu'on  pcuc 
cnfulte  comparer  avec  b  diftance  connuc  de  Beneventum 
a  Brundufttn;!.  he  fcpticmc  jour  il  partit  de  Beneventum^ 
grimpa  avcc  pcuic  les  monrai^iics  qui  fcparent  le  pays  des 
Hirpitti  dc  i'Apulic,  ct  fe  rcpuid  ciaui  Ic;  chaLcau  dc  TV/- 
vicus.  '  • 

 !^io  f 

Nunquam  erepfemus ;  tuji  nos  vn  ina  ^r'tvici 
Villa  reccp'ijftt^  lacr^mojo  non  fine  fu  mo, 

Le  huitieme  jour  lis  firent  une  traite  de  vingt  quatre  mtt- 
lesy  et  cottcheient  dans  un  petit  endrott,  .dont  le  nom 
baroque  ne  fe  pliat  point  d  la  mefure  des  vers. 

Manjurt  oppuluio  quad  vttJu  dUen  non  ejl. 

Le  neuvi^me  jour  je  les  rctrouve  a  Caaufium  i  mais  je 
penfe  qulls  pouilerent  juCqu'a  Ruhi.  lis  y  arrivcrent  du 
fnoins  tres  fatigues  d'avoir  fait  une  grande  jdurnce.  Au- 
roient  ils  donne  ce  nom  a  une  traite  de  vingt  trois  miiies. 

Inde  Ruhas  feffi  pervenimuj,  uipote  hngum 
Carpentes  iter, 

Le 


tlicfc  two  undifcoverfd  phccs  flood  on  the  high  road  fn  m  Bcnevcnfum 
toCanuHum;  and  all  dilikulticb  will  be  removed.  Vet  tltii  general 
knowledge  will  not  allow  tu  to  afcemin  the  day'»  journiet  u  aSiovc, 
Our  poet*  bowever,  thoogh  he  fpeak  in  obfcQre  terms  nf  tlie  phcc«,  \% 
exacl  with  r?'ryK'<?^  to  time.  We  may  continur,  tlicrtforc,  iiis  jDurnal, 
and  then  conrpare  it  with  the  well-known  diftancc  between  Bencvcn- 
tura  and  BrunJuGum.  The  feventh  day,  he  left  Beneventum,  clam« 
bered  with  difficnity  over  the  moontainf  whkh  feparate  the  territory  of 
the  Hirpiai  &om  ApiiUa»  and  fciled  in  the  caftle  of  Trivkni. 

J^unquam  erepfcmui  ;  n'J:  mot  v'tiina  ^fi^fti 

The  eighth,  our  travellers  proceeded  twenty-four  miles,  and  flcpt  at  * 
foiaU  ▼tllage,  whofe  grotef^e  name  coald  not  enter  into  a  verfe. 

Ji€mfi$ri  tjfjj^kM^  ja§d  nttrfit  ikfn  mm  f^m 

The  ninth  day,  1  find  them  at  CanuGum,  hut  I  imagine  thry  proceeded 
to  Rubi ;  at  1  all  thoy  arrived  there  much  fatigued  with  a  long  journey* 
Thia  appcllution  could  not  have  been  gtvco  to  twenty«thrce  miJei. 

Inde  RuLct  Jcji  j/ttrvt$iiwm4,  uif^te  Imgum 
CtrptaUt  i$cr, 

The 


Digitized  by 


ti  PrECES  DETACH£'E3. 


dixieme  jour  ils  ont  du  allera  Bari ;  ronzieme  a  Gna^ 
i:a  ;  et  Ic  douziemc  enfin  a  BrunJufium,  Je  coiivicns  tjuc 
ces  trois  denncrb  jours  loiu  ni.il  c  xprimcs;  niais  il  eft 
clair  qii'il  n*y  en  avolt  pas  davantage  \  ct  a  moins  de  faire 
fane  laiib  r.iiU;;i  1  nos  voyageurs,  ioixaiuc  millcs  dans  uu 
jour,  il  n'y  a  pas  nioycn  acn  ricn  rabattre.  De  Benevert' 
(urn  a  Brundi/fium  nous  avons  205  millcs.  Cell  a  raifon 
dc  34  milks  Remains  (pres  de  31  milles  d'Angleterre) 
par  jour,  lis  voyagerent  plus  vite  les  premiers  jours  \ 
niaii)  ils  nc  trouvoient  point  alors  Ics  montaj:^nes  dc  i'Apu- 
lie,  ct  dcs  cjif:niins  difficilcs  en  cux-mcmes,  et  gates  par 
la  mauvaife  faifon.  Ces  plaintes  rL-iterres  me  fcruicnc 
foup^onncr  que  la  voye  Appicnne  ne  b'Jtcndoit  encore 
que  jufqu'a  Cnpi  ik;,  et  que  cc  ne  fut  point  Jules  Cefar 
cjui  la  poulla  juliju  a  Bruuduftum  *.  Ces  chauiFccs,  ele- 
Tccs,  fornices  de  trois  cout  lies  de  maieriaux,  ct  pavees 
de  cailloux,  ont  brave  Tefrort  dcs  terns.  Vingt  ans  aprcs 
Icur  conftrudtion  auroient-cllcs  cede  a  un  pcu  dc  pluic ! 

Si  j'avois  dcs  ycux  de  commtntateur,  jc  dirois  que  cette 
fatyrc  eft  cxccllcnte,  ct  je  rappelierois,  avcc  le  Perc  Sa- 
nadoiii  un  modele  acheve  de  narration  f.  II  cft'vrai  que 
je  vols  avcc  plaifir  les  deux  traits  du  fot  orgueil  du  preteur 
de  Mundi^  et  de  la  fuperftition  plus  fotte  encore  du  peu* 

pie 

The  temh  day,  they  proceeded  co  Bori;  the  clcTcntli,  to  Gnatb;  and 
the  twelfth  at  kBgch  hrought  rhem  to  Brundunum.  I(  it  true  that  thde 

three  kft  days  arc  not  accurately  diftinguiflied ;  but  it  is  certain  there 
v?rrc  no  more:  and  without  obli^inj^  our  travellen  to  make  one  day's 
journey  of  iixty  mtles,  it  is  impoflible  to  reduce  their  number.  From 
Bcoeventam  to  Bruodufiuin  we  have  %o$  miles;  which  givetthe  tate<^ 
34  Rooma,  nearly  31  Esglifli,  each  day.  They  travelled  fafter  thelirft 
dayt,  not  being  then  retarded  by  the  Apulian  mountains,  and  by  roads, 
f>3d  in  themfclves,  s^nd  then  rendered  worff  by  the  rain.  Their  re- 
peated complaints  on  thi»  fubjcd  give  reafon  furfui'pecting  that  the  Ap> 
pian  way  then  reached  only  to  Capua,  aqd  that  it  waa  not  Juliut  Ciefiif 
that  earned  it  to  Bnmdufium  * .  Raifed  raceways,  formed  of  three 
layers  of  materials,  and  paved  with  flint  P.ones,  hive  rcfiiltd  the  in\- 
preffionsof  time.  Is  it  fi  rtiiMc,  that  in  tw^nfy  nrs  after  they  were 
made,  they  ihould  have  been  ipotled  by  a  Ihowcr  oi  rain  ? 

With  the  eyeaof  a  conunentator,  I  Ihimld  fee  nothing  bot  eiceUence 
in  thia  facire,  and  call  it,  with  Father  Sanadon,  a  model  of  the  nam* 
tivc  ftyle  f .  It  is  true  that  I  f>hfcrvc  in  it  with  pkafi^re  two  well-ap* 
pHrd  nrr>!;r«  of  fatife  ;  otjc  j^^aiiifl  tlu*  ftiipid 'juide  of  the  pretor  of 
{"undi,  and  another  againu  the  more  Aupid  iuperllition  of  the  people  of 

^  Berg.  araadaCheoalna,  L.  ti.C.  m\.  p.  226* 
t  Horace  de  Sanadan,  torn.  r.  p.  119.    Paria*  1756* 

Gnati) : 


R£CU£IL  de  mu  OBS£RVAT10NS» 


pie  de  Gnat/a  ;  mats  je  ne  crains  pas  tic  dii  c  que  le  vov:![:c 
prefque  iTicotMiu  dc  Rutilius  me  paruit  ties  fuperitur  a 
cclui  d'Horace  pour  les  defcriptions,  la  poeTie,  ct  fur- 
tout,  pour  le  choix  des  objcts.  Les  propos  d'un  batelicr, 
et  les  injures  que  le  difent  deux  bouflPons,  font  au  moias 
du  plus  bas  CO  mi  que.  lis  pouvoient  rejouir  des  voyageurs 
cn  humeur  de  s'amufer  de  tout^  mais  comment  un  homme 
de  gout  pouvoit-il  s'en  fouveiur  le  lendeniain  ?  lis  valent 
oependant  encore  mieux  que  les  inErmites  du  poe'te,  qui 
revknnent  plus  d^une  fois,  les  emplatres  qu'il  fe  mettoit 
aux  yeux,  et  le  fale  accident  qui  lui  arriva  pendant  U 
nulr.  SI  tour  ce  qui  regarde  les  grands  hommes  pcut  in- 
tereffer,  c*eft  dc  leur  efprit,  et  non  pas  de  ieurs  corps» 
qa^il  faut  entendre  cette  maxtme.  Quels  objets  pour  Ho- 
iace>  pendant  que  la  face  du  pays  et  les  mocurs  des  ha- 
bitanss  lui  ofiroient  une  riche  moiflbn,  et  d'inftru^ion» 
et  de  plaifanterie !  Peut-etre  que  ce  voyage  d'Horace  a  la 
fuite  de  Mecene,  avoit  fair  caufcr  fes  cnvteux  et  qu'il 
fit  cette  piece  pour  les  conralncre  que  fes  idees  ct  fes  oc- 
cupations en  rottte^  n*avoient  rien  eu  de  ferieux^  ni  de 
politique* 

1.  Ce  fut  Tan  de  Rome  702  qu'un  decrct  du  fenat 
chargca  Ciceron  du  gouverncment  de  la  CiKcie.  II  fal- 
lut  obeir;  il  quitta  la  ville^  le  theatre  de  fa  gloirC)  poor 
aOer  cueil]jr  des  lauriers  fur  le  Mont  Amanus.  Atticus 

ct 


Gnatia :  but  I  would  not  hcfitate  to  pronounce  that  the  ahuoft  unkoown 
jouroey  of  RutUioi  i»  fuperiof  thst  of  Hortce  io  point  id  dcfcripiioo* 
poctry»  aod  cfptcialiy  in  the  choice  of  iucidefita.    The  graft  langoage  of 

a  boatman,  and  the  nb  tlJry  of  two  buffoons,  furcly  belong  only  to  the 
lowcfl  fp  cifi  of  conn  dy.  1  hty  mij;ht  divert  travellers  in  a  humour  to 
be  plcalcd  with  every  thing;  but  how  couUl  a  man  of  taiUrefled  on  them 
the  day  mfter?  They  are  leit  offisnfive,  however,  than  the  indrmtttea 
of  the  poet,  which  occur  more  than  once;  the  pbiflers  which  he 
plies  to  M>  ty.'4,  and  the  \\A\y  actldcnt  which  bcfci  him  in  the  nijrht. 
'J'hc  maxim,  tliat  every  thitij^  in  prrat  men  is  inte r'*f^i?  applies  only 
to  their  minds,  and  ougiit  not  to  be  extended  to  their  bodies.  What 
linworchy  object  for  the  attentic»D  of  Hofvcct  when  the  lace  of  the 
country  and  the  manners  of  its  inhabitants  in  vain  offered  Co  him  a  field 
of  mfli  udion  and  pleafurc!  Perhaps  this  journey,  which  our  poet  made 
in  company  with  Meccna?,  rrtatir^'  nuuli  envy  agiinft  hini^, 
he  wrote  this  piece  to  convince  his  enemies,  that  hia  thoughts  and  oc* 
cupationa  on  the  road  ^cre  far  from  being  of  a  fcrioua  or  polincal  ni« 
Hire. 

1.  In  the  year  of  Rome  702,  a  decree  of  the  fcnate  cntmrtcd  Cicero 
with  iIk  ).';ovLTnnicnt  of  Cilicii.  In  crmpliancc  with  the  decree, 
he  c^utttcd  a  city  the  theatre  of  hi»  glory,  and  went  to  gather  iaurcii  on 
Monnt  Amanni.  Atticus  and  hi«  other  friend*  were  refiieiled  to  nc* 

♦  V.  iiorat,  Scrra.ii.  6.  v.  ao— 60. 

tend 


Digitized  by  GockjIc 


<t  PFECES  DE  TACHE'ES. 

et  tovs  fee  amis  ^toient  charges  de  veiller  a  fes  interlts, 
et  d'abr^er,  aurant  qu'Us  pourroient,  le  terme  dc  fon  exiL 
II  cut  de  la  peine  «l  s^arracher  des  environs  delicicttx  de 
la  capftale.    II  fe  ptoraena  de  maifon  en  maifon>  avant 
que  de  fe  mettre  fcrieafement  en  route.   11  partic  de 
Rome  le  premier "^de  Mai  * ;  le  dix  du  meme  mois,  je  le 
retrouve  a  foly  chateau  de  PomptiL   Voici  le  partage  Je 
plus  naturel  <|u'on  pourroit  faire  de  ces  neuf  jours*  t 
MiUf  Cic^ron  n'alJa  que  juiqu'a  la  matfon  qu'il  avoit  au- 
prea  de  Tufiuium^    11  parle  de  la  conference  qu'il  y  cue 
avec  Atticus,  qui  Paccotnpagna  pettt*etre  jufqu'k  cet  en- 
droit  charmant.    II  s*y  fera  afTur^ment  repol4  9e  foir-Ia. 
2  Idaif  de  ^ufculum  d  Arpinum^  il  y  a  environ  63  miilcs. 
La  journee  feroit  trop  forte  pour  un  homme  qui  n'alloit 
pas  cn  courier.   J'aime  micux  la  couper  en  deux,  ct  fup- 
poicr  que  Ciceron  s*arrcfa  a  Tarent.num,    7,  IiL:i :  eii 
cas-la  il  n'avoit  pUi  v  qu'L:!'.c  vin-^tjine  de  niiiLs  julcu'^ 
fun  chateau     .Jrf'fwni.     Le  plr>it,r  de  Ics  conci- 

toyens,  et  dc  ivcevoir  les  conirjIuMcns  d'un  ptvipic  qui 
rvj;ardoir  Li  cloirt  cciVanc  la  ficnne  propre,  ck'voic  I'uc- 
cuptr  le  velle  du  j.>ur.  4  jWii :  cc  jour,  nioins  agreable 
que  If  prcccdciU,  cil  rnarqu  -  rrcs  d  lit  increment.  li  dina 
au  cliktcau  de  ion  frcrc  (s^uiatus  a  Arcanum^  peu  eloigns 

♦  Po«r  le  detail  dc  ce  voya;»c  il  faut  confultrr  Irs  <^pitret  a  Attlcu?, 
L.  V.  r,  2,  3,  4,  e,  6,  8,  9,  tt  10.  J/H  l^rirc  dc  Cic£roo»  et  par  Fa- 
bricius,  ct  pir  Al.  Middictuay  a  I'm  dc  Uoma  704. 


ttnd  to  hi*  intcrcfts,  and  to  f!;ortcn  as  much  as  poflll>lc  :!ic  ••<'rm  nf  hi» 
banifhmcnt.    It  v-  as  with  diOivuhy  flrit  htr  cmld  \c■^r  lirnif'.-lt' from  the 
dclij^iilful  ijcighbouihood  of  the  c/>jntdh    He  Iruvclled  fium  one  viUa 
to  another,  before  he  could  fcrioufly  I'd  out  on  hij  •ourncy.  He  left  Rome 
the  firft  of  Mjy  t;  iKr  tfiith  of  flic  fame  month,  1  finc^  him  ..t  his  villa 
near  Pt)mpcil.    Tlic  f  >ll:)wiri^^  i>  t!ic  nv.  [I  nr.tur.il  diviri  tn  of  tlir!*,'  nine 
days.    Thr  iQ  :  Cicero  wont  ro  funlu  r  tlian  to  his  haufi:  near  i^uHif 
Itmi.    He  mci.tiuns  the  couvcifuEi  y.\  I.c  lud,  there  with  Atticuj,  vvha 
■  probably  accompanied  him  to  thut  charmmi;  villa;  where  he  would  cer* 
rAinly  flecp  tliat  ni^!.t.    J  he  :  !  M  ly  :  'I'ufculum  in  fi sty  three  milc» 
f  im  Arpinuai.    1 1.;-*  v.  '  r.  <!  liavo  h  -cn  t-jo  jjrt  at  a  jo'irri  y  fur  a  man 
who  (iid  not  travel  with  tUe  fptd  <;f  a  courier.    1  tl  crd  )re  divide  it 
jjito  two,  iind  fappaftf  thut  CiL^ru  flo')L  fli-u-t  u  Tarcutii  um.  3d  May; 
in  thit  cufe  he  had  but  twenty  miles  to  travel  to  hi»  villa  •t  Arpinum. 
The  pWsfurc  of  feeing  hlj  hlltiw-i  itiztns,  and  receiviog  the  cumpli- 
riu;i"'  '  f  a  people  w'*.(>  fonfj  lrird  hi  ^I-  ry  as  their  ov.  n,  would  drt  Itt 
Kiin  ti.^rc  tlie  rcmaiiidcr  <  f  t'  at  d.y.     \  he  4th  May  :  this  «!ay,  \vhi;.a 
w.i4  h  f a  ij^rccable  that!  the  pi c  edii  ■',  is  ni.uhcd  very  didintftly.  (.'icero 

+  For  the  detail  of  this  vfiya«^e  ii  ii  proper. to  pcrufs  the  epiiV.cs  to 
Atticus  L.  V.  I,  i,  3,  4.  5.  6.  7.  ii.  y»  ""d  10.  The  HiUory  o£  Ciccra, 
by  rabrtcius,  and  by  MidJieton,  tJie  ycnr  of  Rome  70a. 

dioed 


RECUEIL  ^  mi  OBSERVATIONS, 


d'jirpinam.    II  y  vlt  un^  fcenc  doineftique»  ou  la  mzn^ 
Taife  humeurde  la  fcmmc  de  Qutntus  troubia  leg  plaifirs 
d*ttne  fete»  tt  lafla  la  patience  de  Ton  man  et  de  fon  beau 
frere.   Ciceron  coucha  ce  foir  ^  Aqmnum^  a  J5  mi  lies 
'  feulement  ^Arpmum*    5  et  6  Mai :  d*Afumim  ^  Cufmt 
i\yz6$  milles      La  trake  ferolt  un  peu  longue.  D'ail- 
leurs  pour  pailer  d^Aquinum  fur  la  roye  Latine,  I  Mh^ 
turtut  fur  la  voye  Appienne,  il  &lloit  prendre  un  chemm 
de  trarerfe*   £ncore  ne  fuivoit-on  la  grande  route  que 
pendant  neuf  milles.   II  fallbit  la  quitter  de  nouTeatt  a 
Sinueile  pour  s'enfoncer  dans  le»maraisdu  VuHumus^  et 
dans  les  tables  de  LHumum*  Je  penfe  que  Cic6ron  anra 
eoach6  i  I'un  de  ces  endroits  pour  ne  fe  rcndre  que  le 
lendematn  a  fa  maifon  aupres  de  Cumcs.    Le  7  Mai^ 
Ciceron  a  du  le  paflcr  tout  entier  a  Cumes,  pour  y  recc- 
voir  ies  vifites  du  voifinn^e.   Je  faiy  que  toute  la  Have  de 
Naples  etoit  ornee  do  niairoiis  de  plnil.ince  (]ui  Ic  touclioi- 
cnt ;  mais  il  lalloit  bien  iiu  jour  pour  railcnibicr  une  fctiie 
Romd  dans  cclle  dc  Ciceron.     Le  8  Mat^  il  alia  a  fon 
chateau  de  P-mpiii,    II  y  avoit  39  millcs  par  tcrrc  par 
Puteoli,  Naples,  et  1  IcrLulaneuiii.  Mail  il  pouvoit  I'abre- 
ger  de  beau  coup  en  traverfant  la  B»iye.    Ccpendant  on 
peut  toujours  lui  donner  une  jouniee  pour  cettc  prome- 

^  Toutes  les  JlOaiice^  dont  il  nVd  pas  fait  mentioo  daOf  Ics  Itise* 
nire«,  je  kf  jii  mclurcct  lux  k  carte  dc  M.  Deliile. 

nade. 

dined  at  the  vHIa  of  his  I)ruthcr  Quintiis  at  Arcanum,  not  far  from  Ar- 
pinum ;  and  vritncficd  a  domcdic  Iceoe,  in  which  the  bad  humour  of 
Quimuk*!  wife  diilurbed  the  pleafttre  of  the  entertainment,  and  tired 
the  pacieoce  of  her  huibaod  and  brother>iB4a(W.  Cicero  ilept  that  niglte 
at  Aquirram,  only  fifteen  miles  fnim  Arpinum.  The  5th  and  6th  of  May  : 
from  Aquinum  to  Ctim.-K  the  diflaiicc  is  fixty-fivc  miles  f.  The  journey 
would  have  been  rather  too  long.  Befidei,  in  palfing  from  Aquinum, 
which  is  00  the  Latin  way,  to  Mintonue,  vriiich  i«  on  the  Appian,  it  was 
aeceflary  to  crofs  the  country;  fince  the  hifhway  eitended  in  that  di- 
rt^^ion  only  nine  miles.  It  was  ncceflary  to  quit  it  again  at  $imicfl4» 
to  wade  through  the  marfhes  of  Vulturnus  and  the  fands  of  Liturmim. 
1  imagine  that  Cicero  flept  at  one  of  thefe  places,  and  proceeded  next 
day  to  hif  honfe  at  Cunir.  The  yth  of  May  muft  have  been  fpent  en- 
tirely at  Cunix,  to  receive  the  vifitt  of  the  nel^bourhood.  I  know 
that  the  whole  bay  of  Naples  was  adorned  by  country- houfes  cnntigQ* 
cu'stoeach  »ifhcr;  btit  ir  mull  have  required  at  lead  one  day  fo  affemMr 
-J  iittlc  Rome  in  the  houlc  uf  Cicero.  I'he  8th  of  May,  he  went  to  h\s 
villa  at  Pompeti.  The  dilbace  was  thirty-nine  milea  hy  land,  through 
PiiteoU,  Naplea  and  Hercnianciutt*  He  might  have  Ihorteoed  it  by  crof« 

« 

t  All  the  diflanccs  not  QOtic<;d  io  the  Itineraries,  I  have  mcafurcdoa 
the  chart  of  M.  Dcliac. 

'  liny 


* 


Digitized  by  Google 


€$  Pr£C£S  £>£TACH£'£S. 


naide*  Li  9  Aidt  ^  ^  P^^^  furemtiit  ^  Pomfiik  H  kit 
fallok  4)udque  mouf,  ou  de  plaiiir,  on  d'aiaim»  pour 
Tengager  4  s'ecarter  autaat  de  fiinmtc* 

Un  xeconnoit  dans  oetle  promenade  un  grand  fei'gneur 
Toy^ge  dan$  les  environs  d'une  capitale,  qui  iak  de 
grandes  |atmee$  (ans  fe  prefl*er»  et  qui  jooit  partout  de 
fes  atianees.  Parmt  les  aiiciena»  ees  commoditis  a'^toi- 
entque  poor  les  grands,  p^fcequ'il  faUoit  feles  procurer 
par  Li^mdmef  fuppi6er  aux  poftea  par  dea  rekus»  et  aux 
bonaes  aubcrgcs  par  fes  propres  matfone.  Aujourd'hui 
que  rinteret  a  etabli  pour  le  public  coutes  cea  commo- 
dites*  chacua  peuc  fe  les  approprier»  d^lqn*il  en  sbefoln. 
JLi  10  Maiy  Cic^roA  pardt  de  Pmpai  pour  aNer  coucher 
dans  une  maifon  de  campagne,  qu'ua  de.fet  amis  avoit 
aupres  de  TrMa  ;  30  miUt.  II  commeo^oit  ife  met* 
tre  (erieafement  en  route,  et  coiame  il  le  dit  lai-meme 
^  Acticasy  il  ne  veut  plus  faire  qae  de  bonnes  joum^es, 
Juftaitbmra.  Li  ii  mmf  ii  arriva  ^  Bffuventum  i  30 
milles,  Le  12  Maty  U  me  paroit  qu'il  s'y  arreta.  Ii 
parlc  d'une  lettrc  qu'il  y  rc^ut  de  trcs  bonne  heure,  et 
d'une  autre  qui  ne  lui  parvint  que  plus  tard.  Le  15 
Afaif  il  pirtit  dc  Venufta  pour  grimper  Ic  Mont  Valtur^ 
pour  defccndre  d.nis  la  pLine  dc  U  Lucanie,  pour 
arrivcr  a  Tarentum  U  x8  Mai.  Cctte  ville  eft  eloigiipc 
dc  Btiiev£ntum  de  1 51^  miiles.  II  paffa  trois  jours  avcc 
|e  grand  Pompeef  occupe  a  aiFeriRir  les  box>s  principes 
Vol.  UL  H  -  dans 


Ang  the  bay  :  yet  one  day  muft  be  allowed  for  thU  jouroej.  The  9th 
Jay  waifurely  fpcnt  at  H)mp<:u.  Some  motive  q£  bl^otft  or  pkafurt 
muil  h»vc  carried  Cicero  fu  £«r  out  of  his  road. 

la  tiiM  \iuxwft  we  ftc  a  greai  atfotnvtUmf  ib  die  ■eigttoerhood 
of  the  cajpiul,  nuikiiif  gprnc  jovrniea  wkiMwe  being  is  hade,  andevuy 
where  enjoy Lnf^  hi?  conveniencies.  Among  the  ancicnt«,  thcfe  conveni- 
cnc!!*8  could  only  be  cnj<»yrd  by  the  great  ;  becaufe  it  was  neccffary  to 
procure  them  fur  one's  fclf»  to  fupply  the  want  of  po(U  by  relay*,  and 
«iie  WMC  of  goodioiM  by  private  bonlet*  Is  noden  timet,  die  tMcteft 
of  iadividoeis  fuppUes  to  tiK  public  ail  thefe  conveiiictKuet,  which  cacli 
Bum  niay  purchafc  when<>ver  he  ftandi  in  need  of  them.  On  the  loth 
of  May,  Cicero  left  Fontpcii ;  and  wcat  to  fleep  in  a  couatry-houfe 
which  oiie  af  hit  ffieod*  bad  at  TrcbuU ;  thirty  miles.  He  began  to 
trtvet  lieiioiifly ;  wM  wtitea  to  Attjcae  ifajt  be  propoM  m  Imse  It 
mke  (ood  joorniea.  i/jWrtf.  The  iith  of  May  broogbt  him  te 
BeacTentum  ;  thirty  milc^.  The  X2th  of  May,  he  £semf  to  have  ftop- 
pe«i  there,  Once  he  ipcaks  of  a  letter  received  early,  and  ooe  whick 
came  later.  The  ijtb  May,  he  left  Venufia  to  cUmb  Mount  Vultur, 
and  tbeDce  defedid  loco  the  plaia  ori^wuiia.  He  atiived  tt  TMmaa 
oo  the  i8ib  of  Maf  :  tbta place  It  i^j  adfae  kma Pinet amiw  He 


RECUEIL  de  mcs  OBSilRVxaiONS, 

dftns  1e  coeur  d^un  citoyen  qui  tenoit  cncorct  ou  do  moinf ' 
qui  croyoit  tcnir,  la  balance  de  la  r6publiquc.  Le  21  Mai, 
Cic^Ton  alia  it  Brunduftuniy  qui  ^toit  i  43  milles  de  To* 
rmtum^.  Les  vents  contraircs  et  fcs  affaires  le  rctinrent 
plufieurs  jours  dans  ce  port.  Cc  nc^  fut  t|ue  le  15  ^"^^ 
qu'ay.uit.  mis  a  la  voile  il  arriva  a  Arlunu.  \\  fe  remit  cic 
nouveau  en  clicaiin;  traverfa  WL  Lrin'us  tt  VEvenus  ;  et 
ayant  paflo  par  les  villes  de  Delphi^  T^hcfpi^^  Afegaray  et 
EltufiSy  il  fc  trouva  a  Athenes  le  25  Jum^  aprcs  un  voy- 
age de  20^  milles  depuis  Adbum  J.  Je  iie  le  poulTerai 
pas  plus  )(*in  (cc  voyage  de  Ciceroni  Je  remarquerai 
icultnicn:  qur  dcpuis  Pcvipdi  julqu'a  Aliieiics  il  fit  465 
MTi  i.ES  RoMAiN's  (environ  4 1  7  milles  d'Aiigleterre)  dans 
dix  !ieuf  jours  dc  marche«  Celt  a  raiion  de  24^  millcs 
Remains  par  jour. 

Je  m*etonne  un  pcu  de  la  Icnteur  de  cc  voyage  de 
Cic6ron)  dont  les  journecs  ne  furpaflbient  gu^res  la 
marche  qu'un  fantailin  Romain^  charg6  de  fes  armes  et 
de  tant  d'autres  fardeauz,  pouvoit  faire  dans  cinq  heures 
d*ete  (environ  fix  heures  equinoftiales).  Ma  furprife 
n'eft  diminuee  que  par  les  reflexions  fuivantes.  i.  Cic6- 
ron  s'expatrioit  fans  favoir  Ic  terme  precis  de  fon  exil. 
Coiilbien  de  priparacifs  de  toutes  efpeces  6toient  necef<» 

,  fairet 

Ittnenr.p*  ttpt  Pline  Hift,  Mtt«  ui«  i6«  ne  com|»te  ^ve  35  auleik 


fpcnt  ihrcc  dap  with  the  great  Ponipey,  employeii  in  fortifying  the 
food  principle»of  a  man  who  yet  betd,  or  believed  that  he  held,  the 
Silmoe  of  the  fCpuUic.    On  the  iid  of  May,  Ciceio  ptocrrdcrl'  to 

Bruadufiuni,  forty-thr<<*  miles  from  Tarcntum  f .  (Vntrnry  wind*  and 
bufinef*  der;ii'''-(l  hioi  fcvcral  days  in  tJnr  lu^rhour.  He  at  Iftigth  f^ilf  d 
the  X.hH  of  June,  aitd  arrived  at  Allium.  He  again  ict  nut,  crnfTed 
the  Acbelooi  and  the  Eveout,  pafled  through  the  chiet  of  Delplii, 
Thefpic*  Megara,  and  Eleufis,  and  arrived  at  Atlicns  on  the  2j(th  of 

Jfunc,  .iftff  travelling  105  miles  frr>ni  Avf^iumf.  I  Oiall  not  dwrll 
onger  on  this  journey  <•(  Csrcro;  but  only  rtniaik,  tliat  from  Poniprii 
to  Athens  he  travelled  463  Roman,  about  417  F.nglilh  niilcN,  in  nmc- 
teen  day*  :  whirh  gtvea  24^  Roman  milea  for  each  day*»  journey. 
'  ThU  flowncf»  !»-  furprifin^,  finctr  (^iccrodld  not  travelio  a  day  farthct 
than  a  Rr  rn  in  foKlicr,  loaned  with  his  armband  fo  many  other  burdens, 
advanced  m  live  ho^tr-*  nf  lumn:cr  (about  fix  equinoctial  hours).  My 
turpnfc  ia however  dmuiiiihcd  by  the  following  confidrrationt.  Cic<ro 
left  bi«  conntrj  without  knowing  precilcly  how  long  hit  abfence  from  it 
wa»  to  coiitinne.   A  mnltitnde  of  preparationa  were  necellary  for  a 

a  • 

f  Itinerar.  p.  119.    riiny  l^iys  3j  mik».    Mat.  Hiil.  iii.  16. 
4  Itincrfr.  p.  31^—326.' 

goniiMu^ 


Digitized  bv  Goo<?le 


€t  PIECES  DETACHE'ES^  ' 

faires  pour  un  gouverneur  qui  alloit  etablir  une  firandc 
xnaifon  dans  une  province  oloignee  et  barbare.  Ciceron 
depcncloit  d'uii  nombre  de  chofes  qui  Jc  laircmbloient 
pour  lai  a  Bfrieventiun^  \  Tiirerituifii  a  Ih  undufmmy  et 
done  le  retard  iniluoit  necefl'aircmcnt  fur  le  voyage,  je 
ne  (ills  (i  je  me  trompe,  mais  je  crois  voir  dans  routes  Ics 
lettrcs  de  notre  orateur,  qu*il  n*avoit  pas  un  genie  mer- 
veilleux  pour  fes  Arraniiemens  econuiuiques.  2.  La 
niailon  d'un  procouiul  etoit  trop  nonibreufe  pour  lui  per- 
mcti.e  dc  prccipiter  fa  niarch(\  IJn  queltcur,  quatre 
lieutenans,  douze  tribuns  a^conipagnoienr  Ciceron,  pour 
rcniplir  leursionctions  rcfpcc tivcs  d.uiG  fongouvcrnenicnt. 
Une  toule  de  jeunes  Roraains  de  condition,  le  fuivoir, 
pour  apprendre  fous  fes  aufpiccs  i'art  de  la  guerre,  dirai- 
jc,  ou  celui  de  \\  politique.  A  cette  troupe  illuftre,  iJL 
cn  faut  ajouter  une  autre  bien  plus  nonibreufe  d'oiTiciers, 
fic  li^curs,  de  connmis,  d'affranchis,  et  d'efclaves,  tant 
du  proconful  lui>meme,  que  de  fes  compagnons.  Ce 
petit  corps  d'armee  marchoit  avec  ienteur  \  il  avoit  trop 
d'embarrM  et  trop  de  befoinsj  pour  fuivre  U  route  d'un 
▼oyagenr  ordinaire.  Ciceron  aurott  mieux  aime  aller 
par  mer  ^AQmm  i  Patras*  Mais  il  aurott  faiiu  fe  fenrir 
des  petites  barques  du  pays,  et  ce  trajct  ne  fe  feroit  pas 
fait  avec  la  dignite  d'un  miniftre  public,  qui  vouloit  en 
impofer  aux  Grecs,  autant  par  la  magnificence  de  fon 
^uipagej  que  par  la  moderation  de  fa  conduite.  3.  II 
a  du  trouTer  de  mauvais  chemtos  ^AEHum  \  Athenes. 

H  %  Lc 

goTrrnnr,  who  was  going;  to  eftublilh  a  great  houfchoM  in  a  diftant  and 
f?.Trl»  Tous  province.  He  tf>  wait  for  a  number  of  convcnifncics 
vrnith  were  collecting  ior  hmi  at  Ucncvcntum,  Tarcntum,  and  Brun- 
^kfiuin,  «jid  which  could  not  bat  retard  hU  jownej.  It  m  poflibte  thtt  I 
nay  ba  miftakcn  ;  but  I  think  it  apparent  in  ail  our  orator's  letters, that 
fuch  CEcnnomical  arran j-rmfnts  were  by  no  means  fuited  to  his  genius. 
3.  The  family  of  a  procnlul  was  too  numerous  to  admit  of  difpatch  in 
travelling.  A  queltor,  four  licutc-uants,  twelve  tribunes,  accompanied 
Cicero  to  cseoire  their  rdpcdiye  fuoAiona  under  hit  government.  A 
crowd  of  jroung  Romans  of  high  rank  followed  the  proconful,  to  learn 
under  his  3ufpitc~  thf  art  of  war,  or  rather  that  of  politico.  To  this 
illuftrious  band  wc  inuft  add  one,  tar  more  rumerou*,  of  ofTiccrn,  li6lors, 
clerks,  freed  men,  and  flavesi,  beluriging  to  the  proconful  himfclf,  or  to 
the  conipaniona  of  hit  journey.  This  little  army  wat  embarrafled  witli 
too  many  winiato  allow  him  to  proceed  with  the  expedition  of  an  or- 
dinary traveller.  He  would  have  preferred  goincr  by  fcd  fi  om  Aitiuni 
to  Patra^  :  but  in  that  cafe  he  muft  have  maile  ufr  nf  the  lifilr  hiirks  of 
the  country  i  and  the  pallagc  would  not  have  bet  n  performed  with  the 
dignity  of  a  public  minifter,  who  wtfiied  tofurprifethe  Greeks  afmuch 
by  the  magnificence  of  his  e<}uipage,  as  by  the  moderation  of  his  con- 
da^    I*  Tbe  xoada  jnuft  haw  boao  very  bad  betwcea  A^utn  and 

AthcAK 


-1  rr  -IT  00 


K£CU£a  A  mn  OBSERVATIONS, 


Le  princlpe  de  la  conftru^lion  des  chemins,  n'^toit  ni  la 

commcMiite  dcs  provinces  quelcs  vaiiiqueurs  Romamsont 
toujours  meprif^es,  ni  le  commerce,  doiit  ils  n'oiu  j.unais 
connu  le  prix  j  mais  ks  troupes  do  at  ils  vouloicnc  hicili- 
ter  la  marche.  La  Grecc,  dcrcnue  de  tres  bonae  hcure 
une  province  interieurc  et  foumife,  ne  fe  troiivoit  pas 
mcme  fur  ces  grandcs  routes  qui  uuilTuiciit  Rome  et  les 
froiuieres.  Pendant  que  Ics  autres  parties  dc  I'cmpire 
etoient  coupees  par  les  voycs  militaircs dans  tousles  tens 
poUibles,  la  Grece  n*en  ajamius  eu  cju'iine  feulc.  Ellc 
a  pu  fcnrir  au  voyage  du  procoulul,  fi  die  etoit  dej?!  con- 
ftruite  ;  mais  dans  rigtiorance  on  nous  lorn  me  s  do  ccttc 
cpoqnc,  Tious  devons  croirc  quVlIe  iic  I'rioit  pas.  JLa 
plupart  des  cht^'inins  proviiiciaux  lout  I'ouvrage  des  en-v- 
pereurs  *.  4.  Le  Grece  attira  \^t:n  Tattention  du  gou- 
vcrncment  Remain;  mais  qu*elle  etoit  digne  dc  cellc  dc 
Ciceron  I  Lc  moycn  dc  parcourir  rapidement  un  pays 
dont  cheque  bourgade  6toit  ceiei>re  dans  Thilloire,  ou 
dans  la  fable  i  L'homme  de  lettres,  qui  admiroit  d^aucant 
plus  les  Greet  qu'il  cheichoit  i  let  rurpaiTer^  Tantiquaire 
cmrieux,  qui  avoit  d^terr^  le  tombeau  d'ArchimMe,  le 
philofophe  eclair^,  qiitd^voila  iet  foutbcriet  de  Di^Ai, 
devoit  t'arretcr  par  toitt,  pour  y  voir  cent  object  mooa- 
nus,  ou  indifii^rents  aux  yeux  vulgairet.  Que  je  vott- 
droit  §aifn  an  ptveil  guide  dant  ua  tel  voya|^ 

Ant 


AAcM.   The  notive  of  the  Rumant  in  miluog  roads  was  ocither  the 

^icncfit  of  rhr  provinces,  which  thofc  r'>nqucror»  always  dcfpifcd,  nor 
the  convcnicncy  of  commtrcial  inttrcourfc,  of  which  thty  never  knew 
how  to  eHimate  the  value  ;  but  merely  tu  faaiiutc  the  marches  ui  tiieur 
Uoo^  Gfeecc,  which  early  became  an  iaierior  tad  frhmiffive  pro* 
vioce,  was  nut  in  any  of  thedirad  Hnea  which  uoiicd  Rooie  with  the 
frontiers  ;  and  had  but  one  only  road,  while  the  other  part^  of  the  em- 
jilrc  wf-rr  !!  t<:rfcdcd  by  niilitary  \vuy»,  in  all  pt  lli'  le  «iirciftions.  2 
procoiiiiil  uugi;t  have  (uiluweU  tin*  roaU,  if  it  was  liieu  ma<ic  i  but  a^ 
Yvearc  ignorant  of  ka  ^a*  we  ought  rather  tothinhthattt  wai  not  C» 
early.  Moft  of  the  Roman  roadt  are  works  of  the  eiiipcfora»«  4. 
Greece  attraiSlcd  bnt  weakly  the  attention  of  the  Roman  j^ovcrnment ; 
but  how  well  did  it  dtfcrvt;  that  '  f  Cicero  !  How  could  he  rapidly  tra- 
vcrfc  a  country,  each  vil^ge  of  which  wa^  ilUiQriout  ui  hiilory  or  fable  i 
The  nao  of  letten^  who  ediiiired  the  Grecka  in  proportion  aa  he  was 
eager  to  furpafs  them  ;  the  curious  antiquary,  who  had  difcovered  with 
fuch  tranfport!;  the  ton^b  of  Archimcdrs;  the  enlightened  philolophcr, 
who  had  uiutiltd  tiic  frauds  of  Delphi;  mull  h.ivc  been  arrclled  at 
every  Ilep  by  au  hundred  »b}€C^h  unknown  and  ludJIerent  to  vulvar  eye«« 
With  what  pleafiire  wopM  1  follow  fodi  o  guide  in  fbdi « journey ! 

*  Bcrgier  Hid.  des  Grandi  Cbemins  dc  r£n)pirc,L«  i.  C.ix.p,  a;. 

la 

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A  raflcmblcr  Ics  369  milles  Romains  qu'Horace  au- 
roit  pu  faire  en  dix  jours  ct  demi,  et  ics  463  milles  que 
Cic^n  fit  en  dix  neuf  ^ours^  nous  aurons  le  terme 
moyen  de  30  roiUcs  Romaint  pour  une  journ^e  ordinaire. 
J'aime  cependant  mieux  la  poufler  333  milles  (30  mille$  ' 
d'Angleterre).  La  lenteur  dc  Ctc^n  e(l  mieax  con- 
flatee  que  la  pr^dpitsition  qu'on  pottrrok  fbup^onner  % 
Jiorace* 

|e  ne  m'^tendrai  point  id  fvt  les  poftes  des  Romaiii«» 
fur  leun  aubeijeSf  iti  iiir  lenrt  voUures.  A  en  juger 
par  les  raonamens  aui  noot  Teftent^  ceUes-ci  jtoient  pe^ 
fites,  ouvertei,  et  pe^  cammodet ;  pof^etf  fur  deux 
on  fur  quatre  rouesy  ftna  tee  Aifpendues,  elles  devoient 
fatiguer  les  toyageois  (iir  le  pavl  des  Toyts  militaires* 
II  y  en  avoitde  plufieurs  efp^ces,  et  ce  quf  parolt  fmgu- 
lier^  les  R.omatns  let  avoient  prefqne  toutes  empruntees 
des  Gaulols*  Us  les  omoient  quelauefoki  d'argcnt,  d  or, 
et  ^lemes  de  pierres  pr^cieufcs  ;  faltc  barbare  ct  deplace, 
qui  annon9oit  plus  de  richc/Te  que  de  gout.  Mais  il 
f^toit  refer vc  aax  modemes  d'jnventer  ccs  mnchinr s  douces 
tt  clegaiitcb,  qui  fatisfont  ^  In  lois,  Ti  la  muiicflc  du  voyu- 
geuT,  ^  fa  pareiTcetsl  fon  iniputicricc  *. 

Je  parlerai  peu  d*un  autre  genre  de  voyage,  des  mar- 
ches des  troupes.  Des  idecs  generales,  et  Ics  excrcices 
dont  je  viens  de  faire  fneiitioD»  me  perfuadent  qu'elies 

etoient  ^ 


l«  unidiMf  ike  369  Rontn  villcs  which  Homra  frarelled  to  ten  dtyt» 
with  the  463  whiL-Vi  (  iccrf)  tmvrllcd  in  nineteen,  we  Ihall  have  the 
jTiid(!le  term  df  30  Hoaui\  fntlc-  li>r  an  ordinary  day's  jciirney.  I  (hould 
prricr,  however,  eiteiiding  it  to  33  Roman,  or  30  iinglifti  niiJcs;  the  , 
flowDcft  of  Cicero  bdoy  Mttcr  afccrtaiacd  tbui  die  fmipdiied  lapidity 
of  Horace. 

1  fhall  not  cxpati.ite  on  the  ports,  flic  inns,  or  the  carriages  of  the 
RrtnituT^-  The  iaft,  if  we  n  ny  ntuj^t  of  thcin  by  I'libfifting niortmienta, 
were  iniail,  open,  and  irconvtruciit.  'i  lity  had  two  or  fourwhcek; 
tot,  HOC  being  fufpended,  ntfdl  haw  been  Tery  fatigning  to  iravcUm 
OD  the  paved  Wlitacy  roads/  Thefc  carriages  were  of  variou.H  kindi; 
and  what  is  extriorclinar)'.  ainu  ll  all  the  different  kinds  had  been  bur- 
rowed from  tb<  Gauk.  The  Romans  adornrd  thtm  with  filvcr,  ^'«'bl, 
^d  fumctiiuck  witii  precious  f^ooes  j  a  barharoos  and  niil|>laccd  hixutj, 
iodieating  morenchrt  than  tafle.  '  It  was  refcffed  for  modern  time*  to 
isverc  thufc  foft  and  c!t-g:int  maihincik  wlwch  gratify  at  oncc  the  eAini- 
Bacj,  laziiKTs,  ;in.!  impatience  of  traveller'; 

I  (haHijK  .iK  b.  icily  t«f  aiK.thtr  I  int!  of  fravt  llinp,  the  march  of  troops.  .. 
'I'hcic  marches,  i  am  lociiucd  co  think,  both  by  tiic  excrcilcs  ^of  which 

t  V.rAotl^iutd  expK^cc  dii  P«  Monfaocon. 

Thtve 


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RECUtlL  it  mi  OBSERVATIONSt 


ctolcnt  plus  fortes  c]!ie  les  riotres.  En  attend:^nt  que 
j'aye  fait  les  recherciies  iiccefTiires  pour  Ifs  tleterinincr 
avec  plus  de  precifion,  jc  jcir  rai  \\\\  coup  d'tcil  fur  la 
ni.uclie  In  plus  hardie  et  la  plus  forte  que  je  conDoiile 
dans  I'hiitoire  ancienne  ou  moderne. 

Les  aftaires  dcs  Carthaginois  ne  fe  foutcnoicnt  plus  en 
Italie  que  par  la  conduite  d'Annibal,  lorfque  Afdrubal 
pafla  les  Alpcs  avec  iine  armee  nombreufe.  La  republi- 
que  cralgnoit  de  fuccombre  fous  leurs  efforts  reuni's.  Le  • 
Conful  Neroa  obfervoit  tous  les  mouvemens  d'Annibal^ 
qui  ^puifoit  en  vain  toute  la  fcience  des  marches,  ct  dcs 
contremarches*  Lie  general  Romain  coraprit  qu'il  fallott 
prevenir  par  un  eoup  hardi*  taitt  de  dangers  qui  mena- 
^oient  fa  patrie.  Avec  un  corps  choifi  de  millc  cava* 
JierSf  et  de  Hx  millc  fantafllns,  il  s'echappe  de  Ton  camp^ 
trompe  la  vigilance  du  Carthaginois»  execute  fa  jon^ioa 
avec  fon  collegue  en  Ombrie,  fauve  la  r^publique  ^  la 
bataille  du  Metaurusi  et  revient  avec  la  meme  raptdite^ 
annoncer  la  mort  de  fon  fr^re  \  Annibal  qu*il  retrouve 
tottjours  dans  Tetonnemtnt  et  dans  Pina£tion  11  avoit 
laiiiS  Annibal  dans  les  environs  de  Canufium.  II  trouva 
le  conful  Ltvtus  dans  ceuz  de  Sena  Gallica^  La  route 
q u'i!  prit  par  les  pays  des  Larinatis^  Frentam^  Marru- 
€tniy  Pr£tuiii,  et  par  le  Pianum  dans  I'Ombrie,  etoit 

d'environ 


I  have  made  tnention)  nnd  by  my  general  opinion  on  the  fuhjc<ft,  were 
longer  than  ours;  but,  previoufly  to  making  tht  rcfcarchca  nccclTdrr 
for  deteijnining  this  matter  with  precifion,  rfhaU  caft  a  glance  on  tne 
lonxeft  and  boldeil  inarch  which  1  have  orcr  met  with  in  hiftory,  either 
ancient  or  modern. 

The  fortune  of  the  Carth:-g^iniars  was.  fuftaincd  in  Italy  by  the  cxcr- 
tioiift  of  HaoQibal,  when  Aicliul  .il  croffcd  the  Alps  with  a  ninncrnuB 
army.  The  republic  was  in  danger  of  fioUng  under  their  united  ef- 
forta»  Nero  the  coiJul  obftrvcd  the  motions  of  Hannibal,  who  cxhauft- 
cd  the  whole  frlcnc  nuiclunji;  and  countermarching.  The  Roman 
general  pcrrcivtd  ilu.t  a  bold  llrukc  only  could  ward  off  the  dangers 
which  threatened  bt»  vuumry.  With  a  chofcn  body  of  a  thoufand  horfc, 
and  fix  thtmfiind  foot,  he  marched  from  hia  camp,  deceived  the  vip* 
lance  of  the  Carthaginian,  efll6lcd  a  junaion  with  hii  coUcagne  in 
Umbria,  fjvcd  the  rrpublic  at  the  battle  of  Metauru*.  and  r^-turned 
with  the  fame  ct U:i it y,  announcing  to  Hannibal  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther, and  finding  that  general  himfclf  flill  afionifhed  and  inadive** 
He  had  left  Hannibal  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Canufium ;  he  fonod 
the  conful  l.ivius  in  that  of  Sena  Gallica*  His  route  thr<  ugh  the  tcr- 
xitoriea  of  the  Larinatci,  Frrntani,  Marructni,  Pr«tatii,  and  i^icenuBAy 

•  lit,  Liv.  ixfii.  43—5  !• 

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Pi  ECES  DE'TACHE  ES.  • 

d'einiron  270  milks  Romains*.  J'ignore  le  tems  qu'il 
y  niit,  lis  je  fais  que  dans  fon  retour,  il  n'employa  que 
fix  jours  'I.  La  ncccllite  de  la  diligence  dcvcnoit  plus 
grandc  tau>  Ics  jours,  i  t  ce  n't'll  pas  unc  petite  tache  a 
la  gloirc  dWnnib.il  d'avoir  ignore  pendent  une  douzaine 
cie  jours,  qu'il  ifavoit  plus  un  conlui  cn  tcte.  Jc  crois 
qn'Ardrubal  s'cn  ferolt  apper^u  a  fa  place,  et  qu'il  auroit 
detruit  unc  ariiicc  d(  j;i  alfoiblie  par  la  perte  de  fon  gene- 
ral, et  d'un  gros  delachement  j  :  270  milles  dans  fix  jours 
nous  donncnt  par  jour  45  milles  Romains  (40}  d'Anglq- 
terre).  Le  fait  clt  prefque  incroyablc.  Je  fens  que  le 
corp$  de  Neron  etoit  choiii  fur  tuute  Tarmce,  qu'il  mar- 
choit  jour  ct  nuit,  et  que  les  foins  du  general  et  le  zele 
des  allies,  lui  prodiguoient  les  foulagemens  et  les  fecours 
propres  i  adouetr  les  fatigues,  et  ^  ranimer  fes  forces* 
Avec  tout  cela,  cette  marche  feroit  impoiTible  k  nos  trou- 
pes. 11  falloit  de$  Romains  du  tems  de  Scipion.  Legion- 
siairesy  leurs  corps  etoient  endurcis  a  la  peine  et  au  tra- 
yail }  citoyensi  il  avoient  une  patrie>  its  combattoient  pour 
elle.  Leurs  eflbrts  6tolcnt  bien  difierens  de  ceux  d'une 
troupe  de  mercenaires,  qui  n'efperc  que  fa  paye,  et  qui 
ne  craint  que  les  ch^timens. 

Ceil  ici  une  ebauche  du  chapitre  dont  j'ai  parley  mais 
quelle  eil  encore  imparfaite  ! 

•  Itiomm  Anton,  p.  313*  3M»  3i5'  J's*  mcfurc  fur  la  carte  dc 
Dciifle  h  diftance  de  Caoufium  h  Lariiium. 


into  Umhria,  ^Tnp  nbnut  270  Roman  niilv:,  ^.  1  know  not  how  many 
days  Jk-  empl;')vcl  in  nnirchitj^  th\t\\<  r;  but  1  know  that  only  fix  were 
fpcDt  in  hiti  return  ^.  Expedition  htcdrr.e  daily  more  nccelTaryj  and  it 
i«  not  a  fmall  fiaio  on  the  ginry  of  Haniiibal  that  he  remained  ignorant 
for  twelve  diys  of  the  departure  of  the  Roman  general.  1  think  thi* 
woLilJ  not  have  tfcapcd  the  vi^^  Imco  of  AfdriElia!;  and  that  he  would 
have  dt-flrny-d  an  army  weakened  l>y  ;ihiVncc  of  its  c^eneral,  ami 
by  a  puwcriul  <'Ltachmeut  §.  Q,'}0  Roai-in  miles  in  fix  days  give  ^5 
Romao,  or  4c  \  I  nglifii  milea  for  each  daily  march.  The  fad  i»  fcarcely 
credible.  Ntf*)^  forces,  indeed,  were  felcAcd  from  the  whole  army; 
he  marched  night  and  day;  and  tl.e  zeal  of  the  dlii  k  co-opL-ratcd  with 
the  attentions  (A  the  j^encrai  m  procuring  for  tlun\  iti  .ihijnd;incc  every 
comfort  and  a^litUncc  proper  iur  lufrciiing  their  fati^uc»  and  reviving 
their  (Irengtb.  With  all  thefe  advantages,  it  would  be  tmpoiiihle  for  mo- 
dem troop*  to  Til  die;  fuch  a  march,  'i'u  accompliOi  it  required  Romaha^ 
and  Romans  of  the  age  of  Scipio.  A*  foldiers,  their  hodiej  were  pati« 
ent  of  fjtij^uc  and  t  >il;  as  tuii'-e:;.,,  th(  /  Iiavl  a  country  for  whlcii  to 
ii|;ht.  i  iieu  cstifii>:;>  .vcre  quiu  dnrertn:  from  thofc  oi  .1  herd  o(  racr- 
ccnarlet,  who^  only  hope  is  that  of  puy,  and  whofe  only  fear  19  that  of 
poni(hmcnr. 

Tin  -  is  a  fketch  of  the  chapter  w(>icb  iiiiid  was  wanting     but,  how 

impcrfe^.'!  hnve  I  left  it ! 

t  ltir!'  r.iria  Anto;!,  p  3 1  3 1  jj, -^14,  .-^15.  I  haye  mcafured  on  the 
chart  of  Dchilc  the  diibncc  from  Cauufiunt  to  Larinum. 

I  Tic  Liv.  rnrii.  50.  aviiL  9.  ^  Tit.  Liv.  izTil*  46. 


RECUEIL     mtt  OBSERVATIONS, 


W  IV. 

4  Lausakns. 

IL  y  auroit  bien  des  connoiffances  philofophiques  ct 
theologiques  a  tircr  des  Fafies  d*Ovide,  La  religion 
des  Remains,  fes  rapports  et  fes  differences  d*avec  ccUc 
des  Grecs,  font  un  fujet  aufTi  curieux  quHl  eil  neuf.  Je 
ne  complc  pour  ricn  Ics  rccherchcs  d'un  Coyer. 

Sant  i  la  poefie  des  Faftes,  p'y  trouve  bien  plus  a  re- 
re  qu'i  louer.  Je  reconnois  avec  plailir  tout  le  016* 
rke  d'Oride ;  une  imagination  etonnante,  une  elegance 
foutenue,  ct  beaucoup  d'amenite  dans  IVfprit.  Je  fuis 
frappe  furtout  de  la  varlcte,  de  la  fouplefTe,  ct,  pourainii 
dire,  de  la  flcxibilite  de  fon  g6nie,  qui  pafie  avec  rapi- 
dite  aux  fujets  les  plus  oppoies,  qui  s'y  Itvre  avec  aifance, 
tl  qui  les  prefente  avec  tout  ragrement  dont  ils  font  fuf* 
ceptibles*  La  penfee  convtent  prefque  toujottrs  a  foa 
olijet»  et  ratement  fon  cxpreffion  manque  k  bien  rendie 
fa  penfee.  Dans  les  Faftes  Tidee  du  Undmmn  revient  2 
diaque  inftant;  mais  Pimage  du  poc^te  eft  toujours  dif- 
ferente.  Les  endroits  des  Faftes  qui  m'ont  fatt  le  plus 
de  plaifir,  font :  i.  L'origine  des  facrifices  des  animsMix. 
%•  L'avanture  dc  Lucrece.  3.  La  fite  d'Anna  Perenna. 

4*  L'ongiiM' 

i 

IV. 

MUCH  |]iflor<ip]iieal  and  naeh  tlicoI«gietl  kaowledge  mvf  %e  de- 
rived mm  Ovid*B  Fafti.  The  religion  of  the  Romans,  thr  points 
in  which  it  agrees  with  or  differs  fron^  'hat  of  the  Gri  is  a  fubjcd 
as  curious  as  it  in  new.    I  reckon  for  nothing  the  rcfcdrchesof  a  Coyer. 

T  he  poetry  of  the  Fafli  appears  to  me  more  liable  to  blame  than  wor- 
tJiy  of  praife.  I  acknowledge  with  pleafurc  all  the  merit  of  Ovid ;  hni 
aftonifliing  fancy,  a  perpetual  elegance,  and  the  mod  agreeable  turn  of 
mind.  1  princip.illy  admire  his  vtiriety.  fupplcncfs,  and  (if  !  mny  f'y 
fo)  hi%  flexibihty  of  genias,  which  rapidly  embraces  the  moil  oppoUte 
fubjeds,  aiTuroes  the  true  ilyle  of  each,  and  prefents  them  all  under  the 
titoft  pteaBog  fortm  of  whidi  tliey  ate  ftifceptilile.  The  thought  aluioft 
always  fuits  the  fubjeft  ;  and  the  uxpreflion  rarely  lails  in  being  fottable 
to  the  thoujjht.  In  the  Fifti,  the  fame  ideas  arc  perpetually  recurring; 
but  the  images  under  which  they  are  reprefented  are  continually  ditie- 
rent.  The  paflagcs  of  the  Falli  which  have  given  me  mod  pleafurc 
■K,  l«  The  origin  of  iacri&ei:  a*Thcadve&tiweof  Lacittis:  g-The 

leftml 


St  PTECES  DETACHERS. 


4«  L*origtne  du  nom  de  Mai.    5«  La  difpute  des 
pour  ccltti  de  Juin. 

Void  d'ttfi  autre  cot^  quelques  defauts  dans  le  carac* 
the  du  poete>  oii  dans  celui  de  fon  fujet,  que  je  n*ai  ap- 
pcr^us  qu*3vec  peine.  I.  OWde  mc  paroit  fansnerf^  ct 
fans  ileyatton.  Son  efprit  perd  en  profondeur  ce  qu'il  a 
gagne  en  fupinrficie.  S'agit-il  d'on  tableau  de  la  nature  ? 
fes  traits  font  vagues  et  rarement  charaderiftiques.  Dana 
ceux  des  paffionst  il  eft  rarement  jude,  trop  foible^  m 
trop  outre,  et  prefque  toujours  trop  diflPus;  il  cherche 
toujours  le  chemin  du  coeur>  mais  il  ne  le  tiouve  prefque 
jamais.  Son  cara£lere  teiulre  et  leger,  amolli  par  les 
plaifirs,  et  rendu  plus  tottchant  par  le  malheur*  lui  atoit 
un  peu  fait  connoitre  le  ton  de  la  trifteire,  et  celui  de  la 
joye.  II  fait  gemir  fur  le  fort  d'une  amante  abandonnee^ 
ou  celebrcr  la  vi£\oire  d*un  amant  heureux.  Mais  les 
graiules  pailions,  la  fureur,  la  vengeance,  la  force,  ou 
la  friocitc  ci*une  ame  c[ul  lubjuguc  les  ii^ovements  impe- 
tucux,  ou  kur  i.iiiTc  un  librt^  cours,  lui  font  uHez  in- 
coniiues.  Ses  perfonnagcs  foiu  plus  occupes  des  le<fleurs 
que  d'cux-Hicmcs;  et  le  poete,  qui  cioit  ctrc  cache,  paroit 
^  tout  inftant,  pour  les  louer,  pour  les  blamer,  ou  pour 
les  plaindte.  Ovuie  avoir  fait  une  tragedie  \  quoiqu'en 
dife  Quintilien,  je  nc  faurois  la  rcgretter  beaucoup.  2. 
U  connoiiToit  peu  Tan  des  proportionsj  cet  an  d  n^cef- 

(aire 


|c(U'val  of  Anna  Pcrcnoa :  4.  The  origio  of  the  oame  of  Maj :  5, 
^Ite  4ifpQce  of  the  godddGea  for  tbtt  of  Jvoe. 

The  following  arc  fomeof  the  faults  is  thtcharader  cither  df  Ac 
poet  or  <»f  his  fub)L-«5l;  which  it  is  painful  to  perceive.  Ovid  appears  to 
tnc  dcfc<^!vc  in  puiiit  of  ilrcngth  and  elcvaticu;  and  hi*  genius  lofcs  in 
dcptii  Vilidi  it  chains  in  furface.  In  {>ainting  uiiture,  hi«  ftrokc:*  are 
trague,  uid  without  chanAeT*  Hit  expreflioii  of  th«  paflkNM  b  r««lp 
juft;  he  is  fboietiines  weak,  fometimet  extraT&gant,  always  too  diiMii 
aod  though  he  contirually  kckt  the  road  tn  the  hcat;t,  is  ffHom  fttrtu- 
natc  enough  to  find  it.  His  light  and  trndcr  chara^er,  foftmed  by 
pkafurc,  and  rendertd  more  iiitcredmg  by  mii/ortune,  made,  him  ac- 
^nainted  with  die  cooet  of  ladDcfii  «nd  joy.  He  kaow*  haw  lo  UfM^nc 
the  mifery  of  a  forfaken  miftrcfa*  or  to  CclehnSe  the  triumphs  of  u  Ibt* 
cefsful  lovtr.  But  the  prrat  pntTiont  ^r"  above  bis  rrar h ;  fury,  vm- 
gicance,  the  fortitude  or  ferocity  of  the  loul,  which  either  (ubduey  its 
mpft  impetuous  rooTementt,  or  precipitates  their  unbridled  career.  His 
iMToe*  diHik  nrare  of  the  reider  than  of  theudelm ;  end  the  poet,  who 
Might  to  rennin  coiicei]e4»  is  alwayt  ready  to  come  forward,  and  to 
^raife,  blame,  or  pity  them.  Ovid  wrotr  a  tragedy ;  hut,  notwiih- 
^nding  the  Judgment  of  QuioiiUan,  1  camioi  much  regret  its  lofs.  t. 

-  He 


RECUEII-  dc  mei  OBSERVATIONS, 


(aire  a  un  ^crivaun  qui  marque  a  chaque  idee  fa  place  et 
fon  etendue,  felon  fa  nature,  et  le  but  de  celui  qui  Tem- 

ployc.  Chez  Ovidc  je  vois  dcs  penfees  efTentielles,  dcs 
r^cits  qui  ticnnciu  au  fond  de  Touvra^e,  pafler  legerc- 
Hicni  iaiis  laiil'er  de  traces,  pendant  qu  il  b\ippefaniit  fur 
des  OTnemen>  frivoles  et  peu  iiccciTaires.  CioiiDit-on 
que  TcnU  vcnicnt  de  Prof*  rplne  ell  decrit  en  deux  vlts, 
mais  (jue  le  dcnonibremcnt  des  flcurs  qu*clle  alloit  cueil- 
lir  dans  les  canipa^^ncs  d'jK/;//<7,  cn  avoit  occ  up  ■  fcize  *. 
J<-  conviens  (]uc  le  \\\\:X  Fallcr.,  rexpoloit  a  fe  troin- 
per  fouvcnt  fur  k.^  propufiums.  11  eft  lie  avcc  toiitc  la 
mythologie  des  Grces,  il  y  f  lUre  bvauconp  d'hilloire  Ro- 
mnlne.  Q^elqiietois  il  fnlloit  racutiter  loutc  une  iabic  ; 
dans  d'autrc^  occafions  il  fullifoit  de  la  rnppeller,  o\\  menie 
dc  la  fuppofer.  II  s*a^iiflbit  de  decider  jufqu'a  quel 
point  die  devoit  etre  dcja  connuc  d*un  le^^eur  un  peu 
indruity  et  combten  cette  connoiflance  etoit  eflentiellc  \ 
celie  de  Touvrage.  Cette  decifion  ctoit  dcs  plus  delicates. 
3.  Quelques  critiques  ont  loue  dans  Ovide,  la  finefle  et 
Fart  de  fcs  liaifons  dans  un  fujct  aufli  varie  que  les  me- 
tamorphofcs.  Mais  ce  fujet^  fans  avoir  I'unite  dc  I'epo* 
per,  Ini  lournifToit  dcs  rapports  trcs  naturels.  Celui  des 
Fades  eft  eutierement  decoufu.    Une  cercmonie,  uiie 


a  He  wa»  ignorant  of  the  rules  of  proportion,  rules  fo  nectikry  to  3  w  ri- 
ter who  would  give  to  emch  ientimeot  itt  due  exteot,  and  anwige  it  in  ^ 

pro(K:r  place,  agreeably  to  iuown  nature,  and  the  end  for  which  he  cm- 
ploys  it.  In  Ovid,  you  m^y  prrceivc  thought*  tlit  moft  intercftin^, 
mnd  rarrativt's  dolcly  conne<ilcd  with  the  very  tniireof  \\\%  fu!'ji<5, 
pals  away  lightly  without  leaving  a  trace  behind  ;  while  he  dwclU  wilh 
conplftcenee  00  parts  merely  oratmeiited,  frivolous,  or  fuperfluon^  Can 
it  be  believed  that  the  rap  -  of  Proferpine  (hould  be  defcribed  ia  two  verfi?«« 
■when  the  enumeration  of  the  flowers  which  (he  gatht  rcd  in  the  ^ard^:  <  f 
Knoa  had  juil  filled  fixteen  •  ?  1  acknowledge  that  the  fubjtd  of  ihc 
Fafti  cxpofcd  him  to  faults  in  proponioning  the  parts  of  his  work.  Thit 
fubjed  it  cooneded  with  the  whole  of  the  Creek  mythology  ;  it  coft> 
taint,  alfo,  ntuch  of  the  Roman  hiftory.  It  was  fometiroet  nccefftry  to 
rchrc:  th  •  ^^holc  fable  ;  at  orhcr  times,  to  hint  at  or  even  to  fuppolc  it, 
was  liifhciL-nt.  It  was  requifitc  iVr  him  to  decidr  how  far  each  ftory 
was  likely  to  be  known  by  un  ordinary  rcadtr,  and  how  much  the 
•knowledge  of  it  eontriboted  to  that  of  hit  fobjcd :  hot  the  principle^  tf 
Ittch  decifions  arc  extremely  delicate.  3.  home  writers  huve  pniifed 
Ovid  for  the  artfulnefs  of  his  traiifitions  in  a  work  fo  :  i  ;is  as  thit  i>f 
the  Mctsmorphofes.  Yet  rhi«  ful'jci^,  \»  itliout  poffeiiing  the  unity  of 
epic  potlry,  fupplitd  lain  witli  very  naiiirai  priuciples  of  couucdiuu. 

•  Ovid  Faft.  L«  iv.  p.  583. 

But 


Digitize 


et  PI  ECES  DE'TACHEXS, 


fete«  eft  tout-^-foit  ifol^e  At  celle  qoi  la  futt ;  encore  ne 

la  fuit-ellc  tjiie  par  une  chronologic  imaglnaire.  L'cpo- 
que  de  Icur  inft  itution,  que  le  poete  recherche  ton  jours, 
.^onibcr,  1)  Ton  vcur,  r.u  niois  de  Janvier ;  mais  cc  font 
fouvciit  dcs  niuis  dc  Janvier  d'une  anntu^,  ou  mcme  d*un 
fecle  ditirrcnt.  Ovide  a  fi  blen  fcnti  ct'  dt  faut,  qu'il  a 
voiiiu  licr  en  quelque  forte,  les  fetes  dc  la  tcrrc  avcc  Ics 
plienumtnes  du  ciel,  qui  ont  donnc  une  H.iifon  plus 
reelle,  mais  tres  peu  intcrefl'ante,  a  Ion  calendvicr.  4. 
Ovide  a  re^u  de  la  bouche  des  dieu\  route  la  Icicnce  de 
leur  cuke,  la  raifon  ct  Torigine  dc  chatjue  fable, 
ct  de  chanue  ccrcmonlc.  Tel  eft  I'efprit  humain. 
Dans  la  fiction  il  faut  une  apparence  de  verite.  L'in- 
yention  du  poete  ne  doit  jamais  travailler  fous  nos  ycux, 
Mais  Ic  notre  laifle  trop  cntrevoir  que  toutes  fes  conver- 
fatlons  ingenieufcs  avcc  les  dieux,  n'ont  eu.lieu  que  dans 
fon  efprit.  S'il  cn  parle  ferieiifement  une  fois»  a  I'occa. 
fion  de  Veda,  c'eil  poor  renTcrfer  Tedilice  cntter  d'ua 
feul  trait.  Je  conviens  que  le  melange  de  f6rieax  et 
dMmaginaire,  confondu  nvcc  la  religion  poetique,  qui 
^toit  en  meme  terns  celle  de  Tetat,  devoit  enibarraflcr  uit 
poete  Romain.  Chez  les  premiers  Grccs,  Piufpiratioii 
<l'HoiDere  ne  diff6roit  point  de  celle  de  Calchas;  fes 
outrages  et  ceux  de  fes  fuccefleurs^etoient  les  livres  faints 
dc  la  nation.   Chez  nous  au  contraire  ce  n'eft  qu*une 

iUufioo* 


But  the  Fafli  is  a  fubje^  totdly  disjointed.  Each  ccrcnionr,  and  each 
fdlival,  is  altogether  diOinA  from  that  which  foUowt  it/ and  which 
follows  it  only  bpr  an  imaginary  chrxmoJojEry.   The  poet  always  tracet 

the  acra  of  their  ifllitotion,  which  falh,  if  you  will,  on  the  month  of 
January ;  but  ihcv  r^rf  Janu  rirs  of  difitrcnt  years,  or  rj*hrr  of  diff«  - 
rcnt  centuries.  Ovici  was  fo  fcniible  of  this  dcftdt  in  his  fubjcd,  th  it 
he  endeavours  to  aRbcutC  fe(liv«b  00  the  earth  with  the  phenomena  of 
the  heftveDs,  in  order  to  give  aeonnedion  more  real,  but  extremely 
cninttrcfting,  to  his  calendar.  4.  Ovid  hean)  from  the  mouth  of  the 
god»  the  laws  rf  their  worfhip,  the  orij:m  nnd  principle  of  rach  fable, 
and  of  each  ceremony.  Such  is  the  nature  of  the  human  mind  ;  even 
in  fiAion  we  require  iJ.e  appearance  of  truth.  We  cannot  bear  to  fee 
the  poet*«  invention  at  >^orlcl  But  Ovid  Ibewa  to  us  too  plainly,  that  aU 
his  ingenious  convcrf.itions  with  the  j;ods  are  the  work  of  his  own 
brain.  When  he  fpcaks  fciu^tifly,  r';  he  onre  does  in  mentioning  Vcfta, 
it  is  to  over-run  the  whole  fmcilul  l.ibric  at  one  blow.  I  acknowlodp'*. 
that  a  Roman  poet  mutl  have  Ihcu  perplexed  by  the  perpetual  mixture 
of  the  ferioQs  with  the  iaotaftic,  and  by  a  poetical  religion  which  was 
alfb  that  of  ftate.  Among  the  early  Greeks,  the  tnfpiration  of  Homer 
:V\>\  not  differ  from  that  of  Cilchas.  His  works  and  rhi^fc  <»1  his  luc- 
c  iT  rn  were  the  fcripiuresof  the  nation.  Witii  us,  on  tJu  ntlu  r  hand, 
iiic  iiiiptration  of  puds  is  merely  a  trauiicDt  and  volontary  illuliou  ca 
1  •  whirti 


toS  .  REOJKIL  ii  ma  OBSERVATIONS, 

illafion  volontatre  et  paflagerei  un  langage  de  eonvei^ 
tion*  Mats  parmi  tes  Romalns  aui  croyoient  un  peu  i 
leurs  diooxy  quoiqu'ils  s'cn  moquriflfent  tres  fouveiity  mais 
^ui  n'avoient  tiulle  foi  a  leurs  poetes,  le  r&le  de  ceux-ei 
ecoit  trds  difficile  I  fouteoir.  5.  Jc  ne  dois  pascomptet 
b  mefure  dcs  vers  ^legiaques  pour  un  defaut  particuliert 
Quoique  le  cara^lere  des  Faftes  eftt  fort  bien  comporte  14 
mefure  heroSfque.  Quoiqu*il  ei|  foit,  la  premiere  m's 
toujours  ennuye.  Elie  eft  obligee  de  placer  reguliere* 
ment  le  repos  du  pentametre  fur  le  milieu  do  troiHeme 
pied,  et  de  renfcrmer  un  fens  complet  dans  les  deux  vers. 
Cette  monotonie  fatigue  bientot  Toreille,  et  dcs  homes 
auffi  ctroites  pioduifent  bien  des  chcvillcs.  II  y  a  tcjut 
autrement  de  variete,  dc  liberie  et  de  vraic  harmoiuCi 
dans  la  maLche  des  ycT^  heroiques. 

AL'oceafiott  du  trait^  d^Addifon,  je  ferai  deux  ou 
trois  remarques  fur  les  etres  allegoriques  qu'on  vok 
fur  les  revers  des  mcdaiiles.  Que  Tefprit  humain  eft 
boro6 !  fea  in? entions  k$  plus  hardies  no  font  que  deg 
cepict. 

r.  On  a  youIu  donner  k  tens  ces  £tres  une  fiffure  hii»> 
jnaiiie.  Nos  yeux,  accoutumfs  i  ne  voir  la  raifon  que 
Cm  cette  forme,  exifleoient  ce  (acrifice.   Mais  notre 

efpnt 


which  wc  fubmit  ouriclves.  But  amonp  the  Roni^jis  who  il'crnatcly 
WUcfCd  ill  and  hoghed  at  their  god»,  but  who  had  no  faith  wjiattver 
Id  tbdr  poets,  tht  part  of  thcfe  1^  wat  rcry  difficult  to  ad:  5.  I  oupht 
not  to  reckon  the  employment  of  ekgiac  Tcrfe  as  a  particular  fault, 
though  heroic  meafurc  would  have  been  well  adapted  to  thefubjrd  r,f 
the  faili.  Elegiac  vcife  has  always  tired  inc.  I  he  pnitfc-  conftantly- 
mwf  4Nithe  middle  of  the  foot  of  the  pcnumctcr;  and  the  fenfc  muft 
always  he  included  in  a  couplet.  Thtt  moootooy  faticoei  the  ear;  an^ 
caufcs  the  introdudion  of  many  ofelcfs  words  merely  tor  the  lake  of  the 
nuafure.  There  is  fat  more  variety,  liberty,  and  trae  haripoDy  an  cIm; 
flow  of  heroic  verle. 

No  y. 

Lausakne, 

IN  confequencc  of  reading, Addifon's  trcatifc,  the  following  rrmnrk* 
luwe  occnired  to  me  on  the  allegorical  beings  which  we  And  on  the 
fevarfea  of  medak.  How  limited  i»  the  hvman  mind  f  ii«  boldeft  uveo- 
tions  are  ropier. 

^.  All  thofc  beings  are  reprffrnted  under  the  human  figure.  Oar  eyci, 
nccnftomcd  to  hehrild  the  cxerciic  of  rcafun  only  under  this  fhapr,  re- 
ared fuch  t  ftcrifiee.  Yet  by  onr  inability  of  feparating  from  the  idea 


d  by  Google 


#  ftBCEA  DETACHE1S& 

tfyA  iocapable  d'une  abftra^iion  n^cefiair^  hm  d*(lM 
de  f^pmr  dt  la  figure  hiimaine^  dcs  id^  qui  I'accom*. 
pagnent  ordtn^iremcnty  dcm^iidott  encore  que  Ic  Icxe 
fCit  d^ertntn^.  Ce  fexe  rcnfermoit  cependant  dee  images 
grofliefe«9  qui  coovepoieot  mal  k  la  paret£  des  vertua  et 
a  la  ijpiritttalit6  dee  Scres  metaphyfiquea.  Apria  aYoir 
fail  ces  deux  facrifices  aux  yeux  et  i  I'imaginatioo,  il  ca 
fal]oit  un  troifi^me  pour  ^Oreille.  Pour  difttngoer  le 
fexe»  oa  ne  rechercha  point  de  caraAeret,  dca  attrit>ut8 
qui  pouvoient  avoir  quelque  rapport  avec  ceux  de  la  fe» 
mette  ou  du  mlile.  Cette  m(thode  auroit  fourni  quelques 
allegories  paflaUes.  On  fuivit  fans,  r^iexion  lea  genrea 
de  kurs  noms,  qui  n'ont  ete  regies  dans  toutes  les  langues 
que  par  le  caprice  et  Tignorjince  des  premiers  hommes. 
En  Grec  auili  bien  qu'en  Latin,  la  plupart  de  ces  noma 
font  feminiiis.  L:i  plupart  de  ces  etrcs  font  par  conl'e- 
qijcnt  rrprclcnU'S  cn  Icnmies.  Je  di^  la  plupart,  car  mal* 
licurculcrnLnt  encore  il  y  en  u  de  malcuhus.  Quelquefois 
il  y  a  deux  iynouymes  de  genres  oppofes,  et  le  mcme  etre 
fe  voit  travelli  en  homnie  uu  ta  icmiiie,  felon  le  mot 
par  lequcl  on  le  dcfigne.  Je  ne  citerai  que  Texemple  de 
Gloria  et  d'Honos.  Par  la  fuite  nectiraire  d'un  arrange- 
ment audi  mal  imagine,  le  cara(ftere  du  fexe  et  celui  de 
Tetre,  font  fouvent  compromis.  Les  vert  us  ne  peuvent 
fe  coatraricrj  et  Ton  ne  peut  imaginer  la  veiit^i  la  juf- 

tice^ 


«tf  the  honuil  figure  the  circumnarces  which  cotnmon!y  accompany  St, 
our  fancy  requires,  alfo,  rl'tit  the  fcx  fhould  be  determined.  The  circiina- 
itancc  of  fex,  however,  implies ^ruf« images,  which  illcof refprnd  with  the 
purity  nf  the  virtues, or  the  fpirituaiity  o(  metaphyfical  beings.  After  hav- 
ing made  thofe  twn  fncrifleet  to  the  mind  and  the  eyes,  a  third  was  fttll 
fequired  by  the  ear*  The  diHin^tion  of  fcx  was  not  marked  by  charac» 
teriitic  attribute*  appropriated  to  the  male  and  fcnralc.  1  his  method 
might  have  furnifhcd  fomc  toleruMc  all:<^orics.  But  tlic  vci  dcrs  of 
their  names  was  injadicioufly  chukn  as  the  only  foundation  of  Uiiiinc* 
tim,  fioee  in  all  Iaii^uage»  thofc  gCDdcr»  have  been  determined  by  the 
Cifrice  and  tgOoraiKc  i>{  the  firft  perlbot  who  fpoke  them,  fn  Greek 
and  Latin,  moft  thofc  names  are  feminine.  The  l>ein9^*  whom  tbcy  , 
csprcfs  arc  thtictorc,  for  the  moll  part*  rcprcfentL-d  by  foma!;:  fi^urc^. 
I  h^y  lot  the  mod  part,  for  they  arc  fometimr»  uuiortunatcly  mafcvthot: ; 
and'at  other  timet  we  have  two  fynonyDiouiwcird*  of  difierent  gender»; 
and  the  fame  being  affumet  the  male  or  femah  form,  accurcin^  to  the 
word  employed  as  its  name.  I  fhal!  mj^ntion  oiily  th?  exanij  l-  i-l  GW'j 
and  Henos.  In  confequrnce  of  fo  iaiilry  j.n  arr*:,  .;Lnicnt,  the  cfi ira»5ler 
pf  the  being  h  often  at  variance  with  thdt  of  i:s  fex.  I'rue  vii  tuc  ibcou- 
*  fiftent ;  and  we  cannot  conceive  the  truth,  juftice  or  homanity  of  a  wo* 
man  cxorciftd  at  the  eEpence  of  chaftity  and  decency.   Yet  when  the 

,  attribytea 


R£CU£iL  de  mei  OBSERVATIONS, 


free,  ou  rhumanite  d'une  femme  qui  fe  ployc  aux  de- 
pens  tie  la  cliHliete,  ou  de  \?.  drcence  dc  Ion  fcxe.  Def- 
que.In  nuJite  cependant  parok  convcmr  aux  attributs 
d*u:i  ctrc  moral,  on  fait  paroitre  la  Valeur,  TEquite,  ou 
TKiperdiice,  dans  un  etat  a  faire  rougir  one  femme  mo- 
defte.  On  a  beau  me  dire  que  ce  ne  font  pas  de  femmes^ 
mats  des  figures  femintnes.  Ma  ratfon  faifit  la  differeucey 
mais  cVfl  a  rimagination  qu'il  faut  parler  ici. 

2»  On  a  beau  inventer  des  fymboles,  oh  nc  pcut  re- 
pr^fenter  que  des  qualites  humaines,  fous  unc  figure  hu- 
mainc.  La  piet6  n'eft  qu'une  femme  picufe,  le  courage 
n'eil  qu'une  femme  intreptde,  &c»  C'ett  deja  beaucoup 
que  de  purger  I'ame  humaine  de  toutes  les  paiHons^  a 
llexceptton  d'une  feule  qui  Toccupe  toate  entiere,  et  qui 
fe  momre  a  decouvert  dans  fes  aftions,  dans  Ton  air»  dans 
fbn  maintien»  et  jufques  dans  fa  parure*  Mats  cette  ab- 
ftra^lion  a  exifle,  quoique  bien  rarement*  On  peut  aa 
moins  en  concevoir  la  poiBbtlit^y  et  d^s  lors  elle  peut 
etre  repr^fentee.  Encore  ces  fymboles  ne  font-ils  jamais 
6  frappanS)  que  lorfqu'ils  fortent  du  pays  des  chim^res^ 
pour  nous  ramener  a  des  idees,  et  i  la  v^rit6  des  chofes. 
Je  ne  connois  point  de  fymbole  plus  frappant  que  celoi 
de  la  pi^te  en  Veftale  Romainc.  Le  fenat  a  outre  ce 
principe  un  pen,  loiTqu'il  a  fait  graver  les  vertus  fous  les 
tuiis  lie  U  s  princcb.  Parnn  k  s  Ljualites  humaines,  celles 
qui  font  permanentcs  et  dt  icnniiiech,  fc  niarquent  avec 
plus  de  force^  que  celles  qui  font  vagues  et  pafTageres. 

Les 


mttribnfc^  nf  an  allcf^orical  being  rrquir  ■  tl,;it  it  fhould  be  rep  re  fen  ted 
flaked,  we  fee  Valour,  Jullice,  and  Ho^e  cxhibued,  in  a  manner  in 
which  a  modcft  woman  would  blufli  to  appear.  It  ii  ufetcft  to  tell 
aae,  thefe  are  not  women,  but  female  figaree.  My  underftaodii^  per* 
ceiveti  the  difference;  but  the  imitacivc  arts  muft  fpeak  to  the  fancy. 

%.  Whatever  fynvboU  wt-  invent,  human  qualities  alone  cajinor  be  re- 
prefcntcd  under  human  ii^urcs.  Piety  is  only  a  piuu»  .woman  ;  mid 
Coura^.  a  coorageotia  one,  ftc  Mudi  it  done  when  the  font  it  purg- 
ed of  all  palliont  but  one,  which  occopKi  it  entirely,  and  (hewt  itfdf 
manifcftly  in  air,  adlion,  demeanour,  and  even  drcft*.  This  ab(lra<^ioa 
La$  been  realized,  though  rarely;  it  maybe  conceived  by  the  fancy, 
and  may  thcrcfurc  be  reprcfcnted.  But  thole  lymhtjls  arc  always  moil 
ftrskiDg  which  quit  the  reckon  of  chimeraK,  and  give  ut  ideas  thai  are 
prectfe  and  conformable  to  the  natnre  of  thiDga.  One  of  the  moft  intc* 
Tcfting  is  that  of  Piety  under  the  form  of  a  Roman  veftal.  The  fenate 
carried  this  principle  too  far,  when  it  reprefenttd  the  virtues  under  the 
ponrait^  of  its  princes.  Of  human  quaiittes,  thufe  that  are  fixed  and 
permancnc  are  marked  with  more  force  than  thole  that  are  unccrtaia 
aod  tranfieot*  The  latter  are  opidled  alone  hf  the  air  and  attitude  ; 


Digitize 


tt  PIECES  DETACiiE  ES. 


Hi 


Lies  dernieres  ne  sVxprixnent  que  par  Pattitude  et  Pair;. 
Its  premiss  peuvent  y  a j  outer  les  traitSi  la  figure^  et 
nnbtUemeiit.  Les  fymboles  de  la  Chaftet^  oa  de  la 
Vertu,  font  bien  plus  fenfibles  que  ceux  de  TEfperancc 
ou  de  la  Crainte. 

Toutes  les  autres  idees  abilraitcs  doiit  oti  a  vijulii  lairc 
dcs  perforines  rcclle;.,  la  Viclnire,  rErcrnit( ,  1' Abondance, 
&c.  ne  Ic  font  connoitrc  que  par  quol<|ues  uns  de  leurs 
cilcts  lenfibles,  ou  par  queiquc  objct  reel  dont  Fidee  eft 
liec  avec  la  leur.  Encore  I'eroit-on  i'ort  embairafle  a 
les  truuver  au  befoin,  fi  la  fable  et  les  iiillitutions  des 
hommes,  ne  foui  nilToient  beaucoup  de  fignes  arbitraires, 
qui  n*ont  leur  valeur  que  par  unc  convention  tacitc. 
Pour  la  fcHKne  dans  le  fymbolc,  elle  n*eft  qu'uii  hors 
d'oeuvre.  E'erernitc  eft  afiez  bien  reprefentee  par  uii 
globe  et  un  phxnix,  Dans  la  treizieme  mcdaillc  de  la 
premiere  fuitc,  une  femme  afllfe  les  foutient  dans  la  main. 
Dans  la  cinquienie  medaillc  on  ne  voit  point  de  femme, 
mais  Tidee  eit  toujours  la  meme.  Elle  y  a  fi  peu  depart, 
que  fa  pr^fence  ou  fon  abfence  n'y  apportent  pas  )e 
moindre  changement.  Quow  reitere  i'experience  fur 
'tOtttes  CCS  m^dailles,  la  femme  n*y  c(l  que  pour  figuren 
Elle  n'eft  jamais  fynMe  elle-meme.  hts  provinces  font 
d'un  genre  mitoyen.  Com  me  pays,  elles  ne  font  point 
fymboliques,  mais  elles  le  font  tr^s  fouvent  pour  repre- 
femer  le  genie  et  les  mceurs  <le  leurs  habitans. 

3.  M. 


in  the  reprelcntation  of  the  former^  one  may  add  to  thcfe  chaiaAerU^ 

tics  the  features,  figure,  and  drtb.  The  fynibols  of  Virtiir  or  Chaf* 
tity  may  be  more  didindly  charadcrifcd  tbdin  thofe  of  Hope  or 
Fear, 

The  other  ahftraftiont  which  have  been  repreiented  by  hnman 
figures,  Vidory,  Eternity,  Abundance,  &c.  are  rccognifcd  only  by 
forne  of  their  pfrceptiblc  tffedls,  or  by  fomc  rt  al  objci5t  whofe  itlca  is 
aflbciAted  with  their  own.  Wc  ibnul.i  have  nuich  ditliculty  in  inventing 
tbcjo,  when  wanted,  if  hillory  and  fable  did  not  fuppiy  a  number  of 
•rhitmry  figns  which  receite  their  meaning  merely  from  convention. 
In  the  fymboUe  reprcfimtatton,  the  woman  is  merely  an  aircefTory. 
Eternity  is  vcty  well  rcprefcntcd  by  a  jj^ohc  and  a  phoenix  ;  irj  the  thir- 
teenth medal  of  the  firft  feries,  a  woman  fitting  holds  them  In  iierhaml. 
In  the  fifteenth  mcdii  there  is  nowom^n,  though  the  idea  is  ibil  the 
fame ;  and  if  we  csamiae  all  rhe  other  medaU,  we  fiiall  find  that  wo- 
men are  there  merely  to  make  a  figure*,  but  never  anfwer  the  parpofc  of 
fymbolt.  The  province*  are  of  a  middle  kind,  they  arecevtrr  fymboln 
ot  couKtrica,  bttt  are  often  fo  of  the  geaiu»  and  manncfi  of  their  it«ha* 
bitaxitf. 


Digitized  by  Google 


R£C£UIL  A  mn  OBSEKVATIONS. 

3.  M.  Addlfon  propofe  une  application  de  I'ode  trentc 
cinqulcnic  du  premier  livre  d'Horace>  ^  I'occafion  d  une 
ni(  daiile  qui  it^xtitxiXA  Ik  &g€urit€  qui  s'appujfc  (iur  une 

Regumque  matres  barbarorum,  tt 
Fmpurei  mttmmi  tyramui 

Injuriofs  ne  pede  proruas  ' 
Btanttm  eolumnam*"  ■  ■  ' 

lis  craignoient  que  la  Fortune  ne  renverfat  la  colonnr  cic 
Icur  confiance.  Mais  la  crainte  et  la  feciiritr  fubfiltent 
mal  tnicmbie.  D'alllenrs  Horace  fe  leroit-il  icrvi  d'unc 
alluiion  aufli  fine,  et  auili  eloigner,  fans  cn  avertir  le 
lefteuj,  au  moiiis  par  une  feule  epithete  ?  Pourquoi  nc 
pas  rapporter  tout  uniment  ces  paroles  a  toutet  ccs  (ta^ 
tueSf  ces  colonnesi  que  Tadulation  erigeoit  aux  tynuis^ 
ct  qui  devenoient  les  premises  viflimts  de  la  fareur  po- 
pulaire  dans  one  revolution  I  Je  foup^onne  m^me  que 
le  poete  poavoic  avoir  en  vuc  le  loi  des  Parthes,  le  plus 
piiifiant  monarque  de  TOrient*  I>e  meurtrier  de  Ton  pere 
Ct  de  toute  fa  famille,  avoit  raifon  de  craindre  la  For» 
tune.  Son  inquietude  6toit  fous  les  yeux  des  Romatos  \ 
il  avoit  donn^  i  Augufte  plufieun  &tages»  de  fes  proches 

partita^ 


3.  Mr.  Addlfon  propnfes  an  explanation  of  the  thirty-fifth  ode  of  the 
firil  bouk  of  Horace,  in  fpeakiog  of  a  medal  which  rcprclieiiu  Sccuxiti' 
reiLiog  00  a  pillar 


SUiUem  foium/utm,        •  ■ 

Tbtf  feared  kft  Fartune  might  •vertm  tlw  vSlUi  of  their  fiecaritf » 

But  ft-ar  and  fecurity  are  inconilftcat.  Bcfloes,  Horace  would  not 
probably  havp  niade  oie of  fo fubtile  aoU  far-fetched  an  iUaiioD  without 
givtug  waramg  oi  it,  at  l<;aft,  by  Come  epithet.  Why  may  not  thefc 
wordehe  applkd  litaally  to  thofie  ftatuci  and  pilUr«  which  Ibtteiy 
erode  to  tyraBie»  ud  which  arc  commonly  the  firil  viAiau  of  popular 
fury  at  thr  time  of  a  rerolatioo  f  I  conjcdurc  that  the  poet  might  al« 
lude  to  the  king  of  the  Parthiaos,  the  mo{\  powerful  monarch  of  the 
£a(l.  Fortune  might  judly  be  dreaded  by  the  oiuidcrcr  of  hi*  father, 
sod  of  his  whole  iiumly.  The  Roinaiia  had  fees  preoft  of  hia  anxiety. 
Ha  had  ghraa  to  Atgoftat  feverd  of  hit  ocardt  relatiow  aabotti^tai^ 

•  Dialogues  upon  Mcdaia,  DiaL  ii.  p.  4;« 

whom 


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€t  Pi  £C£S  DETACHE  ES. 


parens,  que  ce  prince  faifoit  61evc  r  a  Rome.    Le  fuperbe 

Fhrahatc  cherclioit  moins  a  rl.ittcr  Ic^  Roniains  par  cctte 
dc.ii  irche  hunilUaiite,  (^u'a. ^river      uiccont^ns  de  chelil, 
d  une  icvokc  *. 

VI. 

i  FioitBVCB,  Us  Aovt  1764* 

J'AI  111  un  petit  oovrage  inticttl^t  Iditira  Crkica  dei 
Cavaiiere  LorenM  Guazxefi  AreHno  MWufirifu 
Detim  AnHmo  Coceln^  MeiiC9  AntiqmrU  ii     M-  C* 
hd^rm  ad  Alcutti  fatH  dilla  Guerra  GalSca  Cifalpinay  fi» 
guiti  PAnw  di  Rama  529^  in  Ariz%o  17529  in  iim.  pp. 
103.   J'y  trottvedtt  favoir  et  de  refprit*  une  bonne  cri- 
tiqoe,  et  unc  vAz  grande  connoiflance  dn  local*  Son 
d^faut  principal  eft  celui  de  fa  nation  \  nn  ftyle  AGad* 
qucy  ennemt  de  la  force^  de  la  pr^cifion  et  de  la  bri^vet^* 
Je  vaisraflembler  (ur  ce  fujet  ce  que  M.  Guaz2e(i  wfz 
appiiSf  et  les  idte  que  ma  prop  re  leflexion  y  a  ajout^ea* 
Cette  ebauche  feroit  mdns  imparfaite»  fi  yavois  un 
Polybc  fous  les  yeux. 

I.  Je  ne  faurois  concevoir  un  cvcnement  plus  dange- 
reux  pour  la  grandeur  Romainc,  que  ne  I'auroit  rte  la 
reunion  dcs  GuuluihCt  dei»  Carihaginois  dans  la  premiere 
Vol.  ill.  I  guerre 


whom  thac  emperor  caufcd  to  be  ednc&ted  at  Rome.  The  haughtjr 
Plmhatet  intemlcd  IcA  to  flitter  the  Ronum  bf  this  bamilLitbs  saea* 
fore,  thn  to  deprive  hti  diliNiiitettted  fubjeAt  of  men  fit  to  bcM  their 
ttvok  «• 

N«  VI. 

Florfnce,  jth  Auguft  1764. 

I HAVE  been  reading  a  little  work,  intitkd,  A  Critieat  Utter  of  tb§ 
Chevaiift  Lmtno  Guditufi  Arttino^  to  JM$r  Ajitbwty  Cpctbi,  Fb^' 
rimmamJAatifmmrytfSiM  Catholic  Majefiy ;  rtfptBhgfiim  Traufammi  im 
tie  Cifalpine  Gatltc  If^ar,  in  the  Teir  of  Rome  519  :  Arexzo^  ;  « 

i%me.  pp.  103  1  find  in  this  little  work,  erudition,  good  fenfc,  foun4 
criticiCn,  with  iniich  local  ktiowledge.  Its  chief  fault  U  that  of  the 
Ch«raHc^s  country,  an  Afiatk  ftyle,  prejudtdU  to  ftrength,  precifion^ 
Mid  brevity.  1  ihall  unite,  utukr  odc  point  of  view,  vrhat  I  have 
?c.irncd  from  him  on  the  fubjeci,  and  the  addition''  which  my  o^vn  re- 
SicA\or\%  have  made  to  it.  Xhi»iketch  would  be  kfii  impcrfei^  h«d  I 
a  Polybias  at  hand. 

1.  t  cannot  fanagine  anw  event  that  would  have  more  endangered  th^L 
freatoeft  of  Ronif  thm  the. onion  of  the  Gattlt'indjCMfai^fUijant 

*  Tacit.  Anoai.  ii.  I. 

the 


114  RECUEIL  ^  ma  OBSERVATIONS, 

guerre  Punique.  lis  ctoient  recioutaWcs  Ics  uns  ct  les 
autrcs  \  cc  peuple  ambitieux  ;  la  politique  la  mieux  en- 
tendue  joignoit  fes  confells  ^  ceux  de  la  haine.  Chacan 
auroit  mis  dans  i'alliance  ce  qui  manquoit  a  Ton  ami. 
Carthage  fe  faifoit  craindre  par  fes  ireforsy  fa  xnarinei 
et  (a  dircipUnemilitaire.  nombre,  la  valeur,  et  la 
fituatioh  avantageufe  des  Gaulois»  £aifoient  toujours  re- 
garder  one  guirre  Gattlmfe  com  me  unecrife  tres  dange* 
reufe  pour  la  r6piiUiqiie.  Si  Itea  allies  avoicsit  r6u(fi,  la 
difference  lie  lotit  met  et  de  leun  cara£^eres,  auroit  fa» 
olite  les  paitagety  et  ciment6  leur  ainiti6.  Mais  h  po» 
litique  timide  et  boni6e  des  Cartliagtnoisy  et  Tinfeiilibi* 
lite  parefieuCe,  H  naturelle  uiie  natioii  de  barbactii  qui 
ne  {MT^foic  jamais  les  dangerst  ^paign^reot  aux  Romiins 
tons  les  perils  de  cette  allianoe.  Je  penfe  qye  cette  fe-> 
pabliqiiei  qui  bfott  diffimnler  et  ion  ambtcioii  et  ia  m- 
geanccj  menageoit  ks  barbaics  avec  foini  et  qa'elle  at- 
tendoit  tranquiltemeiit,  pour  ks  ifriier,  le  moment  oil 
lis  n*aiimeiit  de  teflbmoe  qu'^en  eox-mtoes. 

L'aa  de  Rome  470  les  Gaukns  Btmmt  fment  piet 
qiifeztenniii^  On  envoya  les  oolopks  de  C^rum  et 
Imo^  dans  kur  pays,  qui  r6endott  de  1* J^Cr  i  VUJmi 
et  tout  kur  territoiiey  VJ^  GaOieuf,  fat  aio(it6  an  do* 
maine  de  P^tat.  Au  boot  de  euiquante  ntitt  ansi  un 
tribua  a? ide  de  popvlanc^,  fit  pafler  une  ki,  poor  dU 
vifer  paimi  les  citoyeos  ces  tenes  de  la  rfpublique.  On 

ade 


iht  Ml  Funic  Wir.  Both  thefc  nations  were  fonnidlUe  to  that  am- 
bitious republic;  and  in  both  the  prujc6ts  of  venji^eance  woult!  have 
been  dircs^rd  by  the  wifcft  policy.  Each  would  have  brought  wilh  it 
the  advacugci  m  which  iti  ally  was  deflcieac.  Carthage  was  powerful 
ia  wnltliy  &ippia|:,  and  nilitary  difcipliae.  The  pupulonftiefit  valotfi 
and  ad^ntageoa*  litaatioa  of  the  Gauls  made  the  Romaat  alwaja  ^on* 
lider  a  Gallic  war  as  an  event  big  with  alarm  and  danger.  Had  the 
allies  fuccecded,  the  difTcrence  of  their  vitwtand  charadcr  would  have 
facilitated  the  friendly  divUion  of  their  couquelb,  and  cemented  their 
noian.  Btit  the  cauttous  and  narrow  policy  of  the '  Carthaginians,  and 
the  lazy  infcnfibility  natural  to  improvident  Barbarians,  deUtered  the 
Romans  from  the  danger  of  this  alliance.  The  rrpuHlic,  I  imagine, 
ifp^o  knew  how  to  diflcmble  her  hatr^  as  well  as  her  ambition,  was 
Ar«fttl  to  keep  on  good  cerms  with  the  Oauls ;  and,  before  profokiof 
ihcir  refisntmeot,  patiently  wthed  nntil  they  flionld  liave  no  other  to- 
Iburcc  th-n  in  tJicmfelvcs. 

In  the  year  of  Rom-  470,  the  Gdlli  Scnonet  wer?  almoft  extirpated. 
The  colonies  of  Cailrum  and  Sena  were  fent  into  ihc  couoiry  eateod* 
infrftom  JElit  to  the  UCou ;  end  i&e  whole  of  their  lemtory,  the  Afcr 
OalUcns,  was  added  to  the  dominions  of  th«  date.  Fifty-eight  years 
afterwards,  a  tribune,  ambitiou*  of  popularity,  obtnincd  a  law  for  di- 
vldiag  thit  public  pcoperty  amongihc  atizeoi.  It  ia  difficult  to  perceive 

why 


.  J  I.  d  by  Google 


m  PrECES  DETACHERS. 


t  c!e  la  peine  a  voir  comment  cette  noufCUe  diftribution 
d'un  bien  qna  n'ecoit  plus  auz  Gaulois^  a  pu  allumer  fur 
le  cbamp  unc  guem  anffi  vive  qu'cUc  fut  g^n^rale.  Je 
compvend*  liniiement  que  ks  ^0^'  lioiittopms  jouiflbient 
Favantage  da  p2ttinge  public,  moyennant  cette  lede- 
vance  qn'on  mmiaioit  Smptioiif  et  que  dm  piiti* 
cnlien  ^toient  intetefles  peut*ttre  dans  lea  fonifennea  de 
cea  domainea*  L'avidite  dea  nouvcanx  habitana»  anim 
diaft  de  lema  azjlea  quelque  fbiblea  leftea  dea  &ut§mtg 
que  Ja  fage  mod^ratkm  du  gonvemement  avoit  onbli^a. 
*  Le  foiGnage  dea  Romatns  devtenott  piua  dangerenx  ans 
GauloiSf  k  mefttie  que  cette  firomite  fe  fortifioit  et  fe 
pcuploii  d'nne  oolonie  male  et  guerriire.  Qttotqu'il  ea 
Jfoitt  oette  lot  r^pandit  la  craintc  et  la  furenr  dana  tonte 
la  Ganle  Cifalpine.  Cea  nationa  piirent  lea  annes,  et 
Ua  appelleient  encore  en  Italic  on  corpa  nombrenx  de 
meroenaiiea  tirea  dea  peuplea  Tranfiupina.  Les  Ro* 
mains  fe  pr6parerent  k  foutenir  I'orage.  Par  le  d6nom- 
brement  qu'ils  firent  de  toute  ritalic,  ils  virent  bientot 
qu'ils  pouvoicnt  y  oppofer  700,000  fantaffinSy  et  70,000 
cavaliers.  Lc  conful  iEmilius,  avcc  unc  nombrcufe 
armce,  ic  poiiA  a  Ariminum  pour  couvrir  VA^r^i  r  Gal/icus, 
robjctdc  la  guerre  i  et  un  des  prehears  ixit  cliarge  de  la 
defcnfe  dc  I'Etrurie.  L'autrc  conful,  Arilius,  etoit  d6ja 
en  Sardai|;nej  occupe  a  founiettre  les  barbares  de  cette 


why  thii  dlftribution  of  hodt,  which  had  c<afed  to  beioog  to  the  Gail]% 
fliould  at  once  provolEe  t  war  M  licree  u  it  wai  genenl ;  ill  that  1  no* 
#erihiirf  lif  tHat  the  neighbouring  Boli  enjoyed  dw  riaht  of  public  paf« 


The  oci^ibovhond  of  the  Romuit  would  grow  mon  fomidable  to  the 
Oaalt,  in  propntion  as  that  frontirr  was  fortified  and  peopled  by  a 
riTal  and  wtirlike  c<ilony.  Whiitcvcr  were  the  reafon;,  it  u  certain  that 
thu  law  fpreaii  dxiroay  and  iury  through  the  wiiole  of  Cifalpioe  GauL 
ThA  wtdom  flew  to  anna,  and  ntvittd  into  Italy  nnmcroat  mtfccDi* 
rioi  from  beyoad  the  Alps.  The  Romans  prepared  for  cefifting  tha 
ftonn.  By  an  enumeration  of  their  forces  in  Italy,  they  found  they 
could  ftnd  KJto  the  field  700,000  foot  and  70,o'>o  horfe.  The  conful 
^milius,  ac  the  head  of  a  numerous  army,  took  pod  at  Arioiicum,  to 
MaidAfiAferOdliins,- tlieob|edlortliewir;  and  one  of  thepiwn 
waocfimifted  with  the  defence  of  Tufcaoy.  Atilius,  the  other  conful* 
bad  failed  10  a»diota,  with  afiewof  co«|iieriflgch«l^|rintfiaot«f  that 


iilc* 


I  2 


2.  U 


i^and* 


a.  ft 


RECUEIL  ii  mu  OBSEHVATIONS,  . 

a.  II  importe  pen  de  favoir  par  quelle  route  les  bar* 
bares  vinrent  fondre  fur  TEtrurie,  qulls  avoient  choiHe 
pour  le  premier  theatre  de  la  guerre*  Le  pr^teur  etoit 
naturellemcnt  poft6  aupr^s  d'Arczzo,  h  gnndc  place 
il'annes  des  Romains  dans  la  Tofcaiie*  Si  les  Gauloii- 
ont  futvt  la  route  de  b  mer»  its  peuvent  avoir  trompe  fa 
vigilance  s  s'ils  prirent  cetle  de  Bologne  et  du  Valdima- 
geUo^f  ce  commandant,  trop  foible  pour  les  attaqner, 
te  fera  vCi  oblige  de  les  laiflf^r  ravager  et  piller  impune- 
ment  les  riches  p^turages  de  la  Tofcane  f .  Us  y  firent 
un  botin  immenfe  en  troupeaux  et  en  efctayes.  Fiers  de 
marcher  fur  les  traces  de  leurs  anc^tres,  lis  oferent  poofier 
jufqu'i  Clufium^  fur  la  grande  route  de  la  capttale.  Ce 
fut  li  quails  apprirent  la  nouvelle  que  le  pr^teur^  qui 
avoit  peut-etre  re^u  des  Tenforta>  les  pourfaivoit  i  gran- 
des  journees*  lis  firent  volte  face  pour  aller  d  fa  rencon* 
tre»  et  deji  le  foir  d'an  premier  jour  demarche,  les  deux 
arm6es  fe  trouverent  eo  pr^fence.  Chacun  y  forttfia  fon 
camp.  '  Si  nous  futvons  la  route  de  Ciufium  }l  Arezx^^ 
dans  la  Valdichiana,  nous  trouverons  les  irilbges  de 
Lucignana  et  de  Sinalunga  i  une  diftance  aflez  convena* 
ble  Les  Romains  avoient  pris  un  pofte  excellent ;  et 
CCS  barbares,  malgrc  leur  impetuofitc,  fon^ercnt  plutot 
a  le  leaf  faire  abandonner  qu'a  les  v  attiquer.  I!s  par- 
tirent  avec  luutc  i'infantccie^  laifiteLcni  dcs  ieux.  allumes 

pour 


1.  It  i«  not  tn  itf  rial  to  determine  by  what  route  the  barbarians  p?- 
BCtrated  into  i^cruna,  which  they  thought  fit  tu  render  the  firll  theatre 
of  the  WW.  The  pmtor  h»d  natonlly  pofted  himlelf  netr  to  Aicszo, 
the  principal  fortreft  of  the  Romam  to  Tufcany.  If  they  marched  \tf 
the  f  a  fide,  the  O  iuli  might  have  deceived  hi-;  rig;ilancc  ;  if  tV.cy  ptir- 
fued  thr  road  of  Bologna  and  Valdimugello  the  general  n.ul^  have 
k::cn  too  weak  to  rcHA  them,  and  therefore  felt  the  neceility  oi  allow* 
lag  them  to  ravage  with  impanity  the  rich  Tofcaa  paftvurea  f .  They 
got  pipflelfioii  of  an  inintcnfe  booty  in  cattle  and  flavet.  Proud 
rf  following  the  footftcpf  of  rheir  ^rc  (^ors,  they  advanced  tr)  Clu- 
fium,  on  the  ftraight  road  to  the  capital.  There  they  heard  that 
the  prjetor,  who  had  perhaps  received  a  reinforcement,  purfued 
them  by  forced  marchef.  They  changed  their  diredion,  in  order 
to  meet  him;  atld  on  the  evening  nf  the  firft  day's  march,  the  CWO 
armies  were  in  fipht  of  cachotlur.  Both  fide*  ff)rtified  their  camp. 
H  wc  examine  the  road  by  Chjfiuni  to  Arezzo  in  the  ValJichiana,  we 
Ihall  6nd  the  villnges  of  Lucignana  and  Sinalunga  liiuatt^d  'at  a  conve- 
nieot  dJAaoce  ^  The  Romani  had  oeeopif  d  aa  eaeeUent  eamp;  and  fSbe 
barbarians,  notwithflanding  their  imprtuoftty,  thought  it  wifer  to  with* 
draw  than  from  hby  ftrat^pm,  than  Ip  diflodge  them  by  force.  They 

^  mavdbs4 


Digitized  bv  Gooqle 


H  FTECES  DETACHEXS. 

pour  tromper  les  Romains,  et  leur  cavalerle  pour  lea 
harcclcr,  ct  lea  attirer  infeniiblenictit  ^  Tendroit  oti  il9 
les  atrendoient.    Le  pr^teiir  donna  dans  le  piegCi  et 
piya  r.i  credultt6  iTune  d^faite  fanglante.  II  fc  retiraavec 
difficuite  fur  une  hauteuri  o\k  il  fe  defendit  jufqu'jt  Far* 
Tarrivee  du  confui  EmtliuSf  qui  aFoit  force  de  inarches 
ct  paflTc  rApennin.    Sa  pr^fence  (auva  Ic  pr^tcur,  ct  les 
Gaulois  ne  fongercnt  plus  qu*S  mcltre  leur  butin  cn  fu- 
rete,  et  ^  faire  leur  retraite  le  long  de  la  men    Cc  r^cit 
e(l  cJair*  et  fi  Cnfaubon  avoit  auifi  bien  pris  le  fens  de 
Polybe  que  M.  GauzzcHi  le  texte  de  ce  grand  hiftorten 
n'offriroit  plus  de  difiiculc^s  g^ographlque^.    11  ^^vpit  dit 
de  b  retraite  des  Gaulois^  n6t>;(ra/Af»fri  rrr  vw9x**9''^^*  <^  <*n 
«-o>iy^a»0v^M«  Si  on  le  tizd\x\t  Frfuias  tenduftt,  on  fait 
faire  aux  Gaulois  une  roarche  prefque  tncroyable»  et  une 
ipanocQvre  ridicule^  puifqu'elle  fuppofe  que  les  Rofnains 
pourfuivirent  leur  cavalerie  foixante  milles^  fans  la  n^ettre 
en  defoute.   Ces  embarras  augmement,  lorfqu'on  a  con- 
duit les  Gaulois  jufqu'a  Fafula^  et  au  pied  de  TApenntn  } 
et  cpmoie  on  ne  congolt  point  comment  ils  ont  pu  retro- 
grader  jufqn'i  Telamon,  on  prend  le  parti  avec  Cluvier| 
de  prcf^rer  I'autorlte  d'Qrofe  I  celle  de  Polybe»  et  de 
fuppofer  que  la  derniere  bataille  s^eft  donn^  siupres 
d^Arezzo.   Pourquoi  ne  pas  rendre  tn  nr»  ^aioyxaf  verfits 
F4tfulas^  du  cfte  dir  F^tfuh,  felon  )a  fignificatiob  la  plus 

aaturcUet 


WMt^M  widi  tbdr  wb^le  infanttf ,  left  dicif  firesl^iDg  to<ieoeivedM 
9x>m9Ds,  M  wcU  M  their  cavalry,  who  inij{ht  contiuuaUy  hanfs  theii| 
uotU  they  were  drawn  to  the  pkcc  to  which  they  -wiflicd  to  decoy  ihem. 
The  pr;rior  icll  in:o  the  fiiarc,  and  wai  punilhcd  for  hii  orcduhty  by  » 
hiuuily  ULic^c.  He  with  amch^  difficulty  returcd  to  as  CBun^ncri  4nd 
beaded  faimfelf  till  the  arrhr^  cf  the  cuoful  Emilius,  who  hy  forced 
n»9rchc«  had  paffcd  the  Apecoiiies.  Hii  arrival  favcd  the  prrtor;  and 
the  OauUnow  thought  only  of  fccuring  their  booty,  and  making  their 
retreat  along  the  lea  coail.  1  he  narrative  of  Polybiu*  i%  clear ;  aud  if 
eUauhoo  ha{l  taken  the  fenie  of  the  paflage  aawell  a(  Mr.Oiitssefi»the 
Sm  of  t|ut  gieat  hiAoriao  wodd  no  looger  cootain  any  geognphio^ 
dififnlttfti  Heikjt  of  the  retr^t  of  the  Gaul<(,  riciriraftfi'oi  mr 
ivox^fflw  •'i  ««»  •••^»»  ^a»tn;Aa».  If  we  tr^inll-.re  the  words  F^fi>hg 
trnJunt  wc  fuppofe  the  (;auh  to  perform  a  tparch  aimolk  incredible,  and 
to  make  a  movcmcot  altogether  itbfurd,  fincc  it  iroplict  that  t^c  Ro- 
nuMpotfiwd  their  emtalrr  lixty  mflet  wtthowt  putting  th«m  tP  the 
mte.  Thefc  difficulties  arc  incrcafed  wl»ep  we  follow  the  GauU  to 
Faefulac  arul  the  foot  of  the  Apcnninc*;  and  i>  is  impofliblc  to  un- 
dcfibud  how  tl  rnn  retreat  to  TeUmoii,  >vc  adopt  the  ppinum  oi 
CIuTcriua,  in  prcicmng  on  this  occalion  the  authority  of  Orofiut  to 
that  of  MyhiM,  and  fupp4>anjg  that  tho  li^ft  Utfle  ^  fought  near  to 
WhTlfaffiddiiottbe  wotdf  in  iiri  f»iovXor  v^/t^  F^ftt^t  bo 

traoiUted 


RECUEIL  de  wi^  OBSERVATIONS, 


nahiidley  ec  kcooftroAioii  la  plus  DlcHe?  Les  Ganloic 
fuiviretit  done  h  Toule  de  Ciufium  i  FtifitUt  mais  on  petic 
penfcr  qn^ik  s'^toicnt  a  peine  mafqtt^s  derti^e  cette  . 
cfaaine  de  colHnes,  que  fepaie  U  Seigneurie  de  FloieQce» 
dtt  territotre  de  Sienne,  loHcpie  TaffiiiTe  s^engagea.  Grace 
k  cette  idje  keureufe  de  M«  Gaazzefi^  k  fyft^oie  eotier 
de  cette  campagne  fe  defoUe  i  noa  yens  X^ea  Romaint 
.  fe  fetir^ftnt  finr  line  de  ces  collines ;  et  ce  fat  en  fufanl 
pafTcr  quelques  couriers  d  travers  les  bots  qvi  Iti  coiu 
vroient,  qu'ils  communiqu^rent  au  conful  leur  fituatton. 

Pourquoi  lc8  barbares  prefercnt-ils  le  chemin  dcs  cotes, 
k  cclui  du  Valdimugello,  qui  etoit  beaucoup  plus  court  ? 
Pourquoi  n^ont  ils  pas  traverfe  le  p.iys  en  droiture,  pour 
arriver  a  renibouchure  dc.  PArne,  et  pour  totoyer  en- 
fuite  jufqu'aux  gorgcb  dc  In  Vuldtmugra  ?  II  ctl  to uj ours 
certain  que  le  Port  de  Telamon  eft  plus  pres  de  Rome 
ques  les  montagnes  de  Sienne.  M.  Guazzefi  r^pond 
tres  bien  a  ces  difBcultes,  par  les  changemcns  que  Ic 
terns  a  apportes  au  pays,  et  par  Tignorance  ou  nous  fom- 
meSy  0  cette  route  n*etoit  pas  la  feule  pri^ticable  pour  une 
arm^c,  par  la  preference  que  les  Gaulois  donnoient  a  la 
plaine,  ou  ils  pouvoient  faire  aglr  leur  cavalerie  nom- 
breufe,  et  par  refpcrance  de  fe  fcrvir  dcs  vailfeaux  cor- 
iaires  Ligurieod     Qauloisy  pour  tranfporter  tout  ieur 


mnflated  in  the  dirtSien  of  F^tfui^^  accordiog  to  the  mo{l  natural  (ign*- 
licatioii  and  the  eafieft  coBftrDAioo  )  The  Oaiih  then  purfaed  the  road' 
Irom  Clofium  to  Fxfulx,  but  had  fcarcely  concealed  themlclvcft  behind 

the  chain  lif  hills  which  fep^tc  the  Duchy  of  Tufcany  from  the  diHri^ 
of  Sienna,  when  they  were  obliged  tn  come  to  an  en^a^rement.-^ 
Thanks  to  |he  happy  difcoveryof  Mr-  Ouazzefi,  the  whole  plan  of  the 
cunpaign  it  mmfdled  The  RoniaiM  redfed  to  one  of  tfaofe  ^hillt t 
pal  07  dSi^tchicg  coorien  9crd&  the  thick  woods  by  which  thef*  were 
covered,  communicatctl  the  news  cf  their  fituatlon  to  the  conful. 

Why  did  fhc  Barh;\rians  prefer  the  road  by  the  coaft  to  that  of  Vil- 
dimugcllo,  which  is  iu  ihorter  ?  Why  did  they  not  truvcric  the  coud* 
tty  in  t  right  line,  io  order  to  anire  at  the  mooth  «rf  the  Arno,  and 
then  Mow  the  coaft  to  the  openingi  of  die  hilU  of  ValdiQKkgra  f  Wip 
are  Aire  that  Port  Ttlamon  l*!  nc-jrrr  tlian  the  mountain^,  of  Sienna  to 
Rome.  Mr.  Cuazzcfi  well  cxpLins  tlicic  difl^ulties,  by  the  rhraigea 
which  time  has  ciTedcd  in  the  nature  of  the  QMtntry,  and  hy  our  ignov 
nnee  whedier  thit  route  waaoot  the  only  ooe  pfaddcaUefor  an  army; 
hy  the  preference  giTen  hy  the  Otfik  to  the  plajn  oonntry,  where  they 
eotild  avail  thrmfeivcs  of  their  numcrouf  cavalry,  and  by  the  I^opc  of 
aiectin^  with  piratical  reiTels  belonging  (o  tiuir  own  oati^  gr  the  Li- 

•  V.  Surtout  Liucra  Crit.  p.  41—^8. 


Digitized  by  GocMylc 


ct  £1ECES  D£TACHE  £S.  ! 


botia^  fim  danger  et  fiuM  fItfficiM.  Mais  jecroiiq«n 
fimc  p6i6tier  jurqii'aiix  TcflRms  qui  out  bit  moofoir  le^ 
confola  GauloiSy  pour  bien  appr^cier  une  condulte  qui 
paft  de  la  fuicur  au  d^ooungement,  qui  menace  la 
pital^  et  qui  ne  cherche  fes  ennemia  que  pour  letiver  ' 
de  detain  eux»  aprea  avoir  gout6  lea  pr^mlces  de  la  vic* 
toiie.  Lea  Gauloia  {toient  gduvem^s  en  eflPec  par  deux 
efprits  tr^  diff^rens.  Les  peuples  Ctfalpins  ne  feoloient  . 
que  nrop,  qu*une  pareille  guerre  ne  pouvoit  finir  que  par 
leur  (ieftru£lion,  ou  celle  de$  Remains.  lis  combattoienC 
avcc  ccttc  ardeur  qu'infpirent  les  plus  grands  interets ; 
mais  ils  ne  trouvoicnt  point  la  menic  fa^oii  de  penfer  dans 
les  Gejjt^  leiirs  allies.  Ccs  troupes,  qui  etoicnt  molns 
une  nation^  qu'ua  corps  d'avanturiers  raflenibles  de  plu- 
(jeurs  pcuplcs  difFcrens,  n'avoient  d'autre  moiif  pour  paf- 
fcr  les  Aipes,  que  I'cfperaiicc  da  burin,  et  ne  fongcoient 
qu*^  conferver  ce  butiii  par  une  prompte  retraite,  fans 
s^expofer  davantage  dans  une  guerre  qui  leur  etoit  6tran- 
gere.  Ce  fut  Anocrcfte  Jeur  chef,  qui  ouvrit  le  premier 
cet  avisi  et  dans  rignorance  gent  rale  ou  l*on  etoit  de  la 
geographic  fpeculativc,  des  barbares  qui  ne  connoiflbient 
ni  le  pays,  ni  la  languc  du  pays,  pouvoient  fe  guider 
que  par  le  coura  dci,  rivic^rcs  dont  les  turrens  fe  frayen^ 
ordinairement  un  ciicnnn  dans  les  vallonb  les  nioins  ^lif- 
ficiles,  TIs  fc  trouvoient  alors  vers  la  fo urce  ce  i'Ombro, 
et  comme  cette  liyierc  coule  du  cote  du  Sud-Oued,  ils 

a'^toient 


|[urian9,  In  which  tTiry  mir;ht  tmnfport  thrir  booty  without  difHcultj 
or  danger.  But  i  believe  it  wUl  be  nccclTary  to  penetrate  inrn  the  nio- 
tivca  by  which  the  Barbarians  were  aduated,  before  wc  can  lairly  ap-, 
pcedite  tlwir  condiiA  in  pifling  firom  fnry  ^  difinay ;  aud  i|>  marcKiog 
up  tu  their  enemfe^,  merely  that  they  mi^  fly  before  them,  erpeciallf 
after  thc-y  had  jufl;  tlic  fwcets of  viftory.  The  Gallic  army  wa8  go- 
verned by  two  prlncij>lLS  extremely  different.  The  Cifaljjino  nations 
perceived  that  fuch  a  war  could  only  terminate  in  their  own  dcftradion 
«r  ilMt  of  the  RdnuuM*  They  fotight  like  tncn,  who  bad  their  doocft 
intereib  at  fiakc ;  but  their  alliet  w  Ocfiits  were  not  animated  by  ^ 

finular  fplric  Thrfc  trrnp<;  were  not  n  natinn,  bur  rnfhcr  nfTrni- 
bhge  from  different  nations,  who  lud  pafrcd  the  Alps  merely  for  the 
fake  of  plunder,  and  who  wifhcd  to  iccurc  tlieir  bnoty  by  a  i'peedy  re- 
freat«  wnhoQC  lonser  expofing  their  perlbot  'in  a  wac  which  did  not. 
cowm  them.  Their  leader  Anocnmet  was'  the  firil  who  propofcd  thia 
meafare;  and  as  the  age  was  Ignorant  of^  the  principles  of  ^eb^raphy, 
and  the  Barbarian*  were  acquainted  both  with  the  country  aud  the  lan- 
guage, they  cuuid  only  ihape  their  route  by  the  courfe  of  thoic  rivers 
which,  fwelled  to  temntiy  had  forced  tlieir  vaffage  throogh  the  leaft 
bhftfuded  Tallies.  Thejr  were  then  near  the  fource  of  the  umbro;  and 
m  chat  liter  flonri  Uron  the  fiNrtb-wnftt  they  noft  have  f^rnached 
'  Route, 


I20  RECiUEIL  de  mei  OBSERVATlONSf 

Vteieot  npprochjSs  dc  Rome^  lorfqu'tit  ^totent  panrenus 
%  Ton  emboachttte  aupr^  du  Pott  de  Tdamon.  Si  les 
Cifalpins,  qui  connoiflbient  le  mieux  ce  pays,  ne  le  quit* 
toient  qa*a?ec  peine ;  on  peut  foup^onner  qu'ils  profit 
t^nt  avec  plaifir  de  cette  circonftance. 

Pai  dit  qu'ils  fuivtrent  I'Ombro  jufqu'l  fonembouchure, 
quoique  le  Port  de  Telamon  foit  ^  dix  huit  milles  plus 
pr^s  de  Rome.  Mais  on  fait  par  un  paifage  des  Arata- 
gemes  de  Frontin,  que  ce  fut  aupres  de  Colonia  qu'ils 
.  *  defcendirent  dans  la  plaine,  et  que  les  Boii  jetterent  dix 
milles  hommtfs  dans  iin  bois  auprcs  dc  cet  cndroit.  Le 
conful '^^.miliiis  decouvrit  rcmbufcadc,  et  les  t.iillu  en 
pieces.  J^LS  critiques,  qui  ne  connoiflbient  point  cctte 
Colomciy  cnt  voulu  l*expliqucr,  on  la  corriger  a  ]eur  nia- 
ni^^.  Colonic!,  nominee  Columnata  dans  le  moyen  age, 
et  la  Cohnna  a  prefent,  n'cft  qu'uo  village  du  territoirc 
dc  Grofl'etto  entrc  rembouchure  de  rOmbro  et  le  lac  Caf- 
tiglione  ou  Apnlis*.  Voilal  le  lieu  de  la  bataille.  Le 
Port  Telamonj  endroit  bien  plus  connuj  lui  a  donn^  foa 
Bom. 

On  fait  que  le  conful  ^Emiiius  fuivit  toujours  I'arniee 
des  barbares,  fans  vouloir  engager  une  bataille,  et  que 
par  un  hazard  fingulicr,  Ion  coJiegue  Atilius,  cjui  avoic 
dcburquc  fon  armee  a  Pife,  ec  qui  revenoit  a  Rome  par 
la  voye  Aureiieane^  rencontra^  fans  s'en  douter,  Tavant 

garde 


Rfloic*  M  ^tf  ouM  CO  ktflMatli  wn  Ptet  Tehimiii.  If  the  Ci&lpiae 

GauU,  who  were  better  acquainted  with  the  coootry,  were  loth  to 
leave  it;  ihcrr  is  reaf«D  to  think  that  ihe^  woold  wnhplcafore  VFuL 
themfeWes  ui  this  circumftance. 

I  lay  that  they  followed  the  courfe  of  the  Umfiro  till  they  came  to 
iti  movth,  ftlthoufh  Port  Tebmon  be  eighteen  milei  nearer  to  Rome* 
But  we  learn  from  a  pa0*age  of  Frontinus's  Strata^nm,  that  they  enter* 
ed  rbc  plain  at  Cnlonii;  and  that  the  Boii  poded  ten  thousand  men  ia 
a  wood  in  thfx  neighbourhood.  The  conful  ^miliut  ilifcovered  the 
MBlHilh,  and  cot  die  enemy  in  piece«»  Critict,  to  whom  the  name  of 
Oolonia  was  unknown,  have  endeuvoiirc4  in  their  ufual  way  to  explain 
or  correA  it.  Thi?  phcr,  now  ('o'onna,  was  called  Columnata  hi  the 
rnidHlc  ages;  it  is  a  viI1.iij;l'  m  the  territory  of  Grofftrto,  b-rwecn  tl'.e 
mouth  of  the  Umbro  and  Calbgiiope,  or  Aprilis  *  ;  aod  was  the  fccne 
of  the  battle,  which  doifea  its  name  from  Port  Telamon,  a  place  Ux 
better  known. 

Hiftory  informs  us,  that  thf  conful  ,^mi!iu«  continued  to  fnllow  the 
army  of  the  Barbarians  without  vcuturang  to  provoke  them  to    battle  ; 
and  that,  by  a  iingalar  chance,  his  colleague  Atilius,  who  had  difcra*' ' 
birhed  hiU  tisiy  it  Pifa,  uneipeAedly  fell  in  widi  thdr  va^guardi  tha( 

•  JLtitcra  i;rit.  p.  77—87. 

nWt|« 


d  by  Google 


<#.pxie;ces  detache'es. 

garde  dc^  Onulois ;  que  le  combat  s*cngagca,  ct  que  Ic 

con  fill  y  iut  tuc,  mais  qu*wiEmilius,  qui  les  attaquoit  dc 

fon  cote,  rempovta  uiic  vic\oirc  complctte,  etquerarmee 

entiere  des  barbares  pcrit  dans  cette  bauiUe»  qui  porta  le 

coup  mortel  ^  la  liberte  des  Gaulois  en  deca  des  Alpcs, 

De  toutes  ces  circonftances^  il  n'y  a  que  la  mrprife  d'AtU 

lius  qui  me  parok  tnconcevable;  II  n'avoit  pu  quktcr  Ja 

Sardaigne  fa  province^  fans  les  ordres  du  fenat,  et  parmi 

fes  inftru£lions^  il  avoic  certainement  celut  de  s'iaformer 

des  mouvemens  de  Fennemi,  et  de  ceux  de  Ton  collegue, 

pour  agir  de  concert  avcc  lui.    Cette  tdche  s'executoit 

d'elle-meme  dans  un  pays  ami>  ou  la  defolation  dn 

peuple  et  la  fuite  des  payfans,  lui  annon^oient  aflei 

IVipproche  des  barbares.    Quoiqu'il  en  foitj  quand  je 

Tois  les  Ganlois  prts  en  front  et  par  derri^re,  par  deux 

armies  Romainet  qui  aiment  de  deux  cot^s  oppof(^s» 

cette  marche  m'a  plutdt  Tair  d'un  projet  tres-bien  ^teo* 

dttj  que  d'une  negligence  I  peine  conceyabk.  *  ^ 
•  #*••##»••«#«#• 


.  M«  Guazzefi  croit  qu'andennement  la  Tofcane  avoit 
beaucoup  de  forSts,  que  les  territoires  de  Cortone^ 
d*ATC2S0|  et  de  Fefule  en  6toient  converts.  On  connok 
rftendue  de  ]i  for6t  Cirnimenne,  B  j  cn  avoit  auprcs  de 

Cluftum^ 


«  battle  cnfued,  in  which  that  conful  wa^  flain  ;  wh'.h  j^Emiljas,  onh» 
fide,  having  alTo  atucked  the  eneni]r»  obuiucd  a  compieu  vtcioiy*  de- 
firoyed  die  whole  Barberhni  amy*  and  gave  die  mortal  wooAd  co  die 
Ubtfity  of  the  Cifalpine  Gaula.  Of  aU  diofecircumilances,  I  findtnoft 
difficulty  in  ur.ilerRanding  the  furprife  of  Atilius.  He  could  not  have 
left  his  province  of  Sardinia  without  the  oHer^  of  fhr  fen  irc.  His  in- 
ilrudiiacs  mull  have  required  him  to  gain  iiiiormation,  both  of  theroo- 
fiotia  of  die  coemy  and  of  thofe  of  lila  edUeagucs,  in  eooMrt  m'nik 
wImnb  he  waa  to  aft.  Thit  duty  was*  eafily  performed  in  a  incmWf 
country,  where  the  conftcrnatton  of  the  prn|-.lf  .ind  the  flij.;!;!:  the 
pc-faLts  !nud!y  proclalmvd  the  approach  oi  ilu-  D.;rbjr:aas.  In  whatever 
ZDannex  this  may  be  explained,  the  Galitc  ao-my,  atucked  in  iiout  aod 
rearVy  two  Roaian  cenfols,  advancing  in  conttvry  HlreAiooa,  will  al« 
waya,  in  my  opi&ioOt  wear  the  afpeft  of  a  wcH-combioed  piojed,  nu 
iber  than  of  a  military  nogle<S,  h-jrdly  conceivable.  ♦  •  *  ♦  « 
•  II. 

Mr*  Ovastefi  aa  of  opiaiofi  that  Tn&Mf  fisnnerly  ahemdad  in  <»• 

reils;  and  that  dM  dillnAs  of  Coitona,  Arezzo,  and  Fcfalx  were  en* 

tircly  covered  W'th  thfm.  The  extrnt  of  the  Ciminian  wood  is  wcJl 
Iknowo.   la  ttie  year  of  the  city  444,  ijvy  teiia  lu,  that  there  waa  » 


1UBQ0SIL  A  mt  OBSERVATIONS, 

CIi^uMt  A.  U%  C  444,  felon  Ttte  Lire*  Daat  ks  go«r« 
Tcs  Pumqttcs  ks  Romains  tiroient  leurs  bois  de  conllnic* 
tion,  des  pays  RufelUy  de  Perugia,  et  de  Ciufiumg  et  on 
fait  que  Ics  temtoires  de  Sienne,  dc  A^iIatcrra^  et  celui 
de  Foftfkmumj  ou  Ton  travailloit  !e  fer  de  Tifle  d'JS/Atf 
avoieiit  beaucottp  de  bois.  Flavius  Vopifcas  marque  que 
du  terns  d'Aur^en,  U  y  en  avoit  beauconp  aupres  de  la 
▼oje  Anrelienne)  et  Strabon  I'affirme  de  tonic  la  Tofcaa& 
Four  pen  quVm  crenfe  dans  la  Valdichiana,  on  troure 
des  aiores  d*une  grandeur  d^mefureei  qui  font  devenua 
foffiles*  Faut-U  encore  en  appeller  auz  anctens  noma  de 
ce  pavSf  h  FarnOOp  AUnrrfo^  Fraffimto^  CerOo^  la  Sel^^ 
et  ^  robfigation  que  ces  commnnaut^s  retinrent  jnfqn'a 
t^n^tmt  fiMe,  de  Ii?ier  lea  fangliers  tons  les  ana  a 
leuia  feigQemsf 

I  1 1     II      '  III  iiii  ii  iiagggg 

9mA  near  CHnfiwi^  Dariiy  die  1*qiiI<  wift»  die  Ronam  bno^ght 
llnir  tiBBber  fer  fiup-bnildtng  from  Rofellae,  Perugia,  md  Ctduaai ; 
and  wood  a^>oandffd  m  the  territorica  of  Sirnna,  Volnterra,  arid  Popii- 
jbntum,  wbofe  inhabitants  wrought  the  iron  from  the  ifiand  of  Elba. 
Flaviua  Vopifcss  obiierfety  that  in  tbe  time  of  Aurclkn  there  wa^  a 
giot  qinantj  of  woed  near  die  AvrcMaD  way;  and  Strabo  estenda  the 
remark  to  aD  Tafcany.  By  digging  iat*  the  ValdiduaBa,  even  neap 
the  rnrfnc**,  thr  wnrVmf  n  ftlll  find  trrfi  of  a  prodi^ioui  fiz*",  which  art 
now  petrified.  JNecd  we  appeal  to  the  ancient  names  and  epithets  of 
the  eoontrfi  la  fatmtim^  A^rt^^  FraJ^tt^  CertU^  la  Stive ;  or  to  the 

•bligatioM  iapoled  on  the  cemmmiitUa  in  thofe  putt»  aa  hte  as  the 
•Icwnth  ecMnvyi  of  lBBiAiksa7"dvaft  Anrlonlia  ccfta^JittBhcvaf 
vUdboaiaf 


Digitized  bv  GocKjle 


^  PIECES  DE  TACHE'ES. 


Sur  leg  Texomfbbs  des  Romazks. 

1  Rout*  le  18  KofcnibK  1^64, 

ROMULUS,  fc  vit  bicntot  force  de  prendre  les  armcs 
centre  Ics  petites  cit6s  des  Sabins,  que  FcnlHc- 
ment  dc  Icurs  filles  n'avoit  que  trop  juftenicnt  irrit^s  cen- 
tre fen  ctat  naiiTant.  Acron,  roi  des  Cininiens,  fut  la 
premiere  vi£lime  des  armes  Romaincs.  li  tomba  fous 
les  coups  de;  Romulus,  et  fon  peuple  fut  trop  heureux 
de  fe  perdre  dans  la  nouvelle  colonic.  Le  vainqueuy 
voulut  jouir  des  premices  de  gloire.  ChafTant  devant 
lui  des  troupcaux  ct  des  prifonniers,  fulvi  des  compag^ 
nonsde  fa  vlti^oirc,  et  entoure  dc  I'allegreiTe  publiquc,  il  - 
rentra  dans  la  viiic,  et  monta  fur  Ic  Mont  Capitoiin^ 
pour  drpofer  dans  un  temple  qu'il  y  avolt  dcdic  a  Jupi- 
ter Ftrctrius,  fa  reconnoiflance  et  fcs  trophies.  Par  cett^ 
ct^rcmoniey  il  aiTocia  pour  jamais  dans  Teijprit  de  fcs  Ro- 
mains  la  religion  et  la  verttt  militaire,  Ce  fut  la  Tongine 
des  triomphes,  infiitution  qui  dcvint^  dam  I0 /mte^  Ja  caufk 
pritMpak  de  la  grandeur  de  Rome  *•  Trois  cens  viogt  dc 
cet  triompbes  %  k  conduUiitiit  aee  fa|te  de  Uf^randeui, 

*  Montefifoieii  Graadcilf  et  Decadence  det  Rotnaint,  C.  i.  p.  1. 
I  Oflophr.  Famukde  THmnplii*.  II  s  pcitce  iioaihtedeBt  Onk^ 

VII. 

Upoo  the  TuoMr»«  ol  tbe  ]Ioma|i«» 

Rolu,  ftStli  llevemW  t7^4. 

ROMULUS  was  foon  obliged  to  lake  arms  agaba  tile  little  dtlca^ 
the  Sabine^,  whom  the  rsp?  of  their  t^aughti  rs  had  juftly  provoVed 
againft  hUrlfiii.^  U^tc.  Acron,  kmg  of  tl^c  Ciniiuana,  waathefirfl  vic- 
tim ol  Komau  valour.  He  fell  by  the  hand  of  Kotmiki*;  and  his  iut>* 
jc^  hid  the  food  £attaae  to  be  albwfd  m  vaiie  vith  tlie  mm  96Umf» 
The  conqneror  was  eager  to  mp  dM  &ft  fruits  of  hit  gioiy.  Driving 
bffnrc  h'Ti  herds  ore?  pnToncr*,  anti  attmdcil  by  the  cornpanion«  rif  hh 
victory,  he  entered  the  cuy  amidlk  public  accUmation,  anil  ^fcendcd 
the  CapiU)lioe  bill,  in  order  to  ^cpo^t  his  trophies  and  hxs  gratitude  ia 
IIm  tenple  winch  be  bid  dedi^tcd  to  Japiter  Femrtrin.  1^  tliia€CMi> 
moo  J,  military  viitae  WM  for  ever  aflbciated  with  religion  in  the  inui* 
gination  of  the  Rnmans.    Such  was  the  origin  of  the  triumph,  am  m> 

Jiituticr,  tvLt.h  pr  i'X'td  the  prini  'tpai  cauf?  ef  tb^  ^reair.efi  of  Rome  ^ ,  Thrrc 
huoiirtd  ar.d  Lwci^ty  uiuinph&§  railed  htr  to  that  exaltation,  which  lh«^ 

\  Mr.r.ff  fqulcu  on  tlu  Creatnors  and  DfcHneof  the  Rnman*. 
%  Osttphr,  Pai^Q.  oa  Triyqifhi,  The  Dumber  aa  taheo  hrom  Q|-e(j»«> 

had 


HECUEIL  dt  ma  OBSERVATIONS, 


oii  cllc  fe  trouva  fous  I'cmplrc  de  VefpaGcn.  Jc  vais 
hazarder  quclques  reflexions  fur  le  droit  de  triomphe> 
fur  le  chemia  que  fuivoient  ks  triomphiiteurs>  et  fur  le 
fpedlacle  lui-mcme. 

Le  droit  de  triumphc  peu?-  ^'envifnger  de  trois  maniercs 
differences,  r.  L'autorite  qui  Taccor  'olx  :  z.  Ls  pLTfonnc^ 
\  qui  on  raccordoit  \  et»  3.  les  raifons  pour  iefquelks 
on  I'accordoit. 

T.  pe'ir-?  qu?  Ifs  rois,  dont  raurorire  trtoit  nufTi  in- 
depcndanre  far  le  militairr,  quVlIc  pinit  bori;ce  dans  le 
civil,  rentroient  dan*?  !a  viH^  triomphe,  toutcs  Ics  fois 
qu*ils  sVtT  croyoient  dignes,  <  t  quMs  Ic  deccrnoient  cux- 
memes  cet  honneur  que  Iciir  pr^'dorcfleur  avoit  inflitu6. 
Apres  IVxpulfion  d"  'i' irquin,  le  fenat,  d6j^  le  confeil  du 
prince  et  de  la  nation,  devint  encore  Tarbitre  des  recom- 
pcnfcs  militaires  *.  II  accorda  Valerius  Publicola 
rhonncur  da  triomphc  pour  cettc  vi^loire  rcmportce  lur 
ks  Tar^uinsi  dans  laquelle  Brutus  pcrdit  la  vie.  Depuis 
cette  6poqnCf  le  triomphe  acquit  un  prIx  reel  aux  yeuk 
de  quioonque  connotfibit  la  v^ritaUe  gloire.  Cctte  cer6» 
inonie  n^^^oit  plus  une  yaine  pompe  qui  eblouiiToit  la  po- 
pfilace :  un  conful  y  trouvoit  d^formais  le  plus  beau  de 
tons  tes  cidgesy  I'approbation  d^  nos  ^aux^  et  de  nos 
^liies^  Quelques  um  des  fi$nateors  aFoient  aux-memes 

obteim 

had  atUiflcd  under  the  rcijgaof  \  cipiliaii«  \  vcnUirc  to  fubmit  die  fol- 
lowing rcBcAioBft  on  the  right  of  triumph,  the  na<I  throngh  wlddi  1st 
procrcdc-d,  and  the  fhow  itfelf. 

Tic  r:i/ht  nf  rri  imph  m3y  !)  ■  c-ifidfrcd  ti:u!  r  fhrce  afpeiSs.  I.  The 
atnhontf  by  which  it  wa>)  cni^fcrrtrd;  i.  the  pcrfons  upoowhomi  pod« 
3.  the  rcafofis  for  which  it  wah^r^ted. 

V*  Under  die  royal  ^venmi«Bt,  I  fliovM  fop^ofe  that  the  Idngs, 
whofe  authority  was  at  indcpendrnt  in  military  as  it  was  limited  in  civil 
affairtf  frtrred  the  city  in  tritimph,  whenever  fhe^  thr-tJj^hf  thcn-rdvca 
entitled  to  that  honotir ;  and  thus  diffKTffd  in  thrir  own  l.ivour  the  be- 
nefits of  an  infiitution  which  had  been  .'(lablilbcd  by  their  predeccflor. 
iU^tbe  etpolfion  of  Tarquln,  the  fenatr,  which  hail  been  the  cooticil 
of  the  prince,  and  was  thit  of  tht  nat'i-ji.  naturally  afTumcd  the  pAwrr 
ef  difpt-nftng  military  rewards*.  Th-  f  t  arc  conf-ircd  (^n  Valtn'tis 
Piibitcola  the  honour  of  a  triumph  for  having;  defeated  fhe  'I'jrquins  in 
that  battle  in  which  Brutus  wa«  flain.  From  this  arra,  the  triunifkh  pi^f* 
ftpfled  ft  fetl  mine  in  the  opinion  of  all  acqomntcd  with  true  ftwrf.* 
This  ceremony  wiis  no  longer  a  rain  Ihow,  jfitted  merely  to  da^zk  tho 
popoVace;  hut  a  foI<»mnity  in  which  a  mfritonotn  corfol  found  the  h- 
of  all  panegyrtcii;  the  praife  of  hi«  equals  and  of  hi»  rivals.  Some  fenae- 
ton  \aA  attained,  many  of  them  infpired  to,  the  tritunph;  and  ai  all  of 

Tk.  Lit.  L.  ii.  Pionyf.  Halicam.  L. 


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H  PFECES  DETACHE'ES 


obtena  cette  gloire,  il  y  en  ayqit  peu  qui  n'y  afplrafleot. 
Tous  int^reiif  s  H  nc  point  avilir  on  honneur  qui  6toic  Ic 
teur,  lis  jugeoient  le  caiididat  avcc  one  f^y^rite  falutaire 
pour  I'etat^  ec  gloiieofe  pour  lui-meme.   Le  f^^nat  re- 

Sarctoit  ce  droit  comme  la  plus  belle  de  fes  prerogatives: 
Ic  conferva  jufqu'aux  derniers  jours  de  la  republique^ 
et  parut  le  conferver  jufqu'au  plus  bas  tenia  de  Tempire. 
11  eut  une  fots  la  douleur  de  s^en  voir  prtv^,  et  de  fentir 
encore  qu'il  m£ritoit  de  le  perdre.  Uan  de  Rome  305, 
Valerius  et  Horatius>  ces  deux  confuls  qui  avoicnt  chaflS 
Ics  Decemvirs,  remport^rcnt  deux  viftoires  complettes 
fur  les  Volfqucs,  Ics  Equcs,  et  les  Sabins ;  mais  leiir  con- 
duite  trop  popuFairc,  ct  leur  ardeur  a  pourfuivre  les  De- 
cemvirs, Icur  avoicnt  attire  la  haine  de  chefs  dii  femt, 
tjii'i  j'^i.riL^:uiient  leurs  coupnbles  p.ircn^,  quv;lqu'ils  dcteG- 
t..;iliit  Iv-urs  ioiiaits.  XnuAt  Tcfiif;!  aux  coiAaU  le  tri- 

Oii^iplic  quHs  demaiuloiciit  ct  donna  cet  exemple  fi 
pernicleux  dans  nn  etat  llbro,  ctlui  de  diftribuer  le<5 
graces  militaircs  felon  le  parti  que  fuivcnt  Ics  Gencraux; 
dans  les  affaires  pulitiquci.  Un  trlbun  appclla  au  peuple 
de  cctte  injufticc,  et  cc  p:uple  fut  charme  d'^tendre  fes 
droits  en  recompenfant  ics  f^vuris.  Valerius  et  Horalius 
triomphercnt  fans  le  confcntcment  du  fenat:  mais  Ic  peu- 
plej  content  dc  U  vi£loirej  rendit  au  fenat  le  droit  qu'il 

s'etoit 


them  icit  an  intereft  in  kcrptng  untarniHicd  an  honour  which  was  in 
^me  ntnfiire  their  own,  they  judged  the  cindidate  with  a  feTeritj 
faJutary  for  the  (late  as  gifirioitibr  htmfelf.  The  firnate  conQdcr* 
cd  this  right  a»  its  moll  precious  prerogative  ;  prcf'.rvcd  ir  In  reality  to 
the  bit  clays  of  the  republic;  and  afFr^cd  to  prtferve  it  to  the  lat* 
eU  times  of  the  empire.  It  once  had  the  pain  to  fee  itfclf  diveiled  of 
thai  n^tiit%  tad  to  feel  diat  it  ju{lly.jmrited  the  ]MuiifiiaM8U  In  the 
year  of  Rome  305,  Valerius  and  Horatiui,  the  two  confuls  who  had 
a^oli^hc^!  rhe  Drcfmvimte,  gained  two  complete  vi«*^nri'A  ov:r  the  Vol- 
ici,  ti  c  Iu}ui,  and  ciie  Salttnes;  but  rhrii  conduct  too  partiai  to  the 
|»opulace,  and  tlieir  eagcmcfs  in  prole cutiug  the  Decemvir*,  drew 
•o  them  the  hatred  of  the  leaden  of  the  leoate,  who  pitted  chetr- 
msfottunate  kinfmen,  at  the  iame  time  that  they  detefied  their  crimes. 
The  frnare  n  fufed  to  ihrfe  ronfu!s  the  honour  of  %  rriumph  ' ;  af- 
fordiiig  therein  an  example  highly  pernicious  in  a  fvcc  {la;e,  of  being 
influenced  in  the  diftribucioo  oi  military  fawutt  by  the  party  which  tho 
^encrala  take  in  poiitlca.  In  cooieqoence  of  this  injuflice,  atfihwM 
appi  uj<d  CO  the  people,  who  fci/ed  with  pleafurc  the  opportunity 
oi  at  once  rewarding  tlittr  favmirke^,  and  of  extending  their  owu 
power.  Valerius  and  Horatius  triutuphtd  without  the  confcnt  of  uhit 
ienate;  to  which,  however^  the  people  reftored  a  preregative,  which  - 
they  thcmfclvet  had  olaqied  on  this  particular  occafion.   1  am  not  igno« 

• 

•  TiL  Lir.  L.  iii."  Diooyf.  Uariicam.  L.  xi. 

rant 


ia6  RECUEIX.  ^  9w  OBSERVATION^^ 


s'etoit  arroge  dans  ccttc  occafion.  Jc  crois  que  ce  corp$ 
habile,  qui  a  eu  des  fiecles  de  higcfic  i  t  des  momens  de 
pafTion,  chercha  dans  Fimpartljlitc  ct  U  prudence  de  fc$ 
drcretF.,  rafTermilicrnicnt  d*une  autorlre  aufTi  precaire,  ct 
^uc  I'ciit  piolica  dc  ics  craintes.  11  devoit  craindrc  en 
eiJet  la  decilion  d'une  queliion  deHcare  fur  la  conrtitution. 
Puifque  les  arrets  du  peuple  pouvoienr  deroger  aux  droits 
Ics  mieux  reconnus  du  (cuat,  cc  fenat  qu'etoit-il,  fi  non 
unc  coromiflion  etablte  par  Ic  peuple,  a  laqueilc  11  avoit 
delegu6  rcxercice  de  fes  droits,  qu'il  etoit  toajours  Ic 
makre  dc  rcprendre?  Le  pare!  patricien  en  auroic  voulu 
faire  ks  reprefcntans  de  fon  ordre,  cornrne  les  cornices 
des  tribus  retoient  de  celui  des  plcbeicns.  Selon  ccs  prin- 
cipes,  ccs  deux  corps  fe  rcuniflbient  pour  fonner  la  re- 
publlque »  mats  chacun  y  avoit  fes  droits  facres  et  in- 
violables*.  Le  confcntement  du  U  'i^t  ouvfoit  les  portes 
au  char  du  triomphatcur  ;  mais  11  dcpendolt  encore  du 
peuple  de  I'arreter.  Tout  commandement  nulitairc  fc 
perdoit  en  paflant  le  Pom(rrium»  Genernux  -au  dehors, 
les  confuls  n*etoient  que  niiL^iftrats  dans  uue  vi!!f,  qui 
ne  connol^it  dc  force  que  celle  des  loix.  Cepciui.iiit  le 
triomphatcur  rcntroit  a  h  tote  dc  (Is  legions,  revetu  dc 
fon  caradere  militnire.  Pour  concilier  la  gloire  du  chef, 
ct  le  refpect  qu'on  devoit  aux  loix,  le  fenat  propofoit  tou- 
jours  au  peuple  de  lui  continuer  le  commandement  mili^ 

tatKf 


Tant  tfiatthU  p^Utlc  council,  which  had  ageiof  wifdom  and  only  mo- 
meoU  of  pailiou,  endeavoured,  by  the  Unpucialicy  and  prudeace  of  iu 
4ecKf%  toconfinttittfncicimnttharitf^  aad  tut  dMr  public  at  lufs 
fro^d  bf  itt  fears.  It  could  nnt  indeed  but  fear  the  deafion  of  a  deli- 
catequeflion  refpciStinr:^  its  own  ronftitutioo.  Since  the  decree?  of  the 
people  fuperfcded  the^ell  e&abiiihed  rights  of  the  ieuate,  in  what  other 
lighe  coaui  that  festtCe  be  itgarded»  but  as  a  comiiufiion  delegated  hj 
IM  people,  for  die  vnrpofe  nf  exercifiog  rights,  Mrhich  tholb  who  had 
conierred  them  might  at  pleafurc  tcfume  i  The  patrician  party  we^ 
glad  to  have  the  fenatc  confukred  as  the  reprrfcntatives  of  their  own 
order,  as  the  cunutia  tributa  reprcicQted  the  pkbeiaaa.  AgreeaUr  to 
tbia  principle,  thefetwo  bodka  vailed  eonpolcd  tbe  comnooweMlbs 
bat  each  of  them  apvt  ea|oi]red  ka  fibred  and  tavioiable  rights.  The 
cnnfent  of  the  fcnatc  opened  the  gates  to  the  iriumi  Hal  car;  but  the 
people  were  entitled  tf>  ftop  its  carrer.  Upon  entering  the  Punixnum, 
all  military  coaimaad  ccaicd ;  aiiu  tnc  confuls,  who  were  generals  abroad, 
becaow  fiaipk  amiilrHea  bi  Rones  wliicb  oJUaowicdged  no  otbcr 
authority  than  that  of  tbe  lawii  Yet  ^  triomphaot  general  returned  at 
the  head  of  his  legions,  and  continued  to  appear  in  a  military  charj(5ler» 
To  reconcile  refpe^  for  the  laws  with  the  ry  due  to  conqucror$,  the 
iifiate  always  propufed  cootifiuing  the  gcacral  m  iui  conuaand  during^ 

tbo 


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it  PI  ECES  DETACHEJES. 

taiTC,  pendant  le  jour  dc  fon  triomphc.  L'aflembl6c 
delV-roit  prcique  toujours  a  Tautorit^  dcs  percs,  mais  cllc 
pouvoii  la  rcjcttcr  \  et  on  i'a  vu  pretc  a  ulcr  de  fon  droit 
pour  aireter  Ic  triomphe  dc  Paul  Emile. 

2.  Pour  ofer  demander  le  triomphc  il  falloit  avoir  cu 
le  comman dement.    La  difciplinc  des  Remains  n'auroit 
jamais  permis  qu'un  tjibun,  ou  qu'un.  lieutenant,  fc  pr6- 
fentat  au  feiiat  pour  y  demander  Ic  prix  qu'il  avoit  m6- 
ritc  par  fes  fervices  \  C]u'avoit-il  pu  nicriter  te  fub^iJtcrne, 
lui  dont  les  vcrtus  n'ef(Mcnt  que  la  valeur  et  I'obeiflance? 
C'etoit  a  (on  chef  n  Ics  rcc  ompenfer.    Cette  idee  dc  la 
fubordination  etoit  portec  11  loin,  que  Ic  general  jouifToit 
fie  la  gloirc  dc  fes  lieutenants  les  plus  6!oign6s  *,  et  quite 
ctoicnt  ccnfcs  ne  vaincre  que  par  les  ordrcs  qu'il  avoit 
donnes  f.    C'eft  ainH  que  les  empereurs,  feuls  chefs  de 
la  milice,  fe  referverent  feuls  leshonncurs  du  triomphe 
pour  les  vi^oires  que  leur  genie  remportoit  i  Ja  fois  fur 
le  Rhin  et  fur  TEuphnte.  On  s'apper^oit  encore  ici  de 
Taflbciation  conftante  parmi  les  Rooiain8t  de  lareligioii 
et  ck  Ja  poUtique.   Le  peuple  en  conHant  a  fes  magi* 
llrats  Ic  commandement  fupreme»  lui  confioitle  droit  de 
prendre  les  aufpices,  et  d'Interrogcr  la  fortaoe  puUiqne 
de  la  nation.    Ce  cara6lere  facr6  lea  mettoit  (pour 
A*ezpriiiier  ainfi)  en  liaifon  avec  les  dieux  de  la  r6pttb* 

lique* 


tlie d«7«f  liit  triampli.  The  pcopl«  ofiMi1l|r  Mceded  to  this  propolali 
%dtich  tbey  were  entitle,  however,  to  rcjcd  ;  arid  which  they  bad 
nearly  rejccilcd,  in  nrdcr  to  hird.r  the  triumph  of  PjuIu^  Kmilius. 

1.  Thofe  otily  couKl  ileniajid  a  triumph  \n  ho  IkkI  been  invefted  wirh 
fuprcme  command.  1  he  difciplinc  of  the  Romans  would  ocvtr  have 
sltweds  tribaae  or  alievteovit,  to  apply  tothe  leMte  for  the  rewwd 
of  Jut  lcfvic«s.  What  reward  could  a  fubaltem  deferve,  whole  only 
virtues  wer?  rh i  f  of  valour  and  obedi  .nee  ;  virtues  which  it  was  tho 
duty  of  general  to  remunerate  '1  he  principle  of  rrji'itr^ry  lubordi- 
oation  was  carried  fo  far,  tliuc  a  coromaMucr  in  chici  appropriated  die 
Klory  «i£  bit  moft  diftanc  Ueoteoantt  *,  ^Ko  were  conlMlcred  at  indebted 
Mr  dieirfacccft  mctelfto  the  orders  %\}.idihehad  given  to  tlicm  f.  The 
emperon  therefore,  as  fole  heads  of  the  army,  were  alone  entitled  to 
triumph  ff»r  the  vi(5!nri?s  which  their  genius  had  obtained,  at  the  fame 
fioie  on  the  Rhine  and  the  Euphrates.  On  thisoccalioa,  aifo,  we  may 
pcfveive  tfie  perpccval  conotAioo,  imoog  the  RmMM,  of  religion  and 
policy.  The  people,  in  conferriog  tlie  fttpreme  cdttunand,  mfemd 
with  it  the  ri|:;hr  rf  taki;  g  the  auTpices,  and  of  interrogating  thegod«, 
concerning  the  fortune  of  the  ftatc.   Thit  lacred  prerogative  eft tbUihed 

•  •  Cic^r.  in  Pifon.  C.  Txjii. 

-f  See  the  Abbe  Bleterie's  DifTcrtanoti  no  the  title  Iisperatcr.  M^ot. 
de  TAcadem.      Belles  Vcttrci,  tome  zxi. 

4  apeciio 


RECUEIL     mu  OBSERVATION?* 

lique.  £uz»  et  eax  feulst  pouvoieht  les  Interroger^  ct 
1^8  folliclter  par  des  voeux  que  I'ecat  etoit  oblige  de  rem* 
fltu  II  n'y  avoit  done  quVux»  a  qui  it  convenoit  de 
Icur  ofirur  des  a^lions  de  gracesi  lorfqae  ces  dieux  avol- 
entcxaoce  leura  pri^s>  etd'apportera  leurs  pteds  les 
depottUIetf  des  ennemis  et  les  tropbees  de  lears  vifloires* 
Dans  la  thfologie  toute  martiale  des  Remains*  on  ne 
pouYoit  leur  prefenter  des  oflfrand4  plus  agreables. 

Dans  les  premiers  fiecles^  les  confuls  et  les  pr^teurs  , 
xeuniflbient  facilement  descampagnes  quine  conHltoienc 
qu'en  quelques  jours  de  marche»  fuivis  d^un  combat,  avec 
radminidration  politique.  Maislorfquelarepubliquee  toit 
forcee  de  fe  d^fendre  et  d*attaquer  tout  a  la  fois  dans  tou- 
tea  les'  provinces  de  lltalie,  dans  la  Sicile*  dans  TEfpagne 
et.dans  l^Afrique,  ilfalloit  multiplier  fes  chefSf  et  conti- 
nuer  aux  confuls  et  aux  pr^teurs  le  meme  commande* 
ment,  lorfque  le  terme  de  leur  magiflrature  ^toit  expir6. 
Ces  proconCuls  ct  propr6teurs  dcvinrent  it  la  fin  les  feuls 
gcn^raux  de  T^tat ;  et  quoiqae  les  memes  perfonnes  ex* 
er^aflent  les  fondlions  civiles  et  militairesi  elles  ne  les 
exer^oient  plus  en  meme  terns,  effet  naturelde  I'etendue  > 
de  rempirc,  ct  de  la  grandeur  des  affaires.  Ces  magif- 
trats  extraordinaires,  qui  jouilToient  des  memes  droits  et 
des  memes  aufpices,  que  lorfqu'ils  etoient  confuls  ou 
prcLciiib,  oLitiiuicnt  toujours  le  iriomphe,  quand  ils 


8  pecoIUr  connedion  between  the  geoenl  tod  the  godt  of  bit  country. 

He  alone  could  interrogate  them,  smd  foUcit  their  hfov  by  vowt, 
wViic'i  the  llatc  wns  hovn.i  to  perform.  When  his  prayers  were  hrani, 
it  belonged,  tlxirciVre,  to  him  in  particular,  to  dcmonAratc  the  public 
gratitude  to  the  gods ;  and  to  lay  u  their  feet  hofiilc  fpoils  and  viAorioot 
irophiei.  To  the  martial  fuperftition  of  die  Romine,  no  crfEmiig» 
could  appear  more  acceptable. 

In  the  firft  ages  of  the  republic,  it  wa?  oafy  for  the  cor  fulsand  pracfon. 
to  unite  with  their  civil  fundinns  the  managemcot  of  campaigiu,  which 
confifted  only  in  marchetof  »few  days,  immediately  followed  by  a  bat* 
tie.  But  when  Rome  was  obli<;cd  to  j<d,both  oflciifively  and  defcnfi  ve* 
ly,  in  all  thr  provinces  of  Italy;  in  Sicily,  Spain,  and  Africa  ;  it  be- 
came nectfl'ary  to  incrcafc  the  number  '>f  ^tncral»,  and  to  extend  the 
military  command  of  the  confuls  and  pra;tors  btyood  the  term  a^gned  for 
their  ctTil  authority.  Thefe  procofifttk  and  proprztore finally beouftie  the 
<Hdy  generals  of  the  ftate;  andtn  confequence  of  the  weigh  t  of  afiairt  which 
increafed  with  the  extt-nt  of  the  empire,  although  the  Time  perfon?  con* 
tinned  to^txercife  both  civil  and  military  fund ion»,  yet  they  ccafcd  to 
cxercife  them  Hmukaneouiiy.  Thefe  exiraordmary  magiftratc«,  who 
etijoyed  die  fiune  lured  prerogatives  is  when  they  were  comuk  and  pcM* 
tort,  watt  entitled  aUb  to  demand  a  criomfh,  when  their  csploitn 


d  by  Googl 


it  PrECES  DETACHFES. 

Pavoient  m£nr6.  Pouvoit-oncn  cfTct  fl6trir  leurs  lauriers, 
parceque  la  diftance  des  iieux  et  la  diiRcuIte  de  la  gu^r«» 
re,  nc  leur  avoient  pas  perinis  de  la  terminer  daas  une 
feule  campagoe  ?  Mais  pendant  la  ieconde  guerre  Pnni- 
quc,  le  jeune  Scipion  vint  demander  ce  triomphe  qu'ii 
avoU  fi  bien  m6ritey  en  vengeant  la  mort  de  fes  oncles* 
et  en  rendant  \  la  r^publique  la  grande  provinced'Efpagne* 
Sa  dilution  etoit  iinguliere  comme  fes  exploits.  8a  pr^ 
pre  hardtefle  et  la  faveur  du  pcuple»  PavQient  ^leve  au 
commanderoent  a  I'uge  de  vingt  quatre  ans.  II  ^toit  ge- 
neral fans  avoir  et6  magiftrat.  11  paroiflbit  dangereux 
d'accoutumer  les  favoris  du  peuple  i  meprifer  les  emplois 
de  Tent)  et  a  s*ouvrtr  des  voyes  plus  abregies*  En  lui 
refufant  le  triomphe,  on  proteftoit  en  faveur  desmaximes 
meme  qu'on  avoit  vlol^es ;  on  fatfoit  fentir  au  peuple 
combien  etoient  difierentes  fes  loix  et  fon  autorit^*  et 
Ton  refrotdiflbit  les  djfirs  t6meraires  que  le  fucces  de  Sci- 
pion auroit  excit6$i  en  f^parant  le  prix  de  la  gloire  de  ce- 
iui  dc  rambition.  Le  fenat  prit  le  parti  de  la  fagcffe  et 
de  la  difcipiine ;  et  le  vainc^ueur  fe  foumit  a  fon  refus.- 
Ce  dccret  fondc  fur  ilcs  raifons  qn'on  fentit  platot  qu'oii 
nc  les  cnon(;a,  b'introvluifit  clans  la  jarifpi  ii.lv  irc  des  rri- 
onnphes  ^  ct  il  [i.iri:!:  conllauL  i^jiut         avuit  jaiiK.is 

accordc  a  ceux  ijui  iictoieut  point  niagiiiiats :  I'exempli 
de  Scipion  fcmbloit  decider  dc  I'avenir.    Dans  le  lens 
propre,  ce  decrct  n'ouvroit  le  tnomplic  qu'a  ccux  d'entre 
Vol.  lil.  K  les 


merited  thit  honour.  It  would  luve  been  unjud  indeed  to  debar  them 
from  thi^  reward,  and  to  blail  ibeir  laurels,  becaufe  the  diitancc  of  the 
nruvince  and  the  dtfficnky  ^  the  war  had  prevenied  them  from  tetmU 
nating  it  ih  a  fingle  campaigo.  During  the  fecond  Punic  war,  young 
Sctpin  ticmanded  a  triumph,  which  he  had  fairl)'  earned,  by  avenging 
the  death  of  hi^  iincics,  and  by  recovering  for  the  republic  the  great 
province  of  Spain,  flii  Atuation  was  as  finj^ular  as  his  ferviccs.  Hit 
own  boUoeft  and  the  favour  of  the  people  had  railed  him  to  fuprcme 
cnmmind  at  the  age  of  twcoty«four.  He  became  a  geoenl  without  hav' 
ing  ever  been  a  nu^iftrati.-.  ti  appeared  dangerous  to  accuflom  the  fa- 
■vcfinfe"»  of  the  people  to  dcfpiie  civil  cmpi'  ymer.ts,  and  to  open  for 
thcmfeivr*  ihurter  roads  to  power.  By  rciuiiug  a  triumph  to  Scipio^ 
the  Roikiant  prorefted  In  favonr  of  maxima  which  themfehrcahad  violated: 
people  were  taught  to  undcrfland  that  their  authority  was  fubordina^ 
tu  thr  laws;  and  that  ralb  ambiticn  was  fupprtfTcd,  which  mi^ht  too 
proj.ibly  I  .ive  been  inflamed  by  tV.r  fdc-efs  of  Scipio  in  f-paraang  the 
reivarJ  of  military  glory  iruta  the  Ihiuuurs  of  civil  tuaguxmcy.  The 
feoate  maintaioed  the  eaufe  of  wifdom  and  of  difcipiine ;  andv^e  con* 
qoeror  fubmltted  to  their  rct'ufal.  This  Uccree,  which  wiitfoUDcIcd  on 
rcdfi^ns  cfllate,  r*  ;^/  r  f  ]:  tluii  exprcfTed,  cam<j  to  b-  ccnlidcrcd  as  the 
li  w  rf  trinmoh  ;  wn .  !t  \  ^ic  people  ucvtr  gr^inied  to  anj  but  ma^illritcf  ? 
the  j>rccctict.t  iix  li.c  CMit  vi  Svipio  wua  ;I;-::ccl"rih  \^<:v  l"-e.    The  ftri^ 

f«ttl« 


REGUEIL  di  mM  OBSERVATIONS, 


Ics  confuls  ct  les  prcteurs,  ^  qui  le  fenat  coiuirmoit  Pcxi 
ercice  de  cette  magillraturc  qif  il  leur  avoit  confiee;  mais 
jc  vois  que  Tufage  ct  la  raifou  I'etendirent  fans  difficult© 
i  ces  citoyens  a  qui  Tautorite  publtque  accordoit  le  pou- 
▼oLr  dc  CC8  mapiltraturcs  qa'ils  iivoient  unefois  exer- 
tees,  et  que  Titidulgence  du  fenat  fupprimoit,  pourainH 
dire,  les  ann^es  qui  »*etoient  ecoulees  dcpuis  rexpiratioii 
de  leurs  charges,  ct  les  confideroit  toujour^  comme  re- 
vetus  du  car.iQerc  qu'ils  avoient  unc  fois  porte.  J'ignorc 
jufqu'a  quel  point  le  fenat  auroit  poufle  Ton  induigence» 
et  s'il  cut  accorde  le  triouiphe  aux  exploits  d'un  ancieu 
pr^tettrf  par  exemple,  revetu  de  Tautorite  pT^oconfuiaire, 
Je  crois  que  ce  fage  confeil  ne  decida  point  d'avancd  un 
ca$  qui  n'etoit  p<is  arrive;  et  qu'il  auroit  juge  felon  les 
circonftanccs  jufqu*a  un  proconful,  qui  n'aurolt  jamais 
jout  que  de  la  derni^re  des  magiftraturesi  Tedilit^.  Cec 
edile,  ag^  au  moins  de  trente  huit  anSy  devoir  ctre  connu 
deputs  vingt  ans  dans  les  troupes  et  dans  la  ville.^  li  de«  • 
voit  avoir  fait  connoitre  fcs  talens  et  fon  cara£\erc  dans 
la  qutjHuriy  et  fes  princtpes  de  politique  dans  le  f6nat. 
Mais  le  fens  et  la  lettre  de  ce  d^cret  excluoient  de  Thoo- 
neur  du  triomphc,  tout  particuliert  tout  chevalier  Ro* 

main, 

*  Je  no  puis  rrnvoyer  qu'i  Tite  Live  ec  aux  Fades  du  (aiiinc  et  fep- 
ticaic  il^clcsdc  Rome. 


fcnfc  of  this  decree  allowed  a  triumph  nnly  to  thofe  conful$and  prjctois 
'whofe  magtftrAciet  had  been  |M'olonged  by  rhe  people;  but  both  rcafon 
and  cufl-om  extended  this  honour  to  citizens  invefled  by  ruhlic  juthcrity 
■with  the  power  belonging;  to  o0iccs  •  which  they  had  formerly  filled  ;  the 
indulg-ence  of  the  ffnatc  oblircrating,  as  it  were,  the  years  which  had  clapf- 
cd  Uncc  liicttrni  of  their  cmpJoymeut,  and  curfiJcring  them  asliai  bejr- 
f  nga  chtraifter whir h  diey  had  once  hoouunibljr  fuftaincd.  1  kno  w not  how 
far  thefeiiatc««icodcdthiaindul^;enee;  and  whether  it  allowed,  for  eiam- 
tlic  tr  uniph  to  z  pr.Tt(»r  of  a  former  year,  h  Iu  ii  itn-rOrd  wi»h  ^Tot  on- 
iular  authority.  1  am  inclined  to  thiak  thst  this  wiie  council  never  unti- 
cipatcd  the  dcciflon^  of  cafes  whkh  had  notadually  hapfcutd  ;  uud  that 
■tcordipg  to  circumflances  it  would  have  czteitdcd  the  right  uf  triumph 
even  to  a  proconful,  who  hud  never  held  any  other  magidracy  thaa  the 
2dile(hip.  The  acdtlc  haviut:  attained  at  Uaft  the  age  of  thirty  cipht, 
mud  have  been  knowu  for  twenty  years  in  the  army  aad  in  liie  city. 
His  talents  and  his  character  might  have  been  a}>prcciated  by  bis  beh»- 
viour  in  the  qux(lorihip»  and  hi»  political  principle«  could  not  fail  of 
hcing  difcovered  in  the  fcnnte.  livit  hoth  the  letter  and  thelpirit  <*r  this 
r'vrrpr  (•vrl"i.1(  1  frnm  tr.'iiinj^i}<al  honours  the  nmplc  citizen  nr  knight, 
liiat  tiie  laws  nii^lit  uut  Lc  lufpcudtU  cvcii  in  l  ivnur  of  the  muTt  diltin- 

•  I  tan  only  cite  the  authority  of  Liv/  and  the  KaiUjoif  the  iuth  and 
icvcfitU  cebluiiwfc  of  Koiue. 

guiiiied 


a 

.  J  I.  d  by  Googl 


et  PI  ECES  DETACHE'ES.  131 

ouin,  qui  attTott  donaj  rezempie  pernideux  de  faire  66- 
roger  aux  lotx»  en  faveur  meme  du  ra^rite  le  plus  difttn« 
gue.  II  etablU  fi  bien  rhoniseuT  de.  ces  loix  et  du  trioni* 
phc,  que  le  pen  pie  ne  diftribua  plus  fcs  graces^  que 
felon  Tordre  ^tablt.  Jc  fais  que  le  jeune  Pompee,  encore 
chevalier^  amcha  au  dt^ateur  SyUa  les  honnenn  da 
triomphe^  dans  ces  terns  malbeureux  ou  les  loix  fe 
taifoicnt  devant  les  parttcuHers  trop  puiflans  Si  le 
fenat  lui  accorda  enfuite  une  grace  pareille,  I'autorit^  de 
Pompee  et  la  faveur  du  peuplc  juiltfioietit  afl*ez  une  in* 
dulgcnce  qui  eluit  fans  confequence  pour  lui. 

3,  Oil  (ait  aflez  que  le  General  viclorieux  a  fon  retour 
a  Rome,  iiifoit  nflViiiblf  r  le  ien.it  dans  un  temple  hors 
cie  I'enceiute  dcs  niurs,  ci  tju'il  lui  expofoit  fi^s  pietcaii- 
oas  au  triomi>he,  en  lui  fourniir.int  cn  meme  terns  des 
memoires  exiiCls  dc  fa  vich)ire,  dont  il  etoit  oblige  de 
coiiil.iter  la  vcritt'  par  foti  I-  <  iiicnt  fulcmncl.  La  maniere 
don:  Claudius  Neron  et  Livius  Salinator  demanderent  le 
trioinphc  pour  leur  vi(Sloirc  de  Mctaurus,  e:oit,  felon 
Tire  Live,  la  forme  ufitee  de  tous  les  Genei aux.  lis 
iupplicrent  qu'on  rendit  graces  aux  dieux,  et  qu'il  leur 
flit  permis  d'cntrer  en  ville  en  tiioniphe,  pour  nvolr  -^d- 
ninnitre  la  republique  avec  courage  et  avcc  f;ilr*iitef. 
Je  penfe  que  cctte  condition,  dont  rintcrprctation  fe 
pretoit  faciiement  a  la  prudence  et  ^  Tequicc  des  juges, 

K  2  eioit 


guKhed  merit.  The  authority  of  thcC:  Uws  became  ib  thoroughly  clla* 
blUhefi,  that  the  people  no  lonjrer  fought  to  difpenfe  their  favourt,  but 

agreeably  to  the  t.r^L-r  which  they  pre fcrihcd.  I  know  that  young  Pom- 
f^y,  while  yet  a  rm:|»le  knie'it,  forced  the  di<5lator  Sylla  to  j^rant  him  a 
tnunnpb,  at  that  unhappy  crilis  wlicn  the  laws  were  overwhelmed  by  tl>c 
power  of  individuals  *.  Aithouf[h  the  fenate  altervrardt  bellowed  oa 
him  a  fimilar  power,  the  authority  of  Pompey»  and  the  euchuCaftic  ad* 
miratlr  n  of  the  niuiritude,  jiiftified  an  iaduJgcDce  which  would  not  be 
cumlrtjrf?  mUi  a  prrcfdcnt. 

3.  It  i»  wcii  known  dut  the;  victorious grnerai,  at  his  return  to  Rome, 
aflembled  the  fenarort  ia  «  temple  without  the  walU,  and  rxplained  to 
them  his  jnd  pretcnfiona  to  a  ttturoph,  by  iupplyingthcm  with  a  writ  tea 
03rr<ifive  of  his  viJiory,  coiifirmcd  byuIuUmri  O  wh-  The  form  by 
which  Cbudiu*  Kcro  and  Livius  Salinator  Jeiranucti  a  triumph  for  their 
^(flory  at  Mciaurus  woe  that  cnipluyca  by  the  fuUic^^ucnt  gcixcxaU. 
They  requefled  that  thanks  might  b«  rendered  to  the  gods  ;  and  that 
they  thcmfclve*  might  be  allowed  to  enter  the  city  in  triumph,  for  their 
I  faithful  and couragiou9  manag.mcnt  of  tlie  affair*  of  the  rcptibu'cf.  I 
am  nf  nj-in'oi:  thac  this  coaditioji,  which  aJmittcd  of  great  Lritude  of 
^utcrprcutiuii  Irom  tne  prudence  and  equity  uf  tiic  judge*,  wat  ilic  only 

#  i^ppian  dc  Bell.  Civil.  L.  i.  Cicer.  proicig.  ManiL 
\  Tic.  Lit.  Axviu. 

one 


Digitized  by  Google 


RECUEIL  di  mi  OBSERVATIONS, 

^toit  feule  efTentielle,  qiioique  ptttfieuTS ^criviliDS  y  ayenC 
fubftitii^  une  multitude  de  pctues  loiz,  qui  arretoitnt  Ics 
d^ib^radons  du  fenat,  et .  Ic  mettoient  I  chaque  inflant 
dans  rimpuiiTancet  ou  dans  la  neceflite  d^accorder  rhon<> 
neur  du  trtomphe  a  ceux  qui  le  folicitolent  Eux- 
tnemes  n^ont  point  pu  d^couvrir  des  loix  dtgnes  dc  ce 
nom  facre.  Celles  quails  nous  ont  donnef  s,  ne  font  ap* 
puy^es  que  fur  quelques  exemples  parttculiers,  qui  font 
d^truits  a  kur  tour  par  des  exemplcs  c  ppofes}  ct  Ton 
doit  fcntir  que  celui  qui  nic,  d^iiuit,  d'un  feul  fait^  toutes 
)es  irratfemblances  qu'on  pent  accumuler  contre  lur. 

Ceft  ainfi  qu'ils  ont  ftatu^  qu'un  General  ne  pouvoit 
pretendre  au  Iriomphe,  a  moins  que  dans  une  feule  ba- 
taille  rangcc,  il  n'eut  fait  perir  cinq  millc  des  enncmis  \ 
ct  a  Ics  entendre,  cctte  feule  condition  rcmplie  Tautori- 
foit  a  le  demandcr  conrimc  une  r^rccmptnfe  qui  lui  otoit 
due.  J'ai  ctpcndant  de  la  peine  a  ir.e  reviuudcr  que  le 
fenat  cut  vouhi  s'ariuicltir  a  ji'gcr  du  i/.critc,  fur  u:x 
regie  nufli  'ir.ccrtaine  que  le  ncmbre  tks  niorts.  Dc 
comhicii  d'tircaficns  un  Gcnrral  pcuvoit-il  rcndie  a  la 
rcpubliquc  ucs  fcn'ices,  qui  mciitoicnt  toute  fa  recon- 
noiflancc,  f.ms  avoir  latisfait  a  ces  calcuLut;iu>  fcrupulcux, 
qui  mefurcnt  le  f.ing  humain  avcc  taut  dVxn^iitude  ? 
S'il  avoit  ailaire  aux  peuples  ellemines  de  TOrienr,  qui 

oioient 


one  cfleiiiul,  altLough  ftveral  ^vrittrs  fuppofe  a  variety  of  particular 
Uwi,  "which  ccntrcllcd  the  deliberation*  of  the  fcnate,  and  cumpclled 
them  either  to  admit  or  to  rcjeA  tlic  prctrniioneof  thofe  who  demanded 
a  triumph*.  Yet  thofe  writrn havr  not  brcn  able  to  bring  forward, 
on  this  fubjc<S,  any  thirj^  dtfcrving  the  fjcrci!  name  of  a  laW.  The 
particulars  which  they  mention  arc  interred  from  a  few  ex«intplcs,  the 
force  of  whieh  is  deflroyrd  by  otherft  direflly  oppofite;  and  t)  ly  ran- 
not  hot  pereeiTe  that  he  who  maintaini  the  negative  agaioll  thcni, 
overturni,  by  a  fingk  faA,  all  the  prohabtlitiet  which  they  can  accu- 

niulate. 

They  lay  it  down  a«  n  law  of  the  triumph,  that  a  general  fru!d  nrt 
claim  that  honour,  who  had  not  in  a  pitched  battle  killed  five  thuufand  r>f 
the  enemy ;  and  fuppofe  that  he  wae  entitkd  to  demand  it,  upon  fuifiN 
ling  this  fingle  condition,  as  the  due  icconipdife  of  his  merit.  Ycr  it  it 
rot  <afy  to  believe  that  in  apprt elating  military  fcrviccs,  the  fcrati 
ihould  have  been  guided  t:y  a  circunuUoce  fo  cicccding'ij  uiucitain  at 
the  Rumhcr  <*f  the  flam.  On  how  many  oceafione  might  a  geteni  (^e- 
ferve  the  warmed  gratitude  rf  the  repuhhc,  without  contcntiof^  tliofe 
nice  arithmrticiant  tvho  calculated  the  quantity  of  human  blood  with 
fuch  fcrupulou*  acctiracy  ?  If  he  carried  cn  war  againll  the  cff.nn;nattf 
nations  of  the  Eall,  whofc  cov.art.iitc  was  alarmed  cvm  by  the  war* 

•  V.  OAophi*  ranviot  de  Tciumphi*,  cc  Appian  in  Ljbicis. 

ihouti 


Digitized  by  Gopgle 


ti  PFEOES  DETACHE'ES. 

ofolent  a  peine  foutfnir  le  cri'de  guerre  des  legtoiiB,  une 
vi^oirc  tres  pen  fii)  lante  pouvoit  lui  livrcr  un  royaume 
entter.  Un  G^n^rak  fagement  avare  du  fang  des  ci  to  yens, 
pouvoit  penfer  qa'unc  campagnc  favantc  et  hcurcufe  d6- 
ployott  bten  micux  les  talens  miiitaires,  que  1'avcugle  for* 
tune  d*un  joar  de  combat.  Ses  manoeuvres  bten  concertees 
et  bicn  fouttnueii,  pouvoient  enlevcr  I  rcnnemi  routes 
fes  reflbuTces,  fans  lui  lailTer  me  me  celles  d*une  batatUe) 
et  le  reiluire  k  la  necefHt^  de  mettre  bas  les  armes,  ec  de 
fe  rendre  avec  une  nrmcc  encore  entiere,  et  que  les  com- 
bats  n'avoient  point  dimtnuee.  Des  places  fordfi^es  par 
Tart  on  par  !cur  Ctuation,  et  defendues  par  une  garniibn 
inrr?pide  plutot  que  nombreufe^  pouvoient  oflTrir  de  toutes 
parts  des  obftaclcs  dignes  de  toute  !a  condance  des  trou- 
pes, et  de  toure  la  fcience  du  General,  qui  aura  achev^ 
par  cette  conqucte,  des  guerre^  auQi  onjreufes  pour  lat 
r^publique,  qu'elles  ^toient  pernicieufes  aux  provinces. . 
Je  ne.citerai  que  le  dernier  de  ces  cas,  et  je  ne  rappelleral 
que  Texemple  du  fecond  des  Sctpions,  qui  egala  la  repu- 
tation de  fon  onde^  fans  avoir  jamais  vaincu  Annibaly  et 
qui  triorapha  denx  fois,  fans  avoir  Hvr^  une  feulc  bataiJIc 
rangce.  L^s  fieges  de  Carthage  et  de  Nuniance  lui  va- 
lurtnt  ces  deui  tiiomphes,  et  deux  lurnoms  encore  plus 
glorI(.u\.  11  ne  feroit  ccpenrlant  }\ts  pofl-blc  ci'y  trouver 
un  combat  ou  il  ait  pii  ju-rir  cinq  n.i!lc  iiuirimLS.  II  y 
a  meme  de  ai.'eurs  tjui  nous  .iflurent  que  ces  Nuinr.ntiiia 
qui  oieicat  iuuci  uvwu  taut  dc  iucces  et  de  cQijiu.iKc 

centre 


fhouts  of  the  I'-gions,  3  vi(*lory  Almf)fl  bloodlef*;  might  put  him  in  pof- 
ftffiou  of  a  whuic  KiAj^duni.  A  cotnmaiidLr,  iparii  g  of  the  b!o«^<l  of  hit 
fcUow-citisen*,  mi^ht  chink  military  C4lenc«  m*>Tt  honounbly  difplaycd 
in  the  ikill  and  faccefa  of  a  campaign,  thitri  in  the  blind  fortuoeaod  ha* 
vock  of  a  ddy  of  b  ittJe.  Hi*  wch  conrriv-u  anJ  wcll-cxecuted  move- 
ments might  dt-piive  the  cn<*niy  of  every  rcfourcc,  without  excepting 
that  of  ao  engugemenc ;  and  coiu^>cl  them  to  furrendcr  their  armt  and 
their  perfoos,  a  prii«  undimininied  by  ary  lofii  id  the  fiel^.  Towoi 
ftroogly  fortified  by  art  or  nature,  aod  defended  by  farrilbot  more  ob> 
{linate  than  numer«  us,  mi-jht  oppolc  ubftacles  worthy  of  exercifing  all 
the  Ikril  '.ind  pcrfr vt  "ii^ri:  «>!  a  t^cucral;  wiio,  by  carrying  fuch  places, 
niigiit  uiien  ttnukiiiiic  v.  jf;,  us  outdenfoinc  to  the  repuhlicai  pernicioufl 
to  the  provibctfi.  1  Iball  rxemptify  only  the  lecood  of  thofe  calea; 
and  my  example  (hull  be  tiiac  of  the  younger  Scipio,  whofc  glory  eqiiall- 
td  that  of  his  uik!?,  tlicu;i;h  lie  had  never  conquered  an  Hannibal;  and 
who  triumptir'd  twice,  without  havinj^  ever  fought  3  finole  pitched 
kiitic.  By  tiikiiig  cartilage  aud  iMuuiJutium,  he  obtained  thofe  tri- 
•mphsp  aod  iwu  lEiirnames,  ftiU  mote  g lorioua.  Yet,  in  the  coitrfe  of 
thofe  fiegea,  it  is  impoiTible  to  fiad  an  aAion  in  which  five  tbnufand  of 
the  eneiTiy  pcrifhcct;  and  tht  re  art-  anthnrs  who  afilrm,  that  thofe  brave 
>iumaxum^  wito  r(4Ulcd  Wiihiuci.  jxrkvcrauceiUHifucceli  the  Purees  of 

the 


RECUEIL  dc  ms  OBSERVATIONS,      ,  " 

♦ 

contreles  forces  de  la  republique,  ne  monterent  jamais 
a  plus  de  quatre  miUe  homines,  qui  nti  multiplierent 
leur  nombrc  que  par  fcur  valeur  *• 

Nous  devons  I  ce$  memes  ^nvaiti8  un  autre  rcglement 
aufli  fage,  et  parbonhcur  aufTi  bien  fond6  que  le  premier. 
Pour  obtcnir,  difcnt-il?,  Thonneur  du  triomphc,  il  falloit 
avoir  foumis  qufltjiic  ncuplf  c\m  n*,ivoic  janiais  reconnu 
Fautontr  des  Remain:, ,  il  ii  aiiruit  pas  futli  clc  r^duirc 
une  province  revohec  ;  Ic  f  -nnr  iie  comptoit  que  ces  vic- 
toires  qui  rcculoient  les  fronticrcs  dc  rcinpirc.  11  me  fcm- 
Me  qu*on  a  voulu  faire  honncur  a  une  €crt:iine  gr.i;u!(Mir 
d'amc  un  pcu  romaaerque,  aux  dcptns  de  I  a  prudence  et 
fiu  vcritajjle  honneur.  En  cflet  la  pofii  irion  d*une  pro- 
vince importoit  ellc  moins  i»  la  rcpub!i*^uc,  parccqu'eilc 
1'avoit  dcja  pofr?'dee,  et  qu*ellc  r.ivolt  vendue  d'nri  prix 
bien  pln"^  cnnfidrrnblc,  en  verfant  dans  fon  fein  dcs  colo- 
nics iiombrcufes,  et  cn  f.dfant  valoir  tous  les  nv mtages 
ratiircls  ou  artif.ciels  du  pays  ?  Son  honncur  etuit-il  plus 
interellc  a  founncttr:?  nations  librec,  qui  connoliToicnt 
a  peine  le  nom  tie  Rome,  qu'a  reduirc  des  rjbellcs  dont 
Ja  revolte  accufoit  la  juitice  de  la  republique,  bravoit  Cjl 
puifTance,  ct  donnoit  aux  autrcs  fujets  un  cxemplc  dan- 
gereux  feduifant  ?  Trouvoit-on  une  refiftance  moins  opi- 
niatre  parmi  ces  peupics  reduits  a  optcr  entre  la  vidloirc 
et  la  morty  et  dont  ks  chefs,  et  meme  les  troupes, 

avoieiit 


the  rrpobltc,  nev^r     ceded  four  tboofjuid  men,  whofe  oumben  were  - 

mtiUi^'licd  «nly  by  their  vt  loiir  *. 

Another  regulation  ix  nientioDCtl,  not  Ick  wife,  and  jtift  as  well 
founded  at  that  already  flacvd.  A  triumph,  h  ie  faid,  coold  be  obtained 

only  by  the  conqiicrnrs  of  ijatjnni,  who  had  never  prcvionfly  adtnow* 
lcdj;ed  thr  n-i'h'  rity  of  the  Rumaiis;  the  r<<Iu<5li<'n  of  a  provjnc<: 
did  not  fi.lTife;  thr  ftvntr  madr  ro  accoat  ?  of  victrrifs  wImcii  ciij 
sot  extend  tlic  frontier*  of  the  empire.  In  this  fapp<iicd  rcgulatian, 
it  feemt  to  me  aa  if  the  herotfm  of  romance  were  fubllitvted  tnflrad  of 
thedidates  of  prudence  and  true-  honour.  Wa^  a  province  the  left 
ImMf  fn  tnc  Romans  bccuuft  it  hid  been  loii^  in  their  pofTcffion,  pff- 
pUd  hv  thfir  numerous  coNt  'T'^.  :  nd  rr.ruhcd  by  thtir  attention  in  i»n- 
pruving  Its  natural  9nd  araficui  acivuntagctt  f  Wan  the  hoDuur  of  tnc 
rep oblic  more  concerned  in  fabdning  free  nationt,  who  had  fcarcdy  ever 
heard  of  the  name  of  Rome,  than  in  ftipprcfTin^  die  rrbellion  of  a  re* 
voltcd  frovinre,  which  upbraldrd  her  injuflicc,  drfitd  h- r  pow»rr,  and 
frduced  by  a  danpcroU'- exatnplt-  the  al'f  giancr  of  her  rthcr  fubjc*^} -,  ? 
Was  a  Icfs  o'  ftmatc  rt-liilancc  to  be  cxpctitcd  irom  a  people  who  ha  i  ro 
ether  choice  than  yidory  or  death,  wbofc  general*  and  even  ibidiera  h^d 

#  V.  Ffori  Epitom.  Oro^um,  T*  Lhr.  hr«  Audor  dc  Vir.  iiloftriiT. 

learned 


Digitized  bv  Goo<?le 


'  #/  PI  ECES  DE  TACHE'ES, 

avolent  sppris  I'nrt  dc  h  pu^nrc  fous  Ics  drapcaux  Ro- 
niHiiis,  que  pnrrni  dob  Ji.iti.^ns  de  barbares  dont  le  fen.u  ac- 
cepta  ;\vcc  piailir  Ics  U>ua^iiliQii.s  ks  plus  Icgeres,  content 
ri*iiTipolcr  d'abord  le  jou^'-,  pour  ne  rappet'antir  que  cUas 
]a  fuite  ?  Kn  ua  mot,  ccs  guerres  et(>ient-cllc&  d'une  li 
IKtirc  iniportaiice,  qu'on  dut  en  degouter  ks  bons  Gene- 
T4UX,  en  Fcfufant  a  Icurs  exploits,  la  fciile  recoinpenre 
qui  cn  croit  diene  ?  Pi-ur  me  pcrlu  i  lcr  (jue  le  feiiat  eut 
^r  i!>li  un  pircii  rcglcnicnr,  it  fiu  '.roit  d(fs  faits  aulfi  de- 
cilils  en  fa  favour,  quMs  Int  fotit  opjiofcs.  Je  ne  veux 
pas  mc  prcvalolr  dc  toua  ces  triomplics  fur  des  peuples 
(\C]a  cent  fois  vaincus,  auxqncls  lee  Koinnins  avoient  ac- 
cord: In  p:nx  a  des  c')ndirions  tres  iiif.T;i!es,  ct  di^nes  plu- 
lot  tie  lu]i:ib  que  d'ailies  mais  lorlquc  'Titus  et  ("on 
pcre  trioinphercnt  des  Juifs,  et  que  le  lenat  cternif.i  !•  ins 
vicloires  par  des  niedaillcs  et  par  cct  arc  de  triomphe  que 
nous  voyons  encore,  ils  ne  triomphercnt  que  de  la  reduc- 
tion d'une  province  revoltee,  jadis  foumife  par  Ponipec, 
et  gOttirern^e  par  des  magillrats  Romains  depuis  cin- 
quante  ass.  Je  conviens  avec  Onuphrius  Fanvinius,  que 
Fulvius  ne  triompha  point  dc  I'importante  conquCte  dc 
Capoue.  J'ignore  les  raifons  du  f^nat,  et  fi  la  jultice  ou 
left  intrigues  ont  fait  6chouer  ce  proconful ;  mais  je  fab 
que  vers  le  meme  temss  Fabius  Maximus  obtint  cet  hon- 
neur,  pour«voir  prh^arefitum  f,  ville  qui  reconnoiH'olc 
la  domination  Romaine  deputs  la  fin  de  la  guerre  de 

Pyrrhus. 

learned  w.ir  unrler  rhe  Rnmin 'flundird,  than  from  thofc  barbarous  na- 
tions, whofc  Uighteft  fubmrifions  were  readily  acccprcJ  by  a  fcnate,  al- 
wajt  content  wi:h  merely  impofin];  the  yoke  a:  drft.  that  ii»  weigiit 
might  afterward*  be  more  fcvcrely  f«U  ^  In  one  word ;  were  the  wart 

agaiofl  revolted  provinces  regarded  as  too  unimportant  to  tncrit  the  only 
rewsrd  vvf  rthy  of  a  vi<*loriou«  g^t-nrn;!  ?  I  hc  exift<*rtce  of  I'uch  a  regu- 
lation could  be  proved  only  by  the  moll  dccifivc  fat'N ;  but  the  fads  on 
record  are  direiftiy  ag^inft  it.  I  will  not  avail  myfcif  I'f  the  numeroua 
trmmpht  over  communitiet,  an  hundred  timet  conquered*  to  whtcit  the 
Roman?  grantid  very  unequal  conditions  of  peace*,  and  treated  ruth  r  as 
fubjfAs  than  slua  •  :  but  when  Tltu%  and  hi*  f.ithrr  triimiphed  t)vcr 
the  Jews,  and  when  the  fcnatc  commemorated  their  via'»rits  by  me  • 
dab  and  that  triumphal  srch  which  has  fubfifted  to  the  prefent  day,  th  y 
did  nothing  more  thao  triumph  over  a  revolted  province,  wliiih  had 
been  fubdu-.I  1  /  tbe  arm^  uf  Pompcy,  and  jravt  riu  J  hy  Rcnu  i  nupif- 
tr:itff  frr  the  Ip.ice  ot  fifty  yeurs.  1  ac;rcc  \vl'.l>  Onuphriui  P-  nvt-iiu^, 
ihai  i  uiviuidid  not  oLudin  a  rriuiuph  for  tac  iuii^-irtant  coit^ucii  «.f  Ca- 
pua. Of  the  xeafoos  which  ni'«de  the  fenatc  rcfufe  it  to  him,  I  nm  15;- 
norant;  tt  il  uncertsiii  wh.  tiur  juftice  nr  ii;tr!^:j<  t'Jcatfil  the  prt»lf  .c!i 
•  •f  this  procr»nfuI ;  bur  1  kr  u.'.  that  ne  irly  about  I'.f  imc  tiai  ,  I'  j'ut:* 
Maximus  triumphed  for  the  c-Tctif'fl  of  Tar  t.'ukt  f ,  a  ciry  v  iu.h  ha  I 
diknowledged  the  fuvcreigi.iy  ut  Rome  ever  uncc  tiic  wut  ugumit 

«  V.  Jofieph.  Antiq.  Judaic  el  de  fieil-  Judako.   ^  Tit.  Lit  zzvti. 

Pyrrhus. 


RECBUIL  Jte  met  OBSERVATIONS.  ^ 


Fyrrhus.  Je  dis  plus ;  Rome  sVft  trouv^e  dans  des  fitu- 
ations  r  alhtureufes,  ou  cllc  a  d1^  prodiguer  toute  fa  re- 
connoifTance  ^  ces  G6neraux  qui  avoient  protege  la  pa- 
trie,  fans  ajouter  ni  rendre  ^  fa  domination  un  pouce  de , 
terrein.  C5e  he  font  pas  Scipton  ou  Fompee^  mais  Ca- 
mille  et  Marius^  que  la  reconnoiffance  publiquc  a  aflbctca 
avec  Romulus  dans  le  titre  de  fondateur  de  Rome.  Ces 
grands  hommes  ont  repoufl^  les  debordemens  des  bar- 
bares  \  lis  en  Qnt  extermtne  les  arm^s>  mats  tls  n'ont 
jamais  fonge  i  les  pourfuivrei  pour  les  attaquer  dans 
Jeurs  pays  dont  ils  connoifibient  a  peine  la  fituation. 
Que  pourroit-on  penfer  d*ttne  lois  dont  la  jconf^^quence 
immediate  et  naturelle  auroit  refuf6  des  triomphes  a  de 
pareils  hommes,  pour  les  accorder  a  des  propr6teurs  qui 
ne  doirent  leur  fouvenir  qu*aux  faftes  CapitoHns  ? 

Hie  tarmn  et  Cimbrosy  et  fumma  pericula  rerum 
Mxcipity  et  folus  trtpidantem  protegtt  urhem* 
Atqtie  ideo  pofiquam  ad  Cimbms^  Jlragenupu  voii^ami 
^f//  nunquam  attigerant  major  a  cadaver  a  CWW^ 
NMU  cmatur  lauro  colUga  fecunda 

On  dcmandcroit  avec  plus  de  vraifemblance,  fi  Ic  fenat 

f(!  contentoit  d*mie  vi£loire,  et  s'il  ne  falloit  pas  achever 
]a  guerre  pax  la  loumifllon  dc  i'cmieini,  uu  du  moins  par 

•  un 


PytAiit.  I  go  fardier  \  and  olifem»  thit  Rome  more  thin  once  cipe» 
rwBced  dtole  dlfaflrrt,  which  made  it  her  duty  to  beftow  the  higbcft 

Tnarl;5  of  hrr  j:-af''udc  on  thofc  prnfrals  who  had  favcd  their  country, 
without  adclinj^  a  foot  f  f  grourid  to  its  territory.  Neither  Scipio  nor 
Pompey,  but  CatniUu*  and  Mariu*>  were  aiTociated  with  Romulus,  ia 
the  honAnrable  appeUatioo  of  Founders  of  Rome.  Thefe  great  men 
^epreffed  the  hiondations  of  the  6?Huri.in$,  and  deftroyed  their  arnnt-s; 
Tut  never  rhnu;];ht  of  purfuinjj  them  into  their  own  wilds, witli  ihc  fitua- 
T on  of  wh*  h  thry  werr  fcarctly  acquatntf  J.  What  •^•'ift  h;ivc  b:'cn  th« 
abfurdity  ot  a  iaw,  which  dented  to  fuch  men  die  tuumph,  while  it 
hetflied  that  honour  on  propneion,  whole  namet  are  hoowo  only  by 
the  Ca|ntoUoe  iccords  i 

HiC  tamea  et  Cimhref^  et  Jumna  ptrituta  rtrmm 

Sxtifit,  H  Joiut  trrpidantm  firates^U  Mfitm* 

^tqve  idi^  p^q'tam  ad  Cimhfi^  Jii  agmfUt  ^t^^Mt 

r-t-r^iiim  attigfrant  r>ii?Jcr.-'  caiiavfra  $9fvif 
J^Uiiii  cr/uumr  Uxuo  ^allega  lecund&  *• 

It  may  be  afkcd  with  greater  probability,  whether  the  fcnate  wat  fatif- 
ficd  with  a  fingle  vidory  /  or  whether,  to  have  a  right  to  demand 

*  Jttveaal  Satyr,  riii.  S49»  et  £e^. 

the 


ei  PFECES  DE'TACHEISS. 

un  trait^  avantageux  pour  la  republtque,  pour  ofer  lul 
dcmander  un  triomphe.    Jc  nc  vcrrois  dans  un  parcil 
reglcment,  que  la  fagefTe  d'un  fenat  qui  craignoit  d'avilir 
fes  r^ompenfes  en  Ics  prodiguant,  mais  qui  toujour* 
libre  et  fourcrain,  favoitaufli  rcfufcr  cet  honneur  ^  un 
General  prefomptueux  qui  ne  lui  auroit  oifert  que  dcs 
ennemis  et  des  conquetes  indigncs  de  fes  armes.  Mats 
en  incerrogcant  les  faifs  (et  cc  font  les  faits  qu'il  faut  in- 
terrbger),  je  Tois  que  la  conduite  du  fenat  a  varie  dant 
lesdifferens  fi^cles  dela  republique  ;  etpe  trouvela  caufe 
de  eette  variation  dans  un  ufage  acceflbire  et  et  ranger  an 
merite  dn  chef.   C'eft  cclui  qui  aiToctoit  aux  honneurs 
de  fon  triomphe,  ces  braves  citoyens  qui  avoient  partagc 
fes  dangers.   Les  foldats  fuivoient  le  char  du  triomplia- 
teur^  couronnes  de  laurierS)  et  orn^s  des  recompenfes 
^fkiilttaires  que  leurvaleur  avoi(  meritees*.   lis  s'appro- 
prioient  toute  la  gloire  de  leur  chef,  et  ce  chef  trouvoit 
dans  leseloges  de  fes  legionnaires,  ct  encore  mieux  dans 
ces  railleries  ruCliques,  prcuves  de  leur  franchife  et  de 
leur  eftime,  le  prix  le  plus  doux  de  fes  travaux.  Dans 
les  premieres  guerr^s  de  la  republique,  lorfqu'elle  ne 
luttoit  que  contre  des  ennemis  peu  eloigncs,  et  qui 
n'avoicnt  point  de  troupes  r6glees,  Ic  conful  viflorieux 
ramcnoit  fes  legions  a  Rome^  et  les  foldats  n'avoicnt 

d'auirctt 


ihc  criamph,  it  wat  not  necctCsrf  to  terminate  the  war  by  fuhduing  the 
rncmy,  oratleaft  by  making  a  treaty  advantagi»)ii8  to  the  rtpublic  In 
fuch  a  regulation,  I  Ihould  perceive  nothing  hut  the  wifdoni  nt  the  [c- 
nate,  which  waccarcliil  not  to  debate  itt  honours  by  too  lavi/h  a  prodi- 
gality; and  wKidi  i(fclf»  a!way>fovereign«ul  free,  knew  how  Co  reftiliB 
to  a  prcfumptiious  general,  who  courted  the  triumph  hy  iiig1oriuu»  COD* 
ciu'ft'i  ever  unworthy  enemies.  But  in  derii'u!^'-  irrortiing  to  f.ii?1s,  and 
by  fads  we  ought  to  decide,  1  perceive  tiut  tuc  cuudud  cf  the  icnuie 
varied  in  diffcrept  aget  of  the  republic;  and  that  the  cauTe  of  this  va- 
riatioo  depended  on  a  circumftAiice  altogether  diftlndi  from  the  tnerit  of 
the  general.  It  was  cuftomar)-  that  the  hr*ve  citizen*  who  had  (lured 
hh  daiijjcrs  fhoulJ  air>  {Jirrakc  <  i  the  j^lcry  «>f  his  triitn^ph.  The  fol« 
dicri  followed  hi«  chariot,  cro\vnc»l  with  kur.li,  and  decorated  with 
the  militarf  ornament*/ which  their  valour  had  merited  *.  They  ap« 
propriated  to  themfelves  the  honours  conferred  on  their  commander ; 
and  this  command-r  dcriveJ  fwccttft  reward  fmrn  the  p.aifcsof  bin 
foldiers,  and  itUi  m»)rt' from  tli.ir  toarfc  raill'Ty,  the  fur;  innrk  r.f 
their  franknefa  and  eAceni.  Duriii;;  the  HiiL  w^rs  of  the  rtpublic^ 
while  Rome  contended  againfi  enemies  in  her  neighbfitirhood,  and  un- 
povided  with  regular  troops,  the  vi^orious  conful  brought  h>ck  hia 
Jegiofia  to  the  capital,  and  the  troops  needed  no  otltcr  winter  qaartcra 

^  See  the  Oration  of  M.  Serviliua.   Tit.  LI  v.  xlv. 

thn 


RECUEIL  dr  met  OBSERVATIONS, 

d'atttres  qttartiers  d^hyver  que  leurs  foyers  domefUqaes* 
Je  Tois  dans  ces  fiecles  les  plus  attaches  a  la  difciprKne, 
que  le  f(§nat  accordoit  fans  peine  lea  triomphes  pour  ces 
vi£ioires  qui  d6cident  du  fort  de  la  campagrie,  fans  ter* 
miner  la  guerre.  II  permet  a  Fabius  Rullianus  de  trt- 
ompher  des  Etrufques,  dcs  Umbrtens,  des  Samnites^  et 
desGaulois*.  11  favolt  cependant  que  cette  alliance 
(toit  vaincuei  fans  etre  foumife,  et  que  la  vi£lotre  de 
Fabius  n'avoit  amene  ni  la  conquete,  ni  la  patx.  Dans 
la  guerre  d'Annibal,  fa  conduite  fat  diflferemei  mats  fes 
principes  6toient  invariables.  It  fe  dcfendoit  I  la 
fois  dans  toutcs  les  provinces  de  I'ltalie.  Si  tat 
qu'iinc  vi£^oire  confiderable  lui  p^tmctioit  de  retirer 
fi'une  de  ces  pvovlncCvS,  I'arm^e  qui  y  avoit  combaftti, 
il  accordoit  le  tiiomphe  a  fon  General  qu'i!  nc  fe- 
paroit  poiht  de  fcs  legior.s.  Lorfqu'il  decerna  a  Li- 
vius  Salinatorf,  fon  collegue  Nernn  (uivit  ion  char 
a  chcv.il,  ct  grofTit  le  cortege  dc  cciui  qu'il  avoit  fait 
vaincrc.  line  dcs  raiions  qi>i  cnufrrciit  cctr«?  diffe- 
rence, ctoit  que  Tarmee  du  premier  cLoic  revenue  ii 
Rome,  et  qu'on  ne  pouvoit  lappcller  les  troupes  de  celui- 
i  i,  q'!}  ^»oient  oppofe<'<i  ri  Annib.il.  Lorfque  ia  rcpubliquc 
attaqua  Ics  grMiid^^s  puill'ances  fie  la  Grecc,  de  TOrient, 
et  dc  TAfriquc,  kb  legions,  ne  repafbcrent  la  mpr,  qu*apres 
avoir  foumi"  Ic ;  pays  qaVlles  avoicnr  attacjue-..  Le  tri- 
omphe  ne  s'adicto-.t  que  par  les  conquetes  j  et  par  un 
cfiet  admirable  de  ces  loix  qui  s'executent  par  la  nature 

dcs 


than  their  refpc<fiivc  homes.  I  perceive  that  in  ages  the  mod  ohfcrrant 
of  difciplinc,  the  fcnatc  granted  triumph*  fur  vi<:)oritft  which  dctid<*ii 
tKe  fortane  of  a  campaign,  without  (ern^inating  the  war.    Fabiii*  Rut* 

KaniM  waft  allowed  to  triumph  over  the  Tufi.aii«,  Unjhri.:n5,  iaijinrr< 
and  GanU  •.  The  fcnatc  well  knew  ;h.'.*  the  conLdcrarv  cf  thol'c  tm- 
tions  wjs  conquer,  ti  without  being  fuhUucd  ;  and  that  the  v.ciory  of 
Fabius  had  given  afither  poffeflltmt  nor  peace  to  his  cotintiy.  In  the 
war  againft  HannihaU  the  fenate  mdeed  varied  it)  cundu(5^,  hut  it«  prtn> 
ciplci  WW*  tKJaltcrAhle.  Rome  was  oMi^cd  to  ad  t>u  the  dt-f'-nfivt  in 
all  the  provifire^  of  Italy  nf  once.  Wlu  rvvcr  a  confuit  rahlc  vivlorj- al- 
lowed her  to  withdiaw  the  army  employed  in  one  of  ihofc  provir.<  ci, 
fre  granted  a  triamph  to  its  general,  that  he  might  not  be  feparatrrf 
from  hi»  trotipai  When  the  fenaic  decreed  a  triump!*  to  Liviu*  Salina- 
tor  t,  1:"^  collf.nguc  Nero  followed  11'  c  ir  on  hurlcba'  ..i:  I  fwvlicd  the 
train  of  ^i»n  whom  be  had  inab!ct'.  r«»  (•  •nrjrtiT.  One  real«*n  for  this 
WiSf  that  the  armyuf  l^iviu^  liad  ritunud  to  Rome,  and  tlul  ihi  trut  |  » 
cmnmaftded  hy  Nero  eould  not  be  ivoalVd  becaufe  they  then  oppoful 
Hannibal.  When  Rome  .'»ttarkcd  the  pie.U  power:*  oi  Grrccc,  the 
Eafl,  and  Afri^  n,  l.rr  h  -  d  ,!  <.nf  n  ; r ols  t he  f..i  tiutrl  they  h^d  f'll^- 
dued  fhr  rri  rtf'f'  v  !  !<  1:  thiv  ::,'.  .  '.:(!.  *I  riumph*  in  tiic  Ic  wars  weic 
puTiihalcd  oiiiy  by  ( •<'>';ii  ""^  ;  ar.j,  ui  coofequcnce  af  the  cxc.;llc;»cc  uf 
•  "]'.  i.iv.  t.  f  Id.  x&viti. 

thole 


Digitized  bv  Goo<7le 


e/  PIECES  DE  TACHE  ES. 


des  chofes,  pitttot  que  par  Ics  paflions  des  hommesi  la 
majefte  du  triomphe  s*elevoit  avec  la  grandeur  de  Petat. 
Mais  deputs  le  terns  de  Marius,  qui  fit  entrer  h  popu* 
lace  dans  les  legions,  la  guerre  devint  up  metier  au  Iteu 
d*un  devoir ;  on  laifibit  des  troupes  dans  les  provinces^ 
et  la  politique  plutoc  que  la  juilice,  d^cidoit  le  fenat  fur 
k  corps  qu'il  licenciolt>  ou  qu'il  rappelioit.  On  com* 
mengoic  i  couronner  les  G6neraux  qui,  npres  avoir 
vaincu  un  ennemt,  laiilbient  k  leur  fuccefleur  le  foin  de 
le  fouTnctrre,  et  qui  ne  ramenoient  I  ^Romc  qu'une 
petite  treupc  d'officiers  cit  de  foldats  qui  Icur  etoient  at- 
taches, ou  qui  pouvoicnt  le  micux  orner  Icur  ti  lon^phe. 
Je  ne  citerai  que  rexemple  de  Lucullus.  II  re^^  ut  Ic 
triomphe  qii'il  avoi?  meritc  par  fes  vic\olrcs  fur  ce  grand 
MithriiLuc,  v.liiku  fi  fouvcnt,  et  toujours  li  rciloutable- 
Uii  coup  d'cril  Un  la  Iinriinrrut^  p(nir  la  toi  JMiiniiiaf  peut 
nous  convaincf c  nu\.ux  ycux  des  ivomams,  cette  guerre 
n*ero:t  point  tcvmuiee. 

Ccs  reflexions  peuvent  nous  conv  iincre  Cju'll  n'a  jamais 
exiilc  cc  code  des  lols  du  triornphc,  qu'Appicn  d'Alcx- 
andrie,  et  Onuphrius  Paaviiiius  ont  elTaye  de  compiler, 
ct  que  le  rhcteur  Egyptien,  et  Thermite  AugulUn,  pea 
f?.its  pour  fonder  les  profondeurs  de  la  politique  du  Tenar, 
ont  vu  des  loix  grncrales,  ou  il  ne  falloit  voir  que  dc9 
cxcmples  particuiiers.  L'elprit  de  cc  corps  habile,  fur 
ioterprete  de  la  juftice  cc  dc  la  prudence^  formoit  une 

lot 


thofc  law»  whofc  execution  varies  with  the  i:^turc  of  things,  rather thao 
with  the  palSont  of  men,  the  wcrcafir.^  m^jcny  of  the  triumph  kept 
pace  with  I V  r  owing  j^rcattieft  of  (he  ftatc.  But  from  the  time  tblt 
Mariu*  polluted  tl,e  legions  by  a  mlxttire  vi  the-  vil-jft  popn!-ce,  war 
becaiue  a  trade  ii;iUad  of  a  duty;  the  troops  f  tn.iMiiJ  i!i  the  prr)vin» 
CCf ;  and,  in  difbunding  or  callirg  himc  the  legions,  the  itnutc  ohcyed 
the  Aazii0»i^ policy  rather  than  thole  of  juftice.  It  became  the  cuftom 
to  CI  own  gcn^raU,  who,  aft«r  once  conqucrloji  an  enemy,  left  if  for  their 
fuccfT'-r'*  to  fiihdue  him.  :ir.<!  wlm  c ondiisft^ ri  back  to  Romr  n^ly  a 
fn\.»U  band  of  officers  and  loicjicrs  who  were  pcculiiirly  attached  to  t)ic-ni, 
and  who  were  bed  (qualified  to  grace  their  triumph.  I  Iball  cite  only 
the  eianfie  of  LncuUui.  Kc  triumphed  for  his  vidoriet  over  the  greit 
Mkhridatct,  fo  often  conquered,  yet  always  fo  formidable.  A  gltnce  at 
CircrcN  orJtlon  in  favour  of  the  Manihan  law,  will  convilMC  m  that 
the  Romans  were  f|r  from  thiitking  Uiis  war  concluded. 

Thele  obfenratioiit  au«  fufficieot  to  prove  that  there  oevcr  raided  a 
code  of  triumphal  laws,  fuch  as  the  fancieaof  Appian  of  Alenadrta  and 
Onuphrius  Panvinius  have  thought  fit  to  compile.  Tiic  E^'ptian  rhe« 
torician  and  Aut^nftine  hrrmit,  h«in|^  alike  unqu:<!ifif  d  for  U^wi.A'.n^r  the 
profound  policy  of  ihc  fcnate,  have  confidcrcd  as  general  lawswhac 
were  only  particttUr  eumpkt.  The  fpiritof  chit  wife  tribunal,  which 
kci«w  ib  wcU  how  to  ttoite  prudence  with  julUcc,  fiomcd  to  it&if  « 

livirg 


i^o  R£CU£IL  de  mu  OBSERVATIONS, 

?oi  vivantc,  qui  embrafToit  toutc  cctte  vaiiete  dc  ( ir  oa- 
fianccs,  fur  kfquclles  Irs  loix  ecrites  ferokent  nuk  ues, 
imparfaites,  ou  contrailittoiics.  II  coinbiiioit  I'liabilctc 
dii  Gcner:il  avcc  Ic  cariKflcre  de  renuemi,  rimportauce 
lie  Facci^iidiion  avec  la  fortune  qui  avoit  fcconde  la  fa- 
gefle,  et  la  facilite  de  la  conquete  avcc  k-s  moyens  qu'oji 
y  avoit  cinployes.  L'::s  aiiclcns  lenateurs,  dont  Tauiorite 
cntrai licit  Ics  fufFrai^f*;,  avoient  vieilH  dans  le  commande- 
mcnt  des  arniees,  iis  accordoieiit  des  recompenfes  dont 
lis  connoiilbienr  le  prix,  a  des  generaux  dojit  \h  etoteru 
dignes  d'npprccicr  le  riKiite.  Je  vols  nicrne  qu'aufli 
attentifs  lui  falut  des  citoyens  qu'a  la  pjoire  de  Tetaf,  ils 
ont  fu  rclufcr  phi  j  d'une  iois  les  trioiiiphes  aux  confuls 
vi£^orieux,  qui  avoicnr  atlifte  Itlt  ti rroire  en  prodiguant 
{■Am  nccelFitc  on  fuis  utilite  le  lang  Romaln  *.  II  leur 
importoit  de  rcprin^cr  I'ambition  cruellc  des  chefs,  en 
leur  refufant  Tentree  dans  uoe  viUe  que  leurs  exploiu 
avoient  remplie  de  dcuil. 

Jc  nc  connois  qa*unc  condition  pr^cifc  que'  le  fenat 
parok  avoir  toujours  exigee,  c'eil  la  qualite  des  ennemis* 
'  il  auroit  cru  avilir  le  triomphe  en  ^accordant  aux  vaiop 
<}ueurs  des  efclaves  ou  des  corfaires  :  ce  fang  trop  v^,  on 
celui  trop  pr^cieux  des  citoyens^  fl^triiToAt  ^aien(icnt  les 
lauriers     G6n^ral  vidorieux. 

Ccft 


Evtng  law,  which  comprehended  all  that  variety  of  cales,  concerning 
mukf  of  which  the  dead  letter  of  wriitcD  lawtimift  ever  be  fiknt,  im- 
pcrfcifl,  ox  contraJIdory.    The  fcnate  compared  the  abilities  of  the  pc« 

rxrA  with  the  character  of  the  enemy,  the  imporfanfe  of  th^  '^v!ft- 
tion  with  the  wifdum  or  good  fortune  witli  wiiith  \i  had  been  obtjuud, 
and  the  faetlicy  of  the  conqueft  with  the  means  employed  in  cffetHinf^ 
it*  The  aged  fenatort,  w  hofc  authority  guided  the  vutci  of  their  aiTcf- 
for<i,  had  grown  oK^  ir  nuliutry  cnmm  iinl  ;  and  j»rantcd  rcw^rdj  whfsCf 
value  they  could  eilimate,  to  ^cncrdb  wlir^fe  worth  they  wc.  j  capable 
of  appreciating.  I  peict  ivc  alfu,  ibut  ihcy  were  uot  Icfi  atteotive  to  tlie 
liifety  of  the  citiscn*  than  to  the  gtory  of  the  date ;  and  mort  than 
once  iPefufedtiiumpht  to  vtAortous  confuls,  who  had  purcha£:d  their  ad- 
/  ^antag'.^  hy  -^rt  tmnrrf  fPary  or  tif  1-  U  prodigality  of  Roman  blood 
Thfy  thought  It  their  duty  to  reprcls  tiie  cruel  ambition  of  leaders,  by 
rcfuiing  to  them  a  triumphant  return  into  a  city  which  their  exploits  had 
filled  with  mourning. 

There  wtt,  »!>  far  an  I  can  difcover,  but  one  precife  condition  alwagrii 
rrquirrd  by  thr  fv  n,i»r,  nanu  ly,  tl  r  rank  or  quahty  of  the  enemy.  T!>e 
rriumph  wouid  have  been  dilgr^red  hy  jiranting  it  for  vi<^ortcs  over 
llavrA  or  pirates ;  ihtir  hinod  too  vile/ and  9iat  of  the  citiaeiu  too  pre* 
cioos,  e<]tially  blalled  the  lanrck  of  «  viAoriont  gcneraL 

•  Tit.  LiY.  jb 

ft 


d  by  Google 


«#  PfEGES  D£  TACHE  ES. 

C'eft  au  mn^Mflrat  plutot  qii'au  General,  a  reprimer 
i'audace  des  maifaiteurs,  qui  ofent  braver  les  lois  et  la 
juftice.  Si  des  troupes  dc  brigands  font  quelquefois  de- 
veuues  aflcz  nombreufes,  pour  atttrer  les  armes  du  fou- 
veraiiiy  on  a  toujours  envifage  ces  expeditions  comme 
plus  iieccfl*a!res  que  diiBciles,  et  plus  diiBciles  qme  glori- 
cufes.  Cependant  la  FoibleOl-  et  la  tyr.innic  des  maitres 
encouragercnt  deux  fois  les  efclaves  Siciliens  a  (6co\xct  le 
joug.  Oil  rougtc  d'envoyer  contra  oes  malhcureux  les 
legions  Romaines,  mais  on  rou;j;tt  encore  plus  de  les 
voir  vaincues  »  et  lorfque  leurs  Geiu-raux  euren(  foumis 
ces  rebelles,  le  (enat  devoit  Tentir  qu'il  avoit  accord^  le 
triocnphe  a  des  exploits  inoins  conHderahlcs.  Le  nom 
d'efdave  oependant  IVmporta  ;  on  craignott  de  profaner 
le  triomphe$  un  rcfus  paroiilbit  fans  confequence.  On 
n^accordou  aux  Gtu6raux  vi^oricux  que  I'ovation,  qui 
les  couronnoit  de  myrte  au  lieu  ,de  laurier,  et  qui  ne 
leur  donnoit  qu'un  cortege  de  citoyens  pacifiquesy  a  la 
place  d'une  troupe  milUaire.  On  erp6ra  avec  raifon  que 
la  difctpline  elFrayante  qu'on  aToit  etablie  parmi  les  ef« 
davesy  previcndrott  a  jamais  de  femblables  revokes. 
Mais  dans  ce  meme  fiele,  par  une  combinaifon  unique  de 
drconftancesy  la  republique  fe  vit  obligee  de  foutenir 
centre  des  gladiateurs  et  eontre  des  corfaires  deux  gu^rrea 
opiniitreSi  dont  celle-d  attaquoit  le  commerce  et  fa 
digott^  de  I'empire^  et  dont  la  premiere  mena^oit  de  la 

deftru^tioa 


ft  bdetlgt  tn  the  ctvil  roagidratc,  rather  than  to  the  military  com* 
fnaoiler,  to  curb  the  audacity  of  nial'-fadors,  who  fct  at  defiance 
juftlcc  3iu!  fhf  lav\">.  V/hcn  band?  of  rfjlihcr^  l)ccuriu*  fo  iiiir'icrous  that 
they  mull  be  oppc>icd  by  a  military  force,  fucii  WAti  ii-vc  aiways  beca 
regarded  it  more  neccffary  than  dtfficttlt,  and  more  diflkult  than  glori- 
out.  The  wtakneA  and  tyruuuy  of  mafterimade  the  flave«  in  Sicily 
twice  fli-iV.c  off  :he  yoki .  Tht.  Romans  were  afhamcd  to  employ  their 
legions  njfiiiiill  Juch  i^iu-l)!'.  adverTariL  ^> ;  liUt  tl^clr  fli.ir;i''  wt'  i^r-atcf  to 
fee  thofe  ]e<^ions  defe;;.ted  ;  and  whcu  their  ginci^i»  iic  jiiy  Iviccecdcd  ta 
rcptcfliog  the  infnrreAlon,  the  fenate  vras  fcnlll4e  that  it  had  often 
decreed  a  triumph  ibr  left  meritorious  exploits.  Yet  t!ic  name  of  flave 
■wi*  nM  to  be  gr»t  o^rr ;  the  T-iiate  feared  left  the  triumph  fliculd  be 
profaned  ;  todruy  it  iVoncd  not  j  re^nant  wifh  vcrvfvil  confcquencc*. 
The  wiiflorious  generals,  therefore,  were  honoured  oidy  with  an  ova» 
tian  *,  which  gate  tv  them  orovint  of  myrtle*  tuftead  of  thofe  of  laurel ; 
mod  entitled  them  to  he  attended  viith  a  train  of  peaceful  citizen-;,  n<^ 
by  a  mllltiry  proceffion.  The  Romans  rcaninibly  '-vp^xfled  ihit  ihr 
dreadful  difeipline  thcncefortli  eftablilhed  rclpetilin^  ILiv.  •»  would  in  iu- 
lure  prevent  iimilar  revolts.  But,  by  a  itvaitgc  conibinaciuu  of  circum* 
Aanceay  the  republic  was  obliged  in  the  faine  age  to  carry  on  two  obfti- 
naee  war*  againft  pirates  and  gladiaiori ;  the  one  of  which  endingerrd 
Che  commerce  and  digoity  of  the  entpire,  and  ibv  utkertiireatencd  the 

Ueilruwlifju 


RECUEII.  de  mcs  OBSERVATIONS, 

deflru^lion  du  nom  Rdmain.    On  peut  jugcr  fi  Ton 

avuit  prcvu  ce  cas,  et  fi  dcs  loix  pouvoient  determiner 
d'avancc  l<i  conduite  du  fenat.  Mais  lorfque  Cr  illus  cut 
cxlci  niinc  r.iniiec  dc  SjMrtacus,  cc  corps  Uij^c,  qui  con- 
noifibit  le  pouvoir  d'un  nom,  craignoit  dVternifcr  U 
hoiitt  ili:  r.  r.ir,  plutui  cjiu  \u  j/,Lai"c  du  general,  cn  lui 
accordant  pour  une  ^ueirc  fervile  Ics  luitmcurs  du  tii- 
omphe.  Je  consols  que  les  paniians  de  Pompce  cm- 
j)ioyolcnt  dans  cctte  occafion  Ic  l;ing;ip;e  de  Citoion,  ct 
q^ue  Ic  pcuple  les  ccouioit  avcc  phiiir,  ii)rlqu'ili  accor- 
doicnt  a  fun  favori  prelquc  tout  le  mcritc  de  cettc  gaorrc. 
Dans  la  fuite,  loriquc  cc  r.KMie  Pompec  eut  foumis  ks 
corfaires,  rorgucil  de  ilcux  trion\piiCs  ct  les  nouveaux 
iauriers  qu'll  alluit  cucilllr  dau.-i  la  guene  dc  Mithridate, 
nc  lui  perndicnt  pas  dc  b'abaitlcr  julqu'a  une  ovation, 
que  Crnfliij?  nvoit  acceptee,  ct  qui  b'f  i.ildit  bientot  dans 
Tefprit  dcs  Roixuius  comuie  la  rccompcnfc  diguc  de  ces 
vidloircs. 

L\)rL;uci!,  tout  cppofc  qu'il  c!l  au  mcpris,  produidt 
ici  les  memos  clTcts  ;  on  nc  voul'.it  pas  triomphcr  des 
cfclavec>  qu'on  mcpriiuit,  ni  dcs  cituyciis,  parccqu'un  les 
ellinioir.  Les  vainqueurs  des  guents  civilcs  pouvoient 
arracher  au  lenat  les  reeompenles  qui  auroient  le  mieux 
fiattc  ]eur  vanitc  ;  nvais  s'llf;  etoient  maitres  des  lols,  ils 
rcipeCitoient  I'opinion  publiquc,  ct  des  prcjuges  qui 
^toisnt  pcut-etrc  ciicorc  k&  icius*   lia  auroieac  craint 

d'ariiir 


tfedrudlion  of  the  Roman  name.  Could  the  fcnatc  forefcc  fuch  ci^cnrs, 
or  unifoimly  decree  the  triumph  according  to  rules  prevloufly  eftd!>lifh- 
cd  \  But  when  CraflTus  h&d  nttoed  the  army  of  Spartacus,  the  wifdom  of 
the  ftnate  perceived  that  the  public  di%;race  would  be  cotmnemoratcd 
father  than  the  glory  of  the  general,  by  granting  to  him  a  triumph  f«ir 
terminating  a  fcrvile  war.  'I  he  pnrtifan'?  nf  Pompcy  would  naturally 
employ  on  this occaiion  the  clcK|u<;iicc  Cicero;  ;iu<.l  would  be  thcmo 
felvfk  heard  with  pleafure  hy  the  people,  when  they  afcribed  to  their 
favourite  almoil  the' whole  merit  of  this  exploit.  Afterwards,  when 
the  Time  Poir  j>  y  lubilued  the  jiiratc^,  the  privic  of  two  triumphs,  and 
the  laureN  which  he  fxptt5lcd  tu  reap  in  the  Mithridatic  war,  made  him 
dildain  the  honour  ot  au  ovation,  which  Craffus  had  accepted  ;  and 
which  thencefbrth  became,  ia  the  eiUmation  of  the  Romaoi,  the  natiio 
fal  reward  for  fuch  vi<5toriei* 

Pride,  oppofitc  as  it  is  to  contempt,  producrd  in  tlic  prefcnt  cafe  pre- 
ciftly  the  fame  cOc-ds;  the  K<«man«  rcfufcd  to  triumjih  over  flavfs,  the 
oh]c(5l9  of  their  coQienipt;  aud  over  citizcut  who  were  the  objet^s  of 
theft  ^fteem.  The  conqnerora  in  the  civil  wata  might  have  cztorted 
from  the  fcnale  the  rewards  mod  flattering  to  their  vanity;  but,  though 
maftcrtof  the  laws,  thty  ftill  rcfpet^cd  the  public  (.pinion,  ;ir.il  the  prc- 
}udice«  of  their  country,  from  which  they  themfelvcs  were  not  perhaps 
totally  exempted.   They  were  afraid  vf  degrading  the  dignity  of  the. 

Roowa 


d  by  Google 


H  PFECES  D£TACH£X8. 

<!'a\'yiTla  dignite  du  nom  Remain,  entraitant  Icorscoti- 
citoyens  cumine  <Jcs  rois  vaincus  j  ct  cc  Sylla  qui  ofa 
profcrirc  tant  dc  fLiiatcuis  ct  de  chevaliers,  eut  rougi 
peui-are  dc  Ics  enchainer  fon  char,  ft  dc  rcmercicr 
Ics  d.tux  (In  cnpilole  pour  ccs  triftes  victoircs  qu'il  tut 
fallu  cnfcvclir  dans  Toubli.  T^^  crois  qvi;;  c^s  tvrans  de 
la  patrie,  Sylb,  CcTar,  ct  Augullc,  qui  connoillbicnt  la 
diguire  des  lois  qu'ils  avoicfit  violces,  ct  le  genie  du  pcu- 
ple  qu'ils  opprinioiciUj  craignoient  d'irritcr  fon  defefpoir 
en  expofant  a  fes  ycux  av.  c  uii  falle  infuUant,  Jc  tableau 
dc  la  libert6  qu'il  avoir  perdue,  et  des  vidimes  illuftrei 
qu*'\h  avoient  imniolccs  a  leur  ambltioa.  Cefar  lui 
memc  eu(  la  mortification  d*entendre  les  cris  de  la  dou* 
leur  publlqiie,  lorfqu'il  £t  paiTcr  a  la  fuite  de  fon  triom* 
phe  Afrlcain,  Ics  tfnages  dc  Scipion,  dc  Caton,  et  dc 
Petrcius  S'il  n*avoii  pas  cu  la  prudence  dc  lui  d^rober 
ccUe  da  Grand  Pompec,  ie  cri  dc  la  douieur  fcroit  peat* 
etre  devenu  cclui  de  la  furcur,  dans  un  peuple  qu'on  ne 
pouvoit  cnt  t-re  cor  foler  de  Ton  efclavagc  qu*en  Je  lui 
cachant.  Mais  fi  d  un  cot6y  Tambition  iatisfaite  pouvoit 
ie  rendre  la  juitice  de  fe  fencir  indigne  des  r^compenret 
<Ic  la  vertUy^  la  Ubert6  vengee  pouvoit  decerner  a  fes  fau* 
veurs  la  couronne  de  laurier  auili  bien  qae  la  couronnc 
civK|tte.  Dans  la  coune  joye  que  le  fi6nat  6prouira  it  Is 
nouvelie  de  la  bataille  de  Modene»  Cic^rbn  f  ouvrit  un 
avis  vigoureux  que  Caton  auroit  faivi  avec  plaifir.  il 

accordoit 


*  Ronmii  name  hf  tfeatin^  their  fellow- citizeiu  like  con^vcred  kiiiKt; 

and  Vteti  Sylla,  who  ventured  to  I  ill  by  prftfiriptiona  fo  many  fc- 
nainri?  ami  hiii^ht*,  wnulJ  have  Lccn  .iniimril  :r>  (Ir:^;^  them  after  his 
triumphal  chanot,  aud  to  have  thanked  tricgod»  of  the  capitol  for  me- 
lancholy vidorit*,  whkh  it  was  hn  doty  to  willi  bnridl  in  cterud  ob- 
tivion.  I  ttm  pcrftiaded  that  thofc  tyran»  of  tlicir  coumiy,  Sf Ua,  Csfar. 
and  <3lujuftus,  who  knew  the  dignity  of  the  laws  whicli  they  vioUced* 
and  the  tuipof.tion  of  the  per]  Ic  whom  they  oppicfli  !,  dreaded  to  pro- 
voke their  dcfpair,  by  prckiiting  to  tiic  jnihUc  eye,  iu  an  ofTenfiv: 
(Low,  the  p  dorec^  loftlU>trty»  and  the  iUuflrioua  vidixna  facrificcd  to 
anihitian.  Cxfar  himfcif  watnuirtifird  at  heating  the  bmentationa  of 
piihlic  fjiTuw,  when  tl.r  iiii. ^^cj  f !'  Scij>io,  Cato,  and  Pctrtiu*  paff^^d 
in  ii.e  train  of  I. is  AfrL  rriuiii;  ti  *.  If  the  ima^e  nf  thf  ^rcat  P-*?^!- 
jH,y  had  ii4>t  hct  II  CdUiiouliy  concealed,  what  wa&  gi  tcf  ini}'iit  iiavc  be- 
come fury  in  a  people,  Tvhofe  only  confoUtion  furflavery  was,  that  it 
wan  artftilly  di']^'i:iied.  Hut  ii,  (-ii  oiic  haiid,  r.>!iaic<l  ambirkm  coiild 
fiill  rctalti  ihr  julHtcof  feeling  itfclf  undrfurving  ui  the  rewards  of  vir- 
tue, avenged  liiicrty  mij^hr  fur  Ir  tleii\e  to  its  rr!>' rt-rs  t'-.  h.urtl  u< 
weUa*  the  civic  crown.  Duius*;  ti.c  fliurt  juy  ii,ipii{  d  intu  the  Icn-te 
fy  the  newt  of  the  battle  of  Modcna,  Occru  f  pro^.<  ftd  anfoiution  to 

*^fpian  dc  bell  Civii.  L,  ii.       f  C'l^vr.  Phili^^^lv  xiv.  pail.  5. 

which 


»44  RECUEIL  de  ma  OBSERVATIONS, 


sccordoit  aux  confnls  au  jcune  OtSlave,  unc  fupplica- 
tio;i  de  cinquantc  jours,  ct  !e  nom  (V  I'?:/eratcr.  Li 
confequencc  de  cet  avis  ne  iui  aurolt  pas  pcrmis  de  Icur 
Tcfufer  Ic  triomphe,  qui  cn  etoit  Li  fuirc  ordinaire;  ct 
Von  fcnt  qu*il  prevoyoit  cette  confequencc  fans  cn  etrc 
ciTraye.  Accorderons  nous,"  difoit-il  aux  fenateurs, 
**  CCS  honncurs  a  des  chefs  qui  ont  fait  perir  un  millicr 
de  bnrbares,  pour  le  rcfufer  aux  fauveurs  dc  la  rc- 
publique.  Oublions  dans  Autoinc  et  dans  fcs  partU 
fans  cctie  quaiite  de  citoyens,  dont  ils  ont  meprife 
totts  \c9  devoirs.  Rome  ne  doit  voir  en  eux  que  des 
•*  ennemis  nufli  crucls,  et  cent  fois  plus  coupablcs 
•«  qu'Annib.il."  On  n'auroit  pu  lui  oppofcr  qtie  la  d6- 
faite  de  Catiline,  dont  le  vamqueur  n^avoit  point  obtenu 
Je  triom phc,  Mais  cc  v n  i  n  fjuc  u r  ctoit  le  foible  Antomus^ 
qui  n'ofa  etre  nt  conjure  nt  citoycn,  et  qui  ne  fut  que 
fpedlareur  du  mniiacre  dc  fes  ancicns  amis  par  les  armes 
de  fon  lieutenant  Fetretuft.  Ctc^n  aurott  ajoute  avec 
piaifir  qu'il  -avoit  lut  meme  vaiitcu  Catiline  dans  le  (enat» 
et  que  ce  conjure  redoutable  a  Rome>  ne  devint  du  mo* 
ment  de  fa  fuiee  qu'un  chef  de  brigands  meprifables. 

Les  vainqueoTs  de  la  liberrcy  qui  craignoient  de  voir 
tomber  dans  I'oubli  les  exploits  qu'ils  avoient  faits,  lorf* 
quUls  etoient  arm6s  comre  la  patriei  fong^rent^  comme 

le 


which  Cato  woidd  have  been  hippy  to  have  acceded.  He  frmted,  in 

hooour  of  the  coafuU  and  youog  Odlavius  a  fupplication  orthank^v*' 
ir\'s  nf  fifty  <1;ir»;  znd  the  mmc  nf  Tinpcrutor.  He  could  not  hvvr  re- 
luicd  ihcni  ilic  triumph  which  ufuuliy  iuUowed  thcfe  honours;  aod  it  ap« 
pcsrs  that  he  forcfaw  the  coofc^uence  without  alarm.  **  Shall  we 
grant,**  he  obfecvcd  in  the  feoatc,  **  reward*  to  thofe  who  have  ltitte4 
**  a  thoufand  Barharianit,  which  we  deny  to  the  faviour  of  the  republic. 
•*  Let  ui  forget  in  Antnny  and  his  adherents  the  chara<fler  of  citizen?, 
•*  juflly  loil  by  their  violatiou  of  all  it*  ciutic*.  Rome  out;ht  to  fee  in 
**  them  nothing  but  eoenUes  equally  cruel,  and  an  hundred  times  mois 
"  deferving  oC  paniflimcnt  than  Hannibal  him&lC**  The  only  objec- 
tion that  could  have  been  made  to  Cicero  was  the  defeat  of  Cattliae« 
whofe  cnnqticror  had  not  obtained  a  triumph.  But  tJiat  conqncror  was 
the  feeble>mijidcd  Antonius,  who  had  not  fpirit  to  ad  the  part  cither  uf 
aconfptrator  or  of  a  citicen,  and  who  tamely  fubmifted  to  behold  the 
deftroAion  of  hisanricnt  frinH^^  hy  the  armsof  hisKeutenant  Pctreitw. 
Ci:ero  would  have  been  pleafed  to  add,  that  Catiline  had  been  con- 
qu:  r'^d  hy  himfclf  in  the  fenatc  ;  and  tlut  this  confpirntnr,  wh  s  \va» 
fttrmidaUle  only  in  Rome,  became,  from  the  moment  ot  his  iii^iit  from 
the  capital,  no  better  than  the  leader  of  a  niftrable  band  of  robber t. 

I'ho  fubverten  of  lii>frt>%  who  were  ui%vilttng  that  their  exploits 
ftonid  be  forgottea  in  fighting  againft  their  country,  endeaYourcd,  like 

the 


Digitized  by  CoQgle 


a  PI  £C£S  DE  TACHERS. 


k  grand  Conde,  a  employer  dcs  rtfTources  adroites  pour 
^terniler  leur  gloirc  hns  perpeiuer  Jc  fouvenir  <k  Icurs 
crimes.  i.  lis  fiibOitucrcnt  aux  faftcs  du  triomphe, 
Tovation,  cer  .monlc  plus  modsfte  tt  plus  humaine,  qui 
ceiebroit  ia  vidoire,  fans  infulter  aux  vaincus.  Celt  atnfi 
qu*Augufte  rentra  a  Rome  apres  la  defaitc  dc  Brutus  et 
dc  Caflius,  et  apres  la  querre  de  Siciie  ct  fa  vitftoire  fur 
le  jcune  I'omp^c,  2.  Commc  les  guerres  ciyties  interef- 
foient  tout  TuniTcrs,  at  que  chaque  chef  de  parti  traiiioit 

ia  fuile  dcs  rob  et  des  nations  fes  allies,  on  triomphoit 
de  CCS  alli^9»  et  on  iaiUbit  a  I'imagination  des  fj^^ateura 
i  fttppleer  aux  objcts  qu'on  avoit  le  menagement  de  pa- 
roitre  vouloir  lui  cacher.  Augufle  trkmipha  pour  la  de* 
faite  de  la  ilotte  Kgyptienne  i  Adium,  et  pour  la  con- 
quete  de  TEgypte.  II  fttpprimoit  le  nom  de  Marc  Antoine 
et  de  fes  partifans,  mais  qui  ne  les  afibcioit  pas  avec  ce* 
Jui  de  Cleopatre  ?  On  fe  fouvtnt  de  cette  ruTe  jufcju'an 
Cenis  de  Vefpafien  ou  Ton  employa  le  noni  des  Sar- 
jnatesy  pour  juftifier  les  honneurs  du  triomphe  que  le 
ienat  decema  d  Mucianus  pour  la  guerre  civile. 

J'aurois  plufieurs  autres  obfervattona  a  faire  fur  les 
droits  dc  trtomphet  fur  le  titre  ^^Imperator^  fur  les  tri- 
omphes  du  Mont  Albao,  et  fur  les  ornemens  du  triom* 

VoL.m.  L  phc. 


the  grcnf  Condc,  to  contrive  mcan'^  for  Immortalizing  their  glory  with- 
out perpetuating  the  memory  of  tl.' ;r  crl;iir«.  i.  For  the  oflentation 
of  a  triumph,  they  fubftituted  the  mure  modeil  ceremony  of  an  ovation, 
in  tirfuch  the  viAors  were  honoiire«),  and  the  ▼an^jutlhed  were  oot  in- 
fulted.  It  was  thiM  that  An^uftut  feturned  tn  Ronie  after  the  defeat  of 
Brutus  and  CafTius;  and  after  the  war  in  Sicily,  and  his  viiflory  over 
yonnflf  Pompty.  2.  A~  the  civil  wars  involved  the  whole  Roman  world, 
and  each  factious  leader  had  kings  and  nations  fur  hisallici,  the  trinmph 
openhy  expofed  tuxVf  thofe  foreign  allies  >nd  left  to  the  imagination  of 
the  Romans  the  ibpplytng  of  the  domeftic' vtdims  which  the  conqueror 
hjit  the  dfidrcA  to  appear  willing  to  concc-al.  Au  j  uRiis  triumphed  for 
the  defeat  of  tlic  Egyptian  fiter  at  .\el:i;  n,  and  the  conqueft  of  F^ypt- 
He  fuppreffcd  the  name  of  Anthony  and  his  lieutenants;  but  who  did 
not  recoiieA  them  at  hearing  that  of  Cleopatra }  This  arttfiee  was  em- 
ployed fo  late  as  the  reign  of  Vefpafian  when  the  name  of  the  Sar« 
matir  nb  ufed  to  jullify  the  triumphal  honours  decreed  by  thefenaceto 
Mnci?.nTJs  for      fcrvtce^  In  the  civil  war. 

There  remain  many  obicrvations  to  be  ma^.e  on  the  right  of  triumphs; 
iht  title  of  Imperator ;  the  uittoiphs  on  Mouat  Alba;  and  the  triumphal 


f  Tacit.  Hift.  iv.  4. 


omaaaeDti. 


&ECUEXL  dc  me*  OBSERVATIONS^ 

phc.  Mais  cVft  trop  long  terns  arreter  nf3S  Gcn^raux 
aux  portcs  de  Rome,  il  efl  terns  de  les  iiuroduire  dans 
la  ville,  et  de  rechercher  la  ruutc  quails  fuivoieht  pour 
monter  au  capitole. 

Sor  le  Chemin  des  Triompues. 

Pa  I  d'abord  cru  que  les  triomphes  ne  fuivoient  point 
un  chemin  determine,  et  que  la  porte  par  laquelle  lis  en- 
troient  dans  la  ville,  et  les  rues  par  lefquclles  ils  paiToient, 
pour  arriTer  au  pied  du  Capitole,  d^pendoient  du  pay* 

J|ui  avoit  ete  le  theatre  de  la  guerre.  Let  triomphes,  me 
iiis-je  dity  n'etoient  que  Timjige  du  retour  du  G^n^ral* 
On  aura  vottlu  leur  confenrer  un  air  natuiel  ptrmi  toot 
les  apprets  recherch6s  de  Torgueil  et  de  la  magnificence. 
Lorfque  Paule  Emile  revint  de  la  conquete  de  la  Mace* 
doine,  il  aura  futfi  la  vbye  Appienne  jufqu^a  la  porte  Ca^ 
pma  $  et  les  vaifiquenrs  des  peuples  du  nord,  feront  entres 
i  Roine  par  let  portes  Flam  'mia  ou  CoUina.  Cic^ron  m'a 
d^tiompe.  Cet  orateur,  dans  fa  fanghmte  imreflife  con* 
tipPifon»  lui  met  devant  letyeuxion  retour  honteux* 
mait  digne  de  I'adminiftratioii  qu'il  termtnoit.  H  oppofe 
au  cortege  nombieaxy  auz  acc1amations»  a  la  joye  pubK* 

que. 


ornaments.  -  But  we  htve  alretdj  detdoed  our  gcDerab  too  loag  at  tiic 
gsCei  of  Rone.  It  b  time  to  condud  them  into  the  citf ,  and  to  cn» 
oSiie  the  vood  which  cbey  loUowed  io  aiceodtnf  the  capicoL 

Conccraing  the  TaiuMFBAi.  Road. 

I  AT  fifft  dumght  that  the  trinnpht  did  not  follow  aay  panicalar 

road ;  and  that  the  gate  throvgh  which  they  entered  into  the  dtf,  aa 
well  as  the  ftrccts  thronjrh  which  they  paflied  to  t)ir  foot  of  the  capitol, 
depcndrd  on  the  Htu^itiun  of  the  country  which  had  been  the  theatre  of 
the  war.  i  he  triamphs,  1  coolideted,  were  oothioe  hot  a  pidure  of 
the  geoerara  retorn*  Amidft  all  the  artificial  dccontiooa  of  pride  and 
tnagiiiiicence,  there  Rloft  have  been  an  inclination  to  confine  them  with- 
in the  !  nunrl^  of  nature  and  piobability.  When  P^ulu*  Emilius  re* 
rum -d  tromthe  conqueftof  Maccdoo,  he  muilhave  purlucd  the  Appian 
vv^y  to  the  Pott  a  Capena;  and  the  conqnerort  of  the  noRhern  provincea 
moll  have  eotered  Rome  through  the  gate^  diftioguilhed  by  the  nanea 
Flamtiua  and  CoUina.  A  paHage  of  Cicero  fird  made  me  change  this  opi* 
ninn.  In  his  bloody  invc^Ivc  againft  PiH*,  tJie  cjrator  fct»  before  hii 
cyci  hi^  (haniLfui  rciurato  Komc,  a  return  truly  worthy  of  hia fcaoda- 
bua  adixuaiUraiitfu.  To  the  iieBwmit  tnin»  the  acclaaMdeoii  aad  th« 

public 


d  by  Googl 


H  PFECES  DETACHE'ES. 


que,  qui  accompagnoient  les  proconfoU  Yi^orieuX|  et 
qui  leur  faifoient  goi^ter  les  premices  du  triomphe,  ce 
meprisy  cct  abandon  general,  qu'e  prooya  le  gouverneur 
d'une  province  0  feconde  en  Inuriers  pour  tout  autre  que 
Ini  * :  Craignant,"  lui  dii-il,  le  jour  et  les  regards 
**  des  hommcsi  voug  avez  cong^die  vos  lidleurs  a  la  porte 
"  C£iifnmtanaJ* — •*  Vous  vous  trompez/'  interrompit 
Fiibn,  arec  une  eflfionterie  aflez  fotte,  je  fuis  emr6 
•*  par  la  porte  EfquUine*^ — ««'  Pcu  m'importe/*  repondtt  - 
Torateur,  pounra  que  ce  nc  foit  pas  par  la  porte  tri- 
^  omphale,  porte  qui  a  toujours  et6  ouverte  i  vos  pr6- 
^  <l6c€fletirs/'— La  confi^quencc  ell  facile:  les  triompha- 
tents  avoient  une  porte  qni  ne  s'ottTroit  que  pour  eux. 
Oette  iaftittttioa  qui  rekvoit  la  dignit^'  du  triomphe,  en 
Je  diftinguast  encore  mieuz  d'un  retour  ordinaire,  n*Mix  ^ 
pas  indigne  de  la  poUtique  Romatne  qui  favoit  que  rien 
n'eft  indiffcrentf  lorfqu'tl  faut  parier  fl  Fimagination  des 
peuples.  Le  temoignage  de  Ctc6ron  me  prouve  que  cct 
ufage  ^toit  etabll  de  fon  terns,  et  la  nature  mme  des 
chofes  me  perfuade  qu'il  etoit  tres  ancicn.  Ce  n'eft  pas 
dans  un  fiecle  eclaire,  qu'on  ofe  inlHtuer  des  vifagcs  qui 
ne  font  refpc£^ablfs,  que  par  leur  but.  Lc  pcuple,  qui 
hut  avcc  refpecl  la  fac^c^llc  de  fes  ancetres,  mepriferoit 
cclic  de  fes  conccmporain^  et  n'envifagcroit  ces  inilitu- 

L  %  tions 


public  jr  y  by  which  vi^5lo^ictI^  proconfuh  n'?re  conflantly  attcnJc  J,  and 
which  already  gave  them  a  forcuile  of  their  triumph,  he  fcts  io  oppofi- 
tion  the  contempt  or  oblcuritr  with  which  Pifii  had  returned  from  a  pro« 
viDCet  that  would  have  aflbrded  laurels  to  every  man  but  himfelf*: 
Dreading,"  he  obfcrves,  '*  to  meet  the  Wghi  and  the  eyes  of  aien, 
**  yo«  difroi^Tf d  your  lidors  at  the  Carlimor  tane  gate."  Pifo  fooliibly 
enough  interrupted  hiin,  *'  Vna  are  roiiUkcn ;  1  entered  by  the  ££> 
«  qiuiiiie.*'  What  matter*  chat,"  rejoioed  the  orator,  "  provided 
*  yon  did  oct  enter  by  the  pwta  trkim^aiut  a  gate  always<^n  to  your 
"  predeccfTorB?"  The  tnnfcquencc  naturally  follows  ;  that  triumphant 
general  entered  by  a  gate  which  was  open  for  thrm  alone.  This  cuf- 
torn  ratfcd  the  dignity  of  the  triumph  by  dearly  dui^nguiihing  it  from 
an  Mdiniry  retum ;  tod  was  worthy  of  the  policy  of  the  RoanUB  who 
regarded  no  circum^ance  as  unimportant  which  had  a  tendency  to  tiSt6k 
the  imagir.it'cn  of  the  multituJc.  Cicero's  authority  proves  that  fuch 
an  inftit  '  n  pr  vailed  in  his  timet;  and  the  nature  of  the  thing  pcr- 
foadc4  me  that  it  was  llill  m&re  ancient,  in  enlightened  ages,  oien  feU 
dom  vencweto  eftablifli  coftomt  which  are  refpe&ble  only  in  their  end 
and  purpole.  The  people,  who  refpeAfuUy  follow  the  wifdoB  of  their 
a&ccilon,  would  dcfpife  that  of  their  contemporariei  $  and  woold  f^gicd 

•  Cicer.  iii  Pifon.  C.  sxiii, 

foch 


148 


R£CU£It     mu  OBSERVATIONS, 


tions  que  c!u  cote  ou  dies  pourroieut  fe  preter  au  ridi- 
.  cule.  Romulus  d'ailkurs,  qui  inQitua  le  triomphe, 
donna  Texemple  du  lieu  qu'il  choi(it  pour  depofer  fes 
trophies,  ct  du  chemm  qa'il  fuivit  pour  y  monter.  Tous 
les  fi^lcs  Vont  imite.  Tous  Ics  trioninh^reurs  font  venus 
adorer  le  Jupiter  du  capttole.  J'ofc  penfer  qu'iU  ont 
iSgalement  futvi  la  rouie  qu'U  leur  nvoit  tracec,  ct  qui 
a  du  prendre  ^  leurs  yeux  un  caradlere  facre.  Qui  cut 
ofe  |e  premier  changer  la  marchc  dc  cette  andenne  pro- 
cef&on,  meprifer  une  antorite  qui  fe  fbrtifioit  en  vieiltiC* 
fant|  et  d^ferter  les  veiliges  du  fondateur  de  Rome  et  du 
triomphe  P  £t  par  qnel  motif  les  auroit-il  d^fert^t^  lorf* 
que  cette  feule  autoriti  pou^ott  determiner  on  choiz  is- 
dtffi§rent  en  luUmeme  ?  S*il  s'  etoit  trouve  parmt  ks  tri^ 
omphateursy  ce  cara^^e  fi  fingulier  parmi  les  hoounes, 
qui  meprife  les  anciennes  ofremoniesy  lorfqu'elles  fiattent 
les  int6r«ts  de  notre  glotre,  le  fenat  fe  feroit.il  pret6  a 
fon  caprice  ?  Autoit-il  fubftttue  k  une  autorit^  anctenne 
et  t^vMtf  un  cbangement  fans  poids  et  fans  motif? 
Romulus  lui^meme^  qui  choifit  le  Mont  Capitolin  comme 
un  lieu 

ReUg:one  pat  rum  y  ft  /I/tv?  formidine  facrum^ 

fuivit  fans  doute  le  chemin  le  plus  naturcl  ct  le  plus  com- 
mode dans  fon  retour  de  Centne.  La  diverfit^  des  au- 
teurs  a  I'egard  de  cette  viilCf  nous  donne  une  id^  g^a6* 

rale 


fuch  eftablKhmciUs  merely  io  thai  point  of  view  which  laid  them  open 
'  to  ridicule.  Ron-.'.ilui,  bcfidta,  when  he  inftituted  th  •  trluni|  h,  fitcd  by 
\\\%  example,  not  only  the  place  whete  the  trophies  were  t.j  W  depofitcd, 
but  the  road  which  the  proceffion  wis  to  foUow.  Conformably  to  this 
example,  all  thofe  who  aftcrwatds  entered  in  triumph  came  tb  adore  the 
Jupiter  of  the  capitol.  I  am  perfiiadcd  they  aifo  came  hy  the  fame  road 
which  Romulu"^  hnd  traced  ;  and  which,  in  ih*-  i'Vf^  of  poftL-rity,  muft 
have  acquired  the  chara^er  of  kndity.  Who  wuu  d  have  been  the  firft 
to  venture  to  chanjre  the  route  of  this  ancient  pronlTion.  to  dcfpifc  an 
stithortty  fortified  Uy  time,  and  to  forfake  the  footflcps  of  the  fonndcrof 
nonic  and  of  the  iriun.ph  ?  VVh.tt  coudd  be  the  motive  fur  Alch  aa  in* 
novation,  finre  rhf  c^.imnlc  of  Rr,?iHi^us  wa*  fiiri  ly  fuOicic-nt  to  deter- 
mine a  cho.^c  totaiiy  indifferent  in  iiftlfj'  Hiui  there  been  any  of  the 
triumphant  generals  of  fo  very  ertraorditiary  a  temper  as  to  defpife  an* 
cicnt  ceremonies  which  are  highly  flattering  to  their  owo  perTonal  {t^ory, 
would  tiie  wif.lom  rif  tl.c  fciiatc  have  indcil^nd  fo  very  unri-afotiaWe  * 
capricf* ;  and  h:ivc  fuhOltuted,  for  the  revered  irftituiion  cf  their  anccf- 
tors,  an  ii!nov;iti(^n  provccdlnj;  from  no  watrantahlc  mntlw,  and  termi- 
nating iu  uo  uHful  end  \    Romulus  cho&  the  CApitoIine  Muuut  a»  a 

•  ^^^^ 

•nd  douhtU-fs  purfucd  tht  fljorteft  and  moO  convenient  rotd  in  hi*  return 
fiom  Ccaiaa.  Amidft  the  different  accotuita  ol  aoihors €oacenui>g  thi^ 

city, 


ct  PIECES  DETACHEES. 

Talc  de  fa  fltuation.  Les  uns  la  phcent  parmi  Ics  Saliins, 
\c%  nutre?  p.irmi  Icrs  Latins  ;  ce  cjui  nic  perfuadc  qu'clle 
fc  irouvolt  dans  tcttc  liiuic  ties  ileux  bords  de  l*AniO| 
ou  Icj  colonies  des  deux  nations  etoient  entremelees  au 
point  de  fe  confondrc  *.  Les  routes  diftcientcs  qu'on 
pourroit  tirer  de  cc  canton  fe  reuniffoitnt  dans  ie  Champ 
<ie  Mars.  Le  cote  du  Mom  Capitolin^  qui  y  eft  oppofe, 
a  toujouTs  6te  jufqu'aux  dei  niers  tems»  rude  et  prefque 
tnaccefFiolc.  liomulus  a  du  le  tourner)  on  parlevallon 
tntie  le  Qnirinal  et  Je  Capitolci  ou  par  la  plaine  entre 
cciui-ci  ct  Ic  Tybre.  La  porrc  que  nous  clicrchons  dc-. 
Tfoit  etre  dans  t*un  ou  dans  I'autre*  XJn  cnchainemenc 
de  conjectures  n\\i  conduit  a  ceite  concluOon;  c'eft  aux 
faits  reul$  a  la  julti6er  f.  Parmi  les  honneurs  extraor- 
dinaires  qu'on  deftiuott  k  la  memoire  d'iUiguAe,  on  pro- 
pofa  que  fon  enterrement  fortiroit  par  la  porte  triomphale. 
On  favoit  cependant  que  fon  fepulcr^etott  determine. 
Tous  les  d  CO)  ens  avoient  devant  les  yeux  ce  fupetbe  mau- 
folee  qui  avoir  deja  recu  une  partie  de  fa  famille.  CeluU 
ct  ctoit  plac6  dans  le  Champ  de  Mars. '  La  porte  triom- 
phalc  doit  fe  trouver  du  meme  cote  de  la  ville. 

Avec  ces  notions  preliminatres^  il  n'eft  pas  difficile  de 
fuivre  la  marche  des  trlomphesi  et  furtout  de  ceux  de 
paule  £niile|  et  de  Vefpafien.   Ce  dernier,  aprls  avoir 

pafle 


■oty,  we  miy  Tomi  a  general  notion  of  its  fr.ntl  p.  ?omc  place  it  la 
the  territory  of  the  Sabira-.  i.chtrs  iti  that  the  Latiob  ;  which  maizes 
me  bchevc  that  it  (Imnl  in  that  flip  ol  grnund  on  the  batiks  of  thz  Anio, 
'where  the  colonic*  of  the  t^vo  nations  were  mixed  and  coni  jundcd  Willi 
each  other*.  The  differeDC  lines  vhieh  may  be  drawn  from  th!i  dlf- 
triA  to  Rome  meet  in  the  Camp«i'*  Manias.  The  fidccf  the  C.ipltc  line 
hlW  which  faces  the  Campus  Mjrtius  is  rude  and  alir.oft  inacccfllblc. 
Rormilui  thf:rcfore  W3^  isndrr  the  nrcLlTity  of  mailing  a  circuit,  cither  by 
the  valicy  iKtwccn  the  (^irinai  and  C^pilolinc  hitU,  or  hy  the  pUia^ 
vhidi  lie«  between  the  latter  tnd  the  Tiber.  The  gate  of  which  we  are 
in  <jueft  ought  to  be  found  within  thefc  limits.  A  chain  of  conjcdur^ 
evidence  h  v^Jts  mc  to  this  conclufion,  which  fj(fls  ah nc  ran  fuhft-n- 
ti^itc  f.  Among  the  extraordinary  hnnonn*  dcfiened  fur  the  nstmury  of 
Au^ilus,  it  was  propofsd  that  his  tuticral  proccilion  {huuli  pafb  chiouzh 
tlie  triumphal  gate.  The  place  of  hit  fq>ulchre  was  already  fixed.  The 
citiaensconftatitly  beheld  f  r?  their  eyes  that  lofty  muufQlcum  which 
a!rea'']r  crTuniht^d  a  r  ft  of  hi*  family.  It  ftood  in  the  Campui  Mariillf* 
1  he  tri';n.rhal  j:,'r.;(j  th(  rrf»  re  could  not  be  f'.r  s'^ilV-nt  fr^m  it. 

Guided  oy  futn  prei miiury  i:pt;uns,  wc  may  eal.iy  ii'ilow  the  trium- 
phal proeefEoo»,  particularly  thofe  of  Panlus  Emiliu  and  Vefpaiiaa. 

♦  Plutarch  ct  Stephanu*,  Tir.  T.iv.  Dirnyf.  Halicari}»  ct  FeflUP. 
f  Tu4t.  AncaL  i.  2.  SucWd.  in  Au;^.  C.  ivC. 

Tl:c 


RECUEIL     mn  OBSERVATIONS; 

« 

paife  la  nuit  dans  le  temple  d'lfisy  Tint  aja  rencontre  dn 
ii^nat  qui  Tattendoit  dans  le  portique  O^avlen.  Ces 
deux  drcooftancea  nous  fixent  au  Champ  de  Man^  et 
nous  approchent  meme  du  thefitre  de  Marcellus.  Au 
triomphe  de  Paule  £mile»  le  peuple  ^leva  des  ^chai&nts 
dans  les  cirques,  pour  y  voir  pailer  It  pompe*  £ile  pour* 
fttivoit  done  fa  marche  au  travers  le  cinque  de  Flamintusy 
€t  celtti  oonnu  fous  le  nom  de  Marnnms.  £nfin  Horace 
Vapplaudtt  d^i  dans  I'efp^ance  de  voir  un  jour  des  Bre- 
tons enchatn^  defcendre  la  Via  Sacra.  Le  mot  drfnndre^ 
*  combing  avec  la  fuppoHtion  que  la  porte  triomphale  etoit 
dtt  c6t^  dtt  Champ  de  Mars,  nous  trace  la  route  entt&rc 
des  triomphaleurs.  Ici  je  n*at  pu  que  fuivre  le 
Donati  en  Tabr^geant  Cet  habile  andquaire  a  trake 
cette  queftion  avec  un  gout  et  ua  favoir  qui  ont  fu  difC- 
per  prefque  toutes  ces  difficultes. 

On  peiK  done  fuppoler  avec  vraifcmblance,  que  les 
triomphatcurs,  %pres  avoir  raflemble  tout  leur  cortege 
dans  line  pl.ice  ouvctllj  ttile  <^ul-  les  Equiria^  ou  Ic 
Champ  c]c  INInrs  proprenieni  Ju,  H'*vant  Jc  in.^.uiolt: e 
d*Aiigullc,  paiToienr  par  le  cirque  do  Flannnius,  pour  li- 
tre r  dans  la  villc  par  hi  porte  trioinpliale,  entre  le  capi- 
tole  et  le  Tybre  \  qu*apres  avoir  pafle  le  Velahrum  Us 
traverfoient  le  Grand  Cirque  dans  toute  fa  longueur,  et 
qu'ils  achevoient  le  tour  du  Mont  Palatin^  cu  dcicendant 

par 


The  Utter,  after  fpending  the  night  in  the  umple  of  met  the  feoace* 
ii?hich  waited  for  him  ui  ihe  0<i2avi^  Portico.  Thcfe  two  circu|nfiaiicc* 
Vrmg  Dt  to  Htut  Field  of  Mart,  and  even  to  the  vicinitj  of  the  theatre  of 
Marcellus.    At  the  triumph  of  Pauhi«  EmilitU}  the  people  raifed  fcaf- 

foldings  in  the  two  circufcs  to  fee  the'proceflion  pafs.  It  proceeded  there- 
fore  by  the  circus  of  Flaminiu»,  as  well  ai>  by  ihat  diilinguiflied  by  the 
Cftthet  of  Maximtti.  Horace,  moreover,  indulged  the  hope  of  onodiiy 
feeing  the  Brkona  in  cbatna  defcend  the  Via  Sacra.    Thia  word 

*•  defcend,"  combined  with  the  fuppofition  that  the  triumphal  gitc  was 
pear  to  the  Campus  Martius,  enables  us  to  trace  the  whole  prop;ref8  of 
the  proceflion>  On  this  fuhjcd,  I  could  only  follow  and  abridge  Father 
Dooati  *,  a  Ikilful  antiquary,  who  haa  treated  thii  queftioo  with  a  de« 
gtee  of  tafte  aad  eniditiun,  which  folly  removes  all  difficulties. 

It  may  he  fuppofcd,  therefore,  with  much  probabihty,  that  t^<"  fri- 
usnphal  train  havinj^  afTtnibitd  in  an  op«-n  fp-irr,  Oirh  a-i  the  Fquina,  or 
that  properly  called  the  Campus  Martiut.,  immediately  unucr  U>c  mau' 
fokmn  of  Atiguftus,  pafltd  through  the  circiu  of  Flamioint,  cotcrvdthc 
city  by  the  triumphal  gate  between  diecapitol  and  the  Tiber,  travcrfed 
the  pi f  c  called  the  Vclabrum,  as  wtll  as  the  wh<.le  lciif;th  of  the  Circus 
Mdixtmus,  ^nd  compkttd  ih<f  circuit  of  the  Palatine  M^'unt  by  dtlcend- 
ji)g  thrcugh  the  Via  bacra  into  the  irorum,  iu  order  a^am  to  mount  to 

*  Dontt.  Roma  Vctut,  L.  i.  C.  24.  p.  79^88. 

I 

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If  R'ECES  OfiTAGHE'JE^K 

par  la  Fm  Sacra  dans  le  Forum^  pour  lAonber  enfuite  ta 
capitole  par  ce  chemin  qu'on  appelloit  Clivus  Capito/inuf, 
ct  qui  comineii^it  a  Tare  de  Septimc  Severe.  Cette  ky- 
poth^fe  appuy^e,  comme  nous  Tavons  vu,  fur  des  ttmoig* 
nagea  formds  de  Fanttquit^,  embrafle  encore  toutes  lea 
con^efiancet  que  nous  pouvons  y  d^firer.  Roi^ttka 
(pour  reprendre  notre  premiere  Idee)  ne  pouvant  gu^rea 
traverfer  fa  siouvelle  coJpnie»  qui  n'occUpoit  abri  que  le 
Ibminet  efcarpe  du  Palatin,  aura  da  naoina  Toula  en  faire  * 
le  tour,  pour  etaler  aux  yeux  dea  citoyens  les  monumaia 
4e  fa  premiere  viQolre.  Dana  la  fuite,  loriqiie  la  ville 
embrafloic  lei  fepi  collines^  oette  proceffion  paiToit  daaa 
lea  quartiera  lea  plus  confid^rables  et  les  mieux  peuples. 
Une  foule  innombrable,  alfife  a  fon  aife  dans  les  cirquea 
dans  lea  portiques  du  Forum,'  la  voyoit  pailer  devant 
fes  jeuai  et  il  y  aroit  peu  d'babicans  du  Falatin,  et  ' 
d*un  cdt6  de  P£fqui]in  ct  de  rAvcntin,  qui  ne  la  riflent 
ilans  r^ioignement  deppis  les  totts  dc%  nuufoos  et  des 
temples.  On  y  trouve  encore  des  arcs  de  triomphe  de 
plufiears  des  empcreurs  qui  ont  en  cfFec  triomph6,  tels 
que  ConClantin,  Titus  et  Septime.  11  eft  difHcilc  a  la 
vcritc  de  fe  faire  une  idee  cxa(fie  du  proccd6  du  l^nat  i 
cet  cgard.  J,  croirois  alTcz  qu'aprcs  avoir  docorc  le 
chemin  du  trir;m|;]ic  ci'nrcfi  de  hois  qui  nVtoient  que  pour 
J'occafiun,  il  choiiliiuit  louvent,  pour  ics  ctJiniier  eii 
pierre  on  en  nurbre,  quelquc  endroit  qui  n'eioit  pas  deja 
(rop  j^cmpii  de  ces  monumens.    A  Tegard  des  princes 

qui 


f!he  capiiol  by  the  CUtus  C^itoiinut,  which  begins  at  the  arch  of  Scpti- 
inius  bevcruft.  Thit  bypotbciu,  which  is  Supported  by  the  dircC^  tcfti- 
mony  of  aocicot  autboli,  cofreTpondi  with  ^1  die  drenaftuicn 
known  rcfpcAing  tiie  crNKuph.^  koiuiiliit  (to  fcfune  our  firft  coojef 

tore)  not  being  iblc  to  travcrfe  hif*  tu  \v  colony,  which  tl-ern  occupied 
only  the  crag^ty  top  of  Mount  Piilatinc,  naturally  rcl  jvcd  to  r.  ihe  a 
circuit  round  it,  in  order  to  diipiaj  before  the  citizens  ;:he  mouumciits 
oC  hit  firft  yn&orf.  When  Rome  afterwardi  eitcnded  ovtkr  the  fkveo 
hiUt*  the  procrfiCoD  would  naturally  advance  ftloof  the  moll  coufider- 
able  and  bell  peopled  parts  of  the  city.  A  numerous  crowd  (jf  people, 
fratcd  at  their  cul'c  in  the  tircufcs  and  porticoes  oi  the  Foruni,  bthclJ  it 
pa£t  under  their  eyes;  and  tiicrc  were  few  of  the  iuhitbititiit&  uf  the  Pa- 
fatsue,  or  of  one  fide  of  the  Efquiline  and  A^atine,  who  Might  not  per. 
ceive  it  at  a  diftancc  from  the  tops  of  their  hoitft»  and  temples.  We  ftill 
fiud  triumphal  arrhci  of  fcvcr^l  r>(  the  cmpcror<i,  Conft  mtlnc,  Titus,  and 
Septimiits;  all  of  whom  rc:illy  iriunijihcd.  It  is  difricuit  to  deterniiiiS 
how  the  fenatc  jn'occcdeo  :u  rjiiiliig  ihcm.  I  am  inclined  tp  tiank,  that 
ofecr  wftonuoft  the  triumphal  rood  by  ten^Nirary  wooden  archet,  more 
felid  rncs  were  afterwards  errt^d  of'Aone  OT  aaihle,  io  fuch  places  al 
wtrc  ';utt  crowded  with  thofc  monuments.  A s  to  the  archc^  of  thofc 
cntpcxois  vvt»o  Mver  adu^iy  trivimphcd,  itfbould  fcemthat  their  own 

will. 


RECUEIL  ie  mes  OBSERVATIONS, 

qui  n'avoient  ' jamais  tTiomphe,  Icur  To1qnt^»  Ic  gout  da 
i^nar,  ou  quelque  circonftance  particutiere,  deciHoic 
feuls  du  lieu,  ou  s'^tevoicnt  ccs  pfeuves  eternclles  dc  Icur 
vanltcS  ct  de  la  baffefle  dcs  Romains. 

'   Jc  ne  c\airs  pns  ici  de  m*oppofer  icul  a  r.iutorite  r<*- 
unie  de  Karuiiji  ct  de  Donati       Ih  diiTtrcnt  a  h  vcriie 
fur  la  fituation  de  le  port«  trinmphale.    Ceiui-ci  la  place 
cntre  le  capirole  ct  la  riviere  ;  cclui-la  deiermine  Ton  eni- 
placemtnt  cntre  le  Quirinal  et  le  Capitolc  ;  mais  ils  s'ac- 
cordent  ^  feparer  la  porte  Fhminia  de  la  porte  dcs  tri- 
omphes,  ct  a  releguer  Time  dans  I'endroit  d'oii  ils  ont 
txclu  l^autre;  ati  lieu  que  la  proximitc  de  ces  deux  portcs, 
me  paroit  ini  p(>inr  effentiel  a  tcute  hypotht-fc  vrairenihla- 
ble.    Jc  pourrois  inc  coiitenter  de  fa  ire  conib/.ttre  ces 
deux  antiqunires,  hiiTer  prouver    Nardtrji  ciiie  la  porte 
FlaminLi  (h  nv:me  que  Ja  navuviiana)  etoit  par  con(e- 
qucnt  dans  ie  voifinage  de  l.i  riviere,  ct  a  Donati  que  la 
porte  triomphalc  etoit  entre  le  Capitole  et  Jc  Tybre,  ct 
tirrr  une  concluGon  generale  de  leurs  prcuves  partieiles. 
Mais  j'aimc  encore  mieux  en  appcHcr  a  ces  vraifemblancca 
fimples,  mais  plus  convaincantcs,  qu'i  tout  Tetalagc 
d'unc  vaine  erudition,    Je  vols  cl  drement,   i.  Qu'on  a 
dii  menagcr  a  un  des  chemtns  les  plus  irequent^s,  un 
abord  libre,  et  qui  communiquat  faciiement  aux  quar- 
tiers  et  aux  edifices  Ics  plus  confidcrables.    2.  Que  Ie 
triomphe  a     pareillement  s'approcher  de  la  viHe  par  la 

route 


will,  the  choice  of  the  fcnatc,  or  fomc  particular  circumf^aoce,  deter^ 
mined  the  fite  of  choie  etenial  proofi  of  imperial  vaiiity  aod  Roauii 

mrannefi. 

^  On  tiiis  fubjc-d  i  am  not  afraid  to  oppofc  the  united  authority  of  Ni^« 
dioi  and  Dooati  *.  They  differ  from  each  other  with  refptd  to  the 
fituation  of  the  triumphr.l  gate.  NsrJini  places  it  between  the  Capicol 
and  ihp  Tibci  ;  Donati,  bctwciu  the  Quirinal  3i:d  the  Cupitol;  and 
both  of  tl;cni  remove  it  to  a  part  t4  the  city  iar  «liilant  frm  the  F  r  .t 
Flamiitia;  whereas  its  proximity-  to  that  gate  fccms  to  mc  4Jcuti.u:y 
cocncAed  with  every  probable  hypothefit  on  the  fubjeifl.  I  might  coc- 
ter,t  niyTflf  wjth  ^Hi^wing;  tiicfe  antiquaries  to  difpute  with  each  other  ;^ 
and  liftcn  to  Naidit:i,  whiU  he  proves  that  the  Poifa  Haniinia  \v;is  liic 
fame  wirh  the  Flumcnt.m  i.  jinil  therefore  near  t«>  the  river  ;  and  tt>  Do- 
nati, whiie  he  maintains  that  the  triumphal  gate  floi^d  bciwcca 
the  C«pitol  and  the  Tiher  $  and  from  the  pmicubr  fada  which 
they  prove,  mi^hc  infer  a  general  conclufion.  But  infle&d  of  dif* 
'playing  vain  erudition,  I  choofe  rather  to  apptal  to  the  following 
pbit)  i'ld  convinrinjr  rcfl':(f^ :f  :  t.  There  niuft  have  bt  cn  an  cafy 
acccis  to  (inc  of  the  road*  mult  frcqucutid,  and  conimui)ivatti>g 
with  the  pi  ipLinal  Arcetaaod  buildingt  ol  the  city.   ft.  The  tiiomphal 

♦  Don^t.  loc.  citat.  L.  i.  C.  ij.  p.  7a.  Nardini  Roma  Actica,  L.  i. 
C.  9-  p.  3^^!  et  C,  10.  p.  47— J0» 

procei&Qa 


ii  PI  ECES  DE  TACllE  ES.- 

■»  • 

route  la  plus  celcbrc,  et  aw  nHlit;u  des  edifices  les  p1u<; 
coTinus.  Jc  ne  change  ru  n  a  cctte  fuppofition  tn  U 
rcnverfanf.  Si  Ic  chtinin  du  niomphe  a  etc  clIui  (?c  Ro- 
mulus, la  vaiiite  ties  cfiilcurs  n\ivira  rieii  epar^iu*  [>oijr 
le  decorcr  d'unc  m^iiieie  dii^nc  dc  fa  dellinvuion. 
Qne  la  porte  nioiMpluilc  iie  s'(Hivrant  qu^mx  tiioninha- 
tcurs,  trn  dciiianduU  utiC  niilrc  a  cr^te  dVlle,  pour  icce- 
Voir  ccttc  foulc  innombrabl'j  qui  Ic  rcndoit  a  Rome  par 
le  cheniiii  dcs  iiionrpKes,  que  je  civ.iicnds,  a  iVvffupIc  dc 
Martial,  avec  ceiui  de  I'lamiiiius  Comparons  Uir  cc*s 
principcs  lesdeux  endroits  ou  Ton  peut  placer  les  porte* 
triotnphale  et  Fiamiiiienne.  I)i!is  Tun  je  trouve  les  pltn 
anciens  batimens  du  Champ  de  Mars,  et  le  commence* 
mentdiji  Fauxbourg,  qui  s'etendoit  dcja  horsde  la  porte 
Carmentalc  dans  ie  iixicmefi^te  de  Romey  ledi^tre  de 
Marctllu!!,  pluiienrs  temple99  parmi  ces  temples  celui 
dc  IVllone,  ou  les  G(»ii -raux  aiiembloient  le  f6nat  pour 
J  folliciter  Ic  triomphc,  le  portiquii  d*OOavc  etlc  cirque 
de  FlaminmS}  Luculius  diitribua  la  donative  et  iei 
f^compenfes  militaires.  Dans  Tautre,  je  ne  tois  prefque 
ffien  plus  aociea  que  le  (i^cte  de  Tr?jan,  lorfque  ce  prince 
coup  I  line  pattte  du  Quirinai>  ^largit  le  v.tIlon  cntrc 
cette  montagne  et  Ic  cnpitole^  et  Torna  d'un  finm  mag* 
nifique.  II  6toit  tres  naturel  qu'on  drat  bientdt  de  ta 


»5J 


procefiicn  mutl:  alfo  have  eiiurcJ  Rome  l>y  «>iic  of  ihe  broaJcl^  road% 
and  tbmof^h  the  ntdft  of  the  tnoft  diftinfni*fl>ed  buildingK   This  fup* 

pcfition  may  be  ovtrtunol  v  tit  «flV(^::r^  my  aifcrti  cc.  If  t'-.c  tri- 
!u.a?;.il  ifi:id  was  that  followed  by  Kt)miilM^,  ttio  vatnty  rf  the  ccrf'^r* 
wouUl  ip.ire  no  pains  to  a  !orn  if  in  a  maiMKT  fiiittd  to  its  hi'^h  difti.v.j- 
ttiiH.  3.  As  the  triumphal  g.itt  \va*  opt.n  unly  tu  the  coiuj'.u  i  i.r  and  his 
train  •  annrhcr  was  requtfite  f«r  admitting  the  vaft  crowJii  ut  pct.ple  vtha 
flocked  t  >  Rome  by  the  n  iun^j-hal  road,  wl.it  h  I  coVifidcr  with  Mart:.:l 
to  have  httn  il-'  f-nic  v^l;h  the  Maminlati  J.rt  us  t  xjii'.ir.r,  aic  r  i- 
xng  to  thtfc  principlis,  iho  two  nio{\  pri  baUlc  fit'.s  of  the  Tritmj  1  il 
and  Fijinija^n  gaus.  hi  the  one,  I  fu; J  the  moll  anwiti.t  ediJKti«4  the 
Campus  Martiut,  and  the  bijiinning  of  the  fuburbs,  vbhich«  as  early  a<> 
tlic  l::'.rh  ct;:tary  of  Ron  e,  i- x tended  hey  1  nd  the  Ci' };v-r  ♦a!c -  ac  ;  f 
find  alfo  the  thf.^Tr  ff  M.ircrlii:-  ;  fc  v,.i  il  t-r,;'ik's,  purtiviiil jrly  that  rf 
IJflii  i'a,  wh.erc  the  gtp'.'r  i'.  fr<^vr!scil  tl.t  Ilii  .te  10  foli  .it  h.is  triuir.}  I  ; 
the  Octavian  porticu«  asiJ  (iic  i  iuiniiuaa  c;rcu3,  lit  whidi  laQ  LueuHui 
diflributcd  a  donative  to  hit  troops.  In  the  other  of  thofe  fites,  I 
fcarcely  dilcovtr  any  tf.iu^  »ior«.  ;>ii^itnt  than  the  aj^c  of  T  rajan,  whtw 
that  piii?cc  dug  thf  n^^h  part  »  f  Quint  al,  ext-  i:  'iLtl  t!ic  valh  y  hi - 
twctn  *V.:'.*  n;<'iuntaiii  atul  the  eajntol,  and  at  the  f^rnc  lime  adorred  it 
ViiiU  a  iiu'^^ntticcn:  furuui.  It  v  is  exLTcmtly  natural  tJiat  a  new  rpaJ 
caUcdthe  Broad* way  fboyld  foon  afrer wards  be  ni;;J^  LctW4cn  the  TU* 


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ftECUEIL  i»  ma,  OBSERVATIONS, 

Fitf  Fimmma  une  nouvdle  rucy  a  laquelle  on  doOM  k 
aom  de  Via  Lata*  Povranoi  diflimiiler  ici  tine  coi^« 
tiue  ftir  la  porte  triomphalc«  qui  a'a  para  revStue  de 
plufieun  caradem  dc  vratfemblaiice  P  Je  penfe  que 
cette  porte  n'^toit  point  diffi^ehte  du  famena  yamu  Gr- 
mum»  appelle  fouvent  Temple  de  Jantts»  dont  les  portes 
<Nivertes  ott  ferm^s  fenroienty  depnis  I'infticiitton  de 
Niima*  i  d^ligner  la  paax  et  la  gu^re.  Vbki  quelquet 
una  d«i  catamrea  qui  m'ont  fatt  gouter  one  id^  qua  a 
d'abord  un  air  de  paradoae*  i«  Parmi  lea  obfcnrtt^i 
qu'on  a  trouv6es,  ou  qu'on  a  cm  trouver  dans  lea  anciena 
an  fttjet  da  yanus,  je  choifirai  pour  mon  guide  ce  Var- 
ron  qui  a  m^rit^  des  Romainsy  contemporains  de  Cic6- 
ron,  Teloge  de  les  avoir  comme  introdutts  dans  leur  pro- 
pre  villc.  Cct  antiquaire  decrit  Ic  Janusj  lorfqu'il 
parle  des  portes  de  la  Rome  de  Romulus :  Ta  iin 
yantmits  d'lBa  ah  Janoy  et  ideo  ihi  pofitum  Jani  jlpnum^  ct 
ejus  injlitutum  a  Numa  Fosnpilioy  ut  Jcnbii  in  annaUhus  jL. 
rijQ,  uijit  iliiufa  fempery  nifi  cum  helium  Jit, — On  fait  que 
I'enceinte  de  Romulus,  en  s'eteudant  dc  tous  les  autres 
cotes,  dcmeura  toujours  la  meme  vers  le  Capitolc  ct  le 
Tybre  ;  et  les  expreilions  dc  Varron  fe  rapportent  aflez 
clairemcnt  a  une  porte  qui  fubiUioit  encore  de  fon  terns, 
on  du  moins  de  cclui  de  Pifon.  C'efl  encore  Fidec  que 
I10U8  puifons  dans  les  autcurs  les  plus  exadls  de  Tanti- 
quit6.   Je  connois  trop  le  danger  des  propoQtions  ex- 

dufivesy 


minian  road  and  the  city.   Why  fliiyuld  I  here  conceal  t^onje^ure  re- 

fpcdinj;  the  rriiimphal  gate,  which  appcart  to  me  charac^l^rifrcl  by  fe- 
deral marks  of  probability  ?  I  thiiili  that  thi«  gate  was  rcuily  no  other 
than  the  famou«  Janut  Geminus,  called  often  the  Temple      Janus  the 

£tc«  of  which,  u  they  were  open  or  flint,  were  appointed  by  Numa  to 
note  refp<  flively  the  condUiona  of  war  and  peace.  The  following? 
arc  fomc  nf  the  cirrumft^inrf-  \\\  i'h  pcrfuade  me  of  the  tnith  »>f  a 
fuppofjtion  that  may  at  iirlt  light  appear  paradoxical.  Amorg  thi  rr^l 
or  pretended  obfcutitie»  of  the  accuiuits  of  the  ancients  on  the  fubjcd^ 
of  Jaoiii»  I  fltiJl  choole  fnrmy  guide  the  learoed  Varra,  who  ilelrrved 
irom  the  Romiii  contemporariea  of  Cicero  the  pnife  of  introducitvg 
them  to  the  knowledp^r  of  thtir  own  city.  That  antiquary  thus  dcLribea 
Janus,  in  fpcafeing  of  the  gatei  of  Rome,  m  the  time  of  Romulus: 
Tertta  yanualu  diHa  ai  y«»«t  et  idtc  Ui  ftoj'itum  J  ami  Jignum,  et  ejut  iHjliiw 

hm  s  Nmma  Pmfifi*f  uifirikt  m  mmmaUh$t4  L%  JP(^»  «#/fl  tUmJm  femper^  mijt 
mm  hgttwmfit. — tt  in  Vnowo  that  the  wall  huilt  by  Romulus,  though  it 
wad  exrcndi«i  iti  all  othtr  dirotflions,  remained  always  the  fame  on  the 
fide  of  the  Capitol  and  the  Tiber :  and  the  ixprcflloos  of  Varro  clearly 
refer  ro  a  gate  which  exified  au  his  owti  time,  or  at  leaft  in  that  of  Pifo. 
The  £uDC  fenle  may  he  extraAed  from  the  moft  comA  wtitcra  of  antt* 
qirity  I  too  well  kciowthe  danger  of  ticlvfivf  propofitiona  to  afliraitthac 

the 


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ff  PFECES  lyETACHEES.  155 

cludTCS,  pouT  affurcr  que  I'exprcflion,  Temple  de  ^anus^ 
n'cft  point  cii  ufape  par  mi  les  ecrivains  des  bons  ficclcs  \ 
mais  jc  vols  que  i'lte  Live,  Horace,  Suetonc  ct  Plinc  *, 
Ic  d^ngiicat  toujours  par  la  denomination  firaple  et  pro- 
pre  de  ^mun  Gi'tninuiy  ou  de  jfanus  ^*.n;i:,  ou  ^/<;>v- 
iiids.  VirglJe,  qui  decnt  tous  les  ancicrH  ufagcs  avec  Jc 
feu  d'un  poete,  et  la  pr^cifion  d'un  a»nK]u.urc,  a  iatro- 
dint  pariju  fcs  Latins  cette  ancienn<»  inttirution.  II  n*y 
employe  jamaiii  le  mot  Umpieg  dans  Ic  tenia  qu*il  decxit 
CCS  portes  de  la  guerre. 

Sunt  gemna  beOi  portjs^  (Jtc  mrmne  dicuftty) 

Reilighne  farra  et  fdnnfo'rmitUne  Martis : 

Centttm  mrit  claudunt  veBes^  aierjwque  ferri  » 

Rebora  •*  mc  cufios  ahfiJiU  limme  Janus^m 

Tout  reveille  ici  I'idcc  (Tune  arc.uie,  telle  que  les  portes 
dc8  villcs,  fciniec  dcs  deux  cOijs  par  des  portes  de 
bronze,  ct  confacree  par  la  i\atue  dc  janus,  piacee  pcut- 
ttrc  dans  une  niche  dans  la  muraille.  bi  \c6  moilerncs 
ont  voulu  faire  du  Jatttis  Gemi^.uSy  un  temple  cclebrc, 
leur  pru  d'cxaclitude  nc  nrcni|Hrhcra  par^  de  le  rappcller 
a  fun  idee  primitive,  qui  s'accurdc  tre*)  bieri  avec  ks  cx- 
prclHons  de  Varron.  Lc  Janus  et  la  porte  triomphalc 
ont  du  etre  des  portes  tie  la  nicine  enceinte,  j'en  eon- 
clvok  feulennent  que  leur  ideotite  n'a  ricn  d'inipon<hlr 

2.  Pour 


iBbt  phrafc  "  Temple  of  Janus"  is  not  to  befoiind  in  iQj  writer  of  ptire 
I.atiniiy;  but  \  perceive  lliat  I. ivy,  Horace,  Suctuiic,  und  Pliny  ♦  al- 
ways tniploy  tht  proper  fxprcflicn  of  J  inus  Gcminus,  or  Janus  Quirini, 
or  ^uirtnus.  Virgil,  whu  defcribc^  .incicut  cuilom*  with  the  fire  of  a 
poct»  and  the  acturacy  of  an  antiqutry,  ntaket  mention  of  diil  inftioi- 
tion  among  the  aii>^'<ui  Latins;  but  never  ititroducet  the  word  **ttBH 
pk"  ia  ipc4king  of  the  gatet  of  war. 

Suat  ^rm/mc  in  Hi  porta ^  ( fU  itomir  r  J'n  uai^/  - 
iiiU'iA»nt  fiiLra  rt fiTvi forrTtidinf  Al<irtii  : 
Let»tum  arci  sljudunt  ftUti^  at^rnaque frrri 
Rbkora  :  ntc  Cfjioi  ul>/tjfit  timttte  ywuj  f . 

In  thi";  de'^criptlon,  every  worA  i'mVic^*"*  -in  nrc.iMr,  fiich  a?  that  of  the 
gates  of  ciiics,  (hue  ou  hnU  >  hy  cluorR  of  Inou/c,  aud  confccratcd 
Sjr  a  ftatue  of  Janus,  plucrd  perhaps  in  a  niche  in  the  wall.  Although 
modem  writer*  ha?c  fndcjvoured  to  eonvrrt  the  Jinua  Oeminua 
into  a  cclebntrd  trmpir,  their  of  accuracy  nreJs  not  hinder 

me  from  <rlvjnfi  to  tlic  wor  Is  rh-'ir  prim:tivr  frnf'.*,  which  pcr- 
fcflly  aci^urJa  with  the  f  xprcfii«'n<i  oi  Vairo.  iUc  iiiaiaplial  gaic  and 
that  of  JanuB  belonged,  therefore,  to  the  &me  wall.   I  may  thenee 

♦  TIr.  I  iv  L.  i.  Su'ctnn.  in  Au^uft.  xiii,  ct  in  Neroo,  xiii.  Herat. 
Carm.  iv.  15.    Plin.  Hift.  Nat.  itxxiv,  7. 
t  VirgiL  ^id,  L.  Til.  6c8. 

irentttst 


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IS6  RECUEIL  de  mu  OBSERVATIONSt 

2*  Four  changer  cette  poffibilite  en  vraifemblance,  il 
faut  rapprocher  les  objets,  ct  fixer  la  fituation  du  Jamis 
Gminus.  Scion  Tite  Live  *,  Numa  Pompilius  tnitkum 
k  Janus  a  IVxtremke  in£6rietire  de  VArgiUiumf  poor 
^tre  rindice  de  la  guerre  et  de  la  paix.  Nous  &▼on^>  en 
g^n6ral  que  VArgiUtum^  qui  n'a  rien  d'incert;)in  que  fon 
^ymologie,  ^toit  Iittt6  au  pied  de  la  roche  Tarpeifeniie 
pea  cloign^e  du  Tybre  f  \  et  Serrius  le  d^cemiine  en- 
core mieux  par  fon  votfinage  du  theatre  de  Marcellus. 
La  pforte  des  triomphes  et  le  Janus  Geminns  fe  trouye- 
ront  egalement  dans  cette  petite  partie  de  Teneemte,  qui 
8*^tend  de  la  roche  Tarp6ienne  a  la  riviere.  Nous  Tom- 
snes  dejt  obliges  d'y  piacer  irois  portes,  la  Flununtama 
on  Ftttmima  aupres  de  la  rivt^e,  la  Carmentakf  au  pied 
des  rocherS)  et  la  TriomphaUy  qui  fe  trouveroit  ainG  au 
milieu  des  deux  autres.  Dans  une  etendue  de  cent 
toifes  J,  henflec  de  tours,  eft  il  fort  naturel  de  fuppofer 
une  quatiit  mc  porie  ?  Ne  ic  fent-oii  pas  porte  a  con- 
fondre  cette  quitrieine  avec  une  des  trois  premieres  ? 
Cette  idee  du  Jaiius  dans  1* AvL^ilctuiii,  forn'.::llcmcnc 
cnonc6e  par  Tite  Live  ft  Servius,  et  tres  conforme  a 
Varron,  n'eprouve  dc  (iilTiculte  (jvie  dans  i'auiorite  de 
Procope  II,  qui  place  le  Temple  de  Janus  vis-a-vis  du 

\  Jd'ai  mcCorf e  furle  grand  pUn  d«  Rome  4e  Nulli. 

Capttole, 

ve&lnre  to  conclude  that  their  identity  is  polBble.  i.  But  to  reirder  ihc 
thing  proSablf,  \vc  muft  cndeavcur  to  fix  more  accurately  the  fituarlon 
of  the  Janus  Oemious  «.  Accorditrg  to  Livy,  Nuiua  Pompilius  en  ded 
it  It  the  lower  extremity  of  the  Arfjiletum,  to  fervc  a«  the  index  of  vvur 
and  peace.  We  know  that  the  Argitetum,  though  its  etymology  ii  on* 
certain,  uas  fitoitc  near  the  foot  of  the  Tarpeian  rock  not  far  from  the 
T'b'r  f  ;  1  ScTvIii*  fixes  iu  urc  llill  more  prtiiftiy,  by  faying  it  wa» 
in  the  Vicinity  of  the  Teqiple  of  \larccllus.  The  triumph:d  rt-xir.  and 
that  of  Janui  muft  alfo  have  ftood  within  the  Itmita  of  this  ihuU  por- 
tion of  the  wall,  extending  from  the  Tarpeiao  rock  to  the  river.  With* 
in  the  fam:  limits,  therefore,  we  are  oMi^cd  to  place  three  g:atei,  the 
FJumentana  or  Flaminij  near  to  tlitf  river,  the  C^rmcntaiis  at  the  f'»rc 
of  the  rock,  and  the  Triunipiiil  in  the  middle  between  the  twumhcrs. 
la  an  cxtttnt  oPofily  an  hundred  fathoms  §  of  a  wall  crowded  with 
towrs,  is  it  natural  to  fuppofe  a  fourth  gate  ;  or  it  it  not  more  proba- 
hte'tliat  this  fuppofed  fourth  gate  wa?  merely  a  different  r.inic  f '  r  one 
of  the  nth  ?  The  placing  of  Janus  in  tlie  Arfrilctmn,  which  i»  dnrie 
cxprcfsly  by  Livy  and  Servian,  and  which  is  quite  confiOcnt  wifh  tlie 
terms  of  Varro,t»  oppofed  by  neither  authority  than  that  of  Pmcoplus  |, 

*  Tit.  Liv.  L.  i.    Scrv,  ad  .^eid  VU.    Nardini  Ronu  Antigua,  L. 
.  TO.  C  4-  P-  439- 

f  Donati  Rom«  Vetnt,  I»  ii.  C.  9<S.  p. 

§  I  nuafurcdrhe  (hlhncccn  NoUi*i  great  map  Rome. 

I  Frocdp.  dc  Ikll.  Gothic.  L.  i.  / 

who 


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^  PI  £C£S  D£TACH££S. 


Caplicue,  cL  ail  iiiiiicu  clu  r'urum.  rvljis  cc  nicnic  Pro- 
cope  ne  detcinnne  point  que  cc  temple  lut  le  Janns  Ge^ 
tiu/iuj ;  et  cu  tout  cab,  j'^iiucrois  niicux  rcjcttcr  Tauto- 
rite  d'uii  foldat  du  fixicmc  liccL',  qui  decrit  un  niunu- 
nient  qui  ii*cxiftoit  deja  plus,  que  dc  fuppoier  avcc  Nar- 
dini  *,  qu'il  y  avoit  deux  Jatiiy  indices  de  \a  paix  cL  de 
la  gUcrre ;  Tun  I'ancicnuc  Porta  Jnnualis  que  Numa 
.  convenit  en  tempi?  ;  i'autre  un  tciripic  cii'il  contlruifit 
dans  y ArgUttum.  Ce  deux  Janus  lont  ir.connu  ;  a  toutc 
rantiquite,  et  Varron  pole  en  fait,  que  1  ite  Live 
inGnue  aflcz  claiien^nt,  (pie  Nuina  inllitua  un  nouvcl 
ufage,  fans  conitruire  un  nouvcl  edifice.  3.  JLes  portcs 
dc  la  guerre  et  celle  du  triomphc  etoicnt  done  i\  pres 
Fttne  de  i'autre,  qu'il  eil  difRcile  de  ies  dittinguer  ;  niais 
un  autre  cara^ere  fingulkr  qu'elles  poiTedoient  en  com- 
nun,  me  difpofe  encore  a  Ies  confondre.  C'eft  celui 
d'etre  conCici  ee's  par  I'opinion  publiquc,  et  Ies  ceremo- 
nies de  la  religion.  Dans  la  difcipixne  Etruiqaef,  let 
snurailles  etoiem  iacr^c*;,  mnis  Ics  portes  etoient  pro- 
fanes \  et  lorfqu'on  tra^oit  ie  fiilon  facre  du  Pommrium^ 
on  interrompoit  de  terns  en  terns  ra(f\ion  de  la  cbarrue* 
pour  menager  d  la  commodity  de  la  ville  ces  forties  n6- 
ceflatres  pour  les  ufagcs  vils  et  impurs,  auzqueU  on  les 
employoit  (i  fouvent.  La  porte  des  triomphes,  de{lin6e 
uniqtiement  si  introduire  dans  la  ville  la  proceiGon  la 

plus 


who       that  the  Temple  of  Jtoui  ftood  oppo0te  to  the  Capitol^  and 

In  the  middle  of  the  Forum.  But  Procopius  docs  not  fay  that  this 
f crrpfe  \vn«  the  Janus  Gcminus  :  and  whitcvcr  he  might  fay,  I  fliould 
be  incline<l  r.ither  t«»  rcjid  the  authority  of  a  foldicr  of  the  fixih  ccn« 
tury,  who  fpuke  of  a  monument  110  longer  in  txidence,  than  to  fup- 
pole'with  Nardiiti  ^,  that  there  were  two  Jauufe*,  employed  at  tohent 
pf  war  and  peace  ;  one  of  whirh  was  the  anciept  Pdlta  Tauualis,  which 
Xm^a  cr»nvcrtcf!  itito  a  f.rt  p!  •,  ard  the  o»her  a  temple  which  he  af- 
terwartl*  built  in  the  Ai[:iivtimi.  Thclc  two  Jaoufca  arc  totally  un- 
knotiyn  to  ancttnt  author^ ;  and  Varro  diredly  fays  what  Livy  plainly 
ififimiatet,  that  Niima  inflituied  a  new  ceremony  without  huilding  a 
new  ei.ificc.  3.  Vht  gates  of  war  and  triumph  were  therefore  fo  near 
to  each  otiitr,  x\v\i  it  is  difficult  to  dilHn^tiifh  them;  and  a  p;:culiarit7 
which  they  iit  common  Duke:*  nic  inclined  to  cuuiider  them  a» 

the  fi»mc.  Both  thefc  gates  were  confccratcd  by  puhlic  opioion  and  the 
reremoTites  of  religion.  According  to  the  iuftitution*  of  the  Tufcans  f , 
Wills  v\rc  rKTLiI,  but  fT.'tcs  were  profane ;  and  when  they  traced  the 
l.jcrid  fuc  r.f  (he  Pon-oeriuiu,  it  was  cuilomary  at  times  to  interrupt 
the  atfiicn  of  the*  |1<  ugh,  that  fpaccii  nii^ht  be  left  free  &r  thefc  oecef- 
fqry  outlets  which,  for  the  conveniency  o£  the  city,  muft  often  be  de- 
fied by  impurities*   But  the  triumphal  gate,  which  was  defined  tMj 

•  Kardini  Rama  Ar.tica,  L  i.  C.  iii  p.  ly  et  L.  v.  C.  vii.  p.  aj6— ij?- 
\  Plutarch  io  RomuU 


1S8  RECUEIL  dc  nui  OBSERVATIONS* 

plus  re fpe enable  de  la  religion,  ne  merltoit  point  d'etre 
coinprilc  dans  cette  loi.  Les  honncurs  r^u'on  propofa 
pour  la  me  moire  d'AtTguftc,  me  perfuadent  qu'elle  ne 
I'etoit  pas  *.  Oil  voir  que  Tibere  fit  rejetter  cfs  propo- 
iitions  qui  MefToient  !a  loi  dela  religion,  et  que  la  propo- 
fition  de  fairc:  pillr  un  corps  mort  par  Ja  porte  triom- 
phaie,  y  p.irut  auiFi  contraire  que  de  faire  recutillir  fes 
OS  par  lc«5  pietrcs,  t  t  d'empierer  fur  les  drc  its  des  die»jx, 
cn  d'^'ermin.int  par  \\  vie  d*Augu(lc  la  duree  d'un  fiecle. 
C'etoit  aux  (Mrii  ■  ;i  diilrihuerct  a  annoncer  par  dfs  pro- 
diges  la  dure-:  de  chaquc;  p^rtode.  4.  TZ-deruite  fuppofcc 
»  de-^  dfux  portcs  (dont  la  reu'^rr.bl  incc  cil  aulli  marquee) 

cxpiique  parfait^'trent  Tinditurion  de  Numa,  et  ia  raifoii 
pourquoi  la  porte  s'ouvroit  avcc  la  j;uerre,  et  fe  fermoit 
•  avec  la  paix.  Les  fymboles  contrsires  paroitroient  beau- 
coup  plus  nnturcls.  Un  abord  librc  et  ouvcrt  annoncc 
la  rranquilite  dc  la  ville.  Cc  n'eft  que  Jorfquc  la  crainte 
et  la  deiiance,  prccedees  de  la  guerre  comre  les  ennemts 
voiftnSy  fe  pr^fentent  aux  portes*  qu'on  fonge  fi  les 
fcrther,  er  n  employer  chaquc  moyen  de  defcnfc.  Mais 
dans  rinltitutton  de  Numa,  le  conful  ouvroit  les  portes  dc 
Ja  gloire  avec  celles  de  la  guerre.  Elles  demeuroient  ou- 
Tenes  pour  ce  petit  nombre  dc  grands  hommes  qui  s'etoi- 
ent  acquis  le  droit  d'y  entrer.  Elles  fe  fermoicnt,  lorfque 
le  lerour  de  U  pais  avoit  tnterrompu  le  chemtn  des  tri- 

omphes* 


ior  axltnittlng  into  the  chf  «  moft  ^iwnbte  reltgioas  ^oceffioo,  iieeM 

not  to  be  inchided  under  this  law  ;  ami  that  it  ccRainly  was  not,  tp- 

pcared  from  what  hjppciud  rcfp^t'^'r  ^  rhe  honours  which  it  was  prn- 
pofed  to  btflow        the  memory  ot  Auguftti?        Tiberius  r<  j<r<5ted 
thefct  however,  as  !  iTtnfivc  to  religion;  to  which  the  propofition  ot 
making  «  dead  body  fufs  through  the  triwnphal  gsce  wif  redcooc^  w 
contrary  an  that  of  coUeding  the  booet  of  Augudus  by  the  hands  of 
pricUs,  and  of  determining  the  age  or  century  by  the  length  of  bis  life. 
It  brii  n;^     to  the  goils  alone  to  mark  hy  prodigic*.  the  duration  of  each 
periuu.    4.  The  lupjiofcd  identity  of  thetwogate^,  whofe  rcicmblunce 
it  very  ftrtking,  perfcdly  cxplatnt  the  inftitutioo  of  NouM,  ud  the 
reafon  why  Jaottt  was  opiO  in  war  and  (hut  In  peace.  The  contrary 
fymboU  inij;'nt  appear  move  natural.    A  free  and  open  accefs  to  a  city 
btfpcaksthc  fecurity  of  pi  acc.    Amtdft  the  fear  and  diftruft  occafioned 
by  war  agaoiil  licighbouring  cQcmics,  the  ihutting  of  the  gatc»  i»  em- 
ployed at  the  moft  oatorat  meant  of  defence.   But  by  the  inftitiitioo  ot 
Numa,  the  gates  of  war  were  opened,  becaufe  they  were  gatet  of  glorj  ; 
and  they  continued  opt-n,  to  admit  the  fmall  number  of  trreat  men,  who 
were  entitled  to  paf»  through  them,    i'hcy  wert;,  on  the  other  hand, 
Ihut  when  the  return  of  peace  fliut  up  the  triumphal  road.   Among  the 

*  Sueioii.  in  Ang.  C.  looi  Tidt.  Aaotl*  L  t* 

Romoofi 


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ti  PI  £C£S  DETACHE  £3. 


omphes.  Les  Remains  ne  i'ont  que  rarement  intenrompo. 

L'cxcrcice  de  cettc  fonftion  ne  dcpcndoit  pas  fculement 
de  la  paix  a^lucUc,  dont  Ja  repubiique  a  trcs  ibuvcnc 
jouT,  mais  encore  dc  ia  dilpofition  du  fenat  a  i'entrctenir, 
dilpoluion  qu'U  n'a  6prouvee  que  fous  Ics  regncs  tran- 
quilJes  dc  Numa  et  d'Aaguile,  ct  dans  cet  eutd'epuire« 
mcnt  qui  iaiMt  la  premiere  guerre  Punique. 

Sur  ie  Sp£ctacls* 

Tl  faut  s'ancter.  Cc  cLapitre  menace  dc  dcvcnir  un 
volume.  Renvoyons  aux  antiquaircs  Ic  foin  de  detaillcr 
Ic  fpe^^acle  du  triomphe,  les  viclimes,  les  facnficatcurs, 
les  vafes  d'or  et  d'arircnt,  ct  les  couronnes.  Je  ne  vcux 
m'attachrr  qu'a  une  Icule  rellexiori  plus  digne  d'un  phi- 
lofophC)  ct  ijui  diltijiguoit  li  avantageiiff ment  cette  ce re- 
moniC)  de  ccs  pompcs  li  vainr s  et  fi  tatiguantcs  qui  n'in- 
fpircnt  que  le  mepris  ct  rcnnui.  Cctte  ccreinonic  ren- 
doit  ies  rpe£lateui8  eux-memes  a^^eurs,  en  leur  prefen- 
unt  des  objeu  grands^  T6dj^  et  qui  ne  pouvoient  que  k$ 
intere^er. 

Les  fpeflacles  les  plus  brilians  des  cours,  les  caroufels 
de  liouw  XIV.  ou  les  fete*  du  Due  de  Wtrtembergt 
pcottvent  tottjours  la  magnificence,  et  ibuvent  le  gout 

dtt 


Roinant,  indeed,  this  road  was  rarely  interrupted.    For  the  ceremony 
«f  flmtting  Janua  reauireil  HOC  tBerelf  as  amal  peace,  wUdi  the 
■MiM  €»(teo  enjoyed,  imt  an  inclination  alfo  in  the  fenate  to  render  thac 
peace  laftinj; ;  an  inclination  which  that  body  tt  fl-fird  nnly  during  the 

trzjyqm]  r<-!yn<v  of  Numa  and  Aw^uflu"?,  :it;i]  cJur  iiip;  rhat  period  of 
tiouai  wcakudi  which  W4t»  occaUoacd  by  tiic  tuii  tufxxc  war. 

On  the  TBtuMPRAL  RoAoa  and  ^ttMowtti, 

Tt  is  here  ncrcfrnr)-  ro  panfc.  Thi"  cliaprrr  rriglit  ^enmc  a  VO* 
I'jme.  We  may  commit  to  antlquarie?  the  care  of  ir  f-rihing  the  trium- 
phal (how  ;  the  vidims,  facridcet,  vafcs  of  gold  and  lilver,  and  crowns. 
I  Aill  dwell  OB  one  drciimftaiice  alone,  more  delenriii|r  the  attendon  of 
a.  pldlofopher,  hecaufc  by  it  this  inftitution  i%  hoQottrjU>ly  dillinguUhed 
from  thnfc  vain  and  fafi^iiiiir  folcmnStics  which  create  nothing  but  wea- 
rincfs  or  cnnfcmpr.  Tlic  tnumpti  converted  thf  fpcAatnrs  into  a6^or®, 
by  (bcwtD^  to  them  obje^s  great,  real,  and  which  couid  not  laii  to 
SMwe  thcv  aAiAioiia* 

The  moft  brilliant  ihows  in  court*,  the  camorala  of  Lewis  XIV.  or 
the  feftivltirs  of  the  Duke  of  Wurtrmherjr,  altefted  the  wc  ilrh,  an»1 
£uBKtime»  ihc  taiU',  of  priocca.    Wc  may  throw  a  sUnce  oo  them,  to 

»  rcnuric 


l6o  RECXJEIL     ma  OBSERVATIONS, 

du  moiiarquc.  Oa  pcut  quelqucfois  y  jcttcr  un  coup 
cl'oeil,  pour  remarquer  Tetat  des  niocurs  et  les  pro^;rci 
<ic^'  arts  dans  un  liccle  ou  dans  un  p^ys ;  mils  ce  coup 
cl'oiil  devicnt  bicntot  triile  et  hni^uill  ju  \  je  vols  que  ccs 
fraiii  immenfcs  fe  termincnt  a  r.kiruier  la  vauitc,  et  ^ 
charmer  Ics  cniuiis  d'un  fcul  liomnie ;  je  vois  dcs  trou- 
pcaux  dc  couniians  in.iiUciTns  ou  enniivrs,  qui  s'occupent 
triflenicnt  a  mafquer  ie  degout  Tous  ics  ti  its  An  pi  rifir. 
J'entend''.  cris  plaintifs  d*i!n  penple  iy.w  epvcnn  m  lUns 
une  chalie  bnllante,  la  dt^foIaLioii  d  one  province,  et  qui 
voit  dans  ces  lambris  dor^?,  les  traces  de  cent  ehaumieres 
ccr  iff-es  fous  le  p  -uts  i\t^  iivipots,  ct  je  detourne  les  veux 
avcc  hovrenr.  ]y*s  c  rjmonics  de  h  religion,  lorfqu'elles 
it  prclcnrent  au  peupic  nvrc  un  appared  imp.^fant,  doi- 
vcnt  interelfcr  les  fpeclatcurs  par  lescndroits  ies  plusfcn-* 
fibles  i  mais  pour  epror.ver  leur  influence  complcttenient» 
il  faut  recevoir  avcc  foi  le  fyftems  thcoiogique  fur  lequd 
dies  font  foiidees,  ct  fe  trouver  meme  dans  cette  difpo- 
(irion  d'efprit,  qui  ouvre  Tame  aux  cratntes  de  ia  fupcr- 
ftition.  Si  ce6  ceremonies  n'cxcitcnt  pas  Ic  rcfpe<f>,  on 
les  ciiviCige  avcc  Ic  mepris  de  ia  plus^ndtcule  pantomime. 

Dans  led  triomphes  rout  ctoit  grand  ct  interefiant. 
Pour  eprouver  les  fcnfations  qu*ils  cxcitolent,  il  fuffifoit 
d'etre  bomme  et  Romain.    Le  citoycn  fpc£latcur  voyoit  , 
I'im^c,  dirai-jcy  ou  la  r^alite  dc  la  gloire  de  fa  r6publU 

que. 


rcmarlc  the  ftatc  of  arts  and  mannrrs  in  a  cerf-^'n  3|Eje  or  ccintry;  Irtt 
our  evv^  .ire  ^r.m  tire ;l  <~r  f^ifj^iiii»;d  by  percei\  li;  >  '.Wit  thrfc  immcnle 
ccp^nccs  arc  cor^luaicci  lu  relieving  the  ian^utir  or  gratifyiuj;  the  Viiiiity 
of  one  man.  I  perceive  crowd*  of  courticra  indtfTerent,  or  yawning:,  or 
wretchedly  occupied  in  concealing,  under  the  n\jfk  of  pleafurc,  their 
inw.irf^  niKufincl's.  I  !uar  the  loud  com  Liiii*  of  a  whole  people  ;  who 
have  kir,  in  an  cxpenfi^  hunting-mitf h.  t!;.-  tiefobtton  of  a  province  ; 
aad  can  trace,  in  a  giracd  dome,  the  mark*  of  an  hundred  cottagts 
overtrhelnied  by  tWufclght  of  taxei.  From  foeh  objf  A*  1  remojre  my 
attcntron  with  horror.  The  ceremontw  of  rt  liglon,  when  prefcnwd  to, 
inankiri  l  ii.  a  venerable  garb,  ought  powcrrully  to  intercft  their  afTcC- 
tion'^;  1  uf  t!if*ir  influence  cannot  be  com!  !ftr!y  f^l:,  unlefs  the  fpcflatrr^ 
have  a  firm  faith  in  the  theological  fyiltm  oa  which  they  are  lounded; 
and  ankfr  they  alfo  feel  in  chemfelYesthit  particular  difpofiiion  of  mind 
which  lays  it  open  t-^  religious  terrors.  Such  cercinonie9,  when  they  ar.- 
not  viewed  with  refpcifl,  are  beheld  with  the  contempt  excited  by  the 
mo'i  rifUcu!ni:=  pantomime 

In  tilt  tiiuiuph,  every  circuniHancc  was  grc.it  and  intercftlng.  To 
Teeeive  te«  fall  impreflion,  it  waf  enough  to  be  a  mio  and  a  Romaq. 
With  the  eyes  of  citizens,  the  fpedator*  (aw  the  image,  or  rather  the 
reality,  of  the  public  glory.  The  treafures  whi«;h  were  carried  ia  pro- 

cci^oiiy 


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et  PI  ECES  DE^TACHE  ES. 

que.  Les  tr^fors  qui^aflbientdevantfes  yeuz,  les  mo- 
numens  les  plus  pricieux  dea  arts,  les  d^pouilles  fanglaoii 
tes  des  ennemis^  lui  retra^oient  le  tableau  fiddle  de  Is 

fuem,  et  rinftruifoient  de  rimpoitance  de  la  conquete* 
Fn  langage  muet,  mais  facile^  lui  racontoit  les  dangers 
ec  la  valeur  deles  compatriotes ;  des  fymboles  choifis 
avc^c  goutf  lui  cxpofolent  fans  peine  les  yilleSy  les  mie- 
res,  les  montagnes,  theatre  des  exploits  des  Romains^  et 
jufqu'aax  dieux  des  nations  qu'ils  avoient  foumis  au  Ju- 
piter du  Gipitole.  L'orgueii,  la  curiofitey  la  d6votion» 
que  des  faveurs  (i  recentes  et  fi  fenfibles  portoient  juf- 
qu*au  fanatifme,  fe  confondotent  en  un  fehtlment  fort  et 
dominant.  Quelquefois  unc  paffion  plus  tendre  s'infi- 
iiuoit  (Jans  full  unic,  lorliju'ii  vov^it  fijn  fils,  fon  ficic, 
cu  foil  :\nii,  i^vA  luivolt  le  ciia;  trloniphe,  cchappe 
aux  perilti  de  la  guerre,  ct  couroiin:'  dv,'s  recompenfes  de 
fa  valeur.  La  gloire  Hu  Geiicrul  lui  n.cme  ne  fe  bornoA: 
point  u  fa  fanjiilc,  lii  a  fe^  amis.  EIlc  s'ctendoit  a  chaquc 
ciroyen,  qui  fc  rcjoullToit  dc  la  nouvcllc  dignitc  qu'clle 
rcpaiitiuit  fur  le  worn  Romnin,  ct  qui  fc  fouvcnoit  pcut- 
ctre  qu'il  avcit  lui  mcmc  dunne  fon  fufFragc,  pour  clever 
au  confulat  ce  ;^rand  homine,  dout  la  penetration  avoit 
demele  le  mcrite,  et  que  ion  dcrmteiciremcnt  avoit  prc- 
ferc  a  tous  fes  emulcs. 

Vol.  IIL  M  Lorfque 


ceflSon,  the  mod  precious  moT^iimcnt«  nf  art,  the  Moody  fpoils  of  the 
enemy,  ''\hibitcd  a  faifhfiil  pidure  of  tlic  war,  and  iUuflrated  the  im- 
poitaucc  ui  the  con(|uc(l.  A  iiicnt  but  forcible  language  intruded  the 
Reniane  in  the  cxploitfl  and  valour  of  thdr  countrymen :  fymbob  cho* 
ictx  with  tafte  iliewsd  to  them  the  cities,  rivers^  mountains,  the  fcenet 
of  their  national  cntcrprize,  and  even  th<!  gods  of  th^ir  prnftr  tfc  ene- 
mies, fubducd  under  thr  majcfly  of  CapitoUne  Jupiter.  Under  tlie  im- 
prcliion  of  recent  aud  mantfeii  favours,  pride,  curiofity,  and  devotioa 
wtrmrd  into  one  fttong  and  premiling  paflion  of  enthofiafm.  Some* 
time-'  Untimcnt-*  more  tender  penctratud  the  citizen's  Jicart,  when  h# 
beheld  a  fon,  a  brother,  or  a  friend,  cL  iptd  from  the  dangers  t  f  war, 
fuUowing  the  triumphal  chariot,  nr.d  crowned  with  the  rewards  rf  hi* 
valour.  The  general's  glory  was  not  contined  within  the  narrow  fpherc 
of  hit  own  family  and  friends.  It  redounded  to  the  booour  of  every 
citisen,  who  rejoiced  at  the  new  dignity  thereby  acquired  to  the  Roman 
name;  and  who  rcmfnibcrf d,  pcrhap?,  th.it  lii^  own  Totc  had  hclpcci 
to  raifc  to  the  cr nlullhip  the  great  maji,  whofe  merit  he  had  the  dif- 
cernmeiit  to  perceive,  aisd  w^m  he  had  tiic  diiinterciUdnels  tu  prefer 
to  aB  hit  rivab* 

Whtn 


.  RECUEIL  dc  m*  OBSE&VATIONSt 


Lorfque  le  citoyen  jettoit  un  regard  Tur  Ics  rok 
vaincus,  qu'on  trniiioit  devanc  Ic  char  du  vainqiieui,  Um 
orgueil  triomphoit  en  m8mc  terns  dc  ces  rois  et  de  I'hu- 
manite  outrages.  Si  un  fentimentde  pitle  percoit  a  tra- 
vers  fes  Tiers  prejuges,  s'il  s'attendriflbit  fur  la  cliuie  du 
monarque,  ou  lur  I'innocence  dc  fes  enfans  qui  fciuoicnt 
^  peine  ce  qu*ils  avoient  perdu,  il  etoit  payc  dc  fes  larmes 
par  ceue  fenfation  deiicieuie  que  la  nature  a  f u  y  atca- 
cher. 

On  nc  connoif  que  trop  le  fort  in  fortune  de  ccs  princes; 
vif^imes  de  la  r^iion  d'etat,  et  de  roigueil  Romnin,  ils 
ne  lerminoient  une  capiivite  houtcufe,  que  par  une  mort 
infamC)  qu'on  n'avoit  retardee  que  pour  les  avilir  encore 
micux  par  le  fpcctacle  du  triomphe.  Jc  trouve  cepcn- 
filatit  dans  la  conduite  des  Romains  a  cet  egard,  une 
biyarrerie  aflez  difficile  ^  expliquer.  En  voici  un  cxcm- 
p]e  (iugulier.  Apres  la  conquete  de  la  Macedoine  et  le 
trlomphe  de  Paul  Emile,  le  fcnat  relegua  Perfee  ^  Alba 
Facetia»  dans  le  pays  des  Marfes  \  il  lui  procura  toutes 
les  douceurs  qui  peuvent  fe  feparer  de  la  libert^s  et  apres 
fa  mort  U  lui  Bt  des  fun^railles  publiques  et  honorables : 
traitement  bien  difi^rent  de  celul  qu'eprouva  le  malheu- 
leux  Jugurtha,  qui  expira  dans  un  cachot,  apres  avoir 
mfienti  tous  les  tourmens  de  la  faim  et  du  defefpoir  \ 

tottrmeos 


When  the  citizen  cail  his  eye  on  the  van^uiflicd  kings  dragged  in  tri- 
iiinph,  hit  own  pride  triumphed  at  once  over  them  and  inftuted  huma- 
nity*  But  if  a  fcntiment  of  compaflioa  overcame  his  flern  prcjudicci* 

and  he  melted  nt  the  fight  of  a  fallen  monarch,  and  his  innocent  chih!rcn 
Hill  unconfvious  of  their  misfortune,  his  tendcrnefs  miift  have  been  re- 
warded with  th;ii  delightful  plcuiurc  with  which  nature  rcpay^i  fuch 
tean. 

The  lot  of  thofe  unfortnnate princes  is  but  too  well  known.  VIAimsof 
ftatc  policy  and  Roman  j;rlde,they  ended  a  (hanicful  captivity  !iy  an  ijjno- 
minious  dt.ath,  which  had  been  dehycd  only  by  their  difj^rjcc  of  bting 
led  in  triumph.  In  the  conducl  of  the  Romans  toward  them,  there  wa« 
hwwevifr  a  fingular  capricfoufneft^  vrhich  ii  it  not  eafy  to  explain.  Of  thii, 
the  following  ii  a  memcrnble  e  x  ample<  After  the  triumph  of  Paftlttt  Emt> 
lius  for  t!ic  conqueft  of  Maccd.>n,  the  fcnatc  banifhrd  Prrftus  to  Alba 
Facctiu,  in  the  territory  of  the  Marii,  fupplied  him  with  every  comfort 
that  can  be  cnjcyed  without  liberty,  and  honoured  his  remains  with  the 
pomp  of  a  public  funeral.  Thi*  treatment  waa  totally  the  rereffe  of 
that  e.Yperienc<.d  by  the  unhappy  Jugurtha,  who  expired  In  a  dungemi, 
after  endurinj^  tlic  tcrmcnrs  of  hunger  and  dcfpair;  torment*  the  more 
horiible  in  hi»  iorioro  and  folitary  (late,  tturclioved  by  the  hope  of  glory, 

the 


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a  PrECES  DETACHEES. 

tourmens  ci'.mtant  plus  horribles  que  I'amc  abandonnec 
a  cUe-mcnic,  n'cit  poiiu  loutcnue  p^r  I'tlpcrancc  dc  U 
gloirc,  la  picfeace  des  fpccUtcurs,  et  l\\pparcil  rneaic 
de  ces  fupplices,  qui  la  foriifie  en  I'efFrayant.  Pourquoi 
ccttc  difference  dans  Ic  fort  de  ces  deux  princes  ?  L'un 
et  l*autre,  cnnciiiis  jures  du  nom  Remain,  etoicnt  teints 
du  Tang  d'un  frere  ami  de  la  rcpublique.  A  ces  crimes 
Pcrfee  avoit  ajoute  raflalTinat  d'un  roi  allie  du  fenat,  ct  * 
rentrcprlfc  d'einpoifonncr  les  anibafladeurs  de  Rome. 
Mais  Pcrfee  etoit  un  monument  de  la  vertu  des  Ro- 
mains^  qui  revoyoicnt  avcc  piaifir  tous  les  veftiges  d'une 
guerre  auffi  gloricuk,  pei*  lant  qu'ils  aurolent  voulu  en- 
fevclir  avcc  Jugurtha  la  memoire  de  leur  honte.  Les  le- 
gions Romaines  envoyees  fous  !e  joug,  les  confuls,  les 
amballadciirs,  le  fcnat  (.  nticr,  corrompus  par  cc  prince, 
toute  la  turpitude  de  la  rcpublique  devoilL-c  a  Tunivcrs: 
voila  les  forfaits  de  Jugurtha^  et  ceux  que&ome  ncpoiip 
Toit  jamais  iui  pardonner* 

a  Rottc,  le  13  Decembre  1764. 


the  prefence  of  fpedbtors,  or  die  flunr  of  a  public  execution,  which, 
whUe  it  frightens^  fortifiec  the  ouikI.  *  What  wu  the  reafon  for  nal^ 

icg  this  differencef  Both  princes  were  fwora  enemiei  of  the  Ronui 
came,  and  each  was  ftaincd  with  the  biood  of  a  brother  who  had  been  a 
friend  to  the  Romans.  To  chcfc  crimes  Perlcus  had  added  the  aHaffina- 
tion  of  a  king  allied  to  die  fenatc,  and  an  attempt  poUbn  the  Roman 
ambaiTadon.  But  Perfeu*  was  a  monument  of  the  virtae  of  the  republic* 
With  him  was  afTociaieiJ  the  idea  of  a  glorious  war;  but,  with  Jugttr<* 
tha,  ihc  Romans  mull  have  wiihed  to  bury  for  ever  tlsc  memory  of  their 
own  difgracc ;  their  legions  laade  to  paft  under  the  yoke ;  coniuls,  am* 
bafladors,  the  whole  fenate,  cormpced  by  thebriboof  that  prince  (  tho 
coocealed  bafencfs  of  the  republic  anvdied  to  the  whole  world.  Sach 
-were  the  crimes  of  Juguitha,  crimes  (or  which  the  RoottaacoaUaaTcr 

poffibif  forgive  him, 

R0MC4  i^th  December  1764* 


M2 


RECUEIL  4c  mss  OIiSEll\  AT^ONd, 


N<»  vin. 

a  UoMc,  k  iy  Deccmbre  1764, 

J'AI  eu  entre  les  mains  un  MS.  de  PMie  Gio,  Vtanxo 
Gravina^  qui  appartient  a  M.  Lumfdeiii  gentiJhomme 
Anglois,  et  ami  de  M.  Byers  qui  me  I'a  procar6w  H  eft 
intitule  Z)//  Gwerm  Chile  di  Roma;  in  pp.  76;  et 
tralte  principalement  des  revolutions  qu'a  eprour6  cette 
ville  depuis  la  chute  de  Tempire  Romain ;  ftijet  qui  m'in- 
terefle  beaucoup.  Cet  ouvrage  eft  un  abr^e  tr^  bien 
fait ;  mais,  a  dire  vrai»  te  n'eft  qu'un  abr6ge.  L'auteur 
n*a  point  approfondi  fon  fujet^  il  n^a  point  fouilie  dans 
les  archives.  H  cite  rarement,  et  ne  cite  que  les  auteurs 
tres  connus^  tels  que  Baronius^  Blondus,  ou  Stgonius. 
Detachons  cependant,  fans  fuite  et  fans  mcthodc,  <^iicl- 
qucs  circondances  dont  jc  dois  la  coiuioiilanco  a  cet 
ouvrage. 

Aprcs  la  fonJation  dc  Coiiil.r.i^liif ;ple,  la  Nouvelle 
Rome  tcdoit  p:ir  tOUt  Ic  pas  a  f.i  Iolui  uiiiee.  Le  con- 
fui  pour  I'Occident  pafToit  devanc  celui  de  rOrieiit. — 
Procope  Hijhire  ZecrdU. 

M.  Gra- 


il" VIII. 

ROMt,  ft 9th  December  1764. 

IHavc  been  reading  a  MS.  of  the  Abbe  G/e»  VUm%o  GravlnOf  which 
befongt  to  Mr,  Lumfilen,  a  Scotch  geotlemao,  and  a  friend  of  Mr. 
Byert,  through  Whofe  means  1  procured  it.  The  ittleofit  \Mt  Dtl  Cc^m^ 

CMU  di  Rcn.a  ,  in  p^.  76  :  and  itsprincipnl  fubjc^,  the  rcvohitio;!s 
of  the  city  alter  the  tail  ot  the  empire  ;  a  iuhjc<Sl  whici)  iiiterciU  n.c 
much.  1  his  performance  15  an  exccUcut  abiiUgmeat,  but  merely  an 
abridgment ;  the  author  not  having  founded  the  depths  of  hu  fobjcA, 
nor  ranfacked  archives.  His  citations  arc  few  ;  and  thofe  only  of  well* 
known  author^-,  fuc)i  as  Baronius,  BlondiH,  or  Sigonius.  It  nny,  how- 
ever, be  worth  v/hik  ro  'trad,  without  ortkr  or  method,  tbeparticii* 
lars  which  i  have  ica-mca  tiom  this  work. 

After  the  Ibundation  of  Conftantinople,  Mew  Rome  yielded  in  all 
matter*  of  ceremony  to  her  elder  fidcr.  The  conful  of  the  WCtl  pie* 
ceded  the  conful  of  (he  £atl.— i'rM«/i««*i  S.uru  Hi^ofy 

Mr. 


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et  PI  ECES  DEXACHE  ES.  '  t65 

M.  Gravina  atloptc  Its  (ioiKitlons  dc  Pepni  et  dc  C]i.:r-  p.  8, 
leinngne ;  mais  dans  (on  i'yllcaic  ccs  princes  donncrcnt 
Ic  duchc  <le  Rome  et  I'cxarchat  cle  Ravenne  aux  Papes, 
comme  aux  chefs  du  fonat  et  dc  la  republique  Romainc, 
fou  vera  ins  legitimes  de  i'kalie  pendant  la  vacance  dc 
I'cmpire. 

Dans  Ic  foulcvcmcnt  d?^  Romam?  contve  Ic  Roi  Hu-  P*  *4- 
gues  et  Marozia,  ii:,  ctabiircnt  Icur  y;(;uvcrnemcnt  ancien 
dc5  deux  confuls  armucls  ct  dcs  tribuns.  Lc  jcune  Al- 
beric  fut  un  dcs  prcniicrs  conluls.  Gravina  cite  Bion- 
dus ;  mais  Muratori,  qui  place  cet  evencment  en  932 
au  lieu  de  928,  nc  parlc  point  dc  confub.  Je  fuis  cc- 
pendant  trcs  porc6  a  y  ajouter  iou  lis  ont^ete  certaine- 
nient  r6tabUs  vers  cc  tcms  lu. 

M.  Gravina  pcnfe  qu'OthoU  III,  abollt  le  confuht  en     p.  %i. 
5^5,  apres  la  mort  de  Crefcenct.    La  chofe  paroitrolt 
vraifemblable ;  mais  il  ne  cite  pcffonne  *,  et  Ton  a  dcs 
preuves  que  iesconfuls  fubfiitoient  imm^diatement apres, 
aufii  bien  que  dans  le  iiccle  fuivant. 

Innocent  III.  re^ut  Thommage  du  prefet  de  Romei  et  ^  43,44. 
lui  donna  rinvediture  de  fon  emploi.    Sigon.  de  Rrgn, ' 
Ital, — A  la  priere  du  pcuple  il  cr6a  cinquante  fenateurs 
pour  gouvenier  la  vilie  \  mais  comme  ils  abuferent  ex- , 

tremement 


Mr.  Gfavina  believes  in  the  donat  ons  of  Pepin  and  Charkmagne. 
Bot»  according  to  him,thcre  prioeet  gave  the  duchy  of  Rome  and  tlie  es* 
archate  of  Ravenna  to  the  pones,  as  chiefi  of  the  feoateand  Roman  re- 
public during  the  vatsncy  of  tH"  empire. 

In  (he  infurr.  dicn  «  f  the  Romans  againft  King  Hu^h  and  Marozia, 
tbey  cAablifhed  their  ancient  government  by  two  annual  confulsand  tri-  * 
boiiei.  Yotioj;  Albcric  was  one  of  the  firft  confuls.  Giavma  citos  Bton* 
dat;  but  Muratori,  who  pl.ccs  this  event  in  t!:e  year  9*2  Infic:?.!  of 
928,  docs  not  fpcak  of  cf  nlul*.  1  am  inclined  however  to  oebcve  Grai» 
vina.    The  comuls  were  certainly  rc-crubllfhcd  about  that  time. 

Gravina  thinks  that  Odio       aboIiHicd  the  confulfiiip  in  995,     p.  a  I. 
after  the  death  of  Crefcentins.   The  obfcrvatton  frems  probable ;  yet  he 
dees  not  give  bit  act  homy;  aod  it  is  proved  thit  the  office  of  confiil  Tub* 
£ftei!  immcdiatciy  afterwards,  as  well  as  in  the  following  ajfc. 

innocent  III.  received  the  homage  of  the  prefed  oi  Rome,  and  grant-  ^  ^ 
ed  to  him  the  invcftiturc  of  his  ofitcc.   Sigun.  tU  H.  ^n.  Jial. — At  the  rc-  "•^3»44» 
qiieft  pf  the  people,  he  created  fifty  fenators  to  govcra  the  city ;  but  at 

they 


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RECUEIL  d€  nus  OBSERVATIONS,  &c 


tfSmement  de  leur  pouvoir,  il  les  reduifYt  a  un  feu1| 
ctabli  pour  rcndre  la  jullicc.  Cantiiius  de  Rumana  H'tflo* 
ria  a  Caroh  Alagno, 
f*S5i5^  iiuus  Ic  poiuificat  de  Martin  IV.  Irs  Oifini,  pour  fe  * 
vcnger  dc  rafiVuiu  qu'ils  avoicnt  rccu  des  Anii^o  ilcicl] 
(qui  les  avoient  chafTes  de  Viterbc,  apres  la  mort  tic  leur 
onclc  Nicolas  III.),  entrcrcnt  a  main  armee  dans  Rome 
qu'ilb  icmplircnt  de  mafi'acres  et  d'iucendies.  lis  brulc- 
rent  alors  ccs  anciens  edifices  fur  la  defcente  du  Mont 
CapiioiiOj  dont  nous  voyons  encore  les  ruines. 


they  exceedingly  abufcd  their  power,  he  reduced  them  to  one  tmlj,  ap« 
pointed  to  diflribute  juilice.  Cai^ilim  d«  Rmtdm*  W^krim  m  CsrWS*  Mi^mtm 
p.  SSi  i^-  Under  thepootifictte  of  Maftio  IV.  the  Orftni,  to  avenge  the  afTiooc 
which  thry  had  received  from  the  Annibaldcfi  (who  had  driren  them 
from  Viterbo  after  the  death  of  their  uncle  Nithob^  in.\  entcrci  with 
an  armed  force  into  Rom^,  which  they  ravaged  with  tire  and  Iword. 
At  that  time  were  burnt  the  ancient  edifice*  wbofe  miiM  Irt  AiU  vifiUt 
AD  the  dedivitjr  of  the  Capitoline  bill* 


I 


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[   i<57  3 


OUTLINES 


Of  THE 


HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD, 


The  NlKTIjt  C£NTURY, 

\ 

t 

THE  more  civilized  part  of  the  globe  was  divided 
between  the  iphrifti^ns  and  the  Mahometans } 
Che  former  iinder  two  emperorSf  the  latter  under  ^wo 
caliphs.  I*  The  newfy-ereded  empire  of  the  Franks 
extended  over  France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  and  even 
the  Chriilian  princes  of  Britain  and  the  mountains  of 
Spain  rcfpei^ed  the  power  and  dignity  of  Charlemagi|c. 
2.  The  empire  of  the  Greeks,  or  as  they  vainly  Ityled 
it,  of  the  Romans,  had  preferved  only  Macedonia, 
Thmce,  and  Afia  Minor.  3.  The  caliphs  of  the  houfe 
of  Ommiyah  reigned  in  Spain.  4.  Africa,  Egypt,  Syiia^ 
Arabia,  and  Perfia,  were  fubjcA  to  the  AbalTidcs. 
Wh.itever  lay  beyond  the  limits  of  thcTo  four  empires 
was  (iiii  P'li;^")  '^li^U  cm  o  pting  Onna,  ftil!  brirb.nous. 

The  overgrown  mouaiLhy  of  the  Aballulcs  loon  df-  , 
clincd.     The  powerful  viceroys  of  great  and  dillant 
provinces  gradually  ufnrped  tlie  prerogatives,  though 
they  dill  rcfpeded  the  dignity  of  the  caliph.  The 
reigns  of  Al  Rafliid,  AI  Mamun,  and   AI  MotafTem  * 
were,  liowevcr,  wife  and  profpcrous  :  but  their  feeble 
fucccffors,  immrrfcd  in  the  luxury  of  the  fcraglio,  re-  ^'3 — 833« 
figned  the  guard  of  tliclr  throne  and  perfon  fo  a  body  of  833—841. 
Turkifh  mercenaries,  who,  as  the  ir  ii^terell  or  paflions 
might  di<i\atc,   depolcd,    n.Mll'aircd,  and  created  the  866— 86f, 
lieutenants  of  the  prophet.    At  length  they  began  to  « 
experience  tlie  dire  efPccfls  of  the  cnthufiafm  to  wliich 
they  owed  their  grandeur.    A  fc£t  of  dcfpcute  fana-  ^9*' 

'    •  tits 


Digitized  by 


OUTLINED  OF  THE 


tics,  called  Karmathians,  didurbed  Irack  and  Arabia. 
The  AfiaiUns  of  Syria,  fo  much  dreadtd  during  the 
cruiadesy  were  the  lafl  remains  of  them. 
The  ruin  of  tlie  French  empire  was  more  precipitate 
-  and  attended  with  greater  calamities.    It  is  chiefly  to  be 
afcribed  to  the  fierce  fpirit  of  the  Franks,  unable  to 
fupport  cither  an  aibitrary  or  a  legal  government  ^  to 
8x4^840.  the  incapacity  of  Lewis  the  Debonnaire,  and  to  the  am- 
S4t*     bition  of  his  f<  iir  Ton v.  /jo>  in  one  battle,  deftroyed  a 
hundred  thoufand  of  tlieir  fubje^s.    The  dignity  of  the 
throne  and  blood  of  Charlemagne  was  eclipfed,  as  cfttj 
prince  divided  his  dominions  amon^  his  children ;  and 
875.     the  fpirit  of  union  was  irrecoverably  loft.   Charles  the 
Bald  difgraced  the  imperial  purple  by  acknowledging 
that  he  held  it  from  the  favour  of  his  fubje^  the  bifliop 
of  Rome.  'Another  Charles,  as  unworthy  as  the  for- 
mer, was  depofed  by  his  fubje^s,  and  the  vacant  empire 
ttfurped  by  the  kings  of  Prance,  of  Burgundy,  of  Aries, 
of  Germany,  and  of  Italy,  all  flrangers  to  the  fam&y 
of  Charlemagne.   The  dukes  and  the  counts  who  had 
ferved  their  ambition,  converted  their  governments  into 
hereditary  poilHIions,  which  they  fhared  among  their 
barons,  and  thefe  again  among  their  followers }  the  fu- 
perior  fill  I  rcferving  the  faith,  hom.igc,  and  military 
fervicc  of  his  vaiTal.     The  people,  both  of  the  cities 
ciiui  country,  wa^  rcdLiccd  lo  a  ftale  of  flavery.  'ihft 
cler(»y  fometimes  imitated,  a!ul  foiactimcs  moderated 
the  tyr.mny  of  the  military  crdcr. 

In  the  n\c^n  while  tlit-  Normans  from  the  Nortli,  the 
Hungarians  from  the  Ea(i,  and  the  Arabs,  or  Saracens, 
from  the  South,  aiiaulted  this  defencciefs  empire  on 
849-  every  fide.  Rome  and  Paris  were  befieged,  nnd  thefe 
^^S'  invaders  often  met  each  other  in  the  centre  of  tl.r  ruined 
provinces.  The  Normnns  efpccially,  animated  by  the 
Saxons,  great  numbers  of  whom  hnd  rcrtired  into  Scin- 
dinavin  to  efcapc  the  bloody  b  ijnifm  of  Ciiarlcm  [  ne, 
infllcied  a  dreadful  revenge  on  the  ptrfons  and  property 
of  tlx*  Chriltian  prif^lLs. 

The  union  of  the  S;i\on  heptarchy  was  effected  by 
Egbert,  king  of  the  Wt-f:  Snxons,  wli<>  Iv.d  been  tr.iinr d 
to  arms  and  policy  in  the  fchooi  of  Charlemagne ;  but 
it  was  fcarcely  yet  cemented,  when  England  experienced 
the  fame  calamities  as  the  Continent  from  the  Danes  or 
Normans.  They  were  with  much  difficuhy  expelled,  or 
fubdued,  by  the  victories  of  Alfred.  Amidil  the  decpeii 
gloom  of  barbarilm,  the  virtue  of  Antoninus^  |he  learn- 
ing 

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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  ' 


ing  and  valour  of  Csefar,  and  the  legiflative  genias  of 
Jjycurgus,  (hone  forth  united  in  that  patriot  king*  <Se- 
veral  of  his  inflitutions  have  furvivi:d  the  Norman  con- 
qucft,  and  contributed  to  form  the  EngUih  con  (lit  utiom . 

The  Arabs,  whether  fubje£\  to  the  houfe  of  Abns  or 
to  that  of  Ommiyah,  formed  but  one  people.  The 
Chridians  of  the  weftern  and  eaftem  empires  had 
fcarcely  any  common  refemblance,  except  of  reh'gious 
fuperftition*  The  Franks  had  almoft  forgotten  to  read 
or  write,  in  the  moft  literal  fenfe  of  thefe  words.  The 
Greeks  pi eferved  their  ancient  authors  without  attempt- 
ing to  imitate  them.  But  the  Arabs  were  poets  and 
philofophers  i  bewildered  themfelves  very  ingenioudy  in 
the  maze  of  metaphyfics,  and  improved  the  more  ufefiil 
fciences  of  phyiic^  aftronomy,  and  the  mathematics* 
The  arts,  which  minifter  to  the  convenience  and  luxury 
of  life,  were  known  only  in  the  £a(t,  and  at  Conftanti- 
noplc. 

From  tlicfe  arts  the  Anuii  derived  their  fplendor,  and  ^ 
the  Greeks  tlicir  c  xiiUnce.  A  peo|»ic  \\  iil»out  vnlour  or 
discipline,  and  a  ■  hroiie  pcrprtually  flaincd  with  iilood  ?.  ul 
occupied  bv  weak  p/inecs,  coiial  not  long  h.i^o  wiih- 
flood  the  numerous  enemies  which  on  every  fide  fur- 
rounded  them.  ConfUnrinople  alone,  attraxfling  by  its 
i^ituation  ;ind  indullry  the  commerce  of  Europe  and 
Alia,  fupplicd  tliC  abiolute  monarch  with  an  incjihaulii- 
bk  iource  of  weahh  and  power. 

The  Tenth  Century.  ^oo-iooa. 

Out  of  rerpecft  to  Charlemagne's  memory,  Charles  8^8-987- 
the  Simple  and  his  dcfcendants  to  the  third  generation, 
were  permit: ed  to  hold  the  crown  of  France  :  but  it  v/ns 
a  crown  without  CLtiKv  power  or  fpiendor.  It;i!y»  with 
the  imperial  dignity  •,  Germany,  with  the  neighbouring 
provinces  of  Lorraine,  Alfacc,  Franehc  Comtc,  Dau- 
phine,  and  Provence,  were  fcparated  from  the  French 
monarchy.  The  lafl  Carlovingian  princes,  reduced  to 
the  city  of  Laon^  bchdd  the  mifery  of  their  country, 
and  the  wars  among  their  great  vailiils.  Of  thefe  the 
moll  powerful  were  the  dukes  of  France,  of  Normandy, 
.of  Burgundy,  and  of  Acquitain  ;  the  counts  of  Fian« 
drrs,  of  Clmmpaguc,  and  of  Ihouloufc.  Rollo,  the 
ixriiduke  of  Normandy,  acquired  that  fertile  province  by 
conqueft  and  by  treaty :  hts  barbarian  followers  readily 
adopted  the  French  manners,  religion,  and  iangu.i^e. 
Hugh  Capeti  duke  of  France^  and  count  of  Paris  and  Or-  9^:"):)^' 

leans, 


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170  OUTLINES  QF  TH? 

987*  leans,  wrefted  from  the  lad  of  the  Carlovingians  tbc 
fceptre,  which  (lill  remains  in  the  hands  of  his  pofterity : 
but  his  ntw  regal  title  fcarcely  gave  him  any  authority 
over  his  pei^rs,  and  his  ample  fieis  compofed  a  very  in- 

ccnfiderable  kingdom. 
.       The  Germans,  freed  from  the  French  yoke,  ele<f\ed 

^  for  their  king  Conrad  duke  of  Franconia,  and  after  him 

a  line  of  Saxon  princes.  Henry  the  Fowler  chaftifed  the 
Hungarians,  civilized  his  rude  fubje£^8,  and  was  the  firft 
founder  of  cities  in  the  interior  parts  of  Germany*  His 
fon,  Orhothe  Greats  pafled  the' Alps,  gave  laws  to  Italy 
and  to  the  popes,  and  for  ever  fixed  the  imperial  dignity 
in  the  German  nation.  He  impofcd  a  tribute  on  the 
vanquiihed  Danes  and  f^ohemian's,  and  lince  that  time 
the  King  of  Bohemia  has  acknowledged  himfelf  the  firft 
vaflai  of  the  German  empire,  which  was  treated  with 
contempt  hy  the  Greeks,  relnOantly  fubmitted  to  by  the 
973*9^3-  Kalians,  but  refpe£led  by  the  refl'  of  Europe.   The  fe* 

98j-xooa.  cond  and  third  Otho,  fon  and  grandfon  to  the  Aril,  fup- 
portcd,  though  with  lefs  vigour  and  capacity,  the  claims 
which  he  tranfmitted  to  them. 

Spain  flouriflicd  un  icr  the  liappy  government  of  the 
Ommi^uics  more  than  hi  any  fon^^^i  or  httr  period. 
Their  capital,  Cordova,  is  fald  to  Ihive  contained  two 
hundred  ihouland  houfcs,  and  the  adjacent  country 
twelve  thoufand  villages.  The  aOlvc  genius  of  the 
i\rabs  w;is  at  once  employed  in  war,  fcicnce,  agriculture, 
manufacflures,  and  commerce.  'I  he  annual  revenue  oi 
ft%-^6i.  tlie  caliph  Abdoubrahman  III.  exceeded  fix  milllonb  fler- 

97^1006.  ^^^^9  ^"'^  probably  furpallcd  tliat  of  all  the  ChrilUau 
kings  united.  Under  the  reign  of  h'm  grandfoni  the 
vizkrs  became  niafters  of  the  palace,  and  the  goverpois 
of  their  provinces. 

The  Cliriftian  princejof  Gothic  or  Gafron  cxtracTlion, 
who  had  maintained  tlutir  independence  in  the  Pyrcnr.in 
and  Afturian  mountains,  and  of  whom  the  king  of  Leon 
was  the  moft  coiifiderable,  prepared  to  take  advantage 
of  the  intelline  divifions  of  the  Mahometans. 

A  new  empire  arofe  in  Africa.  Obeidclluh,  who 
ftiled  himfelf  the  dcfcendant  and  avenger  of  Ali,  reduced 
tinder  his  obedience  the  whole  country  from  the  Atlantic 
rc-?n  to  the  frontier  ,  •  f  Egypt,  together  with  the  ifland 
of  Sicily  ;  and  founded  the  dynafty  of  the  Fatimite  caliph. 
9<9.  Moez  Ledinilla,  the  fourth  In  defcent  and  fu ccefhon  from 
him,  conquered  Egypt  and  Syria,  and  built  Grand  Cairo 
««n  the  banks  of  the  Nile,  which  foon  became  one  of  the 
^irfl  cities  of  the  M'orld.  But  in  proportion  as  the  Fati- 
mite 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  iji 

mltc  caliphs  exteniif  li  their  conquefts  towards  the  Eaft, 
their  welleni  dominions  of  Atnca  efcaped  from  their 
voice*.  In  ihe  mean  while  the  Arabs  of  Mauritania,  who 
iliil  rftaiiitd  their  paClora!  life,  fpread  the  terror  of  tlieir 
rrn  .  and  the  h\v  of  Mal^.omet  among  (he  negro  nations 
an  the  interior  pnrts  of  Alrica. 

The  empire  of  ilic  Abaflides  was  difnicinbered  by  936. 
twenty  dynamics,  Arabs,  'iurk;i,  and  Pcrfians.  The 
Cftltph  of  Bagdad,  a  prifoner  in  his  palace,  enjoyed  the 
vain  honour  of  being  named  6r(l  in  the  public  praycrSj 
and  of  granting  the  inveftiture  of  his  provinces  to  every 
foitunate  ufurper.  The  Greeks  feized  the  favourable 
opportunity,  recovered  Antioch,  and  once  more  extended 
their  power  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates. 

As  England  formed  a  feparate  world,  which  main- 
lined very  little  intercourfe  with  other  nations,  it  maiy  ^oo^%4, 
be  referved  for  the  lad  place.  Edward  the  Elder  and 
Atbelftan  inherited  the  military  virtues  of  Alfred.  The 
great  grandfon  of  that  princCi  Edgar,  is  celebrated  by 
the  monks  for  his  profuie  devotion  to  their  order ;  and 
by  rational  men,  for  the  attention  he  gave  to  the  natural 
ftrength  of  his  kingdom,  a  maritime  power.  The  Danes, 
vrho  fince  the  time  of  Alfred  had  refpe£ted  the  coafts  of 
England,  renewed  their  attacks  as  foon  as  they  difcover* 
ed  the  weaknefs  of  young  Ethelred,  the  fon  of  Edgar. 

While  the  Mufulmans,  notwithftanding  their  intef<*  q  . 
tine  troubles,  preferved  the  light  of  fcience,  Europe  funk  V 
ftill  deeper  into  ignorance,  barbarifm,  and  fuperftition. 
The  Benedi£line  abbeys,  though  they  nurfed  the  laft  of 
tfaefe  mottfters,  oppofed  fome  faint  refinance  againft  the 
two  former.  They  tranfciribed  ancient  books,  improved 
their  lands,  and  opened  an  afylum  for  the  ilaves  of  feu* 
dal  tyranny,  which  had  every  where  erc^lrcd  fortified 
caftles  on  the  ruins  of  cities  and  villapjes.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  the  rocks  of  C.cnoa,  and  of  the  mnrfiics  of  Ve- 
nice, bug.m  tj  f.ek,  fir  it  a  fubfillenc?-,  and  fron  after- 
wards wcahh  7\:]d  power,  in  the  ulviul  employmcr.cs  of 
trade  and  liavieation. 

The  Eleventh  Century. 

» 

The  general  htftory  of  this  age  may  be  comprehended  teo>iicdb 
tinder  four  great  events,    i .  Tht  empire  of  the  Turks  in 
Ada.    a.  I1ie  difputes  between  the  emperors  and  the 

popes.    3.  The  conqueft  of  England  and  Naples  by  the 
Normans  *,  and,  4.  The  cm  fades  apainfl  the  Mahometans. 
1.  Mahinud  of  Ciiiia  was  the  lirft  prince,  wlio,  unJfr 

the 


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172  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

the  empire  of  the  caliphs,  aflumed  the  title  of  Sultaii» 
He  reigned  over  the  eallern  parts  of  PerHa,  and  invaded 
the  rich  and  peaceful  nations  of  Hindoftan,  fevcr^l  of 
which  bowed  to  his  yoke,  and  to  tlirvt  of  the  Alcoran. 
Ashe  h?A  cccAhnn  lor  rie.-t  armies,  he  invited  i:  :o  liis 
feT\  ice  ilic  tiibc  o(  iS^.ljuk,  one  oi  the  braveil  an*!  moil 
lUDnerous  among  tlie  Turks.  They  ievved  the  father, 
lo^n-xo  3-  1^^^,  ygjj^]]^^^  againfl  the  fon.    The  leveral  dynalhes  of 

X055,  Pcrfia  fell  fuccciiively  before  the  fu  oitl  of  Togrul  Be^, 
iQ^yXQjj,  their  firft  fovereign.  The  feeble  caliph  of  Bagdad  was 
ohhf:ed  to  grant  him  the  inveftitin'-  of  his  cc  iiqueils, 
and  to  iceeive  a  I  uvk  for  his  protccltjr  and  his  fnn-in- 
law.  Alp  Arflan,  the  fTjccefTor  of  'iogrul,  took  the 
Emperor  RomnTiii'^  l)!'^-;:_';enes  piiforicr  in  a  great  battle, 
io8o  treated  hiin  wirh  a  generous  eourlefy  that  would 

have  done  honour  to  the  molt  eivili/ed  nations.  Afia 
Minor,  a  part  of  the  Greek  empire,  and  Syria  and  Pa- 
left  ine,  then  fubjeO  to  the  caliphs  of  Egypt,  were  fub- 
io;i-io9a-  dued  by  the  viiftorious  i  urks.    The  empire  of  Maiek 
Shah  extended  from  India  to  the  Hellefpont :  his  court 
was  the  feat  of  learning,  juftice,  and  magntiiGeiice* 
The  Turks,  who  had  adopted  the  religion  and  manners 
of  the  Arabs,  (ludied  to  conceal  from  the  nations  of  Afia 
that  they  had  changed  tlieir  mailers. 
1001-1014.     2.  The  emperor  Otho  III.  was  fuccceded  by  his  coufin 
1024.1043  ^^c'l^'y      furnan^ed  the  Saint,  hecaufe  he  chofe  to  be 
'  the  laft  of  his  family*    The  Franconian  princes,  Conrad 
^-^    ^   the  SaKcy  Henry  III.  and  Henry  IV.  fucceeded  to  the 
ioi6-i2o6.  jj^iif^  q£  Saiony.   Thefe  emperors  poflefled  as  much 
power  as  was  compatible  with  the  feudal  fyftem.  Tlieir 
great  vaiTals  vrett  more  accuftomed  to  order  and  obcdi* 
ence  than  thofe  of  France.   They  enjoyed  a  large  do- 
main and  revenue  in  Germany.    Italy,  once  the  miftrefs', 
and  firtce  the  Have  of  the  nations,  was  treated  as  a  con* 
quered  country.    The  right  of  granting  the  invefl.it are 
of  benefices,  and  even  of  the  fee  of  Rome,  became  10 
their  hands  an  inexbauftible  fource  either  of  power  or  of 
I07i-lo8j.  profit.    Gregory  VII.  a  monk  of  a  daring  and  obftinate 
ipirit,  t  nibr.iced  the  pretence  of  aboliftiinj^  (imony,  and 
the  opportunity  of  deliverinp^  himielf  and  his  lu'  C(  fiors 
ircvA  an  odious  yok^.    'J      civ.pcror  was  exeoitinumi- 
t.itcd  and  t'.enofed,  and  tliek  iVn'i'ual  arms  were  feccnil- 
f<l,  citlicr  from  interefled  or  pious  n.otlves,   bv  the 
Ni'rm:^ns,   by  t];e  Countcfs  INIatilda,   by  the  princes 
(i\  Gern^any,  and  even  by  the  fons  of  Henry.    '1  hoT!oh 
he   defended  himfelf  with  vigour,  and    wa?  .viJiori- 
ou^  in  rixty-fix  b.ittleS|  the  church  Ilill  mrdntained  the 

war 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  173 

war  with  new  refourccs,  and  inflexible  refolution ;  and 
the  Roman  pontiff  exalted  his  mitre  above  all  the  crowns 
in  £urope« 

3.  Ill  this  century,  England  was  twice  fubdued  bj 

foreign  invaders.  Swcyn  the  Dane  ravaged  the  country;  IQI6-I036b 
but  his  Ton  Canute,  who  had  embraced  Chriftianity,  was 
acknowledged  ki:  ;  by  the  nation,  and  (hewed  liimfelf  as 
mild  in  peace  as  he  had  bc/n  terrible  in  war.  The  domi- 
nion of  the  Danes  expired  with  the  fons  of  Canute,  and 
Edward  the  ConfeHbr  afcended  without  oppofition  the  io4**w6^« 
vacant  throne.   The  more  than  doubtful  tettament  of 
thU  weak  prince,  the  lad  of  the  Saxon  line,  was  how« 
ever  the  befl  pretence  with  which  William,  the  baftard 
Duke  of  Normandy,  could  colour  his  invaiion  of  £ng-  . 
land*   In  the  decifive  battle  of  Haftings,  the  valour  of  fb66. 
the  Englifh  was  unable  to  withftand  the  flower  of  Europe's  oaobax4. 
chivalry,  led  on  by  an  experienced  general,  and  fupport- 
cd  by  the  thunder  of  a  papal  excommunication.  William 
fccured  his  conqueft,  at  firft  by  the  moft  gentle,  after-  1066- icS;. 
wards  by  the  moft  violent  mcafures.    He  attempted  to 
sbolKh  the  laws  and  langup.ge  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and 
divide!  their  country  amoi^g  the  companions  of  lus  vic- 
tory.   Fourteen  huiuiied  ir.iinor:>,  vvr.ich  he  rciervcd  for  • 
the  crown,  fcrnvcd  an  ample  and  independent  revenue. 
Sixty  thouLnid  knights  were  bound  hv  duty  and  intcreit 
to  fupport  the  throne  of  their  benefactor.   The  govern- 
ment was  military  •,  and  a  military  govcrnmenl  always 
verges  towards  defpotifm.  The  oidy  eonipenfation  which 
England  received  tor  io  many  e.damitie'',  was  a  fyltem 
of  manner:,  foniewhat  more  poliOicd,  and  a  more  cxten- 
five  influence  on  the  Continent.   '1  he  power  of  "William 
the  Conqueror  and  of  his  fen,  William  Rufus,  cclipfed  ic{?7-iioo, 
their  fovereigns  the  kings  of  France.    Rdbert,  Henry  I.  9j)6-ioji. 
and  Philip  I.  the  fuccelibrs  of  fiugh  Cipct  in  lineal  1031-1060. 
defcent,  wanted  both  talents  and  opportunity  to  wreft 
the  prerogatives  and  provinces  of  tiicir  crown  from  the  ic6o-iio8. 
great  vaili^fs  on  wliofe  ufurpatlons  tim?  had  almoik  be- 
llowed a  legal  fani^ion. 

The  Normans  were  at  that  time  renov^  ncd  in  arms  be- 
yond all  the  European  nations.  A  few  private  gentlemen  tctS*. 
of  Normandy,  who  vifited  the  fouthcrn  pirtj  1'  Imiy  as 
pilgrims,  and  ferved  there  as  mercenaries,  foon  formed  _  ^  , 
themfelves  into  a  little  army  of  conquerors,  and  creeled  ^^'^ 
a  formidable  power  on  the  ruins  of  the  Greeks,  the 
Arabs,  and  the  Lombards.  Kobert  Guifcard,  the  grcatci^ 
of  their  chiefs,  who  paifcd  the  Alps  with  only  fix  horie- 
men  and  thirty  foot,  attained  the  honour -of  proteftirir 

Gi  ,  y 


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174  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

Gregory  VIL  and  of  feeing  both  the  emperors  of  the  Weft 
and  of  the  Kaft  fucceOlvely  fly  before  htm.  His  vaft  pfo-> 
je^Vs  againft  the  latter  of  thefe  empires  were  interrupted 
only  by  an  untimely  death.  The  devotion,  or  the  policy 
of  the  Normans,  engaged  them  to  put  their  conquefts  un« 
der  the  protection  of  St*  Peter ;  and,  fince  that  time,  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  has  been  a  fief  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

lojo.  4.  As  foon  as  the  caliphate  of  Spain  was  deftroyed,  the 
Chriltians  emerged  from  obreurity,  and  in  iheir  mrn  at- 
tacked the  Moors  or  Ar.ibs,  now  divided  into  twenty  petty 
fovereignties.  While  each  Mahometan  prince  defended 
Jiimfelf  feparately,  all  were  vanqiiirtied,  but  the  victory 
wa-i  \oi\^  doubtful  and  bloody.  Every  diftricl:  coll  a  battle : 

toZS'  every  city  a  fiejje.  i  hc  liege  of  Toledo  lalled  a  year,  and 
the  reputation  of  tlic  Spaniili  general,  celebrated  in  hif- 
tory  and  rormnce  under  the  name  of  the  Cid,  attra^^cd  the 
to6c»xi09  ^'"'^^^^^^  kniglus  of  It.ily  and  France  to  hib  itandard.  The 
don]inion<^  ni  his  ma  ler,  Altonfo  VI.  comprehended  both 
the  Ca'tiljs,  Leon,  Bifcay,  Adurias,  and  Gallieia.  The 
Spaniih  princes  of  Navarre,  Arragon,  and  Catalonia  were 
flill  cotidned  bet-^  ccn  the  Ebro  and  the  Pyrenees.  About 

*^^**  the  fame  time  Count  Roger,  the  Norman,  brother  of 
Robert  Guifcard,  expelled  the  Arabs  from  the  iiland  of 
Sicily,  and  purfued  them  to  the  coad  of  Africa. 

Thefe  advantages  were  preludes  to  the  great  enterprizc 
of  the  crufades.  When  we  recolle£t  that  arms  and  devo- 
»  tion  were  the  ruling  paflions  of  the  independent  baront 
and  their  numerous  followers,  and  that  fame,  riches,  and 
Paradife  Were  hell  forth  as  the  fure  rewards  of  this  holy 
warfare,  we  Oiail  be  the  lefs  furprized  that  more  than  a 
million  of  men  cnliiled  under  the  banner  of  the  Crofs* 
Of  this  undifciplined  multitude,  the  far  greater  part  pc« 
riflied  in  Hungary  and  AGa  Minor.  Godfrey  of  Bouillon, 
and  the  other  Chrifttan  leaders,  arrived  on  the  banks  of  the 
Jordan  with  only  twenty  thoufand  foot  and  fifteen  hun*» 
dred  horfe  i  but  eVen  this  handful  of  warriors  was  fufiU 
cient  to  recover  the  holy  fepulchre,  and  to  eftabliih  % 
feeble  and  tranfitory  dominion  over  Jerufalem,  Antioch, 
Tripoli,  and  Edefla.  The  French  and  Normans  had  the 
greatelCihare  in  the  folly  and  glory  of  the  firft  cnifade^ 
which  rottfcd  Europe  from  its  long  and  profound  lethar- 
gy, and  was  produ£live  of  fo  much  unforefeen  benefit 
to  the  popes,  the  kings  of  France,  and  the  commercial 
ftates  of  Italy. 

Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden,  Poland,  Bohemia,  and 
Hungary  adopud  ihe  Chriftianj  oi  rather  PopiQi  faith,  a 

mure 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  175 

more  clviKzed  lifey  and  the  fixft  nidimefits  of  fcitdalpo* 

Jicy.  The  conYcrfion  of  Ruflia  was  the  work  of  the  Greek 
church.  The  Sclavonian  tribes  on  the  coafts  of  the  Bal- 
tic, f  rom  the  tibe  to  the  ejulph  of  Finland,  Will  prcicrvcd 
their  auciciit  iciigi<^n        lavage  ludepenUcnce. 

The  Twelfth  Century.  ttoo^iaoo. 

TfiF.  popes  prrvailtfd  againft  their  ancient  fuverelgns 
the  emperors  of  Germ.iny,  and  deprived  the  unfortunate  ixod. 
Henry  IV.  of  lils  donvinion:i,  his  reputation,  his  life,  and  ixo^ll^S' 
the  laft  honours  of  a  grave.    To  efcape  a  limilnr  i;\te, 
Henry  V.  refigned  the  long-contelted  right  of  inveitilures, 
which  was  gradually  ulurped  by  the  Roman  pontiff.  The  ii»x« 
clergy,  in(tcad  of  regaini!ig  their  liberty,  foon  experienced 
a  yokC)  Hill  heavier  when  impofed  by  one  of  their  own 
order.    '1  he  fiditious  donation  of  Conftantinc,  and  the 
will  of  Matilda,  were  likewife  aiTertcd  by  the  popes,  but 
with  lefs  fuccefs;  and  they  found  it  e^fier  to  {hake  the 
thrones  of  other  princes  than  to  eitablifh  their  own  tem- 
poral dominion.    A  jealous  truce  fubfilted  between  the 
chorch  and  empire  during  the  reigns  of  Lothaire  11.  and  xi»5«H37« 
Conrad  III.  the  latter  of  whom  was  the  fird  of  the  houfe  1137.1150. 
of  Swabia.   The  war  was  renewed  between  the  emperor 
Frederic  I.  Aimamed  Barbaroffa,  and  Pope  Alexander  xi5»*"9* 
UL  each  of  whom  pretended  that  the  other  was  his  crea- 
ture and  Taflal.    The  cities  of  lombardy,  enriched  by 
commerce  and  afptring  to  liberty,  ranged  themfelves  un- 
der the  papal  banner.   Though  Frederic  maintained  his 
loftydatmswiththe^reateft  refolution  and  ability  v  though 
he  let  up  an  anti-pope»  marched  fix  times  into  Italy,  bs*  * 
fieged  Rome,  and  levelled  Milan  with  the  ground,  yet 
he  was  at  laft  obliged  to  bend  before  the  throne  of  Alex- 
ander, and  confirm  all  the  immunities  of  the  Italian  con^  1117, 
feder2cy« 

This  emperor  and  his  fucce  (Tor  Henry  VI.  were,  how-  ix9o-tZ9S. 
ever,  dreaded  and  obeyed  in  Gcrn^av/,  now  cnhrj^cd  by 
the  lorced  convcrflon  of  the  Vand.i'.sof  Mecklciijurgh  and 
Pomerania.  i;i  the  north  of  Italy  th?  Irnprrial  authority 
was  air!. oit  loll  :  but  in  the  fouth,  llcnry  VI.  acquired 
the  kingdom  of  the  '1  uo  Sicilies,  by  marrying  Conilan- 
fin,  ihc  dau^Iiter  of  Roger  I.  who  had  united  the  Ncr- 
man  conquelts,  and  allumtd  the  regal  title.  A  powerful  'ijo. 
parry  was  unable  to  refilL  ^he  right  and  the  arms  of  Hcnry^ 
but  he  fuliied  his  victory  with  cruelty  and  avarice.  11^4. 

The  kin^i  of  France  IHll  remainctl  the  lecbic  heads  of 
a  great  body,  la  private  quarrels^  the  moil  incoxifidcra- 

bie 


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t'jS  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

iioS-tZ37.  b!e  baron  was  able  to  wage  war  agalnil  his  fovereign  : 
tX94»         when  Lewis  VI.  aOembled  the  national  force  againft 
a  foreign  enemy^  two  hundred  thouland  men  appeared 
X137-X18©.  under  the  banner  of  the  Oriflamme.    Lewis  VII.  was 
a  prince  of  llcndcr  abilities,  who  loft  the  great  duchy  o£ 
Aquitain  by  divorcing  his  wife  Elc:uior  on  a  jealous  fuf- 
si8cM22i.  pjciQn,  J I  is  minifter  Suger,  and  his  foa  Fhihp  Augustus, 
defcTvc  to  be  confidcred  as  the  founders  of  the  French 
monarchy.   The  former  was  an  honeit  ftatelman  and  a 
monk,  without  tlie  prejudices  of  a  convent.   The  for* 
tune  of  the  latter  was  equal  to  his  genius. 
sioo-tx35*    In  England  the  weak  title  of  Henry  L  youngeft  Ton  of 
the  conqueror^  his  marriage  with  a  Saxon  prince(s»  and 
'    ahove  all  the  hand  of  time^gradually  uniting  the  Normans 
and  the  £ngli0\  into  one  people,  contributed  to  abolilh 
the  memory  of  the  conqucil,  and  to  relaxf  the  chains  o£ 
sf3j-ix54-  delpotifm.    After  the  death  of  Henry^  England  was  af- 
Aided  with  a  civil  vrar  between  his  daughter  Matilda 
and  his  Dephew  Stephen,  till  at  length  the  contendiii^ 
ixi4-ii89.  parties  acknowledged  Henry  IL  the  Ton  of  Matilda,  an 
adive,  powerful,  and  fortunate  monarch.  From  his  mo- 
tl.ci  he  inherited  Eniiland  and  Korniiir.dy  ;  from  his  fa- 
.    tber,  l  ull,  i'iant.i'jciict,  the  couniics  of  Anjou,  Mainc» 
and  l  uui  Jiiie.    i^y  ilic  luaniagc,  whi.Ii  I  e  moll  eagerly 
contraded  with  the  repudiated  Elcanur,  he  obLaiacd  the 
provinces  of  Aquiuia  and  Poitou.    He  difpofctl  of  the 
duchy  of  Brittany  in  favour  of  hi^  third  fon  Jeffrey. 
The  king  of  Scotland  did  him  homage,  the  Welch 
iijx.    dreaded  his  power,  and  to  the  adventurous  valour  of 
•  fomc  fubjecls  be  wa'.  indtbtcd  for  the  fovereignty  oi  Ire- 

l.itif! ;  n  conqLi..ll  at  that  time  of  little  vilue,  but  which 
now  eoDtaini  more  w  e  ihh  and  induliry  than  the  extent 
five  empire  of  Henry  11.  His  reign  was  however  dif- 
turbed  by  the  ambition,  and  itill  more  by  the  murder 
of  Beckct ;  by  the  intrigues  of  the  French  king,  and 
118^1199.  ingratitude  of       ibos.    Richard  the  Firft>  the 

It    iai6  them,  poflcfled  only  the  perfonal  courage  of 

it99-iai  .  ^^jjj^.^^  John,  the  youngclU  (who  ufurped  the  crown 
in  prejudice  to  his  nephew  Arthur,  the  fon  of  Jetfrey,) 
wa3  then  devoid  of  that  vulgar  merit.  The  crufode  and 
captivity  of  Richard  exhauRcd  England,  and  inspofcrifli* 
ed  the  crown. 

The  Chriltians  of  Spain  acquired  a  manifed  fuperio* 
rity  over  the  Infidels.   The  kingdom  of  CaiUle  was  al^ 
t%iS'    '^^^^y  ^  confiderable  power,  and  Alfonfo  VIIL  vainlj 
ftyled  himfelf  Empetor  of  Spaitu   The  tittle  kiagdpm 

of 


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HISTORY  OF  TH£  WORLD.  177 

of  Navarrey  ftUI  remained  among  the  Pyrenees  ;  bat  the 
kmgs  of  Arragon  fone  of  whom  married  the  heirefs  of  Ca-  1161. 
tilonia)  defcended  from  the  mountains  into  the  phiin,  took  jj^g 
SaraeofTi,  and  carried  their  arms  to  the  frontiers  of  Cjftilc 
an<l  Va!:ii:la.  The  pro^zrcfs  of  the  klDgciuni  of  Portugal 
was  (till  mcie  rapid.  A  prince  of  the  houfe of  France  had 
received  from  Alfonfo  VI.  the  city  of  Porto  Ca//t,  with  the  1139; 
title  of  Count  ;  his  fucccflbr  aflunied  tli.u  of  kinji,  took 
Lilhon,  with  the  allittancc  of  fonie  Entniln  and  Heaufh 
crufaders,  nnd  fubdued  the  weilcni  coaft  of  Spain,  from 
GaJiicia  to  the  Algarvcs.  All  thefe  viftorics  were  attended 
with  the  greater  diihculry  and  glory,  as  the  Moors,  both  of 
5p.ilr.  itkI  Africa,  were  united  under  the  empire  of  the 
Miranioiins  ^  in  whom  were  revived  tlie  z?nl,  tlie  valniir, 
the  learning,  and  the  magnificence  of  the  calijihs.  Their 
capitals,  Fez  and  Morocco^  were  fuperior  to  any  cities  in 
Chrdtendnm. 

Each  ftnte,  unconnecftcd  with  its  nt-i^hbours,  had  its  own 
revolutions  ;  but  the  expeditions  to  Paleiltne  were  the  com- 
mon bufinefs  of  Europe.    Though  the  fermons  of  St.  Ber- 
nard excited  a  fecond  crufade  more  formidable  than  the 
£r(l,  the  far  greater  part  of  the  numerous  armies  which 
followed  the  emperor  Conrad  and  Lewis  VII.  of  France^  ^ 
periihed  by  the  arti6ces  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  arms  of  the 
Turks ;  and  thofe  monarchs  ap|ieared  in  the  Holy  Land 
lather  as  pUgrims  than  as  conquerors.    The  mod  danger- 
ous enemy  of  the  Chriftians  was  Saladin,  who  aboHOied 
die  Fatimite  caliphs,  and  raifed  himfelf  from  a  private  ita^  ^ 
tion  to  the  fovcreignty  of  Egypt  and  Syria.    Zeal  and  po- 
licy forbade  him  to  fu^r  a  Chriflian  kingdom  in  the  heart 
of  his  domistons.    Jenifalem  yielded  to  his  arms,  and  the 
Chriftians  experienced  a  generous  treatment,  as  unexpected 
as  it  was  ttodeferved.   The  news  of  this  lofs  filled  Europe 
with  ihame,  |;rtef,  and  indignation.   Sufpending  their  do- 
oieftjc  quarrels,  the  military  force  of  Germany,  France* 
and. England  marched  into  the  Eaft,  under  their  refpe£tivc  '^^^ 
nioBarchs.    Frederic  Barbarofia  died  in  Afia  Minor,  in  a 
career  of  ufelefs  viCVories.  Philip  Auguftus,  and  Richard  I. 
who  preferred  the  fafer  but  more  expenfive  method  of 
tranfpcming  their  troops  bjr  fea,  took  the  inconiiderable  * 
town  of  St«  John  D'Acre  after  a  fiege  of  two  years.  This 
thitd  emfade  was  folfowed  by  the  death  of  Saladin,  who 
left  a  name  admired  in  Afia^  dreaded  and  efteemed  in  En* 
rope* 

The  provinces  beyond  the  Tigris  no  longer  obeyed  the 
ixmfe  of  Seljuk.  New  princes  (to  ufe  the  Eailern  expref- 
fion)  had  arilieu  from  the  dud  before  their  throne.    A  race 

V01-.  III.  N  of 


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178  OUTUNES  OF  THE 

offl«M,  thegove)mon,  «fterwatfdi  fukaaiof  Gafkne»eft< 
it9«.  ricli^  b?  their  £iT<Hiry  and  fpated  bf  their  denietiefi  de* 
ii3(-xx6a  privcd  the  Iflft  of  thefe  moiiarchs  of  his  fceptre  aad  hht4 
The  calif^s  of  Bagdad,  with  a  jafter  tkle,  had  recofeied 
their  mdependence  and  the  adjacent  provinces  of  Irak. 
Two  younger  branches  of  the  houfe  of  Seljnk  ftill  reigned 
in  Kerman  and  Afia  Minor. 

Under  the  fieudal  fyftem,  the  rights,  natural  as  well  as 
civtl»  of  mankind,  were  enjoyed  only  by  the  nobles  and 
ecclefiafUcsy  who  fcaroely  formed  the  thoufanddli  part  of 
the  community.  In  this  century  they  were  gradually  dif- 
fuicd  among  the  body  of  the  people.  The  cities  of  Italy 
acc^uiroii  full  liberty:  the  greater  towns  of  Germany,  Eng- 
laiui,  France  .itui  Spaiu  became  lepal  corporations,  and  par- 
chafed  iniiiiuiiitics  more  or  lefs  couiiclerable  ;  even  the  pea- 
fanr  began  to  he  diilinguiflicd  from  the  reil  of  the  cattle  oh 
hi*  lord's  cilatc. 

With  the  liberty  of  Europe  its  genius  awoke  ;  but  the 
fird  elTorts  of  its  srowmg  llicngth  were  confumed  in  vain 
and  fruirkfs  purtuits.  Ignorance  was  fucceeded  by  enor. 
The  civil  and  canon  jurifprudence  were  blindly  adopted,  and 
laboriuufly  perverted.  Romances  of  chlvab  y,  and  monkifh 
legends  itill  more  fabulous,  fuppli^'d  the  place  of  hi  (lory- 
The  dreams  of  adroloi^v  were  dienified  with  the  name  of 
aftronomy.  To  difcover  the  philofophcr's  flone  was  the 
only  end  of  chymiftry.  Supcrftition,  intlead  of  fiving  be- 
fore the  light  of  tnic  ]^hilorop]iy,  wn?  invo!v*  d  m  thicker 
daiicnefs  by  thf^  fcl.oluilir  piumton^  which  iiUnped  its  ho- 
nours. The  two  great  iources  oi  knowledge^  nature  and 
antiqaity,  were  uegkdled  and  forgotten. 

IZOO-X30O.  The  Thirteenth  Century. 

"We  mnv  now  contemplate  two  of  the  greatefl  powers 
that  have  ever  given  Ipws  to  mankind  ;  the  one  founded  on 
force,  the  other  on  opinion:  I  mean  the  Tartar  coiKjucr- 
^^j^^  ors,  and  the  Roman  pontiffs. 

guli.  Birth-right,  eleiflion,  perfonal  merit,  force  of  arms,  and 

aao3^  fome  claims  to  a  divine  mifTion,  inveiled  Zingis  Khan  with 
'  the  abiblute  command  c-r  all  the  i  artar  Mogul  tribes.  As 

fpon  as  he  had  introduced  a  de;jrcc  of  order  and  difciplinc 
among  his  barbarous  hoft,  he  invaded  the  empire  of  China, 
took  Pckln,  and  fubducd  the  northern  provinces.  From 
lar*.  thence  he  march  into  PcrGa  againft  Mohammed,  fultan 
o£  CarjzpWy  whc^  by  puttuif  to  death  the  Mogul  ambaf- 

fadoriy 


4 


I 

I 

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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  iff 

UdotBf  ixew  foitt  on  htaMf»  Ka  f«mily»  and  hii  domi- 
nioDc.  Ffom  the  Jaxartes  to  the  Tigrisi  noditng  could 
wirhil^tid  the  numbers  and  fury  of  the  Moguls.  OirtsnBe» 
B^han»  Saaaarcaod,  8te,  were  kvelled  with  die  ground, 
and  the.  rich  provinces  to  iht  eaft  and  to  the  fouth  of  the 
Cafpian  Sea  were  c^liauged  from  a  garden  to  a  defert«  Ztngis 
died  loaded  whh  the  fpoils  and  cuffies  of  A&su  His  fup* 
ceflbrs  trod  in  the  lame  paths  of  rapine  and  conqneft.  About  1234. 
the  fame  time,  one  army  of  Moguls  completed  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  northern  empire  of  Cmiia,  and  penetrated  to  the 
iarilieft  point  of  Corca,  almoft  within  fight  of  the  fhores 
of  Japan  ;  a  focoiul  over-ran  RuUia,  Poland,  and  Hungarv^ 
threatened  Conlhintinoplc,  and  won  th  •  liatilc  lApuiz 
in  bilcfij  ;  a  ilrid  army  taok  Bagci.ui,  cL-fhoyed  the  em-  liS^ 
pirc  of  tiic  Cilufhs,  and  laid  wat^e  Af  1  Minor  and  Syria. 
The  Mogul  princes  of  Perfia  and  the  Wcitem  Tartary  long 
hcnf-ited  hr  rv/ceii  the  Goiptl  arul  the  Alcoran.  Their  con- 
vcifion  WGuiil  iiavc  been  of  greater  benefit  to  the  church 
than  all  the  crutides;  bat  at  Ienf»th  they  preferred  the 
faith  of  Malioract,  and  renounced  all  intcrcourfe  with  the  1291. 
great  Khan,  Vfho  ftill  adhered  to  the  worlhip  of  the  Dalai  '*7i» 
Ltama.  Ciiblai  Khan,  the  grandfon  and  fourth  fuccefTor  of 
^ingis,  united,  by  the  extinclion  of  the  dynafty  of  the  * 
South,  the  whole  Chincte  monarchy  with  Eailem Tartary, 
adopted  the  laws  and  Jivaniiers  oi  the  conqtiercd  people,  en- 
ronra^cd  the  ai  ts  and  ariilts  of  every  nation,  and  is  reckon- 
ed bv  the  Chinefe  themfelves  among  their  belt  enipcrors. 

The  Roman  pontids  claimed  an  univerfal  monairdiy,  tem-  The  po^Sii 
pocal  as  well  as  fpiritual  1  and  maintained  that  all  inferior 
powers,  emperors,  kings,  and  bithops,  derived  from  the 
chair  of  St*  Teter  their  delegated  authority.  Of  all  the 
popes,  none  aflerted  thefe  lofty  pretenfions  with  more  fpirit  zi^S-isi^* 
and  fuccefs  than  Innocent  III.  By  eftabriHiing  the  dodlrine  " 
of  Tranfubilantiation  and  the  tribunal  of  the  InquifitioUy  he 
obtained  the  two  moft  memorable  victories  over  the  com- 
mon fenfe  and  common, rights  of  mankind.  He  reduced 
the  fchifmatic  Greeks^  exterminated  the  Albigeois  heretics^ 
defpoiled  Haymopd  count  of  Thouloufe  of  his  domisionSf 
excommunicated  two  emperon,  a  king  of  France,  and  a 
king  of  England  %  the  lad  of  whom  confeCed  htmfelf  the 
va&l  and  tributarf  of  the  fee  of  Rome.  Intiocent  reigned 
in  Rome  as  the  fucoeflbr  of  ConftantinCi  and  in  Naples  as 
the  natural  guardian  of  voung  Frederic  the  fon  of  Henrf 
^  Sixth ;  who,  after  Philip  of  Suabia  and  Ocho  IV*,  was 
aokaowkdged  Emperor  of  Germany. 

N  t  The 


0 

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l8o  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

— ,       .       The  fuperior  abilities  of  Frederic  II.,  his  Italian  educa- 
ij|ij-X2id.  tioi:,  :;.e  ImpennI  Iceptre,  the  kjngclom  or  the  1  wo  r>icilies, 
and  iJ.c  va(l  pcifk^riians  of  the  Houle  of  Su^iDia,  rendered 
him  formidable  to  the  popes,  who,  unmindful  of  their  ac- 
cuitometl  policy,  h:id  rather  aifiiled  than  checked  his  eleva- 
tion. This  fatal  error  could  be  retrieved  only  by  the  deftruc- 
tM7-i26S.  tioii  of  tlie  Houfe  of  Suabia,  and  the  defign  was  profecutcd 
during  more  than  forty  years  with  a  conllancy  worthy  of 
the  ancient  lenatc.    The  Roman  pontiiTs  feized  the  firft 
grou7id  of  difpute,  reje^^ed  nl!  terms  of  peace,  and  con- 
vinced both  their  friends  and  their  enemies  that  they  were 
relolved  eiiher  to  periih  or  to  conquer.    The  parties  of  the 
chnrch  and  of  tJie  empire,  under  the  names  of  Guelphsand 
^Ginbeilins,  divided  and  defolatcd  Italy.    Amidft  this  con- 

>*45'      fuiion,  Innocent  IV.  folemiilv  d'  pofed  Frederic  in  thecoun- 

ia<50.  cil  of  Lyons,  and  purfued  that  unfortunate  monarch  to  the 
grave.  After  hisdeceafe,  the  name  of  empcrcir  was  afTumed 
for  a  fliort  time  by  his  fon  Conrad  IV.,  and  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  was  defended  by  his  baftard  Mainfroy,  till  the  papal 
arms  were  entrulted  to  Charles  count  of  Anjou,  the  brother 
of  Lewis  IX.  Followed  by  the  braveft  and  mod  pious  war- 

is66.  rioreof  Chriftendom,  that  a^livc  prince  paflcd  the  Alps, 
and  in  a  fmgle  battle  deprived  Mainfroy  of  his  fceptre  and 
his  life.  Conradin,  tlie  grandfon  of  Frederic,  and  the  lallof 

1268.  unhappy  Itney  loft  his  head  on  a  fcafibld  at  Naples^  af- 

ter a  brave»  but  unfuccefsful  attempt  to  recover  the  throne 
of  his  ancedors.  His  blood  was  foon  revenged  by  the  blood 
of  eight  thoufand  French  in  the  Sicilian  vefperSi  who  fell 
the  juft  victims  of  their  licentious  infolence.  A  long  and 
bloody  quarrel  commenced  between  the  Houfe  of  Arragon, 
which  was  called  by  the  oppreflTed  people  to  th^  throne  of 
Sicily»  and  the  Houfe  of  Anjou^  which  Rill  remainecf  in 
pofleflion  of  Naples. 

Italy.  The  free  dttes  of  Italy,  now  delivered  from  the  Gentiao 
yoke,  began  to  enjoy  and  to  abufe  the  bleffings  of  wealth 
and  liberty*  Of  a  hundred  independent  republics,  every  one^ 
except  Venice,  wasMeftitute  of  a  regular  govemmenti  and 
torn  bv  civil  diflentions.  The  Guelpha  and  the  Ghibellins, 
the  nobles  and  the  commons,  contended  for  the  fovereignty 
of  their  country.  The  moft  trifling  incident  was  fufiictent  to 
produce  a  oonfpiracy,  a  tumult,  and  a  revolution.  Among 
thefe  troubles,  the  dark,  inlidious,  vindi^ve  fpirtt  of  the 
Italians  was  gradually  fbrmed. 
Ocrmioy.  In  Germany,  the  death  of  Frederic  II.  was  fuceeeded 
xajo-i^/a,  ^7  *  ^^"K  anarchy.  The  prerogatives  and  domains  of 
the  emperors  were  ufurpcd  by  the  great  vaflals.  Every 

gentleman 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  i8r 

gentleman  exercired  roand  his  caflle  a  Kcentious  indepen« 
dence  ;  the  cities  were  obliged  to  fcek  proicflion  from  their 
walls  and  confederacies  ;  and  from  the  Rhine  and  Da« 
nobe  CO  the  Baltic  the  names  of  Peace  and  Jufllce  were 
unknown.    It  was  at  knjjth  difcovered,  that  without  an 
appearance  of  union  the  Germanic  body  could  not  fublift. 
The  great  princes,  who  began  to  afllime  the  title  of  ikBart^ 
agreed  to  inveft  a  iirll  magiftrate  with  the  dignity,  but  not 
Fith  the  power,  of  their  ancient  emperors.   Their  jealoua  ia7a-ri9i. 
caution  fuccelTiveiy  fixed  on  Rodolph  count  of  Hapiburghy  ^    .i  a  - 
iuid  Adolph  count  of  NaiTau ;  whofe  fortune  was  far  in«    ^  '  * 
ferioT  to  their  birth  and  perfonal  merit.  The  former,  how- 
ever, who  was  father  of  the  Houfe  of  Auftria,  tranfmitted 
to  his  fon  Albert  fuch  ample  hereditary  dominions,'  as  en*' 
abled  him  to  form  a  party  againft  the  emperqr  Adolph,  to 
wreft  from  him  tlie  fceptre,  and  to  difplay  that  ambitious- 
pride  which  has  ever  fince  been  the  chara£teriilic  of  that  1298- 1308. 
family. 

The  apgrandifement  of  the  French  monarchy  bore  the  France. 
;ippearancc  of  an  a(fl  of  iuftice.  Philip  Aujnilliis  fummon-  1130.1233. 
cdjohn,  king  of  Englaiui  and  peer  of  I  r.mce,  before  the 
parlicsnieiU  ot  Paris,  to  jii(ti'y  Iniiiicli  ul  ilic  murder  of  his  1203. 
nephew  Arthur.    The  paili.iment  piinKhed  the  confuma-  ♦ 
cious  vDfl>.l  by  the  confifcation  of  his  fiefs,  an  J  the  king 
executed  the  ftntciice  before  the  indignation  of  the  other 
peers  cculd  fubCde  into  a  fcnfe  of  their  common  intereft. 
Korniandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  and  Poitou  were  united  to  the 
crown.  Aquitain,  or  Guycnne,  flill  remained  in  the  hands 
of  the  En^'illi.   The  vi£>ory  of  Phihip  over  the  empire  was 
jTiore  fplcndid,  but  lefs  ufciul.    In  the  deciilve  and  well-  1414.' 
foni^ht  b.ittle  of  Bovincs,  he  defeated  Otho  TV.  at  the  head  \%\^, 
of  two  tlioufaiid  Germans.    His  navy  threatened  England  ; 
and  his  fon  J.ewls,  afterwards  Lewis  VIII.,  was  for  a  time 
acknowledge  d  k  ing  by  the  Engl  dlj  nation.  The  rci^n  of  that  iai6. 
prince  was  ihort  and  inglorious  :  but  France  owes  as  much 
to  the  laws  of  Lewis  IX.  as  to  the  arms  of  Philip  Auguf- 
tU8  his  grandfather.    Lewis  IX.,  notwithftanding  he  has  ^^^.i^yo. 
been  difgraced  by  the  title  of  Saint,  poflV/Tcd  uncommon 
virtues  and  abilities^   To  aboliOi  private  iioitilities^  and  ju-^ 
dicial  combat$  \  to  introduce  an  uniform  and  equitable  ju« 
rifprudence  \  to  receive  appeals  from  the  batons'  courts ;  to 
prote£l  and  extend  the  libertips  of  the  people  }  to  acquire  the 
eftccm  and  confidence  of  his  nei^Iihours,  were  the  honclt 
^rts  of  his  wife  policy.  Notwithftanding  his  mad  paOion  for 
thecrufacies  (the  only  bicmifli  of  tliia  accompli Ihed  charac- 
jer),  he  left  his  fon,  Philip  III.  furnamcd  the  Bold,  the  'V^^^f • 

moft 


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iBz  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

■ 

X27I.     mod  loilrilhifig  kiisgcbih  of  Europe,  which  ivae  Hoon  4if^« 

men  ted  by  the  rc-ttnion  of  the  rich  county  of  Thouloufc. 
xa85-i3i5.  PhUip  III.  was  fucceedcd  by  his  fon  Philip  IV.  furnamcd 
the  Fair. 

England.       To  break  the  fetrers  v.  i.i^h  had  been  forged  at  the  Nor- 
in:m  conqucll  was  the  great  bufintirs  o(  the  Engliih  i)aroii>. 
Jul-n,  whofe  misfortunes  deferve  no  pitv,  loft  his  repiua- 
tiofi  ^nd  ioreign  power  l>y  his  contcits  with  Ronv-  a!id 
iai5«      France;  and  his  domeftic  authori^',  by  figninpj  I\Iai:na 
Chart.i,  which  contains  the  rude  outlines  of  Briiiih  freedom. 
t&i6-x272  The  Idty-fix  years  of  his  fon  Ilt  nry  HI.  were  a  iong  mino- 
rity 9  during  which,  the  reins  of  government  were  fucccf- 
fively  ref^^^ned  to  foreign  f.ivouritep,  and  nf'.irped  by  t})e 
'*^^*      turhultrnr  barons,  under  their  leader  Simcn  de  Montfort  earl 
of  Leicctter.    tdward  I.  then  orJv  the  hoir  apparent,  ref- 
ia7»*X307.  ^^^'^  ^''^  father,  vanquifhcd  Montfort  and  his  iwi^erents  ia 
the  held,  and  rcftored  the  roral  authority;  but  hi good 
fenfe  foon  taught  him  to  relptit  the  new  barriers  rai fed 
againlt  it,  to  confirm  Magna  Charta,  and  to  defift  from  a 
rafli  attempt  to  refume  the  alienated,  crown^ands.  Amidit 
thefe  troubles,  the  Houfe  of  Peers  became  lefs  numerous 
and  more  powerful  i  the  Commons  were  admitted  to  a  ihare 
of  the  legifiature,  the  common  law  and  courts  of  juftice  re- 
ceived their  prefcnt  form,  and  the  firlt  Itatutes  were  ena^\- 
cd  againli  the  avarice  of  Rome.  Edward  the  Fir  ft,  to  wliofc 
wifdom  we  owe  many  of  thofe  advantages^  conceived,  and 
almoil  executed,  the  great  defign  of  uniting  the  whole  iiland 
ttts,    under  one  dominion.   The  Welch  loft  their  ancient  indc- 
pendence,  but  for  fcveral  ages  preferved  their  favagc  man* 
ners.  The  throne  of  Scotland  was  difputedi  almoft  with 
1193.    equal  claims,  by  feveral  candidates.  Edward^  who  was  ac- 
1296.     hnowledgcd  as  umpirci  awarded  the  crown  to  Balioli  the 
snoft  obfequious  of  the  lompetitorsi  treated  him  firft  as  a 
1198.     vafial^  and  foon  afterwards  as  a  rebel ;  endeavoured  by  every 
expedient  to  break  the  fpirit  of  a  haughty  nation,  and  fuU 
lied  his  glorious  end,  by  the  injuftice  and  cruehy  of  the 
means  which  be  ufed  to  attain  it. 
mii  empire  of  the  Miramolins  was  deftroyed  by  die 

grcateft  battle  ever  fought  between  the  Moors  and  the 
Chriftians.  The  latter  purfiied  their  advantage  ;  Seville  and 
113    *4  •  Cordova  were  taken,  and  tnc  provinces  of  Eihamadura, 
Andalufia,  and  Murcia  were,  in  abcut  forty  years,  r.- 
nexcd  to  the  crown  of  C  ftllc.   The  kings  of  Arrago'i  \vc;c 
lajS.     not  leis  fviccelsful.    They  v  relied  iiom  the  Moors  the  fer- 
aiAo      ^^^^  kingdom  of  Yideiiei.j,  and  cftablilhcd  a  naval  power  by 
the  coiiqucfl  oi  the  iiiiinds  of  Majorca  and  Minorca.  The 

brave  li 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  W)ltLD.  if^ 

hmcR.  of  the  Moors  took  refuge  in  the  kingdom  of  Gt€* 

nada,  and  difplayed  as  much  induftry  in  the  improvementi 

ae  they  exerted  valour  in  the  defence  of  this  laft  remnant  of 

their  exteiffive  conquefts.   The  kings  of  CaftUe  who  ac- 

qiuired  the  greateib  reputation  were  Ferdinand  IIL,  and  icr7.ii5». 

Alphonfo  the  ailronomer  i  the  former  for  his  political  wi^  xa5a»ut4« 

dom»  the  latter  for  his  fpeculative  knowledge. 

Four  great  crufades,  befides  many  fmaller  cx^x:ilitionS|  The  cm- 
were  undertaken  in  this  century  ^  but  though  Paleftine  was 
ftill  the  objed  of  the  war>  it  was  no  longer  the  fcene  of  , 
a^ion.   The  French  and  Venetians  of  the  fourth  cntfade 
turned  their  arms  iigaind  th^  fchifmatit;  Gretks,  took  Coii- 
ftantinoplcj  and  divided  the  empire.    Conftantinople  was  j^^^, 
indeed  recovered  by  the  Greeks,  but  the  trade  and  domi- 
nions w-hxch  had  once  belonged  to  that  capital  were  iire- 
If it'vably  loft.    John  de  Bricnnc,  a  foldicr  of  fortune,  ...id 
titular  king  of  Jcrui  ileqi,  inviidcd  L^^vpt,  toci:  D.urJ.iL^ 
(ci.c  old  Pclufiurr)  jfrcr  a  iicge  of  two  yc.iro     Ini:  loon 
thought  himicU  happy  to  purchafe  a  laic  rcLr^.'.t,  by  lur- 
rciiderin^  thnt  import.::^:  place,    'ihz  cruiadtiof  Lewis  IX. 
vv.ts  nitre  rpltndid  at  iir{i:  j  but,  in  the  end,  more  unfoi  [u- 
nnic.  It  feemcd  impoOlSjIe  that  Efjypt,  fiibdued  as  oticn  as 
it  had  been  attackctl,  iiiOiild  withitand  a  young  hero,  the 
head  of  liAty  ihoufand  vahant  ciuhufiufls.    The  artuy  was,  la^o. 
liowcver,  deftroyecf,  and  tiie  French  monarch  rca^aincd  a 
prifoiv. r  among  the  infidels.  Rather  from  a  va^i^ue  pallion  o£ 
combatin^^  tlic  Mahometans,  than  from  anv  rational  j^ruf- 
pLcl  ot  recovering*  t!^e  Holy  Land,  L'fwis  iX.  ltd  an^'chcr  1470, 
crufade  to  Africa,  and  died  of  the  pla::uc  un.icr  the  u  :.!.'$ 
of  Tunis.  The  few  places  yet  held  by  tiic  Chriiiiana  on  the  X)9I« 
coafl  of  S^a  were  fwcpt  away  by  the  fulrm s,  the  fucccilbrs, 
but  no  longer  the  dcfcciidants  of  SaUdin.  The  Mamalukcs, 
a  body  of  Circafiian  and  Tartar  flavcs^  had  dethroned  their 
mailers,  ufurped  the  foverciguty  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  aud  la^o. 
cftabliihed  a  military  goyernmcntA  opprc&ve  at  home,  but 
formidable  abroad. 

Of  thcfc  fevcn  great  armaments,  which  fhook  Afia,  and 
depopulated  Europe,  noth;n|^Mcmai«cd  except  the  kingdom 
of  Cyprus  ill  ihc  '  I"ufc  ofLuGgnan,  and  the  three  military 
orders.  The  Templars,  l^y  their  luxury  an  i  pride,  haltened 
dieir  diiTolution.  The  Hafpitaliers  un  I  Teutonic  Knights 
prcfcrvcd  thcmfelves  by  tlieir  valour.  The  former  con4ucr- 
cd  Rhodes^  and  are  ftiU  fettled  at  Malta  :  the  latter  formed 
a  great  dominion  in  Fruflia  and  Courland,  at  tlie  expense 
of  the  idolaters^  whom  they  compelkd  to  become  Clirif'- 

tiaaa 


1310. 

1227' I  jcy. 


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c84  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

tiansand  fubjefls.  A  great  part  of  the  old  nobility  of  Eu- 
rope peridieii  in  the  crui'ades,  their  fiefs  reverted  to  their 
lords,  and  their  place  was  fupplied  by  new  men,  raifed  bf 
wealth,  merit,  or  favour  *,  and  who  loon  imbibed  the  ta* 
nity,  though  not  the  independence,  of  their  preileceiTors. 
hnrMvg.  The  numerous  vermin  of  mendicant  friars,  Francifcans, 
Dominicans,  Auguftins,  Carn>c!ite8,  who  fwarmed  in  this 
century,  with  habits  and  inititutions  vaaioufly  ridiculous, 
difgraccd  religion,  learning,  and  common  fenfe.  They 
feizied  on  fcholaftic  philofophy  as  a  fcience  peculiarly  fuited 
to  their  minds ;  and,  excepting  only  Friar  Bacon,  they  all 
prefen^  words  to  things*  The  fubtle,  the  profound,  the 
irrefragable,  the  angelic,  and  the  feraphic  Do^or  acquired 
thofe  pompous  thies  by  filling  ponderous  volumes  with  a 
fmall  number  of  technical  terms,  and  a  much  fmaller  num- 
ber of  ideas.  Univerfities  arofe  in  every  part  of  Eutope, 
.  and  thoufands  of  ftudento  employed  their  lives  upon  thefe 
grave  follies.  The  love^fongs  of  the  Troubadours,  or  Pro» 
ven^ai  bards,  were  follies  of  a  more  pleafing  nature,  which 
amufed  the  leifure  of  the  greateit  princes,  polilhed  iht 
feuthera  pfoviuces  of  FVance,  and  gave  birth  to  the  Itak 
Ihui  poetry. 

The  Fourteenth  Century. 

jJJ^^JJ^  Both  the  popes  ^mi  the  cmr'  rors,  the  coiujiierors  and 
the  vnnquifhcH,  \^'ith(]rcw  troni  it'^lyj  their  field  of  battle. 
ljoi«  The  loimer,  inviced  by  the  kings  of  France,  and  difgurtcd 
with  the  rel)elhous  fpirit  of  the  Romans,  cftabliflietl  the 
papal  rcfidcnce  at  Avignon  during  more  than  fcventy  years. 
Thefc  French  pontiffs  were  more  (Irongly  poflejfcH  by  the 

15x6-1334.  love  of  money  than  the  love  of  power.  JohnTlXII.,  by 
the  fale  of  benefices,  indulgencies,  and  abfolutions,  ac- 
cumulated a  treafure  of  twenty-five  millions  of  gold  florin?. 
At  the  repeated  folicitations  of  the  Romans,  who  felt  their 
1377.  error  when  it  was  too  late,  Gregory  XI.  returned  to  his 
S37<.  capital  i  but  his  eyes  were  fcarcely  clofed,  when  the  en- 
raged people  furrounded  the  conclave,  threatening  the  car- 
dinals with  inflant  death  unlefs  they  chofe  an  Italian  pontiff* 
The  affrighted  Frenchmen  yielded  to  their  fury,  but  were 
no  fooner  at  liberty,  than  they  protefled  againft  their  firft 
cle^lion,  md  nominated  one  of  their  own  countrymen^ 
Europe  was  divided  between  the  two  rivals.  Italy,.  Ger- 
many, and  England  acknowledged  the  pope  of  Rome: 
France  and  Spain  iided  with  the  pope  of  Avignon.  Each 
bad  his  adherents,  his  do6^ors,  his  faints,  and  his  mi- 
racles i  but  their  mutual  excommunications^  which  at 

another 


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HISTORY  OP  THE  WOULD.  i«j 

another  time  might  have  produced  a  batde  of  £wosdi,  oiAf 
cccafioncd  a  \»'ar  of  pens. 

EmperorSj  whofe  authority  in  Germany  was  fo  much  cmpo* 
circumfcribedy  could  not  invade  with  any  fucccfs  the  coo* 
firmed  liberty  of  the  Italians.  Henry  VII.  of  Luxembourgi  ijcS-ijxj. 
aod  Lewis  V*  of  Bavaria,  entered  Rome  in  triumph }  ,buc 
their  triumph  was  not  attended  withanyfolldor  permanent  i3X4>f347. 
advanti\i:**s.    The  grandfon  of  Henry  of  Luxembourg, 
Charles  1V«»  emperor  and  king  of  Bohemia,  was  invited  tj4j-j^jt, 
by  the  eloquent  Petrarch  to  afTume  the  (lationand  charaOer 
of  the  ancient  Caefars-  The  Bohemian  Cicfar  marched  into 
Italy ;  but  it  was  only  to  fee  himr<rlf  excluded  frcm  every 
foitified  city  as  an  enemy,  or  cautioufly  received  as  a  pri« 
loner,   ^e  was  crowned  at  Rome,  but  quitted  it  the  very 
day  of  his  coronation  ;  meanly,  or  perhaps  wifely,  reGgn- 
ing  to  the  popes  all  the  ancient  rights  which  he  derived 
from  Charlemagne  and  Otho.   His  fon  Wenceflaus  would  137^1400^ 
gU/dly  (to  ttfe  his  own  expreOion)  have  relinquiflied  the  em- 
pire, with  its  remaining  prerogatives,  for  a  few  liogiheads 
of  Rhenifli  or  Florence  wine* 

Although  neither  leifure,  independence,  nor  ingenuity  luij. 
were  wanting  to  the  Italians,  they  were  never  able  to  con-* 
ne^  themfelves  into  a  fyftem  of  union  and  liberty.  Naples 
flouriflied  under  the  adminiftration  of  Robert,  the  grandfon 
of  Charles  of  Adjcu,  but  was  almoft  ruined  by  his  grand-  1309-1343- 
daughter  Joan.  By  the  murder  of  her  firft  hufband  An-  134^.13^1. 
drew,  (he  drew  down  the  vengeance  of  his  brother,  the 
ftem  king  of  Hungary  ;  by  adopting  Lewis  duke  of  Anjou, 
the  brother  of  Charles  V.,  entailed  on  her  dominions  a  civil 
war,  of  wliich  ihc  v.ns  herfeif  the  firlt  viclim.   Rooic  Uw^  ^347- 
for  a  ]i  r^nie.u,  iier  irihiuies,  Iier  freedom,  jml  her  dignity 
refloved  by  N icliolpir,  RiLiiz-i,  whole extracrdin^iy  charadler 
u  as  a  compelled  of  rhe  hero  and  the  bnrtbon.  Florence, 
like  Atlier.f,  experienced,  all  the  evils  incident,  or  rather 
inherent,  to  a  wild  democracy.  The  Vtficiiaui  and  li.e  C^--  i^r-.i-^^^, 
/Ttf^  wafted  each  olher's  Ureiigth  in  naval  w^rs,  whicli  .il-  i3;7-ijdi. 
lowed  not  ihc  latter  a  mementos  refnitc  from  their  intedinc 
diiTcntions.  The  free  cities  of  Lombiudy  and  Romagna  were 
opprcHed  by  domeftic  tyrants,  under  the  fpecious  titles  of 
vicars  of  the  church  or  of  the  empire  ;  but  thcfe  petty  ufur- 
pers  were  gradually  fwallowed  up  in  tiie  power  of  tiie  Vif«    13 rj. 
COnti,  firft:  lord*^,  r.nd  afterwards  dukes  of  iJ//7c;/. 

The  more  phlegmatic  Gcnrinns,  though  poor  and  hnrha-  Gerniaiiy. 
fOUfi,  maintained,  and  even  improved,  thf  form  of  their 
confi-itution.    "Whatever  coneerncd  the  election  and  coro- 
lutioii  of  the  emperors j  llie  molt  fruitful  fource  of  civil  di(^ 
*  cordf . 


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«e6  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

vjj6*     corS.,  ^'^s  finally  regulated  by  the  golden  bull  pablifhed 

Charles  IV.  in  a  general  dies*  The  title  and  power  of 
dehors  w  re  confined  to  feven  great  princes,  the  Arch- 
biihops  01  lucjitz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  die  King  of  Bo- 
hemia, the  Duke  of  Saxony,  the  Margrave  of  BrandeiH 
burgh,  and  the  Count  Palatin.  Thefe  eledors  foon  ailerted 
the  emperor  Wenceflaus  their  right  of  depofing  an  un- 
worthy fovereign* 

The  Swift  owe  thetr  reputation  to  their  freedom,  and 
Und^^*    ^^^^^  freedom  to  their  valour.  The  peafants  of  three  vallies 

1308.  among  the  Alps,  Uri,  Schwitz,  and  Underwald,  oppiefled 
by  the  officers  of  the  emperor  Albert,  entered  into  a  {kn€t 
alliance,  at  firft  for  feven  years,  and  afterwards  for  ever* 
Leopold  duke  of  Auftria,  and  fon  of  Albert,  marched  againft 
them  at  the  head  of  twenty  thoufand  meif ;  but  was  over- 

2^ jj.  thrown  in  the  battle  of  Morgarten  by  1 300  Swift.  The  little 
communities  of  Zug  and  Glaris,  and  the  cities  of  Lucerne, 
Zurich,  and  Berne^  gradually  acceded  to  the  confederacy 

X386.  which  was  ceniented  with  the  blood  of  another  Duke  Leo- 
pold, who  fell,  with  the  flower  of  the  AuRrian  nobiHty,  in 
the  battle  of  Sempach.  Zurich  and  Berne  were  allowed 
the  hill  rank  amonj»  the  cif{lu  caiuons;  the  former  for  irs 
wealth,  the  latter  fnr  its  laiht^ry  power.  In  the  live  vukic 
coiTimuiiiiies  the  government  w:is  a  pvuc  democracy  j  in 
the  three  cities,  it  was  temp>cred  witli  a  finall  mixture  of 
ariftocracy,  \vliich"time  and  chciiinlhuiCf  s  have  very  much 
ftrengthcned.  The  whole  comiiiuiivvculLl\,  uiiel  li'Tung  the 
tyranny  of  the  Houfc  of  Auflria,  retained  their  ancient  al- 
legiance to  the  German  empire, 

France.  TliC  conftii  i!  inn  of  the  French  monarchy  received  new 
»  I303t  ftrength  and  harmony  from  fhe  foilowini,'  PveniST#i.  In  rhe 
memorable  -quarrel  between  Pope  iioiiiidee  Vllf .  a"nd  Philip 
the  F.iir,  the  greater  part  ot  tlie  Frencli  clergy  reiuemijcred 
that  they  were  fuhje(ils  as  . well  priells.  The  lihrrtics  of 
the  GifUciifi  church  vftrc  alTcried  with  fpirit  and  fnccefs', 
air]  ti  c  cri;\v!i  was  in  fome  degree  delivered  from  a  krvile 

1301,  dcpcndance  on  a  foreign  pr'*!.:re.  2.  Tht-  8in/cs  GcncrrJ^ 
compofed  of  the  cler^^y,  the  nobiliiy,  and  the  commons, 
were  aflembled  by  Philip  the  Fair,  for  tiic  lird  time  fmcc 
the  decline  of  the  Carlovingian  race.  As  their  meetings 
were  fhort  and  irregular,  they  never  acquired  the  authpiicy 
of  legiflators,  and  their  tumultuous  oppofuion  commonly 
fubfidetl  into  an  obffquions  compliiHice  with  the  dcmiuuis 
of  the  court.  3.  'ri)e  parliament  of  Paris  was  Ityieil  the 
Court  of  Pcf-rs,  and  iliould  have  been  compofed  of  tlie 
^eat  vafi'ais  of  the  crown  \  but  as  they  difdaincd  the  hum- 
ble 


« 


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IlISTORY  OF  TIIL  WORLD.  ]«7 

Ms  oBce  of  judicatiircy  their  place  was  fopplkd  by  the  hU 
IhopB,  the  KarofiSy  and  the  principal  ofEcers,  whofe  mkle 
ignorance  was  dtTc£>ed  by  fomc  plebeian  .aie^rs.  The  fer- 

vants  gr  uiiial'iv  fupplanted  their  mafters,  combated  the  vio- 
lence ot'  u.^  nobilitv  w  iih  the  fuhtihies  of  law,  and  hibtnncd 
to  trtcl:  a  pure  nioiiarLhv  on  the  ruins  of  xh'c  uu.l.il  Iv  IIcjT). 
For  a  long  time  thefe  m.:i;ii!i.aca  iiclu  iluii  phices  onlv  (.lur- 
ing the  king's  plcafur^;.    4.         Su/ic  Ijiv,  though  of  tlie 
fnoQ:  lafting;  benefit  to  the  monarchy,  occafioned  the  long 
and  deAru6tive  wars  between  France  and  England.  After 
a  feries  of  eleven  kings,  in  lin^-al  and  male  dcfccnt  from 
Hugh  C:!pet,  Lewis  X.   Hutin,  was  hu  ccedcd  by  his  bro-  1314.131^. 
thfrn  Phiilp  V.  and  Charles  IV.,  and  ;ificrw.irds  by  l^ts  livlt  j^iy^jj^j^ 
coulin,  Philip  Vf.  of  Valois,  on  the  acknowledged  princi- 
ple that  females  weic  incapable  of  inheritin^^  the  crown  of  ^.^^*-'3»^ 
France.    Whether  that  principle  be  admitted  or  rejected,  isaS-i^jo. 
the  claim  of  Edward  IIL  of  England  is  equally  indefenfi- 
ble.    I'he  queftion  was  not,  however,  decided  by  argu- 
ments, but  by  arms.    Both  nations  fignalized  their  valour 
in  the  battles  of  Crecy  and  Poitiers  ;  but  the  difciplins  of  JS46-i3j<w 
the  Englifh  triumphed  over  the  numbers  of  the  French.  The  13^0-1364. 
captivity  of  John,  who  had  fuccetdcd  to  the  crown  and 
misfortunes  of  his  father  Philip,  expofed  France  to  a  total 
dtColution  of  government,  with  all  its  attendant  calamities. 
However,  though  Fdward  was  able  to  ru]n»  he  was  unable 
to  coD<)tter  that  great  kingdom.    By  the  treaty  of  Brctigny,  13^. 
he  accepted  of  three  milKons  of  gold  crownsi  the  city  of 
Gifais,  and  fevtn  provinces  adjaceitt  to  Guyenne ;  but  the  1569. 
laft  were  foon  wrefted  from  him  by  the  arms  and  policy  of  13  64- 13  Ho. 
Charles  V.,  whofe  wife  adminiftranon  healed  the  wounds  i38o.i4^». 
of  his  country.   They  bled  afreih  under  his  unhappy  fon 
Ctiarles  Vf  . :  firft  a  minort  and  afterwards  deprived  of  *his 
fenfes,  he  was  ever  a  vt^^im  of  the  ambition  and  avarice  of 
his  uncles.   In  this  century,  Champagne  and  Daunhine,  the 
i^iil  by  inlitri' iMicc  rtud  treaty,  tiic  ieeoad  by  doiix^uoii, 
were  re-unitcd  to  u.w  tacwn. 

The  iron  fetter?,  \\\  which  Edwanl  T.  feemcil  for  ever  to  Ecghnd. 
have  bound  Scotland,  were  broken  by  the  valour  anti  lor-  g^<j^, 
tune  of  Robert  Bruce,  a  dcfcendant  of  the  aiicieiu  kings. 
To  refift  the  heroic  leader  of  a  brave  nation,  combating  for 
freedom  and  a  throne,  required  all  vhe  powerful  genius  of 
Jeldward  I.,  and  was  a  tafk  by  la»  too  aiduous  for  his  feeble  i.*<^7-i32F. 
fon.    The  U'  lory  of  Bannocks  Boarn  fecnrcd  to  Robert  a 
Iceptre,  wfiich,  by  tl.e  mnrriage  oi  Ijis  d'iughter,  wn«^  trrrnf- 
mitrcd  to  the  Houfc  of  hluart.    Edward  II.,  van^  nihedby  1371* 
his  enemiesj  defpifed  by  his  fubjcclsj  governed  by  his  fa- 
vourites. 


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lS8  OUTLINES  OF  THE 

vouritcs,  betrayed  by  liis  brother,  his  wife,  and  his  fon, 
defcendcd  fiotn  a  throne  to  a  piifon,  and  from  a  prifon  to 

*3*7*W7«  "^^fi^ely  grave.  The  En^Hifb  dv^cll  with  rapiurc  on  the 
tropiues  of  Edward  HI.  and  his  gallant  fon  the  Black 
Prince  ;  on  the  fields  of  Crccy  and  Poitiers  •,  and  on  the 
kings  of  France  and  ScDtland,  at  the  lame  time  prifoners  ia 
London.  To  a  thir.ki  ii^  mind,  Edward's  encouragement 
of  the  woollen  manufacture  is  of  greater  value  than  all 

K377W1399.  thefe  barren  laurels.  Richard  II.}  fon  of  the  Black  Prince, 
affords  the  fecond  in  fiance  in  this  century  of  an  £ngli(h 
king  depofed  and  murdered  by  his  fubjtcls.  The  Houfe  of 
Commons  acquired  its  prefent  formj^  and  a  dignity  unknowii 
to  the  third  cftate  in  any  other  country,  hy  the  jundion  of 
the  knights  of  ihires,  or  reprefentativcs  of  the  leffer  nobi- 
Itty,  who,  about  this  time,  feparated  themlelves  from  the 
U99>  peers.  After  the  depofulon  of  Richard,  Henry  IV.  foil 
of  John  of  Gaunt  duke  of  X4anca(ler«  the  third  ton  of  £d^ 
ward  III.,  ufurped  the  crown.  The  pofterity  of  the  fecond 
fon»  Lionel  of  Clarence,  was  difregardedi  but  ftill  ezifted 
latent  in  the  Houfe  of  York, 
ipiiiu  The  Mahometan  kingdom  of  Grenada,  and  the  four 
Chriftian  monarchies  of  Caftile,  Arragon,  Navarre,  and 
Portugal,  preferved  their  refjpe^ive  laws  afid  limits*  The 
conftittttion  of  the  Chriftian  ftates  wa^fuited  to  the  haugl  cy 
and  generous  temper  of  the  people.  The  judiciary  of  Ar- 
ragon, a  name  dreadful  to  royal  cars,  poffclTed  the  noble 
but  dangerous  privilege  of  declaring  the  lubjccls  were 

juftificd  111  taking  arms  againll  their  luvcrci^^n.  Ihc  Cjiti- 
lians,  without  uauliig  ioL'  ihe  fentcnce  ut  a  magiiirate, 
knew  how  to  refid  a  tyrant,  cither  in  the  CorUz  or  in  the 

1366-1368.  field.  The  civil  war  between  Peter  the  Cruel,  king  of  Caf- 
tilc,  and  his  brother  Henry  occafioned  a  great  revolution, 
in  whkii  France  and  England  took  the  oppofite  fides^  rather 
from  a  wild  love  of  enterprize,  than  from  any  rational  mo- 
tives of  policy.  After  feveral  turns  of  fortune  the  baftard 
was  vl6lorious,  tranfmittcd  the  crown  to  his  poiteritv,  an^ 
ratificti  a  Uriel  utuon  with  his  Frencli  allies  ;  binding  Franc;:: 
2nd  Callilc  to  each  other,  king  to  king^  people  to  peo|>le^ 
and  man  to  man. 

Africa,  relapfmg  into  its  native  barbarifmji  no  longer 
merits  our  attention.  Egypt  and  Syria  continued  to  groaa 
under  the  tyranny  of  the  Mamaiukes ;  although  fomc  of 
thofe  fultans  corre£led,  by  their  perfooal  virtues,  the  de- 
fers of  their  inilitution.  In  thcEail,  two  formidable  pow« 
er9  arofe.  The  greatnefs  of  the  Othman  Turks  was  gra- 
dual and  permanent  1  the  conquefts  of  'Iimur  were  rapid 
*  and  tranptory. 

Paring 


HISTORY  OF  rUZ  WORLD.  i8y 

During  the  anarchy  which  ovcrfprcad  Afia  Minor  on  the  The  Turk*, 
fall  of  the  Seljukian  dynafty,  the  Greeks  recovered  many 
oi  t]ie  maritime  piaces,  and  every  1  iirkifh  emir  made  him- 
fclf  independent  within  his  jurifdic'iion.  Oilinran  firll  crcift- 
cd  his  llandard  near  Mount  Olympus  in  Bithynia  ;  and  as  ijoo-i^ad. 
he  commanded  only  a  Imall  tribe  of  (hepherds  and  foldiers, 
he  was  branded  with  the  name  of  robber.    A  more  numc- 
TOUS  army,  and  the  rcdu(^lion  of  Nice,  Nicoinedia,  ^d 
Prufa,  bellowed  on  his  Ion  Orcan  the  appellation  of  Con-  f^j^f^fify 
queror.    The  imprudent  Grerk!^,  in  the  madnefs  of  clvi! 
diicord,  invited  the  Turks,  opened  tiic  Hellelpont,  and 
betray;'d  Cliviftendom.    Adrianop]e  became  the  capital  of 
the  Othman  power  ni  Europe  ;  and  the  Eattem  empire,  re« 
duced  to  the  I'uburbs  of  Conilantinople,  was  prefTed  on  ci-  rjfo-xjS^ 
thcr  fide  by  the  arins  of  Amurath  I.  That  fultan  inftituted 
the  janizaries,  a  body  of  infantry,  from  their  arms,  difci- 
prmC)  and  enthufiafm,  aimoit  invincible.   The  flower  of 
the  Chriitian  youths  torn  in  Infancy  from  their  parents* 
were  gradually  aggregated  to  the  Turkifli  nation,  after thejr 
had  loft,  in  the  fevere  education  of  the  feraglio,  all  memory 
of  their  former  country  and  religion.   Bajazet  L  deferved  i^^^i^^ 
his  fumame  of  Ilderim,  or  Lightning,  by  the  rapid  impe- 
taofity  with  vhich  he  flew  from  the  Euphrates  to  the  Da- 
nube.  He  triumphed  by  turns  over  the  Mahometans  of 
Afia  Minor,  and  the  Chriftians  of  Bulgaria,  Servia,  Hun-  1396. 

fary,  and  Greece ;  and  the  total  de^at*  of  an  army  of 
'rench  in  the  battle  of  Nicopolis,  fpread  the  terror  of  his 
name  to  the  mod  remote  parts  of  Europe. 

Ttmur,  or  Tamerlane,  ratfed  himfelf  from  a  private,  ximur. 
thoueh  not  a  mean  condition,  to  the  throne  of  Samarcand. 
His  nrft  dominions  lay  between  the  Jaiartes  and  the  Oxus  '3^^'4oj« 
in  the  country  called  Sogdiana  by  the  ancients,  Maurenahar 
by  modern  Pcrfians,  and  by  the  Tartars  Zagata?,  from  o:u: 
ot  rh,e  foT!S  of  'A'\U[(\3.  The  lawful  fueccilbr  of  Zagalav,  ra- 
ther miiKlfiil  cf  his  (ituation  than  of  liis  dcfccnt,  ferved  v\  itli 
hijr.iMc  fidelity  in  the  army  of  the  ufurper.  After  redueing 
the  ndj.ircnt  provinces  of  Ciriznie  ami  Khorafan,  Timur 
invnded  Pcrlia,  and  extinguilhed  all  the  petty  tyrants  uho 
had  llarted  up  hnce  the  decline  of  the  lloufe  of  Zingis. 
'i  he  khan  of  the  Wei  tern  Tartar  v  (who  ruled  the  king-  ^i^S* 
doms  of  Cnzan  and  Ailr.ican,  and  cxp.(fled  .1  tribute  from 
the  grand  (!uke  of  Mufcovy)  was  unable  to  chide  tlie  pur- 
fiiir,  or  to  rcfid  the  nrms  of  Timur.  From  the  deferts  of 
Sibciia  he  mnrchcd  ro  the  h:inks  of  tlie  Ganges,  and 
returned  from  Dwhii  to  Samavc  iml  laden  with  the  trcafures 
of  iiindoilau*   He  knew  how  to  rctgn  as  well  as  how  to 

conquer. 


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igQ  OUTLINES  OF  TH£ 

conquer.  Although  very  piofofe  of  the  blood  of  his  ene- 
mies, he  was  careful  of  the  Uvea  and  property  of  his  Tub- 
je^s*  He  loved  magniScence  and  foctety  :  encouraged  the 
arts^  and  was  verfcd  in  the  Per  Han  and  Arabian  literature* 
His  zeal  for  the  Mufiulman  faith  inflamed  his  natural  cru- 
elty againft  the  Gentooa  of  India  and  the  Chriftians  of 
Georgia. 

z37o»  Che  empire  of  the  MoguU  in  Chinai  founded  011  vio- 
lence, and  maintained  hy  policy,  was  at  length  diflblvecl 
by  its  own  weakness.  The  Chinefe  placed  a  dynafty  of 
their  countrymen  on  the  throne^  urhilft  the  Taftass^  re- 
turning to  the  paftof  al  life  of  the  deferti  gradually  recover- 
ed the  martial  fptrit  which  they  had  loft  amidft  the  arts  and 
luxury  of  the  conquered  provinces. 

CM»ineree»  ^0^^  dtfFufive  commerce  began  to  conned  the  Euro- 
pean nations  by  their  mutual  wants  and  conveniencies ;  the 
difcovery  of  the  compafs  infpircd  nnviorators  with  j^rcater 
boldnefs  and  fccurlty.  The  Hanfeatic  cities  of  i'niiii^  and 
Saxunv  It-rmcd  a  powerful  an">ci.uioii,  cnLzroir.'d  the  fifhcrv, 
iron,  corn,  timber,  hides,  atui  furs  of  the  a-*  .aii  ^  and 
contended  for  llie  ftncreigiUy  of  th^  ualtic  with  the  kings 
of  Denmark  ;uid  Sweden.  'The  excaangc  oi  money,  the 
f  lier  manuraQures,  and  the  trade  of  the  Eaft,  were  in  the 
hands  of  ihc  Italians.  The  merchants  of  Venice  and  of 
Dantzic  met  at  the  common  mart  of  Bruges,  which  foon 
becTme  the  warehoule  of  Europe.  The  Flemings,  ani- 
inateil  by  the  fpccH^M'^l'  of^|uv"alth  anci  induftrvj  applied 
thcmfclves  with  c;reat  arduur^|^the\urt?fu!  art*^,  and  parti- 
cularly to  the  making  broad  clotii,  linen,  an  i  t  ipeilry. 

Xitentnie*     '^^^  advantan;es  of  trade  were  corryjion  to  feveral  nati- 
ons ;  but  the  plesfures  and  glory  of  Uttraturc  were  confined 
'  to  the  Italianst  or  rather  to  a  fifw^  men  of  genius,  who 
emerged  from  nn  ignorant  an#  fuperftitious  multitude. 
The  writings  of  DantCi  Boccace,  and  Petrarch,  for  eret 
fixed  the  Italian  language.    The  firfl  dtfplayed  the  powers 
of  a  wild  but  original  genius  :  tlie  Decameron  of  the  fecond 
*  contains  a  juil  and  agreeable  pi^iure  of  human  life.  A  feir 
ftanzas  00  Laura  and  Rome  have  immortalized  the  name  of 
Petrarchf  who  was  a^patriot,  a  philofopher,  and  the  firft 
reftorer  of  the  Latin  tongue^  and  of  the  Itudy  of  the  uti* 
cients*   If  any  barbarian  on  this  fide  the  Alps  deferves  t» 
be  remembered^  it  is  our  countryman  Ghauoer,  wfaofe  Go* 
diic  diale£k  obeo  conceals  natural  humour  and  poetical 
imagery. 

Tbm 


nioiti/wi  bv  Gonole 


HISTORT  OF  THE  WORLD. 


The  Fifteenth  Cemtury.  x^oo-iioo. 

ArTEH  brealdiiff  the  power  of  the  Mamalukes,  and  rain-  Tiouir. 
mg  the  cities  of  Bagdad,  Aleppo*  and  Damafcus^  Timur 
advanced  towards  the  frontier^  of  Bajazet.   The  fituation 
*and  character  of  the  two  monarchs  rendered  a  war  inevita- 
ble. The  armies  met  in  the  plains  of  Angora,  and  the  con-  i4oa* 
teft  was  decided  in  the  Tartar's  favour,  by  the  total  defeat 
and  captivity  of  his  rival.    After  this  yi^ory,  the  empire 
of  Timilr  extended  from  Mofcow  to  the^Cuipli  of  Per(iat 
and  from  the  Hellefpont  to  the  Ganges  j  but  his  ambition 
M  as  yet  unfatisfied :  death  furprifed  him  as  he  was  picpar-  *405* 
jug  to  invade  China,  to  aflcrt  the  caufe  of  his  nation  and  of 
Ills  religion.    His  feeble  fuccellbr^s  far  from  meditating 
new  conquefts,  faw  province  after  pro\  incc  gradually  ef-  • 
cape  from  their  di^'minion,  till  a  few  cities  near  the  Oxus 
were  the  only  patrimony  tlut  remained  to  die  Houie  of  ' 
Tinnir.  '  1470. 

The  Turks  had  been  dt:fcatcd,  but  not  fubdued.  As  foon  The  Turk*, 
as  Tinuir  was  no  more,  they  collecled  their  fcattercd  forces, 
replaced  their  monarchy  on  its  former  bafi and  under  the 
condudl  of  Mahomet  I.  were  again  viclorious  both  in  Eu-  I4i3-i4»i« 
rope  and  Alia.    Amurath  II.  fwayed  the  Othman  fceptre  i4*i-X4Ji» 
with  the  abilities  bf  a  great  monarch,  and  twice  refigned  it 
with  the  moiicration  of  a  philofopher.    He  was  forced 
from  his  retreat  to  chaflife  the  perfidy  of  Ladiflaus  king  of 
Hungary,  who,  at  the  indication  of  the  court  of  Rome,  had 
violated  a  folemn  truce.   That  atl:  of  jufilcc  was  molt  com-» 
pletely  executed  in  the  decifive  battle  of  Warna,  which  was  1444* 
fatal  to  the  king,  to  the  papal  legntc,  and  to  the  whole  1453. 
ChriAian  army.    The  little  empire  of  Trebi'/oiid,  and  the  i45X»X48z. 
other  independent  provinces  of  Greece  and  Afu  Minoff 
(bon  experienced  the  fame  fate.    Though  Mahomet  was 
obl^ed  to  raife  the  ficges  of  Belgrade  and  Rhodes,  though 
lie  was  for  a  long  time  flopped  by  Scanderbeg  in  th :  moun-> 
tains  of  Albania,  yet  his  arms  were  generally  fuccefsful  ' 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Euphrates,  on  the  banks  of  which 
he  vanquiOicd  Uzun  HaiTani  a  Turcoman  prince,  who  had 
»furpcd  Pcrfja  from  the  pofterity  of  Timur.    The  con-* 
queil'of  Rome  and  Italy  was  the  great  ohje^k  of  Mahomet's 
ambition ;  and  a  Turkiih  army  had  already  invaded  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  when  the  Chridians  were  delivered 
from  this  immment  danger  by  the  feafonable.  death  of  Ma-> 
hornet,  and  the  ina£live  difpofition  of  his  fonDajazet  IL  r48i«r5ia- 
But  the  valour  and  difclpline  of  the  Turks  were  ftill  formi- 
dable 


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fpl  '     OUTLINES  OF  THE 

liable  to  Chfifteiulom,  and  the  paffion  for  crufades  had 
ceafed  at  the  verf  time  when  it  might  have  been  approved 
hy  leafon  and  juftice. 

Papoand     The  council  of  Pifa,  by  the  ele^lion  of  a  third  pontiff^ 

tannak.  mnltiplted>  indead  of  extingtyfhing,  the  evils  of  the  great 
1414^1418.  '^^^  council  of  Conllance,  in  which  the  five  great 

nations  of  Europe  were  rcprcfcnted  by  their  prelates  and 
ambafTadors,  afted  with  greater  vigour  and  eflfefb.  '1  hey 
reje^ed  the  defc  ^Vlve  title  of  two  pretenders,  and  judicially 
dcpofcd  th.c  tliircl,  by  whofc  authority  ihey  were  aiTcmbltfd. 
The  elejflioTi  of  Martin  V.  rcltorcd  peace  to  the  cliurch  j 
but  the  fpirit  of  independence,  which  U.id  aiiiti..tted  the  fa- 
i4}jkM4i'  ^^^^""^  Conflance,  revived  in  the  council  of  Rafih  The 
aflcinhled  biihops  of  Chrillcadom  attempted  to  limit  the 
il<'ijiotic  power  which  the  bifhop  of  Rome  had  ufurped 
over  his  brethren  ;  but  the  trcafurcs  of  the  cliurch,  liiitri- 
buted  with  a  fkiliul  hnnd,  filenced  the  oppofition  ;  and  no- 
thing remains  of  thofe  famous  councils  but  a  few  decrees, 
revered  at  Paris,  dctcllcd  and  dreaded  at  Rome.  Amongil 
thcfc  thfi^rdcrs,  the  laity  of  fomc  countries  difcovercd  as 

1415*  much  diicontent  at  the  riches  of  the  clergy,  as  the  clerj^y 
expreficd  at  tlie  power  of  the  popes.  John  Hufs  and  Je- 
rome of  Prn^uie,  two  Boheminn  docl^ors,  who  t?.ught  prin- 
ciples not  very  diilVrcTU  from  ihoic  of  the  Proteltants,  were 
committed  to  the  (I  niKis  by  the  council  of  Con  (lance,  be- 
fore ^^.'hich  they  appeared  under  the  function  of  the  pub- 
lic t.urh.  From  their  aflies  arofe  a  civil  war,  in  which  the 
Bohemians,  inflamed  by  revenge  and enthufiafm,  for  along 
time  iniiicled  and  fufFered  the  fevered  calamities. 

Ittir*  Italy,  undidurbed  by  foreign  invafions,  maintained 
an  internal  balance,  through  a  feries  of  artful  negocta- 
tions  and  harmlefs  wars,  attended  with  fcarcely  any  cffu- 
fion  of  blood.  The  fword,  which  had  fallen  from  the  hands 
of  the  Italian  fovereignsi  was  taken  up  by  troops  of  inde- 
pendent mercenaries,  who  acknowledged  no  tie  but  their 
intereft,  nor  any  allegiance  except  the  leaders  of  their 
own  choice.  The  five  principal  powers  were,  the  popeSf 
the  kings  of  Naples,  the  dukes  of  Milan,  and  the  tepnb- 
lies  of  Florence  and  Venice,  i.  The  popes,  after  the 
council  of  Conftance  and  Bafil,  applied  themfelves  to  re* 
concile  the  Roman  people  to  their  government,  and  to  ex- 
tirpate the  petty  ufurpersof  the  eccleOaftical  ftate.. 
2.  Their  ^reat  fief  the  kingdom  of  Naples  was  the  theatre 
i44a-z4iS*  *  ^%  war  between  the  Houfes  of  Anjott  and  Arra* 
goo*  It  flonriflicd  under  the  adinimilratio&  of  Alphonfo  the 

Wife, 


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I 

HISTORY  OF  THE  WOULD. 


193 


VfUct  who  preferred  Italr  to  hit  Sptnifli  dimiiiiidiia.  r45i-i49« 
Fentinandlils  natunil  (on  Succeeded  him  in  Naples  cmlfy 
opprefied  the  barons,  prol)e£led  the  people,  suid  was  de* 
livered  by  a  feafonable  death  from  the  anna  of  Charles 
VIII.  king  of  France.   3.  After  the  death  of  the      of  144^. 
the  Vifcond,  the  duchy  of  Milan,  fupcrior  in  Taln^  to 
feveral  kingdoms,  was  claimed  by  the  duke  of  Orleans  in  z45o-i466» 
right  of  h!«  mother  j  but  was  ufurped  by  Francis  Sforza, 
the  baUcird  of  a  peafant,  and  one  of  the  moft  renowned 
leaders  ui  the  mercenary  hands  ;  who,  with  a  poHcy  equal  . 
to  his  valour,  left  Milan  the  peaceable  inheritance  ot  his 
family.    4.  The  clevritiun  of  tlie  Medici  was  the  more 
gradual  effc£l  of  prud-ncc  and  induftry :  Cofmo  the  fa- 
ther  of  his  country,  and  Lorenzo  the  father  of  the  mufes,  X47»-i49»» 
in  the  humble  (lation  of  citizens  and  meichantS)  revived 
learning,  governed  Florence,  and  influenced  the  reft  of  \ 
Italy.'   Tltc  old  forms  of  the  commonwealth  were  pre- 
fervcd,  and  it  was  only  by  an  unuliial  tranquillity  that  the 
Florentines  could  be  fenfible  of  the  lois  ot  their  freedom. 
5.  The  wifdom  of  the  Venfiian  fcnate,  the  arts  andopu- 
lence  of  Venice,  an  extendve  commerce,  a  formidable 
navy,  the  poflcflion  of  a  long  tra^  of  fca-coaft  inDalma- 
tia,  with  the  iflands  of  Candia,  Cyprus,  S:c.  formed  the 
natural  f^rCTij^th  of  3  republic  refpe^^ed  in  Europe  as  th« 
firmeil  bulwark  againil  the  Turkilh  arms.     The  impru- 
dent conquers  in  Lombardy,  from  which  the  Venetians 
were  not  able  to  refrain  5  the  Friul,  Padua,  Vicenza» 
Verona,  Brefcia,  and  Bergamo,  drained  the  treafury  of  - 
St.  Mark,  and  excited  the  jealoufy  of  the  Italian  powers. 

The  reign  of  the  emperor  Robert  Count  Palatin  was  ocnniaf* 
obfcvre  and  inglorious.    Though  S^mond  of  Luxcm-  ,  q^j^jq. 
bourg  preHded  with  fome  dignity  at  the  council  of  Con- 
dance,  his  adminiftration  was  rather  bufy  than  adive. 
After  his  death,  the  Imperial  crown  returned  for  ever  to 
the  Houfe  of  Auftria,  firli  in  the  pcrfon  of  Albert  IL  and  ^ 
then  of  Frederic  III ;  the  latter  pofieffed  the  title  of  em-  '"^^''^^^ 
peror  above  half  a  century  without  either  authority  or 
reputation.  Germany  was  without  influence  in  Europe; 
but  judicious  foreigners  began  to  difcover  the  latent  " 
powers  of  .that  great  body,  when  once  roufed  into  a^ion 
by  the  neceffity  of  its  own  defence.  The  levity  of  Mail-  S491-X5<9- 
milian  L  engaged  htm  in  perpetual  wars  and  treatiesi ' 
which  commonly  ended  tnhisdifappointmentaiidconfo^ 
fioQ*  Howerer,  he  may  be  confidered  as  the  founder  of  the 
AttftrUn  greatnefs,  by  his  marriage  with  Mary  of  Burgur* 
dy  i  and  as  the  founder  of  the  puhUc  law,  by  his  uTefut 
,  aftictttlons  of  the  dicles  and  of  the  Emyerial  chamber. 
Vol.  m.  O  .  Th# 


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0U1,LIM£S  OF  THB 


The  ufurpatioa  of  the  Houfe  of  Lancafhcr  \ra8  fap-' 
ported  by  the  fortune  and  abjuiici  oi  Hcury  IV.  His 
waruKc  ion  Henry  V.  afl'tfrted,  by  the  viclory  of  Azm- 
court  the  cUiiii  of  the  IMantagcricts  to  the  French  mo- 
narchy. The  conquefl  of  it  was  a  taT^  niuch  to.^  iliifi- 
cult  for  a  prince  whole  revenue  did  not  exceed  an  hun-  • 
drcd  and  ten  thoufaud  pounds  of  our  prefent  money,  and 
whofc  fiibje£\s  were  neither  aSl;'  nor  wiilingto  ni  ike  any 
extraordinary  clForrs  to  render  Lngland  in  the  end  a  pro- 
vince of  France.  The  vindictive  fpirit  of  Queen  Ifabella, 
and  of  Philip  duke  of  Pargundy,  betrayed  their  country 
and  poilerity.  The  Eoglifh  monatch  was  folidud  to  fign 
the  treaty  of  Troyes,  and  to  accept,  with  the  hand  of  the 
princefi  Catharine,  the  quality  of  regent  and  heir  of 
France*  His  infant  fon  Henry  VI.  was  proclaimed  at 
Faria  as  well  ns  at  London.  His  reign  was  d  fertes  oC 
lyeaknefs  and  misfortunes.  The  French  conqUefls  Mrere 
gradually  loll,  and  the  Englifli  barons  returned  into  their 
iHand  exafpcrated  againft  each  other,  habituated  to  the 
power  and  licence  of  war,  and  as  much  difcontented  with 
the  monkifli  virtues  of  Henry,  as  with  the  mafculiae 
xxt  and  foreign  connedlions  of  his  queen  Margaret  of  An* 
iott.  The  prctcnlions  of  Richard  duke  of  York|  and  of 
hi«  fon  Edward  IV.*  inflamed  the  difcontent  into  civil 
war.  Hereditary  right  was  pleaded  agaioll  long  poflef* 
i|on }  the  banner^  of  the  white  and  red  rofes  met  in  maiiy 
a  bloody  field,  and  the  votes  of  parliaoiem  varie^-  widi 
the  chance  of  arms.  Edward  of  York  aflumed  the  titk  of 
king,  revenged  the  death  of  his  Either,  and  triumphed' 
over  the  Luicaftrian  party  :  but  no  fooner  was  the.  im- 
prudent youth  feated  on  the  throne,  than  he  cad  away  tbe 
frtendfhip  of  the  great  earl  of  Warwick,  and  with  it  the' 
EngliOi  fceptre.  That  warlike  and  popular  nobleman^ 
impatient  of  indignities,  drove  Edward  into  exile,  and 
brought  back  Henry  (fcarcely  confcious  of  the  change) 
from  iIk  tower  to  the  palace.  Edward's  at\ivity  foon  rc- 
Itievcd  his  indifcretion.  Ht*  landed  in  England  with  a 
few  iDilouers,  called  an  army  to  his  (landard,  obtained 
tlie  dtcirivc  vi^ioiic'^  ut  li  iniei  and  Tewkfhury,  and  fuf- 
fered  no  enemy  to  live  v^lio  might  iiuciiupi  ihj  (ecuriiv 
aiui  pleafure  of  his  future  reign.  The  crimes  ui  Richanl 
IIL,  who  afconilcd  the  throne  bv  the  murder  of  Lis  iwo 
jicplicws  fEOu.uuV.  and  his  brcuherj,  reconciled  t};e 
panics  of  York  and  Lanc.llcr.  Hem  y  Tudui  e^irl  ot  Rich- 
mond was  invited  over  f.om  Bntuny  as  the  common 
avenger,  van^uiihed  and  flew  the  lyrani  in  the  field  of  Bof- 
v  rrth,  and  uniting  the  two  rofcS  by  h;s  nu;ii  iage  with 
ddvU  d.iUKiiter  uf  Edward  iV.,  gave  Enulaad  a  profpe^ 

of 

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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD.  ^  i^^ 

of  (efcnor  days*  Tho  kingdom  had  however  ftfffined 
lefs  tfaao  might  be  expe£ted  nom  the  calamities  of  civil 
war.  ,  The  frequent  revolutions  were  decided  bj  one  or 
two  battles ;  anid  fo  ihort  a  time  was  confumed  in  a^ual 

hoUllities  as  allowed  not  any  foreign  power  to  interpofe 
his  tlangcrous  afllflance  :  no  cities  were  dcflroyed,  as  none 
were  enough  fortified  to  fuftain  a  fiege.  The  eliarchcs, 
and  even  tlic  puvikgc  ol  iariclu<ii  ics  were  rclpL-Clcd,  and 
the  revenge  of  the  conquerors  was  connnoaly  confincil  to 
the  princes  and  barons  of  the  adverfe  party,  who  all  died 
in  the  field  or  on  the  Il.iIIuUI.  ine  power  and  citates 
of  this  old  nobility  wcic  gradually  fharcd  by  a  multitude 
of  new  families  enriched  bv  connncrce,  and  favoured  by 
the  wile  policy  of  Henry  VII. ;  but  between  the  depref- 
fion  of  the  araiocracy  and  the  rife  of  the  commons^ 
there  was  an  interval  of  unrefilled  dcfpotifm. 

The  fa(nions  of  Rnrgundy  and  Orleans,  who  difputed  pi^ce, 
the  g'lvrrnnient  of  Charles  VI.,  filled  France  whh  blood 
and  contuhon.    The  duke  of  Orleans  was  treacheroully 
murdered  in  the  itrcets  of  Paris,  and  John  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, who  avowed  and  juflified  tlu;  deed,  was  fome 

2 ears  afterwards  aiTaiFinated  in  the  prefence,  and  proba^ 
ly  with  the  confent  of  the  young  Dauphin.  That  prince, 
pmecuted  by  his  mother,  difmherited  by  the  treaty  of 
Troycs,  and  on  every  fide  prcfl*ed  and  furroundcd  by  the 
vidorious  £ngUih«  afliimed  the  title  of  Charles  VII.  on 
his  father's  dcatli,  and  appealed,  though  with  little  hopes 
of  fucceCs^  to  God  and  his  fword.  The  French  monar*- 
chj  was  on  the  brink  of  ruin^  but  like  the  Othman  enir 
piie  in  the  fame  century^  role  more  powerful  from  tt^ 
falL  A  generous  enthufiafm  £rft  revived  the  national 
^tiit*  and  awakened  the  young  monarch  from  his  indo- 
km  defpair.  A  (hepherdefs  declared  a  divine  commif- 
fion  to  raife  the  fiege  of  .Orleans^  and  to  crown  him  iql 
Jtheims.  She  performed  her  promifes  i  and  the  confter- 
nation  of  the  EngHlh  was  ftUl  greater  than  their  lofs. 
The  genius  of  Charles,  feconded  by  his  brave  and  loyal 
nobility,  feemed  to  expand  with  bis  fortune*  The  duke 
of  Burgundy  was  reconciled  to  his  kinfman  and  fove- 
reign,  Paris  opened  its  gates  with  willing  fubmiffion, 
and  at  Icngih,  after  feme  years  of  hnpuid  operations  or 
inipcried^  truces,  thu  i'tt^nch  recovcicJ  Normandy  and 
Cayenne,  and  kit  the  Englifh  no  fooling  in  their  coun- 
try beyond  the  walls  of  Calais.  The  \Ai  years  of  Charles 
Vlith's  reijjn  were  coiployed  in  rcforuiiu^  and  regulat- 

O  *  ing 


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OUTLINES  OF  THE 


ing  the  ftate  of  the  kingdom.  He  is  the  firft  modem 
prince  who  has  poffcffcd  a  milifary  force  in  time  of 
peace,  or  impofed  taxes  by  his  folc  authority.  Tlie  for- 
mer campofcd  of  1500  lances,  who  wiiii  i])elr  followers 
made  a  body  ot  gcco  horfe.  The  laittr  did  not  exceed 
360,000  pounds  fterlinjr.  This  great  altcjaiioa  was  in- 
troduced without  opnoHtion,  and  felt  only  by  its  confc- 
quences,  wlnc-i  gradu.  My  alFccled  all  Europe. 

The  feudiu  lyilem,  weakened,  in  France,  by  thefc  in- 
novations, was  aniiiliilaced  by  tlic  fevere  drfpotifm  of 
Lewis  XL,  into  whom  the  foul  of  "ribcrius  mi  dit  fet"m 
to  have  paiTed.  As  it  was  his  conit.nu  policy  to  level  all 
diftinif^ioiis  among  his  fubjccts,  except  fuch  as  were  de- 
rived from  /:is  favour,  the  princes  and  g.  .  nobility  took, 
lip  arms,  and  beficgcd  liim  in  Paris:  but  their  confede- 
racy, furnasncd  of  the  pubiic  good,  was  foon  diflblved  by 
the  jealoufy  and  private  views  of  the  leader^  few  of 
whom  afterwards  efcaped  the  revenge  of  a  tyrant,  alike 
infcnfiblcto  the  fan£ltty  of  oaths,  the  laws  of  juflice,  or 
the  di^fcates  of  humanity.  The  Gendarmerie  of  the  king- 
dom was  increafcd  to  4000  lances,  belides  a  diiciplined 
militia,  a  large  body  of  Swifs  infantry,  and  a  confider- 
ahle  train  of  artillery,  the  nfe  of  which  had  already 
tered  the  art  of  war.  The  revenue  of  France  was 
raifed  to  nearly  a  million  fterlingi  as  well  by  extraordt* 
nary  impoiitionSi  at  by  the  union  of  Anjou,  Maioe^  Pro- 
vence, Rouflillon,  Burgundy,  Franche-Comte,  and  Ar» 
'  tois  10  the  body  of  the  French  monarchy ;  wh|ch,  under 
this  wife  tyrant,  began  to  improve  in  domeftic  policy,  and 
to  afliime  the  firft  ftation  in  the  great  republic  of  Qpif* 
tendom. 

The  revolution  which  reftored  Burgundy  to  the  French 
monarchy  merits  more  than  conunon  attention.  Charles 

the  Bold,  of  the  houfe  of  France,  dnke  of  Burgundy, 

and  fovereign  of  the  Netherlands,  was  the  natural  and 

im')l3c^.hle  Liicmv  oF  Lewis  XI.  His  fubje<fls  of  Bur- 
gundy  Wcfc  brave  a;id  loyul ;  tliolc  of  i  landers,  rich 
and  indudrious  ;  his  revei.ue  was  confulerable  ;  his  court 
magnificent;  his  troops  numerous  and  well  difciplined  ; 
and  his  dominions  eidarged  by  the  acquifition  of  Guel- 
ders,  Alface,  and  Lorraine.  But  hii  vain  projc(fls  of 
ambition  were  far  fupcrior  cither  to  hi.^  power  or  his  abi- 
lities. At  one  and  the  fame  time  he  alplred  to  obtain 
thf  rc^ril  title,  to  he  eletfled  king  of  the  Romans,  to  di- 
vide France  with  the  Engliih,  to  invade  luly,  and  to 

lead 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


lead  a  crufade  againfl  the  Turks.  The  Swifs  Cantons, 
a  name  till  then  unknown  in  Europe,  Iiumbled  his  pride. 
Many  writers,  more  attentive  to  the  moral  precept  than 
to  hiiloric  truth,  have  reprefcnted  the  Swifs  as  a  harm- 
lefs  people,  attacked  without  juitice  or  provocation* 
Thofe  rtide  mouiitaineers  were,  on  the  contrary,  the  ag- 
gfcflbrs :  and  it  appears  hj  authentic  documents,  that 
French  intrigues,  and  even  French  money,  had  found  a 
way  into  the  fenate  of  Berne.  Lewis  XL,  who  in  his 
yottth  had  exjienenced  the  valour  of  the  Swifs,  inflamed 
the  quarrel  till  it  became  irreconcileable,  and  then  (at 
down  the  quiet  fpedlator  of  the  event.  The  Gendar- 
merie of  Burgundy  was  difcomfited  in  three  great  battles^ 
by  the  -firm  battalions  of  Swifs  infantry,  compoled  of 
pikenen  and  aiufqueteto.  At  Granfon»  Charles  loft 
his  honour  and  treafures;  at  Morat,  the  flower  of  his' 
troops  $  and  at  Nancy,  his  life*  He  left  only  an  orphan 
daughter,  whofe  rich  patrimony  Lewis  might  perhaps 
have  (ecured  bv  a  treaty  of  marriage.  Adu^Ued  by 
paflion,  rather  wan  found  policy,  he  chofe  to  raviih  it 
by  conqueft.  Buijundy  and  Artois  fubmitted  without 
much  difficulty ;  but  the  Flemings,  exafperated  by  the 
memory  of  ancient  injuries,  difdained  the  French  yoke, 
aiid  n.arricd  their  young  princefs  Mary  to  Maximilian, 
Ibn  of  the  cnipcror  Frederic  IIL  The  how  Countries 
became  the  inheritance  of  the  houic  of  Aufhia,  and  iLu 
fubjcO,  as  well  as  theatre,  of  u  long  ferics  of  wars,  the 
moil  celebrated  that  have  ever  difturbed  Europe. 

Such  was  the  growing  profpcrity  of  France,  that  even 
the  difiurbances  of  a  minority  proved  favourable  to  its 
grcatnefs.  Brittany,  the  lall  of  the  great  fiefs,  cfcaped 
a  total  conqueilonly  by  the  marriage  of  Anne,  hchefs 
of  tliat  gr  at  duchy,  with  CIliHcs  VIII.,  fon  and  fuc- 
ceffor  of  Lewis  XI.  The  expedition  of  Charles  VIIL 
into  Italy  difplayed  his  charnf'ter,  and  that  of  the  nation 
which  he  commanded.  In  live  months  he  traverfed  al- 
frighted  Italy  as  a  conqueror,  gave  laws  to  t!)e  Floren- 
tines and  the  Pope,  was  acknowledged  King  of  Naples, 
and  aflumed  the  title  of  Emperor  of  the  £a{l.  Every 
thing  yielded  to  the  firft  fury  of  the  French  ;  every  thing 
was  loft  by  the  imprudence  of  their  couticils.  The  Italian 
powers,  recovered  from  their  aftonifhment,  formed  a 
league  ^vitli  Maxiin'i'm  and  Ferdinand,  intercept  the 
return  of  Charles  VIIL  The  Idngdom  r  ^  Maples  ef- 
caped  from  his  hands,  and  the.viclory  of  Fernova  only 

ferved 


s 


OUTLINES  OF  THE 

ferved  to  fee  ore  his  retreat.  He  died  (oon  afterwards, 
leaving  his  kingdom  exhauded  by  this  rafli  cntcrprlzc, 
and  weakened  by  the  imprudent  ceflion  of  Rouflillon  to 
the  Spaniards,  and  of  Franche-Comt^  and  Artois  to  the 
houfc  of  Audria. 

Spain  was  hadening  to  aflume  the  form  of  a  powerful 
monarchy.  Cadile  and  Arragon  were  firft  under  the 
iame  family,  and  not  long  afterwards  under  the  fame 
fovereigns.  Henry  IV.,  King  of  Cadile,  a  prince  odi- 
6tts  for  his  vices,  and  contemptible  for  his  weaknefs,  > 
was  folemnly  depofed  in  a  great  aifembly  of  his  fub* 
je^ks  \  who,  defptfing  the  fuipictous  birth  of  his  daugh* 
ter  Juanna,  placed  the  crown  on  the  head  of  I(abella»  * 
his  fifler.  The  marriage  of  that  princels  with  Ferdi- 
nand of  Arragon  completed  the  falutary  revolution.  The 
Spaniards  celebrate,  with  reafon,  the  united  adminiftra- 
tion  of  fhofe  monarchs;  thb  manly  virtues  of  Ifabella, 
and  the  profound  policy  of  Ferdinand  the  cathotici  al- 
ways covered  yrlth  the  veil  of  religion^  though  often  re- 
pugnant to  the  principles  of  juftice.  After  a  ten  years* 
war,  they  executed  the  great  obje^l  of  delivering  Spain 
from  the  infidels.  The  Moors  of  Granada  defended  that 
hA  pc^flion  with  obftinate  va!our»  and  ftipulated,  by 
their  capitulation,  the  free  exercife  of  the  Mahometan 
religion.  Public  faith,  gratitude,  and  policy  ought  to  have 
maintained  this  treaty ;  and  it  is  a  reproach  to  the  me- 
mory of  the  );reat  Ximenes  that  he  urged  his  m-fucrs  to 
violate  it.  The  fcveic  pcrfecutioiis  of  the  M  ihoiiieuns, 
and  the  expiilfion  of  many  thoufands  of  Jewilli  families, 
inflirted  a  deep  but  fecret  woantl  on  Spain,  in  the  midll 
of  its  glory.  The  profperity  of  Ferdinand  and  Ifabella 
was  embittered  by  the  death  of  their  only  Urn.  Their 
daughter  Juanna  married  the  Archduke  Philip,  (fon  of 
the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  of  Mary  of  Burgundy),  and 
the  great  fucccflions  of  the  houfes  of  Auflria,  of  Arra- 
gon, and  of  Caftile,  were  gradually  accumulated  on  the 
head  of  Charles  the  fortunate  ofispiing  of  that  mar- 
riage. 

The  dominion  of  Spain  was  extended  into  a  new  he- 
inifphere,  which  had  never  yet  been  vifitcd  hy  the  nati- 
ons placed  on  our  fide  of  the  pl;inet.  Chriftophcr  Co- 
lumbus, a  Genoefe,  obtained  from  the  miuifters  of  Ifa- 
bella, after  long  folicitations  and  frequent  repulfes,  three 
fmall  barks  and  ninctv  men,  with  which  he  truflcdhim* 
Idf  to  the  unknown  Atlantic*   His  timid  and  ignorant 

failors 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD 


failoTB  replcatedly  exclaimed,  that  he  was  cnrrylnj^  them 
beyond  the  appointed  limits  of  Nature,  whence  tlicy 
'could  never  rcturTi.    Columbus  refilled  tlieir  k  j.iir.ours, 
-and  at  die  end  of  tliii  tv-iliree  days  from  the  Canaries, 
fhewed  them  tlie  Ill^nd  of  Hifpaniohi,   nb( muling  in 
gold,  and  inhabited  by  a  gentle  race  of  men.  In  his  fub- 
■fequent  voyages,  undertaken  with  a  more  eonfidcrablc 
force,  he  difcovcred  many  other  iflands,  and  faw  the 
great  contineiit  of  America,  of  whofc  exigence  he  was 
-already  cnnvinccd  from  fpenilntlon. 

The  di.co',  cries  of  Columbus  were  the  effort  of  genius 
nrd  cour.ije  -thofc  of  the  Portuguefe,  the  flow  efFe(fl 
of  time  and  indaflry.  They  failed  round  the  continent 
of  Africa  ;  found,  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  new 
and  n^rre  ii '.dependent  rente  to  the  \\  \\\  Indies,  and  foon 
diverted  tiie  commerce  oi  tixe  eait  from  Alaxandria  aud 
Venice  to  Llibon. 

A  ni:w  worlil  wn*^  opened  to  ?he  ftiidious  as  well  as  to 
the  active  part  ot  mankind.  It  was  fcarccly  pofrible  for 
the  ItaUans  to  read  Virgil  and  Cicero,  without  a  defirc 
of  being  acquainted  with  Homer,  Plato,  and  Demoft- 
hcnep.  Their  wifhes  were  gratified  by  the  aHidance  of 
many  learned  Greeks,  who  fled  from  the  Turkifli  arms. 
The  manuCcnpts  wHich  they  had  faved,  or  which  were 
difcovercd  rn  old  libraries,  were  quickly  diffufed  and 
multiplied  by  the  ufeful  invention  of  printing,  wliich  fo 
much  facilitated  the  acquifuion  of  knowledge.  For  fome 
time,  however,  the  genius  of  the  Italians  feemed  over- 
powered by  this  fuddcn  acceifion  of  learning.  Indead 
of  exercifing  their  own  reafon,  they  acquiefced  in  that 
of  the  ancients;  inftcad  of  transfufmg  into  their  native 
tongue  the  taflc  and  fpirit  of  the  claffips,  thcy  copied, 
with  the  moft  awkward  fervility,  the  language  and  ideas 
'ftttted  to  an  age  fo  different  from  their  own. 

If  we  turn  from  letters  to  religion,  the  Chriftian  mail 
grierc,  and  the  philofopher  will  fmile«  By  a  propenfity 
aatural  to  man,  the  multitude  had  eaHly  relapfed  intpthe 
groflefl  polytheifm.  The  e^ftence  of  a  Supreme  Being 
was  indeed  acknowledged!  his  myflerious  attributes 
were  minutely,  and  even  indecentlyi  canva^d  in  the 
fdiools ;  but  he  was  allowed  a  very  fmall  (hare  in  the 
public  worlhip,  or  the  adminiftratton  of  the  univerfe. 
The  devotion  of  the  people  was  directed  to  the  Saints 
and  the  Virgin  Mary,  the  delegates,  and  almoft  the  part- 
nevsj  of  his  authority*  From  the  eitremities  of  Chris- 
tendom 


OUTLIN£8»  to 


tendom  thoufands  of  pilgrims,  hden  with  rich  ofFcrings, 
crowded  to  the  temples  and  Ratues  the  mod  celebrated 
for  their  miraculous  powers.  New  legends  and  new 
practices  of  fuperftition  weie  daily  invented  by  the  inte-> 
lefted  diligence  of  the  mendicant  friars ;  and,  as  this  le- 
ligion  had  fcarcelv  any  connexion  with  niofality»  everr 
fin  was  ei^iated  by  penance^  and  every  penance  mduU 
gently  commuted  into  a  fine.  The  popeSt  hilhops,  and 
rich  abbolSt  cardeis  of  the  public  efteon,  were  foldicrs, 
ftatefraen,  and  men  of  plealnre  ;  yet  even  ft4ch  dignified 
ecdefiaftics  Uuflwd  at  the  gfoier  vices  of  their  inferior 
deigy. 


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E     S     S     A  I 


L  '  6  T  U  D  E 


* 


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The  foliow  'mg  is  in  Mr,  Gibbon*/  hand'^utriiirtgy 
the  back  of  the  titie-^fagi  ff  the  interieawd  eefy  already 
,  miftthned. 

liffllS  amis  me  fircnt  puUier  cet  outrage,  pour  ainfi 

dke,  malgr^  moi«  Cette  ezcufe  banalc  des  auteurs  ne  VdSL 

point  cependant  pour  moi.   Mon  pte  voolut  me  |e  fane 

publler  rhyver  pafle*   Ma  jcuneflef  et  un  foods  d*or- 

gueil  qui  me  rend  beaucoup  plus  fenfible  aai  criciqiies 

qu'aiue  ^loges,  m'emp^h^rent  dc  goiiter  fon  projet. 

Mais  me  trouvant'a  la  campagne  avec  lui  a«  moia  de 

MarS)  il  rtnoimlh  *  fes  inftatices  d'atie  maftitre  ft  vire 

que  je  ne  pus  m'cn  defendre.    M.  Mallet  me  fit  connoi- 

trc  un  libraire  nomm^  Becket,  a  qui  je  ccdai  mon 

manufcrity  moycnnant  quarante  cxcmplaires  pour  moi. 

■       M.  Maty  corrigea  k  s  1\  uillcs.     L'imprcflion  de 

I'ouvrage,  entrcprifc  au  commencement  dc  Mai,  nc  fut 

achcvce  qu'a  la  fm  de  Juin,  et  mon  livre  ne  fc  debitoit 

que  vers  1e  milieu  du  mois  fuivant.    M.  Mallet  fe  char- 

gca  dc  la  diflribution  d'urre  bontie' partie  des  prefcn.  que 

j'avois  envie  d*en  faire.    Void  i'extnut  d*unc  Icttre  qu'il 

m'ecrivit  le  9  JuiUet  1761. 

*      • '  *  •         •  •    ,  ' 

■     Dear  Sir, 

I  HAVE  excutedthe  orders  you  gate  me,  and  all 
^<  the  books  have  been  delivered  fome  days.  Lord  Chef* 
«  terfieid  returns  you  his  thanks  ;  I  expert  in  writiog, 
^<  and  have  had  Lady  Harvey's  in  that  manner.  Lord 
HardwicKC,  with  his  compliments  for  the  book  to 
bimielf,  aifured  me  he  would  fend  the  other  to  his 
fon,  aiid  recommend  yon  to  his  acquaintance.  Lord 
^  Egremont  will  be  glad  to  know  you,  if  ever  you  (hould 
think  of  a  journey  to  Augfbourg.  I  found  Lord  Gran— 
«  ville  reading  you,  after  ten  at  night ;  his  fingle  appro- 
^*  bation^  which  he  afiures  you  of,  will  go  tor  more 
than  that  of  a  hundred  other  readers.   I  have  gone 
M  further,  in  fending  one  copy  to  the  Count  de  Caylus* 
<f  another  to  the  Ducheft  d*Aiguillon,  and  in  giving  a 
«  third  to  M.  de  BuOy.'' 

■ 

SSasSSBSaSBB^SSBSSS 


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■  T«  EDWARD  GIBBON  E/^uin» 

« 

Dear  Sir, 

« 

*X  TO  performance  is,  In  my  opinions  more  contemp* 
V\  tible  than  a  Dedication  of  the  common  fort ;  wKcn 
lome  great  man  is  prcfented  with  a  book,  which*  if 
Science  be  the  fubje£);t  he  is  incapable  of  iinderftanding ; 
if  Polite  Literature,  incapable  of  tafting :  and  this  ho^ 
nour  is  done  him  as  a  reward  for  virtues,  which  he  nei- 
ther does,  nor  defires  to  poiTefs.  I  know  bat  two  kinds 
of  dedications,  which  can  do  honour  eidier  to  the  patron 
'or  author*  The  firft  is,  when  an  unexperienced  writer 
addreiies  htmfelf  to  a  'nafter  of  the  art,  in  trhich  he  en- 
deavours to  excel  \  whofe  example  he  is  amUtious  of 
imitating  ;  by  whofe  advice  he  has  been  direded  ^  or 
whofe  approbation  he  is  anxious  to  deferve. 

The  other  fort  is  yet  more  honourable.  It  is  di<flatecl 
by  the  hcjit,  .liivl  ofTcrctl  fome  pcrlon  who  is  dear  to 
U5,  hciaufe  he  ought  to  be  io.  It  is  an  opportunity  wc 
embrace  with  plcafiirc  of  making  public  thofe  ftntimentt 
of  cRccm,  of  fricHilfliip,  ot  gratitude,  or  oi  all  together, 
which  wc  really  fcel|  and  which  therefore  we  dc£re 
IhouUi  be  knov  n. 

I  hope,  dear  Sir,  my  pafl  condu^l  will  eafily  lead  you 
to  difcovcr  to  what  princijile  you  fhculd  attribute  this 
eplftlc  winch,  if  it  furprilcs,  will,  1  hope,  not  flilpk^fr 
you.  If  I  am  capable  of  profiucing  any  thing  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  public,  it  is  to  you  that  I  owe  it ;  to  that 
truly  paternal  care  which,  from  the  firft  dawnings  of 
my  rcafon,  has  always  watched  over  my  education,  and 
.allbrded  me  every  opportunity  of  improvement.  Permit 
me  here  to  exprefs  my  grateful  fenfe  of  your  tendernefs 
tome,  and  to  aflure  you,  that  the  ftudF  of  my  whole  life 
fhall  be  to  acquit  myfelf,  in  fomemeaiure,  of  obligations 
I  can  never  fully  repay.  - 

I  am,  dear  Sir,  with  the  fincereit  aileillion  and  regard. 
Tour  moft  dutiful  fon,  and  faithful  (errant, 

GIBQON,  junior. 

Ma^  the  iSth,  1761. 


'AVIS    au  LECTEUR. 

C'£ST  un  veritable  eiTai  que  je  produis  au  grand  jour. 
Je  fouhaiterois  me  connoitre.  Ma  prevention  et 
celiede  quelques  amis,  m'en  infpireroient  des  id6es  tiop 
nvantageufts,  fi  moo  Apollon  cctte  voix  fecrette  que 
je  ne  puis  faire  taire,  oc  m'avettiflpit  fouvent  de  ihe  d^fier 
ic  Icurs  eioges.  Dois  Je  me  bomer  a  recneillir  n  vcc  rccon- 
BoiiTance  les  bieolails  de  mea  piedeceflTeurs  i  Puis-je  ef- 
p6rer  d'ajoiiter  quelque  chofc  au  trefor  commun  des  tc- 
Tit6a  ou  da  moioi  des  idees  ?  Je  tidierai  d'entendre 
Fatfitdu  public  et  meme  fon  filehce,  et  je  nerentendrai 
que  pour  m'y  foumettre.  Point  de  Fhiltppiques  contre 
mon  fiecle>  point  d*appel  |  la  pofterit6. 

L*envie  de  juftifier  une  6tude  favorite,  e'e(l-i-dire» 
Vamour  proure  un  peu  d^gttif6,  fit  naitre  les  r6fl6xton$ 
fttivantes.  Je  ▼oulots  affiranefair  une  fcience  ellimable^ 
dn  mepris  ou  die  languit  aujoutdKui.  II  eft  vrai  qu'on 
lit  encore  les  anciens»  mats  on  ne  les  ^tudie  plus.  On 
n'y  apporte  plus  cette  attention,  et  cet  apparol  de  con* 
ootiTances  que  Cic^ron  et  Bofliiet  exigent  de  leurs  lec* 
teurs.  .  n  eft  encore  des  gens  de  gout,  mais  il  eft  peu  de 
litttoiteurs ;  et  ceux  qui  favent  que  les  gens  de  iettres 
peuvent  fe  pafTer  des  recompenfes  plus  aif^ment  que  de 
I'eftime  du public,  ne  s'en  ^tonneront  point. 

Ceft  un  efTai,  je  le  r^p^tc  encore ;  cc  n*eft  point  un 
traitc  complet  qu'on  va  lire.  J'ai  cnvifaf^c  \:\  litti  i  j:urc 
ious  qackjues  points  dc  vue  qui  ni^avoicnt  frappe.  Plu- 
iieurs,  fansdoutc,  me  font  echappcs.  J'cn  al  ncj^lige  quel- 
ques autrcs.  Je  nc  i\iib  point  entre  cbns  la  carricrc  im- 
nicnfe  des  beaux-arts,  des  btautcs  tju'ils  cn^priit)tciu  de 
la  Jiticiaturc,  et  dc  ccllcs  qu'ils  lut  rcndcnt.  Qmc  ne 
fuis-jc  un  Caylus  ou  un  Spence  f  !  J'elcvcrois  un  monu- 
ment cternci  a  leur  alliance.  L'on  y  vcrroit  rioia^c  dc 
Jupiter  eclurc  dans  Ic  ccrvcau  d'Homerc,  et  venir  fe  placer 
fous  le  cizcau  Uc  Phidias.  Mais  je  ne  me  fui*;  point  dit 
avec  ie  Correge  i  "  et  moi  audi  je  iuis  pcintre." 

I*e  s  Fevrier,  1759. 

•  — — —  Cynthius  aurcm 
Vellit  et  admonuit. 

f  Auteur  d'uo  ouvraec  nommc  Pnlymctm.  La  mythcl'^gic  t?c*  poctes 
7  eft  combing  ivtfc  ceSe  ilet  fculpteort.  Ctt  onrngt  plcin  d«  go^  et 
de  fikvoir  meriter oit  d'^uc  pl«i  cqodu  en  fruaec 

Apres 


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Apres  avoir  gt^rde,  pendant  deux  ans,  cc  petit  ouvragc, 
ramufemcnt  de  mon  loifir  a  la  campagne,  je  me  hazarde 
cnfin  a  le  donner  au  public.  J'ai  befoin  de  Ton  indul- 
gence pour  le  fond  des  chofes^  et  pour  le  langage.  Ma 
jeuneife  m*y  donne  un  jude  litre  pour  Vvm,  et  ma  quac 
ht€  d'toam^er  me  la  rend  bien  n^ceflaire  pour  rautie. 

Le  t6  Avrily  1761. 


» 

A  L'AUTEUR. 

TE  rc^ois,  mon  chcr  Monsielr,  les  fcullles  de  votre 
J  ouvrage,  toutes  mouill^cs  au  iortir  de  Ia  juefle.  Lc 
(entimeut  qui  vous  engagea  a  me  les  communiqner,  eft 
paiTe  dans  mon  cocur.  Ne  me  demaiidcz  plus  inoa 
jugement,  ii  nc  peut  etre  que  partiuJ. 

Mais  le  public  aura-t-il  les  yeux  d'un  ami  ?  Cet  eflai 
de  V08  forces,  ce  «^erme  Iveureux  d'ouvrages  plus  con  fide- 
rabies,  fcra-t-II  aecueilli,  icra-t-il  epargne  ?  inquicaulc 
natureile  a  un  jcune  auteur  '  Flic  rhonore,  eile  n'cft 
pcrmifc  qu'a  lui.  A  Dicu  nc  plaile  que  vous  perdiez  dc 
long  terns  cetic  prrciculc  defiance  de  i'approbation  du 
public,  qui  vous  mit  en  etat  de  la  meriter  !  Si  jamais 
vieux  ecrivain  vous  prenez  moins  de  peine,  c'eft  que  T0118 
Yous  connoitrez  mieux  et  craindrez  moins  vos  Juges. 
Voudrois-je  oter  a  la  jeune  beaut^  la  mode^  rongeur 

*  qui  lui  fait  m6coiinoltre  fc8  chnrmes*  et  qui  ne  ceflera  que 
quand  ila  nc  feront  plus  ?  Non»  Monfieur«  je  ne  vous 
rafliire  point ;  Je  veux  jouir  de  vos  allarmes  ;  vol  cen- 
leurs  vont  paroltre  ^  armez-vous  d'intrepidite. 

Avez-vou';  ptt  croire  qu*on  pardonneroit  i  un  homme 

-ni  pour  a(iilter  aux  afiembl^es  tumultueufes  du  f6nat,  et 
)a  deftru£^ion  des  renards  de  fa  promcef  des  difcuifiont 
fiir  ee  qu'on  penfai  il  y  a  deux  mUIe  ans»  fur  les  diTi« 
nit^s  de  la  Grece^  et  fur  les  premiers  fiedes  de  Rome  ? 
Qu^ol !  pas  la  moindre  allufion  a  ce  qui  fe  pafle  de  nos 
jo^rs !  Une  brochure^  oik  it  n'eft  queftion  ni  de  la  gu^e 
ni  du  commerce»  oii  Von  ne  pr^rit  point  de  llmites  ni 
ne  propofe  aucune  reduAion,  ovi  Ton  ne  fak  aucun-omH 
pliment  au  prtnoe^  ni  de  le^on  2  fes  minifties  I  En 
tM  je  vous  admire^  et  qu'en  dini*t*on,  je  vooa  k  de* 
maode,  en  Hamplhke  i 


» 

Le  Qrec  dolt  etre  latHe  au  college  et-i  b  roture  ^  ainfi 
fa-t-on  pcut-ctre  decide  chez  nos  voiGiUi  ct  ccttc  mode 
ijienace  Jc  devenir  contagicufe.  Je  fais  que  Paris  nc 
croit  pus  ciicure  dcilioiioic  d\iu  Cjv'.Ub  ct  J'un  Nivernois, 
et  ^uc  votic  iile  comptc  avcc  ^U^iiir  fes  Lytteltoii,  fes 
Marchmonr,  fcs  Orrery,  fes  Bath,  fes  Granville. 
vous  etcs  jcune,  et  i'uu  ioup^oune  ccux  que  jc  vicns  de 
¥ous  nommcr  d'etre  uii  pcu  du  fiecle  palTe.  Vos  nuia 
font  favantes,  mais  qui  a  Newmarkei  ou  dins  le  cafle 
d* Arthur  peut  Ics  lire  ? 

Point  d'ovdre  ni  de  liaifon,  dira  le  gconietie  pique- 
N*en  ioyez  point  furpris,  il  voit  en  vous  un  traasfuge. 
Vous  n'avcz  point  donne  la  pomme  ?.  fa  Venus,  ct  il 
juge  un  ecritdc  gout  fur  le  pied  des  elemens  d'Euciide. 

I^armi  vos  critiques  je  vois  le  litterateur  lui-mcme. 
Je  ne  dirai  pas  que  vous  penfcz,  et  lui  laillcz  le  foin  de 
rccueillir.  Je  vcnis  rcTpccle  trop  pour  voier  ce  bon  mot 
a  Voltaire.  Mais  vos  notes  nc  confiiLcnt  point  en  cor- 
TC^ions  de  paflages.  Q^^  ^  vers  d*Ari(tophane  avcz-vou4 
rcftituc  ?  De  quel  mnnulcrit  vous  appuyez-vous  ?  D*ail- 
leurs  vous  enviraLn"/  inn  Iques  objcls  fous  un  point  devuc 
ou  nouveau  ou  fingulicr.  Votre  el^ronologie  elt  celle  de 
Kcwton  ;  vous  juftifiez  ranachronifmc  de  Virgile  ;  vos 
Dieux  ne  font  pas  ceux  de  .  .  .  .  Craignez  (a  uouvell^ 
Edition ;  vous  aurez  place  dans  fes  notes. 

Je  ne  vous  reproche  point  Tobfcuritey  dirai-je,  ou  la 
,  profbndeur  de  quelques  unes  de  vos  penfi^,  vos  phrafct 
cottp6e8»  h  hardkife  de  vos  figures.  La'  nadon  Acad 6- 
snique  fera  moins  facile^  et  frondera  quiconque  voudroit 
Tous  appllquer  une  dc  vos  notes  et  I'aveu  modefte  de 
forateur  Romain,  en  relifant  dans  i'age  de  la  maturit^y  un 
morceau  applaudi  de  fa  jeunefie.  ^uantU  ilia  ctaitioribus^ 
mdoUfenftuliy  il  avoit  26  ans,  d'txlmus  de  fupplicia  farricida* 
rum  f  qu^  mqyaftiam  fatis  deferhmjji  pojl  aliquafiU  fitttirt 
ittpimus  .  .  .  Bunt  enim  omttia^  ficut  adole/ctntisy  non  turn 
re  et  maturltale^  quam  fpe  et  expe^atione^  laudati  \* 

J'ai  gard^pour  le  dernier  le  plus  grand  dft  vot  trimes* 
Vous  kit9  Angk»i8»  etTOUs  choifiiTez  la  langne  de  vos  en- 
nemis.   Le  vieux  Caton  fremitf  et  dans  fon  CIm  Anti* 

SAicaiif  vout  d^nonce,  le  fumb  a  la  maiA»  an  ennemi 
:  la  patrie.      Met  chers  aint%  dit-fl;  la  Ubcrt£  e& 

*  "I^  Ckcso  OriMr.  tf. 


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mm 

pr^ic  d'explrcr.    Ce  "  peuple,  dont  nous  avons  toiijours 
trioniphc,  regagne  p  ir  ks  ■inil^ctrs  plus  (]uc  iie  lui  en- 
•«  Invent  iios  armcb.    N'clt-cc  pas  alTez  tjuc  nous  ayons- 
tics  baladins,  dcs  irifeurs,  (les  cuihuiers  de  Paris,  tju'oa 
boive  dans  notre  ifle,  qu'on  boive  dcs  vins,  qu'on  life 
"  dcs  livrcs  Francois     faut-il  eacoTe,  grands  Dieux  ! 
««  cll-ce  dans  le  plus  iiaut  pcriode  de  notre  ^loirc  qu'un 
*^  Anglois  devoic  domier  ce  premiejr  CJiempk  f  faiit-U 
**  encore  qu*on  en  ecrive  ?** 

Centre  une  attaque  aulli  grave  quel  rcmpart  vous  fe- 
rcz-vous  ?  Trouverez-vous  des  defenfears  ou  vous  n'a* 
vcz  point  de  complices  ?  Ofcrni-je  eievcr  ma  voix,  nioi^ 
qui,  Anglois  Giiiplemsnt  par  clic  i:^  fans  Tctie  dc  naii-- 
fancc,  n'ai  pu,  apres  viugt  ans  de  Icjour  dans  vote  iile^ 
naturalifer  ma  laiiijue  aufli  bien  que  nioii  cacur  ? 

Dirai-je  ce  que  i'lutarque,  a  pcu  pres  dans  le  meaic 
cas  que  moi,  auroit  dit,  que  rien  ne  lut  plus  vain  que  la 
prophetie  de  Tacre  cenfeur,  que  le  Grec  perdroit  fa  pa* 
trie,  puifqu'au  contraire  elle  s'cleva  au  comble  de  la 
gloire  et  du  pouvoir  dans  le  terns  que  les  iettres  Grec». 
qnea  et  rerudition  6traogere  y  ^urirent  le  plus  que 
ce  peuple  qui,  tant  qu'il  fut  libre,  pla^a  fa  grandeur  dans 
ce  qui  feol  fait  la  grandeur  d*un  pcyplc)  iit  venir  fes 
grammaurienSf  mala  non  fes  Generaux  de  la  Gr^e^  an-, 
lieu  que  Carthage  y  prit  Scs  foldats  ei  fes  Gen^raox,  ct 
en  d^fendit  lalangnef  $  qiie  Flaminius,  Scipion»  Caton 
j|ienie> .  •  •  mais  comme  eixz  je  parle  Grec  a  votre  hom- 
me.  H  ignore  ^alement  que  Ciceron  fut  initie  a  Ath^ 
nes,  tt  que  le  nom  de  Cheiterfiild  fe  trouve  dans  les  le- 
giilres  d'une  celcbre  Academie  de  Paris }  U  turerott  que' 
MS  Edouards  et  les  Henris  ne  parl^ient  ou  du  motns  ne 
iurent  jamais  de  Francois,  et  n  je  le  prefTois,  il  me  fou-> 
tiendroit  peut-etre  que  le  rol  de  rrufie  feroit  deja  makre 
de  Vienne,  s'il  n*eut  pas  6critt  en  iijk  de  Voltaire,,  ies 
Mtooifes  du  Brandebourg* 

Meprifer  fa  propre  langue^  rien  fans  doule  de  plus  hon« 
teux  ?  Mais  la  meprife<-on  il  tnoinsquVMi  ne  donne  Tex- 
clttfion  a  tout^  autre  ?  Clc^roos  qui  e^rivk  I'hiftoire  de 
fon  confulat  en  Grec,  pr6feni  done  cette  languci  lui  qui 
n'eut  jamais  de  rival  dans  la  fienne,  qui  la  croyoitt  pent* 
^e  par  prejug6,  beaucoup  plus  riche  que  la  Gilcqiief^ 
et  qui,  s'il  ne  la  rendit  pas  tellej  etendit  Jes  homes  de  & 
jurifdiftion  plus  que  C^far  eelles  de  rempiie. 

S*il  6teit  vrai  que  le  g6nie  infocsabk  des  diverfes  lftn« 

M  Fkcarcli.  ao  Ctc.  Mi^r.    f  Jaftia.  -a.  5*  *    I  Dc  Finibv  L  IK. 

gucs 


'  fW  eaipSclic  celul  qui  veut  les  cofidUer,  i^exotXktdum 
racunc>  on  auroit  tort  fans  doute  de  a'expofer  ta  lifqae ' 
it  commpfela  purete  de  cclle  qui  nous  eft  natureUct 
•  fcnt  ponToir  fe  teter  de  veulfir  dans  oelle  qui  ne  Teft  pM* 
lim  tamt'A'<en  faut  que  rexp^rience  ut  confirm^  cette  pr^ 
tendue  craiiite  des  inelanges ;  jamab  les  Romams  n'ecrivi^ 
CB  Latin  qu^atr  liBftir  det  to>lea  Gite|ii€S. 
lit  morceau  de  Ciceron^  done  j'at  parK,  nova  a  piobar 
Uereent  vdu  lea  dtef-d'oeurreft  Litins  de  Sallttfte»  ht  fans 
Vbiftoife  de  Polybe»  ferue  par  le  him  qui  aroit  M  fon  ^ 
^fi:ipl«»  aoiia  n^aorions  pcat-<tre  jamaia  eu  ni  Tile  Live 
ai  Tadte. 

Tome  langucy  qui  (e  fuffit»  eft  boni6e.  La  vfttfe^ 
plus  que  tottte  atttrC}  s'eft  enrichie  par  lea  empmnta* 
Ser6it>il  impoffible  que  iltalieii  ne  p&t  encore  Ja  rendre 
plua  dottce,  TAllemand  pins  comprehenfivC}  le  Fran- 
cois plus  pr^ife  et  plus  r6guli^e«  Semblablea  k  cea  laca 
dont  les  eaux  a'^urent  er  s'^latrciflent  park  mllange  et 
Tagitation  de  cellcs  qu'iis  rc^oivent  des  fleuves  voifinSf  lea 
hingues  modcrnes  ne  demeurent  vivantes  que  par  leur 
communication^  ct  Q,  je  Tofois  dire  par  leur  choc 
proquc. 

Non,  ce  n*cft  point  de  I'ecrivain  qui  s'exercc  a  ecrire 
avcc  purctc  dans  une  l,inL:uc  etrangerc,  que  la  fienne  a 
Kcu  dc  craii)dre  qu'il  iiL  i'.ilt^rc  mal  apropos.  Le  de- 
gre  de  perfection,  ^uquel  ciie  pcut  attciiidrc^  eft  fon  ob- 
jct,  et  Tanalogie  fa  regie.  II  connoit  trop  les  richcfles 
de  fa  langue,  pour  la  charges  dc  mots  inutilement  tranf- 
plante^.  II  a  ctu  iie  fon  caraclere,  et  ne  fc  pcrmct  point 
dc  conftruclions  iorccca,  fuus  prctcxtc  de  fe  faire  lire. 
Refpcdiant  meme  fes  bizarrencs,  ii  fait  qu'un  long  ufage 
cxigc  de  grands  m6nagemcns,  et  que  rhomme  fenfc  nc  fc 
lUftingur  jjim  r.j  beaucoup,  et  trcs  rarcmcnt  le  premier. 

Qui  lunL  clone  ics  verirables  corrunteurs  des  langucs  ? 
Cc5  pectus  beaux  efprits  qui,  fautc  de  nouvrlles  idecs,  n'ont 
'  pour  Ic  diitingucr  que  kur  neologiquc  jar^n^n  ;  ccs  jeu- 
nes  voyageurs  qui,  dt?  Paris,  qu'iis  ont  mal  vu,  rappor- 
tent  et  font  circukr  rcxprt-fFion  du  jour  qu*ils  n'ont  pas 
comprile ;  ct  plus  futilcs  que  les  uns  et  les  autrcsi  cca 
demi-favanb,  qui  croycnt  donner  du  relief  a  Icurs  para- 
doxes, et  de  !a  vari~t6  a  leur  ftylc,  par  ]*infrodu^ioii  de 
fynonimes  barbares,  dont  leur  dt^ionnaire  leura«  peat* 
itre  a  grand'pcinc,  indiqu6  le  fens. 

Rarcmcnt  un  Stranger  parvicnt  il  ^  Ecrire  dans  une 
bngiac,  qui  n'cft  pas  la  fieoo^  dc  manite  i  B*toe  paa 

lecotmiu 


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C    209  ] 


ii00QiMtt.  Mais  faut-tl  qu'U  ne  le  foit  pas  ?  LucnUit 
fMiioit|m  fe  paflcr  d'afFc^er  de»  XfatimfmeSi  depeitt 
d'etre  pris  pour  iin  Grec»  et  jc  ne  Cfob  pas  que  Tons 
vout  piqiiicz  d'etre  moina  facile  a  reconnoitre  pour  un 
Angioii  que  X»ucuUus  pour  un  Romaio.  Mats  c'eft  cola 
m&mt^  quit  aax  yeux  d'un  Francois,  vous  donnera  un 
oouveau  merice*  D  reoiarqttcra  un  mot,  un  tour  6tran* 
ger  i  ia  langue*  et  peut^ctre  iduhaiteca  qu'il  ne  le  f&t 
pas*  Ces  traits  &illans>  ces  6gttres  hardies»  ce  £icri6ce 
dt  la  r^gle  au  fendmenti  et  de  la  cadence  I  la  force*  lai 
cara^^^riferont  une  nation  original,  qui  m6rise  d*htt 
^udieey  et  qui  gagne  toujours  a  I'etro.  L'tndividu  ne 
loi6chuppcra  pas,  et  il  fanra  difcemer  ce  que  vous  dc^ 
vcz  \  votre  lile}  et  ce  que  vorre  tile  vous  doit. 

Quand  on  ne  fait  qu'une  hngue,  c'eft  paries  traduc- 
tionsleules  qu'onconnolt  lesauteuts  Strangers.  Suffiient- 
ellcs  pour  en  juger  ?  Ferai-je  la  fatyre  dcs  perfomies  qui 
fe  confacrent  a  la  penible  tnche  de  traduire,  en  affirmant 
que  Icur  moindrc  ncfaut  cll  dc  nous  faire  perdre  Ic  ca- 
raclcrc  nationul  ct  pciioiiiicl  dc  Icuis  autcurs  ?  Ah  !  que 
ces  autcurs  n'ont-ils  ecrit  cux-meiiicb,  quoiquc  m.i],  d^iiis 
une  autre  langue  !  Mon  cxprelFion  eft  cellc  qui  accom- 
pagne  ma  penfee.  Vous  qui  ok-  traduifdz,  fentez-vous 
cc  que  j'ai  icnti  ?  Montaigne  fcroit  toujours  Montaigne, 
s'il  cut  hii-memc  cte  le  culfinicr  Anglois  de  fes  eflais, 
ct  j*citimerois  vingt  tois  plus  un  des  llvres  de  Milton 
eerie  en  Francois  ou  cn  Italien  par  JMiicon,  que  les  tra- 
ductions ele«'antcs  de  Uu  Bocr^r'e  et  de  Rolli. 

Que  ii,  dans  vos  climats  ii  hcureulicment  ifnlcs,  qiiel- 
qucs  pcrfonnes  jaloulrs  de  runiverfalitc  que  ic  Francois 
s'cil  acquife  fur  le  Continent,  fe  plaignnient  que  vous 
ronnpez  la  derniere  digue  qui  &'oppofe  a  Tinondation, 
qu'elles-me  permettent  de  ne  pas  regarder  comme  un 
grand  malheur,  qu*une  langue  commune  lie  de  plus  en 
plus  les  6tats  de  r£urope,  facilite  les  conferences  dcs 
miniitresi  previenne  les  longueurs  des  negooiations  et 
les  Equivoques  des  traites,  fafle  fouhaiter  la  pats,  et  la 
rende  plus  duraUeet  plus  chere.  Lc  premier  pas  qn'oo^ 
doive  faifc  pour  s*accorder,  c'ell  de  travailler  i  s'entendrew 

Vous  venezi  MonGeurt  de  donner  un  grand  ezemple. 
Au  milieu  des  focc^s  de  vos  armes  vous  avez  honor6  lea 
lettres  de  vos  ennemis.  Ce  dernier  triomphe  eft  le  plus 
noble.  Pttifie-t-U  devenir  general  et  r^ciproque,  et  le 
aems  venir,  oik  Ics  divers  peupies,  membrcs  epars  de  la 

Vol.  UL  P  ntee 


C  2i<y  1 


mcmc  familTf,  s'clcvani  au  dcflus  dcs  diftin^tons  par- 
ttalesd*Angtoisy  de  Fran^ols^  d'AUcroand^  etdc  Rttfie^ 
mcriteront  Ic  titre  d*homme  ! 

J'ai  rhonneur  d*8tre  avec  des  Cent! mens  qui  ne  dcpeil^ 
dent  d'aucun  clitoiat  ni  d'aucyiA  fiecle^ 

Votre  tr^a  humble  et  tres  obfiffitnt  ferviteur, 

M.  MATY. 

Dv  Mufl^-  Brltanniquff 
k  s6  Jttin»i76i. 


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C    211     3  . 

E    S    S    A  1 

SUK 

VETUDE  d&  la  LITTERATURE. 

1,  TT    'Hiftoire  des  empires  eft  celle  dc  la  miscrc  des  IdCcde 

£  ^  liommes.    L'hiftoir^  des  fciences  ell  cclle  de  {j^J^^^jJ^ 
Icur  graiidt  ur  ct      k'ur  bonhcur.    bi  nuWc  coiilKiera- 
tions  dolvcut  rciidrtr  te  dernier  genre  d'etude  precieux 
.aux  yeux  da  phiiolophe^  cettc  rcfiexioa»iioit  le  rcodrc 
Jbien  chcr  k  tout  amateur  de  Thumanit^. 

)I«  Que  Jje  voudrois  qu^une  verity  auffi  ccmfolante  ne 
jre^ut  aucune  exception  !  Mai$  h^as  !  Thoiaimr  ne  perce 
que  trop  fouvent  dans  Ic  cabinet  du  fa?ant.    Dans  cet 
azilc  de  la  iageffe,  il  ell  encore  ^gare  par  les  prejuge^  , 
dechir^  par  ks  pafiions,  avtli  par  les  foiblenes. 

L'empire  de  la  mode  eft  fonde  fur  I'inconftance  des 
Jkommes}  empire  don(  Torigine  cil  fi  frivole  et  dont  les 
cfTets  font  fi  funeftes«  L'homme  de  lettres  n*ofe  fecouer 
fon  joug,  et  fi  fes  reflexions  retardent  Ta  defaite^  ellesb 
Xendent  pl^s  honteufe* 

Tous  les  pays^  tous  les  (iecles  ont  vu  quelque  fcience 
Tobjet  d'une  preference  fottvent  injufte,  pendant  que  les 
aotres  etudes  languiflbient  dans  un  in6pri$  tout  auffi 
pea  raifonnable.  La  m^taphyfique  et  la  diale^^ique 
fous  les  fuccefleurs  d* Alexandre  *y  la  politique  et  T^lo** 
qucAce  ibus  la  r^publique  Romainey  Thiiloire^  la  poefie 

Pa  dans 

♦  Cc  ficdc  fut  ceiti!  '^C'i  fe<3es  pTiilnfr  pTiiqufs,  qui  fomKattoIent  pour 
lc»fylU.itesde  kurt  malucs  rcipcdxli,  ivcc  tout  i'aciianiemeDtde»tbi£p> 

L'amour  dct  fyftimet  produtt  n^eflairemeot  celul  detprincipei.g6» 
Dcraux ;  ec  (tlv*ci  conduac  d*ardii»ire  au  mfyHt  dct  comaoiflkiiccs  de 

detail. 

**  L'anioxjr  des  fyftimrf,  (dit  Mr.  Frcret),  qui  s'cmpira  des  t-fpnt* 

*  wpti*  Arulote,  fit  abandonncr  aux  Greet  Tetudc  dc  la  uatuie,  ct  ar* 
*■  fjn  le  prngr^sde  kiirsd^couv«itctphilofophiquet:  les  rasfooaenicai 
**  fubtilsprireat  la  place  des  experiences :  les  fctcMet  ocadet,  la  geo* 

rrKJtrie,  I'aftronomje,  la  vraic  philoH  phic  difparurent  prefqu'entiere* 
mcut.    On  nc  a'occupa  plus  du  ioiud'acquenr  do  conn  jilfances  noa* 
velles,  mats  de  cclui  de  rsn|;cr,  ct  de  lier  les  unes  aux  autre^,  cclles 
*•  que  Von  croyott  nvnir,  poar  en  fonner  des  ffftdmes.  C'eft  la  ce  ^ 
**  ftnna  toutes  lc<i  differt^utes  fe^es :  les  mcillcurs  cfprits  s'ertpwlkvoc 
dan«;  l«    abllniflions  d'uce  metaphyfiq'se  obfcurc,  oh  les  mot»  tenoi- 
•*  ent  Ic  plus  louviuUt  la  plaic  dck  choice  ct  ia  a>alcit  que,  no.umec  p.ir 
•*  Ariftotc  riodi  ument  de  noire  efprit,  deviuc  cliez  Iwi  dtlLipica  I  tjbjcC 

*  prindpal  d  prefque  untqa«  d«  Icvr  appUcMiODk  JLa  tia  mte  fe  paf« 

•WS 


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£SSA1  Sl/R  t'£TUD£ 


dans  Ic  f^eclc  d'Au^^ufte,  la  pr.inunaire  et  la  jurifpru- 
dencc  fous  le  bas-Lmpire,  U  plulolopl.ie  fclmlaftiquc 
dans  Ic  treiziemc  fi^le,  les  Belles- Letrcs  jufqiraux  jours 
de  nos  peres,  ont  fait,  tour-a-tour,  I'adma^tion  et  le 
jnepris  dcs  homines.  La  phyfique  et  les  matlicruatiquci 
font  ^  preff'nt  fur  le  tronc.  Elics  vaycnt  toutes  Iriirs 
jccurs  prollernees  devant  ellc«^,  enchainees  a  Icur  char, 
ou  tout-au-plus  oc  riipees  ^  orner  icur  tnomphe.  Petit- 
toe  le\ir  chute  n'elt  pas  eloignec. 

11  fcroit  digne  d'un  habile  hoinme  dc  fuivre  crtte  re- 
>oliitlon    dans    les  religions,    les  guuvernements,  les 
moeurs,  qui  ont  fiicccfTivf  ment  egare,  defolc  tt  corrom- 
pu  les  hommes.    Q^'il  f^'  c;>^^dac  bien  dr  chcrchrr  uii  fyt» 
temc  \  mais  qu'il  ic  garciat  bicn  davantage  de  i'evitcr. 
lUnatflante  les  Grecs  n'avoienr    >re  efclavcs,  les  Latins 

4e8  Briif«.  (eroient  encore  barbares.  Conltantinople  tomba  fous  le 
JLc«rc«.^  fer  de  Mahoraet.  Les  Medicis  accueilltrent  les  Mufes 
CTtMnr""  defolecs:  ils  cncouragercnt  les  lettres.  Erafmc  fit  plus, 
tea  eoltttfa.  Uomere  et  Ctceron  pen^trerent  dans  det 
contffeei  tAConDues  a  Alexandre,  et  invincibles  pour  les 
Romaint..  Ces  fi^cles  trouvotent  qu'il  eroit  beau  d'etu- 
dier  les  anciens  et  de  lea  admirer  * :  le  notre  penfe  qa'ik 
cfl  plus  aife  de  les  ignotcr  ct  de  les  m^prifer.  Je  croia 
411^  out  tons  les  deux  raifon.  Le  guerrier  les  lifoit  fooa 
fa  tentt.  L'homme  d'etat  lea  ^udioit  dans  fon  mbiner. 
Ce  sexe  mime,  qui,  contoit  des  graces,  nous  laifTc  les 
himtereSt  eaibeUiflbit  fexemple  d'mie  JD^liej  et  fouhai* 
soit  de  tfovnr  ttn  Tibtdle  dans  foa  amant.  Elizaiieiib 
(ce  nom  dH  toat  pour  le  Sage)  appfeaait  dans  H6rodose 
t  d^fendie  les  droits  de  Phsmanite.  contre  on  nouvaaa 
Xetx^H  €t  an  fcrtir  dsa  oombaia  fe  voyoit  cBSbaSc  par 
EidNis  fttts  la  bms  daa  attnaoema  de  Salanuna'f  4k 

IK 

**  foit  i  etudier  i'art  du  raifonoemcnt,  et  i  ne  TAxCoantt  j^ouus,  ou  do 
*  wmat  i  M  faifbtmr      ftr  dct  «^eii  faiiCalUq«A.** 

Mem.  de  I* Acad.  dc%  B.  L.  tom  W.  p.  159^ 

•  rtiiHIftrz  h  BiHlioth^q'ic  Latinc  dr  Fa^r  u  lu*,  le  mcilUur  de  touf 
ceux  qui  ii'ont  etc  que  conipibtctirt :  vc^vis  y  vn  te  ?  f|*i<»  dan»  Tefpnec 
4e  quaiantc  aa«,  aprcs  b  decouTcne  dc  1  imprint rie»  prcit^uc  toui  let 

gofit  de«  cJiteurt  ll'%a]a  pM,  ileft  vrai,  teur  Z(  K  •  Let  ^crivains  cl« 
Thiftoire  Augufte  pttmrent  wmt'Tite  U  TiMidoiiaa  Aalii>GcUa 
avSDt  de  fcmgcr  a  Virgilc. 

t  ETchjtc  a  fatt  uoe  trag^die  (Ie«  Pcr&i),  oh.  U  a  peiot  avec  let  cou* 
liMTt  kft  «if«i»  k  f loire  4n  OfM»  et  k  coBftnaatioB  dn  FmCm 
aprts  k  fomnie  de  Salamine. 

V.  Ic  Th^at.  des  Greet  do  P.  Bramoy.  t«m.  U.  p  171.  icr, 
^  Econlont  le  Prclideat  Hcnauk.       Cc^te  princefie  etoit  (kvante. 
**  Ua  ]o44r     die  eotrccuioit  CaUgnoo,  90!  Tut  depua  Chaocrlicr  de 

«•  Mavaiic. 


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D£  LA  LITTERATUAE.  f Ij 

,  Si  Oiriftinc  prcfcr.i  la  fcience  au  gouvernemcnt  d^ull 
^tat,  le  politique  jx  iit  Li  mepriier,  philofophc  doit  la 
blamer,  mais  l^homme  de  Icttres  cheiira  fa  m^nioire, 
Cctte  reinc  etudioit  Ics  anciens ;  elk  en  confKleroit  lea 
interpreces.  £iie  dUiingua  ce  Saumaile,  qui  ne  meriu 
ni  V'ddmitmon  de  fes  contemporaiai^  m  le  m^is  dont 
nous  nous  efibr^ons  de  le  com  bier. 

ly.  iNuu  douce  cUe  pouiTa  trop  loin  radnui^^tion  Onlepouik 
cet  CiivBns.  Souvcm  teur  d^tenkur,  jamais  leiir  z61ateurt 
f afoiicrai  ians  peine  qae  leurs  oicevrs  ^toient  gro£E^res, 
Mrs  travaux  quelquefob  minutieuxi  que  Icur  efpvU 
no  ye  dans  une  ^riidiuon  p^daatefque  commentoit  ce 
qu'tl  falloit  fcntir,  et  compiloit  au  lieu  de  raiibimer*  Oa 
•toic  afies  Claire  pour  fentir  Futtlite  de  leurs  recherchet; 
am  Fon  n'etoit  si  aflez  ratfonnaWe  ni  aflcx  polif  pour 
CDQDoitre  qu'elles  aoiotem  pn  etie  goideea  par  ie  nam- 
beau  de  la  philofopliie* 

id  lumi^re  alloit  paroltre.   Debartea  ne  to  pat  Quand  ( 
Utteraieur,  maia  lea  Bellet^Lcttrea  lui  font  bien  ledcW-  dmwit^ 
blca.   Un  philofophe  ^latr^  %  h^ritier  de  fa  methodc,  ^ 
approHandit  let  vrait  principet  de  la  critique.   Le  Bofliif 
Boileau,  Rapin,  Bnimof  appiircnt  aux  nonunet  a  ecu* 
noitrc  niieux  le  prix  des  nitor^,  qu'ils  pciTedoient.  Une 
de  ces  focietes  qui  ont  mteux  inimortalif^  Louis  XIV. 
iju'une  ambition  fouvciit  ptinicicufe  aux  hommes,  com- 
mcncoit  dcja  ccs  rccHr  rclu^s  qui  reunirrciit  1.^  jufteflc 
de  i  tiprit,  I'aineiiiic  rt  rcmtlitiuii,  4ju  i'oii  volt  taut  de 
dcoOiivertcs,  et  quclqticfois,  cc  qui  ne  cede  qu*a  peine 
aux  decouvc  rtL's,  uiit  ignorance  mo<kfle  et  Ijvante. 

Si  Ics  honmics  rinibiiuoient  nuraiit  lorfqu'ils  agiiicnt 
que  lorfqu'iib  dircourent,  les  Bciles-Lettreb  fcroicnt  dc* 
venues  I'objet  de  i'adnuraiion  du  vuigaire  et  dc  rcitimc 
dcs  fages. 

VI.  C'eft  de  ceite  epoque  qu'f  Hcs  datent  ie  commence-  D?ca(?<'nce 
ment  dc  leur  di*c;^dencc.    Le  Clerc,  a  qui  les  fcienccs  Bciic»- 
et  la  liberte  doivrnt  des  eloges,  s'en  plaignoit  dejn,  il  y  ^ 
a  plus  de  foixante  ans.    Mais  c'eil  dans  la  fameufe  dii- 
pute  det  anciens  et  des  modernes  qu'elles  re^urent  le 
coup  morteU    li  nV  a  jamais  eu  un  combat  auffi  inegal. 
L*a  logtque  exafie  de  Terraflbn,  la  philofophie  d^iiec  de 

Havarre,  elk  lai  fit  voir  wne  tnda^on  cd  Latin,  qa'dla  aavit  fake, 
'*  dc  i/Ul^f  trag«diei  de  Sophocle  ct  dc  den  harangues  de  OteA* 

**  hciif.    Elle  lui  permit  tk-  prctidre  une  coplc  d'tmr  cpigramme  Gre<» 
que  de  fa  fa^'in  ;  ct  tlk  lui  Jcmanda  fon  aTi9  fur  des  pafTages  dc  Ly« 
cophrou,  qu'ciit  avojt  alors  cncre  k«  maiot,  et  doot  die  vouloit  ura* 
^  dirive  ^cl^piev  cudfofttk** 

Ahr^  ChriNMiIog.  io  Quart.  Paris  1751.  p.  J97« 
•  M      Clerr,  daM  fall  wctBii  Mt  wHm^  ft  da—  phfiduw  aa* 
titf  de  k»  ovYragd. 

footcaelky 


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AI4  E8SAI  SUR  L'ETUDE 

Fontcnclif,  Ic  ftylc  cl^tratit  et  hcurcux  do  1:^  Mnttc,  Te. 
badinage  Icger  de  St.  Ilv;iclnrr,  rr.ivailloit*nt  i\<:  concert' 
a  reduire  Hoiir^r'"  ki  nivrau  de  Ciiapelim.  Leurs  nd- 
vcriaircs  ne  leur  oppoloirnt  (ju'un  atiacheiiu'nt:  ,^u  miim- 
ties,  je  ne  (^h  quellcs  prr*rntions  a  une  fuperionie  na- 
tiirrllc  dcs  ancieiis,  des  jirrjni^rs,  des  injures  ct  dcs  clti- 
tions.  Tout  Ic  ridicule  K  ur  demcura.  II  cn  icjailiii  unc 
partie  fur  ces  ancicr.s,  dont  iU  foutenoicnt  la  qucrtlle  : 
et  chez  cette  nation  nim  iblc,  qui  a  adopte,  fans  y  pen- 
fcr,  Ic  principe  dc  Milord  Shaftibury,  on  nc  diftingue 
point  Ics  torts  ct  Ics  ridicules. 

Depuis  cc  tems,  nos  phiiofophes  fc  font  ctonncs  que 
des  hommes  pufTeut  pafler  une  vie  entiere  a  raiTembier 
dcs  faits  et  des  mots  ;  et  a  fe  charger  la  raemoire  au  lieu 
de  s'eclairer  l^efprtt.  Nos  benux  eiprits  ont  fenti,  quels 
aTintages  leur  revlendroient  de  Tignorance  de  lear$  kc«' 
teuTs.  lis  ont  comble  de  niepn»  lea  ancienSf  et  ceux  qui 
Ic"  ( '  '  .  Vent  encore  *  ' . 

VII .  Je  voudrois  faire  fucceder  a  ce  tableau  quelques 
r^exionsi  qui  pourtont  fixer  la  julte  vaieur  des  BeileG* 
Lrfttres* 

Grands         j^^^  exemplcs  dc8  grands  hommes  nc  prouveot  rien ; 

t^tAuuTs.  C^flS"*t  ^vant  dc  reglcr  le  cours  dcs  planeteS)  ci ut  y  lire  Ic 
dcftin  des  hommes Cependant,  lorfqu'ils  font  en  grartd 
nombre,  ils  pr^viennent  avant  Texamen,  apres  Texamen  iU' 
confirment.  On  fent  d'abord  qu*un  g^nie  capable  de  rai- 
fonner^  une  imagination  vive  et  brillante  ne  goQtcroient  * 
jamais  une  fcience,  qui  ne  feroit  que  de  m^moire*  De  tous 
ces  hommes  qui  ont  ^ctaire  la  terrc,  plulicurs  fe  font  livres 
alVtude  des  Belles-Letrres  %  beaucoup  l*ontcuUiv^e;  au- 
cun,  ou  prcfqu'aucuny  ne  Ta  meprifcc.  Tdute  Tanriquit^ 
fe  montroit  fans  voile  aux  yeux  de  Grotius:  eclaire  par  fa 

*  On  a  ^tc  a  cettc  ciude  le  mm  de  Brllo  Lctrm,  qu'une  longite 
pr^fcription  frmMoit  lui  i^oir  cabhett^  poor  f  fttbfiiturr  celui  d*|r«di* 
tiop.   (t)  NMliti^teurtfon»dtfYeiiu»de»  fnKlits- 

I/Abb(^  MaiEeu  traitoit  ccttc  dcrrirrt"  txprtflitin  dc  Ncnicpifmc  ca 
1711.  (i)  Changcroit-il  ti'  ton  a  picimt?  II  Aeroit  n.al  a  un  etr»n- 
gcr  dc  vouloir  decider.  Jc  ccnncis  tons  lc$  droits  dcs  grands  tcrivaiDi 
for  h  languef  mais  je  vdfwlrms,  qu'apr^  mwir  recomni  qo*So  Credit 
pent  avoir  do  goftt,  detvuet,  de  la  fitiriTc  Hnns  Ucfprit,  (3)  ibsc  le 
fcrviflcnt  pas  dc  ce  tcrmc  pour  d(fig"cr  un  firrilc  adniiratcur  de5  anci- 
cns,  il'cutant  plu»  avcugle  qu'il  y  a  tout  vu,  hort  leuri  gracc»  et  Icurs 
bcaut^.  (4) 

f  FmneBeUe  4an«  Ik  dtgrcflioii  far  let  andent  ct  Urn  oioderoa,  ct  ul* 
Icvrs.  Oeuv  de  OtHTct.  Com.  it.  p.  45- 

f  Fontencllc  «' it)«  f-  n  Fief--.  VoLTAU B, tOID.  tVli.  pw  79* 

(1^  V.  I.a  Mottc  &  d  Akmbert. 

(2)  AlaOlcu  daut  fa  preface  aux  otuvrc^  de  ToureiL 

(3 )  M.  Ualettili.  dam  rart.  Amiiilioo  dc  TEiwycl  Firaofoifie. 

(4)  M.  Dakmb.  dtoc  k  difirann  prtliniaainde  rCacyd0|i6dk»  et 


iumierej. 

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DE  JuA  LITTE  &ATUAE. 

Jamiere,  il  developpoit  Ics  oracles  facrcs,  il  combattoit 
J'ignorance  cl  la  fuperftition,  il  .idoucifluit  les  horreurs 
de  la  guerre.  Si  Dcfcartes,  iivre  tout  entler  a  f.i  philo- 
fophie,  mcpriluu  toute  etude  qui  nc  s'y  rapportoit  pas, 
Newton  •  ne  dedaigna  pas  dc  conilruirc  un  fylteme  dc 
chronologic,  qui  a  eu  des  partifaiis  et  bcaucoup  d*admi- 
rateurs  :  G-iH^iuii,  le  meilleur  philofophe  drs  litterateurs, 
€t  Ic  meilleur  litterateur  dcs  philolophes,  expliqu  ur  Epi-  * 
cure  en  critique,  ct  k  tletencioit  l !i  P.hyncieu  :  Leibnitz 
pafToit,  dc  fcs  recherches  nnnv.  lUcs  iur  I'hidoire,  aux  in- 
finiment  petits.  bi  Ion  edition  de  Alariianus  Capella  ' 
avoit  paru,  Ton  exi-mple  auroit  julliiic  les  Litterateurs, 
fes  lumieres  les  auroient  cclairc^  f.  Le  DicUonaire  dc 
Bayle  fera  un  monument  erernel  de  la  force,  et  dc  la 
fccondit^  de  rerudiiion  combince  avcc  ic  g6nie. 

Vlil.  5i  nou$  ne  faifons  attention  qu^i  ceux  qui  ont 
^onfacr^  pre(qae  tous  ieiirs  travaux  a  la  litt^rature)  lee  ^-'tkm- 
trais  coniioilTeurs  fauront  toujours  dillingucr  et  appre-  tcur^tJ'-^n^ 
cicr  Tefprit  deiicat  ct  etendu  d'lirafme,  Te^a^^itude  dc 
Cafaubon  ct  dc  Gerard  Vo/Iius,  la  vlvaciie  de  Jufte- 
JLipfe,  le  gout,  la  fineflc  dc  Taneguy-le-Fcbvre,  les  ref- 
fouTces,  la  fccondite  d'lfaac  Voflius,  la  penetration  hardi^ 
de  Bcntley,  Taineuit^  de  JMallieu  et  dc  Fraguier,  ia  cri- 
tique folideet  eclaircede  Sailier,  I'efprit  profond  et  phi^^ 
loibphique  dc  le  Clcrc  et  dc  Fr^ret.  lis  uc  confondront 
pomt  CCS  grands  honunes  avec  dc  (implcs  compilatcarSi 
un  prutcr,  urt  Saumaire^  un  Ma£bi\,  et  tant  d'autres,  hom^ 
mesa  la  vitixe  utiles  par  leurs  travauxj  mats  qui  ne  taftU 
tent  jamais  notre  admiration,  qui  cxcitent  rarement  notr^ 
gout,  et  qui  quelquefois  rcttlemenC  exigent  notre  eiUme* 
IX.  Les  ancicns  auteurs  ont  laifse  des  modules  pour  Le  c 


OUT. 


ceux  qui  ofcront  marcher  fur  Icurs  traces:  des  le^teurs  ^  ^"^"^^ 
9UX  autre s,  oi!^  i2s  pourront  puiler  les  principesdu  bon 
gout,  et  remplir  leur  loifir  par  i'etude  de  ces  pr^cieufes 
produ^ions, '  oii  la  verite  ne  fe  montre  qu^embellie  de 
tous  les  tr^fors  de  ^imagination.  JLes  poetes^  et  les  ora« 
teurs  doivent  peindre  la  nature.  Tout  I'univers  peut 
leur  foornii  des  couleurs ;  mais  parmi  cette  vari6t£  im- 
menfe  on  pent  ranger  fous  trots clailes  les  images  dont  i1» 
fe  fervent :  rhnmme,  la  nature,  et  Kart.  Les  images  de 
U  prtoiere  efpece,  ie  tableau  de  I'homme,  de  fes  gran* 
deurs,  de  fes  petiteifes,  de  fes  paflionsy  de  ies  change* 
mens,  font  celles  qui  conduifcnt  le  plus  furemcnt  un 
ccrivain  a  rimmortalite.  Chaquo  fois  qu'on  lit  Euripide, 
ou  Terence,  on  y  dctouvre  dc  nouveiJcs  bcautes.  Ce- 

•  Newton  rcformoit  la  chronologic  <ir«!iniiirc,  et  y  truuvoit  dcscrrcurs 
de  cfinq  i  fix  ceat  aat.    Voyes  met  ranar  que«  c  r  iciquet  fiir  cetteChmiolo* 

pendant 

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%t4  BSfiAI  SU&  VZtVDE 

^ptndatit  ce  n'e(l  mkU  conduite  fottvent  dofcf^netife  de 
feurs  pieces^  ni  zux  6neiiS»  cachees  de  kar  heureufe 
fimpUcite,  que  ces  poetcs  doivcnt  lenr  mornm^e.  Lp 
Cttiir  fe  reconnoit  dans  \cm  tAkmi  vnw  et  natfs,  el 
t'y  rcconiioit  avec  plaifir. 

Xa  natufVi  toute  vafte  quVlle  c(l»  a  fourot  pen  d'ima. 
gCd  fttlx  pofe'tea.  Born68  par  leur  objet  ou  par  le  pr^jiig^ 
dea  hommeSf  i  fon  ecorce^  Us  n'ont  pu  pcindre  que  la 
iitcceiliTe  vari^ti  dea  faifona,  one  mer  trrit^e  paries 
lemp^tesi  lea  sephiradu  printems  refpirant  I'atnour  et  lea 
platfira.  Un  pftit  nombre  de  g6nifta  ont  btentdt  6p\xi(6 
cea  tableaux. 

im.^r^  ar-  j^fjj^j  i^^jy  reftoit.  f etitena  par  Fart  tout  ce  dont 
""^^  lea  hommes  ont  om6  ou  defigur6  la  nature,  lea  rdt. 
giona,  lea  gouvememenai  lea  ufagcs.  lb  a'en  font  toua 
KTVia :  et  i?  faut  convenhr  qu'ila  ont  toua  eu  raifon*  Leura 
concitoyens,  ct  leura  cootemporaina  leaemendotent  (ans 
peifte,  et  lea  lifotent  arec  plaifir.  Ua  atmoient  d  retrou^ 
ver  dana  tea  ouvragea  dea  granda  hommea  de  leur  nation, 
tout  ce  qui  avoir  rendu  leura  ancetrea  refpe^ablea»  tout 
tc  qu'ila  regardoient  comme  facre>  tout  ce  qu*ils  pnd^ 
quoient  comme  utile. 
JUeamaurt  Les  moeurs  dcs  anciens  etoient  plus  favorables  i 

dctMcMDs  la  poefle  que  Ics  noires  :  c'cft  unc  foite  prefomption 
f**^?***  qu'ils  nous  v  ont  furpaiTcs. 

dans  I'art  A-niclurc  t|UL  arts  fe  font  perfectionriL?,  Ics  rcf- 
mUiuiie.  forts  fe  font  finipl.Tcs.  Ditiis  la  }:i.crre,  dans  la  polirique, 
dans  la  religion,  de  plus  gratuls  diets,  cjit  cte  produirs 
piir  dcs  ciiufcs  plus  fiinples.  Sans  doutc  le.s  IVT  mivu  c  cr  Ics 
Cumberland  *  cmeuduunt  micux  1  art  iniuuuc  <juc  lea 
Achiile  ct  les  Ajaxj 

**  Tcli  ncparurrnt  point  aux  rivc«  t!u  Scamandre, 
«•  Sous  CCI  tnurs  tant  vantea  que  F)Trhus»nit  cu  cendie, 
Ctt  *nts^e»  heroi  qo^  mome*  fitr  un  char 
V  "  C«ad»ttoieiic  eo  dtftirdre  et  rotrchoient  ao  hazwd  f  .** 

Cependant  leajbataillea  du  poete  Francois  rom-elles  di* 
Yei^fi^ea  comme  cdlea  du  poete  Grec  r  Sea  h^roa  foot* 
ila  aufii  int^reflana  ?  Toua  cea  combata  linguliera  dea 
cliefa»  toua  cea  longs  difcoura  aux  motiranat  toutea  cea  re'n* 
contrea  inattenduea,  prouvent  fenfance  de  Part,  maia  don* 

•  Jc  o'ai  point  chcr^'u  a  l-nrc  ua  compHment  a  iiuQ  A.  R.  Mf;r.  le 
Doe  oe  CuinberhiHl,  dour  jc  refpcAe  'iafinioKnt  It  miflMce  «t  le  rang, 
iilDtAfer  apprccirr  fe*  talenti  xnilitaires.  bi  i'on  fenpyieUe  que  left  ffcti 

^'jivan?  font  t:rc^  ;'u  j  onnc  fur  la  bjtaillc  de  Fonteriov',  on  fcntlra  que 
c  ell  plut6c  M.  dc  Vulu ire  qui  park  que  nml.    Jc  ne  crotf  pM  ceue  VC" 
^marque  inutile.    Des  gem  d'cfpric  t'y  foot  trooip«;i. 
f  OcQvrei  de  Volt.  ion«  li.  p.  joo. 

nent 


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OE  LA  LirmtATDKE.  trf 

mat  n  po^^  k  nofen  de  noot  fiiiieconiicititiefa 
etdeniMisiiit^reief^loir  dcftin.  Avjourdhat  let  annta 
Ibntde  valtet  imichiaet  mrimtopwlelbvflc  duG^ifoL 
La  Mofe  fe  fcfbfeiladeferipriondeiaimfliiOBimcszcte^ 
n'oTe  percer  €«  toarbiUon  dc  poudfc  et  de  jKraffihe,  q«s 
cacbea  fesxefioc  le  bnvect  te  laehet  le cfaef  et  k  foldae. 

Xil.  Les  ancknaes  ripnbliqiiei  de  la  Gieoe  ignoroioit  pacs  u  ^ 
Us  premiers  priticipes  d'un  boo  gmvenieiBeiir.  Lc  peupk  im^M. 
t*afleinbloit  en  tamvlte  pour  d&ider  plntfit  qne  pour  d6» 
liberer.  Leurs  la^ions  Maknt  funeufca  et  imiaoitelled, 
Icurs  feditioTis  (m|uentes  et  terribkii  kun  plus  beaax 
jours  remplis  de  m^fiance,  d'envk  et  de  coafofion*: 
kurs  ckoyeus  ^toient  mnlbeureux,  inais  kurs  ecrivainsi 
lliBagination  echaufec  par  cc8  aflrcux  objets,  Ics  pcig- 
noicnc  corrimc  "Is  Icb  kr.toicnt.  La  tranquillc  admin  i  ft  ra- 
tion dcs  ioiXy  ces  arrets  falutaircs  qui,  lortis  du  cabinet 
d'un  fcul  oti  du  confeil  d'un  petit  nomb re,  vont  repan  he 
la  felicite  chez  un  pcuplc  eiitif  r,  n'cxcitent  cbez  if^  poctc 
que  i'admirntion,  la  plus  froide  dc  toutes  les  palfions. 

XHI.  Lh  mylholo^ic  aiicicnne  qui  anunoit  toute  ia  P?*^*** 
nature,  etendoit  fon  iidlucnce  fur  la  plume  du  poete,  ***** 
Infpire  par  la  mufc,  il  cbamoit  Its  attributs,  les  avan- 
tttres,  et  les  mnlheurs  dcs  dicux.  L'Eiie  iiilini  que  la  re- 
ligi(  n  et  hi  philofophie  iious  ont  f;dt  conno'itre,  cfl  au- 
dcffus  de  fes  chanrs  :  le  fublinie  a  fan  eg;ird  Hevicnt  pue- 
rile. Le  F-af  Moife  nous  frappef;  niai^  !;».  r?.\i\jn  iic 
f^ijriMt  fuh'rL-  I':s  travaux  de  la  Divinitc  qui  cbrmle  fans 
tiTorts  ct  Utis  inllrtimentF  des  millions  de  mondes,  ct 
rimagniLition  ne  pcut  voir  avcc  pLjl'rlcs  tliabirs  de  Mil- 
ton, combattrc  pcnditut  deux  jourti  ies  armies  du  Tout 
FuiiTaiit  J. 

Les  anciens  connoiiToient  ieurs  avantages,  et  les  em- 
ployotent  avec  fucces.  Ces  chef>d'cruvres  que  nooa 
admiiona  encore  en  font  la  meilleure  preuve* 

•  Voy.  le  iii.  L.  de  Thocydide. 

Diodore  dc  Siciic,  rif  pui»  !c  1..  xi.jufqu'au  I>.  xx  prefquepar  tout. 

l  a  Prvface  cc  I'Abbe  I  crra£oDau  iii  toiu.  de  faTredu^bon  dc  Dh»* 
dorr  dc  Sjcjir,  ct  Hume's  Political  EfTayt,  p.  l^t. 

f  V.  Ics  piccct  dc  Huec  ct  dc  tkfyrHatt  dam  k  iiL  Uhb.  dct  Ocnvrei 
de  crlui>d. 

f  l.c  compas  d'or  dont  Ic  Crcutrur  mrfurc  TuDlvers  6tonnc  chex  Mil- 
ton.   Pcut-ctrc  che?  Jui  ef>  il  meriJc.  :  chs^z  Homerc  il  cut  tte  foblinie. 
N'u«  idecs  philafophiqucs  dt.  U  D>  ^  uatt  uuiicnt  au  poetc.  Leim^nei  ur- 
wi  — nihiuti 


rdct<  le  Jupiter  det  Orrci,  U  difigurent.  Lc  beaa 
ffme  4e  Milton  Futtc  comre  kfyiltoie  de  fa  religion,  et  »e  parob  jamaii 
n  graod  que  loj-fqu'il  cn  cH  un  pcu  afTranchi  :  pendant  qu'wn  Propercc 
decUitutcur  froid  Ct  fbibk«  M  doit  U  rcacmmcc  au  fjpcdaclc  riam  de 
1^  my  luoiogie. 

%         XIV.  JVIaU 


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2iZ  ,  X8SAI  8UR  L'XTUDE  ' 

Ml*  tn$  de  naii8»  pUc6s  ioufi  Oft  aotie  CicIf  dm 

fefitlr  1*»  ^  vn  autre  fiecle,  nous  perdrtoiks  noceflairement  toutes  ce« 
huMh^     beautes,  faute  de  pouvoir  nous  placer  au  meme  point  de 
TUCf  i»k  fe  trouvoient  le$  Grecs  eiiea  Romaios.  Une  con* 
soiiTance  4etaillce  de  leur  fiecle»  eli  le  feul  moyen  qui  po^ 
afienous  y  conduire.  Quelque$iieesfuperlicielk8,quelques 
lumleres  putf^es  au  beloin  dans  un  commentaire^  ne  nous 
laiiferDnt  fatfir  que  les  beautes  les  plus  feniibles  et  les  plus 
apparentes  :  toutes  ks  graces*  toutes  les  fineiTes  de  leurs 
ouvrages  nous  echapperont ;  et  nous  traireroqs  de  gens 
ians  gout  leurs  contemporains*  pour  leu/  avoir  prodigue 
des  eloges,  dont  notre  ignorance  nous  empechera  de  fen* 
fir  lajuftefle.  La  connoiflance  de  rantiquit6»  voiii  notre 
vrai  coromentaire:  mais  cequi  eft  plus  n^ce^ire  encore^ 
c'eft  un  certain  elprit  qui  en  eft  le  r^fultat ;  efprit  qui 
.  non  feuletnent  nous  fait  connoitre  ka  chofc^,  mais  qui 
nous  famtliarife  avec  elks*  et  nous  donne  a  kur  egard  les 
yeux  des  aticiens.  Le  fameux  cxempk  de  Perrautt  peut 
fairc  fcntir  ce  que  jc  vcux  dire  :  la  groflierete  des  ficcles 
heroiques  choquoit  le  Parifien.    En  vain  Boileau  lui  re- 
montroit-il  qu'Hom^revouloit  et  devoir  peindre  les  Grecs, 
ct  non  point  ks  Francois  ;  fon  ciprit  denuniroit  c  ji.v^in- 
cu,  l.nis  e  TL  ptifuailc       Un  puut  .iiuiu;:^  (^j  ciitcns  pour 
lc5  itiets  iic  convention)  i'cut  cclaire  piu;>  que  tuutcs  ks 
lemons  de  fon  acivciiairc, 
Imajcesarti-      !XV.  J'ai  dlr,  il  y  un jncmrnt, cjuc  la  r:::iron  autorlfoit  ces 
ficicllet  ti>   images  artifii  lellc^;  m.iis  an  tvibunalde  Tumour  t!c la;:;loirc, 
^aenti      •        j^j^  |^     dcciilon  fcioit  le  ineme.  Nous  ain.onsious 
I  amour  dc  f     ,  .  »  a     i  i  i 

jAgloire.    l2  glcirc:  niais  ucn  n  clt  plus  diHercnt  (]uc  la  nature  et  le 

depre  de  cct  ujnour.  Chaque  ht^inOiC  vane  dans  la  n.arnerc 
deTaimer.  Cct  ecrivain  n'aimc  que  Ics  clones  dc  fc"?  con- 
tcmporains.  La  n^ort  mtt  fin  a  toutes  Its  clperan;  cs  et  a 
toutes  fes  crainLc?.  Le  lombeau  quicouvre  fon  cc  rps  peut 
cnfcvelir  ion  nom.  Un  tcl  I  cnime  ptut  fansfcrupule  cm-  i 
ployer  tics  images  fan^ilicrcs  aux  fculs  juices  dont  ii  re- 
cherche les  applaudilicmens.  Cet  autre  le^uc  Ton  nom  a 
,  la  poderite  la  p;us  rccuice  f.  11  fc  plait  a  pcnfer  que,  mille 

ans  aprv^s  fa  mort,  rim'.lcn  des  bords  dii  Gangc,  ei  Ic 
Lnponois  au  milieu  de  Ics  glaces,  litont  fes  ouvrages,  ct 
poricront  cnvic  au  paysct  au  fieclc  qui  Tont  vu  naitre. 

Cclui  qui  ecrit  pour  tous  ks  hommes  ne  doit  puifer 
que  dans  des  fource?.  communes  a  tous  ks  hommes,  dans 
|eur  coeur  et  dans  k  fpctiack  dc  la  nature.  Lc  fcul  or* 
^etl  peut  rengagerkpalfercesHiiutes.  II  peut  pr^iumcf 


*  V.  letRemarqucf  d«,M.  Ddpr^aax  fur  Loogiiu 
f  yiedc  B»mp  par  Malkt,p.»7. 


que 

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DE  LA  LITTERATURE.  *  aiy 

<]ue'Ta  beaute  de  fes  ecrits  lui  affurera  toujours  dcs  Bur- 
jitaiis,  tjui  travalllernnt  a  I'cxpliqiier,  et  qui  i'adourcroQt 
cntorc  plus,  parccqu'lls  I'auront  cxpliqu6. 

XVI.  Non-fculcmcnt  le  caraClerc  de  l*autcur,  mais  £j  j 
ciKort*  cclui  de   foil  oavia«j;c,  ini]ue  a  cet  e^ard  fur  fa  turedal** 
criiduite.  La  h.iutc  pciefitr,  I'cpopee,  la  trnpedu-,  ct  1\  de  ycu 
cmprunteront  plu^  rarcmcnt  ces  images  qnr  la  cumcdie 
ct  la  latirCj  parcequ'clles   peignciu  Ics  pallioas,  ct  que 
ceilcs-ci  cravonnent  Ics  mocurs.    Horace  ct  Plaute  font 
prcfqu'inintclligibles  a  quiconquc  n*a  pas  appriit  h  vivre^ 
ct  ^  pcnfer  comme  le  pcuple  Komain.  Le  rival  dc  Flautc, 
I'elegant  Terence  dl  mieux  emendu,  parcequ'il  a  fa€rifi6 
]^  piaifanterie  au  ben  gout,  au  lieu  que  Plaute  a  iinmol6. 
lea  bieiUi^anccs  i  la  plaiianttrte*  Terence  fongeoit  qu^ 

Seignoit  dcs  Ath^niens  }  tout  dans  fes  pieces  cii  Grec» 
iOimis  le  langage  * :  Plaute  favoit  qu'il  parloita  des  Ro-» 


mains :  on  retrouve  chez  lui  a  Thebes,  a  Ath^nes,  a  Caly^ 
don,  les  mocurs, les  loix ct  jufqu'aux bftttmens  de  Romcf.  ^r'^l^^^ 
XVII.  Dans  les  poetes  beroKques  les  mccursy  blen  de  h 


qu'elles  ne  faflcnt  pas  le  fond  de  leurs  tableaux,  en  or-  <ic-ur<i8 
nent  fouvent  le  lointain.  II  eft  tmpollible  de  fentirle  plaUt  ~ 
I'art,  et  les  details  de  Virgile,  fans  etre  inftrait  i  fond  de 
I'biftoire,  dcs  loix,  et  de  la  religion  dcs  Romains,  de  la 
g    L^rnphtede  I'ltalie,  du  cara£iere  d'AugMtic^de  la  rela- 
tion Cngulicre  et  unique  que  ce  Prince  K>utenoit  avec  le 
f(^Qat  ct  Ic  pcuple  i.    Ricn  de  plus  frappanr,  ct  de  plus 
int^rcfiant  pour  cc  pcuple,  que  le  contradc  de  Rome  cou-' 
vertc  dc  paiJle,  rtnfcvniant  trc  is  milic  citoycns  dans  fes 
xr.urs  Ii,  avLc  cctic  nicmc  Rome  capitale     i'univcis,  dont 
les  maifcii^  eu  icnr  des  palai^,       citcyeiisdcb  j  luin  s,  ct 
Jes  provinces  des  cirpircs.  Piiiftjiie  linriis  a  lu  faifir  ce 
|:cntiailc^,  on  ^cut  ^luuc  t^uc  Viigilc  ac  I'a  pa^i  niuiique. 

•  V.Trrciit.  Eunuch.  Ad  ii  Sc.  5i.   Htauton.  A«S  i.  Sc.  i. 
Les  Cypedktani  <)oDt  park  1  crcucc  ne  detniifcnt  poinc  cctu  rtncxloa* 
mot  (qnaiid  oi^mc  on  n*adopteroit  pat  la'  cunjvdure  dc  &iaiiiaiie)  ho|i 
dcvcnu  d  un  Dom  propre,  nn  Bom  appclUtif.  V.  Thence  Eiinoch. 

tt,  ii. 

\  Ainph)tr.  Adl.  i.  Sc.  i.  Quid  faciam  nunc,  il  Trtfviri  me io  c^^e* 
fcm  comptgcrrnt,  ^<c.  '  • 

t  V.  les  DiffcitatioBf  de  M  de  )a  Bleteric  fur  le  ponvoir  dea  Enpe* 
rrurt.  Mem  de  1* Acad,  des BcUet- l.ettrc*,  tc  m.xii.  p»  357— *457*  tonu 

xx\.  p.  599,  &c.  torn.  xxiv.  p  261.  h^.  y..  179  &c 

|f  V.irron       l  ing.  Latina,  JL.  iv.  Diouyf.  Haljcarn.  L.  xip.  76. 
Plutarch,  in  Rntnul. 

§  Voyer  lea  parolea :  **  Sofa  (quiacredat  ?)  et  Algidum  lerrori  fiienittt* 

Satricumet  Cornicultimprovinciaa.  De  Verul  sc  t  Hovilliiipticieft}.«ed ui* 
"  umphaTimus.Tiburnunc  fubttrbarvjm,  tr  rrflive,  I*ra:iiclK  ilrlitixc,  nun- 
"  ciipatis  in  cafitolio  vi  t:^  j.-.rtcb.iijtur.  liLm  tunc  !  .t  'uix.  (.•no;!  Catrjc 
"  liu|icr<    idem  &t:isi.&A:;«:iiJUBi,  ^ucd  H.crcyu:u«  i«i:tu5  :  Frcgelia.  4<>od 


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asto  .ESSAI  SUR  VETVDE 

foo  bote  par  oe  TiUage,  oa  tost  jufqu*aii  monmrqacy  re* 
ijpirott  la  nifticiiil.  II  Ini  tm  eiplique  ks  antiqiitt^  etii 

poete  bifie  habilement  entrevoir  a  quoi  ce  viUage,  ce  ca- 
pirole  fuiur,  cache  paries  ronccs,  ctoit  refcrr^*.  Que  cc 

tjb[t*au  tii  vif  !  Qne  cc  contraftc  eft  pavlant  pour  un 
huimiic  ii  ilrult  daiio  i'aiuiquite  !  Ou'il  ett  fan^-  aux  yeux 
de  Ctlui  qui  n'npr»ort<.'  a  i.i  icclurc  de  Virgilc,  d\uitre  pre* 
paratioii  qu'un  gout  naturel^  et  qudque  contioiiTaiice  db 
i4  lj!ieue  Liitinc  ! 
ArtdcVir-  XVill.  Micux  on  pofocde  rantiquittf,  plus  on  admire 
^*  l*art  de  cc  pocre.  Son  fujet  ctoit  hATcz  niince.  La  fuitc 
d'une  ^>nnde  d 'exiles,  le  combat  dc  quelques  villageois, 
I'cr.iblitVcnieiii  d'line  bicoquc,  voiln  lej*  travaux  tanr  van- 
tp<;  du  pieux  Encc.  Mnis  !f  pcetc  Ics  a  annohlis,  et  il  a  fij 
c<i  k'& annobiifiant,  Ics  rcrdie  encore  plus  intcielTans.  Par 
une  illuGon  trop  fine  pour  ne  pas  fe  derobcr  au  commun 
des  le^eurs,  et  trop  heureule  puur  depiaire  aux  jugesy  il 
embellit  les  mceurs  des  fiecles  heroiques,  mais  il  lea  em« 
belHt  fana  les  d^guiferf .  Le  ptre  Liunus  et  k  HUA^ 
lieuKTufBOf  font  transfbrmcs  en  mooaiquM  piuffiins* 

M  Geffcriacom  :  Tibcri^  quod  Enplmfeil.  Gbliolot,  qioqae,  prch  podw! 

**  v'uftes,  adcfi  glcriaL  fuiflc  lit  captwm  oppMum  C.  Marciua  Conolanii«, 
**  qauH  Nt:mantiam  sue  Airicatn,  noniini  inducrit  cxraot,  ct  paru 
**  Antio  fpclia,  quos  Morniut  in  fuggcAu  fori,  capia  hoicium  ckfii,  {t^ 
•*  fiztt;  fi  tam«n  ilia,  eUffis :  tiam  ttt  Cncre  nftnts.  M  hk  someni* 

CQflfufement. 

"  CofTus.  at  tiifcquitur  Vcientci  cxde  Tolumnl 

"  Viticcre  dum  Veios  poITc,  Uboris  erat. 
**  Ncc  dMn  alim  Tiberim,  belli  feoM,  ultima  pneda 

**  BiomeiitiNn,  et  capto:  jug^era  term  Core  (l)  " 
MaU  dam  irutt  h  tirade  il  m^lc  deux  id^s,  qui  par  cUts  n^^mespt  p?iT 
Iwr^  ftfi't«;,f  ;:t  tre-s  dlffcrentes.  La  comparaifoii  Home  florifi^iiti  avL  c 
Rome  oaiiiuntc,  pcticirc  i'umc  6'uu  iuiUsiucm  dc  gtaiidcur  ct  dc  pUibr. 
As  lien  ^oe  cct  campagoea  incii1ccac»4  panUbieat  k  pdoe  let  dltani  de 
rancirnoe  Vdea,  ufpircntla  milanciilie  et r«ttcildtiicaaeot* 
•  Virg.  iEneid.  L.vili.  V.  185 — 370. 

Hinc  3d  Tarj'v  nrn  fcdrm  er  Capitolin  c^ticit, 

Auica  Bimc,  uimi  lyivciiubut  hornda  dumis. 

armcpta  Tidebaat 

Romanoqiic  foroct  lautis  mugire  CarinU.  , 
f  Rirn  de  plnsdifru  il*:  pour  un  ecritain  clr  v'  .^.ins  1c  luxr,  que^epe- 
indrc  IVms  baflVfle  des  mceurH  limplcs.  Lifcz  iXpitre  dc  Fei.clopc  t!ana 
Ovide,  vuu<i  vous  y  fcntirezrcvuUe  dc  ct-tte  m^iie  niflicitc  qui  vuu&  cti* 
diante  chec  Honitre.  Lifrs  Mademoifclle  de  Scudery,  voiia  feres  dHa* 
Itr^blcincnt  furpris  dc  retrouvcr  a  la  cour  de  Toib)  .Ia  h  povpedc  cellc 
de  I.ouis  XI V.  11  faut  cere  fjit  a  crs  mccurs  pour  cn  Taifir  le  roii.  l  a  re* 
iiciion  a  tcnu  Iiru  d'txp^  riLiicc  a  Virgile,  et  ptut-ctrc  a  Fcnc'.on.  lit 
ont  concu  ^uM  k»  faiimt  orncr  un  pcu,  pour  n  euagcr  b  deiicatcHc  de. 
Icnrs  concieojeof ;  maia  qtt*oo  cboqucroit  cette  mnie  d^licatcfie,  fi  on 
Ics  f.itdoir  bcaU'  Oup. 

.  (i)  JL^^Uusi  f iwi^L. L  C*  lit,   (a)  Pro^^lii  Xkf £kf . ¥i.  v .  2  3 . 

Tottte 


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M  LA  LITTE'RATURE. 


Toutc  ritalle  craint  pour  fa  libcrte.  Enec  triomphe  des 
iionimes  et  des  dicux.  Virgile  fait  encore  faire  rejaiilir  iur 
Ics  Troycns  touie  la  gloire  dcs  Ronuins.  Le  fond^teur 
dc  Rome  fait  dirp..roitre  celui  dc  L.ivinium.  C'clk  un  » 
feu  qui  3'allumt:.  Bicntot  il  embrafera  route  la  tcrre. 
Enec  (fi  j'ofc  hazarder  rexpreiTion)  coiitient  le  germc  de 
lous  fes  dcfccndans.  AlFiej^e  dans  (on  camp,  il  noas 
rappcUe  Cefar  et  Alexia  *•  Nous  ne  parta^eons  point 
noire  admiration. 

Jamt^i^  Vir^t'c  n'employe  micux  cet  art,  que  lorfquc, 
dcfcenilii  aux  eufcrs  avec  fon  hrros,  fon  imagination  en 
paroit  aiFranchie.  U  n'y  cree  point  d'etrcs  nouveaux  et 
fiMUafqucs.  Romulus  ct  Brutus,  Scipion  ct  Cefar  i'j 
montrcnr,  tels  que  Rome  les  admin  ou  les  craignit. 

XIX.  On  Ut  ies  Gcorgiques  avec  cc  gout  vif  qu'on  Lrs  Gem*. 
doit  au  beau,  ct  arec  ce  piatfir  d^idcux  que  famcnite 

de  Icinr  oljct  infpirc  a  toutc  ame  hontiete  et  fenfiblc.  On 
pcmrroit  cependant  fentir  croitre  fion  admiration,  (i  Ton 
decouffoit  chez  leur  auteur  un  but  aiiiii  relev^  que  Tex- 
Mention  en  ell  achevee.  Je  paife  toujottra  mes  ezemplee 
cbes  ViTgile.  Sea  beaux  vers  et  les  pr^oeptes  dc  £aa 
ami  Horacei  fixerent  le  gadc  des  Romains^  et  peurent 
inftnttre  la  poft^i^it6  la  plua  recolee.  Mats  pour  develo- 
per mes  id^csa  il  faut  les  prendre  d'ttn  peu  lotm 

XX.  Les  premiers  Remains  eombattoient  poar  hl<ettii4- 
gloiie  et  pour  la  patrie.   Depuis  le  (iige  de  VeYes  f  ib  '"^ 
xeceroient  une  paye  afiez  modique,  et  quelquefois  des 
rteompenles  apres  les  triomphes  1 1  mais  ils  les  recevoU 

ent  comme  nne  grace,  et  non  comme  une  dette.  La 
guerre  finie,  chaque  (bldat  devenu  citoyen,  fe  retiroit 
dans  fa  cabane  et  y  fufpendoit  fes  armes  inutiles,  prct  a 
les  rcprcndre  au  premier  fignal. 

Qnand  Sylla  lundit  la  tranquillitc  a  la  rcpublique,  les 
ciiulcs  etoient  bien  changees.  Plus  de  trois  cens  millc 
hommes,  accoutumes  au  carnage  ct  au  luxe  §,  fans  bicns, 
fans  patrie,  fans  prijisjipcs,  cxij^eoicnt  dcs  recompenles. 
Si  le  di^atcur  les  leur  avoit  donnees  en  argent,  iuivant 
le  taux  etabli  cnfuite  par  Auguftc,  elles  lui  aurolcnt 
couie  plus  de  trente  deux  millions  de  notre  nooa- 

*  p9urois  dft  dire  Aleluu   Alexia  eft  one  le^on  faailve  de  quekjuet 

(duiona  dcs  com menf aires ;  miils  Icrs  plo!)  anclcni  manafcriti,  d'tflMfd 
vTTc  in  intrc^  ccriv^ins  portcot  cofllUmmeot  Aieii*  (f ). 
t  Liv#  L.  iv,  c.  59,  60. 

I  Uv.  L.i1l.e.4^>         Ai^Bthnol*!  Tables,  p.  x8i,  Sec 
§  Sriaft  in  JBdL  CitUin.  fi.  as.  Bdk.  Tliyfiu 

(1)  Koiicc  de  i  uKteune  Gaiile»  par  M.  d'AnTtite,  p.  49. 

4  noye. 


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'  E88AI  SUR  L'CTUraB 

9 

]loye%  fomipe  immenre  dans  les  terns  ksplus  profp^ 
res,  mais  aJors  audcsffus  des  facultea  de  la  lepubliquc. 
SyUa  cmbraiTa  un  panii  que  la  neccdit^  et  foa  int^iet 
particulicr^  piuc6t  que  le  bicn  de  Tetat,  lui  ^li^eicnt ;  U 
donna  des  terres  aux  foldats*  Quarante  fept  legloas  fa- 
rent  difperfeea  dam  Tltalie,  Qn  fonda  vingt  qaatre  co- 
lonies militaires  f.  £icpedicnt  rnineux :  fi  on  Ics  meloir, 
ils  quttcoient'  leura  habitations  pour  fe  retrouver ;  li  on 
les  laifibit  en  corps,  le  premier  fedltteux  y  trouvoit  one 
arm^  toute  prete^.  Ces  vieux  guerriera  ennuyes  du 
reposi  et  trouvant  au-deflbos  dVux  d'achetcr  par  la  fueur 
cc  qui  pouvoit  ne  coutcr  que  du  fani^^,  difliperent  Icurs 
nouveaux  biens  par  la  debauche,  ct  n'cfpcrant  de  laiuL 
que  vja.no  u:ic  j;uLrrc  c;\il;-,  Icivirent  piiiltlniimcnt  Ics 
d"Hcins  de  Cuilina  ;|  Aii.;iiltc,  prcire  par  Ics  nieines 
cnibarrus,  luivlt  Ic  iiumc  plan,  et  cn  cr.iigait  les  memes 
foitcs.    La  triltc  Italic  fumoit  encore 

Des  feux  qu'a  rallume  la  liberie  mourante  f 

*  C«  tanx  ^toit     trmt  milte  drachme*.  on  douse  mllle  teftercei  poor 

le  On-.plr  legionaire  ( i),  du  double  pour  Ic  cavalier  ct  Ic  ccntenicr,  ttdll 

•  <juadiujil--  jK.tir  L  tri!nit(  (2).  La  Icj;!;  n  Roniainc,  depiiis  i'augmcnta- 
tioD  dc  M^riuii  (3).  cti  If  dc  Hi  niillc  faJitafriJ!>,  ct  dr  ''-••is  tens  clw - 
vaux.    Cc  grand  c^  tpi  iravoit  ^uc  iuixanu  lix  c*iiici(.ibj  iavuii  iuix^i:lc 

'  ccntesner*  et  fix  tribuni.  Volla  ie  cslcnl : 

,  sSt.oco  Icglnnair(.$  ^  ^oco  dradunetov  1 2,000  fcftcrco^ 

ou  ic'.  fl' rliiig  chacun,  38,9C^i009 
2,8zo  cciuctticrs  It  i4,iuO  caviilier^  a  6coc  dracLiues  ou 

sio  livret  flerling  chaciin.  3^6S»6oO 

•  aSa  tribuQi  i  X{|,oco  drachiocs  ou  L  410  chacuo^  Ki5,^ao 


F-n  tooit  1.  .^a,.t??;;,:  20 
.Suiv'^nt  Ics  calcuU  dc  M.  Arbuthnot  ctttc  fommc  nc  fcrtat  cjuc 
I.  3c  jo5,z20v  la  drachme  vaUiit  lofi«  d*Angleterre  (4}.  Makquct* 
t^iirs  rcchr-rcbcf  que-  j'ui«  fiUes  la  drachme  Aicique  de*  dernicrs  uina, 
,  %alc  itu  denier  Remain  cn  poidt  coiume  en  valcur,  valoit  ^<  de  cvttc 
moinioyt"  {$ ). 

t  Liv.  1..  Ixxxif.  Epitom.  Frcinfhcim.  Suppl.  L.  lixzix.  c.  .^4 
»    8«r  Panicle  dra  colonic  milkaimcn  pent  coniulKer  lea  Ccootaphia 
Pifana  du  Cardinal  Norrisi.    Le  feci  nd  chapitrf  de  fa  pttmi^o  diiCs'* 

tatiori  cnntient  dc»  details  tics  i'lnruif^ifs  fur  cciC€  matiire* 

\  Tacir.  AntMl.  xiv.  p.  749.  Edit.  Lipfii. 
^  1  iicit.  dc  Mor.  German-,  p.  441. 

y  Salull.  i«  Betl.  Catilio  p  40.   Ckefo  in  Gatilio.  Orat.  ii.  c.  9. 
t  Racin.  MUhrid.  Ad.  iii.  Sc.  I* 

(1  >  Diun.  CiiiT.  L.  liv.  Lipi.  £x.  ad.  L.  i.  Annal.  Tacit.  C. 

(l<  W<>iton'a  Hiftory  of  Rome,  p.  134.     (3)  Rglip.  Aaciq.  p.  964. 

f  4)  Arbuth.  Tableit,  p.  I  f . 

(5)  V.  nu-^  Ktiu.  MSS.  ft  r  ka  poidan  dec.  dct  aocicM*  Hoopers  f « 
iolf»  et  £iileiachiiudt,    «i»  dec. 


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DE  LA  LITTE'RATURE.  2^3 

Lcs  hard  is  veterans  n'.ivuitiit  achete  leurs  pofTeffions 
<jue  par  unc  guerre  faii^laiite,  tt  Icurs  IrcqLicns  actcs  de 

•  violence  montroienc  ailcz  qu'ils  fc  croioienc  toujours  led 
-armes    la  main  *. 

XXI.  Q^*y-avoii-il  alors  de  plus  afTorti  a  la  douce  po-  Butdc  Vlr- 
litique  d' Auguitc,  que  d'eniploycr  les  cliaiits  harmonicux  &^ 
de  Ton  ami,  pour  les  reconcilier^  a  ieur  iiuuvei  eut  ? 
Auiii  lui  confciila-t-ii  de  compuicr  cet  ouvrage. 

Da  facilem  cwrjum^  aique  widac^us  annue  cesfitisg 
Ignart^que  vut  meetm  mifiratus  agreftes^ 
logndtrn  it  voiHs  jam  nunc  affiifct  iwriirif . 

L'agriculture  avoit  cependant  plus  de  cinquance  ecnvains 
Grecs  %  \  les  llyres  de  Caton  et  de  Varrun  etotent  des 
guides  plus  iunt  plus  tninutieuxy  et  plus  exa^s  que  ne 
pottvoit  TetTC  un  poete.  Mais  il  falloit  faire  goikteradei» 

/loldatB  le  repos  de  la  campagnc  plutot  que  de  les  inftruire 
dans  les  priacipes  de  Tagricutture  ?  De  la  toutes  ces 
d^fcripttons  touchantes  des  pkiiirs  innocens  du  campag* 
nardy  fes  jeux,  fes  fovers,  fes  retraltes  d^ltcieafes  oppo* 

>  Ut%  aux  amufemens  irivoles  deft  hommesy  e(  a  leurs  al^ 
faires  plus  frivoles  que  leurs  amufemens. 

II  y  a  dans  ce- tableau  de  ces  traits  Tifs  «t  inattendus, 
de  ces  detours  caches  et  heureux,  qui  montrcnt  dans 
Virgile,  un  genie  pour  la  fatyre,  que  des  vucs  fup^ri- 

■  cures  et  la  bonte  do  ion  cctur  rcmpechoitrnt  kules  de 
ciiltkver^.  Q^<il  veteran  ne  Ic  rfjconnoillbit  pas  dans  le 
vieillaid  Cor)'Cien  (J  r  Cinnme  eux  accouiuiiie  aux  armes 
des  fa  jeunelie,  il  uouvoit  liiHh  le  bonheur  daii^  uiie  rc- 
traite  fauvage,  que  it^  uavaux  avoient  traasformee  en  uti 
lieu  dc  delices  ^. 

L'ltalien  las  de  mencr  vnv  vie  remplie  dc  craintes  le-  ' 

*  gitimcs,  deploroit  aycc  Virj^ilc  lcs  malhcurs  du  terns,  ct 
plaignoit  fon  prince  de  fe  voir  emporte  par  la  violence 
dc8  veterans, 

\Jt  cum  cararibus  ftfe  effudere  quadrtga, 
Addunt  in  fpatium^  H  Jrufira  retinacula  tmdens 
Firtur  tquis  aurigaf  mque  audit  eurrus  btdfcnas  *** 

Ct  Tec<Mnmen(oit  fes  travauz  dans  Tefpoir  d'un  nouveau 
fi^le  d'on 

•  V.  Donat.  in  Vie.  Virgil*  Virgil,  Rclog.  ix.  v.  a,  «kc. 

f  Virg.  Georg.  L.  u  v.  40*      \  Vmrro  de  Re  Ruftic.  L.  t.  c.  I« 

5  Hie  petit  excidiif  urbeni«  mifcrofque  prnatc«, 
Utfcmma  hihnr,  rt  Sarratio  dorrr,T;it  uilfo.  Virg.^veoffg.  L.tUJOJiftc* 

|}  Vircr  (ieoig.  1^.  iv.  IZS-      i'  q 

^  n  ctoit  ilu  uotnbre  des  pitutcsuuxijueU  Pompcc  Avutt  Uoiine  de$  tef- 
m.  V.  Senr.i&Loe.«t  VcU.P)i«er.L.ii.p.^6. 
4t  Vjfg.  Ccon.  L»  L  51a. 

XXU.  Si 


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ESSAI  sua  L'£ TUBE 


&o{irucc2«.  XXII.  Si  Fort  adopte  mes  idecs,  Vlrgtle  n'cR  plus  un 
fimple  ecrivain,  qui  decrit  les  travaux  ruitiques.  Cefl 
un  nouvel  Orphee,  qui  ne  manie  fa  lyre,  que  pour  fnire 
dcpofer  aux  fr^uvages  leur  ierocitc,  et  pour  ics  reuoir  par 
les  liens  des  moturs  et  des  loix  *. 

Sea  chants  produiHrcnt  cette  in  !r\  tiUr.    Les  veterans 
.  s'accoutum^rent  infcnfiblement  au  repos.    lis  pafTercnt 
cn  palx  les  trente  ans  qui  s'ccoullrent  avant  qu'Aogoile 
cut  MtHk  non  faos  beaucoup  de  difficiik6»  ua  tt^kr 
milttaire  pour  les.  payer  cn  argent  f. 

JU  Cat*       XX [ii.  Ariftotet  'qui  portoit  la  lum'iere  dans  les  t^ne- 

Ti<toK*      bres  de  la  nature  et  de  VxUf  eft  le  peie  de  Ja  critique. 

Mee  de  b  Le  tcms,  dont  la  juftice  lenfee)  mais  fure,  met  cofin  la  vo- 
rite  la  place  de  reneiir»  a  hriit  Jes  ftatues  du  philofo- 
pbe,  mais  a  confirme  les  decifions  du  criti^iic.  Deftitiie 
d'ob(enrattoos9  il  a  donne  des  ehtmere^  pour  des  fait*. 
Foiin^  dans  T&ole  de  Platon*  et  dans  les  ferits  d'Uo- 
iiiefe»  de  Sopfaoclci  d'Euripide  et  de  Thucydidey  il  a 
p«tf6  fes  regies  dans  la  nature  des  ehofes  et  dans  U 
cowwiffiince  da  cesar  kumain.  U  les  a  ^daircies  par  kt 
czemples  des  plus  grands  modeles. 

Deiiz  mUle  ans  fe  font  6eonl6s  depois  Ariftote.  JLes 
critiques  ont  pcrfe£liomi^  lewr  aiC*  Cepeadant  Us  ne 
font  pas  encore  d'accord  fur  Pobjetde  leurs  travaux.  Les 
le  Clerc,  les  Coufin,  les  Des-maifeaux,  Ics  de  Saintc- 
MartheJ,  nous  en  ot!rent  des  definitiom;  ditFerentt  s. 
Tour  moi,  je  les  crois  toutcs  ou  trop  p.irti.iles,  ou  trop 
arbitraires.  La  critique  eft,  feJon  moi,  Tart  de  juiicr 
des  6crits  et  des  ccrivains,  ce  qu'ils  ont  dit,  s'iU  Font 
bien  dit,  s'ils  ont  dit  vrai  §.  De  la  premiere  tic  ccs 
branches  decoule  la  granimaire,  la  connoifTance  des  lati-  • 
gucs  et  des  manufcrits,  le  difccrnemcnt  des  ouvrages 
fuppofes,  le  rctablilTement  ties  endroits  corrompus. 
Toute  la  theorie  ile  la  pocfic  et  de  Peloquence  le  (ire  de 
)a  iecoiulc.  Ln  troifieine  ouvre  un  clianip  immenlc, 
Texamen  ct  la  critique  des  faits.  On  pourrolt  done  dillin- 
guer  la  nation  des  critiques,  en  critiques  grammairiens, 
en  critiques  rheteucs  et  en  critiques  biftoricus.  Les  pre* 

a  SyHeftm  hominet  facer  iaterprefqttc  Deoram 

Cnedihus  ec  vidtu  fa&do  deterruit  Orpheun;  * 
Didttt  ob  Eoc  leairB  i^mnlndoiiiR  leone^. 

Horat.  An  Pact.  v.  791. 
t  Tinanoot.  Hi(L  Sm  Bmper.  Tacit.  Annal  L.  i.  p  39.  Dionyf  L. 
hr.  p.  565.  Sneton.  ia  AwgaSL,  c  49.         4  Cferid  Am  Cdt.  L.  i.  C't, 
§  II  faut  borner  cc  vrai  an  vrai  hifloriqar,  i  la  verity  de  leun  teaiotg* 
m^c9ct  nnn  dr  Icurs  opinion*.    Cetre  derntlre  <ifi^  4k  ipfaiC^ca  pin* 
c6t  du  KiiHon  de  la  logtqoc      de  ^lui  de  la  giu^uc* 

tcntkona 


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bfe  LA  LltTfe'ltATURE.  225 

tenlions  exclufives  des  premleri  onk  nui  noil  fettlemeiit  a 
Icur  travail,  mais  ^  celul  de  leurs  coafr^resl 

XXIV.  Tout  cc  qu'oat  ete  Ics  hdmnies,  tout  cc  que  le  M«erhtt£ 
jgcntc  1  cree,  tout  cc  que  la  raifoii  a  pefe,  tout  cc  que  le 
'travai!  a  recueilli,  voila  Ic  depahcment  de  la  critique*  X#a 
-jufleife  d'cfprir,  la  fiiKfT:,  penetration,  Ibnt  toutes  ne* 
ccfTalres  pour  I'  xcrccr  digneniLiit.  Je  fuis  le  litterateur  dans 
foil  cabir.et,  je  le  vofs  entoure  dcs  prbdu^ions  de  tous  Ics 
fifties  :  fa  biblioth^ue  efl  rcmplle :  Ton  efprit  en  eft 
Rehire,  Hins  en  etre  charge.  II  etend  fes  regards  de  toiis 
c&tthi  L^^ut^ur  U  plus  eloigne  du  travail  de  I'iniiantj  n'eft 
|>as  6ttbiie :  ufi  trait  lumineux  pourroit  s*y  rericontreri  qui 
confifmeroifc  \es  deebuvcrtes  du  critique  ou  qui  ebranleroic 
fes  hypcth^f<*s.  Le  travail  de  Terudit  efi  achev^.  Le  phild- 
fophe  it  nos  jours  arr^te  ct  loue  U  memoire  du  compila- 
teur*  Celui-ci  en  eft  quelquefois  li  dupe^  et  prend  Ics 
t6rtaux  pour  !*6dificc. 

XlCv .  Mais  le  vrai  criti4ue  fent  que  fa  tlch|e  he  fait  qtie  Q^htidaat 
comMcficer.  I!  pefe,  il  combine^  il  doute,  il  decide.  Ex-  dttcritiq,iifc 
a^  et  irf)t)are1s(I^  1!  tie  fe  rend  qu'i  la  raifon,  ou  a  rautontl^ 
qtii  eft  I21  raifon  dcs  faits  *.  Le  nom  le  plus  refpeflabic  le 
c^d6  queiquefoiis  iU  temoignage  d'ecrivains  auxquels  les  cir* 
conftarArces  fciifeS  dorine'nt  un  poids  momentane.  Prompt  ci 
fecond  en  rcflfources,  mais  i'ans  faufle  fubtilite,  il  olc  facri- 
fier  rhypothefe  la  plus  hi  til,-.  I'.c,  la  plus  fp'k-icufe,  et  nc  fait 
point  parlcr  a  fcs  niaurcs  lanj^nge  tL  ici  conjectures. 
Ami  tie  l:i  v;'i  i:e,  il  chorcFie  Ic  gcme  fde  preuvcs  qui  con- 
vicnt  a  Ton  fujct,  et  il  s*en  contcnte.  II  ne  porte  point  ia 
faux  de  I'^nalvl-J  i'ur  ccr.  Jutes  (^:^'icates,  qui  unent  fous 
la  touch,:  la  liioin:;  ruJc  j  lu.us  auili,  pcu  coiUent  d*une  ad- 
miration ftcrile,  il  fouille  juTques  ih'.ns  les  principes  les  plus 
Caches  du  c».cur  liunv.iin,  pour  fe  rendre  raifon  de  fcs  piaifirs 
<Jt  de  fcs  dcgouts.  Modeite  et  fenfe  il  n'etale  point  fes  con- 
je<f^uTe>  comme  des  verites,  fes  inducliuns  commc  desfaitSj 
fcs  vraiiembh'.nc^s  comme  de-^  demonftratioTis. 

XXVI.  On     lilt  que  la  "eoaieiric  c^oit  une  bonne  lor^I-  _ 
que,  et  f  on  a  cru  lui  cloimcr  un  grand  eloj  '  .•  i!  elt  plus  bon^ 
gioricLix  aux  fjiences  de  <l''vc!nnrrr  ou  clc   pL-ricClionncr  loglguob 
riiomme,  qtie  de  reculer  les  buu^^s  de  i'univers,    Mais  la 
critique  ne  peiit-elle  pas  partager  ce  tirre  f  Ellc  ?.  nieme 
c^l  avantag<?  :  la  geometric  s*L)ccupe  de  demonflrations  qui 
ne  fe  trouvent  que  chcz  cUe  ;  la  critique  balance  les  diffe- 
rens  degres  de  vraifemblancc.   C*eft  cn  les  comp'arant  que 
nous  regions  tous  les  jours  nos  actions,  que  nous  decidons 
fc  uveal  dc  noM  {brt  f  *  Baiau^ons  cfca  vraifiemblances  crW 
tiqucs. 

^  Ccft-idire,  IHiotoritI  avec  rexpirienee, 

t  n  t'agU  priadpalettent  det  tUmtm  de  U  jg^om^tfie  tt  de  cc«z  de  la 

critique. 

VojuQL  SXVil.  WOUC    digitized  by  Google 


226  ESSAl  SUR  L'ETUDE 

» 

Contre-  XXVII.  Notre  fiecle,  qui  fe  croit  dt(:jnc  a  cLp. r;f^e  r  Ics 
^erlc  for  ,  loix  cn  tout  gtrnre,  a  cnf.inie  un  Pirrhonifme  hiiloriquc, 
utile  ct  dangciei:x.  M.  dc  Pouilly,  cfprit  brillant  tt  fupcr- 
fjcicl,  qui  citoit  plus  qu'll  ne  liloit,  iluuta  tie  la  certitude* 
des  cinq  pixmici.s  flciics  dc  Home;  mais  Ton  irn^^^Tination 
pcu  taitc  pt.Hir  c  l  s  reclu  rches,  ceda  iacilcnicnt  a  i'ci  udition 
ft  a  la  critique  dc  M-  Frcrc:i  tt  (Id  I'Abbe  Sallicr-f-.  M.  dc 
Beaufort  lit  rcvivrc  ccttc  controw  r'^,  ci  i*}iilioirc  Romaine 
fouffrlt  be;iucv)up  des  attr.ques  d'uo  ^cnvain,  qui  iiavoic 
douter  et  qui  Tavoit  decider. 

XXVIII.  Un  traite  des  Remains  et  des  Carthaginois  de- 
trTRoBwet  cntrc  fcs  mains  unc  objcdion  accablantc  J.  Ce  traiic 
CuUuige.  fe  rencontre  chez  Polybe^  hidorten  cxa^  et  ^lair^|. 
Uortginal  fe  coqfervoit  a  Rome  de  fon  terns.  Cependant  oe 
monument  nutlientique  contredit  tous  les  hiftoiieas.  L. 
Brutus  ct  M.  Hortitiiis  y  parotflent  comme  exer^ant  le  con* 
itttat  enfemblCy  quoiqu'Horatius  n'y  parvint  qu^apres  1^ 
mort  de  Brutus.  Les  Romains  y  ont  des  fujets  qut  n*etoiefit 
encore  que  leurs  allies.  On  entend  parler  de  la  marinftd'oii 
peuple  qui  ne  conftruifit  fes  premiers  vaifleaux  que  dan*  U 
premiere  guerre  Funtque^  deux  cens  cinquante  ans  aprit 
le  coufuiat  de  Brutus.  Qiidles  condufions  fotalea  ne  ttre^ 
t-on  pas  de  cette  contrariete  ?  Eiles  font  toutes  a«  def^ 
vantage  des  htftorsens. 
^JP^^  XXIX.  Cette  objeAion  «  fort  embarailS  les  adferfaim 
de  M.  de  Beaufort.  lis  ont  doute  de  rauthentidt^  de  ce 
monument  original.  Us  en  ont  aTanc6  ladatte.  Tftchonspar 
une  explication  vraifemblable  de  concilier  le  monument  et 
JLcifODTuU*  les  hiftoriens.  S^parons  d'abord  la  datte  d'avec  le  corps  du 
traite.  Celui-ci  eft  du  tcms  dc  Brutus.  Cellc-lii  ell  dc  U 
fa^on  dc  Pulybe  cu  de  fes  anriquaii  es  Roniaiiis.  Les  noms 
dw's  confuls  ne  fc  lifoicnt  jamais  dans  les  trairt  s  Tolcmnel^ 
dans  les  /hrJeru  cDiifacrcs  par  toutes  les  ceremonies  dc  la 
religion.  Les  leuls  miniftrcb  de  cette  religion,  les  feaaux^ 
les  lignoient :  et  cette  circonflanee  liiUiuguoit  les  fa-drr^:  ct 
les  fpD'^fiona.  Nous  dcvons  ce  detail  a  Tite  Live  II  i.iit 
diiparoitrc  la  di&cult^    Les  antiquaires  auront  pris  les  £e» 

*  Une  MtkwXtm  cUIre  6e  rette  certitude  far  UqueVe  on  ft  difpntoir* 
Surott  po  tVriger  li  cnotrovtrfo.  C'eft  la  cvftitudc  htftoriqoe.^  Mail  cctt« 
certitude  varts  de  fiede  en  ficcle  Jc  crots  cn  gros  a  rexifirnce  et  aux  a^lioot 
dc  Charlrmagpc  :  mats  bcenitadc  ^ae  j'co  ai^  n^cilpotot  egak  icdkdcft 
ejploiti  d'  Henri  quatrc. 

*  V.  Mem.  dtf  TAcid.  dct  BrHea-Lcttrcn,  tom.  vi.  p.  14. 190* 
%  Diflert.  far  rineertit.  de  rHifLRom.  p.  53-^46. 

\  Polyb.  Hia.  I.,  iti  c.  11. 

^  Spoponderunt  coT)fu!c»,  Ifpnti,  CTfafl.^es,  triSuni  millrum,  r!9mina<|ue 
eorttm  quifpofHtnderunt  adhuc  etilanc,  ub;  ii  cxioedcre  tifta  rr»  cilei  prarter« 
^uam  duorum  fcci4lium  oon  citiKnt.  Titi  Liv.     ia.  c.  j. 

ciaux 


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4 


D£  JLA  UTT£  RATUR£. 

ciauz  pour  les  confuls.  Mais  fans  fonger  a  cette  meprife,  cet 
antiquaires  que  Hen  n'obligeoit  ^  la  pr^ciHon  dans  Texplica- 
tion  des  monumens  publics,  ont  marqu6  Tannee  du  r^gi- 
fuge,  par  les  noms  c^lebrcs  du  fondattur  de  la  liberty  e(  dc 
celtti  du  capitole.  II  Icur  importoit  peu  de  s'afliiTcr  i'ils  eser* 
Cerent  le  coiirulatcnfemble. 

XXX.  lies  peuples  d'Ardee,  d'Andum,  de  Terracinei  i^^u^ 
u'etoient  point  fujets  des  Romninsj  ou  s'ils  I'etoient,  les  dc»  Ro- 
hidoriens  nous  ont  donne  une  id^  ei^s  faufie  de  I'etendue  anuiit. 
de  la  republiqae.    Tranfportons-nous  daos  le  fi^le  de  Bru^  - 

tus,  ct  putfons  dans  la  politique  des  Romains,  uaed^finU 
tlon  dtt  terme  d'alli6  aiTcz  61oignee  de  h  n6tre«  Rome^ 
quolque  la  demiere  colonic  des  Latins,  fongea  de  bonne 
heare  \  retknir  toute  cette  nation  fous  fes  loix.  Sa  difciplinCt 
fes  h6xo%  et  fes  ▼idtoires  lui  acquirent  bientdt  une  fup^-  » 
orite  d6cidee*  Fiers,  mais  politiques,  les  Romatns  en  ufe- 
ftat  avec  une  fagefle  digne  de  leur  bonheur.  lis  comprirent 
que  des  citk  mal-aflervies  arreteroient  les  amies,  epuife* 
foientles  trefbra,  et  corromproient  les  moeurs  de  la  repub-' 
lique.  Sous  le  nom  plus  fpecieux  d^alli^s,  ils  fnrent  faire 
aimer  leur  joug^aux  vaincus.  Ceux-ci  confentirent  avec  plailir 
a  reconnoitre  Rome  pour  la  capitale  de  la  nation  Latinei  ct  k 
lui  foumir  un  corps  de  troupes  dans  toutes  fes  gu^rres.  La 
lepttUique  ne  Icurdevott  qu*une  protection,  marque  de  fa 
Ibuverainet^  et  qui  leur  coCttoit  fi  cber.  Ces  peuples  6toient 
allies  de  Rome,  mais  ils  virent  bientot  eux*meme$  qu'ils 
en  ctoient  efclavcs  *. 

XXXI.  Cette  explication  diminue  la  difEculte,  me  dira- 
t-on,  mais  ne  la  JKTipc  pas.  TTrxo&i,  Texpreflion  dont  fe 
feu  Polybt  ,  fignific  fujct,  dans  le  fens  proprc  du  mot.  Je 
jif  !e  cortciieiai  pas.  Mais  nous  n'avons  que  ]  i  tra  lLi cation 
d'-ya:  rraiLL;  \  et  fi  Ton  accordc  a  fes  copie^^  ur.;j  cotii:Ji»cc 
coiitiluunellc  pour  Ic  iond  des  choft^s,  il  n;  cluir  pas  etrc  per- 
mis  de  rien  conciurc  de  leurs  cxpr^  il'uins  prifcs  a  la  rigucur, 
Les  afTembbges  d'iducs  font  fi  arbltraires,  les  nuances  fi  Ic- 
gCTCS,  les  langucs  fi  diffc'rentes,  que  le  plushabiie  tra(lu(f^eur  ^ 
ptut  chcrcherdes  exprefllons  cquivalentcs,  mais  n'en  trouve 
gueres  que  de  feniblables  f.  Le  langagc  de  ce  traitc  ctoit 
ancicQ.    Polybc  fe  fia  aux  antiquaires  Remains.  La  variit^ 

leur  grofllt  ks  objets.   Fmderati  ne  fignific  pas  dcs  allies 
6gaux  :  rendons  le,  diren>ils,  parlujets. 

XXXil.  La  marine  des  Romatns  cmbarafTe  encore  nos  i^^. 
cridques.     Polybe  nous  aiTurc  que  la  Eotce  de  J^uf 

*  Tk.  LiT.JL.Tui.  c.  4. 

Le  pr^etir  Aimim  aopelle  le^viroeneM  dcs  Wjmiuu^BmmmkKfiltm* 
t  V.Ckfk^  AiiGrUcJL.&.c.  S.S  s,4,3.   <  T 

0^2 


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228  ESSAI  SU^  VtlTUDE 

illtas  flit  leur  premier  e0)|i  4aii9  cc  genre*.  £h  ikth 
Pui)be  (e  troinpci  puifqu'it  fe  contredit^  voUi  tcMite 
ma  cooclttTion.  Mais  cn  admettant  meme  foil  recU» 
rbtftoire  Romaiiie  s^ccrouleroit  cependant  pas.  Voici 
une  hyporlicfe  c^ui  eipllquc  ce  phcnom^oe  d*une  m»» 
ni^re  raifonnsiMc  j  ct  cVft  tout  ce  <|u*on  eft  en  droit  d'cxigcr 
d'une  hypothtife.  Tarquin  opprime  le  peuple  et  Ves  4oldats« 
I!  s*.ipp;c  rrle  tout  le  butm.  On  fe  degpute  de  la  miUce.  Ou 
CiMiipc  dc  pct'itj»  bjittmens  ^ut  foiu  des  courfes  far  mp*. 
La  rcpublic^ue  tuiiTante  ks  pvorcge^  inais  met  ua.frein  pat 
ce  trait^  i  kurs  depredations.  Des  guerres  continueUes^  la 
p  »yc  tju'on  accorde  aux  troupes  dc  terre^  font  ne^ligcr  W 
marine  \  ct  dans  un  (iecleou  deux,  on  oublie  qu'elle  a  ja^ 
mats  exi(i6  f.  Folybe  aura  parle  d'une  fa^on  un  pen  trop 
»  g^ncr.ile. 

XXXIU.  B'ailleurs  la  premiere  marine  des  Romaini^ne 
pouvoit  etre  compofee  que  de  b^timens  a  ctoquante  rames* 
Gclon  et  Hieron  condruifirent  des  vaiiVeaux  plys  grands  ^ 
Les  Grecs  ec  Ics  Carthnglnois  les  imit^rent^  et  dans  la 
premiere  guerre  Puni^ue,  ks  Remains  rairent  en  mer  de 
ces  v'fiifleaux  a  trots  ou  quatre  ran^s  de  rames,  qui  ^tonnent 
encore  nos  antiquaircs  et  dos  mecuaniciens.  Cct  armement 
6toit  bien  propre  a  fairc  oublicr  kurs  clTais  antiques  et 
4  groiricrs  §. 

MieiipiM  XXXiV.  J*ai  dcfcrndu  avec  plaifir  un;:  hiftoirc  utile  ft 
forceite  intcrcrlf.u.tc.  M.iis  j'ai  voulu  (urtout  montrtr  par  ccs  ro- 
^  licxioiis,  foirl.rcn  font  dclicates  Ics  lillcanions  lit  U  crili- 
<pje,  ou  il  i^t:  i>  ^'^  r.iifir  la  desnonllr.ition,  ni.iis  de  com- 
parer k  poi.ls  des  vr.iiU  iii^l.;nccs  i>ppulccs  j  ct  rombicn  il 
irtUlfc  ticiivT  i!v-s  lyilcniCa  ii^^  plus  cbl«  uiil  ins,  pui'.ru'il  v  cn 
a  fi  pcu  (^ui  iuuueur»eut  repicuve  d'ua  c-\aiucii  Iiuie  ct 
lert'f. 

La  critique      XXXV.  Une  nouvelje  cor  iulor/.tioii  cir.l  ..r^iTc  la  ciiti- 
oitcpr&ci*    qii^.  (i'une  nouvelk  liiuicuiic.   H  "ii-  tics  IciciiwCsqui  :w  fon: 
.  "*      que  des  con:]Q;iiaiiccs  :  };:ur3  i)r.i,i.iMC3  font  des  vciiicii  iie 
routine.      Ipcculatlon  ct  non  des  maximcs  dc  cor.duiic.    11  cit  piu^i 
f^cik  de  corivprcndrc  ItciiLmenr  une  propofiilon,  que  dc  fc 
].\  rcndvc  faiii^litre,  dc  Tappliqucr  avcc  jiidtiTc,  dc  s*cii 
fcrvir  comme  d'un  i:uide  dau^iw^  etudes*  et  d  uu  i^ambcau 
dans  fcs  JwCouvcrtcs. 

#  Po!yb.  L.  5.  c.  lo. 

^  f  Jr  He  dia  JIM!  «]c  la  flottc  <]ui  parut  devant  T.^rcnt**.    Jc  cn  l^  que  les 

V  tiflc-iiix  appiii  ter.uiaH  aux  habuaiik  <i«  Thui}4;uo.   Voyc%  lrtciiiih(cim  dtt|^ 
^)(.ni.  Liviai).  L.  lii.  c.  ^. 

I  Arbtttbii<<t*«  Tabkt,  p.  »25.   Hift.  du  eomuerce  dci  ancicoi,  p»r  Huef. 

c.  iHI. 

5  On  peut  voirun?  autrr  hyjv)»hefc  du  ctlebrc  M.  FrC'rct.  Ellc  pb?t  par 
fa  fimplK^rr,  mils  tlk  me  piirokmloutcnabli-.    Vuy,  M^aiair&f  dc  i'Aca- 
du  BcUvk-X^cUi  cs,  torn*  xviii.  p.  scSi  ^c. 

La 

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OE  LA  LlTteHAtUftE.  ii^p 


La  imrdie  de  H  cifti^fiie  n'efV  poii^t  une  routine.    Sctf  . 
grthampe^ g^n^ux  font  vra^  niais  (l^rfltSw    Oiui  qui  lYC 
connect  qu'eux,  fe  meprend  ^t^alement,  qto*tl  tvniile  Ics 

des  iteglcs,  m^is  mahre  atfUi  d^  ralfom  de^  r.^glcs» 

ifale  Fell  «loigntr :  m«is  'firtvez<4e  jufqii'aii  bottt,  tdatf 
voycKra  Itti  tdf»lm€VLff  m«i»ttii  adifti{nte«r  ^dah-^dlfi^ 
mAae»  t^ksg  qui  fern  totijowrs  l»bnfe  dt  fes  rtihtinemtxri 
tt  de  deccmri^erfev.  Qbc  toties  les  fdeiyces  fMTttrc  li'pm 
09n  bmimtm  yc/^'ubUea^  toill  le  fotihalt  d^  pcuple  dtj^  fa- 
Mns.  Son  aciCompttiKrnt^il  JbrcfH  foii'bc^flh^f :  fna'fsoTtne 
Jfkk  que  tisop  que  le  bdiiheur  dies  pen^iles  et  Id  gloire  de  ccux 
i}ut  lifr  Icltoiivnr  on  qc*  les  jemivcrf»crtt,-  foHtdes  ofejcts  ftfa-^ 
MiKKMrcms,  et  qu^lqu^^fotd-opp^re^^  frtvam  dn  pre- 
«ncr  ordftt  ffe  veKtcfMt  (|u?  ((rs  Etudes  fembl^jbled-  h  h  huc^ 
^'Achille :  elle  ti'ctott  faite  x;uc  potir  led  ifrain^  du  h^os. 
EiTayons  de  la  manicr. 

XXXV1-.  he  I^giffatctnr  dd  tarctitiqiic  a  prortoricc,  que  Ic  pocu 
poete  d0tt  tcndin:  les  hcroi  tch  que  I'hitioJre  nouo  ies  fait  peot-a 
foondtrc: 

jf'tft  fiUKa?:!  fcqucrt^  nitl  Jiin  conver.wvtiii  f:ntrf^'' 
^fmra  ne%ft fibi  tnstA^  nihil  non  arregel  ai  misy  isc,  f 

R^dufrons-noud  done  lie  pdelfe  all  t6l'e  d'liti  9riM  amia« 
TfSie,  ?  Lai  oterons-HoUs  ee  ^and'  pouvdr  d^  1^  fi^mn-)  tt 
cDntnfte»  ce  choc  dbs  cara^lKves,  ees  diuirrlon!;  Iit^reiidtiear 
bii  Ton  tremble  pour  Phoitime,  oft  t*ofi  a^lmife  Ic  h^ros  ? 
Oo-bieii>  plus  amis  desbeaut^s  quedCfs  ti^fi^t  ^^^i  pardtm' 
Acrons-ifoue  plus  aiO^ment  les  aiiachroiiifmos  'mie  t^enrhft  ? 


aider  fetf  op^r4|tion$,  eft  nod  It  les  embatafler.  Oil  sr  vu  que  pie  de  vir- 
la  philofophie  h^rltfStf  dft  d6rtionftraf forts,  ofe  a-pHttcem 


'anti^uit^:  |mfOifient*i 
travdlis,  ils  ptoduifctit  la  furprife,  mdf ^  UM  fnfpfffe- qsi^raw 
Tolte  centre  Ics  nouvcaifti's.  Lorfqu*'uti  autcur  vcut  Itaraar. 
Uri  quelque  changemcnt,  il  doit  r^flechir  s'il  en  nait  une 

♦  V,  Bcntlcy  ct  S.«n:Ht.>n  nu  v  i?o.dc  l-Att  Poctt<|iie  d'rloraec. 
+  Horat.  Ari  P^tt.  v.  x  ly.  a  k^j.  , 

bcitUtc 


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230  ESSAI  SUR  L'ETUDE 

bcaute  frappante  ou  leeere,  mais  toujours  proportfoaa^c  i 
la  violation  des  loix.  Cc  a'clt  qu^a  cc  prix  qu'il  pcut  rachc- 
ter  (on  attentat. 

Lcs  anachronifmes  d'Ovlde  nous  deplaifcnt  *.  La  ▼erile 
y  eft  corrompuc  fans  etrc  embcllic.  Q^e  le  Mezcncc  dc 
Virgile  eft  d'un  caraderc  different  !  Ce  prince  uc  pet  i:  (ju^ 
par  ics  armeg  d'Afcagnc.  f  ^^^^^  ^^^^  kcb-ur  aCi':/.  ^1  ice 
pour  y  fongcr  un  initanr,  lorfqu'il  voit  Encc,  miDiilrc  des 
vengeances  celeiles,  devenir  le  protcdeur  dcs  lutions  op- 
primees,  lancer  la  toudre  fur  la  tete  du  coupibl-  tyraa, 
mais  s'attendrir  fur  la  vidime  iniortuneL'  de  fes  coups,  le 
jeune  Ct  pieux  Laufus  dignc  d*un  mure  pcic,  et  d'un  deftiri 
pluspropice?  Que  dc  bcaute s  rhidoirc  faifoit  prrdre  an 
poctp  !  Encourage  par  ce  fucces,  il  l^ibanLlonnc  qur»nH  il 
cut  du  lc  imrte.  £nce  arrive  dans  I'ltalie  fi  dcfirre  ;  ies 
Latins  accoureot  pour  d6feiidre  l^uf  s  ioyct^  tout  menace 
do  plus  fanglant  combat 

«  Dcja  de  traits  cn  Tair  s'61evoltun  nuagc  ; 
<«  Deji  couloitU  fangpiemices  du  carnage^.** 

Lc  nom  d'Enee  fait  tomber  lcs  armes  j?ux  rnncmis. 
lit  craiencnt  de  combattre  cc  guerricr,  dont  la  glmre 
t^Oevt  dec  ccudr^s  de  U  patrie.  lU  courent  cmbrafler 
ce  prince  annonc^  par  tanr  d'oraclcs,  qui  leur  appor- 
te  du  fond  dc  TAfie,  fes  dieux,  une  race  dc  heros,  ct 
la  promcflc  dc  rempirc  dc  rumvcrs.  Latmus  lui  ohrc 
un  azUe  ct  fa  fiUe.  I|  Quel  coup  de  theatre  •  Qu  1 1  etoit 
dignc  dc  la  majefte  dc  repop6c,  et  de  a  plume  de  Virgile  ! 
Qu'on  Itti  compaw,  fi  on  Tofc,  I'anibaflade  d  Ihoncus,  lc 
pJaisdcLatinUi.  etlcdifcoursdu  monarque?. 
WaifcMfo-  ^  XXXVIIL  Qttclcpoctc,  jc  lc  r^pctc  encore,  ofe  hazar- 
r^?."  der  Doomi  QUcTc  Ictlcur  retrouYC  toujours  dans  fcs  be 
"^'^  Zn^cc  m^mc  degri  dc  plaiGr  que  la  vcrit6  ct  lcs  conve- 
nances  lui  cuflcnt  oflfett.  Qu'il  ne  boulcverfe  pas  lcs  annaki 
d^un  fieclc'  pour dirc'unc  antithefc  Uinvcntion  nc  trouTCra 
pas  cctte  loi  trop  KvcfC,  fi  eUc  r£fl^chit  que  lc  fcntiment  ap^ 

♦  Sn  imtl^  de  g<o«pW«  ^      chronologic  ou  doit  prti  camptrr  fur 
-x  CO  A  401.  ct  lc  XIV,  L.  dc.  mhafi^  Mcumorph.  Celle-U  eft  rconbe  4 

♦  StrTiTvirg.  JEncid.L.iv.v.6K>.  Dion.  Halycarn.  AnU^.Rom.L.1. 
I  Racin.  Ipbi^.  AcH  v.  Sc.  dcrn.        V  Ttt.Uv.I-.  ».  C.  I. 

I  Vilg.  JEncid.  i^.  vu.  v.  14^-  jul^u'a  ^^i* 

^rticn^ 


nioiti7P<i  bv  Conolc 


DE  LA  LiTXE  RATURE.  231 

partlent  a  tous  les  hommeSy  que  les  conn<V:  Tanccs  ne  font 
}e  partage  que  d'un  petit  nombrc,  ct  que  Ic  beau  agit  plus 
puiir.unmciu  fur  I'air.e  que  le  vrai  iur  IVTprit.  Qu'cile  ic 
fouvienne  touieiois  qu'U  eil  des  ecartsque  rien  nc  pcut  faire 
O'jbl^cr.  L'imagination  for^c  de  Milton,  la  verfification  har- 
monieufc  de  Vcltaire,  ne  nous  reconcUieroieat  jamais  avec 
C-^Ur  lache,  Catiiliia  vcniimx,  Henri  IV.  vainqueur  dss 
Remains.  Diions  en  raifembbnt  nos  idees,  (\w  les  cinc- 
tures des  grands  homines  doivcnt  etrc  iacres  j  mais  quclcs 
poeccs  peuvent  ecriie  leur  htitoire,  moins  comme  ellc  a  6rct' 
que  comme  elie  cikt  <i4  ^re  \  qu'une  creatiop  uou^elle  re« 
volte  moios  que  des  changesient  eflentieU,  parce  que  ceux- 
ci  fappqr<a|  l^enenTi  ct  celle-la  unc  fimple  igfiotante  i 
qu'cntin  on  rapproche  plus  aifemeot  les  terns  que  les  lieiut. 

On  doit  fans  doute  de  rindulgenc  '  nux  ficclcs  recules,  oik 
les  fydcmes  de3  cl^ronQlogiiics  font  les  fiiftions  des  poetes,  I 
r<agr6ment  pres.  Quiconque  6^  condamner  Tepifode  <ie  Di« 
don  eft  plus  philofopiie  oa  moins  homme  de  gotkt  que  moi^. 

XXXIX.  Plus 

*  Oo  peut  doutcr  ccpcndantfi  cot  (^ifode  Ucffc  U  vcriuble  cltrdnoiogle. 
Dmu  le  lyftlme  pUufiblc  da  ClwTalier  Newton,  Eo^et  Didoo  Te  tronvent 
coDtemponins  (i).  I'Cs  Romains  devoirnt  mteux  connoltre  rhifteke  de 
Carthage  que  Ics  Grrr?.  I  t-chiv-s  Carthage  cryitnt  pafftcs  a  Rom-r 
(x).  JLa  langtie  Puuujur  y  etoit  aiicz  coiniuc(3).  I.cs  Romaini  onfultoitnt 
Tolontitr*  ici  Africjii  8  fur  Icurs  origines  (4).  D'a'llcurst  (ct  ccit  all'cz  pour 
<Siie«1per  notrc  poete)Viiviie  adopteiine  dmmologie  plus  conforme  am  fup* 
ptiutioas  de  Ncwtoo  qa^i  cellct  d'EnnAhtee.  '  i^t^tee  on  &e  fcra  pu  - 
iich^  lie  voir  Irs  prruvrt  dc  ce  fcntlnient. 

Se-i  t  m  AsHiTnt  A  peir  -  au  cuurruttx  de  Juoon  ct  tus  voyages  d'Euec* 
C'cU  i)iuuu  (^ui  luc  i'apprclictiii ; 

**  — Ntm  ce  jtm  feptimm  porttt 
"  Omnibui  erratitrro  t  err  is  eCflttAibtii  xdas  ( ; ) 
Ouelquesmois  apr^s  il  arrival  au  bord  du  Tibre.  Ce  fuc  11  ]u  •  I  •  Diru  du 
fieuvc  lui  a|jpaiut,  iui  prcdi?  de  nouvcaux  combdr«;,  mais  iut  tit  dp^rcr  unc 
fin  gloncuic  a  icb  maux.  Un  prudi^c  cootirm^  i'uracic.  Uuc  truve  couchcc 
far  k  riTage  montroit,  par  fet  treofe  pttin  pui  rcDviroDBoicnt,  ic  Dorohrt 
4^mHh*  qoi  dtfokat  t^Mifar  tfaiii  m  k  je«M  Afticne  jecilc  k«  f«idtt> 
ptttd'Aibci  •  ^ 

•*  Jamquc  tibi,  ne  vans  putci  haec  fingcre  fom&IMai 
**  Littorcis  ingcns  niVcnu  fub  iHcibui  fu», 

Tnginta  CApitutn  foetut  eui&a,  jaccbit ; 
**  Alba,  iiilo  fecvbant' ktbi 
**  Htc  toCQl  arbi^  erit,  rcquict  ea  ccryt  Ubonun : 
*•  Ex  quo  tcr  drnis  urbem  rcdro'^f  iSmi  cnnis 
"  Afcaniut  clari  condct  cognominis  Alba-in  (6)." 

( I )  V.  Ncwi'jn's  C?'r'.n  '  igy  of  ancient  KiogdooM  rcfotmed,  p«  jl> 
(1)  Univerlai  Hiltory,  torn,  xviii.  p.  ill,  Ii2, 

(3)  Phnt.  Pennl.  Aft    Sc.  t. 

(4)  SyUa.  !n  Bell.  Jvgurtb.  c.  tj*  Asmian  Marcel  L.  xsii^  Mcos*  ds 
^*Ac3d.  dc9  Bcl!r<  Lemrs  trm.  iv.  ^.  464-    (j)  Virgik  £DiU  b.  i.  t.  }5|« 

Idem.  L,  viU.  v  4a. 


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2^t  SSSAI  &U&  yZTUDE 

Lis  ScT-       XXXIX.  Plus  on  a  approfondi  les  fci^ce5>  ploft  on  a  r(k 
«NCB«  Na-  qu*elies  etoient  routes  ]i6e$.  On  a  cm  voir  un  bois  immenfc. 
TvttLLit,        premier  coup  d'osil  tous  Ics  nrbres  qui  Ic  formoient 
paroiflbtent  ifoles*  ma  is  a-t-on  perce  la  fuperficie^  on  a  vu 
que  tomes  les  racines  etoteot  entreinel6es. 

li  n'y  a  point  d'ctude,  pas  meme  la  plus  cb^tivc  ct  la 
moins  connue,  qui  n'offre  qtielquefois  des  fait^>  des  ouvcr-» 
t]ires>  des  objetUons  a  la  plus  fublime  et  a  la  plus  eloignee 
des  connoilfances.    J'atme'  I  pefer  fur  cette  confideratioii, 

(>!tf-  viP'^  demaira  pendaut  troia  u»  ant  le  ikcgc  dc  i'cmpire  et k bciccm 

HIc  jam  ter  centum  totot  regnabitur  ansot 

Gcnte  fob  HcAorea  (i).'* 
Ce  font-U  les  exprefiion*  cjuc  Virpilc  met  a  la  bouchc  6c  Jtipiter.  Nos  chro-> 
rologiHts  b'cmbaraflcDt  feu  fairo  tcnir  fa  parole  au  Niaitre  du  trrnerrc. 
lis  fc  nr  detriiire  la  vilk  d'Aibc  par  Tuilus  Holtilius  prcs  de  dnq  cent  ^xi» 
apres  i«>na«Lion,  et  environ  cent  antapr^  cellede  Rome  (i).  Man  toot 
•'ftpphnit  dam  le  fyft^me  de  Newton.  La  prife  de  Troye  plac^  1  Tan  904, 
et  fuivie  d'an  iotcnraUe  de  337  an»,  nous  conduit  a  567,  60  ans  aprw  \:^ 
,  Pal  lia,  cpoque*  qui  qua<ire  au  initux  avcc  Ic  rc^i  c  du  troifiemc  fucccflcur  i!t5 
RomuUi'  ( 7,).  Uut  ancitrnc  trailition  coofcr vet"  par  Pluurquc  (4)  y  coin- 
cide 3vec  pr^cifitn.  On  c'6rc;rra  lea  livrct  d«  Numa,  Ad.  aot.  Chr.  xSi, 
quatre  eenaanaapris  la  moride  ceroi  et  le  conuncncemeot  du  ngne  d'Hol^ 
tllittS.  Numa  moumt  done  581  ansavant  rcrc  Chraicnnc-  C^itl  art  dans  le 
pocic  dc  failir  le  moment  ou  Eric  arrivt  a  Carrh  ^j^e,  pnur  rc;poiu!re  1  fc» 
crifiqnf?,  de  la  kvlv  maricrcc^ut*  !a  rapidite  dc  fa  niarchc  et  la  jjrandcur  »i« 
fon  fujct  pouvoiciit  Ic  lui  pcrnicutc  '  ll  leur  fait,  fvntit  que  daoafea  hjpof 
tht$ic»  la  icocontre  de  Didon  et  d*£n(e  oVd  poiat  use  Iketice  poctj^oe.  Vtr« 
file  n*eft  point  le  fculqni  ait  revoquo  en  doute  la  chronologie  vulgatre  do^ 
Toh  Latin?.  Je  li-  foup^onne  m£me  d'aroir  puifr  fr*!  idec»dans  Ic*  ouvr<»^<^ 
dc  fon  contcmpnrain  1  rc  gnc-Pompee.  Ccthiiloricn,  le  rival  d«  Titc-i,ive 
et  de  SaluiU  dpniiAiL  au  royaumc  d'Albe  U  vacaa^  dur^dc  trcia  ccoa 
ant.  Si  ion  hiftoire  nniverfelle  ne  i*^oit  pa*  perdue,  none  7  verncii|t  9^, 
paremment  le  dnail  tt  Its  preuve*  de  cctte  c  pinion.  A  ptiHirot  ii  fant  noua 
contentenr  d'en  lire  la  fimplc  cxpofjiiwn  cl.tz  Um  abreviateur.  ♦*  Albam 
longam  condidit  quae  trcccnti*  annii  caput  regoi  fuit  'i  iU-iivc  tut* 

xn^me,  ce  perc  de  i'lyftoirc  R,omai;ic,  ^ui  fait  paroure  qutlqucfpii  tj^pt. 
d'attachcixjcnt  i  h  chrondlosrie  re^uc  (7 ),  mais  qui  gliffit  d'o^djp^  for  J<« 
««drettalcat)rruz,  d'une  fu^on  qui  montre  oonne  Ivi  ct  f«>n  ignoraiKc, 
levldcfedcficr  de  fc^  guides  dan^  c^-.  Hcdcs  reculef,  Hicn  de  pluanaturei. 
qtjc  riv  marqucr  la  durfr  du  rtgnc  de  chaque  roi  l.atin  dont  il  rapporte  Ifti 
nom  ( 8) !  Or  il  fc  ta»t  fur  cct  arudc.  B^cn  dc  plus  ncctlliiiic  que  dc  fixer  au 
jnoin»  I'iDtenrale  entre  Enle  et  RAmu^a;  il  nc  le  fait  point-  Ce  n'eft  paa 
tout.  **  La  deftroaioti  d*Albe,  dit-il,  fuivit  de  400  a^s  ii  fi  odadon  (9).** 
En  retranchant  cent  an>  pour  les  rcj;n<  >  dc  Rt»mulus  it  de  Numa,  ct  poor 
1::  mriti  dc  celui  d'Hoftilius,  il  1  tn  reOern  3CO  au-livu  il;  iOO  que  ncus 
mm>croit  la  chronci'»>;ic  vrEraioitaK',  l  itc-Livc  cfc  dune  d'a^cord  avcc 
Virgilc  a  ptu  cic  chc  fe  prcs;  ct  cette  petite  difFcrence  affcrniiu  leur  union 
'  plutdt  qn'elle  n«  IHiff  i'jlit.  Je  prcvoi»  une  ob)eaion»  nwia  dca  plya  qtinc^, 
y  t^pondrc  ce  irmit  <  r  r  dfs  monftfc*  pottt  le»  combattrcj  ainn,  je  fiiu» 
cette  dtgrei&on  d^ji  ttop  ioiig;ue, 

(i)  Virgile  Fn?M.l.  L.  i.  v.  271. 

(a)  V.  it  i       1  ^  Cnronolog.  d'HtKlcu*'.  c  1-  nnn.  C.  ff_^^,  &c. 
(3)  Newton  sCiuonnlogy,  p.  ia,  &c.  u)  V.  I  iuiv^.h-  iuNjinva. 

r c)  Flav.  Vopifc.  in  Proem.  Aurelian.         (6)  Juftin.  L.  aliii. c.  1. 
(7)  Tit,  LiT.L.  i.  e.x8.etaUbi paffim.      («)  Xit-Lit.L.  x.a.  a> 
(9)  Idem.  1.  i.  c  ap.       ■  ^ ' 


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BE  LA  Lim'RATURE.  ajj 

n  fagt  faite  voir  aiix  nations  et  jiux  profeiTions  dlflfereote^ 
kurs  bcfoins  reciproqves*  Montxpz  i  PAnglois  les  avan- 
tnges  du  Fran90i5 ;  faites  connoitre  au  phyllcicn  les  fecours 
que  ia  litteratttre  lut  pr^fente;  ramour  proprc  fuppleeace 
<|ue  h  difcretion  votts  a  fait  fupprimer.  Ainfi  la  ||)lulo((^ 
phtes'etend:  Phumanit6  ^  ^^ne.  Les  hommes  6tQient  ri- 
vaux;  ik  fonjtfrerea. 

XL.  Dans  toutes  les  fctences  nous  nous  appuyons  fur     xiaHbo  6c  ^ 
railbqncmens  et  fur  les  faits.    Sans  ceux-ci  nos  etu(l(!>;  (c-  hjiLj6^ 
roienc  chimeriques;  privccsdc  ceux-1^  cllcs  ne  faiiroicritcirc  JiS" 
qu'  iveii^lco.    Celt  ainfi  cjiic  Ico  Bclles-Lcttrcs  f».:T!t  melan- 
pecs.  Toutes Icb  biaiichcs  dc  iVtudc  de  b  lutarc,  cjui  cr.chc 
i'uuvt  nt  fous  une  petiteffe  app.uc:iii:  une  ^r  ;:u!L  vii  rccilc,  Ic 
font  parLilki-ncnt.  Si  la  phyficjue  :i  k$  liiulbns,  ellc  a  aiifii 
(pour  parkr  1^  hngage  du  tcnis)  fes  t'rudits.    La  connoif- 
iuntc  de  Fancicjuitc  leur  ofirc  au\  uns  et  aux  autres,  unc 
riche  moilTon  de  fiits  propres  a  devoiUT  la  nature,  on  da 
rnoins  a  cmpo licr  ceux  qvil  I^etudicur,  (ie  prendre  un  nuagc 
pour  une  divmi'  '.   (Xicllcs  iuiriiercs  k  inedecin  iic  puiJe-t-il  ' 
pas  dnns  la  ddcripriuii  de  la  pelle  qui  d^^fola  Alhenes  ? 
J'admire  avec  lui  la  torcc  majcftucuie  de  Thucydidc*,  IVirt 
et  Tenergie  deLucrccef;  mas  il  va  plus  loin:  11  etudic 
dans  les  maux  des  Athcniens  ccux  de  les  concicoyens« 

Je  fais  que  les  aiiciens  s'appliquotent  pen  aux  fciences 
natureUes;\qtte  deftitucs  d*inilrumcnS|  et  ifoles  dans  lenrs 
travaux,  ils  n'ont  pQ  raflemblcr  qu*un  petit  ndmbre  d^ob- 
iivvfttiofia.  ineiees  d'inettmtudtfs^  diminu^s  par  les  injuma 
du  temSj  et  jettees  au  hazard  dans  un  i;rand  nombre  de 
volumes  t :  mais  h  pauvrete  doit-elJe  infpirer  la  negligence? 
I<'a£^ivit('  dc  l^efpck  humain.  s'axat«  par  ka  difficukot. 
La  n^ceffit^i  mere  du  relacHamenty  feroic  on  aflembhige 
etrange. 

XLL  Les  partllans  memes  les.  plus  z^Iesdes  n^oderne/t,  ^^^^^^ 
ne  <iifeonTiendK>nt  pafs  je  penfe,  des  fecoura.  que  169  »^  nam, 
evens  pofDMotent  et  dont  nous  nianquons.    Jt  rappclie  en  spta»cfc» 
fr6ntin^nt  les  fpe£lacles  fangjans  des  Romains.   Le  f.  f^^^ 
Cic^ron  les  deteftoit  et  les  meprifoit  jl.    La  folitttde  ei  Ie 
iilencc  i'cniportoicnt  de  beaucoup  chcz  lui,  fur  ces  clreliu 

d'ceuvic 

*  ThucydM.  I.  i.       f  I  iicret.  <\c  Rcr.  L.  N:»tw.  vV}\.  v.  m^.,  S*r. 

t  M.  J'icrct  croyoit  Its  ohJcf  vutioiis  phslofuphitju'.n  dcsancicu*  ji'us  txac- 
te<  qu'on  Qc  Ie  pcnfe.  <^!c«nquc  connrlr  h  g^nie  et  les  )mr.ier«9  ile  M. 
Ff^rvt,  IcDt  Ie  poidt  de  fon  ainorit^.  V.  Mem.  de  rAcadem.  de&  Dclkt* 
Letiret,  ton.  xviii.  p.  97- 

•;  Cicfr  -n  envje  Ic  lort  de  fon  ami  Marius  qui  psfia  a  la  CT^'iia^nc 
Jotjrs  de*  jcux  niagninqucs  do  i^mpyc,    !l  parJc  a-cc  JGTcZ'dc  iixf ri>  fia 


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234   ,  ESSAI  5tJR  LETUDE 

4roettVTe  de  magnificence,  d'horrenr  et  de  maQvais  gout*. 
Eneffet,  fe  plaire  au  carnagCy  n'eft  digne  que  d'une  troupe 
it  fauvages.  On  ne  poavoit  61ever  des  pcatais,  pour  y  fake 
combattre  des  betes,  que  chez  un  peuple  c^ui  pr6f6roit  lea 
'  d£eoratk>ns  auz  beaux  vers,  ct  les  machines  auz  fi^oationcf. 
Mais  tels  6toient  les  Romalns ;  leors  venus,  kurs  vicrsj^ 
et  jufqu'^  Icurs  ridicules,  e toient  tous  lies  a  kur  principc 
dominant,  I'amour  de  la  patrie. 

Ccpendant  ccs  fpc^laclcs,  fi  affrcuj^  aux  ye\ix  tlu  philofo-. 
phc,  fi  frivoles  a  ceux  dc  Thomme  de  gcut,  dcvoient  etic 
^     bicn  precieux  pour  le  n uturalifle.    Qu*on  fe  rcprefcntc  1^ 
monde  epuife  pour  fournir  ces  jeux,  les  trek     dcs  riches 
ct  le  pouvoir  des  grands  niis  en  atuvre  pour  deterrcr  des 
creatures  fmgulicres  p  ir  kur  figure,  par  leur  force,  911  par 
kur  raicte,  pour  les  amcner  dans  I'amphitheatre  de  Rope, 
ct  pour  mettrc  en  jcu  r^nirn  il  fntier:f..    Cc  duvcit  etre 
une  ccolc  ailnurable,  furtout  poiir  t  cttc  partie  la  plu^  noble 
de  rhiitoire  n.uurelle,  qui  s'appliqut:  pluiot  a  ciadicr  la  na- 
ture ct  les  propriet^s  de^  animaux,  qu  a  dccrire  Icurs  os  ct 
leurs  cartilages.    Souvenons-nous  que  Pline  a  frfciuentf 
cctte  ecolc,  ct  que  I'iiznornnce  a  deux  filles,  rincrcdulite 
]a  foi  aveugle.    Nc  dckndons  pas  oiums  notre  liberty  con- 
tre  Tune  que  contrc  Taut  re, 
Mioikkt      XLIT.  Si  Ton  fort  dc  ce  theatre,  pour  entrer  dans 
anSwi^-  autre  plus  vaftc,  ct  pour  cxamiaer  qucUcs  ctoicnt  les  con- 

**  Reliqux  funt  ieaaCM»My(d!r.il)  binge  per  dies  quinqne;  an^ifi^,  nemo 

**  ncj^at,  fed  qusc  potcft  hom'mi  cflc  pnUro  drlL-^itio,  cum  aijt  homo  tm- 
**  beciilus  a  v«ieiiUi&in4  beiUikaiatHT  autprsectanb^iluTeaftbyld  traofYcr- 
*  beratur." 

•  Cicero  ad  V»mU.  L.  trii.  EpUt  |.         f  Horat.  L.  iii.  Ep.  I.  v.  xS;* 
•I  V.  Eflaii     Mont.  vol.  iii.  p.  140. 

Mon  evetnple  ^loit  trti  bon,  ma  cititinn  fort  mauvnife.  J'uumls  dfl  rc- 
courir  i  rorixinal,  (l)  Vupitcui.  Cvt  autcur  rapportc  a.  I'occafioa  du  m* 
««|rfie  de  Pfmius,  quVin  ameoa  dans  Tampith^trt  cent  Itdot,  aatant  de  h* 
oiUKtt  ctet  Ifaptnii  Libyeot,  le  m^e  nomhfe  de  Syrirm^  eti  m>it  eem 

curt.  Jc  nc  connoi«  point  de  fpcdacle  plus  nombrcux,  mats  les  npimu^x 
que  GcrJ'cn  avoit  afTcinblrs,  et  rfont  fe  ft-rvft  Philipy>c  dans  fts  yn-.x  ic^ulnf* 
«oicat  plus  curicux  par  leur  vanete  ct  par  leur  rarctc.  II  y  avoii  trente-ueu* 
Hcphans,  dix  (ianB,  dii  cigres,  foitaMft  lioM  apprivoi(£»,  trcute  Uopurdsap* 
priToi£h,  dix  hycnes  un  hippoponifiie»  no  rhinocerM,  iixi^rhfeMia  (a), 
dix  ca-:^''r  srti^ili,  vingr  atus  ct  quarante  chcvjiix  Inuvj^r*  (3). 

C'cA^  prtncipalcrn*  rtt  dans  la  decadence  dc  i'cmpire  ct  du  go0t,  qu'ii  uut 
chcrchcr  ccitc  nugiahccDcc. 

(l)  V.  Vopifc.  m  vit  Prnh.  p.  2  t^.  ctfit.  Salma».  Parii  1610. 
(?)  On  ign  ifc  tc  qu'ilifunc.  :j4^in\inic  lit  artr^t^mttt^  dea  Uoct  blaact («} i 
CaTai  hun  ct  8c^liger  \h)  figrto/ecmUj  des  lion*  >iiuv4gca» 
(3)  Jul.  Capitotio.  in  Gordiati.  p.  t64» 

(«)  Comment.  Saltnat,  in  HiO-  Ang,  a68> 
(i;  Comoeot.  Cafatb.  in  caoi*  Hift*  p. 


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BE  lA  LITTE^TURE.  235 

nic^  foomite  aox  iMtunlito  et  aux  phyGciens  de  l*aul>  dimentla 
^mt€,  noufl  ne  let  plaiadmit  pas.  natunk 

Je  fait  c|tie  la  nafjgatton  noos  a  ouvdit  un  nouvel  hemtf- 
•hire ;  mait  je  &it  auffi  jque  la  decouverte  d'un  marelot  et 
le  voyage  d'm  marchand^  ii'6cUireot  pas  toujours  le  monde^ 
mmnc  ik  f enridiiflent*  Let  limitet  du  monde  connu  font 
§im  ^tvoices  que  celles  du  monde  materiel ;  et  les  hornet 
du  monde  ^lair^  ibnt  encore  plus  rtrllerreet.  Du  tems  dct 
Pline,  det  Ptoloai^  et  det  Galien>  FEuropc,  a  prefentle 
Uign  det  icienoety  l*^toSt  egalement  \  mais  la  Grece,  1' Afie» 
la  Syrie,  l*£|gypte,  PAfriquCi  pa^s  feconds  en  miraclest 
potent  remplis  d'jeux  digncs  de  les  voir.  Tout  ce  vside 
corps  ^oit  unt  par  la  paix,  par  les  loix  et  par  la  iangue. 
L'Africain  et  le  Breton,  r£rpagno]  et  I'Arabe  fe  rencon- 
Iroicnt  dant  la  capitale,  et  t'inftruifoient  tour<^-tour.—  t 
Trente  det  preniiers  de  Rome^  fouvent  eclair^s  eux  inemct» 
toujours  aceompagnet  de  ceux  qui  I'etoient^,  partolent 
tous  let  ant  de  la  capitale  pour  gouverner  les  provinces,  et 
pour  peu  qu'ilt  euflent  de  curtofit^j^  Tautorite  applaniflbit 
les  routes  de  la  ftience. 

XLUI.  Cetoit  fans  doute  de  Ton  beau-pl-re'  Agricola,  La  grange 
^oe  Tacitc  apprk  que  Tocean  inondoit  la  grandc  Brciagne, 
et  rcndoit  ce  paYs  un  amas  de  maraisf.  Herodicn  nous  l?*"^*" 
coniirme  ce  fait  J.  Cepcndant  aujourdhui,  a  qiielques  cn- 
droits  pres,  le  terrcin  de  notre  iflc  e(t  aflcz  elevc  §.  Pv^ur- 
To'it-  Oil  ranger  ce  fait  parmi  ceux  (jiii  cojifirnicnt  Ic  fyfteme 
cic  la  diininutioii  ties  c.uix  ?  Troiivcra-t-on  dans  les  ouvra- 
ges  dcs  honuiu  s,  quoi  aftr.mchir  le  pais  ilu  joug  dc 
Focean  ?  Le  fort  du  niarais  du  i'omptitie  ||  ct  dc  (|uelque$ 
autreSj  nous  donneioit  d'alFez  minces  idces  de  ieurs  tra- 

*  V.  Strab.  h.  xTii.  p.  8l6.  Edit.  Cafaub. 

t  Ttdt.  in  Y>t.  AgrkoL  c.  tOu         t  Hcrodlan.  Hift.  1.  ili.  c.  47. 
5  Void  lei  parokft  d'Hcradieo,  **  Ta  yu^  9>Xffr»      ^ttettwp  yjL^ 

4«>iKXt^e^f>»  TMTt^S  «M«»4f  ^yiX***  ^f«wr»^f  iXuln  yifcraV 

Tacitc  »*cxpriine  d*unc  niani^rp  (  ncnre  plii^  f  irrr.  **  Unum  ad^Hdcriirf 
«*  ((ilt'il)  nufquam  latlus dominari  marc;  multum  iluminum  hue  atqurilinc 
**  fcrri,  Dec  littore  tenus  accrcfcerc  aat  rrforberi,  fed  influere  pci;itus  atque 
*»  ambira;  etkun  jugit  atquc  mttntibttt  ioflncre  vclut  in  faoi.*'  ' 

II  Lc  conful  CcthcRUS  dcffecha  cc  inaraia.  A.  U.  C.  591.  .  Du  terns  de 
J  '  =^  Cefar  W  ctoit  drrechef  incond6.  Cc  di<5^atcTir  avoir  dcffcin  d'y  f  .  rc 
travajiier.  Jl  patoit  qu'Augolle  le  fit ;  rnait  ]e  doute  que  fcs  travaux  ajcnt 
miem  r^ffi  que  let  premiffn.  Du«aipijia  riioe  T-ppcUe  encore  mania* 
Horace  l*aYoit  cO.  quelqiie  Ibite  pr^dit. 

**  Dcbcrmur  mnrtl  nr\%  flraqur 
**  S:criii»  ut  palu*  dudum  ;i|  f:n]".ic  i  rn>is 
**  Victnas  urbcs  alit  ct  grave  iVufit  aratium." 
flneliifheim*  Supp.  L.  zlvi  c.  44*  Sueton.  L.  L  c.  34.  Plin.  Hift.  Kaf.  L. 


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£aSAI  suit  JL'BTUJDE 


vaux.  Q^oiqu'il  en  foit,  content  d'avok  fourni  htft  ipatfriniMj, 
j*cn  laifie  Tcmploi  aux  phyficiens.    Cc  n'dt  pas  chca  lea 
aaciens  qu^on  apprend  a  n'appiofondir  rien,  k  eiRcurer 
chaque  chofc,  ec  a  pasler  avec  le  pliude  hudicSd  flesfujct* 
qu'on>.?Ucnd  Ic  moins. 
L*Esr«TT      XLIV.     Apr^  reCprit  de  difcememot,  ce  qu'U  y  a 
pHiLoso-   ,c      pi^g  y^yg      monde  (dit  le  judociftux  la  Bruyere)  ot^  • 
PrJ^nCoM  "  ^"^^J*      perks  ct  les  diamans/*    Je  mets  fans  Wancer 
a  Tcfpric    Tefprit  phiioibphiqae  avaat  celui  de  diCceraemcst.    C  ctt 
philofophi-     chofe  du  moYkde  la  plus  pronec,  la  plusi^oorce  et  la  plua 
rare*   XI  n'y  a  point  d'ecrivaiti  qui  n*f  afpire*   U  facnfie  de 
bonne  grace  la  fcience*   Four  pea  que  vous  le  pvcfTiez,  tl 
conviendra  que  le  jugement  fevcre  embaxafie  ks  operation» 
du  genie  :  mats  il  vous  aQurera  tou^urs  que  cet  efpr;c  phi* 
#      loibphique  qui  briUe  dans  fcs  ecrks  fau  le  car<i£tcr4  dm 
6tc\c  (M^floos  Tiyoiw.    L'efprit  philof^iphique  d'aii  peiit 
Aorobre  de  grands  homines,  a  form^  felon  luiy  celiii  dik 
fiecle.   Celui-ci  a'cft  repaadu  dans  touft  les  ordfe&'dk  f 6tat^ 
et  leur  a  prepare  a-fon-tour  de  dignes  fuccefleure* 
Ce  qa'fl        XLy.  Cependant  (i  nous  jettions  les^  yeox.  fur  lea  Ottvr»* 
ii^cftpafc    gcft  de  nos  Cs^gt^t  leur  diver fite  nous  kiflfeiiMt  dans  fiacertU 
tttde  fur  la  nature  de  ce  talent ;  et  coUcrci:  pourroit  n€»ii% 
cooduire  i  douier  s'il  lei|r  e(l  tombe  en  partsge.  Cbcftle» 
uns  il  confifte  a  (e  frayer  des  routes  nouyeHes^  et  d  froddc* 
toute  opinion  dominanve,  fut*eUe  de  Socrate  ot^  d'un  Ifi* 
quiliteur  Portugais»  par  la  feule  raifon  <|ii?aU«  eft  domi*^ 
nante*   Chez  left  autres  cet  efprit  ft'idend^ie  avec  la  g^Mft^K 
trie,  cette  reine  ioip^rieule  qui,  non  comeote  da  segnei^ 
profcrit  fes  foeurs^  et  declare  tout  raifonnement  peii  £giie 
<le  ce  noRif  s*il  ne  roule  pas  fur  dee  lignes  et  fur  des  aoei*- 
bres.   Rendons  juftice  a  Tefprit  hardi»  dont  les  ^ans  out 
quelquefpis  conduit  d  la  verite,  et  dont  les  exc^  tn^ss^ 
comme  les  rftellions  des  peuplcs,  infpirent  une  creime  fa- 
lutalre  au  defpotifme.  Pen^trons-nous  bten  de  ttonte  ce  qae 
iV>us  devons  k  Tefprit  geom^tre :  mais  chcrchons  poor  Tef- 
prit  philofopliique,  un  objct  plus  fage  que  celui*la|  et  plusw 
unlverfcl  que  celui-ci. 
Ceqo*i1eft«     XLVI.  Quiconquc  s*eft  familiaTtfig  aw  Ics  cents  de  Ci- 
ceroni de  lacitCf  de  Bacon«  de  Leibnitz,  de  Bayle,  de 
Fontenelle,  de  Monteiquieu,  s'en  fera  fait  une  idee  aui& 
jude  et  bien  ph'i  parfaite  que  celte  que  j'eiTsierai  de  tracer. 

L'efprit  I  lophique  confifte  i  pouvoir' rcmontcr  auv 
idees  fimpl  s  \  a  faifir  et  I  combiner  les  premiers  principcs. 
Le  coup  ()\:-.\  I'e  fon  poflfeflcur  eft  jufte,  mais  cn  mcme  terns 
etcr.du.  Place  fur  une  hauteur,  il  embraffe  une  grantee 
cteacliic  dc  pais,  uont  il  k  forme  une  ima^c  iicttc  et  uii-- 

que, 

I  . 

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DE  LA  JLITTE'RATURE.  I37 

que,  p<:nc!iint  que  des  ei^rtts  aufTi  juflesy  mats  plus  born^s 
u'en  decoiivrcnt  qu'une  paitie.  11  peut^tre  geometrCi  ^n- 
tiquairc,  niaficicn,  mais  il  clt  toujours  philofophe,  ct 
force  de  pciierrer  les  premiers  principes  dc  foa  li  lai 
<icvicnt  Aipcricur.  II  a  pl.icc  painii  cc  petit  nombic  do  de- 
nies qui  travailiciit  dc  loin  en-loin  a  tormer  eette  premiere 
fcience  i  laquellt,  fi  elle  etoit  perfcclionnee,  les  aiitres  fe- 
roicnt  ruUiniiVs.  En  cc  lens  cet  eiprit  cil  bicn  pcu  commuu.  * 
11  eft  alTez  dc  genies  capables  de  recevoir  avec  juftefTe  des 
idces  p.irticulieres  ;  il  en  eft  peu  qui  puiircnt  renfermer  dan* 
line  feulc  idee  nbitr;;ue,  on  aflVmblage  nombicux  d'auues 
id^cs  moins  t;t;iieraies. 

XLVII.  Quelle  etude  peut  former  cet  cfprit  ?  Jc  n'en  L?  fc;o«ri 
connois  aucune.  Don  du  ciel,  le  grand  nombre  Tignore  P^^"^ 
ou  ie  meprife  ;  les  fsges  le  fcuihaitent ;  quelques  uns  Tout  li^^^^^^ 
re^u^  nul  ne  Tacquiert:  mats  je  croia  Tetude  de  la  Httera* 
taxe,  cett^  habitude  de  devenir,  tour-a-touri  Grec»  Ro- 
SaaMif  difciple  de  Zenon  ou  d'EpicurCi  bten  proprc  a  le 
developper  ct  ^  I'exercer.  A-travers  cette  diverfit^  infinie 
d'efpritSy  on  remarque  une  conformitc  generak  entrc  ceux 
i  qui  kar  fiedCy  kur  pais,  leur  r  ?i  ;iun  ont  infpire  une 
mani^  a-pcu  prhs  pareilk  d'envifager  ka  memes  objcts. 
I«i  ames  les  plus  cxemptcs  de  prejuges,  ne  faurotent  s'cn 
d^faire  entieiement.  Leurs  id^es  ont  un  air  de  paradoxe  ; 
et  en  hrifant  Icjirs  cManeSy  vous  femez  qu'elles  les  oiic  poiv 
f  Je  cherclie  cbe«  les  Grecs  des  hauteurs  de  Ja  demo- 
cratie }  des  eothoufiailes  de  ramour  de  la  patrk  cbez  les 
Remains  v  cbes  ]e&  fujets  des  Conunodey  des  Severe  ou  des 
CaracaMa,  des  apologilles  du  pouvoir  abfolu  i  et  cbes  VEpU 
curkn  de  rantiqait£*»  la  condamnation  de  fa  religion. 
Quel  fpe£lacle  pourun  cfprit  vraimentphtl^fophiquede  voir 
les  opinions  les  plus  abfurdes  rci;:ues  chez  les  nations  les 
pl'js  eclairecs,  dvis  barbares  pavvcuur)  a  b  connoiiraiii  j  djs 
plii5?  fubiiiiics  vcrites,  des  confeqicnces  vrjies,  luv.i  p„a  * 
juiles,  tirccs  des  principfs  les  plus  enuuj^,  dc^  principes 
ndmirables  qui  i;pproc!ioicnt  toujours  dw  1 1  verite  fans  ja- 
mais y  conduire,  le  langagc  fon-ne  fur  l',s  iJees,  et  Icsidees 
juitiiices  par  Ic  iangage,  les  iources  de  la  morale  partout 
les  memes,  les  opinions  de  la  contencieulc  metapljyfiquc 
pirrout  vaii'-  's,  d'or.lin;iirc  extravagances,  nettcs  Iculemeut 
pendant  qu'cllcs  furent  fupcrlicicllcs,  luhtiles,  nb  feu  res,  in- 
certaines,  tontcs  les  i'ois  qu'clle-i  prL'teii dir^-nt  a  la  profon- 
dcur!  Ua  ouvraj^c  Iroquois,  fut-ii  reinpli  d'abfurdiitrs,  1''- 
roit  un  morcc^au  inipayable.    II  odViKoit  utie  expeiiencc 

*  IkptiH  q^a*Epiciir«  ent  r«p  in  Ju  fa  doJlriue,  on  conunyei»$a  i  fe  declarer 

afTcz  ])UD!iqiitim'icnt  fur  h  rcli<jioii  domiiuritc,  ct  a  nc  la  r^-'gatdcf  que 
comni  -  uuc  inUituttuo.  V.  I  ;:cr::t.  dc  Ker.  Natur*  i>  6jki  ^C*  firtluft. 
ia  ikil.  Catilin.  c.  jl.  Ciccxo  pto  Ciucac.  c.  6i. 

unique 


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ESSAX  6UR  L'ET.UOE 


unique  de  la  nature  de  rcfprit  humaini  place  dans  dcs  cir- 
conltances  que  nous  n'avons  jamais  eprouvees,  et  domine 
par  des  n-ctrurs  ec  des  opinions  religieufes  totalcinent  con- 
irairfs  anx  uoircn.  (Vrlquefois  nous  fc'rions  fr.ipp'^s  ct  in- 
ilruits  par  hi  contrarieie  dcs  idecs  qui  en  naitroicnt  ;  nous 
cn  cficrclicrions  hts  raifons  ;  nous  fuivrions  Tame  d'erreur 
en  erreur.  Qn^clqucfois  aufli  nom  rcconnoirrions  avec  plai- 
iir  nos  principes,  mats  dccouverts  par  d*aurres  routes,  ct 
prefqu'j  toujours  modifies  ct  alteres.  Nous  y  apprendrions 
«on  Icnlcnu'nt  a  avouer,  mais  a  lentir  la  force  des  prcluges, 
a  tic  nous  etonner  jamais  de  cc  qui  nous  paroit  le  plus  ab- 
furde,  et  a  nous  deiier  fouvent  de  cc  qui  Douft  femble  ie 
micux  etabli. 

J*aime  a  voir  Ics  jugemcns  dc^  r.^r.imes  prendre  une  tein 
tViXc  de  leurs  preventions,  a  les  contidorer  qui  n'ofent  pas 
titer  des  principes  quails  reconnoifl'ent  pour  ctrc  juftes,  les 
conclufions  qu*i!s  fcntent  etre  exa(fl:es.  J'ainie  a  les  fur- 
preiidre  qui  detcfient  chez  Ic  barbare,  ce  qu'ils  admircnt 
chez  le  Grec,  et  qui  qualifient  la  meme  hiiloire  d'iinpie 
chez  le  Payen,  et  de  facrcc  chez  le  Juif. 

Sans  cetic  coimoifTance  phtlofophique  de  ]'antiquite>  nous 
ferions  trop  d*honneur  a  IVfpece  humaine.  L*empire  de 
la  coutume  nous  fcroit  peu  connu.  Nous  oonfondrioiis  i 
tout  moment  Hncroyable  et  I'abfarde*  Les  Romains  ^totent 
Maires ;  cependant  ces  memes  Romains  ne  forent  pas 
i^oqu^s  de  voir  reunir  dans  la  perfonne  de  Cefar  un  Diea» 
iin  pretre  ct  un  Athee  *.  li  vit  Clever  des  temples  i  fa  di^ 
mcncef.  Collepuc  dc  Romulus,  il  rccevoit  les  vocux  de 
la  nation  |.  Sa  itatue  etott  couchee,  dans  les  fetes  facrees^ 
aopi^s  de  ce  Jupiter  qu'un  inftant  aprds  U  alloit  lui-meme 
invoquer  §.  Fatigu6  de  cette  vaine  porope»  il  cherchoit 
Panfa  et  Trcbatius  poor  fc  moqueravec  eux  de  la  cr^dulit^ 
dtt  people^  ct  de  ces  Dieux  Telfet  et  Fobjet  de  fa  terre ur  (]. 

XJUVIil. 

«  Athce  en  tiiant  Soon  l'enflcBef»  diKDoim  U  providciice  de  k  dtvi* 
lltte;  car  C^r  ^oit  ^icwien.  Ccux  qui  out  enjit  it  voir  mnttent  on 
IwRiine  d'cfprit  p*ut  rendrt  obfiurc  une  vtriic  dairc,  liront  avpc  pViifir  ki 
doutcd  que  M.  Bayle  a  (o  ti^adrc  iur  lc»  fcatimciu  dc  C«iw.  V.  Did.  4c 
B^ylc  d  i'article  Ccfar. 

f  V.  Minoiref  de  TAcad.  det£en.Lett*tom.  i.  p.  3^9»  ^c. 

i  Cicero  ad  Attic,  L.  xii.  cpift.  46,  &£•  L.  tiii.  epift.  18. 

II  Cc'far  i  tolt  fouvtraiii  pmtifc,  ct  ce  facerdoce  n'etoit  point  pnur  Irscm- 
jx  reurs  un  vain  tirrc.  Let,  btlk*  diffcrtatimia  de  M.  dc  la  Baftic  lur  Ic  ^n- 
tificat  dcs  cnipcrcura  cotivaiocront  lea  incr^dulcs,  a'il  en  efi,  tut  cet  sitick^ 
Confttkea  funwt  U  trotfidme  de  ce*  pidces  infcrk  daw  le*  Mem.  de  TAcad. 
de»Beilea*Lcttre8,  tMn.  XV.  p.  59. 

H  I.ucrJce  avcc  cet  cnthoiifiafme  d'ima^ination,  qui  fait  lei  ^nd» 
pflcco  et  let  miffionnaircs,  voulut  ^trc  i  un  et  i'autre.  Jr  nIaindroU  le  theo- 
logien  qui  nc  fcroit  pas  grace  au  dernier,  en  favcur  du  premier.  Lucr&e, 
tpr^t  avoir  prottv^  la  Divinite  malgi^  lui-m^me,  en  rapponant  Ica  phcou- 
mteci  dc  la  natore  I  dea  cavret  gen^ialet,  cherchc  conuncBt  recrcur  quM 

combat 

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D£  LA  LITTERATURE.  ajp 

XLVIL   L'hiftoirc  elt  pour  un  efprit  philofophlque,  ce  L'hiftoiro 

qu'ctoit  Ic  jeu  pour  le  Marquis  de  Dangcau  *.   II  voyoit  un  «ft  l»fci- 
j    -         .  r  •       i>      N  t  i-r  coce  det 

fyileme,  des  rapports,  une  luite,  la,  ou  ks  autres  ne  dil-  ^.jufcg^jjjg 

cemoicnt  que  Ics  caprices  dc  la  fortune.    Cette  fcteiice  cll  ^ett. 

pour  lui  celle  tics  caufes  et  des  etrcts.    EHe  merite  bien  que 

j'eflaye  de  pofer  quelques  regie*;  propres,  non  a  fairc  ger- 

mcT  le  ^cnic,  mais  a  le  garautir  des  ecarts  :  peut-etre  que  fi 

on  Ics  avoit  toujours  bien  pefees,  on  aurok  pris  plus  rare- 

ment  la  £ubtitit^  pour  la  fiueiTe  d'ciprit,  robfcurice  pour  la 

profoiideur,  et  un  airde  paradoxe  pour  un  g^nie  cr^ateur. 

XUX.  Panni  la  mukitude  des  ^it$,  il  y  en  a,  et  c'e(i  R^ie^paur 

le  ^nd  nombre>  qui  nc  prouvent  ricn  au-dela  de  leur  pro-  ^ 

pre  eziftence.    II  y  en  a  encore  qui  peuvent  bien  etre  cit^a 

dans  une  conclufion  partlelle,  d'ou  le  philofophe  peut  juger 

des  motifs  d'une'adHon,  et  d'un  trait  dans  un  cara^re: 

sis  ^claircident  un  chainpn.    Ceux  qui  dominent  dans  le 

fy(l&ne  general^  qui  y  font       intiin^enti  et  qui  en  ont 

ikh  mouvotr  les  reflbcts*  font  fort  rares ;  et  il  eft  plus  rare 

encore  de  trouver  des  cfprits  qui  fachent  les  entrevoir  dans 

le  vafte  cahos  des  ^v^nemcns,  et  les  en  tirer  purs  et  fans 

melange. 

A  ceux  qui  ont  plus  de  jugement  que  d*eruditioni  U 
par<Mtra  peu  n^ceiTaire^d'avertir  qu'on  dott  toujours  proper- 
tionnner  les  caufes  auz  efiets,  ne  pas  batir  fur  Tadlion  d'ua 
'  homme  le  cara6lere  d'un  fi^cle,  ne  pas  chercher  dans  un 
effort  unique,  force  et  ruineux,  la  mcfure  des  forces  et 
des  richefTcs  d'un  etat,  et  fe  fouvcnir  que  cc  u'clt  qu'en  raf- 
fcinblant  qu\.ii  pi'ut  ju^er,  qu'un  iuit  echitaiu  cblouit  com*, 
me  un  eclair,  niais  qu'ii  mftruit  pcu,  li  Ton  ne  Ic  compare 
avec  d'autres  de  la  meme  efpece.  Le  peuplc  Romain  fit 
voir  en  ^iilaut  Catun^  qu'ii  aimoit  micux  etre  corrige 

conbat «  pQ  t'emiftrer  de  tm/»  let  cfpr  fl  en  trouve  troii  raifoo* :  T.  Nut 
fiiiigei ;  aoot  f  voyomdet  Icret  et  det  eifect  qile  nous  ne  rencoDtroiis  point  dan« 

cc  mfinde  ;  nous  leur  accordons  auHitdi  unc  exiftencc  reellcct  une  p'.iiirauce 
i-i-m  nfe.  If.  N  nrc  ignorance  de  la  nature,  qui  uous  tait  recourh  par  touc 
a  i  actiun  cle  h  Divioite.  III.  Notre  cr/uire,  Tcfict  de  cettc  i^^norancc  . 
flOetMNiftenf  ^gc  i  fl^cltir  devant  let  ctbmitft  ovi  ravagcnt  la  terre,  et  nout 
bit  eflafer  d*a|ipaifcrp:ir  nu8  pri^rct  qadqne  nre  invifihlequi  DOtt<  afflt];^e. 
Lucrdcc  cxprimc  reftr' (i  niiirc  rair<jn  ;ivec  unc  enrrgie  trt  une  npidit^  qui  i 
IMEAlt  coldvc.   II  ne  nous  acrordc  point  !  •  ff  rn^dc  rciamiaer.  ^  j 

**  Prxtereacut  non  aiiimut  toiandiue  Divi^m  I 
"  Contnbitur?  «:ui  noncoorapnot  tnemlwa  pstore, 
^  Fnfaniais  horribiU  cum  plaga  torrtda  teUcit 
*•  Contrcmit,  ct  magnum  percurrunt  niurmura  calum  f 
*'  Non  populi,  f  I  r<  r.ji!f  trt  inu!?t  ?    R'lrt  fquc  foperbi 
"  Cooripiuoc  Dr>  ani  p«,icuiii  membra  ttuiore, 
Nc  quod  ob  AdmilfiiiD  Caede  di<tonire  fitperbo 
Feeoamm  grave  fit  folvendi  tempvtadadum/* 

Lucict.  de.  Rer.  Natura,  L  V«  Ten  tij6,Sie» 
•  Tontciit  dans  r£ioge  du  Marq.  de  Dangeau. 

4UC 


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^  ESSAI  SUR  L'ETUbE 

Mfue  iMf  %  4m  ce  tnkmt  ^^Mt,  o&  !l  comhmtfti  la  ih6me 
iMnt#  dans  la  peffohtoe  de  Li^itn  SaliMtor  f . 

L.  D^Kitz  plntdt  aux  fftits  qtli  vtehheM  dVu^-m^m^s 
TOtA  fdrmer  tin  fyil6me,  qu*i  teus  ^ue  tous  d^touvrr.z 
flpr^  went  coticti  ce  fyftiJme.  l^refenez  fouwni  les  petUs 
traits  aux  faits  brillans.  11  cn  cffc  d*un  fl^^le  ou  d'une  na- 
tion comme  d'un  homme.  Alexandre  Ic  deVoilt  mlcnx 
dins  Li  tente  tie  Darius  |  qi:r  d^ins  les  champs  dc  C  j 
iiicla.  Je  reconno'S  tout  auiaiU  li  leroche  d.cs  Roiii  n::.  a 
Jes  voir  condamncr  iii  malheureirx  dins  ramphiJ.t  *.ire, 
qti'a  les  conridercr  qui  erranglcitt  Un  roi  c.lptiF  ati  pied  dii 
caj>ito!e.  II  n'y  a  point  d'dpparat  dans  les  bagatelles.  On 
fc  dciliubiile  lors  qn'on  cfpere  n*ecre  pis  vu  ;  mais  Ic  curi- 
eux  cherche  a  p^nctrer  dans  lei  retraircs  K^s  phis  fecrcttcs. 
Pour  di'cider  fi  la  vertu  triomphoit  c1if7  un  peuple  dans  un 
Certain  (k  cIl*,  i'chfcrve  plutot  fes  adtions  que  fes  difcours. 
J^our  Ic  c(;;id:iinri jr  cnir.mc  vici.'tix,  je  hh  plfi=;  r.itcntlon  i 
fes  difcours  qu'a  ies  actions.  On  loUr*  !a  vertu  fan..  !a  con- 
n»>itre,  on  la  connolt  fa-is  la  fentir,  on  la  fent  fans  la  prati- 
qucr  5  mais  il  en  eft  bien  diff6rcmir.ent  du  vicC.  On  s'y 
*  porte  par  paffion  ;  on  le  juftifie  par  rafinement.  D'ailleurs, 
ll  y  a  toojonrs  et  pattout  de  grands  criminels ;  mals  fi  la 
corruption  n'cft  pas  g^ncrale,  ceux-ci  tn8me  refpe^lent  leuf 
6eck^  Si  le  fi$cle  efl  vicieux,  (et  U$  font  habiles  k  le  diC» 
tetnttij  lis  k  m^prifcnt,  ils  fe  mom  rent  d^cduvert^  ils 
tvavent  fes  jugemcns  ou  iU  cfp^rcnt  de  fe  lea  rendre  favo* 
rabte^.  Ils  ne  fc  trottiptnt  gueres.  C^lui  qui  dans  le  (iecle 
de  Catfrti  tvit  d6teM  le  vice,  fe  contente  d'aimer  la  vcrta' 
dans  cetoi  de  Tibcre. 

Le  fiade  d6    LI.  J'ai  bhotii  ct  ficcle  ^vec  reflexion.   Le  vic^  par- 
''^^f  le  J I       comble.    La  cour  de  Tiber^  me  Tapprend, 

dc  LOU*.     mats  an  petit  fait  conferve  par  Suetone  et  par  Licttc^ 
m'en  aflure  encore  mieux  ^  le  voici ;  In  vertu  dcs  Romatm 

Cntflbif  de  moit  rincontinence  chea  lenrs  femmetf^. 
ur  politique  permeteok  la  d6baiiche  chez  les  courtifan* 
ncs  I! :  ct  pour  r^gler  le  defordre  m^me  on  les  forma  ea  corps. 

»>ou» 

*  Liv.  L.  rxm.  c.  40.  Plutarch,  in  Catoo.      f  Lit.  L.  xxbr.  c  37. 

i  Qnint.  Curt,  de  Rcb.  Geft.  AlcxanJri,  L.  iii.  c.  31. 

C  l-ei  Rnmain*  confiorcnt  U  foin  do  la  vertu  dcs  fcmmrs  a  Icur  f«rai!!r- 
Cellc-ci  s'alTc mbloit,  Isjugcoit,  li  cHc  ctok  accuf^,  ht  cundamnoic  a  more  cc 
ex^cutott  U  ientence,  fi  clle  fe  troU'vott  coopable.  La  bi  pardorook  aufli 
aa  cporrotut  da  nnfi  ou  do  p^re  qui  tuoit  le  galant,  frntoiit  s*il  $toit 
condition  fervJle.  V.  Plutarch,  in  Rotnni.  Dionyf.  Halicarn,  L.  vii.  Taett. 
Anna!.  L.  xiii.  Valer.  Maxau.  L,  vt.  c  j~7*  Rofio.  Anti^.  Ron.  L.  ntU 
p.S59,&e. 

11  Le  dsfecm  de  Mici»  dant*  Terence,  la  mantdre  dont  Cic^ron  oe- 
rule  les  debauchei  de  fon  clieat*  ct  rflKhMtatioa  de  tktea,  peirrenr  tiooa 

r::irs  c  nnoitrc  la  morale  dcs  Romainq  a  cet  egard.  lb  nc  bUbnoMHK 
li  dcbaiucUe  ^ue  iod^u'cUc  d6tounu»i(k  tito^ca  ds  i«»dcvoirf  dTcnticIt. 

Lcitfa 


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DE  LA  LITTEKATURB.  #4^ 

5ous  Tibere  un  grand  nombre  cle  temme?  dc  condition,  ne 
roug-rent  point  dt  fe  prelcnter  pKbliquemeut  devant  leurs 
edileSf  de  fc  fairc  micnrc  dans  le  loie  des  cour  ilanncb,  et  dc 
brifer  par  lenr  propre  intaYnie,  la  bar^icrc  qut;  les  ioix  op* 
pofoient  a  leur  pioftitution*. 

LIl.  Choiiir  Ics  taits  qui  doivent  ctre  les  principcs  de  nos^^^^**^ 
raifoDiiemcnSr  on  ient  coinbieu  ia  tache  ci\  difficile.  LaJ?S5.2.^* 
nc^igence  ou  ie  mauvais  gout  d*un  liiflorien,  peuveiu  aous 
hm  perdre  a-jamais  uu  trait  unique,  pour  nous  ecourdir  du 
bruit  d*ui&  combat.  Si  les  pliiloiophes  ne  font  pas  toujour$ 
hiftoriens,  il  ieroit  du-moios  a  fouhaiter  ^u^  ics  hiilDpenf 
fuEcnt  pliilofojphes. 

J[e  ne  connois  que  Tacire  qui  ait  rempli  mon  id£e  de  cet 
orieD  phiblbphe.  i.'ijueraraot  Tius-Live  lui-meme  nt 
fauroic  eo  ce  iens  lui  etre  compare.  L'uo  et  Taotre  out 
iHen  fu  s'elever  au>deflus  de  ces  cooqpilaiears  eroffiers  ^ 
ne  voyent  dans  lea  faiis  que  des  faits :  mdis  run  a  ecrit 
i'jbiAoire  e,n  rheceur,  et  I'aucre  eo  philofopbe.  Ce  n*eA  pae 
que  Tacite  ait  ignore  le  langage  des  paiEons,  ou  TkerLiva 
celui  de  la  laifon:  m^is  Tun  plus  attache  a  piaire  <|u*a  sn^ 
ilruire,  vous  conduit  pa8-a-pas  a  la  fuite  de  its  heros,  ec 
Yous  fait  eprouver  tour-a-tour,  rhorreur,  Tadiniration  et 
la  piti^.  Tacite  ne  Te  fert  de  Tempire  que  Teloquence  a 
fur  le  coeur*  que  pour  lier  a  vos  yeux  la  chaine  des  eveoe* 
mens,  et  remplir  votxe  ame  des  plus  lages  lemons.  Je  gnu 
vis  fur  les  Alpes  avec  Annibal ;  mais  j*a£&fte  an  oonfeH  de 
Tibere.  Tite-Live  me  peint  l*abus  du  pouvoir*  line  fcve^ 
rite  que  la  nature  approuve  en  fremiffant,  la  vengeance  el 
Tamour  qui  B*uni£fent  a  la  liberie,  la  tyrannie  qui  tomba 
fons  letus  coupsf :  mais  les  loix  des  decemvirs^  leur  carac* 
tere»  leurs  defautSt  leurs  rapports  enfin  avec  le  genie  du 
pcupk  Roniain»  avec  le  parti  des  Decemvirs^  avec  Icun 
oefieins  ambitieux,  il  les  oublie  totalement.  Je  ne  voia 
point  cfaez  lui  con^nent  ces  bix  (kites  pour  utoe  rcpuUiquo 
bomce,  pauvre,  a  demi^fauvage,  la  bouleverfereot,  lorfqua 
la  force  de  fon  inilitiuion  I'eut  portfe  au  faite  de  la  gran* 
deor.   Je  Faurois  trouvi  dans  Tacite.   J'en  juge»  ooq-> 

Leurs  oreilles  n*^colent  pas  plus  chaftei  qur  leur  condblite  I  pf  u  de  gent  UKk* 

roifTrnt  la  Cafina  dr  Pljute.  mais  cfux  qui  ont  lu  crctr  mifer.iblc  p'lCCPi  ne 

riuvenc  comprcndrr  ^u'li  n'y  ait  eu  <^ue  qiuiante  a  cit  quante  ant  dc  cctie  fare* 
rAadricttoc  Vnc  intiifiie  Me  dVfclavcs,  n'y  eft  relevee  que  par  des  poinM 
Ct  4et  obfcenkes  tlignes  d'(  ux«  CVtnU  cf  pendant  la  comedte  de  Plaute  qu*oa 
VOyoitlTVC  piu?  V  p'aifir,  et  qu\^M  r-t^n  an.'olt  !c  plus  fouvent.  Vnila  IfS 
maurs  de  k  ^cc•>ndc  gurire  Funiqufj  dr  c  ttc  vrrtu  que  la  poitcritc  des  ancient 
Romai.'is  regrettoic  et  adminitt.  V.  l  erent.  Adelph.  A6t.  i.  Sc.. a.  38* 
Ckero  pro  CctUo,  c.  17.  Hotat.  Satyr.  L.  i*  Sac.  «.  s^.  11«  jpnlog .  aS 
Cafin.  IMaur. 

•  Suctijf..  L.  iii.  c.  3^.   TkiU  Annal.  L.  ii.  c.  S5. 

VLiv.  i..  lit,  c.  ^^^0Q» 
9U  III,  K  feuicment 


Digitized  B^Google 


c«s  BSSAI  SUK  L'E'TUDS 

feulement  par  la  trmpe  coimue  fon  genie,  itiais  encore 
par  cc  tableau  cnergique  et  vari6  qu'il  otfrc  dcs  loix,  cr< 
enfarts  de  la  t^orrupdon,  de  ia  Iiberte»  de  Tequite  et  de  ia 

fkaion*. 

Rfusanjue  LIII.  Nc  fulvons  point  le  confeil  de  cet  ecrivaio  qui  unit, 
Jj^^"*^'^' comme  Fonteneile,  le  fa  voir  ct  le  gout.  Je  rn'oppofc,  fans 
'crainte  du  nom  fletrifTant  d'erudit,  a  le  fentence  par  laqiielle 
ce  juge  eclaire,  mais  ritfvere,  ordonne  qu'a  la  fin  d*un  iieclc 
on  raircmhie  tons  les  taits,  qu*on  en  choififle  quclqucs  uns 
ct  qu'on  livre  le  reftc  aux  flammcsf.  Confervons-les  tous 
precieiifcment.  Un  Montcl'quieu  demelera  dans  les  plus 
chetiis,  des  rapports  incnnnus  au  vulgaire.  Imitons  les 
bomnifl-es.  Tni:fes  les  plantcs  ne  font  pas  utiles  dans  la 
intdicine,  rcptiulant  ils  lic  tcfTcnt  d'cn  dccouviir  de  nou- 
velU:*;.  lis  clpirciu  epic  le  p;cnic  ti  les  travaux  heureux  y 
verront  dcs  i)r()V)tit,'tcs  jii'tjii'-a-prcient  cac  liccs. 


On  3  fa-r 


I. TV.  L'liK  crritiulc  ell  prnir  nous  un  etat  force.  L'ci'prit 
borne  ne  faiirnit  le  fixer  dan^  cct  equilibrc  doni  le  pi.juoit 
I'ccole  de  Pyrrhon.  Le  genie  brillant  fe  lailfc  cblouir  par 
trvp  capri-  fc*?  propres  rnnjcdincs:  il  fariihe  la  libeitc  aux  hypotheles. 
c^cux.  Oc  cctto  difpolttion  lutilTent  ici>  Ivllemes.  On  a  v{i  du  dcf- 
fcin  clans  les  actions  d'nn  grand  liomme  ,  on  a  aper^u  un 
ton  dominaiu  dans  Ion  taracl'cie,  et  des  Iperulatits  de  cabi- 
net out  auflitot  vouin  faire  de  tous  les  honimcs,  dcs  erres 
aiifli  1  vilemati<pies  daiis  la  pratiqiic  qnc  dans  la  fpccuiatit ;n. 
lis  ont  tionve  de  Part  dans  leuis  pallious,  de  la  politique 
dans  leurs  toihieiies,  tie  la  dilTinnilaiion  dans  leur  incon- 
ilancc  ,  en  un  mot,  a-lorc  e  de  voiiloir  fnire  honncur  a  rei- 
prit  liumain,  ils  en  ont  lou\  ent  lait  hien  pen  an  ea  ur. 

JufVement  eliov^ues  de  leur  lahnement,  et  faelics  de  voir 
-  ■  cteiidie  a  tous  les  hon-imes,  dcs  pretentions  qu'on  euc  du 
bnrner  a  un  Philippe  ou  a  un  Cefar,  dcs  efprits  {>lus  natu- 
rels  fc  font  ierte*?  dans  Pautre  extreme,  lis  ont  banni  Part 
du  monde  moral,  pour  v  lubllituer  le  hazard.  Scion  eux 
les  foibles  mortels  n'agilleut  que  par  caprice.  La  fureur 
d*nn  ecervclc  etablit  un  einpire :  la  foibleirc  d*une  fenime 
le  detruit. 

LV.  L'etude  dcs  taulcs  detcrnilnees,  mais  generales, 
doit  plaire  aux  uns  et  aux  autres.  Ccux-ci  y  vo\  cut  avcc 
plaifir  Phomme  hmnilic.  Its  motifs  de  fes  actions  iacoiu^us, 


Caules  gC' 


a  lui-meme,  lui-rn; me  le  jouct  dcs  cauies  etiangeres,  et  ilc 
3a  libertc  de  chaeuiu  I'origine  d'une  neeeffitc  gcni^rvile, 
Ceux-la  y  r(  trouvent  rrnchain^ment  qu'ils  ainienl,  ct  les 
fpcculatioiis  dont  leur  elpiit  le  nount. 


•  Tacit.  Ann;)!.  L.  iii.  p.  S4.  edit.  Lipf.  . 

f  D^Aimh,  Melanges  dc  philgfophw  U  4e  UtceilKtiic>  vol*  u.  i< 


Qu'oae 


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BE  LA  LITTE'RATURE: 

Qa*une  vafte  carriere  s*ouvre  a  mes  refl^ions !  La  the* 
Driedeces  catifesgenerales  leroit  entre  Ics  mains  d'un  Mon-* 
Cefquieu,  une  hifloire  philolophique  de  I'homme.  II  nous 
)cs  feroit  voir  reglant  la  grandeur  et  la  ciiute  des  empire!, 
Cflnpnincant  Cucceffivement  les  traits  de  la  fortune,  de  la 
prudence,  du  courage,  ec  de  la  fotblefie,  agiilanc  i'ans  le 
concoors  des  caules  particulieres,  et  quclqueiois  meme  rrl- 
omphanr  d'elles.  Superieur  a  Taraour  de  les  propres  ijf- 
temes,  demiere  paflion  du  fage,  il  ayroit  fu  reconnoim 

3 lie,  malgre  Tctendue  de  ces  caufes,  leur  cffet  ne  laifle  pat 
'cue  borne,  et  qu'il  le  montre  principalement  dans  CC9 
evenemens  genera ux,  dont  T  influence  lente  mais  lure  change  . 
la  face  de  la  terre,  lans  qu*on  puilfe  s*apper(^evoir  dc  i*epo-.' 
que  de  re  ciiangcmcnt,  cr  iiirtouc  dan^  les  rnceurs,  le  reli- 
gions, c:  tout  ce  qui  ell  iuumis  au  jouc;  de  Topinion.  Voila 
une  {>ariie  des  lectins  que  ce  phdolf.plic  cut  uiccs  dc  ce  Aijer. 
Pour  moi,  j'y  irouvc  i implement  uuc  (jccafioii  dc  m'ciniyer 
a  penier.  Jc  vuk  indiauer  quelques  tAiti  inttreii'ansy  et  ia<* 
cherai  enluite  d'en  rend  re  rail  on. 

LVI.  Nous  counoiirons  le  paganifme,  ce  lylKme  riant,  Syfleme  du 
mais  ahfurdc,  qui  peuple  Tunivcrs  d'ctrcs  tantafques,  dontP'S*'"^''"' 
la  puilTinit  e  hipcrieure  nc  les  rend  que  plus  injui1e<;  et  phis 
infenfes  que  nous-mcmes.  Qi^iellc  lut  la  nature  et  I'o:  igino 
dc  res  dieux  ?  P'urent-ils  des  prmces,  des  fondateuis  de  ib- 
cietcs,  des  grands  homiucs  invenicin  s  des  arts  ?  Une  re- 
conn  iiiLnre  in^eniouJe,  uue  admiration  aveugle,  uric  adu- 
lation iatcieficc  pla^a-t-clle  dans  le  eicl,  ceux  qui  pemlaiit 
leur  vie  avoient  etc  nomiues  les  bicntaiieurs  de  la  tcrre  t  On 
bien  faut-il  reconnoitre  dans  ces  divinitcs,  auiant  de  parties 
de  Tunivers  auxquclles  l*ign( n  ance  des  premiers  hommes 
avoit  accorde  la  vie  et  la  penlec  ?  Cette  quellion  cll  digne 
de  notie  auention  ;  clie  ell:  curiculc,  uiais  elie  eft  dit]icile. 

LVI.  Nous  lie  connoiiroiis  gucres  le  fvfteme  dii  Pagan- oifficuitcd* 
ifme  que  par  les  p  >e[es*  et  par  les  peiesde  TEgliie  ;  les  uns  connoTirc 
cr  ies  autrcs  rrcs  adi^nnes  aux  hctionsf.    Les  enncuiis  d*une  ""«rclig»on. 
religion  nc  la  coniioiilwrn  jamais,  parcequ'ils  la  haiirent,  et 
fuuvcat  la  haiilent  parcecju'ils  ne  la  cuonoilieiu  pas.  lis 
adoptent  conu'elje,  avec  enipieilcmeMt,  les  calomnies  les 
plus  atrt'Ces.     Ill  Jiuj^uient  a  icurs  auveriaires  des  dogmes 
qu'ils  dcieiteiii,  ct  dei>  coulequrncCi  aux-quclies  il  n'ont 
jamais  fongc.    Les  i'e(^ccuis  d  une  reiigiouy  de  Tautre 

*  II  faut  cependant  diftiiiguer  Homcrr,  Hefiodf,  Pindare^  et  Ici  poScei  tn* 
fique«i  qui  vecttreiic  pendant  qoe  U  tradidoA  etott  plui  pure. 

f  Voycr  fur  cjtte  article  la  R<"chtrchc  Libre  du  Do£leur  Midlttor,  eC 
I'H  :  >  ':r(>  dr  Maatcheiffiic  4c  M,  dc  ficaufobtCy  dcux  bctux  iBOQumcoi  d*ua 

R  9  £0t4| 


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I 


t44  BSSAI  SUR  L*BTD0£ 

cote*  remplis  de  cette  foi,  qui  fe  fait  uii  crime  de  dovter> 
facrifient  pour  &  difenfe,  kur  raifoii  et  Aieme  leur  vettiL 
Foi]^  des  propheties»  .ou  des  mirades,  pallier  ce  qu^ila 
ne  peuvent  defendrey  allc^orifer  ce qu*ils  nt peovemt palHery 
ec  flier  haidiment  ce  qu'iu  ne  peuvenc  alleeori(er>  lont  des 
moyens,  que  jamais  devot  A*a  rouei  dVmployer.  Rappd- 
ions-tioua  ie$  Ghrctiens  et  les  Juift.  Interrog^  leurt 
nemis  fur  leur  compte;  c'etoicnt  des  magicieos  et  des  i 


iatres^t  einc,  dom  le  cidte  etoit  aufii  epure^  joe  leuis  stimut 
^toient  feveres.  Jamais  Mufulman  n'a  h^te  fur  runtte  de 
Dieuf.  Cependant  combien  *de  (bis  nos  bons  ayeux  ne  let 
'  ont-ils  pas  accufes  d'adprer  les  aftresi  f  Dans  le  feia  meme 
de  ces  religions,  it  8*ttt  el6ve  cent  fedes  difKientes,  qui, 
s'aocuiant  m  ones  les  autres  d*avoir  corrompu  leurs  doemes 
communs»  ont  ii^ptie  la  fiireur  aux  peuples  et  la  modera* 
don  aux  fages.  dependant  ces  peuptes  ooient  dviltCs)  et 
des  livies  reconnus  pour  tee  emanes  de  la  dtvtnit^  fixoient 
les  principes  de  leur  croTance.   Mais  ou  trouver  ces  priiK 
cipes,  dans  ua  amas  confios  de  fables,  qu'une  tradition  ifo- 
1^  contnididoiiCy  alt^6e»  diddt  a  quelques  tribus  de  liui* 
Taees  dans  la  Grece } 
Lefwibnaep   LVII,  Le  raifoonement  nous  eft  ici  d*ua  foible  fecoars. 
M4cra  peu.  ^  ^  abfutde  de  coi^acrer  des  temples  a  ceux  doot  on  voic 
les  I'cpulcies.   Qu'y  a-t-il  de  trop  abfurde  pour  les  horn* 
mes  ?   Ne  connoit-on  pas  des  nations  tres  Mair6e$,  qui  en 
appettent  au  tteoignage  des  fens  pour  les  preuvcs  d*ime  r6- 
ligion^  doat  un  dogme  principal  contredit  ce  ttooignage  f 
^^c"uUeRci.  ^^P^i)^^  ^  1^  dieux  du  paganifme  avdent  M  cto  hommes, 
proque  det  ^  coltc  r£ciproquey  oue  leurs  adorateurs  leur  rendoient,  eftt 
fiete  Pay.  6ii§  bien  peu  xaifonnable,  et  une  tokranoe  peu  ndfomialik 
■"■^      n'eft  pas  Tencur  du  peuple. 

Cddu  en.  I* VlII.  Cr^fus  fait  confulter  roraclc  de  Delphes§,  Alex« 
Yoye  I  l>d*andre  traverfe  les  fables  brulans  de  la  Lybie  pour  demander 
a  Jupiter  Ammon  s'il  eft  fon  fils^.   Mais  ce  Jupiter  Grcc, 
ce  roi  de  Crete,  devenu  le  maitre  de  la  foudrc,  n'en  eut-il 


^^"ck  Tu'P**  6craf(^  cct  Ammon,  ce  Lybien,  ce  nouveau  Salmonec, 
A:.""qui  tentoit  de  la  lui  arracher?  L 


JiJjj qui  tentoit  de  la  lui  arracher?  Deux  rivaux  fe  difputent 
—        1  empire  de  I'univers,  peut-on  a  la  lois  les  reconnoitre  toui 

*  T«dt.  HHk.  Im  t*   Fleury.  Htft.  Weddm  'ttm- 1,  p*  369.  et  torn,  i'u  p.  5. 
«t  let  Apokficsile  Jntia  MttCyr  et  4»  TemiUkii,  4111  y  fiwt  citSei • 

t  ITHeihdoc  Biblist.  Orient.  Afdc»  AlUh.  ^  100,  ct  Sde^  AIcqim. 

Prelim.  Difc.  p.  71. 

X  Reland.  de  Rcl.  Mahoniin.  Part.  11.  c  6  Ic  7. 

j)  V.  Warburton's  Dirtne  legation,  torn.  i.  p.  «70— 276.  ^  Herotfec  Im  i« 
f  Piodor.  Sk.  L.  xwR^  Qglati  Coit*  L.  W.  c.  7*  Airiao,  L, 

deux  f 


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Dl  LA  LITTrRATURS.  245 

deox?  Mais  fi  Tun  et  Tantre  ne  furcnt  que  Fethtfr^  le  dd^ 
la  me  diTimt^  le  Gfec  et  T Afrkain  l^iuront  d^fign^  par 
ks  fymboies  qui  convenoieiic  a  leun  ixioeursy  ct  psr  ks  notns 
que  leurs  langues  leur  founuflbicnt  pour  cxprimer  fes  attrw 
huts,  Mai&  loin  de  nous  tes  raifonnemens,  ce  font  ks  &ics 
qull  faut  inttrroger.   Ecoucons  leur  r^pooie. 

IJX«  Malheureox  habitans  des  forces,  cesGrecsfi  or*i«MfiiDa 


lETgyptiens*  Ces  demiers  leur  appoit^ient  ktnr  religion* 
les  Grecs,  en  ratloptant,  payercnt  le  tribuc  que  Tignorai 


et 

Ignorance 

doitau  favoir.  Le  pr^jug^  ne  fit  qu'une  ref] (lance  de  bien-> 
feance,  et  fe  rendk  fans  diiBcuk^,  apres  avoir  eotendu 
r  racle  de  Dodone,  qui  d^ida  poor  k  nouycau  culte*. 
Tel  eft  k  r^cic  d'Herodote,  qui  conooifibit  k  Grece  et  . 
rEgypte,  et  dbnt  k  fieck  pkce  eurre  la  grofiUret6  de  Tig- 
norance  et  les  rafioements  de  U  phikfophie  rend  k  t^ouag- 

mage  decifif. 

LX.  Je  vois  d6ja  difpaioitre  vine  bonne  partie  des  legen-  La  ntgn^ 
des  Grccques,  TApoUoo  ne  dans  I'lfle  de  D^los,  k  Jupiter^yp' 
eniSfiveK  dans  la  Crete.  Si  ces  dkux  habiterent  autrefois  la^^^'Sf'^* 
terrey  PEgypte  et  non  la  Grece  fut  kur  patrk-  Mais  ii  ka 
nretres  de  Memphis  furent  auffi  bkn  kur  religioQ  que 
i'Abb^  Bankrf,  jamais  TEgypte  ne  donna  naiflance  a  knrs 
dieux.  A  travers  kur  m^tuphyfique  tWbreufe,  la  raifoa 
luiiit  ail»  pour  kur  faire  fendr  c^uc  jamais  homme  ne  pent 
devenir  Dku,  ni  jamais  Dko  etre  transform^  en  fimpic 
hommel .  MyiUncux  dans  kois  doemes  et  dans  hnr  cidte» 
ces  interpretes  du  ciel  et  de  la  fageue^  d^guiserent>  par  un 
langage  pompeux,  les  v^rit^  de  la  nature,  qu^un  peupk 
nodSkr  edt  ni^prifies  dans  kuY  majeftveufe  fin|»licM.  Les 
Urecs  m^nnurent  cette  religion  a  bien  des  egarck.  Ik 
l*ak6rerent  par  des  m^knges  Strangers,  mais  k  foida 
dameora,  et  ce  fonds  Egyprien  fot  pax.  confiSquent  alk* 
£€iriqueL 


^  Hendol.  li.  3»  f  Vmt  ft  mjAtHo^  eipti^ee  par  l*biflDite» 

^  Bcllst  I^ttm.    II  a  donn^  des  ooveititfet  daot  vat  loote,  qui  paPMiOnlt 

Tue  dc  mus  cot«.    Je  cmts  cependant  <^ue  fp?  raifonnrmens  9tli;nt  mieut,  lort- 
eft  ^ftionde  fajts  que  qjiiand  il  s'a^itde  dogmes.  Freventtd'cllknepour 
CC  Unhmnr,  j«  dcfotw  tvidemefit  Ct  nponfe  a  la  chrooobg^e  Newtettimit  g 
vait  olmii'ja  de  le  dire  ^  U  ne  repondit  point  a  moo  attenlt.   <2{ie  IvX  icAe-t- 
a  40  M«MiU»  &  lOBi  loi  oiea  ks  pdacipct  d'tiac  theo^gie  tt  d*iuic  chcooob* 


Dig'itized 


ISSAI  SUR  L*E'TUDE 


LecuKche-    1,XT.  Lc  culce  b^oiqve,  fi  bicn  diftingu^  de  celui 

dievx  d  ins  les  preniiei-s  fiecles  de  la  Grecc,  nous  montre 
que  les  dieux  n'^toient  pas  des  h^ros*.  Les  ancicns  croy- 
oient  que  les  grands  hommes,  admis  aprts  leur  mort  aux 
feAins  des  dieux,  jouiifcient  de  leur  f^licit^,  fans  participer 
a  leur  puifTance,  lis  s'aiiembloient  autour  i\c^  tombeaux 
de  leurs  bienfaiteurs ;  leurs  chants  de  louangesf  cel^broient 
leur  ni<^ moire,  a  faiToient  naitie  une  ^iriulation  falutaiie  de 
leurs  vertus.  Leurs  on  bi  cs  ^?f  ?quccs  des  enters  goutoient 
avec  plaifir  les  ofFrandes  de  la  devotion^.  11  eft  vrai  que  ' 
cctte  devotion  devint  inicnfiblcmcnt  un  cultcreligieux,  mais 
cc  ne  fut  que  trcs  tard,  et  lorfqu'on  ideniifia  ccs  h^ros  avec 
des  divinitis  anriennes,  doiit  ils  portoient  lc  horn,  ou  rap- 
pelloient  le  caradUre.  Dans  le  l.ccle  d^Hnmcre,  on  les 
difttnguoit  encore.  Hercule  r.Vll  p<jiiit  un  de  fes  dieux. 
It  ne  reconnoit  Elculape  q;  e  pour  un  med^cin  diftinguej], 
et  Canor  et  Pollux  ionc  pour  lui  des  guerriers  mons  ti  en- 
terrcs  a  Sp:irre§. 

LXII.  La  iuperftition  nvoit  ce pendant  franchi  ces  limi  es, 
les  heros  etoient  devenus  des  diciix,  ct  lc  cuite  qu'on  rcn- 
doit  aux  dicux  les  avoir  tires  du  ran::  dc?  homines; 
lorlqu'un  philofophe  hardi  entreprit  de  pr<  uver  qu*iK  I'a- 
voient  etc.  Ephcmcrc  le  Meffcnicn  avLinca  to  paradoxe^. 
JVlais  loin  cren  appdicr  aux  nionumens  uu-hcn;iqut$  lic  la 
Grcce  et  dc  IM-Lgypie,  qui  auroitiu  tlu  conlcrvei  la  memoire 
de  CCS  hommt  s  celcbres  ;  il  va  fe  perdre  dans  I'ucean.  Uric 
Utopie  mepiilce  de  tous  les  nnciens,  une  ille  dc  PanchaVc, 
richc,  fertile,  fiiperfliticule,  ct  cnnnue  a  lui  icid,  lui  oflVe 
dans  un  teir.nlc  niagnih(Hie  de  jupiier  une  colunne  d*or,  nfi 
Mercure  avoit  grave  les  exploiis  et  i*apotheoie  des  h^ro&  de 


Syfteme 
d'Ephc- 
iaere» 


gte  nouvellesi  ^ue  nous  ()o0tdion&  dcja  (i),  des  genealogies  di-ftdeufet  et  tret 
'peu  eoncloantety  ^uelqoe*  tech«rchrf  minoticofet,  far  It  chnuiolape  Sptrte'^ 
ttne  aftronomie  andenne*  que  je  n'entends  pas  Crop  bien^  ct  la  belle  pretace  de 

M.  Boug  iinvillf,  qwjc  rrlls  toujours  avec  un  go^t  nouvau  ? 

•  Hill,  dc  I'Acad.  des  Brllcs-L'  tters,  torn.  xvi.  p  tS,  Sec, 

■f  V.  Mem.  de  Litter,  torn*  xii.  p.  5.  <^'c.  ft  Ezccn.  Spanhrim  in  Cailim. 

1  Hovner.  Ot^yfT.  L.  %u  \\  Homer  Iliad,  L.  iv.  v.  k 

^  Id.  L-  V.  V.  14T.  I.afli'iT.  I  ftit.  L.  i.  c.  xi  p.  d2. 

**  Autiquus  jutlor  Ephcimenis,  qui  hiit  e  ci*lratc  Mefi  in.i,  res  geftas  Jovis 
*•  et  csetrr  irum  qui  Dii  putaiitur  collegit,  hiAoriamque  contexit  ex  ttcuiis  r.t 
<*  infcnptionibus  I'acrif,  qua?  in  aittiquiflimir  tcmplis  htbebantur,  maxinirqaft 
**  in         J  vis  Triphyllii,  iibi  aurrarn  C()liimn.im  pofitam  ctVf  ,ih  ipfo  Jc  vr, 

tituius  inaioabac,  in  qua  coUimna  getta  (ua  perfcripfit  ut  monumentum  eifei 
**  pofteris  rerum  fuarum."  Ce  rikit  de  La^ncc  dificre  un  peu  de  cciui  dc 
Diodocv* 

(1)  Dant  lc  Mem.  die  TAcad*  tooit  v«  xviiU  xx*  zxlU* 


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DE  LA  LITTE'RATURB. 

&  raoe*«  Ces  fables  ftoient  trop  groffiercs  pour  les  Grecs 
cux-memes.  Elles  ne  valureat  a  leur  auteur  le  cn^pris  g6* 
©era  I  avcc  Ic  nom  d^Acb^e-M. 

LXUL  £nhardis,  pent  etre  par  fon  exemple,  les  Crg- 
tois  fe  Tanterent  dc  poiTeder  le  tombcau  de  Jupiter,  qui 
etoit  mort  dans  leur  iile,  apres  y  aroir  hug  terns  regn^K* 
Callimaque  fe  mond  e  lnci;c:n6  de  cette  B^ion,  ct  fon  Tcho- 
iiafte  nous  cn  dcvoile  l'nnginc§.  Oa  avoit  ecrit  for  un 
tombeau,  Tombeait  ds  Mim9$  fiitdi  Jufittr.  Le  tcms  ou 
le  de£fein  iit  difparoitre  les  mots  tk  fU  et  de  M'moi ;  on  lut 
Tomkeau  de  Jupitir^^  Cependant  le  (yllcme  d'E^^- 
mere  s^accredicoit  lentemeot  malgr^  fcs  preuves,  Diodore 
de  Sicile  parcoumt  la  ten'c,  pour  ra^embler  dans  les  tradi- 
tions des  divers  peuples  de  quoi  I'appuyer**.  Mais  Ics 
Scoicieos,  dans  leur  melange  bizarre  dv  TheiTme  le  plus 
pur,  du  Sptnoiifme  et  de  TidoUtrie  popnlatre>  rapponoient 
ce  paganidne,  dont  ils  ^toient  les  ^^teurs  au  cuke  de  la 
nature  bri£§e  en  autant  de  dieux  qu^elle  a  de  faces  ditf<5« 
iaites«  Gic^'on  cct  academtqien,  pom      tout  dtok  ob- 


*  Ddtdtee  ^  Sicile,  L.  t.  L»  99,  30.  etL.  vK 

B  y  a  fur  Ephcmcre  tine  difTcrtation  de  M*  Fournaonc  VJ\r\^j  ^1  conriiBit 

c  jriliircs  trvi  [ur^'i:-,  '."t  drs  f mportcmen>  fnrt  f  I.ii.i  f  r].  II  (if<i  ma| 
a  un  jcuTic  honame  de  ux.  piir  r  (^uoi  q-jr  foit,  inais  ne  l^iirois  rtliitcr  cctt^ 
yicce  fcriei»l4:mcnt.  Cclui  qui  nc  voit  \ri%  ^ue  h  Panchiu  uccritc  dani  Diodore 
4c  Stcile  etcHt  fituee  a«  midi  de  la  QedmSe,  et  i  roecidenc  peu  eloSgnte-  dfr  U 
pcninlultf  des  Indcs,  pent  crolrc  ancc  M.  Fouritiont  k  Goife  Arjrbiinie  ti^ 
au  midi  dc  I'Arabk  heureiife,  r^ue  !"  p.'.'n  c't*  Phank  fir  I-  continent  cll  V\Qo 
dc  PanchaVcj  tjuc  le  dcf<rt  de  Ptiar^n  eit  ic  pjui  ueau  iicii  ciu  inondc^  e:  (|uc  la 
iiU«  de  Pieiie  eo  Syne  eft  U.  c^piple  d%ia  petit  eantoo  auz  en^ton»d«  Mcdinen 

t  Cairtin.  •(K  Piat.  t«n«  ii.  p.  SSo^  Srtto(M>.  tt  Pri)  b.  sp.  StxaU  GM«f» 
!«•  ii*  p.  10^  103.  et  Lit  vtL  p*  t99«  edk.  Cafiiub» 

J  (icrard  Yollius  dc  HiftoT^  Graecis,  L.  i.  c.  xi.  fiJt  >toi/  ^uc  non  Cietitemetit 
\t'j  I'lycTis  tui  donnojcni  nom,  mais  fnror«  Th  n  v  *^  i!<*  d'Antioche  pirrn'i  !es 
Chretiens  et  Jofe^  parmi  ics  Juife  ;  ce  ({lu  l^it  vwr  (^o  £^caiAfc  ca  iUtis^iunt 
lee  dieiuc  des  Gitca,  n'eii  reconnoidbie  pMntd'smtiet.. 

I  LeAant»  loAit.  L.  w  c*  si.  p.  65.  Luxiaa Tinoo,  ^4.  e<  Ju^'t(»  Tn^ 
f«  701.   Cicer.  de  NaC  Deor*  L.  iiu  (• 

J  CjJlimach^  Hytxu.  in  Jovem^  «.  |.  et  ScholieAk  Vet.  inloe..edi6  <tee* 

^  Tel  e/(  Ic  rccit  du  fchollifie  adoptc  per  le  Che val  -  Newton.  Maie  Lac* 
t3fic>  t>pi>3rte  rinfcription  XPOMOT^  <«      m*Vait  bea  f^u«  a#it5(iuf . 

Li;c'M>n,  cjr  Ics  fabler  vont  coujours  en  augm«nt:tnt,  non^  af^^rendj  que  l*in-. 
tciijKi.m  j>03toitquc  JufUe;  ne  tonroif  tthiF,  (ju^il  aMjit  tubi  ic  Wrt  dc&  a«Mlcb|^ 

Diodore  de  Siciie  dapA     cin^  pramievs  livres^  pa&nu, 
(il  Idkoi.  de  l4CKK»  tonu  xy.  |»  4^ 


^  BSSAl  SUR  L'E'TUDl 

)e£kion  ^  nen  n'^tott  preuve^  ofe  a  peine  leur  opfdkx  kr 

fyftcme  d'Eph^mere*. 
}it  prevaiut  LXIV.  Ce  ne  fut  que  fous  Tempire  Romain.  que  lea 
qur  (  ut  j^^ps  du  \k IT  n!cn  prirent  le  deffus.  Dans  le  terns  qu'un 
mondc  efclave  d<^cernou  ic  titre  de  dieux  a  dcs  mnnftres  in- 
dignes  de  celur  d'hommes,  c'ctoit  taire  la  cour  que  de  c  on- 
fondre  Jupiter  et  Dnmitien.  Bientairenrs  de  la  terre,  amii 
les  appelloit  I'adulanon,  leiir  droit  a  la  divinite  ^toit  ie  meme ; 
kur  nature,  et  k  ur  puiifance  etoient  ^gales.  Pai  politique 
ou  par  m^prifc.  Pilne  lui-meme  ne  fc  garantit  pas  c!c  certe 
crreii]  t.  vain  Plutarquc  eifaya-t-il  de  rcvcndiqncr  la 

foi  de  les  ayeuxt.  Eph^^mtrc  regna  par  tout ;  ec  les  p  res 
de  TEglile,  le  lervant  de  ieurs  avanrages,  a  tr  a  querent  !c  pa- 
ganifme  du  cote  le  plus  foible.  Pounoit  on  lesblamer? 
?i  'e^  diciix  pr^tendus  ne  furent  pas  en  etrcr  d*  s  hommes 
dtiihes,  lis  rctoici:e  devenus,  dn  moins  dans  ro|)iiiion  de 
leiirs  adoiateurSy  et  ies  peres  n^eo  vouioieat  qu^a  leuxs  o|m«> 
luons. 

Tnchi'ne-       LXV.  Ailons  plus  loin  ;  tathons  de  fuivre  i'cncbnine- 
mentdii    rnciit  non  dc^  fnits,  mais  dc<^  idcrs,  de  fonder  le  coeur  hu- 
main,  et  de  dcmcier  ce  hi  d'erreurs,  qui  du  fcntiment  vrai, 
fimple,  et  univerfel  qu*il  y  a  unc  puiflance  au  deffus  de 
Fhommc.  ie  conduifit  par  degr^s  a  fe  faire  des  dietix,  aox- 
quels  li  eut  rougi  de  reifembler. 
^^^^  •  Le  fentiment  n'efk  qu'un  retour  fur  nous-memes.  Lea 
^i^^'iia'  iddes  fe  rapponent  aux  objets  hors  de  nous.    Leur  nombrt, 
tenfen     an  occupant  Tefprit,  am>iblit  le  fentiment.    C'cfl  done 
parmi  les  fauvaf  es,  dont  les  id6&s  font  homee$  mux  belbins, 
et  les  befoins  hmplement  caux  de  la  nature,  que  le  leuti* 
fosat  doit  etre  ie  plus  vif,  quoiqu*en  netne  teint  le  pla$ 
confus.    Le  fauvaze  refient  a  tout  moment  des  agitations, 

r*ii  ne  peut  ni  cs^iquer  ni  reprimer.  Ignorant  et  foible, 
ciaint  tout,  parcequ'ii  ne  peut  fe  d^fendre  de  rien.  11 
admire  tout,  pai€et|u'il  ne  connoit  nan.  Le  m^ris  bien 
fond^  de  lui-memei  car  la  vanit^  eft  un  ouvrage  de  la  ib- 
ciet6,  lui  fait  ientir  Texiftence  d*une  puiffance  ftip^rieun; 
C*eft  cette  puiflance,  dont  il  ignore  let  attributs,  qu*il  in. 
voque,  el  dont  il  demande  des  graces,  fans  favoir  a  quel 
titre  il  ao  peut  elp^rer  Ce  fentiment  peu  diflin<£l  produifit 
les  dieux  bons  des  premiers  Gvecs,  et  lea  divinic^  de  la  plus 
part  des  fauvages,  et  les  uns  et  les  autres  a'aa  luieot  T^;)er 
ni  le  nombre»  ni  le  cara£^ie»  m  le  eukn» 


a  acer.  U  Nat  DMr.  L.  iii.  c  %u 

t  Fttn.  Hift.  Namr*  L^iSLu  sw  H*  paSV 

t  Plst.  4t  PlML  PhiMflw  d«  li4.  et  OficU* 


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PE  LA  LITTE'RATURE. 

LXVI.  Bientot  \t  fendment  devint  We.   Le  finivagenirfaietMK 

rcndi:  Ion  hommage  a  tout  ce  qui  TenCouroh.    Tout  dcvok«*V**i^«8H 

hi  paro  irt  p  us  excellent  que  lui-meme.  Cechenc  majef- 
ti  cux.  Ic  Louvroit  dc  Ion  tcuillagc  epais,  avoir  ombru^6 
Its  aveux,  dcpLiis  i\jriii:ine  de  la  race.  II  elcvoit  la  tetepour^uoi?- 
ji  i^u  aux  luics ;  le  fiti  Aqnilon  i'e  perdoit  a  travcrs  ics 
bianciies.  iiuprtb  de  tet  aibic  ahirr  qu'ccoit  la  durce,  la 
tatUe,  it-rce?  La  rcconnoilTariLc  lej<  ighu  u  i'admirati- 
on.  Ccr  a  bie  qui  lui  prodiguoit  les  ^hnds,  ccite  oiide  clairc 
ou  il  .e  cieidiicrt'u,  etoient  dcs  bienlaiteurs  qui  i likIuiliu  fa 
vie  hciiietile  ;  lans  cux  il  nc  pouvuit  lubfiiter,  mai^  quel 
bcluin  avoicnt  iU  dc  lui?  Lu  etfet  lans  les  lumicies  qU! 
nous  apprennent  connbien  la  rauon  leule  ell  lup^rieurc  a 
.comes  CCS  parties  ncrc  llaires  d*un  f\  ftt,mc  intellig  ent,  cha- 
cune  d^eUcs  t  ft  au  tieffus  de  riiomme.  Mais  pnv6  de  ccs 
iuiDRies,  le  iauvage  kur  nccorda  a  chacuhc  la  vie  ei  U 
puiflance     II  i'e  pr(.(lerna  devam  ion  ouvrage. 

LX VII.  Le^  iclt'es  du  fauvagc  font  uniquC"^^,  parccqu'ellcs  St»  idec« 
iom  lanples.    Keitiarquer  Its  iiu  iliL^s  dirfercntcs  dcs  objets,f«>nt 
oblerver  celles  qui  Icur  loiu  communes,  et  de  cetre  reliem- ****** 
blanec  former  unc  idee  abftraitc,  qui  repieiente  le  genre, 
lans  ctre  I'imagc  d'aucun  (;biet  paniculier ;  font  les  ouvrages 
de  i'elprit,  qui  a'^it,  qui  fe  rcplie  lur  lui-mcme,  et  qm'  d^^ja 
furc.'iarg^  d'idces,  chcrche  a  le  loulager  par  la  nietliode. 
I^ns  Ic  premier  ctar.  Tame  palTive  ec  ignorant  les  ioices, 
nc  fan     e  reccv  ir  les  iinpieu  ons  c  lan^eres:  ccs  impref- 
fions  nc       icndeiu  les  ohjets  qu'iiole  ,  et  c^^n^me  lis  loiU  en 
cux  mcuie^ !    Le  fauva  c  rencontroit  les  dieilX  par  tOUC> 
cluqiie  foret,  chaque  prame  cn  tournidloit. 

LxVin,  L'expcrieuce  dcvei  p[>a  les  id^cs  ;  car  les  na- n  conibiife 
lions,  comnic  les  hou^smes,  doiveni  tout  a  rexpeiience.   S(mfe' <^ 
cfpr'r  tamiliaril^  avec  un  grand  nnnibrc  d'nhje*'s  c^ranc^e^s^^^JIP'^''** 
s'^pperqut  de  Icur  nntnrc  commune,  et  cette  nature  devmt 
poer  lui  une  nouvelle  diviniie  iupericure  a  tons  ces  dieux 
.paiticuliers.    Mais  chaquc  cliofe  qui  exiiVe  a  Ion  exigence  , 
determinec  a  un  terns  ou  a  un  lieu ;  et  c'cft  ce  qui  la  dif- 
tingue  de  toutc  autre  chofc.    L'homme  a  du  fe  conduira 
differernment  a  regard  de  ces  deux  manicres  d'exifler,  I'unc 
fenfible  et  devant  its  yeux,  I'autrejpaiTageie,  m^taphyfique, 
"et  qui  a'eil  peut-erre  que  la  fuccemon  dcs  id^es*    jLa  nature 
commune,  dilFerenti^e  UDiquemeiiC  par  k  tenMy  a  du  faire 
difparoitre  ies  natures  paniciilieitf ,  pendant  que  celles  ^ui 
font  didtngnto  par  les  lieux  ont  pu  fubfifter  comme  pamcss 
de  la  nature  commune.    Le  dieu  des  rivieres  n'a  point  at« 
teoc6  fur  les  drdts  du  T'Ubtt  oo  du  Qitumne*.  fli&is  le  vent 

•  Hift.  d«  i  AMd.  des  dcUcs-Letun,  torn.  sti.  p.  36.   Plln.  EfUt  L.  vUL 


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Sad  qui  fpulBotc  hi€r»  et  eelui  que  nam  reflentons  an*-, 
jourd^huv  ne  foot  Tud  ec  Taud^  que  cc  tycsD  fudeux,  qui 
foaleve  les  flots  de  U  iner  Adriatique^. 
3tt!te  de  fca    LXIX.  Plus  Q»  s'exercei  f>fnfcr»  plus  on  fait  dc  com- 
C9inbiaii^  binaifoQS.   Deux  gexure^  foot  diff^^fens  a  quelques  6gards» 
ilsferefieQibleQtad*autTe«:  ik  foiitdenin^aumeQieufage^ 
Us  fcmt  parde  du  mcme  ^Itoeat   La  Fontaine  devicnt 
viere>  U  riviere  fe  perd  dans  la  mer.   Cette  mcF  fait  partie 
du  vafte  ocean  qui  embraiTe  toutf  l*^teodue  de  U  terre>  et  la 
terre  elle-meme  renfenne  dans  fonfein  tout  ce^  qui  fubiUle  par 


^clairto,  leur  ioblatrie  a  du  fe  rafiner.  EUea  ont  intenx. 
fenti  conibienlNintVers  dk  gouvernds  p^r  des  loixg^ni^fales;. 
^Ile9  fe  font  plus  rapprochiks  de  L'unit^  d*une  caufe  efficieotew 

Jamais  les  Greca  n'ont  fu  Hmi^lifier  laurs  idto  an  deb  de 
eau»  de  b  tcrre  tt  du  ciet^  qui»  foifs  les  soma  de  Jupiter^ 
de  Neptune,  et  (}e  Pluton,  cootenoienr'et  regiifoient  toutet- 
cbofe^.  Mais  les  Egyptians,  d- un  e^nia  plus  propre  aux  ip£  • 
ci  lutlons  abftraitcs,  forqjcEcnl  enanleur  Ofirist  le  premier 
des  Dieux,  le  principe  intelligent*  qui  agiiToit  fans  cdlefur 
le  prinqipe  oiat^nd,  connu  Ions  le  noni  d'llis  fa  femme  et: 
fa  fgeun   Des  gens*  qui  ci  oyoietit  a  I'^temit^  dc h  mati^re^ 
ne  pouvoipncguties  alLr  plus  loin(>. 
generation     LXX.  JupitcF,  le  Dieu  dc  hi  incr  elle-npir  PUitoo  etor^ 
€t hierarchic  cnt  frcres.    Toutcs  Ics  braiichcs  de  leur  poft6ritc  sVtcndoi- 
%^dAett*.       ^  rinftni,  et  reofenpoient  toute  la  nature*.  Telle  ct<jit 


de  g^n^rauon  etoit  plus  naturcllc  que  celle  de  cr^ation^ 
Elle  ^toit  plus  uii'ec  a  i'uifn*,  elle  luppofoic  moins  de  puifi* 
fance»  on  y  cu)it  conduit  par  des  liailbns  fenfibles;  inais 
aufli  cette  gcuc ration  ks  in^noit  a  ^cablir  uoe  hierarchies- 
dont  ces  etres  librcs  tnais  bomes  ne  pouvoient  pas  fe  paflet^ 
Les  trois  grands  Dicux  exercoicm  une  puiflance  patemeUe 
(ur  kurs  enfaxis,  habitans  dc    tenc,.  ds^s  airs,  ot  dea  nieiaf. 


amplidte 

t      tnkt  da  fiAcil  a  et«  oonn».de  Kmi  lc»  ptaple»»   Je  dfm  ee  <{«•  m*m 

paroil  la  raiinn.    C^eft  pcut-trre  le  feui  objet  de  Tuniven  a  !a  foh  UnhhSc  et 


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DE  LA  LITTE;ftATURS.  •  ft^ 

«t  la  primogeniture  de  Jupiter  hii  donnoit  nne  fuperiorit^ 
fur  fes  fit  res,  qui  \v\  merita  le  litre  de  roi  des  dieux,  er  de 
pere  des  hommc'.  Mais  ce  roi,  cc  perc  fupicinc,  ctoittrop 
born^  a  tous  egjrds,  pour  nous  permet  re  de  t'aire  honneur 
aux  Grer>  de  la  croyancc  d'un  etre  luprcme. 

LXXi.  Ce  iyftcme,  tout  mal  conflruit  ou'il  6tojt,  ren-  Dieux  de'h 
doit  raiTon  de  tous  Ics  effets  de  la  nature.  Mail  le  monde 
moral,  rhoinmc,  fon  fort,  et  fes  anions  ^toient  fans  (livi- 
nites.  L'^ihcr  ou  la  terrc  y  cut  ,et6peu  propre.  Du  be-  . 
foiti  de  nouvcaux  dieux  naquit  un'e  nouveile  chaine  d'etreursy 
qui,  s'uniflant  avec  hi  premiere,  ne  forma  qu'un  meme 
Koman  theologique.  Je  foup^onne  ^ue  ce  fydcme  naquit 
plus  tard.  L'hoinme  ne  ron;;e  gucres  a  rentrer  en  lut-meoie, 
^u'aprcs  avoir  epuii6  Ics  ol>jcts  6trangert. 

LXXII.  Deux  hyporhefes  ont  toujours  crc%  et  feront  SyHtmes  ^ 
toujf  urs.    Dans  Tunc,  rhomme  n^a  recju  du  Createur  que    '  ^  '  '^^  »•* 
la  raifon  et  la  volont6.    C'eft  a  lui  a  decider  de  1* ufagc  qu'ii 
en  fcra,  et  a  regler  fes  aflions  a  fon  gre.    Dans  Tautre,  il 
ne  peut  agir  que  fuivant  les  loix  pic^tabltcs  de  la  Divinit^, 
dont  il  n'eft  que  Tinflrument.    Le  fentiment  le  trompe,  et 
loiiqu'il  croit  fuivre  fa  volontc,  il  ne  fuit  en  cfFet  que  celle 
de  fon  maitre.    Ces  dernicres  ideea  ont  pu  naitre  dans  i'ef- 
prit  d*un  peuple  a  peine  forci  de  Tenfance.    Peu  /ait  aux 
refl*  rts  comphqu^s  de  la  machine,  les  grandes  veitus,  les  Les  ■ncieim 
cnmes  atroces,  les  inventions  utiles  de  ce  petit  nombre  ruivoient  te 
d'ames  (ingulieres,  qyi  ne  doivent  rien  a  leur  fiecle,  lui^'"^^'* 
parurent  furpailer  les  forces  humaines.    II  vit  partout  des ' 
dieux  agiflans,  qui  infpiroient  le  vice  ou  la  vertu  aux  foi^ 
bles  mortels,  incapables  de  fe  fouOraire  a  leurs  volont^s*. 
Ce  n'eft  pas  la  prudence  qui  infpire  a  Pandare  le  deilein  de 
¥ompre  la  treve,  et  de  d6cocher  un  trait  au  coeur  de  M€n€~ 
las.  C'eft  Minerve  qui  le  poufle  a  cet  attentatf.   La  miU 
heureafe  Phedre  n*eft  point  coupable.    Venus,  outr^e  des 
m^pris  d*Hyppolite,  alfume  dans  le  coeur  de  cette  reine  une 
flamme  inccftueufe  qui  la  pr^cipite  au  crime  et  a  ]a  mort^. 
Un  dieu  fe  chargea  de  chaque  ^venement  de  la  vie,  do 
chaque  paffion  de  rame,  et  de  chaque  ordre  de  la  foci^t^. 

•  J-  ne  (uit  pis  trnp  contrnt  dc  cet  er.df^it.    Jc  don".?  In  m<"*!!-urf  riir>n 
^uc  j  at  pu  trouvrr  j  ouis  ii  mc  fentblr  qur  \i.n$  crs  pirmters  iiccies,  on  eu(  du 
iiT^  guide  par  le  fenrimentt  et  le  rci.iiment  eii  tout  cntler  du  cdcc  de  lailbcrte. 
Homer.  Iliad.  L.  it.  v,  93,  Sec* 
.  t  AT^'  art  ravim  r«t  ^         xf^  9WUf» 

H  y  tvx>.iv^q  fjLi)>,  tmtlKurM 

feu^  ( I ) . 

{ij  i:.uri|iid.  Hippol.        li  T*  40. 


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tS^^Jkl  SUR  L'E'TVDS. 


Union  des  LXXIII.  Mais  CCS  dlcux  de  Thomme,  ces  paiTion  >  ct  tes 
4fu«efpcc«s  facuk^s  gen^ralifi^cs  et  perfonifiees  de  ceicc  r-iamcie,  a'avoi- 
4ii.difiuu.  ^nt  (ju*une  exigence  m^taphyfique  et  trop  peu  renlihle  pour 
les  hommes.  II  falioit  les  fondre  avec  les  dieux  dc  la  na- 
ture, et  c*cft  ici  que  rall^gorie  imagina  mille  rapports  fan« 
tafques,  car  Tefprit  veur  au  aioins  une  apparence  dc  v^rue^ 
II  ixok  nacurel  que  le  dieu  de  la  mer  le  fuc  dibs  matelots^ 
L'expieffion  figur^e  de  cet  qqiI  qui  voit  tout,  de  ces  rayons. 
i}ui  percent  les  airs,  pouvoit  aifigine&c  faiae  du  ibleil^  unha* 
bile  propliete,  et  un  archer  adroit.  Mais  pourcj^uoi  la  pU- 
Qct^  V&iis^efr-eUe  mte  des  amoiirs  ?  Pourq^oi  s^^eve-u. 
die  de  Tikuiiic  des  fiocs  ?  •  Laiflbxis  ces  ^nigines  aux  devins. 
Aiiffi  t6c  q|tte  les  d^fartements  des  dieux  de  la  nature  hu- 
maine  6iteAt  tablis»  tls  duient  enlever  tout  le  cuke-  desL 
bomcs.  paifeieot  au  ceur  ec  aux  gaftons*  au  lieu  qu& 
kir  dieux  phyfiques,  qui  n*avoient  poiot  acquis  n^attxibuta 
xnoraus^v  lentrerent  inlciiiiblemeat  dans  le  m6pris  et  dana 
Poubli.  Auffi  n'tflsce  que  dans  L'antiquii^  la  plus  reculfe 
que  ^  fumer  let  autds  de  Satusoe*. 
^di«u>  LaXIV.  Les  dieux  slntireflent  done  dans  les*  aSaires 
«nt  del  paf*  hiiiaaifieSb   II  ne  fe  paiXe  rien  dont  ils  ne  foient  les  auteurs^ 

font-ils  les  auteuo  du  cnme  ?  Cette  conf<§qudu:e' 
nous  dftaye:  un  payen  n^h^fitoit  point  a  Tadmettre,  et  ocr 
pouvoit  en  efiet  h^fiter.  Les  dieux  inrpiroieot  fouvent  de* 
oeileins  vicieiux.  Pour  les  fuggerer,  il  fatlloit  les  vouloir^ 
et  roeme  les  aimet^ '  II  ne  leur  leftoit  pas  la  relSbusce  d'uik 
petit  mat  permis  dans  le  meiUeur  des  mondes  poffiblesf- 
Ce  mal  n*toit  pas  leulcinent  permis,  il  itoh  authori{i&»  et 
d^ailleurs  les  diff^ntcs  divinity  bomta  a  leurs  d^parte-i^ 
mens  particuiiers,  6toient  tres  imfiiiSrentes  a  un  bien  g6n^^ 
ral  qu'ielles  ne  conaoiflbient  point;.  Ghacune  fuiyoit  font 
oara6lere,  et  nWpiroit  cjue  les  paffions  qu'elle  reflentoit. 
'Le  dieu  de  la  guerre  ^toit  fief,  brutal,  et  ianguinaire ;  la. 
diiefle  de  la  prudence,  fage»  retenue,  pea  fincere  ;  la, 
mere  de»  amours,  aimable,  voluptueuibt  emport^»  dan» 
fes  caprices la  rufe  et  la  fouplefle  convenoient  au  dieu  de» 
roarchaods et  lescris  des  malheureux  flatoient  Voreille  dui 
tyran  foupcoonsux  de^^morts,  du  aoir  monarquc  des  enfers. 
niontdet  LXXV/  Un  dieu  pere  des  bommes  Teft  de  tous  egale-. 
^htaon.  ment.  I)  ne  connott  ni  la  haine,  ni  la  faveur.  Mais  lea. 
divinity  partiaks  doivent  avoir  des  favoris«»  Ne  didingue* 
lont-elles  pas  ceux  dont  le  govt  eft  confbrae  aa  leur  ?  Mai» 
ne  peut  qu'aimer  ces  Thraces  dont  la  guerre  eft  Tunique 
occupation  ^  et  ces  Scytbes  dont  la  boifibala  pbis  deltcieiife 

*  jVntcns  chfT  1  r  Grccs ;  fnn  culrc  fc  conferva  iMg^lMu M Itafie» 

•f  Fontcrt*  !!»•  dans  1  Eloge  dc  M.  dc  Lcibitit?.. 

X  Herodou  L«  v*  c.  4>  5^    idcMriac.  Ccmm*  fur  les  ££iur<  d'Ovidx^  txasu 

eft 


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t!k  )e  fang  de  Icurs  ennemis*.  Les  moeurs  d'un  habitailt 
Cfpre  t  ou  dc  Corinthc,  Iteux  ou  tout  refpiroit  le  luxe  et 
la  raolefle)  dcvoienc  plaire  a  la  dieSk  des  amours.  La 
ceconnoiflance  fe  joignoit  au  gout.  Des  fentimensMie  pr6f(> 
rence  «toient  dus  a  des  poapleS)  dont  les  moeurs  n  etoient 
.<)u^un  cutte  dctourne  dc  ieurs  dieux  tutelaires.  Le  cuite 
ineme  qu*on  leur  rendak  (e  rapportoit  toujours  ^  leur  ca« 
ra^ere.  Ces  vi^imes*  bumauies  qui  expiroient  Air  I'aiittl 
fie  Mars  ces  miHe  coiHti(»mqui  (e  devouoient  au  temple 
^  Venus  toutes  ces  femmee  diUiligti6es  de  Bab^dnoi  qui 
lui  imnoloient  leur  padeur  |,  ne  pouvdent  qu'attirer  1  ces 
^ivefs  peoples,  lafave«r4a  plus  dlfltnguee  de  ievis -protect 
Ceurs»  Mats  comtne  lesinterets  des  nations  ne  font  pas 
woiiis  oppofcs  qae  Ieurs  mceurs,  il  fyllcit  que  les  dlcux 
adopttUlait  les  querelles  de  ieurs  adorateurs.  «  Quot !  voir 
«Yec  paftience  que  cette  viile  qui  m'^Ieve  cent  temples 
fuccombe  Ibsis  fe  fer  d'un  conqueranti  Ah!  plut^l, 
C^eft  ainfi  que  ciicx  les  Grecs,  uiie  guerre  parmi  les  hom- 
ines en  allumoit  une  parmi  les  dieux%  Troye  beuleverfa  le 
cicL  Le  Scamandre  vit  briller  Tegide  de  Minerve,  il  fott-eun 
temoin  de  TefFet  des  flechcs  forties  du  carquois  d'Apollofi)  tl^^** 
fentit  le  redouCable  trident  dc  Neptune,  qui  foulcvoit  la  terrc 
fur  fes  fondemens.  Q^ielquefois  les  arrets  inevitable  deftin  - 
cetabiilToient  4a  fiatx  f  •   Mats  le  |>lus  Ibuvent  les  diveis 

»  HcrodoT.  L.  k.  C.  B4,  €5* 

jonn  dire  Cypre,  quai^uc  le  nom  moderne (mz  Cbypre  (i).  Jc  vois  ^oc MM.  dt 
Fendon  (i)  ec  4e  VeitoC  (3)  one  fait  cctte  diftinAioa. 

%  Herod.  L.     c.  4*  5.   MUi«c»  Fol*  0£bv.  c  15.  p.  158.    L«c  PhifC^ 
1^  i,  Ladant.  L.    c.  S5> 

^  Stnb.  CfOfi  L«  viiU  p.  378, 

|.  Hcxod.  L.  i.  c  i99» 

Ellci  ecoient  tcnuet  de  ie  pro^ittzer  ane  fait  leur  vie  -premier  venu^ 
Ic  tfmpS'j  de  Vt  n«^.  M.  df  Vnltaire,  qui  Icur  impofs  cettr  rbfigatiofl 
une  /ois  tou5  les  »n$,.J4  iraitc  de  fable  infeofee  (4).  Cfpendant  llcrodo?^ 
99utt  yojzgL  furletlienx,  etM.  4e  Volcwre  atrop  lo  rhi(loir<r,  poar  ignored 
tonbteii  ^  triompbes  parcils  la  fnp>rrn\tion  a  rcoiportei  fur  rhumnnitc  ct  fur  It 
v»Ttu.  Qu?  pcnff-t-H  d'un  adte  da  foi  ?  fe  prcvieiis  fa  it-ponf-.  Au  rcf^e 
j'.'gnorois  que  Babylone  tut  la  vUle  de  roQivcrs  la  m»cujt  poiicee.  Q^(e 
Curce  la  d^pctot  ccmnBC  la  pitti  lieencieiife }  Beii>fe  le  Babylimten  ftt  pbintliu 
fOfmr  <)ue  fct  concitoyent,  franchiffunt  touccs  les  barrierrs  de  la  pudeur* 
▼ivoient  a  la  maniete  des  bcCf  s  rt  I-  tcholiadc  4e  Jttvenai  aottt  6ut  fentir  411c 
4c  fi>n  terns  ils  r»'a»oicnt  \yo\r.t  tit-^ <  at{«!s  (5),  ^ 

(1)  Rem.  de  M»  Ue  Vau|clai  fur  U  langve  i  r.injnife,  f?»m.  i.  p.  101,  lOJ* 

(2)  Dans  le  Telematjti-.  (3}  Dans  (oa  Hift.  dc  Malthe* 
Ocuvrcs  dc  Voltaire,  lom.  vi.  p.  I4. 

(S)  0^'°^*        ^^^*  Aie^  1m  v.  «.  i»  et  Comoieat,  Freia^^^euB*  in  Loc* 

-  dieux 


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ES8AI   SUR  L'£TUD£ 

dieux  cnnvcnoicnt  mutuellemcut  de  «»'ahandonncr  rectpro- 
quement  ieurs  cnnemis  * ;  ca  lur  I'Olvnipc,  c«^mmc  iur  la 
terre,  la  haine  a  toujnur^  c  e  plus  puilUi.tc  que  i'a  nitie. 
J^sontufi-  LXXV'l.  Un  culi^  e,.ufe  ( uc  ee  peu  aliorti  a  de  telles 
{nitnr""  <i'^''f^if^^-  i-'es  peuples  veulent  des  obj^^ts  fenfiMes ;  unc 
figure  tjui  decore  leurs  t  mpl?s  leurs  idecs  II 

fallolt  aflurifment  h  plu^  h^fie  ic  tout^-s  Jcs  f.^u-cs.  Mais 
qu'cllc  cit  cettc  figure  ?    1  )t*man'-Lz  le  aux  lio;iune<,  c'eft 
fans  duutL'  I  i  Icur.    Pcut-e  i  c  uu  tjurc.iu  ic  p;>nd,  oic-il  un 
peu  dilTcrcniinent  f.    La  fi^alpture  ic   pci t v^tioane  pour 
krvir  a  la  devotion,  er  ie.s  temples  le  rc'cnpljlleiu  dj  ll.;rucSi 
de  vieillard,  d^-  jeur.os  jrf^ns,  de  temmcs,  et  d'euf^nS)  lui-» 
vant  Ics  attributs  dillercns  dc  chacun  des  dicux. 
B»  rpr»u-       LXXVII.  La  beaute  n*eft  peut-erre  fonde  *  que  fur 
^JJ*J*j*^j'**rurage.    La  figure  hiimaine  n'eft  belle  que  parcc  qu'cllt-  lb 
inaux        rapporte  fi  bien  aux  utligcs  aiixquels  clle  eft  dediiiej.  La 
Qofl»orcJ».    figuie  divine  cll  la  mtr  iK-^  il  taut  que  fes  u!ag-^  L-  foiciit 
aufli,  et  mcme  Tes  dch.uis.    Deli  cettc  i:ci:c:  ai u»n  eroiricre 
des  ditux,  qui  ne  compolcnc  plus  qu'unc  taiiiillc  a  Lt  rua- 
nierc  des  houuiKS  ;  dela  leuo  tetcs  de  nedtar  et  d'ambiolie, 
et  la  nourriture  qu'^1^  ic^'ui  vent  dans  les  facrifices  -f;.    Dc  la 
encore  Icur  romincil  |j,  ct  kurs  douL^iirs§,    Do  diCux,  de- 
venus  des  hommes  ires  puifians,  dcvoiciii  fouvt  iU  virucr  la 
terrc,  habiter  dans  ics  temples,  ic  pl.ure  aux  an.ufcn.ens  de 
rhomme,  afliftcr  a  la  challe,  a  la  danl^.,  et  qutlquefois,  de- 
venir  iciilibles  aux  charmes  d'unc  nioitcllc,    tt  Conner 
iiaiiFance  a  une  race  de  heros. 
^^emeoi      LXXVIII.  D.ms  ces  grands  eveiicmens,  ou,  du  jcu  d*un 
^enui.    gf^j^j  iiomhrc  d'actcurs,  dont  Ics  vucs,  la  rnu.ition  ci  Ic 
caradterc  dtacrcp.r,  il  nait  une  unire  vi'action,  uu  plutot 
d'efFet  J  c\{\  peui-cuc  dans  Ls  icuit;;^  cuLi;ti  ^eneralcs  qu  il 
faut  chcrcher  la  leur. 
I^lciange  de      LXaLX.  D  .ns  IcS  evcnemcr.s  plus  pnrticulieis,  le  pro- 
^aufes^dafks  cede  dc  la  nature  ell  ires  dilfcrciU  dc  cciui  ca^  phiioiophcS. 

Jcs  event--  .,  7  ii-  r       i  . 

jnr ns  parti-  <--nez  clle  II  v  ^  ii  lhcls  alkz  iMTip.^^,  pour  ne  dcvcir 
cuiicrs.  Icur  ori^mc  qu'a  "ji'-c  fcalc  c.iuL-j  aj  lieu  que  nos 
Le^'!^  s'^ttiicheiu  d'ordinairc  :i  une;  taule,  non  .^uL-mciit 
un:vc:k !!(-•,  niais  unique.  llMtons  cet  ccucii;  pour  pen 
qu'unc  action  pjr(  ifle  compbquee,  admcttons  y  ics  cauics 
generales,  lans  njirter  le  dcfiein  et  le  haz  .id.  Sw'a  fe 
ddmet  du  pouvoii  Iv^uverain.    C<lf4r  le  pcid  avec  la  Vic; 

*  Eurip.  Hippolic.  A&  T.  Trr»        ec  Ovid*  Metam*  ptiSm* 

•f-  Cic,  de  Nat.  Deoi.  I.,  i.  c.  17.  2S. 

I  V.  1  r  C'  fari  dc  Jiilicn  par  M.  Spanhetm,  p.  ^57,  s^t*    Ren*  874* 
lee  Oiieaux  u  Au^lophane  ct  Lucico  f uf<)ue  p^rtour. 

II  Kaoit  llud«  L*Ur,  609.  §  U«  L«  v«  rtt.  335. 

i 

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BE    i-A  LITTE'RATURE 


dependant  leiirs  aetenta[ts  avoient  M  pr^^d^s  par  kurS 
iconqu£tes :  avant  de  devenir  les  plus  puiflans  dcs  RofnainS| 
i!s  en  ^toient  les  plus  renomoies.  Augufte  les  fuit  de  pr^S;  El^vatSoh 
Tyranfanguinaire*,  foup^onn^  de  Idchet^,  Ic  plus  grand  des  ^d'Aosnaek 
crimeis  dans  un  chef  de  parti it  parvient  au  trdne,  ecfart 
oublier  aux  r6pubH<;ains  qu'ils i^jiTencjamaiS^t^  libres.  La dif* 
pofitton  de  ccs  republicains  diminue  ma  furprife.  Egalcmenit 
incapables  de  liberte  fous  Sylla  et  fous  Augufte,  i!s  ignoroi* 
cnt  cette  verite  fous  celui-lii :  dcs  guerres  civilcs  et  deux 
prolcriptions  plus  crutrlles  que  la  guerre,  leur  avoient  appris> 
liu  tcinj  Jl-  cclui-ci,  que  la  rcpubliquc,  afFaiffee  fous  Ic  poids 
dc  Li  grandeur  et  dc  fa  corruption,  nc  pouvoit  fubCillL-r  fans 
niaici  t'.  .0'.iill,-urs  S  .  Ila,  chef  de  la  nobldic,  combattoit  i 
ij.  Lw.e  dc  ces  hers  patricicns  q^ii  vouloient  bien  r:irnier  da 
^Uiv'C  du  dcipotiiine  ponr  les  vcnger  de  Iciirs  cnncaiis  ct  des 
liens,  mais  n^n  Lilili'  ciiUl'  iVs  mains  Ic  pouvcur  de  les  dc- 
trutre  cux-mcmes.  lis  avfiiifU  vuiiicu,  non  pour  lui  mais 
avcc  lui  :  la  harangUL'  de  Lc,nide  J,  et  la  conJuite  dc  Po  ii- 
pee  §  !.)iu  aiki  Icutir  que  Sylla  aima  micux  dcfcendre  du 
truiiw*  qu*cn  tomber.  M  ^is  Au  juiic,  a  I'cxempie  de  C^fa^  |{, 
ne  fc  fcfvit  que  de  ces  hai  dis  :n  aaiuriers,  Agrinpa,  Mecene^ 
Polli')!!,  dont  la  fortune:  aiuchce  a  la  fienue  s'cvanruiiiroic 
<ians  uiie  ariltocracic  de  nobles,  divifes  cnir'eux>  mais  uni>i 
pour  accabler  tout  homme  nouveau.  'Scscauft** 

LXXX.  Dc>  circonflanccs  hcufeufcs,  les  debauches 
<i*Antoine,  la  foiblefle  de  Lcpide,  la  credulite  dc  Ciceroa 
travailkrent  dc  concert  pour  lui  avec  cettc  di^pofiti^>^  <^enc- 
r?.le:  nriis  il  fiut  avouer  auHi  q\ie,  s'il  nc  fit  pas  naitre  ccs 
circonltances,  il  les  cmpioya  efi  grand  politique.  Que  la  va- 
rietc  de  mes  obj  ne  me  pc  met-cnc  de  faire  connoitrc  ce  ' 
gouverncment  r.-iinc,  ces  ch.  inch  qu'on  portoit  fans  les  icn- 
tir,  ce  prince  confondu  panni  les  citoyens,  cc  Teiut  rcljpecla 
P<ir  fun  maicre  %  !  ChoUillons  en  un  trait, 

*  Apres  la  priCc     Perufc  U  f;icri6a  fruits  cens  des  princrpaoxcito^ens  tur  en 
«n(ei  erifc  a  It  dtvlnitc     ba  pete*   V.  S«et.  L.  ii.  c.  1 5. 

f  Suefion  L  ti.  c.  16.  J  SaUoft*  Fr*giu  p.  404.  Edit.  Thy^» 

§  Freio0keIm.  Suppicm.  L*  tkxxls. «.  «6^33. 

I  Tacit*  Ann«l«  L.  iv.  p*  109.   Sueton.  iibi  Infri* 

^  J'attent  avcc  tnnpttlence  la  fuite  des  dtfTVrtadrtns  far  ce  fujet,  qo*  M.  dfc 
la  Blctrric  nous  a  promifet.  Le  fyiliSni«  d'Au^ufte  fi  ibovenc  mc-ctmnu  j 
pamitni  dcHinc  ju^u'a  C^^$  moiniircs  rameaux.  Cft  anti  iir  penfc  avrc  nntfTi-  I'X 
UQc  airaable  libtitc,  ti  <iiicute  Una  rccher«jr«:»  ct  .s'cxpriaie  avcc  tt.u:.$  Jp» 
graccf  d*uit  rlyle  tia'r  et  elc^gint.  Peut-etr<*  q  ir,  Drfcartcs  ik-  riniloiie,  il 
taifonne  (in  pftj  tr  .p  .1  ^rf  - ct  qu''!  ctjblir  i^^  conci'.i  ""i  .n-,  t^^.i'.r■^  fur  <jc  autu- 
rr't  pirtlc  iiicrr:  que  fur  dc$  in  Juftioftf  gentraleit  mM  Ct  dcfaat  eft  ceiui 

Auguilc% 


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Auguile,  maitrc  dcs  rcvenus  de  I'empirc  el  des  richefle  dit 
mondc,  diftmgua  toujojrs  fun  parrimoine  de  parciculier  da 
trcfor  public.    II  fic  ainli  p.i<"  .itre  a  pcu  de  fr..is  fi  inoJcra- 
tion,  qui  lailFoit  a  Ics  henticis  de.  biens  inferi'^iir"-  a  ceux  de 
pliifieurs  de  frs  rujets  *,  ct  fon  amour  de  la  patne,  qui  avoic 
abandon ne  au  iervice  de  l*et.;t  deux  patrimoiiics  cinicrs  cC 
une  fomine  immenfe  provenue  dcs  legs  dc  fcs  amis  dcfunts  f . 
Mcmr  afti-     LXXXI.  Une  penetration  ordinaire  fuffit  pour  fentir 
on  caufc  cc.  lorfqu'une  adiion  eft  a  la  fois  caufe  et  effet.    Dans  le  monde 
cioral  il  y  en  a  beaucoup  qui  le  font ;  ou  plutot,  il  y  en  a 
'  tr^s-peu  qui  ne  tiennent  piu&  9u  moins  de  la  nature  de  i'une 
e(  de  I'autre. 

Ia  corruption  de  tous  les  ordres  des  Romains  vint  de 
l^ftendue  de  leur  empire^  et  produiiit  la  grandeur  de  la 

XCpubliquc  J. 

Mais  il  faut  un  jugemcnt  peu  coininun>  lorique  deux 
chofes  exiftenc  toujours  enfemble>  et  paroifleat  incimement 
li^esy  pour  difcerner  qu*eUe$  ne  fe  doivent  point  leur  ori^ne 

Fune  a  I'autre. 

ti»ftleiicc»    LXXXII.  Les  fciences^  dit«on>  naiflent  du  luxe:  im 

n€  vi«nn€nt  peupic  eclair^  fera  toujourr.  vicieux.    Te  ne  le  croi$  pas. 

|u4tt.iuxe.  icicnces  ne  font  point  les  filles  du  luxe;  mais  Tune  ct 
l*aut(e  naifTent  de  iHnduftrie.  Les  arts  ebauch6s  fatisfoot 
aux  premiers  befoins  de  Thorn  me.  Perfe<5lionn6s,  ils  lui  en 
trnuvent  de  nouveauX9  depuis  le  bouclier  de  Minerve  de 
ViteUius§  Jufqu'aux  entretient  pbilofopbtques  de  Cic^ron. 
Mais  i-mt:uire  que  le  luxe  coirompt  les  mceurs,  les  (cienoes 
les  adoucifient ;  femblables  aux  prieres  dans  Homere>  qui 
parcourent  toujours  la  terre  i  la  fuite  de  i'injuilice^  pour 
adoudr  les  fureurs  de  cette  cruelle  divinity  |. 


*  Totttet  d6luQions  Talcrs  de  fei  legi  att  people  et  aux  (bldatt»  Augufte  o» 
ia}fl*a  a  Tibrre  cr  a  L:vie  que  millics  quing^ntiet,  trente  millions  de  i  vrr^. 
X«*augure  Lentuius  more  fuu»  ion  rlgnc|  poffedoit  ^uaire  milUeSi  quatre-vingt 
ttiUkm.   Y,  SwtBB.  L.  ii.  c  lot.   Seacc.  de  Benefic.  L.  ii. 

f  QgaCn  Met  ndlltet*  dnia  eeai  qtutre  vingc  milliofit*  V.  Swt  Lk« 
«M  et  miniMr.  Aocyniu 

%  Y,  Moiitefi|.  Ckmlid.  fdr  It  Cfandeur  del  Rooatok 

fedlftingue  la  grandeur  de  Templre  Roiiuun  d'avec  cclle  de  la  r'rpubliifOt  t 
^*iine  confidotc  diM  le  nombfi  dcs  provinces,  Tautre  dans  celle  det  cixoytaum 

I  ViceUiai  tnvoya  des  galirri  jafi^tt'eaa  Cflloaaei  d^Herculef  fo«r  dicfcfcei 

les  plus  rveS)  dont  il  remplit  ce  pht  monftrueu^*  Si  nous  en  croyons  M. 
Arbutboot,  il  couta  765,615!,  fterling.  V.  ;»ttecoa,  ia  VkeJiUo*  c  13.  Dr. 
Afbvthnoc*!  Tables,  p.  138. 

HMSer.  iiiai«      It*  v.  ^oq.. 


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DE  LA  LITXrRATURS*  457 

Voila  quefques  reflexions  qui  m'ont  paru  fuiides  fur  les  Coadu6o». 
dlfferens  ulages  des  Bellcs-Lettrrs.  Heureux  i\  je  pouvois 
en  infpiier  le  goCit !  J'aurois  trop  bonne  opiruon  de  moi- 
nieme,  fi  je  iie  kiitois  pas  ks  dM..uts  de  cet  clTai  j  j'cn  au- 
rois  une  trop  mauvaife,  ii  je  n'cipenns  pas  que  dans  un  age 
moiii^  precoce  et  avec  des  connoiiUnces  pius  6tendues  jc 
pourrai  me  voir  plus  en  eut  d*y  fuppleer.  On  pourra  dir« 
que  ces  reflexions  font  vraits  iT\2ii^  ulees,  ou  qu'elles  font 
nouvclles,  mai^  paradoxales.  (^cl  auteur  aimc  ies  critiques^ 
C^ependaiit  la  premiere  nie  depiairoit  le  moms.  L'avaiUi^ 

l*m  m*e&  plus  cher  (jue  k  ^loirc  (k  i'uu&o* 


Vol.  IIL 


I 

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t  tS9  1 


CRITICAL  OBSERVATION* 

OH  THC 

DESIGN 

or  THS 

SIXTH  BOOK  Of  THE  ^NBID. 

THE  alkgoricai  interpretadon  which  the  Bifhop  of  Glou« 
ccftcr  has  given  of  the  fixth  book  of  the  ,£neid^ 
feemt  to  have  been  very  favourabiy  received  by  the  Public. 
Many  writers  both  at  home  and  abroad*  have  mentioned  it 
with  approbation,  or  &t  leaft  with  efteem,  and  1  have  mort 
than  once  heard  it  alleged,  in  the  converfation  of  fcholartt 
as  an  1  aious  improvement  on  the  plain  and  obvious  lenf* 
of  Vireil.  As  fuch,  it  is  not  undeiervinc  of  the  notice  of 
a  candid  critic ;  nor  can  the  enquiry  be  void  of  enter* 
tainment,  whilft  Virgil  is  our  conftant  theme.  Whatever 
may  be  the  fortune  of  the  chace,  we  are  fure  it  willlead 
us  mrough  pleaf  nt  profpe6^s  and  a  fine  counti  y. 

That  1  may  efcape  the  imputation  as  well  as  the  danger 
of  mifrq>Kfenting  his  lordlhip^s  hypothefiSy  I  fhall  cxpofe 
it  in  his  own  words^  **  The  {lurpole  of  this  dtlconrle  it 
to  (hew  that  ^neas's  adventure  to  the  infernai. 
**  SHADES,  is  no  other  than  a  figurative  defcription  oi  his 
•*  INITIATION  INTO  THE  MYSTERIES ;  and  piniciilarly  a 
-  ««  very  exaS  one  of  the  spectacles  of  the  Eleusi- 
"  KiAN*"  This  general  notion  is  lupportcd  with  lingular 
ingenuity,  dieffed  up  with  an  eaty  vet  poinp<  us  dilplay  of 
learning,  and  delivered  in  a  ftylc  nu  cii  li^ier  tur  the  Hiero- 
phanl  oi  Eleufis,  than  fVr  a  inotlein  criric,  who  is  obterv* 
ing  a  rcmnte  objedl  tiiruu^h  the  mcdiuin  ui  a  ^liuimcrixig 
uxkd  douuLiui  U^hi: 

Jbant  <ilji,uri,  Jolu juh  nutli^  per  umbra^n* 

•  Sec  Warburton*!  Differtttion ,  S:c.  in  the  third  volume  of  Mr.  Warton'l 
IritKil^  1 ^iM  iadiiiNRaajr  that  DiflertaMa  w  tbt  DifiM  liCptbo  iticl^ 


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His  loMlhip  naturally  enough  pudues  two  different  me- 
thods, which  unire,  as  he  apprehends,  in  the  fame  con- 
clufion.  From  general  print  i pics  peculiar  to  himfelf,  he 
refers  the  propnety  and  even  neceiTuy  ot  fuch  a  dclcription 
of  the  mvfteilcs  ;  and  irom  a  comparifon  ot  particular 
cirnimf}  !  nrci,  he  labours  to  prove  that  Virgil  has  a6luaUy 
introduced  it  into  the  ^neid.  Each  of  chele  weihod&  ihaU 
be  c^nfu^ered  feparately. 

A'^  rhe  Icnrncd  Prelate's  opinions  branch  thcmfelves  out 
into  luxuriant  fyllems,  it  is  not  eafy  to  rciunic  them  in  a 
few  words.  I  fhnll,  however,  attempt  to  give  a  Ihort  idea 
ot  thuie  general  princ'ples,  which  occupv,  1  kuow  nut  ho\v, 
fo  prrru  a  ihaie  oi  the  Divine  Ligation  of  Mojis  dimonm 
Jlrated. 

**  The  whole  iytrcm  of  Paganifm,  of  which  the  myf- 
**  terles  were  an  elfcntial  part,  was  infliruted  by  the  amient 
"  lawgivers  for  the  fu])p(;rt  and  benefit  of  fociecv.  The 

myfteries  themlelves  were  a  fchool  of  morality  and  re- 

ligion,  in  which  the  vanity  of  Pnlythelfm*,  and  the 
•«  unity  of  the  Firft  Caufe,  were  revealed  to  the  initiated. 

Virgil,  who  intended  his  immortal  poem  for  a  republic 
•*  in  adlioiiy  as  thofe  of  Plato  and  TuUy  were  in  precept, 

could  not  avoid  difplaying  this  firft  and  noblefl  art  of 
•*  government.    His  perfe6l  lawgiver  muft  be  initiated,  at 

the  antient  founders  of  iUtes  had' been  before  him ;  and 

as  Auguftus  himfelf  was  many  ag;e8  afterwards." 

V^hat  a  crowd  of  natural  reflections  mufl  occur  to  an 
iinbiaffed  mind  1  Was  the  civil  magiftrate  the  mover  of 
the  i^ok  machine ;  the  fole  contriver,  or  at  leafl  the  fole 
fttpport  of  religion  ?  Were  antient  laws  always  defi^ned 
lor  the  benefit  of  the  people,  and  never  for  the  private 
intereft  of  the  lawgiver?  Could  the  firft  fathers  of  rude 
focieties  inftrudt  their  new-made  fubjedts  in  philofophy  as 
well  as  in  agriculture  ?  Did  they  all  a^ee,  in  Britain  as 
in  E^pt,  in  Perfia  as  in  Greece,  to  found  thefe  fccret 
fchools  on  the  fame  common  principle;  which  fubililed 
nearly  eighteen  hundred  years  at  Eleufisf  in  its  prinueral 
purity  ?  Can  thefe  thii^  be  ?  Yes,  replies  the  learned 
prelate,  they  are :     Egypt  was  the  myfterious  mother  o£ 

Religion  and  Policy ;  and  the  arts  of  Egypt  were  dif- 
fiifed  with  her  colonies  over  the  antient  world.  Inachu 

*  At  leaft  of  the  vulgir  poIylbeiffD,  b]r  levctUag  lliat  tlie  A  m§imm  gm» 

tmm  had  been  mere  mortals. 

•f  From  thfir  inflitu'i-''' ,  '399  yars  before  the  ChriOian  aeni,  (Mann* 
Arunde].  j^.)  uii  ihexr  fuppiciiton,  C9W«r4i  the  CAd  01  ihe  fouridxcow 
turj. 

caniod 

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SIXTH  BOOK'  OF  THE  ^NEID. 


*•  carried  the  myfterits  into  Greece,  Zoroafter  into  Per- 
fia*,  &c.  &€.** — I  retire  from  io  wide  a  held,  in  wliich  it 
v^  onld  be  eafy  for  me  to  iolc  both  my  niyldt  and  my  ad- 
veriary.  The  a.ntient  world,  eighteen  centuries, 
and  FOUR  tiuNDREn  authors  cfkuine  and  apocry- 
PHAl.f,  would,  under  tolerable  management,  funiilh  lomc 
volumes  ot  conirr)verly  ;  and  imcc  1  have  j>erufcd  the  two 
thouiand  and  fourteen  pa^es  of  the  unlinilhcd  Legation^  I 
have  lefs  inclinanuii  liiaii  uvtr  to  Ipin  out  volumes  of  labo- 
rious trifles. 

I  fliall,  however,  venture  to  point  oul  i  ta(5^,  not  very 
ac^rccable  to  the  favourite  notion,  lli.u  I'agdiuim  was  en- 
tirely the  religion  ot  the  magiftratc.  The  oracles  were  not 
Icfs  aniicut^  nor  lefs  venerable  than  tlie  my(\erie.s.  Every 
diffirultv,  rehgious  or  eivii,  was  fubniiited  to  the  decifion 
of  thole  inlaliible  tribunals.  During  fevcral  ages  no  war 
could  be  undertaken,  no  colony  founded,  without  the  fane- 
tion  of  the  Delphic  oracle;  the  firft  and  moll  celebrated 
among  feveral  hundred  othersj.  Here  then  we  might  cx- 
pc€t  to  perceive  the  dire6ting  hand  of  the  map  (Irate.  Yet 
when  we  Audy  their  hiflory  with  attention,  mftead  of  the 
alHance  between  church  and  ftate,  wc  can  difcovcr  only 
the  antient  alliance  between  the  avarice  of  the  pried  and 
|he  (predulity  of  the  people. 

*  Though  X  hale  lo  he  poiitive»  yet  I  WottM  almoA  ventui*  to  affizn,  dut 
Zoroafter*!  coonedlott  with  Egjpi  i»  lo  where  to  be  foun^^  except  In  the 
J>.  L. 

-f  See  a  of  four  hunHrrd  authors,  qu  t-d,  &c.  in  the  D-  L.  from  St. 
Aufttii  an«i  Aiiilotie,  down  to  ^carron  and  Ra6cUi».  Amongft  theic  auihurt 
^  we  may  ohferve  Sanchoniadio,  Orpheut,  Zaleucus,  Charoo^it,  the  Oncles 
•f  Porpbyryy  ani  the  Hiftory  of  JrfFrey  of  Moimouth. 

The  bi/hop  has  enterri  ihe  lifls  with  the  tremendous  Rfnrl(»y,  who  trcitedi 
the  laws  of  Zaleucus  aud  Charondaa  u  die  for^eriet  of  a  fophilt.  A  whole  fcc« 
tfoB  of  auftaket  or  mifreprefentations  if  devoted  lo  this  cmitroTCrfy ;  but  Beat* 
ley  it  no  more^  and  W   ■     ■  n  may  fleep  in  peace. 

I  (hall,  however,  difturb  his  repofe,  by  alkii  g  him  on  what  authority  he 
fuppoff!  xhiX  the  c\<i  largiiigc  of  the  Twelve  Tables  wis  altered  (ot  the  convc- 
oieiicc  of  luccceding  ages.  The  fragment  of  thofe  lawt,  colUctcU  by  Lipfius^ 
Sylbur^ios,  lic*  bear  the  Stamp  of  die  moft  remote  antiquity.  Lipfiushhn- 
iF<^  (torn*  L  p-  So6.)  WAS  highly  delighted  with  thofe  antiijiiyfima  vtrka  :  but 
v'l.Jtiimuch  more  deciriv,  HorJce  (L.  ii.  Ep.  i.  vrr.  13),  Seneca  (Epiftol. 
S  J4if  and  Auius  Geiiius  ^XX.  ij>  rank  thok  laws  amongti  the  oideft  remaina 
ef  the  latin  tongue.  Their  obfelete  language  waa  admlced  by  the  Inwjers,  ri»  i, 
diculed  by  the  wiu»  and  pleaded  by  the  frieftdaof  Antiquity  aiaa  cxcttle  ibr 
tlie  frequent  obfcuritici  of  that  code. 

Had  an  adverfary  to  the  Dit  trtt  Le^jrhn  been  fruilty  of  thil  liuftake>  1  an 
afraid  it  would  have  been  ftylcd  an  e^ic^i\.ui  blundtr, 

\  See  Vandale  de  Oracuiis,  p.  559.  TImc  valuable  book  contains  whatever 
can  now  be  known  of  oraclet.  I  have  bonomd  his  fadt  j  and  could  with  great 
cele  have  boirowei  hii  <|iMtitraaa« 

Foi 


CRITICAL  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE 


For  my  own  part,  I  am  very  apt  to  confidcr  the  tayttt^ 
ries  in  the  fame  li^ht  as  the  oracles.  An  intimate  connec- 
tion fubi.llcd  between  ihem*  :  Both  wcie  preceded  and 
accompanied  with  tafls,  lacrifices,  niul  Ibftrations  ;  with 
myftic  fights  and  preternatural  founds :  But  the  moft  ellen- 
tiaf  preparations'  for  the  ASPIRANTt  was  a  general  contcf- 
/ion  ot  his  paft  lite,  which  was  exadted  ot  him  by  the 
prieft.  In  return  ior  this  implicit  confidence,  the  Hiero- 
phant  conferred  on  the  initiated  a  facred  characUr  ,  and 
promifed  them  a  peculiar  place  of  happinefs  in  the  Eiy£an 
fields,  whilfl  the  iouls  of  the  probme  (however  virtuous 
they  had  been)  were  wallow  in?  in  the  miref.  Nor  did  the 
priefts  of  the  mylfcries  negle&  to  recommend  to  the  bre- 
thren a  fpirit  of  friendfhip,  and  the  love  of  virtue ;  fo 
pieaiing  even  to  the  mod  corrupt  minds,  and  fo  requifite  to 
render  any  fociety  reipedlable  in  its  own  eyes.  Of  all 
thefe  rehVious  fociettes,  that  of  Kleufis  was  the  moA  iiiuf« 
trious.  From  being  peculiar  to  the  inliabitanis  of  Attica, 
it  became  at  laft  common  to  the  whole  Pagan  world,  in- 
deed, I  Ihouidfulpc^  (hat  it  was  much  indebted  to  the  genius 
of  the  Athenian  writers,  who  betiowed  tame  and  dignity 
on  whatever  had  the  leaft  conne6lion  with  their  country  ; 
nor  am  I  furpriled  that  Cicero  and  Atticus,  who  were  both 
initiated,  (hou'd  exprels  thcmlelvcs  with  enthullafm,  when 
they  fpeak  of  the  lacred  rites  of  their  beloved  Athens. 

But  our  curioiity  is  yet  unfatished ;  we  world  prefs  for- 
wards into  t|ie  lan(5^uary;  and  are  eager  to  learn  what 
wa  tlie  SECRET  which  was  revealed  to  the  initiated,  and 
to  them  alone.  Many  of  the  profane,  p  (Tti^tA  uf  ic  ilure 
and  ingenuity,  have  tried  to  guefs,  what  has  been  fo  leii- 
giouflv  concealed.  The  sECReT  of  each  is  curious  and 
philo^ophical  ;  for  as  foon  as  we  attempt  this  cnouiry, 
the  honour  of  the  myiteries  becomes  our  own|.   1  too 

could 

•  Thf  prnphet  Alexander,  wh-^fc  arts  arr  fo  arfmirably  h'd  np^  n  by  Luc  an, 
inftituCed  h>^  or^le  jind  his  myHatti  as  rfguUr  parts  or  the  lame  plan,    it  is 

heu  we  miy  hy,  ivtdi  the  Jcaroed  earholtc*  Lei  non^eaiu  Saiim  nt  fiMt 
4oMtr  drt  anciens/' 

^  Hr"  Dingen.  Larrt.  vi.  39.  and  Menag.  mA  lac. 

^  i  lliail  fum  them  up  in  a  cuiious  p  HUge  of  tne  crlrbrated  Freret.  **  Let 
•*  fcAei  philofoqhiquf  I  cheychoient  I  deviner  le  do^me  cache  font  le  voile  det 

**  ceremonies  i  rt  tachniemt  dc  |e  rimener  chacune  a  I?ur  do<f\riMe.  Djn» 
•*  rhypothefe  dts  E  icuri«*ns,  sinp'tf  dr  nns  jiurs  par  M.  M.  Lrclfrc  ft  War- 
*'  burton,"  t^ljcQl.t^  aaopied  it  in  the  year  tf>$J  y  Mr.  Warbyrton  utvtmttd  it 
ia  the  year  1 7 38*     rou^  ce  qii^on  reWloic  Ais  •deprea  wf^h  rant  de  ^lipinAfm 

rt  d*cpr«*uv:  s,  cVtf  <jue  lf$  dicux  adores  du  vul^aire,  avuieut  etcdrs  hommes^ 
*•  tec.    Les  Stoiciens  f r  ]i  c  Hjl  vzo  Hca  rup;>(»foient  qu'on  enfcij;  i'  jt  am  Ini- 
ciciy  qtt'ii  o'y  avuit  d  autrrs  dieux  cjue  Jrs  elemciis  <.t  irs  pat  ies  dc  i'univera 

f<  aiittnda  Znfia  fuivant  Us  floaTSMix  PiMsaidcni^  MS  fjoMca  fcmeat 


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SIXTH  'BOOK' OF  TH£  ^NElJX 


Cftuld  frame  an  hvpothefis,  as  plaufiblc  pcHiaps,  and  as 

•  unvertain  cs  niiv  ot  theirs,  (lid  1  not  feel  myfcif  checked 
by  [lie  ap|>rt:hcnlion  of  clilcovennf;  wh  ir  never  exiOed*. 
I  admire  the  difcretioii  or  the  iniiiaicd  ;  but  the  beft  ieca- 
rity  for  difcretion  the  vauicy  oi  coDccaiiiig  chat  we  have 
nothing  to  reveal. 

The  examples  of  great  men,  when  they  cannot  fcrve  as 
models,  may  fcrve  as  waiaings  lo  m.  I  (hould  be  very 
foiTv  to  hnv<^  difcovered,  that  an  atheistical  history^ 
was  ufed  in  the  c  IcUraiion  ot  the  mvftciies,  to  piove  the 
unity  of  the  Firll:  Cauie,  and  that  an  A!fTiFNT  hymnJ 
was  fung,  tor  the  eci'fi<ation  of  the  devout  Athenians, 
which  was  moll  prubahlv  a  modern  forgery  of  fomc 
Jewiih  or  Chriftian  Impoitor.  Had  I  dehvered  these 
TWO  DTscnvERiEs,  with  an  :ur  of  conhdencc  and  tri- 
umph, 1  ihuuld  be  iliii  more  muiiilicd. 

After  all,  as  I  am  not  apt  to  give  the  name  of  Demoa- 
flration  to  what  is  mere  c  Mijec^ure,  his  lordihip  may  take 
adva-ntage  ot  my  fccpticnm,  and  Hill  affirm,  that  his  fa- 
vourite myfterics  were  fchools  of  theifm,  iiillituted  by  the 
lawgiver.  Yet  inileib  yEneas  is  the  lawf^ivcr  of  Virgil's 
republic,  he  has  no  n.ore  ?ufmeii  wuU  the  myllcries  of 
Athens,  than  with  the  luws  of  Sparta.  We  will,  there- 
fore, refledl  a  moment  on  the  true  uacuie  and  plun  of  the 
^ncid. 

An  epic  fable  muii  be  important  as  well  as  interefting : 
great  action'^,  great  virtues,  and  great  diflrefles,  are  the 
peculiar  province  of  heioic  poetry.    This  rule  iccms  to 

a  couvrlr  Irs  dogmes  d'une  thcolof;ie  ct  d'unc  philofophle  fubllmcs,  enCrig* 
*'  nces  autrefois  par  les  Egypticni  (c  Ics  ChjIJcc-ni."    Mr.  Fr  r  -t  ir.v^^'.nps, 
though  witn  great  aiiridence,  to  the  lad  opioiua.    Mcr,  at  I'jiiaatmie  dn  /«• 
Jcrifttimi^  flfc.  tm*  xxi.      II*  Wfi, 

*  Je  ne  iuit  fi  oonvainctt  rfe  ndcre  ignonnee  ptr  let  choCtt  qai  font,  et  dvnt 

la  ration  nr  j  efV  inconnue  \  t^uc  pjr  ccliri  qui  r>c  font  poult  etdpot  ooiM  tron* 
Vons  la  r?.:fon.    Oeuvns  /'  F'  tn:  !!',  twn.  xi.  /?.  11}. 

•f  T^r"  fra^wenf  zf  Si-iiiintnthi' %  P'tKr.'tcian  Hiji  ^y.  Eufobius  and  Biihop 
Cunibfiiaaa  have  aueau  r  obfrrved,  that  the  tornution  of  the  world  U  there  at- 
tributrd  19  the  blbd  jkoWere  of  sutccr,  witlMnit  the  leaft  nenlioii  «f  an  loteUi. 
I^cnt  caufe. 

I  Orfbtui't  Hymn  to  Mujaut,  qnntfJ  by  J  S^n  Martvr,  fcvrral  ot!ier 
fathers,  but  fjc^ed  as  tpunous  by  Cudwoith  (intelk&lual  Syiiem,  p.  300^) 
b^Leclm  (Hi(^.  Eccl.  p.  691),  and  by  Dr.  Jonin  (lleroarkt  on  IccMfiaf- 
tical  HilK  vol.  i.  p.  109).  The  firlt  of  thtfr,  the  tmwmtst  Cudivirtb,  it 
oft? n  celebrated  by  the  Bilhop  of  Glouccfteri  L-clerc's  litrtary  character  is 
eibblilhed  \  and  with  r:fpeft  to  Di.  Jortin,  I  will  venture  to  call  him  a  learned 
and  jixidciate  critic*  The  f«w  who  may  not  choofe  to  coofefi»  that  thfeic  oh* 
jcdiflttt  ire  iioaiifwenble»  wUl  lUow  chat  they  defem  to  be  anfwcnd. 

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liave  been  diclatJ^d  by  nature  and  experience,  and  is  vcrr 
difFcrcnt  tiom  ih  »iL'  c  hains  in  u  hich  c;enlus  has  been  bouiui 
by  artiiicial  ciiuciim.  'J  he  impurLJiice  I  Ipcak  ot,  is  not 
indeed  aiways  dependaiu  on  ihe  rank  or  names  ot  the  per- 
f on  ages  Columbus,  explortui;  a  new  world  with  three 
iloops  aiid  ninety  Ijilors,  is  a  heio  worthy  ot  the  epic  mufe; 
yet  our  imagination  would  be  much  more  ftrongly  afftd^cd 
by  the  image  ot  a  virtuous  prince  faved  trttm  the  rmiis  of 
his  country,  and  conducting  his  faithful  followers  tinou^h 
unknown  leas  and  through  hoftilc  lands.  Such  is  the  hero 
of  tlic  -^i.eid.  But  his  peculiar  fituation  luggeftcd  other 
beauties  to  the  Poet,  who  had  an  opportunity  ot  adommg 
his  fubjcdl  with  whatever  was  moft  pleafnig  in  Grecian  ' 
fable,  or  moli  illuftrious  in  Roman  hiftory.  ^ueas  had 
fought  under  the  walls  of  Ilium  ;  and  condu6ted  to  the 
banKS  of  the  1  ybcr  a  colony  from  which  Rome  claimed 
her  origin.  , 

The  charad^er  of  the  hero  is  expreffed  by  one  of  his 
friends  in  a  few  words ;  and,  though  diawn  by  a  ^iend, 
does  not  feem  to  be  flattered : 

Rfx  erat  .-E'h^.s  ^obis  ;  y:/"  j*rf}'or  alter 
Ntc  putati  fmt'^  mc  btUo  major  iif  armis*^ 

Thefe  three  virtues,  of  justice,  of  fietv,  of  VALolty 
are  findy  fupponed  throughout  the  poemf. 

I .  I  mall  here  mention  one  indance  of  the  hero's  jufticef 
which  has  been  iefs  noticed  than  its  iingularity  feems  to 
defervc. 

After  Evander  had  entertained  hisgueftst  with  a  fublime 
fimplicity,  he  lamented,  that  his  age  and  want  of  power 
made  him  a  very  ufelefs  ally.  However,  he  points  out 
auxiliaries,  and  a  caufe  worthy  of  a  hero.  The  Etruf- 
cans,  tired  out  with  the  repeated  tyrannies  of  Mezentiui^ 
had  driven  that  monarch  from  his  throne,  and  reduced  him 
to  implore  the  prote6Hon  of  Turnus.  Unfatis6ed  with 
freedom,  the  Etrufcans  called  loudly  for  revenge ;  and,  ia 
the  Foec*s  opinion,  revenj^e  was  juftice. 

Ergo  omnis  furiis  furrexit  Etruria  jutlis  : 
Rcgcm  ad  fuppUcium  frajititi  Marts  rcpQjcuni\» 

•  Afleid,  !•  141. 

f  M.  de  Voltaire  coodMnm  the  \mm  p«t  of  the  Anekl,  «t  fv  {iilefMr  \m 

are  end  fpirlt  r  ^  rVt  farmer.    As  quotrd  in  the  Legttmt,  he  tUlftkf  tiuC  IHlfil 

'  i'^ije  avec  D'tdtn  et  rare  a  /.i Lanrime^ 
a  pretty  odd  ouotitiun  for  a  Bifljop}  but  1  mott  fincerely  hope,  that  neither  htt 

Mdup  nor  Mit*  W         a  art  acfiuialcA  with  tl»  ttiie  aetoiog  of  tht 

fpord  rater. 

t 


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SIXTH  BOOK  OF  THE  i£N£lJ>« 


JExnCMSf  with  the  approbation  of  gods  and  men,  accepts 
the  command  of  thele  brave  rebels,  and  punifhes  the  cy- 
tant  with  the  death  he  fo  well  deierved«  'i'he  coodu^  of 
^neas  and  the  Ecrvfcans  may,  in  point  of  juftice,  iieem 
doubciiil  to  many  i  the  lentiments  of  the  Poet  cannot  ap« 
pear  equivocal  to  any  one.  Milton  himieit,  I  mean  the 
Milton  ot  the  commonwealth,  could  not  have  aiferted  witk 
more  eoei^y  the  daring  pretenilons  of  the  people,  to  pu^ 
niih  as  weU  as  to  reiift  a  tyrant.  Such  opinions,  published 
by  a  writer  whom  we  are  taught  to  conii^ler  as  the  creature  of 
Angi^Aus,  have  a  right  to  furprize  us ;  yet  thev  are  ihrongly 
cx[neffive  of  the  temper  of  the  times ;  tne  republic  was  iiib-» 
verted,  but  the  minds  ot  the  Romans  were  AiU  republican. 

j|.  i^neas's  piety  has  been  more  ^nerally  confeiTed  than 
ttdmircd.    St.  Evremond  laughs  at  it,  as  unfuitable  to  his 
own  temper.    The  Biihop  of  Gloucefter  defends  it,  as 
agreeable  to  his  own  iyftem  of  the  laweiver's  religion* 
The  French  wit  was  too  iuperficial,  the  Engliih  icholar 
too  profound*  to  attend  to  the  plain  narration  of  the  Poet; 
and  ttie  peculiar  circumftances  of  antient  heioes.  Ws 
believe  from  faith  and  realon  :  they  believe  from  the  re* 
port  of  their  fenfes.   ^neas  had  feen  the  Grecian  divini- 
ties overturning  the  foundations  of  fated  Troy.   He  wai 
perfonally  accqrasnted  with  his  mother  Venus,  and  with 
his  perfecutor^  Juno*  Mercury,  who  commanded  him  Id 
leave  Carthage,  was  as  prefent  to  his  eyes  as  Dido,  who 
ftrove  to  detam  him.   Such  a  knowledge  of  religion^  fouo* 
ded  on  fenfe  and  experience,  muft  infinuate  itfelf  intoeveij 
hifiant  of  our  lives,  and  determine  everv  a£lion«   All  this 
is,  indeed,  fidion  i  but  it  is  fiction  in  which  we  choofe  id 
acquiefce,  and  which  we  jufUy  confider  as  the  charm  of 
poetry.   If  we  allow,  that  jEneas  lived  in  an  intimate 
commerce  with  the  fuperior  beings,  we  mufl  likewife  allow 
his  love  or  his  fear,  his  con6dence  or  his  giatitude,  towards 
thofe  beings,  to  dilplay  ihemfelves  on  every  proper  occafioi. 
Far  from  tfunktng  jEneas  too  pious,  I  am  fometimes  fur- 
prized  at  his  w^nt  of  faith.    Forcetful  of  the  fates,  which 
had  fo  often  and  fo  dearlv  pointed  out  the  deilined  fliores  of 
Laiiuro,  he  deliberates  wnether  he  diall  not  fit  downqniedy 
in  the  fields  of  Sicilv.    An  apparition  of  his  father  is  necef- 
fary  to  diveit  him  from  this  impious  and  ungenerous  dcl.gn. 

3.  A  ht  ro's  valour  will  not  bear  the  rude  breath  of  iuf- 
picioii  ;  yet  lias  the  courage  of  ^Encas  fufFeied  ifoiu  an 
^guarded  exprefiiOii  oi  tiie  Poet : 

Exte  nplh  £ttea Jfilvuntur  frigort  mmbrai 


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CRITICAL  0BS£ltVAT10KS  ON  THE 

I 

0:i  every  other  occafmn  the  Trn!i»i  chjcf'is  daring  withoTit 
raihnels,  and  prudent  without  lumdiry.  In  xh?A  dj{.adtui 
nlghr,  when  Troy  wns  delivered  up  ro  her  hoftile  ;;ocls,  hib 
pertomicd  every  auty  ot  a  loldter»  a  paniot,  aad  a  ion. 

'  —  Aforiamnr^  et  in  mflr^  f.r^^Ui  r  tamus* 
Una  Jalui  vUiisy  nuliam Jptrare  Jaiutem^m 

liiaLt  cincres^  ft flamtm  rxt* tma  meorumf 
Ji-/Ior^  in  occaju  Vfjhc\  v;,-  i--^^  fuc  vllas 
kiiav'ij]}  vices  Dananm  ;  Jijatajmjfint 
Ut  £4kiersm^  mrui£€  manu\. 

To  qnorc  other  proofs  of  the  fame  nature,  would  be 
copy  [he  lix  laH:  books  of  the  T^^neid.  I  cannot,  howrv^er, 
forbcjr  lueutji  miuL:  the  calm  and  hipcrior  intrepidity  of  the 
hero,  when,  utter  thepcitidvot  the  Riuidi,  and  his  wound, 
.  he  milled  again  to  tlic  hdd,  and  Fellorcd  victory  by  htf. 
prekacc  ak>ue. 

e  neque  avcvjns-  dignatur Jlerneie  7nartl\ 
J^ec  piiit:  co)}greflo%  aqio^  nec  tria  ferrnte^ 
Jnjtquituy  :  Jolum  denja  in  caligine  Turnum 
Fijhgat  iujiranty  ^wn  in  ciriatmna  f^aH* 

At  lengtli,  iiidigoiint  thuc  liis  vid^im  has  dcaj^,  kig  coo* 
tempt  gives  way  to  fury ; 

tandem  invad:t  mcdios^  ^  Marte  jecund^ 
Tirrihiiiij  jawnn  n'dh  djfcvimint  cadem 
SufiUatf  irarumque  omna  ijfiindit  baignas^. 

T7-ie  heroic  character  of  TFjieas  has  been  uiidcrflood 
and  admired  by  every  attentive  reader.  Jynt  to  difcover  the 
lAwcrvKR  in  ^^neas,  and  a  system  ov  politics  in  the 
MiAiChd^  le^uiicd  the  cjlixical  TjLL£&coP£§  oi  the  great 

|]  Ideni>  xii.  397. 

^  Others  are  furnifhcd  by  criticifm  wUh  a  te!i(coft.  They  fee  with  great 
de^rncft  whatever  is  too  rrmote  to  be  dircovcrcd  by  the  rrft  of  mankind  j  but 
ire  totally  blind  to  ail  that  lies  immediately  before  them.  They  difcover  bi 
every  paiTage  Tonie  ferret  meaning,  Ibme  remote  aUiiJton,  fome  arattl  aUcforf* 
or  fun  e  occult  imit-ti  ;',  whicli  no  other  reader  ever  fufp  dcd  ;  but  thf  v  have 
no  perception  of  tl,r  c  -jency  of  aresiin'^nr!,  the  cont'  -turc  ol  otft^tiaO)  the 
various  colours  of  <ii<£tjon,  or  the  ftowery  cmUcitiilunciUs  of  fancy.  Of  aU  that 
tngjigM  the  atieDiioii  of  ochera  dwy  are  loCiUy  iafenfiUe  i  while  thef  pry  iato 
the  woiidi  of  co^cdoie^  md  aavie  diemfeim  «nih  fhattnit  in  tbt  dovdi; 

yy  


SIXTH  BOOK  OP  THE  ^KSID. 


W  n.    Thft  naked  eye  of  cnmmc>n  fenfe  caimot 

Teach  lo  tar.  I  ^ oive  in  my  memory  the  harmonious 
fcnic  of  Virgil :  Virgil  ieems  as  ignorant  as  myiclf  ot  his 
political  charadler.  1  return  to  the  leis  pleafmg  pages  of 
the  Legation :  fo  far  f  r  m  condeiceuding  to  praofc,  the 
Author  ot  the  Ligation  is  cv<n  Ijpunng  o\  cxMnjcclures, 

Many  p  iicicai  inftru^ions  may  be  drawn  from  the 
wfinid."  And  tr;  m  what  book  wMch  treats  ot  man,  and 
the  adventures  of  human  liie,  may  they  not  be  (ii  .ivvn?-  His 
lordihip*s  chymiAry  (did  his  hypntheifis  rei^iiire*  it)  would 
extra<3  a  system  of  policy  from  the  Arabian  I^iguts 
Entertainments. 

**  A  fyftem  of  policy  delivered  in  the  example  of  a 
•*  great  prince,  mult  ihew  him  in  every  pi  b  ic  occurrence 
of  life.  Hem  r.  i^^neas  was  of  neceflity  to  be  toimd  voy- 
•*  5ging,  With  Uiyflcs,  and  lighting,  with  Achilies*.^* 

There  is  another  public  occuriei  ce,  at  leaik  as  much  m 
the  chara<^r  of  a  lawgiver,  as  either  voyaging  or  tight-- 
in^ ;  I  mean  giving  laws.  Except  m  a  iingle  inief, 
^neas  never  appears  in  that  occupation*  In  Sicily,  he 
compliments  Acetics  with  tlic  'lonour  ot  giving  laws  to  th0 
colony,  which  he  himfclf  iiad  loundcd : 

Jnierea  Mneas  urhem  difignat  arairoy 
Sortiturque  dojua :  bee  liium^  isf  hcec  loca  Trojjt 
EJfe  jubt-t.    GauiUt  ngno  Trojanus  Acejles^ 
indicitqui  firum^      partibui  dot  jura  vocutisX* 

In  rhe  folcmn  treaty,  which  is  to  fix  the  fate  of  his  pofie-. 
rirv,  he  cHfclaims  anydefign  of  innovatin^^  the  o\  La- 
tium.  On  tlie  contrary,  he  only  demands  a  holpitabie  feat 
for  his  gods  and  his  i'rojans ;  and  profcifes  LQ  kavc  the 
ivhole  autiiority  to  king  La(mu& , 

Ncn  fgOy  nec  Teucrls  Italos  par  ere  juhehs^ 

JStt'i  mih:  re^ria  pt'to  :  paribus  fe  /eg i bus  aitdta 
IfiviciiC  f^i'fiti's  itt.rna  in  feeder  a  nuttant, 
Sacra  dtojque  dabo :  focer  arma  Latinus  habeto^ 
JmperiuiH  jolemne  jocer  ■  mihi  inajnia  "Teucri 
Cottftituenty  urbique  dabit  Lavima  nomn^^ 


•  D.  L.  vol,  i.  p,  aii, 
X  ldeiD»  V*  755« 


•f  /Endd,  in.  I  37. 

§  idcffij  xii. 


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**  But,  after  all,  is  not  the  fabk  of  ALncid  the  eflabliiTi- 
nient  of  an  empire  ?**  Yes,  in  one  fenfe,  I  grant  it  is. 
JF.nc^s  hud  many  externa!  difficukies  to  ftr\iggle  with. 
When  tlie  Latins  were  defeated,  Turnus  flain,  and  Juno 
appcafed,  thelc  difficullics  weic  removed.  The  hero's  la- 
bour was  over,  the  lawgiver's  comnituccd  from  that  mo- 
ment;  and,  as  if  Virgil  had  a  dcfs^n  ni^alnft  the  biihup*s 
fyllem,  at  that  very  monK^nr  the  yLiieid  endv  Virgil,  who 
corretltd  with  judgment  and  felt  with  cnihui-.riim,  ihoiieht 
perhaps,  that  the  to  her  arts  of  peace  could  never  Interen  a 
leader,  whofe  mind  had  been  In  l^>r\g  agitated  with  kenrs 
i)i  dilirefs  and  llaiig.hter.  f  might  periiaps  lay,  like  the 
S'-I'a  of  Montefijincii,  *'J  'annea  remportcr  dts  vi(floire^, 

a  londer  on  detruire  des  etars,  a  fairc  Ues  lir^ties,  a  punir 
•*  un  ufurpateur  ;  mais  pour  ces  minces  details  dc  gou- 
•*  vernement,  ou  les  g^nics  mediocrcs  ont  tant  d'avantagcs, 
**  cette  lente  execution  des  loix,  cette  difciph'ne  d*une  milice 

iranquille,  mon  ame  nc  f^auroit  s*en  occiiper 

Had  Virgil  defjgnexl  to  compofe  a  political  instw 
TUTE,  the  example  of  Fenelon,  his  elegant  inaitator,  maj 
give  us  fome  notion  of  the  manner  in  which  he  would  have 
proceeded.  The  preceptor  of  the  Duke  of  Bur^ndy  pro- 
ieiiedly  dcfigned  to  educate  a  prince  forthehappinefs  of  the 
people.  Every  incident  in  his  pleafing  romance  is  fubfer* 
vteot  to  that  great  end.  The  goddefs  of  wifdom,  in  a  ha- 
man  fhape','  cooduda  her  pupil  thj^ough  a  varied  feiictof 
jiiftru<^ve  adventure  ;  and  every  adventure  is  a  lefiba  or  a 
warning  for  Telemachus.  *  The  pride  of  SefoAris',  the  ty- 
xanny  of  Fygmalion,  the  perfidy  of  Adraftus,  and  the  im- 
prudence oi  Jdoipeneus,  are  displayed  in  their  trae  light* 
The  innocence  of  the  inhabitants  ot  Boetica,  the  commercse 
of  Tyre,  and  the  wife  laws  of  Crete  and  Salentoniy  in- 
ftru^ed  the  prince  of  the  various  means  by  which  a  people 
may  be  made  happy.  From  the  Telemachus  ( f  Fenelon^ 
I  could  pais  with  plea fu re  to  the  Cyropcediaof  Xenophon* 
But  I  ihould  be  led  too  far  from  my  fubje(^,  were  I  to  at- 
tempt to  lay  open  the  true  natuce  and  de£gn  of  that  philol^ 
ophical  hiitory.  We  mud  return  torn  renblon  and  Xea* 
ophon  to  the  Diihop  of  Glouceftcr. 

His  lordHiip  pj-ops  the  l^iflative  charader  of  ^neas 
wkh  an  additional  fuppoit :  Augufhis,  who  was  Hiadow- 
cd  in  die  jperfon  of  .^neas*  was  initiated  into  the  Eleuiini- 
•*  an  myueriesf.  £r/tf,  fi^Tf .**  This  dodrine  of  types  and 
ibadows,  though  true  ii\  general^  has  ooLthjs*  as  well  as 

•  QjiifRi  dt  MMMcffuicsy  ton*  SI*     $55     f  D.  L«  vol*  U  asS. 

oa 


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SIXTH  BOOK  OF  THE  ^NEID.  ^ 

on  graver  occafions,  produced  a  great  abufe  uf  reafon,  or 
at  kail  ot  rcaloning.  To  confine  myfclf  to  Virgil,  1  ihail 
only  lay,  that  he  was  too  judit  iou  to  corriplimcnt  rhc  Km- 
pcror,  at  the  expcncc  of  goo<i  leme  and  probabiiity.  Eve- 
ry age  has  its  manners  ;  and  che  poet  muft  fuit  his  hero  to 
the  age,  and  not  tiie  age  to  his  hero.  It  is  eafy  to  give  in- 
ilanco.  of  this  truth.  Marc  Antony,  when  defeated  and 
befie|./ d  m  ALxandjia,  thnllenc^ed  his  competitor  to  decide 
their  miarrci  by  a  tingle  ombat.  This  was  reiec\ed  by 
-AuguUus  with  contempt  andderifion,  as  the  laft  cifort  of  a 
ddpciave  man  *  ;  and  the  world  applauded  the  prudence  of 
Auguilus,  who  preferred  the  part  of  a  gervcral  to  that  of  a 
gladiator.  1  he  temper  and  good  fenfe  of  Virgil  muft  have 
made  him  view  things  in  the  lame  light ;  yet,  when  Virgil 
introduces  j^ueas  in  fimihir  circumilance^  he  gives  him  a 
quite  di&rent  conduct.  The  hero  wilhes  to  fpare  the  in- 
nocent people,  provokes  Turnus  to  a  fuiglc  combat,  and, 
even  after  the  perfidy  and  laft  defeat  of  the  Kutuli,  ts  ilill 
ready  to  ri(k  his  perfon  and  v'l^rf^  againd  the  unhappy 
life  and  defperate  fortunes  of  his  n?al.  The  'laws  of  lio- 
nour  are  difierent  in  difierent  ages  ;  and  a  behaviour  vihich 
in  Auguftns  was  decent^  would  have  coveled  ^neas  with 
infaifeiy*  ' 

We  may  apply  this  obfervation  to  the  very  cafe  of  the 
Eleudnian  myfteries.  Augudus  w*as  initiated  into  them» 
at  a  time  when  Eleuds  w  as  become  the  common  temple 
OF  T  FT  E  vi^ERSE.  The  Trojan  hero  could  not,  with  the 
fmailed  propriety,  ftt  htm  that  example  i  as  the  Trojan 
lived  in  an  age  when  thofe  rited  were  confined  to  the 
natives  of  Greece,  and  even  of  Attica  f. 

I  have  now  wandered  through  the  fcienttfic  maze  in 
which  the  Bi(hop  of  Gioucefter  has  concealed  his  firft  and 
^neral  argument.  It  appears  (when  refumed)  to  amount 
to  this  irre&agabkdemonftFatSon,  **  That  if  the  myste- 
*•  Hies  were  instituted  bt  lecislatohs,  (which 

they  probably  were  not,)  ^neas  (who  was  no  legifla* 
**  tor)  must  of  course  be  ihitiatbd  into  them  by 

**  THE  POET.'* 

And  here  I  Ifaall  mention  a  collateral  leafon  aifigned  by 
his  lonUhip,  which  might  engage  Virgil  to  introduce  a 

*  PkilMdi,  in  Vic*  M.  Antom.  torn.  i.  9S0.  Wechd. 

-J-  Plutarch,  in  Vit.  The fcl,  torn.  i.  p.  16.  Herodot.  viii.  65.  Ciceroiki 
Kat.  Dcor.  i.  42,  The  graJation  of  AthcjiiAQi^  Qicckt^  Moi  mfol^ad  9lluglt0 
jus^y  be  traced  in  tbcTc  ^ Aflafct. 

defcrip« 


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dtrrrCAt  OBSEftVATioNs  oK  rut 

defciipdnn  of  the  myfterics:  the  practice  of  oTHEit 
loE Ts.  This  prooi  is  fo  cxceedingK  britdc,  thai  I  fear 
to  handle  it  t  and  Aiaii  report  it  taithtuiiy  in  (he  words  of 
our  in^ei»u>us  cncic* ; 

Had  theoid  poem  under  the  name  of  Orpheus  been 
**  now  extant,  it  would  perbitps  have  ihewn  us,  diat  nd 
more  \.as  meant  ttian  Urpheus's  iottiation ;  aod  tha.t  tbft 
♦*  hint  i>i  I  his  ^ixch  Book  was  taken  fr^  m  thciicc.** 

As  no  hiiig  now  remains  oi  tiiat  old  popm,  except  the 
tide,  k  is  n  )[  altogether  to  ealy  to  gueis  what  it  would  of 
tPOuUi  ri()[  have  ihewn  us. 

*•  But  tarther^  it  was  cuftomary  for,  the  poets  of  the  Au- 
**  guAan  age  to  exercite  them  dves  on  the  fubjed  of  the 
myfterics,  as  appears  trom  Cicero,  who  defires  Atticus^ 
tht;n  at  Athens^  and  initiated,  to  lend  to  Chilius,  a  poet 
of  eminence,  an  account  ot  the  Elewllnian  mylleries } 
in  order,  as  it  lliould  iecm»  to  inlert  them  in  fomepoem 
•*  he  was  then  writing.*' 

Ttie  Kleiilmian  myAeries  are  not  mentioned  in  the  orl^^ 
aal  paifage.  Cicero  ufmg  the  obi'cure  brevity  of  familiar 
letters,  ilof: res  that  Attitus  would  fend  their  friend  Chilius^ 
EYMOAUlAiiN  iJAiFiAf,  which  may  fignify  twenty  difie-* 
reiu  things,  rc^'fi\  e  either  to  the  worlliip  of  Ceres  in  par- 
ticular. «  r  to  the  Athenian  iiilHtutions  in  general  ^  but  which 
can  hardly  be  applied  to  tiie  Eleulmian  myfteries|. 

Tlivis  it  appears  that  both  tlic  ancient  and  modern  po* 
CCS  adt/rded  Virgil  a  pattern  ior  thij  famous  epilode.'* 
yiow  (If)cs  this  appear  ?    t  rom  an  old  poem,  of  whofis 
contents  the  critic  is  toially  ignorant,  and  tiom  an  obxure 
pa  Gage,  the  meaning  ot  which  he  has  molk  probably  dsu£* 
taken. 

Inftead  of  conjc(5luring  what  Virgil  might  or  ought  to 
do,  it  would  fccm  far  more  natural  to  examine  what  he 
has  done.  The  Billiop  of  Gloucefter  attempts  to  prove, 
that  the  defceni  to  heU  is  properly  an  initiauoa  i  iince  thtt 

t  Chilius  le  rogat»  ec  ego  ijot  rogtt6 1  fVf«iX«JU  ^  -A- 

%  As  the  B.  of  G.  tllrg^-s  the  authority  of  Vi^korim,  I  HmI!  (hilirt  royfelf 
•nder  the  nA.iics  a. id  rea(uus  of  Cravius  and  the  Abbe  Mangauii,  and  evea 
trsofcribe  the  words  of  the  formef .    «*  Hon  «ft  at  hic  inteUigtntttr  HtiM  HJi  le« 

crrtiores,  qui  ti-^luiVi  m  \f^ii  noti  cia  -t  fine  capitis  prriculo  vulgari  nott 
**  potcra'  t,  led  iiU  iacr*  ct  ccrcmofuje,  ou  b^.s  in  Hl-urniis  c»"l*'branj!s  otc- 

bantur  in  omnium  oculis  Eumul^idje  ,  ({uat^ut  poe tae  ft  pnfci  fcriptores  aiii 
"  con)mcmorant  pafiun  t  wt  forte  per  Eumolpidu  intelligic'  teA^  tplbt  Adw* 
«  nienftrt:  ut  pctviil  CUUttt^  Atbeoieofium  leges  tt 4lfdpiIiMn  ^fciibi 

ctautu.** 


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jllXTH  BOOK  OP  THS  JBNEID. 

Sfaah  Book  of  theuEoeid  realk  ccintains  tliefecret  do6brine 
as  well  a8  the  ocitmonies  of  the  Efteuiinian  myilei  ies. 

What  was  this  secret  doctrine  ?  As  I  profefs  my 
ignomicc,  wemuft  confuUthe  oracle.      The  Secret  doc- 

trine  of  the  myfteries  revealed  to  the,  iniciated,  that  Ju- 

PITBR  •  •  •  AND  THE  W^OLE  RABBLE  OF  LtCENTI- 
out  DEITIES,  WERE  ONLY  DEAD  MORTALS*.*'  It 

any  thing  like  this  laid  open  in  the  Sixdi  Book  of  Virgil  ? 
Mot  the  remoteft  hint  of  it  can  be  dtfcovered  throughout 
the  whole  book  ;  and  thus,  to  ufe  his  Loidfliip's  own 
words,  SOMETHING  (I  had  aimoft  wntteft  every  thing) 
it  ftill  wanting      to  complete  the  identification  f.** 

Notwitbftanding  this  difappointment,  which  is  cautiouT^ 
Ij  concealed  Itom  the  reader,  the  learned  BiHiop  iHll  cour» 
les  round  the  Elyiian  Fields  in  queft  of  a  fecret.  Once  he 
is  fo  lucky  as  to  find  i£neas  talking  with  the  poet  Mufzus, 
whom  tradition  has  reckoned  among  the  founders  of  the 
Eleufmian  myfteries.  Thfi  critic  iiflens  to  their  converfa- 
tion  ;  but,  alas  !  ^neas  is  only  inquiring,  in  what  part  of 
the  garden  he  may  find  his  father's  lhade;  to  wliich 
Alufsus  returns  a  vcrv  polite  anfwer.  Anchifes  Jiimielf 
is  our  laft  hope.  As  that  vcneiuh.c  iliade  explains  tu  h'lS. 
fon  iome  mvfterlous  doc  Iriiies,  c<jncei  nin:'  rlie  univcrial 
mind  and  the  tiaiilmigratiun  ut  louls,  his  IcrJihip  is  pka- 
fcd  tu  alfuic  u;,  that  fhefe  are  Ttrr.  hij)Dln  doctrines 
OF  PERFECTION  revealed  onlv  t<>  the  initiated.  Let  us  lor 
a  moment  lay  a  fide  hyputlichs,  and  read  VirgiL 

It  is  obicrvable,  that  the  three  great  poets  ot  Rome  were 
all  addidled  to  the  Epicurean  pkiloiopliy  ;  a  h  Hem,  how- 
ever, the  Jeait  luiletl  to  a  poet  ;  fince  it  banilhes  all  tlic  ge- 
rual  and  active  powers  ot  nature,  to  lubllitute  in  their  room 
a  dreary  void,  blind  r.toms,  and  indolent  gods.  A  delcrip- 
Oon  ol  the  infernal  ihades  was  iiKompatihle  with  the  ideas 
of  a  philofophcr  whofe  dilciplcs  boailed,  that  ho  had  refcu- 
cd  ihc  captive  world  from  the  tyranny  of  religion,  and  the 
fear  of  a  future  ilatc.  Tliele  \dt^:\^  Vir-j^il  was  obirj^ed  to 
reject  *  but  he  docs  ih'll  more  ;  lie  abaridniis  not  only  the 
CH  ANCE  of  Epicures,  but  even  theie  god^s,  wliDin  he  1<j 
nobly  employs  in  the  reil  of  his  poem,  that  he  may  otV^r 
to  the  reader's  imagioauon  a  iar  more  fpecious  aud  iplca- 
4ki  f€t  of  ideas : 

Princip'io  c^Ium^  ac  terras^  campofque  liquenUs^ 
Lucentemqiu  globum  luna^  Titaniaqui  ajha 
Spirit  us  intus  alit^  totamque  infufa  per  artus 
Miiu  Sigiuu  mlmk  it  m^n»fi  corf^n  mifatX* 

•  P.  l(«T9U  i*  f*  IM«  J  UtOi,  p.  277.  t  >EfleiJ,  fl.  724. 

■  The 


CRITICAL  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE 


The  more  we  examine  thcfe  lines,  the  more  we  (haO  fed 
die  fublime  poetry  of  thein.  But  they  have  tikewife  to 
aif  of  philofopby,  and  even  of  religion,  which  goes  off  on 
a  nearer  approach,  l^he  mind  which  is  infused*  into 
the  feveral  parts  of  matter*  and  which  mingles  itselp 
with  the  mighty  mals/  fcarcely  retains  any  property  of  a 
fpiritual  fubAance ;  and  bears  too  near  an  affinity  to  tho 
principles,  which  the  impious  Spinoza  revived  ratner  than 
mvented. 

lam  not  infenfible,  that  we  (Iiould  be  flow  to  fufpe^ 
and  ftill,  flower  to  condemn.  The  poverty  of  human  lan- 
guage, and  the  obfcurity  of  human  ideas;  make  it  difficult 
to  ^eak  worthily  of  the  great  First  Cause.  Our 
moil  religious  poets,  in  driving  to  exprefs  the  prefence  and 
energy  of  the  Deity»  in  every  part  of  the  univerfe,  deviate 
unwarily  into  images  which  are  fcarcely  diilmguitbcd  from 
- materialifm.    '1  hus  our  Ethic  Poet : 

**  All  are  hut  parts  of  one  flupeiiJous  whole, 
**  Whofe  bi  dy  N  ature  is,  and  God  the  louif;** 
and  feveral  pafTagcs  of  Tiiomfon  require  a  like  favourable  * 
conflrudtion.    But  thefe  writers  deierve  that  favour,  by 
the  fublime  maiyier  in  which  they  celebrate  the  great  Fa- 
ther of  the  Univerfc,  and  bv  thole  etFuiions  of  love  and 
gratitude,  which  are  inconfiUent  with  the  materialiil*s  fyf- 
tem.    Virgil  has  no  inch  claim  to  our  indulgence.  ThZ 
Mind  ot  the  universe  is  rather  a  metaphyiical  than  a 
theological  being.    His  inteliedtual  qualifies  are  huntly  dtf- 
tiilguiihed  from  the  powers  of  matter,  and  his  moral  attri- 
butes, the  fource  of  all  religious  worlhip,  form  no  part  of 
Virgil's  creed. 

Yet  is  this  creed  approved]:  by  our  orthodox  prelate^  as 
free  from  any  mixture  of  bpinoaifm.  I  congiatulate  big 
iordlhip  on  his  indulgent  and  moderate  tempei  .  His  bre- 
thren (I  mean  thole  of  former  times)  had  much  iharper 
eyes  for  fpying  out  a  Intent  herefy.  Yet  I  cannot  ealily 
perfuade  myfelf,  that  Virgil's  notions  were  ever  the  creed 
of  a  1  clit^ious  fociety,  like  that  of  the  myflcrles.  Luckily, 
indeed,  t  have  no  occafion  to  peHuade  mylelf  of  it;  unlei]^ 
I  (hould  prefer  his  lordibip's  mere  authority  to  the  voice  oF 
antiquity,  which  aflures  me,  that  this  lyilem  was  either 
invented  or  imp  rtcd  into  Gretce  by  Py  h  s^oras ;  from  th© 
writing!!  ot  whofe  difciples  Virgil  might  io  very  naturally 
borrow,  it. 

*  Qimmodo  porro  r)<>uT  if><>  A  nihil  cflet  nifi  animus,  tilC  iuBam  ttait  imfitfim 

cflTcl  in  Jiiuiido.    Ci<e>6  de  l^afurd  Dear.  L.  i.  c,  II* 

f  Pope's  LSiy  oa  Mia,  cpIiU«  it  ru»  i^/,  D»  L,  vol.  i.  p.  2  7iU 

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SIXTH  iOOK  OF  THfi  JSNfiiO. 


AnchiTe*;  then  proceeds  to  inform  his  fon,  that  the  fouls 
both  ot  men  and  of  animals  wtre  of  celeft^ial  origin,  and  (as 
I  underftand  him)  parts  of  the  univerfal  mind;  but  that  Djf 
their  union  with  earthlv  bodies  they  contracked  fuch  impuri* 
rirs  as  even  de:ith  could  noc  purge  away.  Many  expiations, 
continues  the  vcn;'rablc  Ih  idir,  are  req nfite,  before  the  foul^ 
reftored  to  its  original  fi  npJic  ty,  is  capable  of  a  place^  In 
tiyiium.  1  he  far  greater  part  are  obliged  to  revifit  th% 
upper  world,  in  oth  r  char  idle  s  and  in  other  bodies;  and 
thus,  by  gr^iduiU  iteps,  to  tc^kcad  towards  their  £rft 
perfe£iioa. 

This  moral  tranfmigration  was  undoubtedly  taught  in  the 
mjffteries.  As  the  Biihop  aflerts  this  from  the  beft  authority^ 
Ure  are  furprized  at  a  fort  of  difidencey  unufual  to  his 
lordihip,  when  lie  advances  things  firom  his  owii  intuitive 
.  knowledge.  In  one  place,  this  tranrmigration  Is  part  of  the 
hidden  dodrine  of  perfedion^l  in  another,  it  is  one  of 
thoTe  principles  which  were  promifcuoufly  communicated  to 
aU  f  •  .  The  trath  feems  to  be,  that  his  lordihip  was  afraid  to 
rank  among  the  fecrets  of  the  myfterief,  what  was  profefTed 
and  believed  by  fo  many  nations  and  phitoTophers.  Fhe 
pre*extftence  of  the  human  foul  is  a  very  natural  idea;  and 
£rocB  that  idea  Speculations  and  fables  of  its  fucceffive  revolu* 
tioa  lliroiigh  various  bodies  will  arife.  From  Japan  to. 
Egypt,  the  tranfmigration  has  been  part  of  the  popular  and 
niigious  creed  %.  Pythagoras  §  and  Plato  ||  have  endet«> 
vouft^  10  demonftrate  the  truth  of  it^  by  fa/^  ^  well  as 
hy  arguments. 

Of  uU  thefe  vifions  (which  (hould  have  been  confined  t9 
die  poets)  none  is  more  pleifing  an  I  fuUlime,  than  that 
wh  ch  Virgil  has  invented.  JEneais  fees  before  him  hit 
poftcrity,  Che  heroes  of  ancient  Rome;  a  long  feries  of  aiiy 
ftrme 

**  Demanding  life,  impatient  for  the  ikies/* 
and  prepared  to  affime,  with  their  new  bodies,  the  little 
pafions  and  tranfient  glories  of  their  defl'med  lives. 

Having  %  thus  revealed  the  fecret  dodrine  of  the  my(^e. 
fficii,  the  kmmed  Prelate  examines  the  ceremonies.  With 
liie  afiftance  of  Meurfius^,  he  pours  out  a  torrent  <^ 
crydttioa  to  convince  us,  that  the  fcenes  through  wfatGh 

^  D.  L.fl«L  t  f.  «f9.  t  Idem,  p.  144. 

I  Sec  our  mo4ira  rtl06m  ^         ^ii^  ladii*  Itf.  aad  %  Sf||t» 

Herodotus,  L>  iu  ' 
§  Ovid.  Metymorph.  X7«  69,  &c.  icS,  &Cm 

II  Pht  I  in  Phxdro  and  In  Republic  L  x. 

^  I  f!  ill  n^cr  cior.  h<rr«,  Oner  for  ally  Ctu(  I  do  llM  rflN^  MOfioC  flByfctf  1* 
t^  PSDCB  of  hii  Inrddiip't  ritoort. 

Mcttriii  Ektt&aM.  Ave  ^  Ccicr.s  EleviUue  dtfOt 

Vol.  UL  T  Mom 


CRITICAL  OBSEKVATXONS   ON  THE 


i£>neas  pajTed  in  his  defcent  to  the  fhades,  were  the  fame  as 
were  reprefentrd  to  the  afpirants  in  the  celebration  of  the 
Elcufinian  mylieries.  From  thence  his  lordfhip  draws  his 
great  conclufion,  that  the  defcent  is  no  more  (hw  an  exn* 
bicm  of  the  hero's  initiation. 

'  A  /launch  polemic  will  feed  a  difpute,  by  dwelling  on 
everv  accclTnrv  circiimlhiice,  whiift  a  candid  critic  will 
confine  himfelf  to  the  more  cflcntial  points  of  it.  I  fhaJJ, 
therefore,  readily  allow,  what  T  believe  may  in  general  be 
true,  that  the  myftcries  exhibited  a  theatrical  rcprefentation 
of  all  that  was  believed  or  imagined  of  the  lower  world; 
that  the  afpirant  was  condu(fl:ed  through  the  mimic  fccnes  of 
Erebus,  Tartarus,  and  Elylium  ;  and  that  a  warm  enihu- 
fiaft,  in  defcnbiiiL^  ihcfc  awful  fpe6^acles,  might  cxprels 
himfelf  as  if  he  had  aclually  vifited  the  infernal  regions 
All  this  I  can  allov/,  and  yet  allow  nothing  to  the  Biihop 
of  Gloucefter's  hyputh  lis.  it  is  not  furprizmg  that  the 
COPY  was  like  the  original  i  but  it  flill  remains  unde- 
termined, WHETHER  Virgil  intended  to  Ofisc&ias 

THE  ORIGINAL  OR  THE  CuPY. 

Lear  and  Garrick,  when  on  the  f^age,  are  the  fame;  not 
is  it  poiEble  to  diAingiMlli  the  player  from  the  monarch*  In 
the  green-room,  or  aher  reprcfentation,  we  eafily  perceive, 
what  the  warmth  of  fancy  and  the  juftnefs  of  imitation  had 
concealed  from  us.  In  the  iame  manner  it  is  from  extrinfi- 
cal  circumdances,  that  we  may  expe£l  the  difcomy  of 
Virgirs  allegory.  Every  one  of  thofe  circumftancei  paw 
fuades  me,  that  Virgil  dcfcribed  a  real,  not  a  mimic  worlds 
and  that  fcene  lay  in  the  infernal  ihadcSi  and  not  in  .ifae 
temple  of  Ceres. 

The  finguiarity  of  the  Cumoean  Iborfs  muft  be  prefent t» 
everv  traveller  who  has  once  (eeii  them.  To  a  fiiperftitioiM 
amii  the  thin  cruft,  vaft  cavities9  fulphuieous  ftrcMiie» 
poifonoua  exhalations,  and  fiery  torrentt,  may  fcem  txk  tnoe 
out  the  narrow  confine  of  the  two  worlds.  The  lake  Av^» 
nus  was  the  chief  obje^l  of  religious  horror ;  the  black 
woods  which  furrounded  it,  when  VirgU  fi^  cane  to 
Naples,  were  perfe^y  fuited  to  feed  the  fuperftition  of  the 
people f.  It  was  generally  believed^  that  this  doKily  flexed 
was  the  entrance  of  hell  %*,  and  an  oracle  was  once  »%**Hjfti- 
ed  on  its  banlcs,  which  pretended,  by  magic  rites*  lo  call  up 
the  departed  fpirits  i^neas,  who  revoh  ed  a  mora  daring 
CDterprife,  eddreffes   himfelf  to  the  prieftcft  cf  thofe 

•  See  D.  L.  vol.  i.  particularly  p.  280.  f  Srrabo,  L.  v.  p.  T6f. 

X  iliUlU  itaUcufi  L.  xii.      (  Diod*  Siciil.  L.  ix*    267.  c^iu  Wefiftiiaf. 

dark 


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SIXTH  BOOK  OF  TH&  iBNBJO. 


dark  regions.  Their  converfntion  may  perhaps  inform  us, 
whether  an  initiation,  or  a  delcent  to  the  (hades,  was  the 
obje(^  of  this  enterprise.  She  endeavours  to  deter  the  hero, 
l^iemog  before  him  all  the  dangers  of  to  rafli  undertaking : 

-^Facilis  difcenfus  Avtmi : 
N$^es  atqut  digs  pattt  atrijamm  Ditis ; 
Sid  riv§€are  gradum^  fupirafimt  ifmdirt  ad  aursSf 

Thefe  parttcuUrs  are  abfolutely  irreconcileable  with  the 
idea  dk  tfuriatlon»  but  perfe&ly  agreeable  to  chat  of  a  real 
deiceoL  That  every  ftep)  and  every  infant,  may  lead  ut 
to  the  grave  is  a  melancholy  truth*  The  myfteries  were 
only  open  at  dated  times,  a  few  days  at  moft  in  the  courfe  of 
the  year.  The  mimic  deicent  of  the  myfteries  was  labori- 
ous and  dangerous  the  return  to  lig^  My  and  certaiik  In 
veal  deathy  this  order  is  inverted: 

— PtfttW,  ftr»i  mfnus  amavit 
Juftur^  aut  ardint  iwjtit  sd  ittbfim  wrtuff 
2>tit  gtmiti,  f9huri  f. 

Thefe  heroes,  as  we  learn  from  the  fpeech  of  JEncn^ 
WCfc  Hercules,  Orpheu^  Caflor  and  Pollux,  Thefeus,  and 
Pirithous.  Of  all  thefe»  antiquity  believed,  that  before 
their  death  they  had  Teen  the  habitations  of  the  deadj  nor, 
indeed,  will  any  of  the  circumftances  tally  with  a  Hippoled 
initiation.  The  adventure  of  Eu  ydice,  the  alternate  life  of 
the  brothers,  and  the  forcible  intrufion  of  Abides,  Thefeus, 
and  Pirithous,  would  mock  the  endeavours  of  the  moil  fubtle 
critic,  who  (hould  try  to  melt  them  down  into  his  favourica 
ayferies.  Ths  exploits  of  Hercules,  who  triumphed  over 
die  king  of  terrors, 

Ttfrfmam  Uh  mmm  tujft%dm  in  WurAi  ftUvii^ 

if/ht  i  JW$  rfgis  trMxitque  tnnuMim  { i  « 

UM  a  vM  imaginatioo  of  the  GredLsf  But  it  was  the 
4utf  of  andent  poets  to  adopt  and  embdlifli  thefe  popular 
tnmtions :  and  it  is  the  intereft  of  every  nuui  of  idte^  to 
acfiialba  in  thiu  waTiCAJL  riCTioNs. 

4  Utmm,  04|ftX.. aL  vtr. AfolU  WMb  L.    <«  j. 


Ta 


After 


CRITICAL  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THB 

jA^^  tjhls,  we  may  feay.e  ingenious  nei^  to  fearch  out 
^\x^y  or'  wheth^cr  any  .thing  gave  rife  to  thofe  idle  floricsV 
pi^^  Siculy$  ^qprefents  Fluto  as  a  kind  of  under tajcci. 
wiio  made  great  improvements  in  tlie  ufeful  art  of  funerals 
Some  have  fought  for  the  jKietic  bell  in  the  mines  of  Eptnis  f , 
and  others  in  the  n^yilpries  of  Egypt*  As  this'  lp^ft  jiotion 
was  publilhed  in  French  I,  fix  years  before  it  was  Invented 
in  £nglidi4>  learned  autbior  of  t|^e  D.  L.  has  beeo 
ieverely  treated  by  fome  ungenerous  adversaries  )|.  Appea- 
pipqi^  jtjnium?/^  Cf;9^e9^,  WjC^r  a  very  fufpkious  afpcd: 
put  what  are  appearances,  when  weighed  againft  his  lord- 
^ip*;s  declaration,  Tl  .at  this  is  a  point  of  honour  in  whj^ 
he  Is  particularly  deli.cat;e;  and  tbat  he  niav  venture  to 
fcpaft,  that  he  b^ji^ves  no  author  was  ever  more  avcrfe  to 
Y'  t^e  |:o  himfelf  what  belonged  another  if.*'  Bcfide^ 
\kf  hi^  ^iclurd  this  n^yfteriqus  difcovery  with  many  collate- 
ral afgunients,  wfiicfi  would  for  ever  have  efcaped  all  ii^ferior 
critics.  In  the  cafe  of  Hercules,  for  inftance,  he  demon- 
ftratesy  that  the  initiation  f  nd  defcent  to  the  (hades  were 
the  fame  thing)  l^ecauje  ^n  antient  has  fiffirmed  that  they 
were  different  \  and  that  Alci^es  was  initiated  at  Eleufis, 
before  he  fet  out  for  Tsenarus,  m  order  to  defcend  to  the 

nfcnial  f  egioo^. 

There  iS|  however*  %.  fingle  plrcumA^ce,  in  the  nam- 
^on  of  Virgil)  yrbich  h^s  juflly  furprized  critics^  unacquaint- 
ed .with  a^y  |)ut  (he  obvious  fenfe  of  the  poet  \  I  die 
ivoKY  Gi^Tfi.  The  Bifliop  of  pfoucefter  feizes  thn^  as 
t|ie  fecre't  Q^ip  ^  allegory,  and  becomes  eloquent  in  the 
exul^ion  of  triumph  ft-  I  could,  however,  reprefent  to 
]b!m,  that  in  a  work  which  ^gs  deprived  of^  the  author's  laft 
feviilon.  Vlro;!!  mi^ht  too  baftily  employ  what  Homer  had 
inventeoy  ana  af  )a)|  upwarily  Aide  ipto  an  Epicurean  idea  ^  t. 
Let  this  be'as  it  may,  an  obfcure  exprei&oa  is  a  weak  bafit 

*  DIodor.  Sicul.  L.  v.  p.  3S6.   Edit.  Weflrliag*' 

Lcclerc.  Bihlioth.  Univ-rlVlI-,  tom.  vi.  p.  55. 

\  By  the  Abi  e  Terailbn,  in  hii  pliii  jf  jjifa'cal  romanc  of  Sethos,  g^tntrd  at 
Amfterdam  in  chc  year  173a.  See  the  third  book,  tram  bcglnninf  Co  end. 
T|m  •tttfior  WIS  i  fchoUr  and  a  philofcpher.  Hit  booJ(  has  hft  pipre  tarkiy  sni 
orlglnaHty  than  Tclrniachus.  Yet  Sethoi  it 'forgoCteot  and  Telemachus  will 
be  immortal.  Tbat  harmony  of  ftylc,  and  the  great  talent  of  (poking  to  l^ie 
^cart  and  p^ont|  wb|ch  Feneion  poiTcircd,  wat  up)cAown  Tcralion.  I  oi 
aoc  furprix«i  Hmx,  Homer  was  admired  by  ikut  one^  and  ciradscd     die  other. 

S  Se«  O.  L.  vd.  I.  p.  Mly^ftc.  ^  T^t  filft  edjtfoD  m  plbiid'ki  tgrtwt 
in  the  year  1738. 

D  Covwper'i  Life  of  Socrates,  p. 

4[  Letter  fioa  a  late  ptofq^Tor  of  Px(ord»  4cc  p.  133. 

D.  L.  TOI.  IIL  p.  W  ldC09  vok  It  p. 

f  {  IdOBt  vol.  I*  p*  ftSj. 


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SIXTH  BOOK*  OF  THE  iENEID. 

for  an  elaborate  fyftem  ;  and  whatever  his  lordfliip  may  chufe 
to  do,  I  had  niutrh  raAei'  repVonch  my  f^aA  ouHre  p6et  With 
Want  of  card  ih  oi^ii  line,  diah  With  Want  of  ia^t  tbibuj^libtki; 
si' whole  boolc*. 

Virgil  has  borrowed,  as  ufual,  from  Homer  his  epifixfaf  of 
itit  innfri^al  fliades,  anif,  a^  uiual,  Has  infinitely  irtiproved 
i#hat  the  Grici^'  hatd  indented;  If,  amoi^  a  profufidn'  df 
iSeiiaticv  I  ^liHV  ^fentar'e  to  pdlnr!  out  the  rhoifl  fttildfat 
beatnTds  of  the  Sixtti  Boc^e,  I  iHouid'  pe^i  oM^ve,  t. 
That  after  abcoM[)&hyin^  htr6  through  tbe  fllent  tiealn& 
of  night  and'ehaos;  We  fee  with  aftomAni^Ut  anfl  jAUAre  z 
new  creation  burfting  upon  ^ ;  2r.  That*  v^fc  ex'aimhe, 
a*  delight'  Which  fprings  frboi' th^  love  of  virtue,  die  juft 
Minos;  in  nCtleU  ilAt  ^ppa/ihn  irregularitlifs  6f  tHb 
p-ettntfyftem  ait  cbrreded*;'  ahd  where  th^  (fatriot  dttiA 
for  ttis  countiy  is  happy,  and  the  tyi  aut  Who  oppreiftd' it^i^ 
mtftiraUe.  3.  As"  we  iiitel^eflf  oarfdvijs  irr  tfie*  heroV  ibi^ 
tithes^  We  ihiit^  his  feelings :  tHc^  mdanchdlj^  Pdinut^s;*  dib 
Wneisehedl>ieiph6bus,  the  indignant  Dido';  tHe  Grtfei^  kings 
who  tremble  s(t  his  prefiince,  and  thd  venerable'  /Tnchifes 
W&6  embraces  his  plods  ibh,*,aiid  dii'play^  to  hW  fight  dib 
lutuiie  glories'  of  his*  race ;  air  th^e  objtBs  aife£^  uS  With 
a  variety  of  pkdSng  fenlatioiis. 

us  ibr  a  iiioaienf  obdy  the  mandated  of  our  gr^  criticfy 
ahd'coiiftder^  thefe  awful  fd^es  ^  a  mimic  fifeW,  ^ilytted 
hi  die  teihple  of  Ceres,  by  the  contrivance  of  ^tptieA]  or, 
if  he  pli^afesj  of  tUe  legiflaton  Whateir'er  Wasr  anhiiated 
(1  appeal*  to  every  reader  of  talte),  whoever"  was' terrible, 
or  whatever  Was  pi^thetic,  evaporates  intolifelel^  allegory : 

•  iknuerh  fine  vitibus  vHniitam^ 

Dai  indnia  virha, 
Sat  firii^ment/fihumy  grejjhfque  effin^t  iUlHU. 

i'he  eftd-  oPpHBofophy  i*  truth  ;  the  'eiid  of  poetry  ii 
iMifiifcf.  I-WiHflfigly  adopt  any  interpMatlbii'vi^ielt'  adtfs 
iicfW  booties  td  the  ofigtnal;  PalBft'in  pcrfuading  myfelf, 
diit*it'is  ju(l;  and  couifalnroft  flieW  die  *  fame  iiratflgfMdb 
tt^th:  critic's  as  to  the  poet^s  fiiSkion.    But  fhould  a  grave 

'  lUOKi  tMtA    have'uftd  at  ttfllBVtrdM  ah  rxprcflioff  s 

Et  adfcribi  quUt'u  . 

Ordinihus  p.iti.ir  dconin'i.  Od  />.  rf'. '3: 

The  word^and  idea  of  ^ietut  arcpcrfcdVly  Epicurean  i  butridier  qUHi  with  the 
•dkMte  'fitnonf  dffpl  lyed  in  the  ten  of  Jtin^«  fpeech. 

Hit  Itmlihip  (D.  L.  vol.  If.  p'.  140.)  acciifcs  Virgil  himtetf  of  t  fait  HMU 
tnHSta  i  wlucb,  with  hi»,uAial  fentkneis^  he  calls  an  tijurditf, 

'  dodior 


CRITICAL  OBSERVATIONS   ON  THE 

doAor  oat  fouricore  page*  in  explaining  away  the  fenfe 
Hid  ij»int  of  Virgil,  I  mould  have  evcrjr  inditcement  to 
beBevoi  tliail  Virgil's  foul  wu  vcrj  dificram  from  the 
doaor*8. 

I  have  almoft  cxhaofted  my  own,  and  probably  my 
der's  patience,  whilft  I  have  obfeouioully  watted  on  hia 
Jordfliip,  thiough  the  feveral  ftaget  ot  an  intricateLhypotfaefia, 
He  muft  now  permit  me  to  all^  two  very  fimple  reafens, 
which  perfuade  me^  that  Virgil  has  not  revcaded  dieiecret  of 
tfie  Eleofinian  myfteries;  die  firft  is  his  ignokakce,  and 
the  ftcond  hu  DiscaiTioN.  ^ 

I*  As  his  lordfhip  has  not  mide  the  finalleft  attempt  to 
wove  that  Virgil  was  htmiidf  initiatedt  it  is  plain  that  he 
iippoled  it»  as  a  thing  of  covrfe^  Had  he  any  right  to 
fiippole  it?  By  no  means:  that  ceremony  might  naturally 
enough  finifli  the  education  of  a  young  Athenian;  but  a 
barhuian,  a  Romant  would  moft  prohably  paft  thioueh  life 
without  direAine  his  dtvoiioo  to  the  foreign  rites  of  ^eufii. 

The  philofoiAical  fenti«nenta  of  Virgil  were  ftiU  more 
unlikely  to  infpire  him  with  that  kind  of  devotion,  it  is 
well  known  that  he 'was  a  determined  Epicurean^;  and  a 
very  natural  antipathy  fubfifted  between  the  Epicureans  and 
the  managers  of  the  myfteries*  The  celebration  opened 
with  a  folemn  excommunication  of  thofe  Atheiftical  philoib- 
phers,  who  were  commanded  to  reti.  e,  and  to  leave  that 
holy  place  for  pious  believers  f ;  the  zeal  of  the  people  was 
leady  to  enforce  this  admonition.  I  will  not  deny,  diat  cu- 
riofity  might  ibmetimes  tempt  an  Epicurean  to  pry  mto  chefe 
lecret  rites }  and  that  gratitude,  fear,  or  other  motives^ 
mi^ht  engage  the  Athenians  to  admit  fo  irreligious  aa 
aipirant.  Acticus  was  initiated  at  Eleufis;  but  Atticus  was 
the  friend  and  benefador  of  Athens  Thdc  i  xtn ordinary 
caweptions  may  be  proved,  but  mud  not  be  fuppofed. 

Nay,  more i  I  am  fiioiigfy  inclined  to  think  that  Virgil 
was  never  out  of  Italy  lUl  the  laft  year  of  his  Uk,   I  ani 
fenfible,  that  it  is  not  eafy  to  prove  a  negative  propodtion, 
eaoie  efpecially  when  the  materials  of  our  knowledge  are 
vary  few  and  S»  very  defe^ve§}  and  yet  by  glancing  our 

•  See  die  LUc  of  Ytg^  by  DottatBl,  tiw  aixUi  Sdopaty  aod  tfaft  Second 
Georf  ict  v.  ^90, 
f  tmtkm  m  Afesindro,  p.  4S9. 
T  Comet.  Nepot,  In  Vic  Attici,  c.  a,  3.  4. 

^  The  life  of  Virgil,  attributed  to  Donatus,  coitair*:  fiuny  charif^erlftic 
pvucuian  |  but  wiuch  «c  loft  ia  coo^uiioDj  mi  di%iaM4  witA  a  ouxiurc  of 


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SIXTH   BOOK   OF  THE   ^NEID.  979 

eye  over  the  fcveral  periods  of  Virgil's  life,  we  may 
perhaps  attain  a  fort  of  probability  which  ought  to  have 
fome  weighty  dace  nothing  can  be  thrown  Into  the  oppo« 
fite  fcale. 

•  Although  Virgil's  father  was  hardly  of  a  lower  rank 
than  Horace's,  yet  the  peculiar  character  of  the  latter 
afforded  his  fon  a  much  fuperior  education:  Virgil  did  not 
enjoy  the  fame  opportunities  of  obferviug  mankind  on  the 
great  theatre  of  Rome,  or  of  purfuing  philofophy,  iii  her 
favourite  iliades  of  the  academy. 

jidjt^cere  bri/r  paulo  plus  artis  Athcnj:  : 
S^ilu'tt  Ht  pojfem  curvo  diznojcere  reElum^ 
At^ui  inter  Jtivui  (jcadami  ^umrcrc  Virum  *. 

The  Ipherc  of  Virgil's  education  did  not  extend  beyond 
Mantua,  Cremona,  Milan,  and  Naples  f  • 

After  the  atcidcms  of  civil  war  had  intiodaced  Virp^il 
to  the  kn6wlcclge  of  the  great,  he  palTed  a  few  vears  ai 
Roine,  in  aftatcof  dcpciidance,  theJuvENUM  NoBiLirM 
Cliens  J.  It  was  during  that  time  that  he  compofed  his 
Eclogues,  the  hafty  produdlions  of  a  capable  of  far 
greater  things  %. 

By  the  liberality  of  AuguUiis  and  his  courtiers,  Virgil 
foon  became  poflefled  of  an  afHuent  fortune  ||.  He  com- 
pofed the  Gcorgics  and  the  ^ncid  In  his  elegant  villas  of 
Campania  and  Sicily;  and  icldoin  quitted  thofe  pleaUng 
retreats  even  to  come  to  Rome^. 

After  he  had  hnilhed  the  i^lncid,  he  rcfolved  on  a 
journey  into  Greece  and  Afia,  to  employ  three  years  in 
reviling  and  pcrfci^l.^ig  that  poem,  and  to  devote  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  the  ftudy  of  i)iiilofophy  **.  He  was 
at  Athens,  with  Auguftus,  in  tlie  fuinmer  of  AVC735: 
and  whilfi  Auzuftiis  was  at  Athens,  thq  Eleufiniaa  myilc- 
ries  were  celebrated  ff.    tt  is  not  impoflibie,  that  Virgil 

might 

abfurd  ftories,  focb  as  none  but  a  monk  of  the  darker  ages  could  either  invent 
m  WUeve.  I  always  coalMered  tfatm  as  the  inlnpolatkmfl  of  ibme  imk  tiMnfe 
writer;  and  am  confirmed  in  that  opinion  by  the  life  of  Virgil,  pure,  from 
thofe  additions  which  \fr.  5?-"c-  l^trly  publii^t-  ')  from  a  Florence  MS*  Al  tb» 
beginning  of  Mr.  HoidlwofUi  s  V4iuabl«  ob(e(VAtti>ns  oa  Vtrgil« 

•  Httrat.  L.  If.  Cp.  iu  ver.  43.  +  OWMC  la  TifgU. 
1  Horn.  L.  IV  Od.  xii.  %  DooaLinVii^ 
P  Ff  'pc  Centiei  Sefitrtmmt  abouS  e'igh(f  thoufand  pounds 

^  Donat.  in  Virgil.  Id.  ibid. 

•f-f-  They  always  began  the  fifteenth  of  ^  Attic  month  BoednNhfofii  and 
lafted  nine  da^s.  Thofe  who  uke  the  trouble  of  calculating  the  Athenian 
catendar,  on  tiie  fdoci pka  laid  dow«  bj  Mr.  Dodwdl  (4c  Cydis  Anci^tkia)  and 


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CRITICAL  OBSERVATIONfi  ON  TH£ 


might  then  he  iiutiactd,  a<i  well  as  tiie  Iiuiiaa  phflofophcr  *  ^ 
biit  the  jEncid  could  receive  no  improvement  from  ihis 
newly  acquired  knowledge.  He  was  taken  ill  :u  Megaia. 
The  jouriiev  nicre:ned  his  dilorder,  ami  he  exp  red  nt 
Briind 111  L  in,  cbc  rwcuty-fccoDd  a£  Sepi£mb<ir  oi  tiiciiamc 
year  t. 

Should  it  then  appear  probable,  that  Virpil  had  no 
opp(»r[uuity  oi  le  srn  tlic  SECRET  of  the  mylleries,  it 
will  be  lonieching  mcic  than  probaUc  that  be  has  not 
Tcvealed  what  he  never  knew. 

His  Lordlhip  will  perhaps  tell  me,  that  Virgil  might  be 
initiated  into  tlie  Elcufmian  myfteries  without  making  a 
journey  to  Athens :  fmce  thofe  mylleries  had  been  brought 
to  Rome  long  beiore  J.  Here  indeed  1  Ihouid  he  apt  to 
fufpe6i  fome  miftake,  or,  at  lead,  a  want  of  prccifion  in 
kis  LordHiip's  ideas;  as  Salnnafms  ^  and  Cafaubon  f|, 
men  tolerably  vcrfed  in  antif|niry  affure  me,  that  indeed 
fome  Grecian  ceremonies  ot  Ceics  had  been  practiled 
at  Rome  from  the  earlieft  ages;  but  that  the  myftcries  of 
Eleufis  were  never  inrrorl  u  c;l  into  that  capiial,  cither  by 
the  emperor  Hadrian,  or  by  aiiy  other:  and  I  am  the  more 
induced  to  believe,  that  thefe  rites  were  not  imported  ui 
Virgil*s  time,  as  the  accurate  Suetonius  fpeaks  of  an  ini- 
fuctHstul  attcnipi  for  that  purp*<ie,  made  by  the  emperor 
Claudius,  abuvc  tlireefcoYe  years  after  Vinrii's  deaih  4* 

II.  None  hut  the  initiaiecl  could  reveal  thefccret  of  the 
royfteries;  and  the  imtiated  could  not  reveal  it, 

WITHOUT  violating  THE  LAWS^  Ai>  WKLL  OF  HONuUR 

AS  OF  RELIGION.  1  f^ncciely  acc|uir  the  Biiliop  ol  Giou- 
ccfter  of  any  deliga  ,  vet  fo  unfortunate  is  his  l\  liem,  that 
It  reprcfents  a  muft:  virtuous  and  elt  r-int  poet,  »ii  cv£u;iiiy 
devoid  of  tafte,  and  of  common  honefty. 

His  Lordfhips  acknowled.res,  that  the  initiated  were 
bound  to  fecrecy  by  the  mi  ft  folcmn  obligations  **  ;  ihat 
Virgil  wa«  conlcious  of  ihc  imputed  impiety  of  his  delign  ; 
diat  at  Athens  he  never  durft  liave  ventured  on  it ;  that 
even  at  Rome  foch  a  difcovery  was  eAeemed  not  only 

by  Dr.  Halle>,  «!U  floa.  Ait  A  V  C.  y«r»  735*  tbe  ijtfi  of  Boe*«m«a 

co;nc")r|fd  with  the  14th  of  Auguft  of  the  Julian  year.    Bui  if  w«  may  brliere 
Dion  Cailiuiy  the  celebration  wii«  this  vcar  anticipatrd,  on  account  0^  AttfttftM 
wai  the  Indian  philofopher.    L.  LIV.  p.  739.  edit.  Rjiraai. 
•  Strabo,  L.  xv.  p.  7to.       f  Dmtat.  in  Vtrgil. 

t  D  L.  vol.  I.  p.  ,,g.  ^  Saliiafms  ad  ScriptMMiHIft.  AafPfk^Sf. 

H  CaUubon  ad  Scriptor.  Hift.  Attguftu*,  p.  15. 

f  Suctoa.  lA  Claud,    25.  p.  U  vol.  I.  p.  147. 

IMPIOUS 


Digitized  by  CoogI 


8IX7tt  BOOK,  or  7HB  jBRim 

ft 

jMPtovt  but  tNFAMOW:  and  yee  his  LordM^  iinifliii^ 


SitmihifaSj  mtditaUqui*. 

VirgH  lays  rpen  the  whole  secret  of  the  myftciics  under 
t&e  thin  veil  of  an  allegorjr^  -which  could  <feceive  ndta<  but 
tlie  Mil:  carelefs  readers  f. 

An  apobgy  f  an  allegory  !  Such  artifitfesf  might  jsa^iapV 
havrfaved  him  from  the  lenter.ce  of  the  Areopagus,  had 
fimia  mImi*  or  intereiled  priefl:  demHinced  Mm  t6  that 
court,  as  guilty  of  publilhtng  a  blasphemous  j^obw. 
But  the  law^  of  honour  are  mdre  rigid,  and  ftx  'iri^ire* 
Kberal  thaa  -ifcofe  of  civil  trilniiials.  Senfe,  not  v^rortls,  i# 
confidered ;  and  guilt  is  agjrava  ctl,  not  protc6^ed,  by 
artful  cvaiionSi  Tirgil  woiaid  Aill  have  indurfed  tte  fevM 
cenfure  of  a  contemporary^  who  wai  htnifelf  a  man  of 
very  Isttie  rdigioo. 

Fetabo^  qui  dreris  facrufn 
yitigirit  arcan^^  fub  tifdem 

Sit  trabibui^  fragiUmqut  nucum 
Solvat  phaffiumX* 

Nor  can  T  eu&j  perfuadc  myfelf,  that  t&e  itlgetlicttis  inioS 
of  Vireil  could  have  deferved  this  extomrouniciitioii. 

Thefc  lines,  belong  to  an  ode  of  Homce,  which 
emj  merit,  except  that  of  order.  That  death  in  our 
country's  caufc  is  pleafant  and  honourable  ;  that  virtue  doe^ 
nor  depend  on  the  caprice  of  a  pio|lul  n  ckction  ;  and  chat 
tile  myllcries  of  Ceres  ought  not  to  be  dilcK  fed,  are  ideatf 
which  have  no  apparent  connciSlioii.  The  beautiful  difor^r 
der  of  lyric  poetry,  is  the  ufual  apology  madb  \5%  profcflbd 
critics  on  thde  occafions : 

Sw  JiyJe  tmpefueuxy  fouvtnt  piatcbe  au  hazard ; 
Qn%  iiiij  un  beau  defirdre  tftun  tffet  dg  i'art^i 

An  insufficient  apotogy  for  the  few,  tirbo  dare  jcdgrffoi!! 
their  own  fedii^.  i  ihaiL  not  deny,,  that  the  irreplaT 
notes  of  an  untutored  mufe  have  fonjetimes  delighted  me. 
Wc  can  very  feldom  be  difpicafed'  with*  the  unconHrainid' 


fight,  to  obferve  a  lyric  writer  o£  tafie  and  rraeadon: 


»• 


•  D.  L.  ^cl.  I.  p.  140       t  Hem,  p.  177,       flMiai.  L.  III^  Od.  fi. 

ftrivini^ 


CRIXICAL  OBSEKVATIONS  ON  THB 


firiving  to  torgct  the  laws  of  compofition,  disjoln':ing  the 
orde;  oi  hift  ioew,  and  working  himfeif  up  into  aitt^ial 
QUidnei'iy 

Ut  cum  ratifim  infamat, 

I  had  once  fucoeeded  (as  I  thought)  la  remorinff  dib  defeA^ 
by  the  help  of  an  hypochelis  which  cqffpc^ea  the  ievend 
pam  of  mrace's  ode  with  each  other.  My  ideas  appeared 
(I  mean  to  myfelQ  moft  Ingenioufly  conceived.  I  md  the 
ode  once  oaore,  andhuim  my  hypqthc^  But  lo  ictiimta 
ourprincipal  fiihjed. 

The  date  of  this  ode  may  be  of  ufe  to  ns ;  and  the  data 
may  be  fixed  with  tolerable  cenainty^  from  die  miotion  of 
the  Pajlthians,  who  are  defcribea  as  the  enemies  ag^inft 
ndiom  a  brave  yooih  ihoiild  figaaliae  his  valor. 

Parthos /ifmrx 

Thofe  who  are  ufed  to  the  laboured  happinf^s  of  all 
Horace's  pxpreffions  *  will  rendily  allow,  tluit  if  the 
Parthians  are  mentioned  rather  than  the  Britons  or  CaiiM- 
brians,  the  Gaiils  or  t!ie  Daimatian.;,  it  could  he  only  at  a 
time  when  the  Parthian  war  engaged  the  public  atten-r 
t\(m.  This  rerle6!ion  conhnes  us  oetwcen  the  years  of 
Roine  729  and  735.  Of  thclc  hx  years,  that  of  7^  has 
a  fupcrior  claim  to  the  compoiuion  of  the  ode. 

Julius  Cajfar  was  prevented  by  de^th  from  revenging  the 
defeat  of  Craflusf.  This  glorious  talk,  unfuci cisfullv 
attempted  bv  Marc  Antonvt^  fcemcd  to  be  rclcrved  ior  ihe 
prudence  and  felicity  of  Augullus  ;  who  became  folc  mai- 
ler of  the  Roman  world  in  the  year  724;  but  it  was  not 
till  the  year  729,  that,  having  changed  the  civil  adminiflra- 
lion  and  pacified  the  Weftern  piovinces,  he  had  leifure  to 
turn  his  views  towards  the  EaO;.  From  that  time,  Horace, 
in  compliance  with  the  public  wilh,  began  to  animate  both 
prince  and  people  to  revenue  the  manes  of  CrafTus  ^.  The 
cautious  policy  of  Augultus,  ftill  averfe  to  war,  was  at 
l^igth  roufed  in  the  year  7349  by  fome  diilurbantes  in 

'  •  Citrioja  Feruitas.  The  Ingenious  Dr.  Warton  hai  a  rtn  ftrong  Hiflike  to 
ASt  celebncM-dunAer  of  Horace.    I  fafpcd  ^btk  I  im         wrong f  Gncep 

in  a  point  of  criticifm,  I  diff'rr  from  Dr.  Warton.  f  cannot,  hrwrvcr,  forbear 
thinking,  that  the  exprelfion  U  itjelf  what  Petroniut  wifhcd  to  dcfcftbc  ^  the 
happy  union  of  fuch  ealie  as  fcema  the  gift  of  fortuoci  with  fuch  ^adaeCi  a% 
can  only  be  the  refult  of  cate  and  labour.  ' 

^  Suet.-->n.  in  Cnrfsr,  c  44. 

1  Fiut.  in  Vit.  Anton.    Juivan  In  C^far,  p.  314.  cciit.  Sp^nhenn. 
\  Horac.  L.  I.  04,  u«  L.  ill.  Od.  v,     11.  $crm.  t*  v.  15>  &c. 

Atmenia. 

* 

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SIXTH  BOOK  OF  THE  ^NEID.  28j 

Aitntnuu  He  palled  over  into  Afia,  and  fisot  the  ywmg 
Tiberiiii  wilfa  an  amy  beyond  tbe  Euphratet  Every  ap- 
peaiance  promifed  a  glorious  wan  But  the  ?^rtfaiaD  mo- 
aarch*  Phiabatesy  alanned  at  die  approadi  of  die  Komaa 
legions,  and  diffident  of  tlie  iidelinr  of  his  fubjefit,  diviertcd 
die  ilorm,  by  a  timely  and  htmibie  fobmiffion : 

■      yms^t  imperiumqui  PhrshaUs 

Csfar  Mvrned  m  tiiumph  to  Rome,  with  the  Fanhiaa  . 
bo(bges,  and  die  Roman  eafigps  which  bad  been  i^ken 

from  Craffus. 

Thile  bufy  fcenes,  which  engage  the  attention  of  con- 
temporarieif  are  £tf  le£i  intereilmg  to  pofteritVt  than  the 
iilenr  iabouxi*  or  even  amnfementa  of  a  man  of  gcniua. 

C^Jar  dum  mapnts  ad  aitum 
Fulminat  EuphraUn  Mo^  vUhraue  volentes 
Per  tofulos  dat  jura^  ifiamqut  adfe^at  0lifmf9» 
Illo  rirgilium  me  timptrt  didciv aUbat 
Partbin^i^  fiudiis  fi§rinUm  tgn§kiUs  otL 

Wbilft  Csefar  humbled  the  PaithianSt  Vii^al  was  com* 
pofing^  the  ^neid.  It  is  well  known^  that  this  noble  poem 
'  occupied  4ht  author,  without  being  able  to  facisfy,  hifl^ 
daring  the  twebe  laft  years  of  his  life*  from  the  year  713 
to  the  year  735 1«  The  public  expe^tion  was  fooii 
raiied,  and  the  modeft  Vir^  was  fometimes  obliged  to 
gratify  the  impadent  curiofity  of  his  friends.  Soon  after  ^ 
die  death  of  young  Marcellu^t  he  recited  the  fccond, 
fourth,  and  sixth  books  of  the  ^iieid,  in  the  prefence  of 
Auguftus  and  0<^via||»  He  even  fometimes  read  parts  of 
his  work  to  more  numerous  companies ;  with  a  deflre  of 
obtaining  their  judgment,  rather  than  their  applaufe.  In 
this  manner,  Propertius  feems  to  have  heard  the  SHtsu 
OF  iEwAS,  and  from  that  fpecimcn  he  ventures  to  foretell 
the  approaching  birth  of  a  poem>  which  will  furpaia  the 

ji^ia  FirgUium  cuftodis  iitora  Phmhi^ 
Cafarii  it  fortii  diem  Pflft  ratis* 

^  Horat.  L.  i.  Eplil.  xii.  Veil.  Pater.  L.  ii.  Ci  xciv.    Tacic.  Annal.  L*  ii«  . 
t*  i.  'SmIm.  in  0£bv«  t*  sxl.  and  In  Tiber,  c.  xiv.  JuiVin,  L.  sliL  c.  v. 
Pion  Cftffiiit,  L.  liv.  p.  736.  edit.  lUuBir*  Joftpl^  Ant.  Im  sv«  c  Oiii. 

f  aft.  V.  ytt.  551,  &c. 
.  i-  Donat.  in  Virgil. 
I  Mwtettnt  died  in  die  latter  end  of  the  yetr  ^lU   IMiril  JoBtUit  >•  55^ 

iDMM.iDyiiia. 


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CRITJICAJL  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE 

^ut  nunc  /Enea  Trojarit  frtfcitat  arma^ 

yaSfaqui  Lduinis  7na:nia  iujribus. 
Ceaite  Rornani  fcripicnj,  r^ditc  G ratty 

Nifcia  quui  nutjui  najt  iiur  hiuJe  *. 

As  a  friend  and  as  a  critic,  Horace  was  entitled  to  all  Vir- 
t^il'sconhdenceT  was  probably  acqnanited  with  the  whole 
progrefs  of  the  /Encid,  from  the  hrli  rude  fVetch,  which 
Virgil  drew  up  in  proic,  to  thut  harmortious  poetry,  which 
the  autliur  alc;iic  thought  unworthv  of  poftcvity. 

To  refiime  niv  idea,  which  dei)cnded  on  t!ii«;  lon^  dr- 
tludlion  of  circiiinftanceS ;  wh^n  Horace  compoled  the 
fccond  ode  of  his  third  book,  the  j^neid,  and  particular!  v 
the  fixth  book,  were  already  known  to  the  public.  The 
lR?tefration  of  the  wretch  ^ho  reVealtf  the'  nlyfteries  of 
Ceres,  though  expreffed  in  general  rerms,  miifV  he  applied 
by  all  Rome  to  rhe  autlior  of  the  ftxih  book  of  the  ^Encid. 
Can  we  ferioully  luppote,  that  Horace  would  have 

BRANDED  WITH  SUCH  WANToN  INFAMY,  ONE  OF  THE 
MEN  IN  THE  WORLD  WHOM  HJi  LOVED  AND  UONOUllJLD 

THE  MOST  t  ? 

Nothing  remains  to  fay,  except  that  Horace  was  himk  If 
miorant  of  his  friend's  allegorical  mcanine*  whicli  liie 
Bifhop  of  Gloucefter  has  Ance  revealed  to  tlie  world. 
It  may  be  fo  ;  yet,  for  my  own  part,  I  ihould  be  \xr^'  well 
fati^hed  with  imdcrilanding  Virgil  no  better  than  Horace 
did. 

It  is  perhaps  fomc  fuch  foolilli  fondnefs  of  antiquity^ 
t^'hich  inclmes  me  to  doubt,   wliether   the  BiSHOl*  oF 
Gloucester  has  reallv  united  the  fcvcre  fenfe  of  Aris- 
totle with  the  fiiblime  ima^'nation  of  Longikus.  Yet 
a  judicious  critic  (who  is  now,  1  believe,  Archdeacon 
OK  Gloucester)  alilnes  the  public,  tliat  his  patron's 
mere  amiifemeius  liave  done  much  more  t'uan  ilic  joint 
labours  of  the  two  (-rvt'cians.    I  iliall  conclude  thele  Ob- 
fcrvations  w  iia  a  remark.Uile  })a{fagclrom  the  Archdeacon's 
Dedication"];:  **  It  was  nui  ciioui^h,  in  voUR  enlarged 
vii.w  OF  THINGS,  to  icflore  cither  of  thefc  models) 
Aristoti  i.  or  LoNGiNUs)  to  their  original  fplcndor^ 
They  were  both  to  be  revived  ;  or  rather  a  new  ori- 
•*  ciNAL  i  LAN  or  cKiiTcisM  10  bc  ftruck  ont,  which 

**  SHOULD    I  NU  E    THE    VIRTUES  OF  EACH  OE  THEM. 

This  experiment  wa^  made  on  the  two  grcateft  of  our 
own  poets,  {Shakf^carc  and  Pope,),  and  by  reflct5ling 

•  Fropert.  L.  ir.  H.  xxr.  v.  66. 

-f  Horar.  L.  1.  04.  ili.  L.  I.  Serm.  t.  rer.  39,  fee. 

X  See  (he  Dedication  Qt  HorMC'f  £fiAlc  to  Au£uA«l«  wltb^so  EogliOi 


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SIXTH  BeOfC  OP  TH£  JEKBIB. 

•*  lA^LIC9T9  0P  TOB  IMAGINATION  OK  THE  SEYE* 

REST' REAspN,  every  thing  wfts  eflSed^d  -whicii  the 
V  wanneft  aflmirer  of  aittient  ait  cpM  pcQaiife  kimfeif 

from  (pd)^  a  union.  But  yov  WBirr  farther  :  by 
«*  jpimng  to  thcfe  powers  a  perfect  inicomt  wto  hit- 
•*  MAN  ifATURE;  andCo  ci^iobliiig^  ctceRiifr  of  liicra- 
^<  ly,  jby  the  juilidl  moral  cenfurc,  vol/  have  wow  at 

tENCTK  ADVANCED  CRITICMM  tO  ITt  rVLL  GLORY.'* 


POSTSCRIPT. 

J  WAS  not  ignorant,  that  feveral  years  fincc,  the  Rev; 
J>r«  Jprtini  had  favoured  the  Pubhc  virich  a  Dissert atioiy 
ontheSt^teof  the  Dead,  as  described  by  Ho- 
IfjER  AND  Virgil*;  but  the  book  is  now  grown  Co 
fcarce,  that  I  was  not  able  in  procure  a  fight  of  it  till  after 
c!?.efc  papers  had  been  already  lent  to  the  prc6.  I  found 
pr.  Jortin's  pcTformance,  as  ^  expeded,  moderate,  learned, 
kq4  critical.  Among  a  variety  of  ingenious  ohfervations, 
-  tiere  arc  two  or  three  whicl)  arc  very  dofely  coone^ed ' 
with  my  prclcnt  fuhje(5t.  ^ 

1  had  puffed  over  in  fdence  one  argument  of  the  Bifliop 
of  Gloucefter,  or  rajhcr  of  Scarron  and  the  Biihop  of 
Q)ouceftcr ;  fince  the  former  foupd  tlie  remark,  and  the 
^ni(hed  the  inference. 

cries  the  untoiiunatc  Phleirvas.    In  the  midll  of  his  tor-- 
menrs,  he  preaches  jullice  and  piety,  like  Ixion  in  Pindar. 
A  very  uieful  piece  of  advice,  lays  the  French  butfoon» 
iot  thofe  who  were  already  damnea  to  ail  eternity : 

Cetti  ftotence  eft  bonne  ri  belle  : 
Mais  en  enfet^  ^e  qt{oi  Jei  $  eiUF 

Ffom  Ail  JM^tPous  piece  of  critldfm  his  lord^np  argue^ 
^%  Bhkgyjs  was  prcachiiig  not  to  the  dc^d^  but  to  tjvfi 
living  i  ^nd  th^t  Vir^iris  only  defqptbia^  tl^e  mi^iip  Tarta- 
fm,  x^^lch  wa«  e3^ubitc4  ^  ElcuiU  for  tt^e  inftrut^on  qf 
^einitiaiBd. 

I  fliril  lliPferiS3«  oqe.  ar  two  of  t^ie  rrafomi«  which 
Jortin  condefcends  to  oppofe  to  Scsinon*s  cri^iciibi. 

t  ^If  PUScfUtioss  on  di<Terent  Subje£^,  publKhrd  in  a  %'ofume  to  odavo,  ia 
tk»  yivt7S$»  •  Ic  M  the  Sixck  Dill'era(ioo»  ft  sot— }a4. 

"  To 


CRITICAL  OfiSE&VAXiONS  ON  THE 

"  To  preach  to  the  damned,  fays  he,  is  labour  in  ram. 
**  And  what  if  it  is  r  it  might  be  part  of  his  punifhment, 
**  to  exhort  himfelf  and  others,  when  cxhorrannns  were 

too  late.  This  admonition,  as  far  as  it  rc kites  to  hlmfelf 
**  and  his  companions  in  milerv,  is  to  be  looked  npon  not 

fo  much  as  an  admonition  to  mend,  but  a  bitter  iarcaiiny 
**  and  reproaching  of  paft  iniquities. 

**  It  is  labour  in  vain.  But  in  the  poeiical  fyfiem,  it 
**  feems  to  have  been  the  occupation  of  the  damned  to 

labour  in  vain,  tQ  catcli  at  meat  aod  drink  ciiat  iied  irom 
**  them,  &c. 

His  inflrn^lion,  like  that  of  Txicin  in  Pindar,  might 
be  for  ilic  ulc  <>{'  thu  living.  You  wiii  lay,  h^w  £an 
*'  that  be  r  Surtly  nothing  is  more  eafy  and  intelligible. 
**  he  mules  hear  him^ — ^'f  he  mufes  reveal  it  to  the  p^er, 
**  and  the  ml  pi  red  poet  reveals  it  to  mankiiMl.  Aiid  ia 
**  much  ff)i  Plilcgyas  and  Monfieui  Seai  ron.'* 

It  is  prettily  nhferved  by  Dr.  Jortin,  '*  That  Virgil, 
**  alter  having  ihone  our  with  full  ipiendor  through  the 
fixth  book,  fets  ar  hfl  in  a  clf)ud.'*  The  ivory  gate 
puzzles  every  ( 'immentator,  and  [:Ticvcs  every  lover  of 
"Virgil:  yet  it  affords  n  »  advantages  to  the  Bilhop  of  Glou- 
cefter.  T!ie  objection  preiles  as  hani  on  the  notion  of  an 
initiation,  as  on  that  of  a  real  deft  cut  to  the  ihades. 
•*  The  troublcfome  conclulion  Hill  rcmams  as  it  was  ;  and 
"  from  the  manner  in  which  the  hero  is  difmiflTed  after 
•*  the  ceremonies,  wc  learn,  that  in  thole  iniri  uions,  the 
**  machinery,  and  the  whole  fliew,  wa>  (in  the  Poet's 
opinion)  a  reprckatatioa  of  things^  which  iuui  no  truth 
or  reaiitjr* 


4< 


"  Altera  candtnti  pirfgUa  nitens  eUpbantt : 
<^  Sid  FALSA  ^  cmium  miiitmf  iMtoMNiA 

> 

Dreams  in  genetal  may  be  caUad  vaim  and  deai^ti^ 
Jmitia  vana^  or  /omnia  f^lfr%  if  you  will,  as  they  aie 
^*  oppofisd  to  the  r$ai  objeos  which  prefcnt  themlolvci  to 
^  m  when  we  are  awake.    Hut  when  faljk  dreamt  aie 
oppofed  to  trui  oneSy  there  the  epithet  fmifa  has  another 
meanine.    True  dreams  reprefent  what  is  real,  anl 
^  ihew  in^t  is  trtie;  hdfe  dreams  reprefent  thingt  whidi 
are  nor,  or  which  are  not  true.   1  hus  Homer  and  Vir* 
gil«  and  many  other  poets»  and  indeed  the  nature  of  tbe 
diing,  diftinguilh  them/* 

Or.  Jortin,  though  with  rclu6lance,  acouicfces,  in  the 


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SIXTH  BOOK  OP  THE  iSNSm  sly 

the  beautiful  Mjtmt  vrbkch  it  has  coft  lum  eight  hundred  • 
to  raife.  He  explains  too  this  prepofterom  condu6t,  by  the 
ufoal  expedient  of  the  Poet'i  epicureifin.  ,  1  aniy  differ  from 
him  In  attributing  to  hade  and  indiiccedoi^  what  he  confi- 
ders  as  die  reCuk  of  dedgiu 

Another  reafon,  bpth  new  and  ingenious,  is  aHlgncd  by 
Dr.  Jortin,  for  Virgil  explaining  away  his  hero's  dcfcent^ 
into  an  idle  dream.       All  communication  with  the  dead, 
**  die  infernal  powers,  &c.  belonged  to  the  ait  magic,  and 

magic  was  heki  in  abomination  by  the  Romans/'  Yet 
if  it  was  held  in  abomination,  it  was  fuppoied to  be  reaL 
A  writer  would  not  have  made  his  court  to  James  the  Firft^ 
by  lepiefentin?  the  (lories  of  witchcraic  as  die  phantoms  of 
an  0VC1  heated  imagination. 

Whilft  I  am  writing,  a  fudden  thought  oocm^  to  me» 
which*  rude  and  impertedl  as  it  is,  I  Hi  all  v  enture  to  throw 
out  to  Ae  public.  It  is  this.  tAfter  Virgil,  in  imitation 
of  Homer,  had  deicribed  the  two  gates  of  ileep,  the  horn, 
and  the  ivory,  he  again  takes  up  the  £rft  in  a  diiferem  ienfe: 

>  Qua  tejiljs  facilis  jdatu&  £xitus  ummis*  ' 

The  TRUE  SHADES,  vFR.f:  UMBRiE,  wcrc thofe  airy  forms 
which  were  concinimllv  lent  to  animate  new  bodies,  fuch 
light  and  alraoft  immaterial  natures  as  could  without  diffi- 
culty pafs  through  a  thin  trani'parcnt  fubftance.  In  this 
new  fenle,  ^^^oeas  and  the  Sybil,  who  were  Aill  encum* 
bered  with  a  load  of  flefh,  could  not  pretend  to  the  prero- 
gative of  TRUE  SHADES.  lii  thcit  paflkgc  ovcr  Styx,  thej 
iiad  almoll  iunk  Charon's  boat. 

—  Ccmuit  fub  pondire  cymba 
Sutiliij  4t  multam  auepit  rimoja  paludenu 

Some  oAer  expedient  was  rcomrite  for  tfaeirittmn;  and 
fince  the  horn  gate  would  not  aflbrd  them  an  eafy  difmilfi- 
on,  the  other  pafiage,^wblch  wis  adorned  widi  the  poUlbni 
avory,  was  die  only  one  diat  i«matnod  either  for  them*  or 
for  the  Poet. 

this  explananony  we  fave  VirgiTs  judgment  and  nli* 
gion,  tboQ^Imu^l  own*  at  the-expence  of  an  uncom- 
iBon  harflmefs  and  amlneuity  of  expreffion*  Let  it  only- 
lie  icmembered,  that  tiuMe,  who  in  defperace  cafes  conjee- 
tm  widk  modedy,  have  a  right  to  he  heard  with  ix^iuU 
yncCi 

9 


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A 

DISSERTATION 

ON  THE  SUBJECT  OF 

L' HOMME  AU  MAS^E  DE  FER, 

THE  myfterious  hiftory  of  the  famous  French  prifoner* 
known  by  the  appellation  of  f  Houme  au  ALifyo-  ,!e 
F^}'y  Is  related  oy  M.  \  ^Irr  ire,  in  the  Sih/f  d€  Louis  Xiy^ 
and  in  the  ^eJtUns  fur  P  Encychpidii.  That  writer,  the 
moft  fcepticaT  and  lively  of  his  age,  never  attempts  either 
to  ctm^  rft  the  truth,  or  to  reveal  tlie  fecret  of  that  wonder- 
ful atiair.  Je  ne  connois  point  de  fait  ni  plus  extr^dinairf 
fit  mteux  Lonjfati  is  the  juft  conclufion  of  his  f\rft  account. 
In  his  fubfcquent  additions,  he  refutes  with  force  and  con^ 
tempt  the  idle  fuppofitions  that  this  unknown  prifonerwas 
the  Due  dc  Beaufort)  the  Count  de  Vermandois,  or  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth.  At  length,  breaking  oS  ahruptly, 
he  throws  out  a  dark  intimation,  qu^il  en  fait  peut  itre  plut 
que  le  Pen  Griftt^  ii  qu*il  f^tn  dira  pa$  davaniage. 

If  we  are  difpofed  to  exerclfe  our  curioiity  and  conjee^ 
tures  upon  this  hiftorical  anecdote,  we  muft  (leadily  re* 
member,  that  no  hypothecs  can  deferve  the  leaft  credit^ 
unlefs  it  correfponds  with  and  explains  the  following  cir- 
comilances : 

I*  The  prifoner  i^rho  pafled  his  melancholv  life  in  thd 
ifles  de  St.  Marguerite  and  the  Baftile  was  callea  Marthiali^ 
As  the  name  was  moft  afluredly  fictions,  this  cinimftance 
feems,  and  indeed  is,  of  fmall  importance.  However,  in 
cafe  an  Italian  was  either  the  author  of  his  birth,  or  the 
guardian  of  his  infancy*  a  name  drawn  from  that  .language 
would  moH  naturally  prefent  itfelf. 

2.  Marchiali  was  buried  iecredy  and  by  ni^ht,  in  the 
parilh  church  of  St.  PauFs  on  the  third  day  of  March  in 
Che  year  1 703,  as  is  oroved  by  the  journal  of  the  Pcre  Gri-^ 
fo,  who  was  entruued  with  the  very  delicate  employment 
of  confeflbr  to  the  Baftile.  A  few  days  before  his  death,  the  • 
unknown  prifoner  told  his  phyfician  that  he  believed  himfelf 
about  'fixty  years  of  age.  If  he  reckoned  with  precifionf 
he  vt%%  bom  in  the  fpring  of  the  year  1643,  about  the  tim» 
of  the  death  of  Louis  the  Thmeenth.   But  the  dreary 

Vol.  Ill,  U'  boiua 


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A  DISSERTATION  ON  THE  SOBJECT  OF 


'  hours  of  a  prifon  move  flowly,  and  the  infirmirics  of  age 
are  hadencd  by  grief  and  folitude.  Marchiali  could  fpeak 
only  from  conjedure  ;  nor  is  it  unlikely  that  he  mighc  be 
fonewhat  younger  than  he  fuppofed  hinDfelf. 

3.  Hr  was  condudled  to  the  Ifles  de  St.  Margtierire  on 
the  coafl  of  Provence,  fome  months  after  the  death  of  Car* 
dinal  Mazarin  ;  that  is  to  fay,  about  the  end  of  the  year 
1661,  or  the  beginning  of  1602.  This  is  the  firft  among 
the  few  events  of  his  life.  M.  de  Vohatrei  mentions,  ia 
one  place,  a  previous  confinement  atPignerol;  but  without 
being  pcifeiflly  clear,  or  even  confiftent  on  that  head. 

4«  Marchiali,  whoever  he  was,  had  never  a^ed  any  dif« 
tin2;uirtieJ  part  on  the  public  theatre  of  the  world.  The 
futfden  abfence  of  fuch  a  perfon,  in  any  part  of  £ttrop^ 
would  infallibly  have  occaiionedmuch  wonder  and  enquiryt 
feme  traces  of  wliich  mud  have  reached  our  knowkdge. 
But  in  this  inftance,  ufingthe  ampleft  latitude  of  time,  we 
cannot  even  difcover  any  one  important  deaths  that  leaves 
the  minuted  opening  for  our  moft  licentious  fufpicions. 

5.  An  illuftrious  oirth  was  therefore  the  only  advantage 
by  which  the  prifoner  could  be  diAinguidied ;  and  his  hituk 
muft  indeed  have  been  illufirious,  iince,  when  Moniieorde 
Louvois  made  himaviilt,  he  fpoketohim  Handing,  and 
avec  um  confidirathn  qui  itnoit  du  relpi&*  We  muA  afoend 
very  hieh  ere  we  can  attain  a  ranx  which  that  proud  and 
powerfm  ihinifter  of  the  French  monarchy  could  think  tc 

his  duty  to  refpeSt, 

6«  The  moft  extraordinary  precautions  were  employed^ 
not  only  to  fecure,  but  to  conceal,  this  myfterious  capuve ; 
and  his  guards  were  ordered  to  kill  him,  if  he  made  ^ 
leaft  attempt  to  difcover  himfelf.  That  order,  as  wdl  as 
the  filver  plate  which  he  threw  out  of  the  prifon  windowt 
after  writing^  fomething:  upon  it,  and  which  fell  into  the 
hands  of  an  illiterate  fiiherman,  fufficiently  prove  that  he 
was  acquainted  with  his  own  name  and  condition.  The 
maik,  which  henever  was  permitted  to  lay  afide,  fhews  the 
apprehenfion  of  die  difcovery  of  fome  very  Ariking  lefem- 
blance. 

7.  Prifoners  of  fuch  alarming  importance  are  feldom  fu£- 
fered  to  live.  Of  all  precautions,  the  da^er  and  the  bowl 
are  undoubtedly  the  fureft.  Nothing  but  &  moA  powerfbl 
motives,  or,  indeed,  the  tendered  tics,  could  have  flopped 
the  monarches  hand,  and  induced  him  rather  to  xifk.  a  dif- 
covery, tlian  to  fpill  the  blood  of  this  unfortunate  man. 
He  was  lodged  in  the  bed  apartment  of  the^fiaflile,  his  ta- 
ble was  ferved  in  the  mod  delicate  manner,  he  was  allowed 
to  play  on  the  guitar, 'and  fupplied  with  the  fined  laces 
and  linen,  of  which  he  was  faflionatcly  fond.    Every  kind 

attendoa 


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* 


L'HOMME  AU  MASQUB  DE  FER.  291 

actention  was  ftudtoufly  pradifed,  that  ^outd  th  any  wife 
alleviate  the  irkfomeneis  of  his  perpetual  imprifonment. 

When  }49txCiewr  de  ChamiUard,  in  the  year  1721, 
was  on  his  deaih-bed»  his  fon-in-law»  die  Marechal  ae  la  • 
FeiiiUade,  begged  on  his  knees»  that  he  would  difclole  to 
him  that  myilerious  traniaSion.  The  dying  minifter  re- 
fiifed  to  gratify"  this  unreafonable  curiofity.  It  was  d\c 
*^  fecret  of  the  ftate,  (he  faid,)  and  he  had  taken  an  oadi 

never  to  divulge  it."  The  prifoner  had  then  been  dead 
eighteen  years,  and  Louis  the  Fourteenth  almoft  fix.  It 
rouft  have  been  a  fecret  of  no  common  magnitude  that 
could  flill  a£&£l  the  peace  and  weliare  6f  future  generations. 

Before  we  proceed  to  a  probable  folution  of  thefe  ftrange 
cicumllances,  let  us  try  to  connefl:  cheni  with  foine  h6kso£ 
a  more  public  ancl  general  nature. 

1.  The  doubtful  birth  of  Louis  XIV.  often  occurs^.iik 
converfation»  as  the  fubjed^  of  hiilorical  fcepticifih.  The 

'  fiift  grounds  of  the  fufpicion  are  obvious.  He  was  borii 
after  a  fterile  union  of  twenty-three  years  between  Louis 
the  Thirteenth  and  Anne  of  Auftria.  But  as  fuch  an 
event,  however  unfiequent,  is  neither  defHtute  of  poffibi* 
Uty,  nor  .even  of  example,  the  fcandalous  rumour  would 
lon^  iince  have  died  away  in  oblivion,  had  it  not  derived 
additional  flrength  from  the  character  and  iituadon  of  the 
royal  pair. 

2.  Though  Louis  Xni*  wanted  not  either  parts  or  coii- 
rage^  his  chara6ler  was  degraded  by  a  coldnefs  and  debility^ 
bow  of  mind  and  body,  which  had  little  affinity  with  his 
heroic  father.  Mad  his  indifference  towards  the  fex  been 
confined  to  the  queen,  it  mieht  have  been  confidered  as  the 
mere  effeft  of  perfonal  diilike ;  but  his  cbafli  amours  widi 
his  female  favourites  betrayed  to  die  laughing  court,  that 
the  king  was  lefs  than  a  man. 

3.  Without  reviving  all  the  obfoletefcandal  of  theyrWif» 
we  may  refpedlfully  infinuate  that  Anne  df  Auftria's  repii* 
tation  of  cfaaflity  was  never  fo  firmly  eftablifhed  as  that  of 
her  hufband.  To  the  coauetr^  of  France,  the  queen  united 
the  warm  paffions  of  a  Spaniard.  Her  friends  acknow^ 
ledee  that  (he  was  gay,  indifcreet,  vain  of  her  charms, 
aodftronglyaddided  at  leaf^  to  romantic  gallantry.  Iti4 

well  known  diat  fhe.permitted  fome  diflinguiihed  fiivourites  ' 
to  entertain  her  with  foft  tales  of  her  beauty  and  their  love  ; 
and  thus  removed  the  diflant  ceremony,  which  is  perhaps 
the  fureft  defence  of  royal  virtue.  Anne  of  Auflria  pafled 
twenty  eight  years  with  hufband,  alike  incapable  of  gra- 
tifyii^^  her  tooder  or  her  fenfual  inclinations.  At  the  age. 
of  forty-lhree,  fhe  was  left  an  independent  widow^  miflias 
of  herldfi  aiid  of  the  kingdom. 

U  »  4.  The 


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A  DISSERTATION,  kc. 


4.  The  civil  wars  which  raged  during  the  minority  of 
Louis  XIV.  arofe  from  the  blind  and  unaccountable  at* 
tachmenc  of  the  queen  to  Cardinal  Mazarin,  whom  fhe 
obninately  fupponed  again{\  the  univerfal  daitiour  of  the 
French  nation.  The  Auftrian  pride,  perhaps,  and  the 
ufeful  merit  of  the  minider,  might  detenoine  the  queen  to 
brave  an  infolent  oppofuion  ;  but  a  connexion,  formed  by 
policy,  might  ycry  eafily  terminate  in  love.  The  neceifity 
of  bufinefs  would  engage  that  princefs  in  Inany  a  fecret  and 
midnight  conference  with  an  Italian  olF  an  agreeable  perfon* 
vigorous  conllitutiont  loofe  morals,  and  artful  addrefs. 
The  amazing  anecdote  hinted  at  in  the  honeft  memoirs  of 
La  Porte,  fufficiently  proves  that  Mazarin  was  capable  of 
employing  every  expedient  to  infmuate  bimfelf  into  eviry 
fart  of  the  royal  family. 

e.  If  Anne  of  Audria  yielded  to  fuch  opportunities,  and 
to  To  artful  a  lover ;  if  (he  became  a  mother  after  her  huf- 
band^s  death,  her  weaknefs,  and  the  cnnfequences  of  it» 
would  have  been  carefully  fcrcened  Irom  the  eye  of  curious 
malignity.  When  Louis  XIV.  fucceedcd  to  the  poiTefllon 
of  the  kingdom,  and  of , the  fatal  fecrcr,  he  was  deeply  in- 
tcreAcd  In  tne  guard  of  his  own,  and  of  his  mother's  honour. 
Had  her  frailty  lx:cn  revealed  to  the  world,  the  living  proof 
would  have  awakened  and  confirmed  all  the  latent  lulpici- 
ons,  ditfufcd  a  fpirit  of  diflrufl  and  divilion  among  the  peo- 
ple, and  fhaken  tfie  hereditary  cbim  of  the  monarch.  If 
the  ftronc:  gi<^fp  ^f  Louis  XIV.  retained  the  Frenrh  I'cep- 
tre,  the  doubt  and  the  danger  were  entailed  on  tumrc  ages. 
In  iome  teehle,  or  infant  reign,  an  ambitious  Contle  might 
embrace  the  fair  pretence  to  aflert  the  right  to  his  genuine 
branch,  and  to  exclude  from  the  fucceSion  the  ipurious 
poftcritv  of  Louis  XTII. 

In  a  word,  the  child  of  Anne  of  Auftria  and  of  Cardi- 
nal iMazarin  would  have  been  at  once  the  brother  and  ilic 
mod  dungerous  enemy  of  his  fovereign.  The  humanity 
of  Louis  aIV.  might  have  declined  a  brother's  murder; 
but  pride,  policy,  and  even  patriotifm,  mufl  have  compel- 
led that  prince  to  hide  his  face  and  his  exillence  with  an 
iron  malk  and  the  walls  of  the  Bafuie. 

.It  is  fear  eel  V  ncceflary  to  add,  that  I  fuppoic  the  unfor- 
tunate Marchiali  to  have  been  that  child.  If  the  fevcral 
fa^s  wlii(  h  I  have  drawn  together  blend  themfelves,  widi- 
out  conitraint,  into  a  conhflent  and  nirural  fyftem,  it  is 
furcly  no  weak  argument  in  tin  (3m  oi  the  truth,  or  at  ieait 
of  the  probability  of  my  opiuioo. 
.  1774. 


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MEMOIRE  •  JUSTIFICATIF . 

POUR  S£B.V1R  D£ 

R£  PONSE  a  TExpose'  des  Motifs  de  ia  Conduite  du 
Roi  de  France  reUtivemoit  a  PAmcleterre, 

T  'ambition  d*une  puKTance,  coujours  ennemie  da  ripo$ 
p-ubltc»  a  oblige  enfin  le  roi  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  a 
employer  dans  une  e;uerre  julle  et  legitime  ces  forces  que 
Dieu  et  fon  peuple  luj  ont  conE£e8.---C'eft  to  vain  que  la 
France  eflaye  de  juftifier,  ou  plucdt  de  dcguiler,  fa  politi* 
que  aux  yeiix  de  i'Europe  par  fon  dernier  manifefte,  que 
1  orgueil  et  rartifice  i'embtent  avoir  di6^e,  mais  qui  ne  peut 
ie  conciiier  avec  la  vente  des  faits  et  les  droits  des  nations* 
3L*equIte,  la  moderation,  Tamour  de  la  paix,  qui  ont  tou- 
joun  regie  les  demarches  du  roi,  i'engagent  maintenant  a 
foumettre  fa  conduite  ct  celle  de  les  ennemis  au  jugement 
du  tribunal  libre  et  refpedlable,  qui  prononce  fans  craintc 
et  funs  flacrcrie  Tarrct  de  TEurope,  du  fiede  prefent  et  de  la 
poRerite.  Ce  tribunal,  compofe  des  homines  eclaires  eC 
defmtcreffes  de  toutes  les  nations,  ne  s'ariete  jamais  aux 
profeflions,  et  c'eft  par  les  actions  des  princes  q  I'il  do;t 
juger  des  motifs  de  leurs  procedes  et  des  fcntimens  de  leurs 
ccBurs. 

Locfque  le  roi  monta  fur  le  tr6ne>  il  jouiflbit  du  fuccts 
de  fes  armcs  dans  les  quatrc  parties  du  monde.  Sa  mode- 
ration retablit  la  tranquilii  e  pr.blique,  dans  le  meme  inftatit 
qu'il  kiutenoit  avec  fermece  la  gloire  de  fa  couronii<^,  et 

?u'il  procuroit  a.  fes  fujcts  les  avantages  les  plus  folides. 
/experience  lui  avoit  fait  connoitre  combien  les  fruits  de 
]a  viSoire  meme  font  trifles  et  amers ;  combien  les  guerr'es 
beurcnfcs  oo  malbeureufes  epuifent  les  peuples  fans  ag^ran- 
dir  les  princes.  Ses  adtions  prouvoicnt  a  Tunivers,  qu*il 
fcntpit  tout  le  prix  de  la  paix,  el  il  etcit  au  moins  a  prefu- 
mer  que  la  rail'on  qui  Tavoit  eclaire  iur  les  malheurs  inc-  ^ 
vitables  de  la  guerre,  et  la  dangereufc  vanite  des  conquctes, 
lui  Infpircroit  la  refolution  finccre  ct  inebranlable  de  main- 
tcniria  iran^r.illite  piiblrquc,  dont  il  etoic  lui  meme  raiitcur 
et  le  garant.  Ces  principes  one  Icrvj  de  bale  fi  la  conduite 
invariable  de  fa  majcftc  pendant  les  quinze  aunces  qui  oat 

'  fuivi 


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M£ MOIRE  JUSTiFlCATIF  p^ut  /irvh  ii 


fuivi  la  paix  concluc  a  Paris  cp  1763:  epoaue  heurenfc  Ar. 
rcpos  er  de  felicite,  dont  la  memoiiT  fera  long  tems  n 
fervce  par  le  loavenir  ct  pcut-etre  paries  regrets  des  iianuns 
de  I'Europe. — Lcs  inftrudiions  du  roi  a  tous  fcs  minidrcs 
portoient  I'cmprcintc  dc  fon  caradiere  ct  de  fes  iiiaximes. 
II  leur  recomraandoit  cnmmc  Ic  plus  important  de  leurs  de- 
voirs d'ecoiiter  avec  une  attention  Icrupuleufe  les  plaintcs  er 
lcs  rcprelciita[ions  des  puiflances,  les  allies  ou  les  vuilnu, 
de  ])rcvcnii ,  dan-  leur  origine,  tous  lcs  fujcts  de  querellc  qui 
poiirroient  :ii^:;rir  on  alicucr  It.;?,  efprits,  de  dcLourncr  k  ilcau 
<it  la  gi:erre  par  tous  les  cxpediciis  ronij3:itibles  avet  la  dig- 
nitc  du  fouverain  d*unc  nation  rclpccubic,  et  d'.nfpircr  a 
tous  les  peuplcs  une  juflc  confiancc  dans  Ic  fyftcnic  politi- 
que d'unc  cour  qui  (fetcftoit  la  guerre  fans  la  craindre,  qui 
n^cmployoit  pour  fes  moyens  que  la  raifon  et  la  bonne  foi, 
ct  qui  n*avoit  pour  obiet  que  la  tranquil) ite  genera le.  Au 
milieu  de  cette  tranquillity  les  premieres  etincelles  de  la  dif- 
corde  s'allumerent  en  Amerique.    Les  intrigues  d'un  petit 
nombre  de  chefs  audacieux  et  criminels,  qui  abuferent  de 
la  iiroplicjt6  cr^ule  de  leurs  compatriotes,  feduifirrnt  infeo* 
Element  la  plus  grande  partie  des  colonies  Angloifes  a  lever 
r^endart  de  la  r^olte  contre  la  mere  patriet  a  qui  elles 
^toieot  redevables  de  leur  exiftence  et  de  leur  bonheur*  La 
cour  de  Verfailles  oublia  fans  peine  la  foi  des  trait^s,  les 
^^voirs  des  allies,  et  les  droits  des  fouverains,  pour  efflayer 
de  profiter  des  circopftances  qui  paroiflbicnt  favorables  a  fes 
^lefleins  ambitieux*   Elle  ne  rougit  point  d'avilir  fa  dignity 
par  les  liaifons  ftoettes  au*elle  forma  avec  des  fujets  rebel- 
les,'  ^t  apres  avoir  ^puife  toutes  les  reflburces  honteufes  de 
la  perfidie  ot  de  la  diiltmulation,  elle  ofa  avouer  a  la  face  de 
TEurope,  tndign^  de  fa  conduite,  le  trait^  folemnel  que 
les  minillres  du  rot  tres  Chretien  avoient  fign^  avec  les  agens 
t^n^brcux  des  colonic  Angloifes,  qui  ne  fondoient  leur  in- 
d^pendance'  pr^cendut  que  fur  la  hardiefle  de  leur  revolte. 
La  declaration  ofFenfante  que  le  Marquis  d^  Noailles  fuc 
charge  de  faire  a  la  cour  de  Londres,  le  13  Mars  de  I'an- 
n^e  derniere,  autorifa  fa  majeiie  a  repoufier  par  les  armet 
Pinfulte  itiottie  qu'on  venoit  d*ofFrir  a  I'honneur  de  fa  cou- 
ronne ;  et  le  roi  n*oublia  pas  dans  cette  occafion  importante 
ce  Qu'il  devoit  a  fes  fujets  et  a  lui-m^me.  ^Lc  meme  efprit 
de  faufTete  et  d*dmbition  regnoit  toujours  dans  les  conleils 
de  la  France.^  L'Efpao^ne^  qui  s*eft  repentie  plus  d'une  fois 
d*avoir  neglige  fes  vrais  interets  pour  fervir  avcugUment  les 
projets  deftru^eurs  de  la  branche  ain^e  de  la  maifon  de 
jBouihon,  fut  engagcc  a  chan-cr  le  role  de  m^diateur  pour 
celui  d'ennemi  de  fa  Grande  Bretagne.    Les  calafnit^  de 
la  guerre  ie  font  multipU^es ;  mab  la  cour  de  VciiiuUe*'  ne 

dok 

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RB'PONSE  a  ^EXPOSE'  it  U  C$ur  d$  PRANCE. 


295 


doit  pas  jttfqu'a  prefent  vanter  du  fiicces  de  fes  optotionB 
znilitaires ;  et  I'Europe  fait  appr^ier  ces  vidoiiCk  navales, 

3ui  n'exiflent  que  dans  les  Gazettes  et  dans  les  mamicftes 
es  vanqueurs  prtondus. , 
Puifque  la  guerre  ct,la  pais  impofenc  aux  tiations  des  de* 
voirs  entiercment  diff^rens  et  meme  oppofite,  il  eft  iiidifpeii-- 
fable  de  diftinguer  ces  deux  tots  dans  le  raifonnement  aufll 
bien  que  dans  la  cooduite;  mais  dans  le  dernier  mantfefte 
que  la  France  vient  de  publier»  ces  deux  tots  ibnt  perp6- 
tuellement  confondus.  Elle  pretend  juftifier  fa  cooduite  en 
faifant  valoir  tour-a-tour  et  prefqu'au  in£me  inftanC,  ces 
droits  qu^il  n'eft  permis  qu'a  un  ennemi  de  reclamer»  et  cea 
maximes  qui  iCglent  les  obligations  et  les  proc^d^  de  Pa«- 
miti6  nadonale.  L'addrefle  &  la  cour  de  Verfailles  a  brou- 
iller  fans  ceile  deux  fuppofitions  qui  n*ont  rien  de  commun, 
eft  la  conf<^quence  naturelle  d'une  politique  faufte  et  inii- 
«lieufey  incapable  de  foutenir  la  lumiere  du  grand  ^our.  Les . 
fentimenset  les  dtoarches  du  roi,  qui  n'ont  point  a  redouter 
Pexamen  le  plus  fiycrcy  Tinvitent  au  contraire  a  diftineuer 
dairement  ce  que  fes  ennemis  ont  confoodu  avec  tant  crar- 
tifice.  II  n'appartient  qu'a  la  jufiice  de  parler  fans  crainte 
le  langagc  de  la  raifon  et  de  la  v^rit^. 

La  pleine  juftification  de  fa  majefti  et  la  condamnation 
ind^bile  de  la  France,  fe  reduit  done  a  la  preuve  de  deux 
propofttions  fimples  et  prefqu'  6videntes ;  premierement, 
Qu'une  paix  profonde,  permanenfee,  et  de  la  part  de  TAn** 

J'leterre  unccre  et  veritable,  fubGftoit  entie  les  deux  nations^ 
orfque  la  France  forma  des  Itaifons  d'abord  fikrettes»  et  en« 
fuite  publiques  et  avou^es,  avec  les  colonies  revoltto  de 
PAmerique :  fecondement,  Que  fuivant  les  maximes  let  . 
mteux  reconnues  du  droit  des  gens»  et  felon  la  teneur  fx\etee 
des  trait^lB  a^eUement  fubftftans  entre  les  deux  couronnes» 
ces  iiaifons  pouvoient  etre  resard^es  comme  une  infradion 
de  la  paix,  et  que  Paveu  public  de  ces  Iiaifons  ^quivaloit  a 
une  d^aration  de  guerre  de  la  part  du  roi  tres  Chretien. 
Ceft  peut^etre  la  premiere  fois  qu*une  nation  refpetoble  ait 
eu  befoin  de  prouver  deux  v^rites  auiii  inconteftables,  et  l9| 
judice  de  la  caufe  du  roi  eft  d^ja  reconnue  par  tous  les  hom- 
ines qui  jugent  fans  int^ret  et  fans  pr^ention.  - 

**  Lorlque  la  Providence  appella  le  roi  au  trone,  la 
f«  France jouiflbit  de  la  paix  la  plus  profonde.**  TcUes  font 
les  expreffions  du  dernier  raanifefte  de  la  cour  de  Verfailles, 
qui  reconnoit  fans  peine  les  aflurances  folemnellcs  d*unc 
amicie  fincere  et  des  dilpofitions  les  plus  pacifiqucs  qu'ellc 
rc^ut  dans  cette  occafion  de  h  part  de  fa  majefte  Briranni- 
que,  et  qui  furcnt  fojjvem  icuuuvclleca  ^^r  rcuiremife  des 

« ambaf* 


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Mfi'MOIRE  JU^TIFICATIF  paur  jirvir  i^e 


ambafikdeurs  aux  deux  conrSy  pendant  qvatre  ans  jufqu'ao 
moment  &tal  et  ddcifif  de  b  d^aration  du  •  marquis  de 
Noailles*  U  s'agk  done  de  prouver  que  dans  ces  terns  hen- 
reux  de  la  tranquillity  g^n^rale,  I'Angleterre  cachoit  nne 
guerre  CiScrecte  tous  les  apparenoes  de  la  paix,  ct  que  fes 
|ffocWs  injuftes  et  arbitraires  ^oient  portifa  au  point  de  1^ 
gitimer  du  c6t6  de  la  France  les  dtearches  les  plus  fortes, 
ct  qui  ne  feroient  pennifes  qu'a  un  ennemi  declare.  Poor 
lemfrfir  cet  objet  il  ^udioit  porter  derant  le  tribunal  de  TEu- 
rope  des  gi  ieft  clairement  articoUs  et  folidement  tobiis. 
Ce  grand  tribunal  exigeroit  des  preuves  formelles  et  peut« 
etre  reJkMes  de  Tii^ure  et  de  la  plainte,  le  refiis  d'une  iatis^ 
H&Mxa  convenable,  et  la  proteftation  de  la  partie  foul&ante 

2u'elle  ie  tenoit  hautement  6SesSikt  par  ce  refiis,  et  qu'elle 
\  ise^ardoit  deformais  oomme  affranchie  des  devoirs  de 
ramicie  et  du  lien  des  trait^.  Les  nations  <]ui  relpedlenr 
la  faintet6  des  fermens  et  les  avantages  de  la  paix»  lont  les 
moins  promptcs  a  faifir  les  occafions  qui  f^mblent  les  dif- 
penfer  d*une  obligation  faerie  et  folemnelle,  et  ce  n'efl  qu'en 
tremblant  qu'eUes  oi'ent  lenoncer  a  Tamitie  des  puifiaacet 
dont  elles  ont  long  terns  elTuv^  Tinjuflice  et  les  infultes. 

Mais  la  cour  de  Verfailles  a  ignor^  ou  a  m^prife  ces 
^rincipes  lages  et  lalutaires,  et  au  lieu  de  pofer  ie&  fonde- 
mens  d*une  guerre  juAe  et  l^itime,  elle  le  contentede  iemer 
dans  tous  les  pages  de  fon  manitefie  des  plaintes  vagues  ec 
g^eraleSy  eacprimto  dans  une  flyle  de  mtophore  et  d*ex- 
agtotion.  Elle  remonte  plus  de  foixante  ans  pour  accder 
le  peu  de  ibin  de  TAngleterre  a  ratifier  quclques  r^glemena 
dBOommerce,  ^uelques  articles  du  traite  d'lJtrecht.  Elk 
fe  permet  de  reprocner  aux  niinifh-es  du  roi  d'emplo^er  le 
langage  de  la  hauteur  etde  Tambition,  fans  s'abaiiier  jof* 
ou'au  devoir  de  prouver  des  imputations  auiC  peu  vraifem- 
olables  qu'elles  font  odicufes.  Les  fuppofitions  gratuites  de 
)a  mauvaife  foi  et  de  I'ambidon  de  la  cour  de  Londres  font 
confulimenc  entaiTees,  comma  il  Ton  craignoit  de  s'y  ar- 
^ter.  L*on  infinue  d'une  maniere  tres  oblcure  les  infukes 
pr^tendues  qu*ont  efluyees  le  commerce,  le  pavilion  et  memc 
Je  tcrritoire  Fran9ois,  **  et  on  laifle  6chapper  oihn  Taveu 
des  engagemens  que  le  joi  tres  Chr6tien  avoit  deja  for- 
**  mes  avec  TEfpagne,  pour  venger  leurs  grids  relpcCtifs 
et  pour  mettre  un  terme  a  Tempire  tyrannique  que  TAn- 

glctcrre  a  ufurp^  et  pr^cend  confenrer  lur  toutes  lea 

«*  mers.'' 

II  tH  difficile  de  combattre  des  fantomes,  ou  de  r^pondre 
d'une  mnnit  re  ncrre  ct  pr^cife  au  langage  de  la  declaraa- 
tion.  La  juile  coxi&ance  du  rot  deiireroit  iaos  doutc  d^ 

fe 


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RETONSE  a  r EXPOS iL  uc  la  Our  de  FRANCE. 


fe  Hvitr  i  I'acainen  k  pins  tpprofondi  de  ces  plaintes 
vagues,  de  ces  griefs  pr^cendus,  fur  Idquek  la  cour  de 
VmnUes  a  fi  prudemment  ^viti§  de  s*expliquer,  avec  la 
elarte  et  le  dtoil  qui  poun'oient  feuis  appuyer  fes  raifons  et 
&tre  exculier  iS»  proc^^a.  Pendant  tme,  paix  de  quinze 
am  les  inti^rSts  de  detne  nations  puiflantes  ec  peat«etie  ja<*< 
lonlesy  qui  fe  touchent  par  tant  d^eudroits  difierens  dana 
I'ancien  et  dans  le  nouveau  monde,  foorniilent  in^Titabk* 
ment  des  fujcts'de  plaince  et  de  difcufiion,  que  la  mod^ra* 
tion  r^pro^ue  fauroit  toujouis  albupir,  mais  qui  ne  {bnt 

Sue  trop  facilement  aigris  et  empoifiEHin^s  par  la  haine  r^** 
lie  et  MS  foupcons  afie<^  d'un  ennemi  f6cret  et  arabitieux: 
et  les  malheurs  de  I'Amerique  ^oient  tr^s  propres  a  muldplier 
les  efp^rances,  les  pr^textes  et  les  pr^teoiions  hijuftes  de  la 
France.  Cependant  telle  a  kxi  la  coodiiite  toujoars  urn- 
forme  et  tonjours  pacifique  do  roi  et  de  fes  mio'ilres,  qu'elle 
a  fouvent  reduit  fes  eiinemis  au  iUence,  et  s'tl  eft  permis 
(Tappercevoir  le  vrai  fens  de  ces  accufations  vagues  et  ^qui* 
voques,  dont  Tobfcurit^  ^tudice  deccle  ks  traits  de  la  honte 
et  de  Partifice,  s'i4  tSi  permis  de  dteelerdes  objets  qui  n'ont 
point  d'exifVence,  on  petit  affurer  avtc  la  hardiefie  de  la 
rlt^  qu'H  eft  plufieurs  de  ces  griefs  pr^tendus  qui  font  an* 
nonc^s  pour  la  premiere  fois  dans  one  declaratbn  de  guerre, 
fans  avoir  jamais  ikk  propoC^s  a  la  cour  de  Londres  dans  le 
terns  qu'elle  auroit  pu  les  ecoutcr  a^ec  rattentxm  f^rieufe  ct 
favorable  dc  Tamitie.  A  Tegard  des  plaintes  que  I'ambal- 
fadeor  de  fa  majefle  trcs  Chrecienne  communiquoit  de  temt 
en  tcins  aux  minifies  du  roi,  il  feroit  ail'6  de  donoer  ou 
plutot  de  renouvellcr  les  r^ponfcs  ratistaifanres  qui  prouve- 
rent  aux  yeux  de  la  France  el le-memc  la  moderation  du  roi, 
fon  amour  de  la  jufticc,  et  hi  fmcerite  de  fes  dilpolitions  a 
■  <  onfcrver  la  tianquiilite  generale  tic  l*Europe.  Ces  repre- 
fenrations,  dont  la  cour  ^dc  Verfailies  pourroit  fe  di^jpenfrr 
de  rappeller  Ic  fouvenir,  cfoient  rarement  marqu<5e5  au  coin 
*  de  la  raifon  et  de  la  verity,  et  il  fc  trouvoit  le  plus  fouvent 
que  les  perfonnes  en  Europe,  en  Am^rique,  oufur  les  mers^ 
oefqiieUes  elle  tenoi:  fon  inteliigence  fufpe^  et  roalfond^i 
n'avoient  pas  craint  d'abufer  de  fa  connance,  pour  mieux 
fervir  fes  intentions  fccrettes.  Si  les  f  aits  que  la  France  fei- 
fbit  valoir  comme  le  fujct  de  fes  plaintes  etoient  appuy^s 
quclque  fois  fur  une  bafc  moins  fragile,  les  minifties  Uu  roi  - 
lea  ^lairciifoient  fur  le  champ  par  le  juilification  la  plus 
nette  et  la  plus  entiere  des  motifs  tt  des  droits  da  leur  iou- 
verain,  qui  pouvoit  fans  blefier  le  repos  public  punir  la 
Gontrcbande  qui  fe  faifoat  fur  fes  totes,  et  a  qui  les  loix  des 
natiotis  accoraoient  le  droit  legitime  d'arreccr  tous  les  vaif<. 

feaux 


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ME'MGIRE,  JUSTIFICATIF  fotr  /ervir  de 


lisaux  qui  portoient  dei  aimes  et  des  maoidoiis  de  guene  JL 
fes  ennemis  on  a  fes  fujets  rebeUes.  Les  tribiuiaux  toteat 
toujours  ouverts  aux  parcicultm  de  toutes  les  natioiiSy  et  3 
iaur  bien  peu  connoitre  la  conflitution  Britannique  poor 
fuppofer  que  ia  puiflance'^  royale  eat  capable  oe  ks  ex- 
dure  des  moyens  d'appel.  Dans  le  theatre  vafle  et  Soigne 
des  operations  d'une  guerre  navale,  la  vigilance  la  plus  ac- 
tive»  raotork^  la  plus  ferme  font  iocapables  de  dteouvrir 
Ott  de  r^rimer  sous  les  dtfordres ;  mais  toutes  les  fois  ^ue 
k  coor  de  VeriaiUes  a  pu  6tabltr  dies  torts  r^els  que  fes  lu«» 
jets  avoient  ^prouv^s  fans  la  connoHEuice  ou  l*approlntioa 
dtt  roi»  fa  majcfl^  a  donn6  les  ordres  les  plus  prompts  et  les 
plus  efficaces  pour  arreter  les  abus  qui  bleflbient  (a  dignitey. 
autant  que  les  int^rets  de  fes  voi&is,  qui  avoient  M  env£- 
lopp6s  dans  les  malheurs  de  la  guerre.  L*objet  et  Pimpor- 
lance  de  cetce  guerre  fuffiroiott  pour  d^tnontrer  a  TEurope 
ies  principes  qui  ont  du  r^gler  les  demarches  poHdques  de 
FAngleterre.  Dans  le  terns  qu'ellc  cmplovoit  fes  forcea 
pour  ramener  a  leur  devoir  les  colonies  revoltdes  de  I'Am^ 
ric^uc,  eft-il  vraifemUable  qu'elle  eut  choifi  ce  moment  pour 
irnter  par  l^judice  ou  rinfolence  de  fes  proc^ds  les  puif> 
fances  les  plus  refpedlables  de  TEurope  L'equit^  a  tou- 
jours pr^icrit  les  fentimcns  ct  la  conduite  du  roi,  mais  dans 
cette  occafion  importance  fa  prudence  meme  eft  le  garaut 
de  fa  finceritc  ct  de  la  moderation. 

Mais  pour  6tablir  clairemcnt  le  fyllcme  pacifique  qui 
fubiiftoit  cntre  les  deux  nations,  il  ne  faudroit  qu'en  appcU 
ler  au  temoignage  meme  de  la  cour  de  Verfailles.  A  1  Vpo- 
que  ou  elic  ne  rougit  pas  de  placer  toutes  ccs  infractK)n3 
pr6tenducs  de  la  tranqmlliic  puliiquc,  qui  auroient  engage 

un  prince  moins  avait  tlu  laiv^  de  its  iujLts,  a  ukr  iaji> 
**  h^ficer  de  repiciailles,  et  a  rcpouflcr  riulnlic  par  U  lorcc 

de  fes  armes,"  les  miniiires  du  roi  rres  Chretien  parloient 
le  laneauc  cic  la  cmfiancc  et  de  ramitic.  An  lieu  d'mnon- 
cer  Ics  defTciiis  de  la  vengeance  i^vec  ce  tow  dc  hauicur  ijui 
epargnc  du  moins  a  rinjuftice  les  rcpicciu  s  dc  pcrfidie  et  de 
difTimulatioii,  h  cour  dc  Vcrlailles  cachoit  la  tonduite  la 
plus  iiiridjeule  fous  les  profeffions  les  plus  feduiiantcs ,  mais 
CCS  profeffions  mcmes  ieiirent  aujouru'liui  a  d^mentir  ics  de- 
clarations, ct  a  rappellcr  les  fcntimens  qui  auroient  du  iairc 
la  regie  de  la  c 'nduite. — Si  la  cour  de  Verfailles  nevcutpas 
s'acculcr  dc  la  di/]iinulation  la  moinsdipic  de  fa  g;randcur,  cllc 
fera  forc^edcconvcnirquejulquc'au  iiioment  qu'elle  dicla  an 
maiquis  de  Noaillcs  la  declaration  qui  a  ^terecuc  comme  le 
iignai  de    gu^rxe^  elle  ne  connoiiToic  pas  des  i'ujet:>  dc  plaiazc 


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RE'PONSE  a  /'  EXPOSE'  ili  la  Cour  dt  t  KANCE.        .  399 


afTcz  reels  ou  aiTc/.  imporran?  pniir  I'au'orifer  u.  violer  Ics 
ohligiuion'?  de  la  paix,  ct  la  foi  dc  rrauc;.  qu'elle  avoit  jures 
a  la  face  de  Dicu  et  dc  I'lraivcrs,  ct  a  fc  dilpenfer  de 
i'ainitic  iiationale  dant  elle  avoit  icitcic  jufqu'au  dcinitii 
^  inlhmt  les  aflurances  les  plus  vivc«;  ct  les  plus  lolcmiielies. 

Lnrfqu'iin  advcdairc  eft  incapable  de  juflifier  la  violence 
tlaiis  ropinion  puMique,  ou  meme  a  fes  proprcs  ycux,  par 
les  injures  <ju'il  pretend  avoir  effiiyces,  il  a  recours  ati 
danger  chimerique  auqucl  fa  patience  aiiroit  pu  i'expofer; 
ct  a  ia  place  dcs  falts  Icilidcs  dont  il  eft  depourvu,  il  eflayie 
de  fubftitucr  un  vain  tableau  qui  n'exifte  que  dans  fon  ima- 
ginarion,  ou  petit-etre  dans  fon  occur. — Les  ininiftres  du 
roi  trcs  Chretien  qui  paroKFent  avoir  fenti  la  foibJelFe  des 
moyens  qu'ils  ont  etc  reduits  a  employei »  font  encore  des 
efforts  impuiflants  pour  ajoutcr  a  ccs  moyens  I'appui  des 
foup<jons  les  plus  odicux,  et  les  plus  etranj^cs.  **  La  cour 
"  dc  Londrcs  faifoit  dans  fes  ports  des  prcpara-tifs  er  dcs 

armemens  qui  ne  pouvoient  avoir  TAmcrique  pour 
♦*  objet:  leur  but  etoit  par  confequcnt  trop  determine  pour 
**  que  le  roi  put  s'y  mcprendre,  et  dcs  lors  il  dcvint  un 

dcv(^ir  rigourQux  de  fairc  des  difpofitions  capablcs  de 
"  prevenir  les  mauvais  deffeins  dc  fon  ennemi,  &c.  Dans 
**  cetetat  des  chofcs  le  roi  femit  qu'il  nV  avoir  pas  un  mo- 
**  ment  a  pcrdre."  Tel  eft  lan^age  ae  la  France;  nous 
allot  IS  fa  ire  entendre  celui  de  la  verite. 

Pcndmt  les  difputes  qui  s'allumoicnr  entre  la  Grande 
Bretagne  et  fes  colonies,  la  cour  de  Verfuiilcs  s'etoit  ap- 
pliquee  avec  Tardeur  la  plus  vive  et  la  plus  opiniatre  a 
Taugmentation  de  fa  marine.  Le  roi  ne  pretend  pas  regner 
en  ry ran  fur  toutes  Ks  mer^,  mnis  il  fait  que  les  forces 
maritimes  ont  fair  dans  tons  le^  iirclcs  la  furete  et  la  c^loirc 
de  fes  etats  ;  ct  qu'clles  out  iuuveut  conrribiic  a  proreger  la 
puifTani  e  ambitienfc  qui  a  fi  longteins  travaille  a  l^aiiervir. 

Le  ientiment  dc*  fa  digniic  ct  la  jufte  connoiffancc  de  fes 
devoirs  erdv  les  inrerets  cn^apcoient  famajeiic  \  vcillrr  d'ua 
ceil  attcntif  fur  les  demarclics  dc  la  France,  dont  la  politi- 
que dani^creufe,  fans  morit  et  fans  ciinrmi,  precipitoit  dans 
ton«;  Irs  jjorts  la  conffrui^fion  et  Tarmement  dcs  vai^Mux^ 
et  qin  tU'roMrnoit  une  panic  confiderable  de  fes  revenus, 
pour  fubvenir  aux  frais  de  ccs  preparatifs  militaircs,  dont 
il  etoit  impoffible  d'annoncer  la  neceflite  ou  Tobjct. — Dans 
cette  conjon6lurc  Ic  rr  i  n'a  pii  fe  difpenfer  de  fuivre  les  con- 
feils  de  fa  prudencr,  rr  J 't  xt  rnpfe  dc  fes  voifins  ;  raurn  n- 
taiion  hirreffive  de  leur  maniie  a  fcrvi  dc  rcplc  :i  la  iicnne  ; 
tr  l.^ns  biciier  les  egards  qu'elle  devoit  aux  pMifTanccs 
r.rTiit  s,  ia  majeftc  a  publiqucmcnt  declare  a  fon  parlenri<.nt 

aliemUe^  ^u'«l  coavenoit  dans  la  iituatioa  a&uelle  des 


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.    METiilOIRE  JUSTIFICATIP  /«wr  fer'vir  ^ 

afikim,  iiue  la  d^fenfe  de  PAnglateiTe  fe  traivftt  daoi  nn 
6cac  refpeclable.  Les  forces  navales  c^u'elle  fostifiok  avec 
tant  de  loin  n*^toient  deftinto  qu'a  maintentr  la  tranquiUit^ 
g6n4rale  de  PEurope;  et  pendant  que  le  Cemoignage  de  (a 
conscience  difpofok  te  roi  a  ajooter  foi  aux  profeffions  de  la 
cour  de  VerfeiUes,  il  fe  pr^|>aroit  a  ne  po  at  crasndre  lea 
dejieins  perfides  dfe  fon  aaibttion.~LUe  6fe  roainteoant 
(appo'er  qu'au  lieu  de  fe  bomer  aux  droils  d'une  defeofe  16« 
gitin(i6>  le  roi  s*^oit  Uvr^  a  Telperance  des  conqu€tes,  et 
que  la    ReconciUacioa  de  la  Grande  Brecazne  avec  fea 

isotonics  annon9oit  de  ia  part  un  projet  n>rm6  da  lea 

raiiier  a  la  couronne  pour  les  armer  contre  la  France/* 
Puiique  le  cour  de  Ven'aiUes  ne  pent  excofer  fcs  demarches 
qu'd  ta  faveur  d'une  iuppoficion  deftitu^e  de  yivxk  et  de 
vrailemblance,  le  roi  eft  en  drok  de  la  fommer  a  la  face  de, 
r£iirnpe«  dc  niontrer  la  preuve  d^uoe  afiertion  auffi  odicuie 
qu'elle  eft  hazard^t  ct  de  developper  ces  upc  rations  publi- 
ques,  ou  ces  intrigues  l^rettes  qui  puiilent  autorifer  lea 
loi.p9  msdela  France,  que  la  Grande  Bi'etagne  apres  un 
combat  loner  et  pcnible^  n'a  offbrt  la  ^aix  a  les  fujets  que 
dans  le  dcflein  d'entrepVendrc  une  suerrc  nouvetle  contie 
une  puiiTance  reipe*dabie  avec  laqucue  elle  confenroit  toaa 
ks  dehors  de  d^amiti^* 

Apres  avi'ir  fidilement  expofe  les  motifs  frivoles  et  lea 
griefs  prrtendus  de  la  France,  on  rappclie,  avec  une  aflu- 
rancejuftih^  par  la  raifon  et  par  les  faits,  cette  premiere 
propofition  fi  Gmple  et  fi  importante,  qu^un  6tat  de  paix  fub- 
iiftoit  entre  les  deux  nations,  et  que  la  France  ctoit  liee  par 
toutes  les  obligations  de  l*ami:ie  et  des  traiies  envers  le  roi, 
qui  n'avoit  jamais  manque  a.  les  engagemens  legitimes. 

Le  premier  article  du  traire  fign^  a  Fans  lo  Fevricr 
1763,  entre  ieurs  majcftcs  Bi  iiauniqiic,  tres  Chrericmie, 
Catholique,  ct  trcs  I  idele,  coninint  dc  la  manicrc  la  plus 
preciie  ct  la  plus  lolemncllc  les  obligations,  que  it  droit 
naturel  impofc  a  toutes  les  nations,  qui  Ic  reconnoilfcnL 
muiuellement  pour  amies,  ma  is  ces  oblgations  I'ont  cl»jtail- 
lees  et  ftipulees  dans  ce  tiaitc  par  ties  cxpicflions  aufli  vives 
qu*eller.  iont  jidlcs. — Apres  avoir  icnftime  dans  une  for- 
mulc  gciiciale  tous  les  ccats  ct  tous  Its  Injas  des  hautcs  par- 
ties cuiui jCLiuils,  ellcs  aiiiionctnt  Icur  r^folution  non- 
feulement  a  ne  jamais  pcraicttrc  des  hoftilites  qutli.  onques 
par  tcrre  uu  pd.i  mtr,  mais  encore  a  le  prsjcurtr  rtciproqiic- 
ment  dans  toute  nccaiion  luui  ec  qui  pt>urj<jit  coiiti ihuer  a 
kur  gl(  ire,  inicrc^s,  ou  avantaqes  muiuels,  fans  doiiner 
aucuii  ictours  (A\  protection  dircclement  ou  indircclcmcat  4. 
ceux  qui  vuuJroient  porter  quclque  prejudice  a  i  une  ou  a 
rauire      hautes  paiiics  coiiuactantcs.— 'Tel  iut  I'cngagc- 

snoot 


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RESPONSE  a  P  EXPOSE'  iehtCmr^  FRANCE. 

« 

ment  facr^  que  la  France  conti-aAa  avec  ki  Grande 
Bratagae^  et  on  ne  iauroit  fe  diffimuler  qu'une  feniblable 
promefle  dok  s^af^liquer  .avec  plus  4e  force  encore  e€ 
d^^nergie  aiuc  rebelles  domefliques  qu*aux  ennemis  Stran- 
gers des  deux  couronncs. — La  rdvijltc  des  AmSricains  a 
mis  a  Feprenve  la  fidelity  de  la  cour  de  VerfaiUffi?,  ti  mal- 
grc  les  exemples  frequens  que  i* Europe  a  deja  vu  de  fon 
pen  de  rdfpe^l  pour  la  foi  des  traits,  fa  conduite  dans  ces 
circonftances  a  6tonne  ct  indignS  toutes  les  nations,  qui  ne 
font  pas  aveugltoent  dcvouoes  aux  int^rets  ct  mcme  aux 
caprices  de  fon  ambition.  Si  la  France  s'^toit  propofcc  d^ 
remplir  fes  devoirs,  il  lui  etoic  impoflibie  de  les  mcconnoi* 
tre  ;  Tefprit  aufH  bien  que  la  lettre  da  traitd  de  Paris  lui  im- 
pofoit  1-obiigacion  de  fermer  fes  ports  aux  vaifleaux  des 
AmSrkains,  d^interdire  a  fes  fujets  tout  commcroe  avec  ce 
peuple  xebellcy  et  de  ne  point  accorder  fon  focoura  ni  fa 
prote<%OD  aux  ennemis  domefti^ues  d'une  couronne  a  la- 
cpieUe  elte  avoit  jurS  une  amitie  lincere  et  inviolable.- 
Mais  I'cxpcrience  avoit  trap  bicn  Sclaire  le  roi  fur  ie  fyfleme 
politique  de  fes  anciens  adverfaires  pour  lui  faire  efpercr 
qo'ils  fe  conformeroient  exa£tement  aux  princlpes  ju(ies  et 
raifonnahles  qui  afliirent  la  tranquillite  g^nerale. 

Aufiitot  que  les  colonies  rcvoltecs  eurent  confomme  leurs 
attentats  crimincls,  p-ir  la  declaration  ouverte  dc  leur  indc- 
pcndance  prctcndue,  elles  fongerenr  a  former  des  liaifona^ 
fetrcttcs  avec  les  piiiCfanccs  les  moins  favor  iblcs  aux  int6- 
rSts  dc  la  mere  pati  ic,  ct  a  tirer  de  i'Kuropc  11-;  j't-cours  mi- 
litaircs,  fans  lefqucls  il  Icur  auroir  etc  impoiiibie  dc  Inutcair 
la  guerre  qn'clles  avoicnt  cnti xpriic.  Leurs  ag^cns  eiravcrcnt 
de  p'nctrer  et  dc  fe  lixrr  ilans  les  diffcrens  c:ats  de 
rEuropc  ;  mais  ce  nc  tut  qa'en  France  (ju'iis  trouvcrent 
un  azvlc,  des  efpcrances  ct  des  fccours.  !1  nc  convient 
pas  a  la  dignitc  du  roi  de  vouloir  lecherchtr  i'L-poquc  ou  la 
nature  de  la  c<jrrerpondencc  qu'ils  eiircnt  racldrellc  de  Her 
avec  les  minillres  dc  la  cour  dc  Vcrraillcs,  cr  doiu  on  vit 
bientot  les  effcts  publics  dans  la  liberie  gene  rale  ou  plutot 
dans  la  licence  elFrcnee  d'un  coinincrce  ille^itiine.  On 
fait  aflez  que  la  vigilance  des  loix  ne  pent  pas  loujours 
prevenir  la  contrcbande  habile,  qui  fe  rcproduit  fom  mi  lie 
formes  differenrcs,  et  a  qui  Taviditc  du  gain  lait  braver  tons 
les  dangers,  ct  cludcr  toutes  les  precautions  ;  mais  la  con- 
duite des  uegociaus  FranqoiF.  qui  faifoicnt  pafTer  en  Ame- 
riquc  non-ieulemcnt  les  maichaiKliles  utiles  ou  ncccfTaires, 
mais  encore  le  falperrc,  1^  poudre  a  canon,  les  munition? 
de  guerre,  les  armes,  rartilierie,  annon(^!)it  hautcmcnt 
qu'ils  ^toient  allures  non-feulemcnt  de  riini)unite,  tnais  de 
la  prote6tinn  meiae  ct  de  la  faveur  des  miniilres  de  la  cour 
lie  Vcriaiiic^. 


IfErifOmE  JUSTIFICATIF  /i«r  Jh^  * 


On  ne  tentoic  point  une  encrepnTc  auOi  vaine  et  aoffi 
^iiicilc  que  cclic  de  caciier  aux  yeux  de  la  Grande  BreUgne 
ct  de  i'Europe  eDtiere  les  demarches  d*une  compagnie  de 
cotninerce,  qui  s'etoit  aifoci^e  pour  iournir  aux  America  ins 
tout  ce  qui  pouvoit  nourrir  et  enti  etcnir  le  tcu  dc  la  revoke. 
Le  public  indruic  nomtnolt  Ic  chei  dc  rentrepriic  dont  la 
mailbn  etoir  ecablie  a  Paris  :  fes  corrcfpoiidans  a  Dunker* 
qaCf  a  Nantes,  a  Bordeaux  etoient  ^lement  connus*  JLes 
magazins  immenfes  qu*ils  formoieht  et  qu*i)s  i  cnouvelloieot 
tous  les  jours  t'urent  charges  fucccilivement  i'ur  les  vaiOeaux 
qu'ils  conflruifoient  ou  qu'ils  achctoient,  et  dont  on  cdayoic 
a  peine  de  diiTimuler  Tobjct  et  la  de()ination.  Ccs  vaifieaux 
pre  1.  xnt  ordinaircment  de  fauCTes  lettres  de  mer  pour  les 
^les  Fran9oires  de  T  Amerique»  ma  is  les  marchandiCes  done 
leurs  cai'gaifons  etoient  cotnpolecs  fuffifoicnt  avant  le 
mometit  de  leur  depart  pour  laiilcr  cntrcvoir  la  fiaude  et 
rartiHoe:  ces  foup^ons  Etoient  bientot  confirmes  par  la 
dire£Hon  du  cours  de  ces  vaifTeaux ;  et  an  bout  de  quelques 
iemames  Ton  apprenoic  fans  furprile  c^u'ils  etoient  rorobfs 
cntre  les  mains  des  ofiiciers  du  roi  qui  croil'oient  dans  les 
sners  de  TAmerique,  ct  qui  les  arrctoient  a  la  vue  meme 
des  cotes  dcs  colonies  revoltto.  Cette  vigilance  n*^toienc 
mie  Crop  bien  juAitiec  par  la  conduite  de  ceux  qui  eurent  la 
KNtiine  ou  raodreiTe  de  s'y  d^rober ;  puifqu'ils  n'abordereac 
cn  Amerique  que  pour  livrer  aux  rebelles  les  armes  et  les  mu* 
nitions  de  guerre  dont  ils  Etoient  diaries  pour  leur  (ervice.— 
Les  indices  de  ces  faits,  qui  nc  pouvoient  ctre  coniiddrds  que 
comme  une  infradtion  maniferic  de  b  foi  dcs  trait^,  fe 
multipb'oient  toujours,  et  Ja  diligence  de  rambaifadeur  du 
roi  a  cooimuniquer  a  la  cour  de  Verfatlles  fes  plainteset  fes 
preuves,<  ne  lui  laifTott  pas  meme  la  reOburce  honteufe  ct 
humiliante  de  paroitre  ignorer  cc  qui  fe  pafibit  et  fe  r^pe- 
toit  cotttinuellement  au  cccur  de  fes  ^tats.  II  indiquoit  les 
noms,  le  norobre  et  la  quality  des  vaifleaux,  que  les  agens 
du  commerce  de  TAmerique  faifoient  ^uiper  dans  les  ports 
de  la  France,  |K>ttr  porter  aux  rebelles  des  armeu,  des  mu* 
nitaons  de  guerre,  et  meme  des  officiers  Francois  qu*ofi 
aToit  engaees  dans  le  fervice  des  colonies  r6voltte.  Les 
dates,  les  lieux,  les  perfonnes,  6rotent  toujours  defignees 
ayec  une  p:6ciiion  que  ofiroit  aux  minillres  de  fa  majcfb^ 
trcs  Chr^tienne  les  plus  grandes  factlitis  pour  s^afTurer  dc 
la  verity  de  ces  rapports,  et  pour  arr&er,  pendant  qu*il  ea 
itok  tems,  le  progrcs  de  ces  annemens  illicices.— Panni  une 
foule  d*exemples  qui  accufent  le  peu  d*atcention  de  la  coor 
'  de  Verfailles  a  rempUr  les  conditions  de  la  paixt  oit  plaCDC 
fon  attention  conftante  et  fontenue  a  noumr  la  dilbonfe  ct 
k  mene^  ilefl  impoffitdc  de  tout  dire^  et  il  eft  trei  difficife 


• 
• 


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HE  PONSE  a  /'EXPOSE'  A  Im  Coitr  ii  HtAHCEl 

de  choifir  ks  o)>jets  Ic$  plus  firap]Nuis.   Les  aeuf  f^ot 
Yai^Eeaux  £quipes  ec  fjretes  par  k  Sieur  de  Beaumaichais  ec 
:fifis  aiTociea,  au  mois  <)e  Janvier  de  Tan  t777»  ne  £ont  con* 
fondiis  avec  k  vaiflcau  rAmphicrite»  ^ui  porta  vers  k 
in€iiie  lems  une  graxide  quaotite  de  OMuiioons  de  guerre»  et 
trente  offiders  Franccns,  qui  paBerem  impuntoeat  a«  ler- 
vke  des  rebelks.  Chaque  mois  ec  prefqoe  lous  les  jours 
^umlfibknt  de  nouveaux  fujcts  de  pkinte;  el  une  coune 
.  aocke  du  aiemoire  que  k  vkomte  de  Stonnodt,  ajnbafla^ 
dear  du  roi»  commuttiqua  au  comce  de  Vergenaes  au  moia 
•de  Noveiii}ire  de  la  meme  annet,  donneiii  uoe  idee  jufte^ 
oab  tres  imparlaiQey  de  i'efpcce  de  torts  que  h  Grande  Bre* 
tagne  avoit  ii  fouvenc  ^ui6s.   ^<  IL  y  a  a  Rochforl  ua 
vaiffiuttt  de  ibixante  pieces  de  caaoo,  et  a  rOrieoC  ua 
^<  vatfleau  des  Indes  perc^  pour  foixante  canons.  Ces 
*^  deux  vaiffeaux  font  -deftines  pour  rufagc  des  irbeUes. 
lis  feront  charge  de  differeates  marchandsfes^  et  fretes 
par  Meflieurs  Cbaumontt  HoUcen,  ec  iSabacier  — ^Le 
^*  vaifieau  rHeuceux  eft  parti  de  Marfeilks»  fous  ua  autre 
^*  nooiy  k  vingc-iix  de  Septembre.   II  va  en  droiture  a  ia 
««  Nouvelle  Hainpfhtre,  quoiquM  pretende  aller  aux  Ifles. 
On  y  a  permis  I'embarquement  de  trois  mille  fufik*  ec 
de  deux  milk  cinq  cents  Uvres  de  foufB-e»  aiarchandik 
auffi  a^ceflaire  aux  Am^ricains  qu'elk  eft  inutile  dans  ies 
Ifles.   Ce  vaiiieau  eft  coromande  par  M.  Lundi»  officier 
Francois,  officier  de  diftind^on,  ci-devant  lieutenant  de 
M.  de  Bougainvilk.-^L^Hippopotame,  appartenant  au 
Sieur  Beaumarchais,  doit  avoir  a  fon  bord  quatorza 
**  miUe  fbfils,  et  beaucoup  de  munitions  de  guerre,  pour 
Tufage  des  rebeUes.^Il  y.  a  environ  cinquante  vaifleaux 
Fran9ois»  qui      prcparent  a  partir  pour  TAm^rique 
^*  Septeptrionalc,  charges,  de  munitions  de  guerre^  ec 
<•  de  diffirentes  marchandtfes  pour  I'ufage  des  rebelles.  , 
«^  lis  partifont  de  Nantes,  de  TOrient,  de  St.  Malo,  du 
^*  Havre,  de  Bordeaux,  de  Bayonne,  et  de  difierens  autres 
^*  ports.   Yoici  les  noms  de  quclqae^  uns  des  principaux 
iat^refles:  M.  Chaumoot,  M.  Mention,  etfesafloci^ 
&c.  3ec.** 

Dans  un  royaume  ou  la  volont^  du  prince  ne  trouve 
point  d*ob(lacIe,  des  fecours  fi  confiderBbles,  fi  publics,  ii 
long  terns  foutenus,  i\  necefTaires  enfin  a  Tentrctien  de  la 
guerre  en  Am^rique,  annoncotent  al!e%  clairement  les  in* 
mentions  fecrettcs  des  miniflrcs  du  roi  trcs  Chretien.  Mais 
Ds  ponerent  bien  plus  loin  I'oubli  et  le  mepris  des  engage- 
mens  les  plus  folemnek,  et  ce  ne  fut  point  fans  leur  per«r 
miiTion  qu'unc  gijcrre  fourde  et  dangercufe  fortoit  des 
ports  de  la  France,  fous  le  mafque  tiompeur  de  la 
p«A)x,  €1  le  pavill(^a  pretendu  des  colonies  Americaines. 

L*accucil 


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ItfEWOIRE  JUSTIFICATIP  pour  fir^  4k 

L^accueil  favorable,  qnc  Iciirs  a  gens  trouvetcnt  aiiprcs  des 
inmiftres  de  la  cour  de  Veifaiiks,  les  encouragea  biencdc  a 
former  et  a  ex6cut!er  le  projet  aadacicnx  d'ctablir  unc  place 
d'armes  dans  le  puVs  qui  leur  avoic  fervi  d'azyie.  lis 
avoient  apporti^,  ou  ils  i^urent  fahriqucr,  des  Ictrres  de 
marquer  au  nom  du  Congres  America  in,  qui  a  eu  la  har* 
diefle  d'ufurpcr  tout  les  droits  dc  la  fouvcTalncrc.  I-.es 
aiTocies  dont  les  vues  int^reflTto  fe  pretoient  fans  peine 
a  tons  leur»  defleins,  firent  ^quipcr  des  vaiflbanx  qn'ils 
CToient  conllruits  ou  acheres.  On  les  anna  pour  aller  en 
courfe  dans  les  mcrs  de  i*Europe|  et  meme  for  les  cBies  de 
la  Grande  Btetagne.  Pour  fauver  les  apparences,  les  capi- 
tainsde  cescorfairesatboroicnt  le  pavilion  prftendude  T  Am^* 
rique ;  roais  leurs  Equipages  ^oient  toujours  conipof6s  d*un 
«rand  nombre  de  Francois,  qu'on  enroloit  avec  impunity  foos 
fes  yeusc  meme  de  gouvemeui's,  et  des  offiders  des  provinces 
maritimes.  Un  eiTaim  nombfcux  de  ccs  corfaires,  anim4 
par  Tefprit  de  rapiney  fortoic  des  ports  de  la  France,  et  aprcs 
aiToir  couru  les  roersBritanniques,  ils  rentroient,  ou  ils  fe  rf- 
fu^oient  dans  ces  memes  ports.  Ils  y  ramenoient  leurs  prifes* 
et  a  la  faveur  de  l*artifice  grofiier  et-  foible,  qu*on  daignoic 
quelquefois  emploier^  la  vente  de  ces  prifes  fe  faifoit  zfScz  pub* 
uqueroent,  et  aflez  commod^ment  fous  les  yeux  des  officiert 
royaux  toujours  difpof6s  a  prot^ger  le  commerce  de  ces 
n6gocians  qui  violot^nt  les  loix,  pour  fe  confomfter  au± 
intenrions  du  miniilere  Fran9ois.  Les  cotfaires  s^earichif*- 
fotent  des  depouilles  des  fujets  du  roi,  et  apres  avoir  profit^ 
d^ine  liberty  enttere  de  r^parer  leurs  pcrtes,  de  pourvoir  a 
ieurs  befoins,  et  de  fe  procurer  routes  les  munitions  de 
ruerre,  h  poudre,  les  canons,  les  agrets  qui  pouvoient 
fervir  a  de  nouvelles  entreprifes^  ils  refortoicnt  libremenc 
des  memes  ports,  pour  fe  remettrc  en  mcr  et  en  cooife. 
L'hiftoire  du  corfaire  le  Reprijal  pent  fe  citcr  parmi 
line  foule  d'exemples,  qui  montrent  au  jour  la.  condutce 
injufte  mais  a  peine  artificieufe  de  la  cour  de  VerCiiHes. 
Ce  vaifleau,  qui  avoit  amene  en  Europe  le  Sieur  Frank- 
lin, agent  des  colonies  revolt^es,  fut  re^u  avec  fes  deux 
prifes  qu'il  avoit  faites  en  route ;  il  refta  dans  le  port  de 
Nantes  auffi  long  terns  qu'ils  convenott  a  ies  vues,  fe  r^mic 
deux  fois  en  mer  pour  piller  les  fujets  du  roi,  et  fe  rerira 
tranquillement  a  TOrient  avec  de  nouveUes  prifes  qu'il 
venoit  de  faire.  Mal^6  les  rm^fentatlons  les  phis  fortes 
de  Tambafladeur  du  roi  et  les  afiurances  les  plus  folemnelles 
des  miniftres  Fraii9ois,  on  permit  au  capttaine  de  ce  corfaire 
de  demeurer  a  TOnent  tout  letems  dont  il  avoit  befoin  \>um 
raidouber  fon  vaifieau,  de  fc  pourvoir  dc  cinquante  bariqnes 
dc  poudrc  a  canon,  et  de  recevoir  fur  fon  hord  tous  Ics 
siaw)tt  Fnuifois  qui  vouloicat  biea  s'enga^er  avec  lui. 

Muai 


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Kli  FONSE  a  ^EXPOSE'     U  Cm  i$  FRANCS, 

Muni  de  ces  ra>fom»'  le  Riprtfal  (ardt  pour  la.  troifieme 
fob  des  ports  de  (ibs  nouraux  aiUies,  ec  forma  bientdt  une 
petite  efeadte  de  firates,  par  la  jon^ion  concertee  du  Lix^ 
tnf^9n  et  du  D^lpbin^  deiuc  armateun,  dont  le  premier  avoit 
deja  cooduit  plus  d'une  priie  i  la  riviere  de  Bordeaux,  et 
doot  le  iecond,  arme  a  Nantes,  et  montc  par  un  equipage 
cntieremeiit  Francois,  n'avott  rien  d*Am6ricain  que  le  nom 
et  (on  commandant.^Ces  trois  vaifleaux,  qui  jouiilbieDt  fi 
{Mtbfiquement  de  la  prote^on  de  la  cour  de  Verfailles, 
s'emparerent  en  tr^  pea  de  tems  de  quinae  navires  Anglois, 
dont  la  plus  part  fnrent  ramenes  et  iecrettement  vendus  dans 
les  ports  de  France. — De  par^ils  faits,  qu'il  feroit  ai(e  de 
multiplier,  ticnnent  lieu  de  raifonnemens  et  de  reproches, 
et  Ton  peut  fe  difpenfer  de  reclamer  dans  cette  occafion  la  foi 
des  traitesi  et  il  n'eft  point  necelTaij-e  de  demontrer  qu'une 
puifTance  alliec,  ou  mcme  neutre,  nc  peut  jamais  permettre 
la  guere  fans  violer  la  paix. — Les  principcs  du  droit  des  gens 
rc;  n  roiv^nt  lUns  doute  a  rambafladeur  de  la  couronne  I.i  plus 
rdpc^Li'jlc  cc  privilege  d*arnier  des  corfaii  cb,  que  la  cour  de 
VcrlaiUcs  acronloit  lourJement  aux  a-jens  des  rebelles  dans 
Ic  Iciii  dc  1.1  \  raace!  Dans  \v>  ilc->  la  iranqiiillitc  pu  jhquc 
fui  v:ulcc  d'uivj  .luiiiicrc  i.-iicorc  plus  auJicieufe,  et  maljrc 
Ic  L ii.iu^^invjiU  _ou vci awur,  les  pt)rts  de  la  MaiUiii4uc 
fcivoieni  touji  Lu^  il  ciZilc  aux  coriaires  qui  couroieiu  les 
mers  fous  un  pavilion  Aniericain,  mais  avcc  un  equipage 
Francois.  Le  Sicur  Bingham,  agcia  des  rebelles,  qui  jou- 
iiioit  dc  la  faveur  et  de  la  confiance  des  deux  gouverneurs 
fucceflifs  dc  la  rvlariiniquc,  ditigeoit  Parmement  des  cor- 
jaires,  ct  la  vente  publ.quc  dc  leurs  prilcs.  Deux  vailTeaux 
marc  hands,  le  Layictifinre  Iicro^  et  V  Iri/h  Gimblet^  qui 
divinrcnt  la  proie  du  Jieven^Cy  alFurent  que  fur  ceni-vingt- 
cinq  hornmes  d'equipage  il  n'y  avoit  que  deux  Americains, 
ct  que  le  propi  ictaire,  qui  Tetoit  cn  mcnie  teiiis  de  on^ 
autres  corlaires,  ("c  rccouat>ill«>it  pour  habitant  dc  la  Marti- 
nique, ou  il  ctoit  refpecle  comme  le  favori  pX,  I'ageat  liecret 
du  gouverneur  lui-mcnie. 

Au  milieu  de  tous  ccs  acles  d'hoftilitc,  qu'il  ell:  imnnfllhlc 
de  qualifier  d'un  uutic  nom,  la  cour  de  V'erf'ullcs  contuiuoic 
touj^urs  de  parler  le  1  i!r:!;a^e  de  la  paix  et  de  i'amitie,  et  fcs 
miniiircs  epudcrcnt  touies  ie«?  relVourccs  de  Tartifice  et  de  la 
diflimulation  pour  ailbupir  les  juites  plaintcs  de  la  Grande 
Bretagnc,  pour  tromper  fcs  foup^ons  et  pour  arrcicr  les 
cirets  de  Ion  rrll.-ntiment.  Depuis  la  premiere  cpoque  des 
troubles  de  i'Amenque  jufqu'au  momciu  de  la  declaration  de 
guerre  par  le  marquis  de  la  Noailles,  les  minllires  du  roi  tres 
Chrcuen  ne  ceiibient  de  renouveller  les  protcilations  les  plus 
fortes  et  les  plus  exprelies  de  leurs  difpoiitions  paciAques ;  ct 
Sk  la  condulte  ordinaire  de  k  cour  de  Veriailles  etoit  propre  i 

Vol.,  UL  X  infpircf 


ME'MOIRE  JUSTIPICATIP  /«»r  Jhnnr  db 


infpirer  one  jufle  defiance)  le  coeur  de  fa  majefl^  liii  four«* 
nifibic  des  motifs  puifTans  pour  croire  que  f  i  France  avoit 
enfin  adopte  un  fyflenne  de  moderation  et  de  paix,  qui  perp^ 
tueroit  Ic  bonheur  folide  et  reciproque  des  deux  nations. 
Les  miniftres  de  la  cour  de  Verfaillbs  tach^ent  d'excuicr 
Tarrivee  et  le  fejour  des  agens  des  rebellet,  par  i'afiurance  la 
plus  forte  qu'ils  ne  trouveroient  en  France  qu'un fimple  azUe 
lans  d i  (i  i  n(fti on  et  fans  encouragement. 

La  liberte  du  commerce  et  Tavidit^  du  gain  fervirent 
quelquefois  de  pretexte  pour  couvrir  les  entrepriies  illegi- 
times  des  fuiets  Francois,  et  dans  le  moment  qu'on  allegitoit 
vainement  1  impuifTance  des  loix,  pour  pr^venir  des  abus  que 
det  ^taCS  voiiins  favoient  ft  bien  reprimer,  on  condamna, 
avec  toutes  les  apparerw  de  la  finc6rit6)  le  tranfport  des 
armes  et  4es  munitions  de  guerre,  qui  fe  pennettoit  impun^- 
ment)  pour  le  fervice  des  rebellest   Aux  premieres  repr^* 
fentations  de  TambaiTadeur  du  mi,  au  fujet  des  corfaires  qui 
8*armoient  fous  le  pavilion  de  I'Am^rique,  mais  dans  les 
ports  de  France)  les  miniihes  de  fa  majeil^  tres  Chr6tienne 
r^pondirent  par  des  expredions  de  furprife  et  d'indignation) 
ec  par  la  d^laration  pofttive,  qu'on  ne  fouffriroit  jamais  des 
enterprifes  auffi  contra! res  a  la  foi  des  trait^s  et  a  la  tran* 
quillit^  publique.    La  fuite  des  ^venemens,  dont  on  a  deji 
vu  un  petit  nombrC)  montra  bientot  Tincondance  ou  jdutdt 
la  faufret6  de  la  cour  de  Verfailles  \  et  rAmbafTadeur  du  roi 
fut  charge  de  mettre  dcvant  les  yeux  des  miniftres  Fran^ots 
les  conf^quences  ferieufes  mais  inevitables  de  leur  politique. 
U  remplit  fa  commiHion  avec  tous  les  6gards  qui  font  dus  a 
line  puiflance  refpe^lable,  dont  on  deureroit  de  conferver 
I'amitie,  mais  avec  la  fermet6  digne  d'un  fouverain,  et  d'une 
nation,  peu  accoutumes  a  h'nt  ou  i  fupporter  des  injuftices. 
La  cour  de  Verfailles  fut  fomm^e  do  s'expliquer,  fans  d^lai 
et  fans  detour,  fur  fa  conduite  ct  fur  fcs  intentions,  ct  le  roi 
lui  propofa  raltcrnative  dc  la  paix  ou  de  la  guerre. — EUe 
choifit  la  paix,  mais  ce  ne  fut  que  pour  bleffer  fcs  ennemis 
d'une  maniere  fure  ct  f.-crctte,  fans  avoir  rien  a  craindrc  de? 
leurjuftice.    Ellc  coiuiami^a  f6vcrement  ccs  fccours  et  ccS 
armemens,  que  les  prjncipes  du  droit  public  ne  Jul  pcrmet- 
toicnt  pas  de  jultificr.    Ellc  dcclara  i  !*aniba(i<uicur  da  roi, 
qu'cilc  ctoit  r^folue  a  faire  fortir  fur  le  charnp  les  corf^iircs 
Amencains  cie  tou5  1"S  ports  de  France,  pour  n'y  jatnaii 
rentrer,  et  qu'o!i  prcndroit  d^formais  ]cs  precautions  les  plus 
I'igourcufes  pour  anctcr  l,i  vcnte  di-s  prifes  quails  auroicnt 
faits  fur  les  fujcts  de  la  Grande  Brcragne.     Les  ordres  qui 
furent  donnes  pour  cet  cftct  <l'tonnerent  les  pavtifins  dci 
rebelled,  ct  femblerent  nrreter  Ic  progres  da  m.:!  :  mais  les 

iu|«t8  de  plaiatc  renatUbieat  tous  les  joursy  ct  la  manidre  dont 

ce« 

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t 

U'POINSS  a  i'BXPOSB'  AUCmtA  FRANCE.  3P7 

ces  ordres  furent  (fabord  £]ude$,  violas  enfuite,  et  enfin 
tout-a-faic  oubli^  par  les  n^gocians,  ]es  corfaires,  et  m^iiie 
par  les  officiers  royaux,  n*^coic  point  excufee  par  les  pro- 
teilations  d'amitie  dont  la  cour  de  Verfailks  accompagna  ces 
infractions  de  la  paix,  jufqa'i  ce  moment  qu'elle  annon^a,  ptf  ^ 
Ton  ambaiTadeur  a  Londre<:,  le  traits  d'aHiance  qu'oile  venoit 
d«  figncr  avcc  les  agens  dcs  colonics  r^voltees  de  TAmerique. 

Si  un  ennemi  Stranger,  reconnu  parmi  les  puifTances  de 
r Europe,  avoit  hit  la  conquete  des  ^tats  du  roi  dans  TAm^- 
riquc,  et  que  le  France  cut  confirmc,  par  un  traic6  folemnel^ 
u.i  acte  de  violence  qui  depouilloit,  au  milieu  d*une  paix 
prolonde,  le  voifin  refpedtable  done  elle  fe  difoit  Pamie  et 
alliee,  I'Kurope  entiere  fe  feroit  foulevee  centre  I'injuftice 
d'un  projcdc  qui  violoit  fans  pudeur  tout  ce  qu'il  y  a  de 
plus  faint  p.irnii  Icb  hammer.  i^a  premiere  decouvcrte,  la 
poffefTion  now  intcrronipue  de  deux  cens  ans,  et  !c  confcnte- 
meat  dc  toutrs  les  nations,  auroient  fuffi  pour  conlt.iter  ies 
droits  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  aux  tcrres  de  rAmcnquc  Sep- 
tentrional e,  et  fa  fouverainetc  fur  le  pcupie  qui  y  avoit  fonii6 
des  etablillVmens  avec  la  pcrmilFion  et  fous  le  gouverncmcnt 
des  predeceiieurs  du  roi.  Si  ce  pi-aplcmeme  a  ule  fccouer 
le  joug  dc  Tauiorit^  ou  plutot  dcs  loix,  s'il  a  ufurpc  Ics  pro- 
vinces ct  Ics  prerogatives  de  fon  fouverain,  ct  s*i]  3  recherche 
Taiijance  des  etrangers  pour  appuier  fon  indcpendance  pr6- 
tenduej  ces  Strangers  ne  peuvent  accepter  fon  alliance, 
ratificr  ces  ulurpatiuns,  et  reconnoitre  fon  i;idependance, 
fans  fupptiier  que  la  revoke  a  des  droits  plus  etcndus  que  ceux 
de  la  guerre^  et  fans  accorder  aux  fujeis  rebelles  un  titre 
legitime  aux  conquetes  qu'iis  n'avoient  pu  fairequ'au  m^pri^ 
de  la  judice  ct  des  loix.  Les  ennemis  fecrets  de  la  paix,  de 
la  Grande  Bretagne  ct  pcut-ctre  de  la  France  meme,  eurent 
cependant  i'addrelTe  criminclle  de  perfuader  a  fa  majeite  tres 
Chretienne  qu'elle  p  >uvt)it,  fans  violcr  la  foi  des  traitcs, 
declarer  publiquement  qu'elle  rccevoit  au  nombredc  fes  allies 
Jes  fujecs  rcvolces  d*un  roi,  fon  vo  iin  et  fon  alli6.  Les  pro* 
feflions  d'amiti^,  dont  on  accomp.i^na  cette  declaration  que 
le  marquis  de  Noailles  fut  charge  dc  faire  a  la  cour  de  Lon» 
dres,  ne  fervoient  qu*a  aggraver  1  inju.c  par  Tinfulre,  et  il 
^toit  referve  pour  la  France  de  fc  vanicr  de  fcs  diipuiitions 
pacifiques  dans  I'inllajit  meme  que  fon  ambition  lai  infpira 
a'cxocuier  et  d'avuucr  un  acle  de  perfidie  fans  exemple  dans 
Th  I ilo ire  dcs  nations.  "  Cependani,'*  (tel  eft  le  iangage 
que  ia  cour  de  Verfailles  ofe  encore  fe  permettrc,)  Ccpcn- 

dant  ce  feroit  s'abufer  dtcroire  que  c'eft  la  rcconnoifiance 
♦*  que  Ic  roi  a  faite  de  Tinddpendance  des  treize  ^tats  unisdc 

TAnierique  Septeiituunalc  qui  a  irrit^  le  roi  d'Angleterre  : 
^  cc  priiicc  xi  ignote  pas  UiiS  doutc  t^us  1^$  c^i^cmples  de  ce 

%  2,  gem© 

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ME  MOIRS  JU8TIFICATIF  ptMr  firw 

genre  que  fourmSent  les  annales  Brifumiques  et  mEme 

ion  propre  regne.'^ — ^Jamais  ces  exmples  pr^tendus  n'ocit 
exift^,-^Jafftais  le  roi  n'a  reconnu  Pind^pendaiiceil^n  peuple 
qui  avotc  fecou6  le  joug  de  fon  prince  l^itime;  et  il  eft 
tfifte^  fans  doute,  que  le$  nuiuftres  de  fa  insjeft^  trcs  Chr6- 
tienne  atent  furprts  la  religion  de  leur  fouveratn  pourcouvrir 
d*un  Mnii*auffi  refpedable  des  afleitions  fans  fondement  et 
fans  vratfemblance,  qat  Ibnt  dcmenties  par  ie  (buveiiir  de 
PEurope  entiere.  , 

Au  commencement  des  difpiites  qui  s'^levoient  entre  la 
Grande  Bretagne  et  fes  colonies»  la  cour  de  Vedailleadtelara 
qu*el!e  ne  pritendoit  point  etrejuge  dekquerelle;  et  ion 
ignorance  des  principes  de  la'conftittttion  Britanniquc,  auffi 
bfen  que  des  privileges  et  des  obligations  des  coloni^  auroit 
d6  l*engager  a  perufter  toujours  dans  une  d^chratioii  auffi 
fage  et  modefte.  *£lle  fe  feroit  ^pargn6  la  honte  de  tcanferire 
les  manifefles  du  Congr^s  Am^ricainy  et  de  prononcer  au- 
jourdhui,  "  Que  les  proc^dfe  de  la  cour  de  LiOD(foes  foici- 
<c  rent  ces  anciennes  colonies  de  recourir  i  la  roie  des  armes 
«*  pourmaintenir  leurs  droits,  leurs  privileges  et  leur  Kbert^** 
Ces  vains  pretextes  ont  deja  etc  refutes  de  la  maniere  la  plus 
convaincante,  et  les  droits  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  fur  ce 
pcupic  revoke,  fes  bienfaits  et  fa  longue  patience,  ont  ete 
dcja  prouves  par  la  raifon  et  par  les  faits.  II  fuflit  ici  de 
remaiqiijr,  que  l:i  France  nf  peat  fe  prcvaloir  de  I'iniuftice 
qu'elle  rcproc  ic  a  Li  coar  ii^  LonJres  fans  introduirc  ia 
jurifprudcnce  l']:.ui  opc  des  maximcs  aulH  nouveUcs  qu'ciies 
leroieiit  tauilcs  cL  dangereufes;  fans  fuppoCcr  qut^  les  difpuces 
qui  s'el^vent  au  lein  d'un  etat  indcpciidant  ct  li'uvcraia  uat 
(oumifes  a  la  jurifdiction  d  un  prince  ctrangcr,  et  que  ce 
prince  peut  ^voquer  a  fon  tribunal  fes  allies  ct  Icurs  fujcts 
revoke,  puur  jukiher  la  conduitc  du  peuple  qui  s*t il  Litfranchi 
des  devoirs  de  I'obeifTance  legitime.  Les  miniftres  du  roi 
tres  Chretienne  s*appercevront  peut-etrc  un  jour  quel'ambi- 
tlon  les  a  faitoublicr  les  int^.ets  ct  les  droif^  d-j  tuus  les  lou- 
vcrains.  1 /approbation  que  la  cour  de  V'erlaiUes  vient  dc 
donncr  a  la  revoke  des  colonies  Angloifes  ne  lui  permettroit 
pas  dc  blamer  le  foulcvement  de  fes  propres  fujcts  dans  le 
nouveau  monde  ou  de  ceux  de  PEfpagne,  qui  auroicnt  des 
motifs  bien  pins  puifl'ans  pour  fuivre  le  meme  cxemple,  s'ik 
n'en  6toient  pomr  detoumes  par  h  viie  des  calamacs  dans 
le^uelies  ces  maliieurcufes  colonies  Ic  font  precipitecs. 

Mais  la  France  ellc-mcdie  parok  fentir  la  foiblclTc,  ie 
danq;er  ct  I'indecencc  de  ces  pretcnlions,  et  fe  relachant  daos 
Ic  declaration  du  marquis  de  Noailles,  audi  bien  que  dins  le 
dernier  m:inifclle,  fur  le  droit  dc  rindfpendancf',  edc  (c 

conteute  de  iuuleoir  que  €cs  cglomes  reyplt^s  jouiiioient 


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KBTONSE  a  /'EXPOSE' U  Omr  di  FRANCE. 

dgas  le  iait  do  cctte  tnd^pendance  qu'elles  s'^toient  donn^i 

Sue  I'Anglctcrrc  meme  Tavoit  cn  quelque  forte  reconnue 
leomeme.  en  laiiTant  fubfiiler  des  ji£tes  qui  tIennenC  a  la 
ibuverainet^y  el  qu'ainfil  a  France,  fans  violer  la  paix,  pou-> 
voit  condure  un  trait^  d'amiti^  et  dc  commerce  avec  les^tats 
unis  de  I'Am^nqiie  Septentrionale.— Voict  de  quelle  maniere 
la  Graode  Bretagne  avoit  reconnu  cette  ind^pendance  ^g^- 
^  ment  imaginaire  dans  le  droit  et  dans  le  fait.  Deux  ans  nc 
s'^toieot  pas  encore  pafT^s  d^puls  le  jotir^qiie  les  rebelled 
avoient  d&lar^  leur  r^folution  crimineRe  de.  fecouer  le  joug 
de  la  m^re«patrie>  et  ce  terme  ayoit  6te  rempli  par  les  eve- 
nemens  d*iine  guerre  ianglante  et  opiniatre.  Les  fucces 
avoient  ete  balances,  mats  Tarm^e  du  roi,  qui*  occupoit  les 
plus  importances  des  villes.  mantiineS)  continuoit  toiijours 
de  menacer  les  provinces  int^rieures;  le  pavilion  Anglois 
regnoit  fur  toutesles  mers  de  I'Am^riquc  \  et  le  r^tabliiTement 
de  fa  d^pendante  legitime*  6toit  pofe  comme  la  condition  in- 
difpeafable  d^  la  paix  que  la  Grande  Bretagne  offroit  i  des 
fujecs  r^volteSy  dont  elle  refpedoit  les  droits,  leS  interets  et 
meme  les  prcjuges.  La  cour  de  Verfailles  qui  annonce  avec 
tant  ^  de  franchife  et  de  fimplicit^*'  le  traite  fign^  avec  ces 
pretendus  ^tats  de  TApi^rique,  qu'elle  trouvoit  dans  une  iitu* 
atioA  independante,  avoit  feule  contribu6  par  fes  iecours 
clandcftins  a  nourrir  le  feu  de  la  revoke,  et  ce  fut  la  crainte 
de  la  paix  qui  engagea  la  France  i  fe  fervir  du  bruit  de  cette 
alliance  comme  du  moien  le  plus  efficace  pour  enflammer 
les  efprits  des  peuples  qui  commenfoient  deja  a  ouvrir  les 
veux  fur  les  (uites  malheureufes  de  la  revoke,  la  tyrannic  de 
leurs  ttCHiveaux  che^  et  les  difpofltions  patesnelles  de  leur 
finiveiaia  legitime, 

Dans  ces  circoiiftances  il  eft  Impoffible  de  nier  fans  inftilter 
trop  groffierement  i  la  raifon  et  a  la  v^rit6,  que  la  d^  la- 
ration  du  marquis  de  Noaillesdu  13  Mars  de  I'ann^  derniere 
ne  dilt  etre  re^uc  comme  une  veritable  declaration  de  guerre 
de  la  part  du  roi  trcs  Chretien  j  et  les  aflurances  "  qu'il 
avoit  pris  des  mefures  cventuelles  avec  les  etais  unis  de 
TAmcrique,  pour  loutenir  la  libcrte  d'un  commerce/*' 
qui  avuit  tant  de  tuis  excite  Ics  plaintcs  legitimes  de  la  Grande  • 
B;  ctniine,  ;.i;t(;rifoieiit  le  roi  a  confiderer  des  ce  moment  la 
1  iiombre  de  fes  ennemis.    La  cour  de  Verfailles  nc 

pcu:  pas  s'cmpcchti  dc  reconnoitre  que  Ic  roi  o^Angletcrre 
aprts  r.ippcUe  "  fun  amb.'.fLidcur,  dcnonca  a  foa  par- 

•*  lemcr.t  U  demarche  1^  m^jcile  comnic  ua  atle  d'hof- 
•*  tilite,  comme  une  agarefTiun  fonacilc  et  prctiv^diu  c.** 
'Telle  fut,  il  eft  vrai,  lu  declaration  que  rhonncur  et  la 
juilice  cxigerent  du  roi,  et  quM  couiriiuiuquu  fans  dclai  a 
tuus  iies  nuai^e&  d^ms  les  di^eremes  coui^  de  M:)urope,  pour 


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ME'MOIRE  JUSTIFICATIF  p^ur /cvuir  di 


juftifier  d'avartce  l«$  eSets  d*un  reflentiineitt  Kgitime*  Det 
loirs  i1  eft  afle^  inutile  de  recbereher  les  ordres  qui  forenc 
^nvoi'^  aux  Indes  OrientaleS}  de  marquer  le  jour  prfcit  . 
auquel  les  fl6ttes  d'Angleterre  ou  de  France  fortirent  de  leurs 
ports  refpedtifs,  ou  d'examiner  les  circonftances  du  combat 
Avec  la  BdU  Pmli^  et  de  la  prife  des  deux  frigates  qui  furent 
,  cflFedivement  enleirto  i  la  vue  ni6cne  des  c6tes  de  la  France. 
Oes  lors  le  reproche  qu'on  fe  permet  d^  foire  au  rot  d'avoir 
fi  long  terns  fufpendu  la  declaration  formeHe  de  la  guerre, 
s'^vanouit  de  lui  m6nie«  Ces  d^larations  ne  font  que  des 
moiens  dont  les  nations  ibnt  reciproquement  convenues  pour 
Writer  la  trahifon  et  la  furprife;  mais  les  c^rtoonies  qui  an- 
nooeent  ce  cbangement  terrible  de  la  paix  a  la  guerre,  les 
h^rauts,  les  proclamations,  les  manifeiteS)  ne  font  jamais 
iieccilaires,  et  ne  font  pas  toujours  les  mtoes.  La  decla* 
ration  du  marquis  de  Noailles  fut  le  fignal  de  I'infiradion  pub* 
lique  de  1%  paix :  le  roi  proclama  fur  le  champ  i  toutes  les 
nations  quM  accepioit  la  guerre  que  la  France  lui  ofFroiti 
les  demarches  uU^rieuies  de  fa  majeftd  etoient  du  refibrt  de 
h  prudence  p)uc6t  que  de  fa  juftice,  et  I'Europe  peut  juger 
maintenant  u  fa  cour  de  Londres  manquoit  de  ^  moiens  pour 
^  juilifier  une  d^laraition  de  guirre,  et  fi  elle  n'dfoic  pas  ac* 
^  cufcr  publiqucment  la  France  d'^crel'aggrcfrcur/' 

Puifque  Palliance  de  la  France  avec  les  colonies  revdtte 
de  TAmerique  avoit  et^  une  infraction  manlfef^e  de  la  paix 
et  le  motif  legitime  de  la  guerre,  la  cour  de  VerlaiUes  devoic 
naturellement  s'attendrc  qu'i  la  premiere  propofuion  d'un 
ttccommodement  entre  les  deux  couronnes,  h  Roi  exigeroit 
de  ia  part  qu'on  lui  rccordat  une  jufte  latisfadion  fur  un 
ohjct  aufli  important^  et  que  la  France  r^non^dt  i  ccs  liaifons 
qui  avoient  force  fa  majeu^  i  prendre  les  armes.  La  furprife 
alFe^t^e  que  les  minifies  du  roi  trcs  Chretien  font  paroltre 
aujourdhui  de  la  fcrmete  de  la  cour  de  IiOndres^ft  ailex  con- 
forme  a  Torgueil  qui  leur  didla  des  conditions  de  paix  que  les 
dus  grands  fucces  auroient  i  peine  juftifi^es ;  et  la  propo- 
lition  qu'ils  hazard^rent  pour  engager  le  roi  a  retirer  fes 
troupes  de  I'Am^rique,  et  i  reconnoitre  Tindependance  de 
fes  fujets  rcvoltes,  ne  pouvoit  qu'exciter  I'^tonnement  et 
rindignation  de  fa  majeft^.  Le  peu  d'ouverture  que  la  cour 
de  Vcrfailies  trouva  a  une  efp^rance  aufli  vaine,  I'obligea 
bient6t  a  fe  replier  d'une  autre  manicrc;  elle  .a  propof^,  par 
I'entremife  de  la  cour  dc  Madrid,  un  projet  d'accommode- 
ment  moins  offenfant  peut-etre  dans  la  forme,  mais  auA  peu 
admiifible  par  le  fonds.  Le  roi  Catholique,  avec  le  con- 
fentement  de  la  France,  communiqua  aox  mtniftres  du  roi  la 
proportion  d'une  trcve  ri  longues  ann^es,  ou  bien  d'une 

Cuipciifiofi  gjMsdk  ct  iadifinic  de  toutes  bgiUlitis,  pendant 

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ll£'PONS£  a  r&XPOSE'  ^  iaC^iU  FRANCE 


laquclle  Ics  colonies  r^voltees,  Ics  prctcndus  etats  unis  dc 
l*Amcriquc  Scptcntrionalc,  feroient  traites  comme  indcpen- 
dans  de  rait.  La  reflexion  )a  plus  iimple  fufiit  pour  dccouvrir 
Tarufice  dc  ce  p'rojet  infidieux,  et  pour  juftificr  aux  )'eux  de 
I'Europe  le  refus  du  roi.  Entre  les  fouverains  qui  fe  recon* 
noiiTent  mais  qui  fe  connbattent,  les  trevcs  a  longucs  annees, 
les  fuipenitons  d*ho(liIites  font  les  moiens  doux  et  falutaires 
pour  applanir  les  difficuU6s  qui  s'oppofent  a  Tentiere  con- 
dufion  d'ttite  psix  qu'on  renvoie  fans  difgrace  et  fans  danger 
a  un  moment  plus  favorable.  Mais  dans  la  quereJle  do* 
n^dique  de  la  Grande  BreCagne  ct  fes  colonies,  la  fouve- 
rainete  memet  I'ind^pendance  4e  droie  ou  de  fait,  eft  I'objet 
^^[z  difputej  et  la  dignity  du  roi  ne  lui  permettoit  point 
^'accepter  ces  propofitions  qui  accordoient  des  I'entr^c;  de  la 
negocLation  toiit  ce  qui  pouvoit  cootenter  I'ambicton  des 
Am^ricains  rebelles,  pendant  qu*elle$  exig^rent  de  (a  maj^ft6 
que  ians  aucune  ftipulation  en  fa  faveur,  elie  fe  defiflat  pen* 
danc  un  terme  long  ou  indeflni  des  pretentions  les  plus  legi- 
times. La  cour  de  Verfailles  daignott,  il  e(l  vrai>  confentir 
que  telle  de  Londres  traitat  avec  It  Congr^  foit  dire(f!^ement, 
foit  par  rentrenaife  du  roi  d'Efpagne.  Sa  majefte  afiur^ment 
fie  s'abbaifTera  point  jufqu'a  fe  plaindre  de  cet  orgueiI>  qui 
iemble  lui  accorder  comme  une  grace  la  permiflion  de  traiter 
dire^ment  avec  fes-fujets  rebelles.  Mais  d  les  Am^ricains 
eux-memes  ne  font  pas  aveugles  par  la  paflion  et  la  preveo-* 
Ciofiy  ils  verront  clairement  dans  le  proc^de  de  la  France  que 
leurs  nouveaux  allies  deviendroient  bientot  ieurs  tyransi  et 
que  cette  independance  pretendue,  achetee  par  tant  de  inal- 
heurs  et  tant  de  fang,  feroit  foumife  a  la  volonti  defpotiquc 
d'une  cour  iStrangere. 

Si  la  France  pouvoit  verifier  cet  eoiprefflement  qu'elte 
attribue  a  la  cour  de  Londres  k  recbercber  la  mutation  de 
l*£fpagne,  un  pareil  empreflement  ferviroit  a  prouver  la  jufte 
comfiance  du  roi  dans  la  boAt^  de  la  caufe,  et  fon  eftime  pour 
tine  .nation  eenereufe  qui  a  toujours  m^prifiS  la  fraude  et  la 
perfidie.  Mais  la  cour  de  Londres  eft  forc^e  i  convenir  que 
la  mediation  lui  fut  offerte  par  les  miniftres  du  roi  Catb<^ 
lique,  et  qu'elle  n^a  d'autre  m6rite  que  cdui  d'avoir  fait 
paroltre  dans  toutes  les  occaiions  une  inclination  vive  ct 
itoc^re  d^  deli vrer  fes  fujets  et  meoie  fes  enneipis  do  fl^u  de  • 
la  guerre.  La  conduite  de  la  cour  de  Madrid  pendant  cette 
negociation  fit  bient6t  connoltre  au  rot  qu^un  m^iateur  qui ' 
oublioit  fes  int^rets  les  plus  chers  pour  fe  livrer  i  Tambitioa 
ct  au  reilentiment  d*une  puiflEuice  £trangere>  feroit  incapable 
de  propofer  un  accommoaement  Air  ou  honorable.  L^exp6- 
rience  confirma  fes  foupfons:  le  projet  injufte  et  inadinilL 
fible  qu*on  vicnc  d'expofcr  fuc  Ic  fcul  fruit  de  la  mediation. 

£t 


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ME'MOIRB  JU6TIFICATIP  ftm  ftr^h,  ftcu 

£t  8l  rinftant  ^mSme  que  les  miniftres  c!ii  lox  Ca 
ofTroient  avec  lc$  profeflions  les  ptus  definterciTees  fa  capi- 
taiC)  fes  bons  offices^  fii  ganuitie  pour  faciliter  la  condimm 
du  trait6)  its  laifT^rcnt  entr'evotr  dans  le  fond  de  \*Memt€% 
de  noiiveaux  fttjets  de  difcufnon  qui  regardolent  particaUere* 
ment  I'Efpagne,  mats  fur  lefquels  ik  refuierent  toujotirs  de 
s'expliqucr.    Le  refus  de  h  majefte  d'acceder  i  VuUimaimn 
de  la  cour  de  Madrid  fot  accompagn^  de  tous  les  m^age- 
mens  et  de  coos  les  ^gards  coavenables ;  et  ^  moins  que  cecte 
tout  ne  $*arrogeat  le  droit  de  diAer  les  conditions  de  patx  a 
un  voifin  ind^pendant  ec  refpedable,  il  oe  le  pafla  rien  dans 
cette  conjon£hire  qui  dilt  alterer  T^armonie  des  deux  cou- 
tonnes*   Mais  les  demarche^  offenfives  de  TEfpagne,  qu^elle 
n*a  jamais  pu  rev^dr  des  plus  foibles  apparences  de  Tequite, 
snonirerent  bient6t  que  fa  refolution  etoit  deja  prife,  et  qye 
cette  refolution  lui  avoit  ete  mfpiree  par  le  miniilere  Fnn* 
^ois,  qui  n'avoit  retarde  la  declaration  de  la  cour  de  -Macfrid 
que  dans  Tefpcrance  de  porter  fous  le  mafque  de  Pamitie  un 
coup  mortd  i  i'honneur  el  aux  interets  de  h'  Grande 
Bretaene. 

,  TeTs  font  les  ennemis  tnjuftes  et  ambitieux  qui  ont  meprUe 
la  foi  des  traites  pour  violer  la  tranquillitc  publique,  et  cootre 
lefquels  le  roi  defend  maintenant  les  droits  de  ^  couronne  et 
de  fon  peuple.  L'evenement  eft  encore  dans  la  main  da 
Tput-puiflant;  mats  la  imjeiic,  qui  h  confie  avec  unc 
afliirance  forme  mais  humble  dans  la  prote^on  Divine,  fe 
perfuade  que  les  vceux  de  PEurope  appuieront  la  juftice  de 
la  caufe)  et  applaudiront  au  Aicccs  de  fes  armes,  qui  n'ont 
point  d^autre  objet  que  de  rcubUr  le  rcpos  des  nations  lur  uiic 
bafe  foUde  et  incbranlable. 


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I 


(    5t3  ) 


A 

Y  I  N  D  I  C  A  T  I  ON 

I 


Some  PASSAGES  in  the  Fiftccatii  and  Sixteciiiii  Chapters 

0#    T  U  S 

Uifimy  of  the  DtcUm  and  FaU  ^  thi  Roman  Empire. 


PBAHAPS  it  may  be  neoeiTary  to  inform  the  Public,  that 
not  lofig  fince  an  Examination  of  the  Fifteenth  and 
Sixteenth  Chapters  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Decline  and  Fall 

•  of  the  Roman  Empire  was  publifhed  by  Mr.  Davis.  He 
flyles  himfclf  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  a  Member  of  Baliol  • 
College  in  the  uAiverfity  of  Oscfbrd.  His  title-page  is  % 
ikclaration  of  war;  and  in  the  profecution  of  his  reiigioui 
cni(kde,  he  aflttmes  a  privilege  of  difrcgarding  the  ordinaty 
Jaws  which  are  refpe^lKd  in  the  moft  hollile  cran&Aioiis  be- 
tween civilized  men  or  civilized  nadons.  Some  6f  the 
kaHhell  epithets  in  the  £ngliih  language  are  repeatedly 
applied  to  the  hiftorian,  a  part  of  whofe  work  Mr.  Davis 
has  cl^en  for  the  objedl  of  his  criticifm.  To  this  author 
Mr*  Davis  imputes  the  crime  of  betraying  the  confidence 
and  feduclng  the  laith  of  thofe  readers,  who  may  heedleisly 
ftnj  in  the  flowery  paths  of  his  diction,  without  perceiving 
the  poifenous  fnalcc  that  lurks  concealed  in  the  grais— Ziii<^^ 
anguif  in  berba.    The  Examiner  has  aifumed  the  province 

of  reminding  them  of  "  the  unfair  proceedings  of  fuch  an 
inddious  friend9  who  offers  the  deadly  draught  in  a  g<^deti 
**  cup,  that  they  may  be  lefs  fcnfible  of  the  danger ».  In 
order  to  which  Mr.  Davis  has  fele^d  feveral  of  the  more 
notorious  inftances  of  his  mifreprefentations  and  errors; 
reducing  ^em  to  their  refpedlive  heads,  and  fubjoining  a 
long  lift  of  almoft  incredible  inaccuracies:  and  fuch 
.  ^  ftriking  proofs  of  fervile  plagiarifin,  as  the  world  will  be 

*  finpdicd  to  meet  with  in  an  audior  who  puts  in  fo  bold  a> 

*  DaTitj  PicfiM* 

<^  claiia 


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Viadkatiott    Some  ffalfiigo  im  Cbapten  XV.  «mi  XVf . 

"  claim  to  originaliry  and  extenfive  re^dino*  ?'*  Mr.  Davis 
■  prolecutcs  this  nttack  through  ai:  ochivo  volume  of  not  lefs 
than  two  hundred  and  eighty-tour  pages  with  the  fame  im-> 
placable  fpirit;  perpetually  chnrf^es  his  ndverfary  with  per- 
verting; the  ancients,  and  tranlci';bing  the  n-,odernsj  and, 
inconhftcntly  enough,  imputes  to  him  the  oppofite  crimes  <^ 
art  and  careiciiiiefs,  of  grofs  ignorance  and  of  wilful  falfe- 
hood.  The  Examiner  clolcs  his  work  f  with  a  fcvcre  reproof 
of  thole  feeble  critics  who  have  allowed  any  (hare  of  know- 
ledge to  an  odious  antagonifh  He  prefumcs  to  pity  and  to 
condemn  the  firfl  hiftorian  of  the  prcfcnt  age,  for  the  gene- 
rous approbation  which  he  hnd  beftowed  on  a  writer,  who  is 
content  that  Mr.  Davis  ihould  be  his  enemy,  whil&he  has  a 
light  to  name  Dr.  Robertfon  for  hi^  friend. 

When  1  delivered  to  the  work!  the  Flrfl:  Volume  of  an 
impurtam  Hiftory,  in  which  I  had  been  obliged  to  conneck 
the  progrefs  of  Chriltianity  with  the  civil  ftalc  and  re  vol  u- 

'  tions  ©f  the  Rotnan  Empire,  I  could  not  be  ignorant  that 
tbe  rcfult  of  my  enquiries  might  offend  the  intereft  ot  fonie 
and  fhe  opinions  of  others.  If  the  whole  work  was  fivou^ 
fably  received  by  tlic  l^ublic,  1  had  the  morercafon  to  expe£fc 
that  this  obnoxious  part  would  provoke  the  zeal  of  thoie  who 
confidcr  tiiemfelves  as  the  Watchmen  of  the  Holy  City. 

.  ^I  heic  cxpcctatioiiir  were  not  difappointcd;  and  a  fruitful 
c:op  of  Anfwers,  Apologies,  Remarks,  Examinations,  &c. 
iprung  up  with  all  convenient  fpeed.  As  foon  as  I  faw  the  , 
advertifement,  I  generally  fent  for  them;  for  I  have  never 
affected,  indeed  I  have  never  underifooJ,  the  floical  apathy, 
file  proud  contempt  of  criiiciiin,  which-  fume  authors  have 
publiclv  profe/Ted.  Fame  is  the  motive,  it  is  the  reward,  of 
our  labuLH  s  j  nor  can  I  cafily  comprehend  how  it  is  pofliblc 
that  we  Ihuuld  i  iniaiii  cold  and  indifferent  with  regard  to  the 
attempts  which  are  made  to  dL-[)[ive  us  of  the  moft  valuable 
objc<^t  of  our  poflefTions,  or  .u  V  a'X  of  our  hopes,  iiefides 
this  ffruiig  and  natural  nn|;Lilic  ut  cvi;  jofity,  I  was  prompted 
by  the  more  huJabie  Jeluc  of  appl)  to  my  own,  and  the 
public  benefit,  the  well-grounded  cenluces  of  a  learned  .id- 
verfary;  and  of  correcting  thofe  faults  which  the  indulgence 
of  vanity  and  frLendfhip  had  fufterLd  to  i  fcape  without  obfer- 
vation.    1  read  with  attention  feverai  ct  :ticifms  which  were 

*publifhed  againd  the  two  lalt  chapters  of  my  Hiltory,  and 
wnlefs  1  much  deceived  myfelf,  1  weighed  them  in  my  own 
mind  without  prejudice  and  without  refentmcnt.    After  \. 

'lyat  clearly  fat'isfied  that  their  principal  obJccUons  were 

^  IM^  Pitlace»  f.  Mi*'  f  Diriiy  p.  a8a»  aS}. 

tomMcn 


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the  DecUne  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire* 


founded  on  mifreprefentation  or  tniffake^  I  declined  with 
ilnccrc  and  difinterefted  relu&tiee  the  odiDus  cade  of  con- 

troverfy,  and  almoH;  formed  a  tacit  refolution  of  committing 
my  intentions,  my  writings,  and  my  adverfaries  lo  the  j udg- 
mcnt  of  the  Public,  of  whofe  favourable  difpofition  I  had 

received  the  moft  flattering  proofs. 

The  reaiuiis  which  juftihcd  my  filcncc  were  obvious  and 
forcible:  the  refpeilable  nature  of  the  fubjeft  itfelf,  which 
ought  not  to  be  rafbly  violated  by  thu-  rude  hand  ot"  coniro-* 
Vcrly  i  the  inevitable  tendency  cf  difpute^  which  foon  dege- 
nerates into  mir.Litc  and  p  jrioinl  .ilt  i  :\it:< ;  the  indifference 
of  the  Pubhc  fur  tl^e  tiirculiiun  of  Inch  quell  ions  as  neither 
relate  to  the  buHnefs  nor  the  arr-ufenu-;;:  ot  the  prefent  age. 
I  calculated  the  poffibk  lofb  of  temper  and  the  certain  lols 
of  time,  and  confidered,  that  while  I  was  laborioully  en- 
gaged la  a  huniih.iting  tafk,  which  could  add  nothing  to  my 
own  reputation,  or  to  the  entertainment  of  my  readers,  1 
mufl  interrupt  the  proftjcution  of  a  work  u'hich  claimed  my 
ivhole  attention,  and  which  the  Public,  or  ie^li  my  friends, 
feemed  to  require  with  feme  impatience  at  my  hands.  The 
judicious  lines  of  Dr.  Young  fonie times  ofl'ered  themfclves 
to  my  memory,  and  I  felt  the  truth  of  his  obfervation.  That 
every  author  lives  or  dies  by  his  own  pen,  and  that  the  un- 
erring fentcnce  of  Time  afhgns  its  proper  rank  to  every  com- 
pofition  and  to  every  cntidfrn,  which  it  preferves  from 
oblivion. 

I  ihould  have  confulted  my  own  eafe,  and  perhaps  I  fhould 
have  adled  in  ftri(5ter  conformity  to  the  rules  of  prudence, 
if  I  had  ftil!  perfevcred  in  patient  fiJence.  But  Mr.  Davis 
may,  if  he  pleafe-^,  alFume  the  merit  of  extorting  from  mc 
the  notice  which  I  had  rcfufed  to  more  honourable  foes. 
I  had  declined  the  conliJeration  of  their  literary  Objections i 
but  he  has  compelled  me  to  give  an  antwer  t  o  his  criminal 
jiccujations.  Had  he  confined  himfelf  to  the  ordinary,  and 
indeed  ohfolete  ch.ir._^es  of  impious  principles,  and  mifchie- 
VOUb  intention^,  1  Ihoald  have  acknowledged  with  rcaduKp^ 
and  plealurc  tli.it  the  religion  of  Mr.  Davis  a[-)[)c.ired  to  be 
very  different  fro  m  mine.  Had  he  contented  hiinfelf  with 
the  ufe  of  that  Ih  le  which  decency  and  politencfs  have 
hanifhed  from  the  nK>re  liber;d  part  of  mankind,  I  fhould 
have  fmiled,  perhaps  with  fome  contempt,  but  v/ithout  the 
mixture  of  anger  or  refent:ncnt.  Every  aniniai  employs 
the  note,  or  cry,  or  howl,  which  is  peculiar  to  its  fpecies; 
every  man  exprcffes  himfelf  in  the  dialedt  the  mofl  congenial 
to  his  temper  and  inclination,  the  moft  'familiar  to  the  com- 

pio/  ia  wluch  he  has  Uvcdy  and  to  the  authors  with  whom 


Be  is  converfant ;  and  while  I  was  difpofed  to  allow  that  Mn. 
Davis  had  made  hmc  proficiency  in  ecclefiaftical  (ludies^  1 
fliould  have  confidercd  the  dii^crence  of  our  language  and 
manners  as  an  unfurmotin table  bar  of  feparation  between  us» 
Mr.  Davis  has  overleaped  that  bar,  and  forces  me  to  con- 
tend with  him  on  the  very  dirty  ground  which  he  has  chofen 
for  the  feene  of  our  combat.    He  has  judged,.  I  know  not 
with  how  much  propriety,  that  the  fupport  of  a  caufe>  whicb 
would  difclaim  llich  unworthy  alfiifancc,  depended  on  thcruii* 
of  tnv  moral  and  literary  character.    The  different  mifre- 
prcfentaiions,  of  which  he  has  drawn  out  the  ignominious 
catalog;ue,  would  materially  affedt  my  credit  as  an  hiftorian, 
my  repurrtrron  as  a  fcholar^  atid  even  my  honour  and  veracity 
as  a  gentleman.    It  1  am  indeed  incapable  of  underftanding; 
what  1  rearl,  I  cwn  no  lon<^er  claiin  a  place  among  thofe 
writers  wh.o  iTicnt  the  elkem  and  confidence  of  rhc  Public, 
If  I  am  c.':-abie  of  wdfully  perverting  what  I  ujuicrftand,  I 
no  Inns^cr  defcrve  to  live  in  the  iuciety  of  thofe  men,  who- 
conijder  a  ftrictand  inviolable  adherence  to  truth  a$  thefoun- 
daiion  of  every  thinn;  that  is  virtuous  or  honourable  in  humarfc 
nature..    At  the  fame  time,  I  am  nf)t  iniciiJiiile  ihathismode 
•f  attHrk  has  fr'wcu  :t  tranfient  pleafure  to  my  enemie?,  and 
a  traulieat  urieafuicfs  to  my  friends.    The  fize  ot  his  vo- 
lume,, the  boldnefs  of  his  affertions,  the  acrimony  of  his. 
liyle,  are  eontrhved  with  tolerable  fkill  to  confound  the  igno- 
rance and  candour  of  his  readers.     There  are  few  who  will 
examine  the  truth  or  ju(lice  of  his  accijr..tions ;  ai.d  of  thofe 
pcrfons  who  have  been  directed  bv  their  education  to  the 
ffudy  of  ecclefiaffical  antiquity,  many  will  believe,  or  will 
affect  to  believe,  that  the  fuccefs  of  their  champion  has  bcea 
equal  to  his  zeal,  and  that  the  ferpent  pierced  with  an  hun- 
dred wounds  lies  expiring  at  his  feet.   Mr.  Davis's  book,  will 
ceale  lo  be  read  (perhaps  the  grammarians  may  akeadv  re- 
proach me  for  the  ufe  of  an  improper  tenfe);.  but  the  obli- 
vion towards  which  it  feems  lo  be  hailtiumg,  will  afford  the 
more  ample  fcope  foe  the  artful  praftices  of  thofe,  who  may 
not  fcruple  to  affirm,  or  rather  to  inhnuate,  that  iVlr.  Gibboft 
was  pubiickly  convicfed  ot  tallehood  aiid  mifreprcfeniation  ^ 
that  the  evidence  produced  againft  him  was  unanfwerable 
and' that  his  fiicnce  was  the  effect  and  the  proof  of  coiikious 
guilt*    Under  the  hands  of  a  mabcious  furgeon>  the  fting  of 
a.  wafp  may  continue  to  fefter  and  inflame,  long  after  the 
vexatious  little  ioie^i  has  left  ks  venom  and  its  kfc  m  the  . 
wound* 

The  defence  of  my  owrr  honour  is  undoubtedly  the  firft 
and  prL'\  aihi);^  motive  which  urges^  me  to  repel  with  vigour 
ai)  unjuii  and  un^rovt^kcd  attack and  to  uudortake  a  tedious 

Yiudicauuii^ 

« 

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^  xh§  Dtfdioe  mai  Fall  •f  tU  Roman  EaipMr. 


▼indication,  which,  after  the  perpetiial  repetition  of  tlie 
vaiiieft  and  molt  dijgufting  of  the  [ir(^H)uns,  will  only  pi  awe 
that  J  am  innocent,  anvl  tijat  Mr.  D  :'.  is  4n  his  charge,  has 
very  frequently  fubfcribed  his  own  coaacmnation.  And  yet 
I  may  prcfume  to  affirm,  that  the  Public  have  fome  intercft 
in  this  contrbverfv'.  They  have  fome  mtcreli  to  know,  whe- 
ther the  writer  whom  they  have  hououied  with  their  favour 
is  deferving  of  their  confiJence;  whether  they  muft  content 
themfelves  wiili  icauiag  the  Hiitory  of  the  Decline  and  FaH 
of  the  Roman  Empire  as  a  taie  amufrif  rnoufh^  or  whether 
they  may  venture  to  receive  it  as  :i  (  lk  ::nd  .iui,i'  lUic  hillory. 
The  general  perl'uafion  of  mi.nkinLl,  th:it  wluic  much  has 
been  pofitively  ^^tittdi^  Jomething  mult  trui.',  vw.w  contri- 
bute to  encourage  a  fccret  fufnicion,  v.ihch  v/iuiij  L^iuially 
liiliufe  itlclf  ovci  Lie  vvhulc  bouy  oi  ihc  wurA..  Suaie  of 
thofe  friends  who  may  now  tax  me  with  imprudence  for 
'akm^  thit>  public  noLice  of  Air.  Davis's  boolc,  have  pcraaps 
.Jfcady  condemned  me  for  filently  acquiefcing  utulcr  the 
weight  of  luch  iicrious,  fuch  direct,  and  fuch  circunailautiul 
inipuiALiMns. 

Mr.  Davis  who  In  the  lafl  page  of  his  work  *  appears  to 
have  recollected  that  moJclly  is  an  amiable  and  ufcful  qua- 
,  lification,  affirms,  that  his  plan  required  only  that  he  ihould 
confult  the  authors  to  whom  he  was  directed  by  my  refe- 
rences; and  that  the  judgment  of  riper  years  was  not  To 
neceiTary  to  enable  him  to  execute  with  fuccefs  the  pious 
labour  to  which  he  had  devoted  his  {>en.  Perhaps,  before  we 
(eparate,  a  moment  to  which  I  moft  fervently  afpire,  Mr^ 
Davis  may  find  that  a  mature  judgment  is  indifpenfably  re* 
quiiite  for  the  luccef^ul  ex<«:utiun  of  any  work  of  literature^ 
and  more  efpeciaily  of  criticifm.  Perhaps  he  wili  difeoycir« 
that  a  young  iludent,  who  haftily  cqoTuIcs  aa .  unknown 
authoT)  on  a  fubjc^  with  which  he  is  wiacquaiotcdf  caoaoC 
always  .be  guided  by  the  moft  accurate  reference  to  the 
Juoiwiedge  of  the  fenie,  as  well  as  to  the  fight  of  the  paflage 
which  h^  been  quoted  by  his  adverfary.  Abundant  |uraois 
of  tbefe  maxims  will  hereafter  be  fuggefted.  For  the  «pre- 
ient^  I  iliaU  only  remark«  that  it  is  my  intention  to  punue^ 
in  my  defence^  the  ocder^  or  rather  the  courfei  which  Mr. 
Davis}ias  marked  out  in  his  Examination;  and  that  1  have 
suimbered  the  rcvcral  articles  of  my  impeachment  acoording 
to  the  moft  natural  divifion  of  the  fubje6L  And  now  let  me 
proceed  on  this  hoftile  march  over  a  dreary  and  bairen 
4c^it>  where  thtrft,  hunger,  and, intolerable  wear) neis9. ace 
xnucli  more  to  be  dreadedthan  the  arrows  of  the  enemjk 

;  «  * 

•  Thanh  ?•  aS4« 


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Viiiclitttioft  9f  Soflie  Paflkges im  Chaptsn  XV.  WXVI. 


I. 


ltS»TA*      ^  The  remarkable  mode  of  quotation  which,Mr*  Gibbon 
TtoMt  IN  <(  adopts,  muft  immediatdy  ftrike  every  one  who  turns  to 
«  his  notes.   He  fometimes  only  mentions  the  author,  pcr- 
^  haps  the  book  \  and  often  leaves  the  reader  the  toil  of 
«  finding  out»  or  rather  gueffing  at  the  paiTage.  Tlie  policy^ 
^  however,  is  not  without  its  dcfign  and  ufew   By  endea* 
^  vouring  to  deprive  us  of  the  means  of  compann^  him 
with  the  authorities  he  citesi  he  flattered  himfeTf,  no 
doubt,  that  he  might  fafcly  have  recourfe  to  mtfnprtfen^ 
tathnsK^*    Such  is  the  ftyle  of  Mr.  Davis;  who  in 
another  place  f  Mentions  this  mode  of  quotation    as  a  good 
^  artifice  to  efcape  dete^on^"  and  applauds,  with  an 
agreeable  irony,  his  own  labours  in  turning  over  a  fiw 


1  ihall  not  defcend^to  animadvert  on  the  rude  and  ilfiberal 
'ftratn  of  this  paflage,  and  I  will  frankly  own  that  m^  indig. 
nation  is  Ictt  m  aftonifliment.  The  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth 
Chapters  of  mv  Hiftory  are  illuftrated  by  three  hundred  and 
eightv-three  Notes ;  and  ihe  nakedneis  of  a  few  Notes^ 
which  are  not  accompanied  by  any  quotation,  is  amply  com- 
penfated  by  a  much  greater  number,  which  contain  two, 
three,  perhaps  fotkr  diftinfi  references  j  fo  that  upon  the 
whole  my  ftock  of  quotations,  which  fupport  and  juftify  my 
h,€is^  cannot  amount  to  lefs  than  eight  hundred  or  a  diou« 
land*  As  I  had  often  felt  the  inconvenience  of  the  loofe 
and  general  mediod  of  ^uotingj  which  is  (b  fallidy  imputed  to 
me,  I  have  carefully  diftinguifhed  the  hooks^  the  thapttn^ 
the  fi^hns^  the  pages  of  the  authors  to  whom  I  referred^ 
with  a  degree  of  accuracy  and  attention,  which  might  claim 
feme  gratitude,  as  it  has  feldom  been  lb  r^lariy  praffiled 
bv  any  hiftorical  writers.  And  here  I  muft  confeft  ibme 
ooligation  to  Mr.  Davis,  who,  by  ftaktng  my  credit  and  bit 
own  on  a  circumftance  fo  obvious  and  palpable,  has  given 
me  this  early  opportunity  of  fubmitting  the  merits  of  our 
caufe^  or  at  leaft  of  our  charaders,  to  the  judgment  of  the 
Public.  Hereafter,  when  I  am  fummoned  to  defend  my(Uf 
againft  the  imputation  of  miiquoting  the  text^  or  mifiepre- 
ienting  the  fezife  of  a  Greek  or  Latin  author,  it  wit)  not  be 
in  my  power  to  communicate  the  knowledge  of  the  lan- 
guages, or  the  pofleffion  of  the  books,  to  thofe  readera  who 
may  be  deftitute  either  of  one  or  of  the  other;  and  the  part 
which  thfy  are  obliged  to  take  between  ailerdons  equally 
Arong  and  peremptory,  may  fometimes  be  attended  witn 


f  Hi  P.S30* 


doubl 


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if  the  Dediiie  A«i  Fall  ^  th  Rontn  Enpire.  319 

doubt  and  lielit|tiott.  But,  m  the  prefent  inftancei  trof 
fieadcr  who  will  give  himfeif  die  trouble  of  tonfulting  the 

'  firft  vdnme  of  my  Hiftory,  is  a  competeQt  judge  Sf  tht 
queftion.   I  exhort,  I  folicit  him  to  run  his  eye  down  the 

.  columns  of  Notes,  an^  to  count  hm  many  of  the  motattont 
are  minute  and  particular,  biw  frm  are  vague  and  general* 

tWhen  he  has  fatisiied  himfelr  by  this  eafy  computation, 
there  it  a  word  which  ma^  naturally  fuggeft  ttfelf  |  an  epithett 
which  I  (hould  be  forry  either  to  delerve  or  ufe;  the  boldnefs 
«f  Mr.  Davis's  afiertidn,  and  the  confidence  of  my  appeal, 
will  tempt)  nay,  perhaps,  will  force  htm  to  apply  that  epithet 
eithjer  to  one  or  to  the  other  of  the  adverie  parties. 

I  have  confefled  that  a  critical  eye  may  difcover  frm  loofe 
and  general  references  ^  but  as  they  bear  a  very  InctnfidirMt 
proportion  to  the  whole  mals,  they  cannot  iiippof  t,  or  even 
cxcufe,  a  ^fe  and  ungenerous  accufatioq,  which  mud  refled 
difhonour  either  on  the  otgeft  or  on  the  author  of  it.  If  the 
examples  in  which  I  have  occafionally  deviated  Irom  my  or- 
dinary pra6lice  were  fpectfied  and  examined,  I  am  perfuaded 
that  they  might  alwavs  be  fairly  attributed  to  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing reafons,  1.  In  fome  rart  inftances,  which  I  have 
never  attempted  to  conceal,  I  have  been  obliged  to  adopt 
quotations,  which  were  exprelTed  with  lefs  accuracy  than  I 
could  have  wifhed.  2.  I  may  have  accidentally  recollcdted  . 
the  fcnfc  of  a  paflage  which  I  had  formerly  read,  without 
being  able  to  tind  the  pUce,  or  even  to  tranfcribe  from  me- 
mory the  prccifc  words.  3.  The  whole  tradt  (as  in  a  re- 
maric.ibij  inftance  of  the  lecond  apology  of  Jultni  Martyr) 
was  fo  fhort,  that  a  more  particular  deicnpiioa  was  not 
required,  4.  Tne  form  of  compofition  fuppli^J  llic 
want  of  a  t  ic:il  rcfcrLnce;  the  preceding  mention  of  the  ' 
year  the  palla^^c  oi  the  annalilli  aiid  the  reader  was 
guided  tu  lae  proper  fpot  in  the  commentaries  of  Grutiu«», 
Valefius  or  Gudefroy,  by  the  more  accurate  citation  of  their 
original  author.  5,  Tne  idea  which  I  was  dclirous  of  com- 
municating to  the  reader,  was  lometimes  the  general  rcfult 
of  the  author  or  trcatile  that  I  had  quoted ;  nor  was  it  poIBble 
to  confine,  within  the  narrow  limits  of  a  particular  refe- 
rcnce,  the  fenfe  or  fpirit  which  was  mingled  with  the  whole 
mafs.  Thefe  mo:ivcs  are  either  laudable,  or  at  lep.ft  inno- 
cent. In  two  <j»f  thcfe  exceptions,  my  ordinitry  mode  of 
citation  was  fuperfluous;  in  the  other  three,  ic  was  im- 
pradticahle. 

In  quoting  a  compnrilon  which  Tertullian  had  ufed  to 
cxprcfs  the  rapid  increaic  oi"  the  Marciwnitct,  1  cxpref^Ijr 

dedaTM 


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VinataUQii     teM  FaffigtM  m  Cliapten  XV.  «jW  XVI; 

clccl.i:  that  I  was  obliged  to  quote  it  from  memory*.  If  I 
have  been  guilty  of"  comparing  thom  to  b^es  inftead  of  ivafpSy 
1  can  however  moft  Imcerelv  I'ilcbim  the  fagacious  furpicion 
of  Mr.  Davis  t,  who  imagines  that  1  wa*;  tempted  to  amend 
the  imiile  of  rcrtuliun9  irom  aa  improper  partiality  £or 
|faK>re  odious  heretics. 

A  refcript  of  Dirrknan,  which  dcclnred  fhe  old  law  (not 
an  old  law;J;)  h:^cl  been  alleged  by  n^'•^  m  th-  rcfpeci.iblc  au- 
thority of  |'  ra-P;^olo.  The  Kxaminer,  u  ho  trunks  that  he 
has  turned  over  the  pages  of  the  I  heodulian  co;.ie,  mforms| 
his  reader  that  it  m;iy  be  found,  1.  vi.  tit.  xxiv.  leg.  8.;  he 
will  be  lurprilcd  to  learn  that  this  rcrcnpi  could  not  be  found 
in  a  co(ie  where  it  does  nr)t  exill,  but  that  it  may  di(lin£lly 
be  ic.id  m  the  fame  number,  the  fame  title,  and  the  fame 
book  of  the  CODE  of  Justinian.  He  who  is  fcvtre  fhould 
at  le.i(l  bcjult:  yet  1  Ihould  probably  have  difd.iincd  this 
minute  animadverlion,  unlefs  it  had  fcrvcd  to  dilpl.iy  the  ge- 
neral ignorance  of  the  critic  in  the  hiltory  cf  the  Roman 
jurifprudence.  If  Mr.  Davis  had  not  been  an  abfolute 
Uranger,  the  molt  treacherous  guide  could  not  have  per- 
fuaded  him  that  a  rclcript  of  Diocletian  was  to  be  found  ia 
the  1  heodoliao  code,  which  was  deligned  only  to  prtfcrve 
the  laws  of  Conflantine  and  his  fucccffors.  "  Compen- 
diolam  (fays  'I'heodolius  himfelt )  Divalium  Conflitu»» 
tionum  fcientiam,  ex  D.  Confl.aitini  tcmporibus  robora- 
"  mus."  (Novell,  ad  calcem  Cod.  Thtod.  L.  i.  tit.  i.  leg.  i.) 
E»tomor  11-  t  ew  objects  are  below  the  notice  of  Air.  Davis,  and 
TMJtMBM.  his  crlticifm  is  never  f'^  formidable  as  when  it  is  diredled 
againif  the  guilty  corrector  of  the  prefs,  who  on  f^rne  occa- 
fions  has  fhcwn  himfclf  negligent  of  my  fame  and  of  bis 
own.  Some  errors  have  arilen  from  the  omiilion  of  letters; 
irom  the  cunfufion  of  cyphers,  which  perhaps  were  not  very 
dillmcUy  marked  in  the  original  manufcript.  The  two  of 
the  Roman,  and  the  eUvc?!  of  the  Arabic  numerals,  have 
been  unrortunately  miilakcn  for  each  other  •,  the  fimilar  forms 
of  a  2  and  a  3,  a  5  and  a  6,  a  3  and  an  8,  have  improperly 
been  tranfpofed;  Awtolycus  for  Awtolycus,  Idolatria  for 
Ido/olatria,  Holfterius  for  Holltcwius,  had  cfcaped  my  own 
obfervation,  as  well  as  the  diligence  of  the  perfon  who 
was  employed  to  revife  the  fheets  of  my  Hillory.  Thefe 
important  errors,  from  the  indulgence  of  a  deluded  Public, 
have  been  multiplied  in  the  numerous  imprcilions  of  three 
difieient  editions^  and  for  the  preiient  1  caA  only  lament 

*  GIlbon*s  H'flory,  p.  551.    I  ihaU  ttfttaUy  fdcf  IB  the  third  ediciofl^ 

,k6  there  are  ^i.y  varioM  souiings. 

f  Davby  p.  144.  ^  Gibbon»  p.  59}*  (J  Davis,  p.  230. 

my 


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9f  ihi  Dedine  anJ  Fall  •/  th$  Rooftn  Empire*  |>t: 

my  own  ddeds^  while  I  deprecate  the  wrath  of  Mr.  Oavi% 
who  feems  ready  to  infer  that  I  cannot  cither  read  or 
write.  I  Hncerely  admire  his  patient  induftry,  which  I  de~ 
IfMir  of  being  able  to  imitate ;  but  if  a  future  edition  fhould 
ever  be  required,  I  could  wiHi  to  obtain^  on  any  reaibnable 
term?,  the  fervices  of  fo  ufeful  a  corrc<f^or, 

III.  Mr.  Davis  has  been  direded  by  my  references  toOirrsB-' 
leveral  pafTagcs  of  Optatus  Milevitamis*,  and  of  the  Biblio* 
theque  Ecclefiaftiquc  of  M.  Dupinf.  He  eagerly  confulti^*""**' 
tbofe  places,  is  unfuccefsful,  and  is  happy.  Sometimes  the 
place  which  1  have  quoted  does  not  offer  any  of  the  circum- 
ftances  which  I  had  alleged,  fometimes  only  a  few;  and 
ibmctimes  the  fame  pafTages  exhibit  a  fenfe  totally  adverfe  and 
repugnant  to  mine.  Thefe  (hameful  mifreprefentations  in<- 
dine  Mr.  Davis  to  fufped  that  I  have  never  confulted  the 
original)  (not  even  of  a  common  French  book ! )  and  he 
ailerts  his  right  to  cenfure  my  prcfumption.  Thefe  impor-. 
tant  charges  form  two  didin^  articles  in  the  lift  of  mifre^ 
prgfentatms ;  but  Mr.  Davis  has  amufed  himfelf  with  addii^ 
to  the  flips  of  the  pen  or  of  the  prefs,  (bme  complaints  3 
his  ill  fuccefs,  when  he  attempted  to  verify  my  quotations 
from  Cyprian  and  from  Shaw's  Travels^. 

The  fuccefi  of.  Mr.  Davis  would  indeed  have  been  fome* 
what  extraordinary,  unleis  he  had  confulted  the  iame  tdhUns^ 
as  well  as  the  fame  places.  I  ihall  content  mvfelf  with  men-» 
tinning  the  editions  which  I  have  ufed,  and  with  afliiring 
him^  that  if  he  renews  his  refearch,  he  wUl  not»  or  rather 
that  he  will}  be  difiippointed. 


Mr.  Cibbob*i  Edidoiif* 

Optatus  Mileviunusy  by  Dupiri)  fbi. 

Paris,  1700. 
Dupifi.    Bibliothrque  Ecclefiaftiqoe/ 

410.     Paiis,  1690. 
Cypriani  Opera,  £dic.  Fell.  ioU  Am- 

fterdam,  lyoo. 
Shaw'iTnnretoy  4to.  London^  1757. 


Mf .  D«TM*«  Edjtioiit. 

Foi.  Antwerp,  xyoa. 
SvowPirii»  16S7. 
Moft  probably  OxoO|  i6Sl. 
The  Fdlo  Edition. 


IV.  The  nature  of  my  fubje£l  had  led  me  to  mention^  not.  jtwiiii 
tiie  real  prigin  of  the  Jews,  but  their  firft  appear  ana  to  the  Hi!(toit* 

2es  of  other  nations  j  and  I  cannot  avoid  tranicribing  the 
ort  paflage  in  which  I  had  Intro d l  1  c ed  them.   «  The  Jews, 
who  under  the  AlTyrian  and  Perfian  monarchies  had  lan- 
ce guiibed  for  many  ages  the  moft  defpifed  portion  of  their 

•  Dtviflt  pw  7}»  f  Id*  p.  I|i^i3^.  X  Id.  p.  tsi^isl- 

Vol*  IIL  Y  ^  flares, 


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Vilulicatkm  tf  Some  Fftflkf;e3  in  Ctiijttf rt  XV.  mni  XVf. 

flatreS)  emerged  from  their  obfcurity  under  the  Aicccilbfi 
^  cf  Alexander.  And  as  they  multipHed  to  a  furpiifil^ 
^  degree  in  the  eaf^,  and  afterwards  in  the  wefl:)  they  Iboti 

excited  the  curiofity  and  wonder  of  other  nattons*.** 
Tins  iimple  abridgment  feems  In  its  turn  to  have  excited  the 
wonder  of  Mr.  Davis,  wht>fe  furprife  almoft  renders  him 
eloquent.  ^  What  a  Grange  afi^blage,"  fays  he^  «*  is 
^  here  ?  It  is  like  Milton's  chaos,  without  bound,  without 
^  dimeniion,  where  time  and  place  is  loft.  In  (hort,  wbtt 
^  does  this  difplay  aiibrd  us,  but  a  deal  of  boyiih  colouriiig 

to  the  prejudice  of  much  good  htftoryt  W I  rightly 
underftand  Mr.  Davis's  hinguage,  he  cenmies,  as  a  piece  of 
conhifed  declamation,  the  palfage  which  he  has  produced 
from  my  Hillory ;  and  if  I  cdlea  the  angry  criticifms  which 
he  has  mattered  over  twenty  pages  of  controverfy^,  I  diink 
I  can  diicover  that  there  is  hardly  a  period,  or  even  a  word, 
in  this  unfortunate  pafl'age,  which  has  obtained  the  appn^ 
bation  of  the  Examiner. 

As  nothing  can  elcape  his  vigilance,  he  cenfitres  me  fat 
including  the  twelve  tribes  of  lirael  under  the  common  ap* 
pdlarionof  Jews§,  and  for  extending  the  name  of  Assy- 
rians to  the  fubje^  of  the  kings  of  Babylon  \ ;  and  a^ain 
cenfures  me,  becaufe  Ibme  fa^  which  are  alHrmcd  or  mfi* 
nuated  in  my  text,  do  not  agree  with  the  ftrifi  and  proper 
limits  which  he  has  afH^ned  to  thofe  national  denominations. 
The  name  oijews  has  indeed  been  eftabliihed  by  die  Iceptre 
of  the  tribe  of  Judahy  and,  in  the  times  which  precede  the 
captivity,  it  is  ufed  in  the  more  general  ^snfe  with  fome  fan 
of  impropriety  s  but  furely  I  am  not  peculiarly jcharged  with 
a  fiiult  which  nas  been  confecrated  with  the  coment  of  twenty 
centuries,  the  pradice  of  the  bell  writers,  ancient  as  wcU 
as  modern,  (fee  Jofephus  and  Prideaux,  even  in  the  tides  of 
dieir  refpeflive  works,)  and  by  the  ufage  of  modern  lan- 
guages, of  the  Latin,  the  Greek,  and  if  I  .may  credit  Re- 
land,  of  the  Hebrew  itfelf  (fee  Paleftin,  L.  i.  c  6.)  With 
regard  to  the  other  word,  that  of  AfTyrians,  moft  afluredly 
I  will  not  lofe  myfelf  in  the  labyrinth  of  the  Afiatic  monar- 
chies before  the  age  of  Cyrus;  nor  indeed  is  any  more 
required  for  my  juftification,  than  to  prove  that  Babylon  v.  as 
.  confidered  3S  tile  CiiDl  tal  and  royal  feat  of  AfTvna.  li  Mr. 
Davis  were  a  man  ur  Icarnintr,  i  iiuiiht  be  niurofc  cnouwh 
to  cenfurc  his  ifrrioi.incc:  of  ancient  geography,  and  to  over- 
whelm hiiu  unJL'i  a  l(;ad  ot  quuLations,  which  might  be  col- 
ledled  and  traiifciibcd  with  very  little  uoublc :  bui     1  uiuft 

*  Gibboa»     5)7*  'f  Divi^  f*  I*  t     F*  a««ai. 

$14  p.  3,  |U.p.ft. 


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•f  thi  Decline  and  Pall    tbt  Ronaan  Empite.  • 

fuppofe  that  he  has  received  a  clafTical  education,  I  might 
have  expected  him  to  have  read  the  firR  book  of  Herodotus^ 
where  that  hillorian  defcribes,  in  the  cleareft  and  mod  ele- 
gant terms,  the  fituacion  and  greatnefs  of  Babylon :  Tvc  W 

erToraTr>v  rin  i^p^'^oratTc*  cr^»,    Nwoy  ottatairxTov  yfisjAjfUf^ 

-r^E  'r'y7'»,>»;ia  KaTicTrs^ii,  BaCt/>a'»,  ^Cllo.  c.  ^/^  )  ^  may  bc 
lurpril'cd  that  he  fhould  be  fo  little  convcrfant  with  the  Cy- 
ropceJia  of  Xciiophon,  in  the  whole  courfe  of  which  the 
King  of  Babylon,  the  advcrfary  of  the  Mcdes  and  Pcrfrans, 
is  repcacedly  mentioned  by  the  llyle  and  tide  of  the  Assy- 
rian',  O  ^1}  AcrcTf^io?,  5  lju^i>'y:ai  rt  tyxv  rxi  m*  aAA»)»  Aa^av^ioLt^ 

(L  ii.  p.  102,  103,  edit.  Hutchinfon.)  But  there  remains 
(omething  more:  and  Mr.  Davis  niuit:  apply  the  fame  re- 
proaches of  inaccuracy^  if  not  ijjioraJicc^  to  the  prophet 
Ifaiah,  who,  in  the  name  of  Jehovah,  announcing  the 
downfall  of  Babylon  and  the  deliverance  of  IfracI,  declares 
with  an  oath,  "  Anil  a^  I  have  purpofed  the  thing  fiiall  ftand: 
«  to  crufti  the  Assyrian  in  my  land,  and  to  trample  him 
"  On  my  mountains.    Then  (hall  his  yoke  depart  from  off 

them;  and  his  burthen  fliall  be  removed  from  off  their 
"  Ihoulders."  (ifaiah,  xiv.  24,  25.  Lowth's  new  tranf- 
lation.  See  likewife  the  Bifhop's  note,  p.  98.}  Our  old 
tranHation  cxpreiTes,  with  lefs  elegance,  the  fame  meaning} 
but  I  mention  with  pleafure  the  labours  of  a  refpedabie 
Prelate,  who  in  this,  as  well  as  in  a  former  work,  has  very 
happily  united  the  moft  critical  judgment,  with  the  talie  and 
fpirit  of  poetry. 

The  jealoufy  which  Mr.  Davis  affedb  for  the  honour  of 
the  Jcwiih  people  will  not  futflr  him  to  aflow  that  they  were 
Jtuvcs  to  the  co^uerors  of  the  Eaft :  and  while  he  acknow- 
ledges that  they  were  tributary  and  dependent)  he  feemsdefi- 
rous  of  introducing,  or  even  inventing)  fome  milder  expreC-* 
fion  of  the  ftate  of  vaflalage  and  Jubfervience*  i  from  whence 
XaCitus  a/fumed  the  words  of  dcj'peclljjinia  pan  fervientium. 
Has  Mr.  Davis  never  heard  of  the  diftin^ion  of  civil  and 
political  (lavery  ?  Is  he  ignorant  that  even  the  natural  and 
vi^orious  fubje£b  of  an  Afiatic  defpot  haix  been  defervedly 
marked  with  the  opprobrious  epithet  of  (laves  by  everv  writer 
acquainted  with  the  name  and  advantage  of  freedom  f  Does 
be  not  know  that«  under  fuch  a  government,  the  yoke  is 
ioipofed  with  double  weight  on  the!  necks  of  the  vanquiihed^ 
aS  the  rigour  of  tyranny  is  aggra\  J  by  the  abufe  of  con- 
qud^  I  From  the  firft  invafion  of  Judxa  by  the  arms  of  the 


AiFynan^ 


^ndieaoon     Some  Paflkges  in  Chapten  XV.  mii  XVL 

Air^rians  to  the  fvbverfion  of  the  Perfian  monarchy  by 
Alexander,  there  elapfed  a  period  of  above  four  hundred 
years,  which  inciuded  about  twelve  ages  or  generations  of 
the'human  race.  As  long  as  the  Jews  alTcrtcd  their  inde- 
pendence, they  repeatedly  fuffered  every  calamity  which  the 
nge  and  infolence  of  a  vi^orious  enemy  could  inflid :  the 
throne  of  David  was  overturned,  the  temple  and  city  were 
reduced  to  afhes,  and  the  whole  land,  a  circuroftancc  per* 
liaps  unparalleled  in  hiftory,  remained  threefcore  and  ten 
years  without  Inhabitants)  and  without  cultivation.  (Chro* 
ntdeS,  xxxvi.  ^i.)  According  to  an  inftitution  which  has 
long  prevailed  in  Alia,  and  particularly  in  the  Turkilh  go- 
vernment} the  moft  beautiliil  and  ingenious  youths  wcie 
carefully  educated  in  the  palace,  where  fuperior  flieric  ibme- 
times  introduced  thefe  fortunate  jltyott  to  the  ^vour  of  the 
conquerer,  and  to  the  honours  of  the  ftate.  (See  the  book 
and  example  of  Daniel.)  The  reft  of  the  unhappy  Jews 
experienced  the  hardihips  of  captivity  and  exile  in  diftaot 
lands;  and  while  individuals  were  opprefied,  the  nadoa 
ieemed  to  be  diilblved  or  annihilated.  The  gracious  edid 
of  Cyrus  was  offered  to  all  thofe  who  worlhipped  the 
God  of  Ifrael  in  the  temple  of  Jerufalem  \  but  it  was  ac- 
cepted by  no  more  than  forty-two  thoufand  perfons  of  either 
fex  and  of  every  age,  and  of  thefe  about  thirty  thoufind 
derived  their  origin  mm  the  tribes  of  Judahy  of  Benjamin, 
and  of  Levi.  (See  Ezra,  t.  Neheihiah)  vii.  and  Prideaux's 
Connexions!  vol.  i.  p.  107.  fdl.  edit.  London»  171 8.)  The 
inconfiderable  band  of  exiles,  who  returned  to  inhabit  the 
land  of  their  £ithers>  cannot  be  computed  as  the  hundred 
and  fiftieth  part  of  the  mighty  people  that  had  been  num- 
bered by  the  impious  rafknefs  of  David.  After  afurvey,  which 
did  not  comprehend  the  tribes  of  Levi  and  Benjaaun»  the 
monarch  wasaflured  that  he  reigned  over  miliion  fivebmm'* 
ired  and  feventy  tb$ufand  nun  that  drew  the  fword  ( i  Chro- 
nicles, xxt.  and  the  country  of  Judsa  muft  have 
contained  near  feven  millions  of  free  inhabitants.  The  pro- 
grefs  of  reftoration  is  always  lefs  rapid  than  that  of  deftruc- 
don ;  Jeni&iem»  which  had  been  ruined  in  a  few  mondis, 
was  rebuilt  by  ^e  flow  and  interrupted  labours  of  a  whole 
century  \  and  the  Jews,  who  gradually  multiplied  in  tbeir 
native  feats,  enjoyed  a  fervileand  precarious  exiftence»  wfaidi 
depended  on  the  capricious  will  of  their  mafter.  The  books 
of  Exra  and  Nehemiah  do  not  afford  a  very  pleating  view  of 
their  fituation  under  the  Perfian  empire  ^  and  the  book  of 
Efther  exhibits  a  moft  extraordinary  inftance  of  the  degree 
of  eftimation  in  which  they  were  held  at  ^e  court  of  Sufa. 
A  Diimftcr  addrdled  his  king  ia  the  foUgwing  words,  which 

may 


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of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire. 


3^5 


nay  be  confidered  as  a  cooimentary  on  the  defpefftffima  fart 
firvuntium  of  the  Roman  hiftorian:  ^  And  Haman  md  to 
**  king  AhafueruSt  There  is  a  certain  people  fcattered  abroadt 
**  *and  difperfed  among  the  people  in  all  the  provinces  of  thy 

kingdom  i  and  their  laws  are  diverfe'from  all  people^  nei« 

tber  keep  they  the  King's  laivs;  therefore  it  is  not  for 
^  the  King's  profit  to  fuSer  them*  If  it  pleafe  the  Kine,  let 
<^  it  be  written  that  they  may  be  deftroyed ;  and  I  wiU  pay 
«*  ten  thouiand  talents  of  ulver  to  the  hands  of  thofe^  that 
^  have  the  charge  of  the  bufinefs,  to  bring  it  to  die  King's 

treafuries.  And  the  king  cook  his  ring  from  his  handf 
^*  and  gave  it  to  Haman,  the  fon  of  Hammedatha  die  Aga- 

gi£^)  the  Jews'  enemy«  And  the  king  (aid  unto  Haman^ 
the  filver  is  given  unto  thee ;  the  people  alfo,  to  do  with 

dkem  as'  it  feemeth  ^uod  to  thee.'*  ^Efther,  iii.  8^1 1.) 
This  trifl  ng  favour  was  afked  by  the  Minifter,  and  granted 
by  the  Monarch,  with  an  eafy  indifFerencci  which  exprefled 
their  contempt  for  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  the  Jews;  the 
bufmefs  pafTed  without  difficulty  through  the  forms  of  office; 
and  had  Efther  been  lefs  lovely,  or  Icfs  beloved,  a  lin^le  day 
would  have  confummated  the  univedal  flaughter  of  a  fub- 
miflive  people,  to  whom  no  legal  defence  was  allowed,  and 
from  whom  no  refiftance  feems_  to  have  been  dreaded.  I  am 
a  flranger  to  Mr.  Davis's  political  principles;  but  I  fhould 
think  that  the  epithet  of  flavcs^  and  of  defptftd  flaves,  may, 
without  iniufticc,  be  applied  to  a  captive  nation,  over  whofc 
head  tbc  i»vord  of  tyranny  was  fufpended  by  fo  flpnder  a 
thread. 

The  policv  of  the  AlaceJonians  was  very  difFcrent  from 
:h.ir  '  r  :ne  t^ernans  anJ  vet  Mr.  Davis,  who  reluctantly 
conrVlI  ^  m'li  i[\c  Jews  were  oppreikd  by  the  former,  does 
not  uoJeriUnJ  how  long  they  were  (.iViuirLti  .iii  1  piuiecicd 
bv  the  latter*.  In  the  fhoclc  of  thofc  revi  lunojis  which 
Jivided  the  empire  of  Alexander,  Jud;ea,  like  the  other  pro-  . 
vinces,  experienced  the  tranfient  ravai^es  of  an  ^Jv  aiiciii'j;  or 
retreatmji;  ciieiiiv,  wUo  led  away  a  iiuillitude  of  capLivcs, 
But,  in  the  age  of  Jofcphus,  the  Jews  ilill  enjoyed  the  pri- 
vileges granted  by  the  Icings  of  Afia  and  Egypt,  who  nad 
lixed  numerous  colonies  of  that  nation  in  the  new  cities  of 
Alexandria,  Antioch,  &c.  and  placed  them  in  the  fame  ho- 
nourable condition  (t^iaroXtTas*  ir.rj^y,')  aS  the  Glceks  and 
Macedonians  themfclves.  (Jofeph.  Antiquitat.  L.  xii.  c.  i. 
3.  p.  58  5.  596.  vol.  i.  edit.  Havercamp.)  Had  thcv  been 
treated  with  lefs  indulgf  ncc,  their  fettU  inent  in  thofe  cele- 
brated citieS)  the  leats  of  commerce  and  learning)  was 

*  DavU,  p.  4. 

'  enough 


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Vindiqation     Some  Faiiages  in  Chapten  XV.  and  XVI 


enough  to  introduce  them  to  the  knowledge  of  the  world, 
and  to  juftifv  mv  ahfurd  pi  opufition,  that  they  emerged  from 
oblcurity  under  the  fuccelTors  of  Alexander. 

The  Jews  remained  and  liounfhcd  under  the  mild  domi- 
nion of  the  Macedonian  princes,  till  they  were  compelled  to 
ailert  their  civil  and  religious  rights  againll:  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanc  ,  who  had  aaopted  new  maxims  of  tyranny;  and  the 
age  of  the  Maccabees  is  perhaps  the  molt:  glorious  period  of 
the  Hebrew  annal>.  Mr.  Davis,  who  on  this  occafion  is 
bewildered  by  the  fubrlcty  of  Tacitus,  does  not  comprehend 
wiiy  the  hirtorian  fhould  afcribe  the  independence  of  the 
Jews  to  three  negative  caufes,      Macedonibus  invalidis, 

Parthis  nondum  adultis,  et  Rom.ini  procul  aberant."  To 
the  uiidcrftandln^  oi"  -  he  cntic,  Tacirus  might  as  well  have  • 
obfervcJ,  that  the  Jews  were  not  dt-llroyed  by  a  plague,  a 
famine,  or  an  cardiquakf ;  and  Mf.  Davis  cannot  fee,  for 
his  o^'n  part,  any  rcaion  why  they  may  not  have  elocled 
Icip:*^  of  tiicir  own  tvvr*  or  three  hundred  years  before*. 
Su^ii  indeed  was  not  tiic  reafin  of  Tacitus:  he  probablv 
confidert-d  that  every  nutiun,  dcprclled  by  the  weiL^ht:  «. :  a 
foreign  power,  naturally  rifv<;  towards  the  furfacc,  as  loon  as 
tlie  p.  -jlTure  is  rt.movcd;  and  he  might  think  that,  in  a  fhort 
and  rapid  hiflrjry  of  the  in^Lpendence  of  the  Jews,  it  w2S 
fa:Tiei.-nt  for  i;im  to  Ihcw  that  the  obftacles  did  r.ot  It, 
vhich,  in  an  earlier  or  in  a  later  period,  would  h,i\  e  clicckcd 
their  efforts.  The  curious  reader,  who  has  Iciiure  to  fhidv 
the  Jc  .vifh  and  Syrian  hiftorv,  v,  .11  difcover,  that  the  thr  one 
t)f  the  A»<rnona*an  prin<  cs  v.a>>  confirmed  hy  the  two  great 
vi£lorics  of  the  Par  Linens  over  Demetrius  Nicator,  and 
Antioclnis  Sidetes  (fee  Jofeph.  Antiquitat.  Jud.  L.  xiii.  c. 
5<  6.  8,  9.  Juftin.  xxxvi.  i.  xxxvii.  10.  with  IJlhti  and 
Pridcaux,  bc-fu!\:  (Jii  iit  141  and  ijO^)  and  the  exprefllon 
of  'V  :.:\\.\\<y  :I',c  more  cl^lcly  it  is  exaunned,  will  be  the 
more  laii.  vwWs  aan.ifed. 

Aly  quotations  \  arc  the  objecfl;  of  Mr.  Davis's  criticifm  \,y 
as  well  a^  the  text  of  thisftioit,  hut  oS:ioxiou>  pallaire.  He 
corrcct>  t  ie  error  of  my  memory,  u  h  cii  had  f  rii^euetl  fir- 
^itnin  uiWrvA  of  ji  rv;entium\  and  fo  natural  is  the  alliance 
between  truth  and  mt^dcratjcn,  that  on  tins  occaiion  he  for- 
gets his  character,  and  candidlv  acquits  me  of  any  malicious 
defign  to  inifreprefent  t!ic  words  of  Tacitus.  The-  other 
references,  which  are  contained  in  the  firll  and  fecond  Notes 
of  my  Fifieenth  Chapter,  are  connecled  wuh  each  other, 

•  Davis,  ^.  8*    f  Gibbon,  p.  537.  Note     2.    X  ^*^^h  F»  io,,jf.  ao« 

'  and 


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^  tbi  Decline  ami  Fall    ^  Rooun  Empue. 

and  can  only  be  midaken  after  thcv  have  been  forcibly  fepa- 
rated.  The  filcnce  of  Herodotus  is  a  f.Air  evidence  of  the 
uDkyDtv  of  the  Jews,  who  had  cfcaped  the  eyes  of  fo  curious 
a  traveller.  The  Jews  are  firft  mentioned  by  Juftin,  when 
he  relates  the  liege  of  Jerufalem  by  Antiochus  Sidetes;  and 
the  conquell:  of  Judzea,  by  the  arms  of  Pompey,  engaged 
Diodorus  and  Dion  to  introduce  that  lingular  nation  to  the 
acquaintance  of  their  rc.iclers,  Thele  epoch?,  which  are 
within  fcvcnty  years  f»t  each  other,  mark  the  age  in  which 
the  Jewifli  people,  laierging  from  their  oblcuritv,  began  to 
a£l  a  part  in  the  foclcty  of  nation-,  and  to  c  xci:c  the  curiofity 
of  the  (}reek  and  Rooiau  hillurur.'^.  For  that  purpofe  only^ 
I  \aA  a[)pealcd  to  the  authority  of  Diodorus  Siculu^,  of 
Juflin,  or  rather  of  Trogus  Pompcius,  and  of  Dion  Callius. 
If  I  had  defigned  to  ii^clf iiiate  the  Jcwiili  antiquities, 
rcafljo,  as  well  as  faith,  muit  have  diiev^^ed  my  inquiries  to 
tiie  Sacred  Books,  which,  even  a>  human  produciions,  would 
deferve  to  be  iiudied  as  one  of  the  oioli  curious  ajod  original 
monuments  of  the  Eail. 

I  ftand  accufed,  though  not  indeed  bv  Mr.  Davis,  for 
profanely  depreciating  the  promifed  Land,  as  well  as  the 
ch^fen  People.  The  Gentleman  without  a  name  has  placed 
this  charge  in  the  front  of  his  battle*,  and  if  my  memory 
does  not  deceive  me,  it  is  one  of  the  few  remarks  in  Mr, 
Apthorpc's  book,  which  have  any  immediate  relation  to  my 
Hiftory.  They  feem  to  confider  in  the  light  of  a  reproach, 
and  of  an  iinjuu  reproach,  the  idea  which  I  had  given  of 
Pakiiine,  as  of  a  territory  fcarcely  fuperior  to  Wales  in 
acceac  and  fertility  f ;  and  they  ftrangely  convert  a  geogra- 
phical obfervattoQ  into  a  theoln^Mcal  error*  Wlacn  f  recol* 
le^  that  the  imputation  of  a  Emilar  error  was  employed  by 
the  implacable  Calvin,  to  precipitate  and  to  juftify  the  exc* 
cutioo  of  Servetus,  1  mufl  applaud  the  felicity  of  this  coun- 
try, aiid  of  this  age,  which  has  difarmedi  if  it  could  not 
mollify,  the  fiercenefs  of  ecclefukftical-cntkilin.  (See  Dic« 
ttonaire  Critique  de  ChaufFepief  torn*  iv.  p.  223.) 

As  I  had  compared  the  narrow  extent  of  Phoenicia  and 
PaJuiline  with  the  important  blefEngs  which  thofe  celebrated 
countries  had  difFufed  over  the  reil  of  the  earth,  their  minute 
fize  became  an  obje^  not  of  cenfure  but  of  praiiiB. 

■ 

JngmUt  anims  anguft^  in  fe&art  vtrpmu 

The 


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VindiCfttion  tf  Some  Pafiigei  m  Chipten  XV.  XVI. 

The  prccife  meafurc  of  Palcftine  was  taken  from  Temple- 
man's  Survey  of  the  Globe:  he  allows  to  Wales  701 1 
fquare  Englifti  mile?,  to  the  Morea  or  Pcloponnefus  7220, 
to  the  United  Provinces  7546,  and  to  Judxa  or  Palef- 
tine  76^0.  7'he  difference  is  not  very  confidcrable,  and  if 
any  of  thefe  countries  has  been  magnified  beyond  its  real 
fize,  Afia  is  more  liable  than  Europe  to  have  been  afFefted 
by  the  inaccurncv  of  Mr.  1  empleman's  maps.  To  the  au- 
thoritv  of  this  modern  lurvev,  I  (hall  only  add  the  ancient 
ap.d  vvci[^hty  tclt:imonY  of  Jcrom,  who  pafTed  in  Palcftine 
above  thilt^  vmrs  of  his  life.  From  Dan  to  Bcrfhebah,  the 
two  h^ci  and  p.''ovcrbial  boundaries  of  the  Holv  Land,  he 
recicons  no  more  th.in  one  hundred  and  fixt)'  n^iles  (Hie- 
ronym.  ad  Dardanum,  torn.  iii.  p.  66),  and  the  brcadrh  of 
Paleftine  cannot  bv  any  expedient  be  itretched  to  one  half  of 
its  length.   (See  Reland,  Palcftin.  L.  ii.  c.  5.  p.  421.) 

The  degrees  and  limits  of  fertility  cannot  be  afcertained 
with  the  Ifrifl  fm  plicirv  of  geographical  meafure';.  When- 
ever we  fpeak  of  the  productions  of  the  earth,  m  different 
climate*:,  our  ideas  muft  be  relative,  our  expr*  fTions  vr.i^uc 
and  doub'.ful ;  nor  can  we  always  uilimguiih  b  ma  t  en  the 

fifts  of  Nature  and  the  rewards  of  induftrv.  T.ic  emperor 
Vederick  II.,  the  ene:n\  and  the  victim  (  f  the  C  Icrsv-i  is 
accufed  of  faying,  nftcr  his  return  from  his  Crufadc,  that 
the  God  of  the  Jevvs  would  have  defpifed  his  promifed  land, 
jf  he  had  once  feen  the  fruitful  realms  of  Sicily  and  Naples. 
(See  Giannone  Iftoria  Civile  del  Re^no  di  Napoli,  torn.  ii. 
p.  245.)  This  raillerv,  which  mahce  has  perhaps  falfely 
imputed  to  Frederick,  is  inconfifh^nt  with  truth  and  piety; 
yet  it  muli  be  confefled,  that  the  ioil  of  Palcftine  docs  not 
contain  that  inexhaufViblc,  and  as  it  were  fpon*^  '.nenus  prin- 
ciple of  fecundity,  whichj  under  the  mol!:  untavourabie  cir- 
cumftancc,  has  covered  with  rich  harvelfs  the  banks  of  the 
l>jile,  the  fields  of  Sicily,  or  the  plains  of  Poland.  The 
Jordan  is  the  on!v  navigable  river  of  Palefline  :  a  confide- 
rable  part  of  t[ic  narrow  fn.ire  is  occupied,  or  rather  loft,  in 
the  Dead  Sea^  whole  huuid  afpe^  infpires  every  fenfition  of 
difgufi,  and  countenances  everv  tale  of  horror.  The  diflricts 
"which  border  on  Arabia  partake  of  the  fandy  quality  of  the 
adjacent  defcrt.  The  face  of  the  countiy,  except  the  fea- 
coaft  and  the  valley  of  the  Jord;in,  is  covered  with  moun« 
tains,  which  appear  for  thr  moft  part  as  naked  and  barren 
rocks;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Jerufalem  there  is  a  real 

fcarcity  of  the  two  elcmcau  of  earth  anfil  water.  (Sec  Maun- 

drel's 


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of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Ruuua  Kaipire. 

drers  Tnvels>  p.  6  5,  and  Reland  Paleftin.  torn.  i.p.23S— 395.) 
Thefe  difadvantagcs,  which  now  oper^  in  their  fuUeft  ex- 
tent, were  formerly  correAed  hy  the  labours  of  a  numerous 
people,  and  the  active  prote£lion  of  a  wife  government; 
The  hills  were  cloathed  with  rich  beds  of  artihcial  mould, 
the  rain  was  coUe£led  in  vail  cifterns,  a  fupply  of  frefh  water 
was  conveyed  by  pipes  and  aquedufb  to  the  dry  lands,  the 
breed  of  cattle  was  encouraged  in  thofe'  parts  which  were 
not  adapted  for  tillage9  and  aimoft  every  fpoc  was  compelled 
to  yield  fome  productions  for  the  ufe  of  the  inhabitants. 

iSee  the  fame  teftimonies  and  obfervations  of  Maundrel  and 
Leland.) 

"  .  ■       ^attr  iffe  eokndi 
'  Maud  facilem  efje  vtam  wlmty  frimufque  per  artem 
AUvit  sgros  \  curis  iacuens  mrtaiia  corda^ 
Net  Urpere  gravi  pajfui  SUA  Regna  vetertu* 

Siich  are  the  ufeful  vi^ries  which  have  been  atchieved  by 
Man  on  the  lofty  mountains  of  Switzerland,  along  the  rock/ 
coaft  of  Genoa,  and  upon  the  barren  hills  of  Paleftine;  and 
iince  Wales  has  flouriflied  under  the  influence  of  EngliO^ 
freedom,  that  rugged  country  has  furely  acquired  fome  ware 
of  the  (ame  indu^rious  merit  and  the  ume  artificial  fertility. 
Thofe  Critics  who  interpret  the  comparifon  of  Palefline 
and  Wales  as  a  tacit  libel  on  the  former,  are  themfelves 
ffuiky  of  an  unjuft  fatire  againfl  the  latter  of  thefe  countries* 
ouch  is  the  injuflice  of  Mr.  Apthorpe  and  of  the  anony- 
mous Gentleman :  but  if  Mr.  Davis  ^as  we  may  fulped:  from 
Kls  name)  is  himfelf  of  Cambrian  origin^  his  patriotifin  on 
this  occaiion  has  protected  me  from  his  zeaL 

V.  I  fhall  begin  this  article  by  the  confeffion  of  an  error 
which  candour  might  perhaps  excufe,  but  which  my  Adver- 
fary  magnifies  by  a  pathetic  interrogation*  ^  When  he  tells 
«^  us,  that  he  has  carefully  examined  all  the  original  mate- 
M  ri^s,  are  we  to  believe  him  ?  or  is  it  his  defign  to  try  how 
**  far  die  credulity  and  eafy  difpofition  of  the  age  will  fuffer 
^  him  to  proceed  unfufpeifted  and  undifcovered*  ^^^^ 
tandem  ahuteris  Catilina  patientii  mfird  f 

In  fpeaking  of  the  danger  of  idolatry,  I  had  quoted  the 
pii^refque  expreffion  of  Tertullian,  ^  Recogitu  fylvam  et 
^  quantae  latitant  fpinae,**  and  finding  itmarkeac.  lO.  in  my 
Notesi  I  haflily,  though  -naturally,  added  d$  Ideklatrla^ 

inftca4 


> 

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ViAdicaiion  of  Some  Paiiage$  m  Chapters  XV,  tmd  X  VI« 

inftead  of  de  Corona  Mn'itUy  and  rcfcricd  to  one  Treatifcof 
Tcrtuihuji  inihad  of  .Ku  ifiLi  *.  And  now  let  me  alk  in  my 
turn,  whether  Mr.  Duvis  h:id  any  real  knowled'::e  o; 
palFage  which  1  had  miii/i..ccJ,  or  whether  he  muvic  un- 
generous ufj  of  hib  advaniagc,  to  infinuate  that  I  had  inventeci 
or  perverted  ihc  words  of  Tertulnaa  ^  Icjnora.nce  is  lefs  cri- 
miiui  tiun  malice,  as.d  i  lliaii  be  Uiiaiicu  \i  he  will  pie^d 
guilty  to  Lhc  milder  charge. 

The  fame  obLrvaiiun  may  be  cxiciided  to  a  palTage  of 
Lc  Clerc,  which  afTerts,  in  the  clcareil  terms,  the  ignorance 
of  the  more  ancient  Jews  with  rcLiard  to  a  future  flate. 
Lc  Clerc  lay  open  before  me,  hue  my  eye  moved  from 

the  booiiL  lo  the  paper,  I  traiikiiDcd  the  reference  c,  i.  fe^L 
8.  inftead  of  fcct.  i.  c.  8.  from  the  natural,  but  erroneous 
periu^fion,  that  6'/}^/)//  r  exprefTed  the  larger,  and  Se^ion  the 
liuailer  diviliun  t  :  a.iJ  this  ditferencc,  of  fach  trifling  mo- 
.  ment  and  fo  eaiily  recliHed,  holds  a  diliitiguifhed  place  in 
the  lift  of  Mifreprefentations  which  adorn  Mr.  Diivis's  Tabic 
^i^  Content*;:!:.    But  to  return  to  PertuHian. 

The  injifuul  p  .:tiue,  which  I  had  produced  §  from  t'r.a. 
vehement  writer,  vvnich  excited  Uic  horror  of  evci  v  humane 
reaJjr,  and  vs  incii  c\  en  Mr.  Davis  will  nut  explicitly  defend, 
has  furnillicd  him  wiih  a  few  critical  ca\  ils|j.  Happy  Should 
I  think  myfelf,  if  the  materials  of  iny  Hillory  could  be 
always  expofed  to  the  Examination  of  the  Public  i  and  I 
fhall  be  content  with  appealing  to  the  impartial  Reader, 
whcthtT  my  Verfion  of  rhis  Tallage  is  not  as  fair  and  as 
faitdtul,  as  the  more  fiLcr..!  traidUtion  which  Mr.  Davis  iu.c. 
exhibited  in  an  oppofite  column.  I  fhall  only  jultify  two 
expreflions  which  li.ivc  provoked  his  indignation,  i.  1  had 
O  iie,  ved  that  the  zeal  us  Aincan  purfues  the  infernal  de- 
fcription  m  a  'i  )n^  varietv  (if  affected  and  unfeeling  witti- 
cifms;  the  inltances  of  Gods,  of  Kings,  of  Magi  ft  rates, 
©1  Philofop  io,  of  Pctet*-,  of  Tragedian?,  were  introduced 
into  mv  i  lanHation.  Thofe  which  I  had  omitted,  relate  to 
the  DaiiCcrs,  the  Charioteers,  and  the  Wreftlers;  and  it  is 
almoft  impoifiblc  to  ex()refs  thofe  conceits  which  arc  con- 
ne<£^ed  wah  the  language  and  manners  of  the  Romans.  But 
the  reader  Will  be  yv^/i fliocked,  when  he  is  informed 
that  'i^criuili^ui  alhides  to  the  nnpiuvuinent  which  the  agility 
of  the  Dancers,  the  ltd  hvcry      the  Charioteers,  aiid  the 

*  Gibbon,  p.  553.   Note  40.  f  Glbbotij  p.  560.   Notf  sS. 

attitudes 

...  —  . 


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V 


the  Decline  and  Fall  of  tU  Roman  Empire*  3  jl 

attitude?;  of  the  Wrcftlers,  would  derive  from  the  cfiV<5\s  of 
fire.  "  Tunc  hiilriones  cognnfccudi  r)laticircs  multo  per 
**  ignem;  tunc  rpe<5landu^  Auriga  in  flamiuea  rota  totus 
^  ruber.  Tunc  Xyllici  contcmplandi,  non  in  Cjymnafiis^- 
**  fed  in  igne  jacuLti."  2.  I  cannot  rcfufc  to  anlwcr  Mr. 
Davis's  very  particular  qucftlon,  Why  I  appeal  to  'J  ertullian 
for  the  condemnation  of  the  wifefl  and  moll  virtuous  ot  the 
Pagans?  Bt-cauje  I  am  inclined  to  btilow  that  epithet  oil 
Trajan  and  the  Antonincs,  Homer  and  Euripides  Plato 
and  Ariflotle,  who  are  all  manifeftly  included  within  the 
fiery  defcri prion  which  I  had  produced. 

I  am  accufed  of  mifquoting  Tertullian  and  Scnpulam*, 
as  an  evidence  that  Martyrdoms  were  lately  introduced  into 
Africa f.  Jkfides  Tertullian,  I  had  quoted  from  Ruinart 
(Acla  Sinccra,  p.  84.)  the  avl:ls  of  the  Scyllitan  Martyrs; 
and  a  very  moderate  icnowledge  of  Ecccliafiical  Hiitory 
would  have  informed  Mr.  Davi?,  that  the  two  authorities 
i\ms>  connected  eftablilh  the  propolition  ailerted  in  my  Text. 
Tertullian,  in  the  above-mentioned  Chapter,  fpcaks  of  one 
of  the  Proconfuls  of  Africa,  Vigellius  Saturninus,  qui 
**  pnmus  hie  giadium  in  nos  egit  j*'  the  Ac^a  Sincera  repre- 
fcnt  the  fame  Magiftrate  as  the  Judge  of  the  Scyllitan  Mar- 
tyrs; and  Ruinart,  with  the  conicnt  of  the  beft  critics, 
afLrihes  their  lufFerings  to  the  perfecution  of  Severn?.  Was 
it  my  f^iult  if  iMr.  Davis  was  incapable  of  lupplying  the 
interniediate  ideas  ? 

Is  it  likewise  neceflkry  that  I  ftiouIJ  juftify  the  frequent  ufc 
uhicli  I  have  made  of  Tertullian  ?  His  copious  writings  dif- 
play  a  lively  and  interefting  picture  of  the  primitive  Church, 
and  the  fcaniincfs  of  original  materials  fcarcely  left  me  the 
liberty  of  choice.  Yet  as  I  was  fetilible,  that  the  iVion- 
tanifm  of  Tertullian  is  the  convenient  fcrecn  which  our 
orihodux  Divines  have  placed  before  his  errors,  I  have,  with 
peculiar  caution,  confined  myfclf  to  thofc  works  which  WQr9 
compofed  in  the  more  early  and  founder  part  of  his  life. 

As  a  collateral  juftification  of  my  frequent  appeals  to  this 
African  Prclliyter,  I  had  introduced,  in  the  third  edition 
of  my  Ilillory,  two  pailages  of  Jerom  and  Prudentius, 
which  prove  that  Tertullian  was  the  mafler  of  Cyprian, 
and  that  Cyprian  was  the  mailer  of  the  Latin  Church  :|;. 
Mr.  Davis  nlllires  me,  however,  that  I  fhould  have  done 
better  not  to  have    added  this  note§,  as  I  baye  only  accu- 


•  Davis,  p.  35,  36.  f  Gibbon,  p.  609.    N.  172. 

X  Gibbon,  p.  566,  N.7a«  ^  Dafui  f,  t45» 


mulated 


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33* 


Vindkttion  of  Some  Pafltget  in  Chapters  XV.  mii  XVI. 


M  mutated  my  inaccuracies.*'  One  inaccuracy  he  has  indeed 
dete6bd)  an  error  of  the  prefs,  Hieronym.  de  Viris  illu* 
ilribus,  c.  53  for  63;  but  diis  advantage  is  dearly  purchafed 
by  Mr.  Davis.  E^tlb^  to»  ^i^duntoXor,  which  he  produces  as 
Ae  original  words  of  Cyprian,  has  a  braver  and  more  learned 
lbitnd>  than  Da  magifiruM\  but  the  quoting  in  Greek,  a 
fentence  which  was  pronounced,  and  is  recorded,  in  Lati% 
leems  to  bear  the  mark  of  the  moft  ridiculous  pedantry; 
iinleft  Mr.  Davis,  confulting  for  the  firft  time  the  Works  of 
Jerom,  miftook  the  Verfion  of  Sophronius,  which  is  printed 
m  the  oppofite  column,  for  the  Text  of  his  original  Author* 
Mv  reference  to  Prudenttus,  Hymn.  xiii.  100.  cannot  fi» 
caiily  be  juftified,  as  I  prefumptuoufly  believed  that  my 
critics  would  continue  to  read  till  they  came  to  a  full  ftop. 
I  (hall  now  place  before  them,  not  only  the  iirft  verfe  only, 
but  the  entire  period,  which  diey  will  find  fiill,  exprefs,  and 
fttisfa^ry*  The  poet  fays  of  St.  Cyprian>  whom  he  places 
In  Heaven^ 

Ntc  mnui  invplttai  Urrhy  ntc  ah  he  readit  9rbi: 

Differ  it  y  e  loquitur^  tra£iaty  doctty  injlruit^  prophetat^ 
Nec  Libyx  populos  tanttm  rtget^  exit  ufque  in  crtttm 
S^lisf  it  ufque  9bitum\  Gallos  fsvtU  'VwifiV  Britaonoss 
Ptifiiit  Hefperiae,  Chrljlum  Jerit  uitimis  Hibernis. 

Svtricivs  ^*  ^®  fubjed  of  the  imminent  dangers  which  the 
Stviivt  A|)oca]ypre  has  fo  narrowly  efcaped*,  Mr.  Davis  accuses  me 
An»fmA'  of  mifreprefenting  the  ientimentsof  Sulptcius  Severus  and 
Fra^Paolof,  with  this  diflfSsrence,  however,  that  I  was  inca- 
pable of  reading  or  underdanding  the  text  of  the  Latin 
author  $  but  that  I  wilfully  pervertei  the  fenfe  of  the  Italian 
hiftorian.  Thefe  imputations  I  (hall  eaftly  wipe  away,  by 
(hewing  that,  in  the  firft  inflance,  I  am  probably  in 
right ;  and  that,  in  the  fecond,  he  is  certainly  in  the  wrong. 

I.  The  concife  and  elegant  Sulpicius,  who  has  been 
juftly  (lyled  the  Chriftian  Sallud,  after  mentioning  the  exile 
and  Revelations  of  St.  John  in  the  iQe  of  Patmos,  obferves 
(and  furely  the  obfervation  is  in  the  language  of  complaint), 
•*  Librum  facrai  Apocalypfis,  qui  quidcm  a  plerijque  aut 
**  ftulte  aut  impie  non  recipitur,  confcriptiim  cdidit.'*  I  am 
found  guilty  of  fuppofing  plerlque  to  iignify  t/w  greater  num^ 
hiry  whereas  Mr.  D  i\  is,  with  Stephens's  Dictionary  in  his 
hand,  is  able  to  prov  c  that  p:crique  has  not  always  *hit  cx- 
teaiive  meaning,  aiid  tliai  a  cl4i]ic  of  good  auiiiuiiLy 

*  OikboD,  p*  5631  564.  No.  67.  t  Davii,  p«  40-^. 

.  Hied 


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of  tbe  Decline  and  Fall  of  tbt  Romm  Enplre.  %$$ 

iakA  the  word  in  a  much  more  limited  and  qualified  Tenfe. 
Let  Ae  Examiner  tborefore  try  to  applv  his  exception  to  thia 
particular  caie.  For  my  part,  /  fund  under  the  protedioa 
of  the  general  ufa^e  of  the  Latin  language,  and  with  a 
firong  prdfumptioa  m  fovour  of  the  juftice  of  my  cau(e»  or 
at  teaft  of  the  innocence  and  hjLxnxk  of  my  intentions;  fince 
I  have  tranflated  a  familiar  wordy  according  to  its  acknow- 
ledged and  ordinarv  acceptation. 

But,  if  I  had  looked  into  the  paiEige,  and  found  that 
Sulpicius  Seve^us  there  expretsly  tells  us,  that  the  Apoca- 
^  lypfe  was  the  work  of  St.  John,  I  could  not  have  com- 
*^  mitted  fo  unfortunate  a  blundery  as  to  cite  this  Father  at 
**  ^ing,  That  the  greater  number  pf  Chriftians  denied  its 
^  Canonical  auchoritv**'*  Unfortunate  indeed  would  have 
been  m^  blunder,  baa  I  aflerted  that  the  iame  Chriftians  who 
denied  its  Canonical  authority,  admitted  it  to  be  the  work  of 
an  Apoftie.  Such  indeed  was  the  opinion  of  Severus  him* 
felf,  and  his  opinion  has  obtained  the  lan£tion  of  the  Church; 
but  the  Chridians  whom  he  taxes  with  folly  or  impiety  for 
rejcding  this  (acred  book,  muft  have  lupparted  their  error 
by  attributing  the  Apocalypfc  to  Tome  uninfpired  writer  i  to 
John  the  Prefbyter,  or  to  Cerinthus  the  Heretic. 

If  the  rules  of  grammar  and  of  logic  authorife,  or  at  leaft 
allow  me  to  tranflate  pUrlquc  by  the  greater  number^  the 
KcckTiaftical  Hiftory  of  the  fourth  century  illuftratcs  and 
juflifies  this  obvious  interpretation.  From  a  fair  comparifon 
of  the  populoufncls  and  learning  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
Churches,  may  1  not  conclude  that  the  former  containcil  the 
greater  nujuher  of  Chriftians  qualified  to  pafs  fentencc  on  a 
inylk'iious  prt^phecv  compofed  in  the  Greek  language? 
Mav  I  not  aiu;n^,  on  the  authority  of  St.  Jerom,  that  the 
Apocalypfe  was  g^iicaLly  rcjt  cUh  t)y  the  Greek  Churches  ? 

Quod  fi  earn  (the  Epiltlu  lu  the  Hebrews)  L.^jnoruiu 
<*  confuetudo  non  recipit  inter  Scnjnuras  Ciioiiicab  j  nee 
•*  G  ecorumEcclclKt'  /Vpucalyphm  J  ^hannis  cadem  libertate 
fulcipiunt.  Li  tamcii  nos  utrami^uc  lulcijiimus,  ncqua- 
quani  hujus  tciijporis  coniu . cudinem,  fed  vctct  uiii  au£lo- 
^  ntatctn  fequentes."  Epiiiul.  ad  Dardanuai,  torn.  iii« 
p.  68. 

It  is  not  my  defign  to  enter  any  farther  into  the  contro- 
verted hiftory  of  that  famous  book  i  but  I  am  called  upon  f 
to  defend  my  Remark  that  the  Apocalypfe  was  tacitly  ex- 
cluded from  the  facred  canon  by  the  cuuiicil  of  Laodicea. 
(Canon  LX.)   To  defend  my  Remark,  I  need  only  itate 

«  Divis,  p  270.  t     ^*         F*  4x«  aad  k»|  Dr«  QteUuio* 

AfflMrlu»  p.  57. 

tbA 


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t 


3 J4  Vindication  of  Some  Paf&gcs  in  Chapters  XV.  &nd  XVI. 

the  facl  iii  a  Imiplj  but  more  p^rti^ulaf  manner.  T^te 
allembled  Bilhops  cf  Afhij  after  ciuimerarins;  al!  the  books 
of  the  Old  and  New  Teft..;]  iiiould  be  read  in 

churches,  omit  the  Apjci-Iyplc,  and  the  Apocalypfe  alone ; 
at  n  time  when  it  was  rejected  or  qiieftioned  by  many  pious 
and  learned  Chrilli.ins,  who  might  deduce  a  very  piauilbfe 
argument  from  the  lilcnce  uf  the  Synod. 

2.  When  the  Cou-ncil  of  Trer.t  rcfolvcd  to  pronounce 
fentence  on  the  Canon  of  Scripture',  the  opinion  which  pre- 
vailed, after  Ibmc  debate,  was  tu  declare  the  Latin  V'ulgate 
authentic  and  almoft  infalhblci  and  this  fentence,  which  wns 
guarded  by  formidable  anaLhemas,  fecured  all  the  books  of 
the  Old  and  K^vv  Teflanicnt  which  comuofed  that  ancient 
verfion,  «  che  fi  dichiarailcro  tutti  in  tutte  le  parte  come  (i 
**  trovano  nclia  Biblia  Latina,  efTer  di  Divina  e  ugual  auto- 
**  rita."  (Jiioria  del  Concilio  Tridentino,  L.  ii.  p.  147. 
Helmflndt  [Vicenxa)  1 761 .)  When  the  merit  of  that  verfiori 
was  dircuill'd,  the  majority  of  the  theologians  urged,  with 
confidence  and  fuccel-,  that  it  was  ablolutciy  necellary  10 
receive  the  Vulirate  as  authentic  and  infuircd,  unlcfs  thev 
wiihed  to  abandon  the  victory  to  the  Luihernn?,  and  the 
honours  of  the  church  to  the  Grammarians.  "  In  contrario 
*^  deHa  maggior  parte  dc  tcologi  era  detto ....  che-queiH 

nuovi  Gran.:nacici  confonderanno  ogni  cofa,  e  fera  fargli 

mudici  e  arbitri  della  fcde;  e  in  luo?o  de  teoloiji  e  cano- 
"  nilii,  C(jnvcrra  tencr  il  priino  conto  neh'  allumcre  a  Vef- 

covaii  e  Cardinalati  de  pcdanti."  (liloria  del  Concilio 
Tridentino,  L.  ii.  p.  149.)  The  fac;acious  hiflorian,  who 
had  ftudicd  the  Council,  and  the  judicious  Le  Couraycr, 
who  had  ftudied  his  author  (Hiltoire  du  Cciicilc  de  Trente, 
torn.  i.  p.  245.  Londres  1736.),  confider  this  ridicuhuj 
reafin  as  the  moft  powerful  argun;ent  which  infincnccd  the 
debases  of  ihc  Ccnincil  :  but  Air.  I)avi"=,  jealous  oi  the  ho- 
nour tf  a  fvnod  which  placed  tradition  on  a  level  with  the 
Bible,  athrms  that  Fra- Paolo  has  gi\  en  another  inorc  fub- 
Hantial  reafon  on  which  thele  i-'opilh  bilhops  built  their  de- 
termination, That  after  dividing  the  books  under  their  confi- 
deration  into  three  clallcsi  of  thofe  which  had  been  always 
held  for  divine;  of  thofe  whofe  authenticity  had  formerly 
been  doubted,  but  which  by  ufe  and  cnf!-om  had  acquired 
canonical  authority;  and  of  thole  which  had  never  been  pro- 
perly certified;  the  Apocalypfe  was  judicioufly  placed  bjtfac 
Fathers  of  the  Council  in  the  fecorid  of  thefe  clafles. 
-  The  Italian  paflagc,  which,  for  that  purpofe,  Mr.  Davis 
has  alleged  at  the  bottom  of  his  page,  is  indeed  taken  from 

Uie  text  gf  f  n*F«glo}  but  the  rca^r,  who  will  give  hinDielf 


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if  the  Decline  MMii  Fall  t/  thi  Roman  Empire,  jjj 

trouble,  or  rather  the  ^eaftife,  of  pentfinjg  that  Incom- 
parable  hiftorian,  will  difcover  that  Mr*  Davis  has  bnfy  mtf- 
taken  a  motion  of  the  oppoiition>  for  a  mealure  of  the  admi- 
fiiftration.  ff e  will  find>  that  this  critical  divifio(i«  which  is 
ib  crroneoufly  afctibed  to  the  public  reafoii  of  the  council, 
was  no  more  than  the  ineiFe^ual  propofal  of  a  temperate 
majority,  which  was  foon  over-ruled  by  a  maiority  of  artfiil 
ftacefinen,  bigoued  monks,  and  dependent  bimops. 

»  We  have  here  an  evident  proof  that  Mr.  Gibbon  if 
equally  expert  in  milreprefenting  a  modern  as  an  ancient 
^  writer,  or  that  he  wilfully  conceals  the  moft  material 
^  reafon,  with  a  defign,  no  doubt,  to  inftil  into  his  readers 
^  notion,  that  the  authenticity  of  the  Apocalypfe  is  built  oa 
the  llighteft  foundation  V* 

VIL  I  had  cautioully  obferved  (for  I  was  apprized  of  the  Otii»Bira. 
obfcurity  of  the  fubjed)  that  the  Eptftle  of  Clemens  does  not 
lead  us  to  difcover  any  traces  of  Epifcopacy  either  at  Co- 
rinth or  Romef*   In  this  obfervation  I  particularly  alluded 
to  the  rej:>ublican  form  of  falutation,  ^  The  church  of  God 

inhabiting  Rome,  to  the  church  of  God  inhabiting  Co« 
<^  rinth;"  without  the  leaft  mention  of  a  Bifhop  or  Preiident  « 
in  either  of  thofe  eccleiiaftical  ailemblies* 

Yet  the  piercing  eye  of  Mr.  Davis  ]  can  diicover  not  only 
traces,  but  evident  proofs,  of  Kpifcopacy,  in  this  Epiftle 
of  Clemens;  and  he  a€bially  quotes  two  pafTages,  in  which 
he  diftini^uifhes  by  capital  letters  the  word  Bishops,  whofe 
inftitution  Clemens  refers  to  the  Apodles  themfelves.  But 
can  Mr.  Davis  hope  to  gain  credit  fuch  c^re^ious  trifling  f 
While  we  are  fearching  for  the  origm  of  bifliops,  not  merely 
as  an  ecclefiafttcal  title,  but  as  the  peculiar  name  of  an 
order  diflinA  from  that  of  prefbyters,  he  idly  produces  a 
paf&ge,  which,  by  declaring  that  the  ApoHles  eftablifhed  ia  , 
every  place  hijhops  and  d^acons^  evidently  confounds  the 
prefiyUrs  with  one  or  other  of  thofe  two  ranks.  I  have 
neither  inclination  lior  intereft  to  eng^e  in  a  controveriy 
which  I  had  confidered  only  in  an  hiuorical  light;  but  I 
have  already  faid  enoueh  to  (hew,  that  there  are  more  traces 
of  a  difingenuous  mini  in  Mr.  Davis,  than  of  an  epifcopal 
'   order  in  the  Epiftle  of  Clemens. 

VIIL  Perhaps,  on  Ibme  future  occafion,  I  may  examine  Evubiv*. 
the  hiftorical  chara^er  of  Eufebius;  perhaps  I  may  enquire, 
how  far  it  appears  from  his  words  and  a£Uons,  that  the 
learned  Biihop  of  Caelarea  was  averfe  to  the  ufe  of  fraud, 

•  Jlfrl%  p.  44*      f  Oibbaa,  M.  no*      t  I>w1«f  f'  44*  4S* 

Urbeil 


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Vindkatton  •/  Some  Pai£igc<  im  CliApten  XV«  WXVI. 


when  it  was  employed  in  the  fcrviceof  religion.  At  prefent, 
I  am  only  concerned  to  defend  mv  own  truth  and  honour, 
from  the  reproach  of  rniirc[):  efentino;  the  fenfe  of  the  cccle- 
fiaftical  hiflorian.  Some  of  the  charges  of  Mr.  D.ivis  on 
this  head  are  fo  firon^i,  fo  pointed,  fo  vehemently  ur^ctf, 
that  he  fecms  to  have  ffaked,  on  the  event  of  the  trial,  the: 
merits  of  our  refpcclive  charatitcrs.  If  his  affcrtions  nre 
true,  I  deferve  the  contempt  of  learned,  nnd  the  abhorrence 
of  good  men.    If  they  are  falfc,  ******* 

I.  I  had  remarked,  without  any  mal'cious  intention,  that 
one  of  the  Icvcnieen  Chrillians  who  futltred  at  Alexandria 
was  likeuife  a'cujcd  of  robbery*.    Mr.  Davis  f  feenis  en- 
raged bccaufe  I  did  not  add  that  he  was  faifely  accufed,  takes 
fomc  unnecefTa.y  pains  to  con\;nce  me  that  the  Greek  word 
»crtxo(pa»7rjCr  fignifie?  falfo  accrUiiui^  and  "  can  hardly  think 
that  nny  one  who  had  loukcd  into  the  original,  uoald  d>re 
tlius  abfolutely  to  contradi»Sl  t!ie  plain  teilimony  of  tnc 
author  he  pretends  to  follow."    A  fimple  narrative  of  this 
facf,  in  the  relation  of  which  Mr.  Davis  has  ri-a/i'y  fup- 
prefled  feveral  material  circumdancesy  will  afford  the  cleareil 
juftification. 

Eufebius  has  preferved  an  ori:^ina!  letter  from  DionyHus 
Bifhop  of  Alexandria  to  Fabius  Biihopof  Antioch,  in  which 
the  former  relates  the  circumilances  of  the  pcfftcution  wiiich 
had  lately  afflicted  the  capital  of  Egypt.  He  allows  a  rank 
among  the  martyrs  to  one  Nemcfion,  an  Egyptian,  who  was 
falfcly  or  malicioufly  accufed  as  a  companion  of  robbers. 
Before  the  Centuriun  he  juftificd  hindelf  from  this  calunuir, 
which  did  not  relate  to  him  ;  but  bein*^  charged  as  a  Chrif- 
tian,  he  was  brought  in  chains  before  the  governor.  That 
unjuft  magiflrate,  after  iiiliicling  on  Nemelion  a  double  ?nt\i- 
fure  of  Jiripes  and  tortures-^  gave  orders  that  he  fliould  be 
burnt  with  the  robbers.  (Dionyl.  apud  Eufeb.  L.  vi.  c.  41.) 

It  i.s  evident  that  Dionyfius  reprefents  the  religious  fuBercr 
as  innocent  of  the  criminal  accufation  which  had  been  falfely 
brought  againft  him.  It  is  no  lels  evident,  that  whattv  er 
miL''ht  be  the  opinion  of  the  Centurion,  the  fupreme  nia- 
gillrale  conlidered  Ncnufion  as  guilty,  and  that  he  afle^icd 
to  fticw,  by  the  meafure  of  his  tortures,  and  by  the  compa- 
nions of  his  execution,  that  he  puniflied  him,  not  only  as  a 
Chriilian,  but  as  a  robber.  The  evidence  agalnft  Nc- 
meilony  and  that  which  might  be  produced  Ln  his  favour^ 

•  Gibbon,  p.  654.  N.  75. 

^  Davii,  p.  61,  6z,  63.    This  ridiculoui  ch»ge  11  ttpeated  by  another 

Jyioplar.tf  (in  the  Creek  fcnfc  of  the  word,)  and  forms  one  of  the  ^aluaHe 
4.o:-t^mur.ications,  which  t!ie  learning  ot  a  ICodolpU  fuggcftfed  (o  ths  MOdottT  of* 


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tf  tbi  Decline  and  Fall  of  tbi  Roman  Empire.  537 

to  equally  loft;  apd  the  <n]eftioti  (which  fettuiliaittly 
is  of  httle  moment]  of  his  guSh  or  innocence  refts  folely 
on  the  oppoiite  judgments  of  his  eccleliaflical  and  civu 
iiiperiors*  I  could  eaiily  perceive  that  both  the  bifliop 
and  tl)e  governor  were  adbiated'  by  different  paffiona 
and  prejudices  towanfe  the  unhappy  fufeer ;  but  it  was 
impoflible  for  me  to  decide  which  of  the  two  was  the  moft  . 
likely  to  indulge  his  pi^judiccs  and  pafftons  at  the  expenct 
of*  truth*  In  diis  doubtful  fimadon  I  conceived  that  I  had 
a6ted  with  the  moft  unexceptionable  caution^  when  I  con- 
tented myfelf  with  obferving  that  Nemefion  was  accujed ; 
a  circumftance  bf  a  public  and  authendc  nature,  in  which 
both  parties  were  agreed. 

Mr.  Davis  will  no  longer  aik,     What  poffible  evaiion 

then  can  Mr.  Gibbon  nave  reconrfe  to,  to  convince  the 
**  world  that  I  have  folfily  accufcd  bim  of  a  grofs  mlfre* 
*♦  prefentation  of  Eufcbius  ?" 

2.  Mr.  Davis*  charges  me  with  falfifying  (falfifying  is 
a  very  ferious  word)  the  tcftimony  of  Eufebius ;  becaufe 
it  fuited  mv  purpofe  to  magnify  the  humanity  and  even 
kindnefs  or  Maxentius  towards  the  afflided  Chriftiansf. 
Xo  fupport  this  charge,  he  produces  fome  part  of  a  chap- 
ter of  Eufebius,  the  Englifli  in  his  text,  the  Greek  in  his 
notes,  and  makes  the  etcicfjaftical  hiftorian  exprefs  himTelf 
in  the  following  terms :  **  Although  Maxentius  at  firft  fa- 
•*  voured  the  Chriftians  with  a  view  of  popularity,  yet  af-' 
**  Icrwai-ds,  being  addi£^ed  to  magic,  and  every  other  im- 
•*  piety,  HE  exerted  himfelf  in  pciiecuting  the  Chriftians, 
**  in  a  more  fevere  and  dcllrudlive  manner  than  his  prede- 

ceflbrs  had  done  before  him." 

If  it  were  in  my  power  to  place  the  volume  and  chapter 
of  Eufebius  (Hill.  ELclef.  I.,  viii.  c.  14.)  before  the  eyci 
of  every  reader,  I  ilunild  he  fatlshcd  and  filent.  I  ihoukl 
not  be  under  tfic  iiccclT.rv  of  protcflinp;,  that  in  the  paffage 
quoted;  or  ratlicr  ahiidgcd,  by  my  advcrnuy,  the  Iccond 
member  of  the  period,  which  alone  contradicts  my  account 
of  Maxentius,  has  not  the  moil  diftant  reference  to  that 
odious  tyrant.  After  diflino^uifhinsf  the  n->ild  conduct  v.  hith 
he  aflected  rowaidi  tlie  Chnilians,  Eulcbius  proccLd^  to 
animadvert  with  becoming  feveritv  on  the  general  vices 
of  his  reign  ;  the  ra{)es,  the  murders,  the  opprefTion,  thu 
promifcuous  liiail^cres,  which  1  had  liuthtully  rclitcd  iu 
their  proper  place,  and  in  whicli  the  Chullians,  not  in  their 
religious,  bu'  \\\  their  civil  capacity,  mufl:  occafionaliy  liave 
fliared  wi'di  the  reft  of  his  uiihappv  lubjc6ls.  The  cccle- 
fiailicai  hiitonan  then  makes  a  uaniiUon  to  anoths:}'  tyranty 

*  Dav's,  p.  64^  65.  \  Cibboa^  p.  693*   N«  i68> 

Vol.  III.  Z  the 


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Vindication  9f  Some  PaOkget  i*  Ciiapter*  XV.  and  X Vi . 

the  cruel  Maxiroin*  who  carried  away  from  his  friend  and 
ally  Maxentius  the  prize  of  fuperior  wickednefs ;  for  hb 
was  addi^^ed  to  magic  arts,  and  was  a  cruel  perfecutor  of 
ihe  Chriftians.  The  evidence  of  words  and  faifb^  the  plain 
meaning  of  Eufebius,  the  concurring  tedimony  of  Caeci- 
lius  or  La^antius,  and  the  luperfluous  authority  of  verfi^ 
on$  and  commentators,  eftablidi  beyond  the  reach  of  doubt 
or  cavil,  thatMaxiroin,  and  not  Maxentius,  isftigmadzed 
as  a  perfecutor,  and  that  Mr.  Davis  abne  ha  <Qel'efved  the 
reproach  of  falfifylng  ilie  teftimony  Eufebius. 

Let  him  examine  the  chapter  on  which  he  founds  his 
accufation.  If  in  that  moment  his  feelings  are  not  of  the 
hioft  painful  and  humiliadng  kind«  he  mud  indeed  be  an 
object  of  piry ! 

a*  jigrofs  blundir  is  imputed  to  me  by  this  polite  anta- 
gonid^,  for  quoting  under  the  name  of  Jerom,  the  Chro- 
nicte  which  I  ought  to  have  defcribed  as  the  work  and  pro« 
perty  of  Eufebiusf ;  and  Mr.  Davis  kindly  points  out  the 
occafion  of  my  blunder^  That  it  was  in  confequence  of  my 
looking  no  farther  tlian  Dodwell  for  this  remark,  and  of 
not  rightly  underflanding  his  reference.  Perhaps  the  Hif* 
tonan  of  the  Roman  Empire  may  be  credited,  when  he 
afiirms  that  he  frequently  confuhed  a  Latin  Chronicle  of 
the  affairs  of  the  empire ;  and  hc^niay  the  fooner  be  credi- 
ted, if  he  ihews  that  he  know^  fomethiug  more  of  this 
Chronicle  befides  the  name  and  the  title-page. 

Mr.  Davist  who  talks  fo  familiarly  of  the  Chronicle  of 
Eufebius,  will  be  furprifed  to  hear  that  the  Greek  original 
no  longer  exiAs.    Some  chronolo^cal  fragments,  which 
had  fuccellively  pafled  through  the  hands  of  Africanns  and 
£ufebius>  are  ftill  extant,  though  in  a  very  corrupt  and 
mutilated  (late,  in  the  compilations  of  Synceljus  and  Ce- 
drcnus.    They  have  been  colle£ted,  and  difpofed  by  the 
labour  and  ingenuity  of  Jofcph  Scaliger ;  but  that  proud 
critic,  always  ready  to  aj^plaud  his  own  fuccefs,  did  nor 
flatter  himfeif  that  he  had  reftored  the  hundredth  part  of  the 
.  genuine  Chronicle  of  Eufebius.    •*  Ex  eo  ( Synalh)  om^ 
nia  Eufebiana  excerpfimus  quae  quidem  deprehendere 
potuimus  ;  qu3c,  qiiam^uam  ne  centefima  quidem  pars 
eorum  eflfe  v^detur  quae  ab  Eufebio  reli^  funt,  uliquod 
tamen  juilum  volumen  explere  poITunt."    (Jof.  Scaliger 
Animadveriiones  in  Gra5ca  Eufebii  in  Tliefauro  Tempo- 
rum,  p.  401.  Amllelod.  1658.)    While  the  Chronicle  of 
Eufebius  was  perfe6t  and  entire,  the  fecond  book  was  tranf- 
latcd  into  Latin  by  Jerom,  with  the  freedom,  or  rather  li- 

•  Da?is^  p.  66.  f  Gibbon,  p.  673.  iiy 

ceacCi 


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of  iht  Decline  and  Fall  cf  thi  Roman  Empire* 


339 


ceoce,  which  that  voluminous  author,'  as  well  as  his  friend 
or  enemy  Rufinus,  always  aiTumed.      Plurima  in  ver* 

tendo  mutat,  infulcit,  prKerir/'  fays  Scaliger  himfelf, 
in  the  Prolegomena,  p.  22.    In  the  perTecution  of  Aure- 

lian»  which  has  fo  much  offended  Mr.  Davis,  we  are 
able  to  diilinguifh  the  work  of  Eufebius  from  that  of  Jerom» 


with  thofe  of  the  Chronicle.  The  former  affirms,  that 
towards  the  end  of  his  reign,  Aurelian  was  moved  by  fome 
councils  to  excite  a  peiiecution  againft  the  Chriftians ;  that 
his  deilen  occafioned  a  great  and  general  rumour ;  but  that 
when  the  letters  were  prepai-ed,  and  as  it  were  flgned,  di- 
vine juftice  difmifled  him  from  the  world.    H^u  m  Zt&M^  «g 

tt»  )U7|«o»  Kbcd'  ifpnr  tytif Mv  arixtriiTO.  iroAt^  Tt  uir  0  wtfob  mtat  9tft  nrrtt 


iyiiMtfitM>»  6fi«  f(iTii^»  hitn*  Eufeb.  Hift*  Ecclef.  L.^  vii.  c. 
20.  Whereas  the  Chronicle  relates,  that  Aurelian  was 
killed  after  he  had  excited  or  moved  a  perfecution  againft 
the  Chriftiansi  **  cum  adverfum  nos  perfecutionem  mo- 
•*  viffct."  . 

From  this  manifeft  difference  I  aflume  a  right  to  ailert ; 
firft»  that  the  exprei&on  of  the  Chronicle  of  Jer$m^  which 
is  always  proper,  became  in  this  inilance  neceffary ;  and 
fecondly,  that  the  language  of  the  fathers  is  fo  ambiguous 
and  incorrect  that  we  are  at  a  lofs  to  determine  how  far 
Aurelian  had  carried  his  intention  before  he  was  ailaflinfited. 
I  have  neither  perverted  the  fa£f^  nor  have  I  been  guilty 
of  0  grofs  hlumUr. 

IX.  The  perfons  accufed  of  Chriftianity  had  a  con-  Jj*"'*'* 
**  venient  time  allowed  them  to  fettle  their  domeftic  con- 
**  cems,  and  to  prepare  their  anfwer*.*'  This  obfervation 
had  been  luggefled,  partly  by  a  general  expreflion  of  Cy- 
pian  (de  Laplis,  p.  88.  Edit.  Fell.  Amftelod.  lyoo.)*  and 
ntore  efpecially  the  {econd  Apology  of  Juftin  Martyr, 
who  gives  a  parncular  and  curious  example  of  this  legal 
delay. 

The  expreffions  of  Cyprian,  "  dies  negantibus  praeftitu- 
**  tus,  &c."  which  Mr.  Davis  moft  prudently  fuppreffes, 
are  illudrated  by  Moflieim  in  the  following  words:  **  Pri« 
mum  qui  deuiti  erant  aut  fufped^i,  illis  certum  dierum 
fpartium  judex  definiebat,  quo  decurrente,  fecum  delibe- 
rare  poterant,  utrum  profiteri  Chriftum  an  negare  maU 
lent;  ixplttrandafideiprafimebantur  diesy  per  hoc  tem- 
pus  liberi  manebant  m  aomibus  fuis;  nec  impediebat 


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Vindicatbn  9/  Some  Paflages  im  Chapters  XV.  mni  XVI. 

aliqui€  quod  ex  confeqaendbus  apparct,  ne  fuga  f  bi  con- 
fulerent.  Satis  hoc  erat  htimanum."  (]3e  Retm  Cbrii^ 
tianis  ante  Con(lantinu[ii»  p.  480.)  The  pradice  of 
JEgypt  was  fomedmes  more  expeditious  and  fevcre  ;  but 
^hm  humane  indulgence  was  ftiU  allowed  in  Africa  during 
the  perfecudon  of  jDecius. 

But  my  appeal  to  Juftin  Martyr  is  encountered  by  Mr. 
Davis  with  the  following  dedaradon* :     The  reader  will 
obferve,  that  Mr.  Gibbon  does  not  make  any  referenoe 
*«  to  any  fcftion  or  diviilon  of  this  part  of  Tuftin's  work  ; 
**  with  what  view  wc  may  (hrcwdlv  fufpea,  when  1  teM 
him,  that  after  an  act  urn  te  pcrufai  of  the  whole  rccond 
Apology,  I  can  boldly  afirm,  that  the  following  infiantt 
is  the  only  one  that  bears  the  mofl  diftant  iimilitude  Co 
**  what  ]\[r.  Gibbon  relates  as  above  on  the  authority  of 
**  Juflin."    What  I  find  in  Juftin  is  as  follows :  **  A  wo- 
**  man  being  converted  to  Chriftianity,  is  afraid  to  afibci* 
*•  ate  with  her  huA)and,  becaufe  he  is  an  abandoned  repro- 
bate,  led  Hie  ihouki  partake  of  his  fms.    Her  husband, 
not  being  able  to  accufe  htr^  vents  his  rage  in  this  man- 
ncT  on  one  Ptolemaeus,  a  teacher  of  ChrifUanity,  who 
«*  had  converted  her,  dsfr.'*    Mr.  Davis  then  proceeds  Co 
tebtc  the  {everides  Inflided  on  Ptolemasus,  who  made  a 
frank  and  infl    t  profeffion  of  his  faith ;  and  he  ftemly  ex- 
claims, diat  if  i  take  every  opportunity  of  paffin^  encomi- 
ums on  the  humanity  of  Roman  magifhates,  it  »  incum* 
bent  on  me  to  produce  better  evidence  than  this. 

His  demand  may  be  eaiily  fatisfied,  and  I  need  only  for 
that  purpofe  tranfcribe  and  tranflate  the  words  of  JulHn« 
which  immdiatiif  precede  the  Greek  quotadon  alleged  at 
die  bottom  of  my  adverfary*s  page.  I  am  poflefled  of  two 
edidons  of  Juftm  Martyr,  that  of  Cambridge,  in 
Svo*  l»y  Dr.  Afhton,  who  only  publifhed  the  two  Apolo- 
gies ;  and  diat  of  all  his  worxs,  publifhed  in  fot  rant» 
1742,  by  the  fienedi£dncs  of  the  Congregation  of  Sr* 
Maar :  tne  following  curious  paflage  may  be  found,  p.  164, 
of  the  former,  and  p.-  89,  of  the  latter  edition :  KumyiyMM 

fvt^  tutMmiat  ii]p*T^»  tfv»x*i|piiftiM»  man  hmMtm^m  *rm  w>im 

vpayfMmvm  a.vrv':  kwatn»,  nm  wnxfiftnn  Tim.  He  brought 
an  accufation  againd  her,  faying,  that  (he  was  a  Chrif« 
tian.  But  Hie  prefented  a  pctidon  to  the  emperor,  pray- 
iog  that  ihe  might  be  allowed  to  fectk  her  domfkif;  coo* 

*  Di^f  f «  711  7s* 

«  corns; 


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« 


cfrns  ;  and  prornifing,  that  after  Hie  had  fettled  them, 

(lie  wonid  then  put  ia  her  ani\vcr  to  the  accuiauoa. 
•*  This  you  granted.** 

I  difdam  to  add  a  fingle  rctieclion  ;  nor  Hiall  T  qualify 
the  cond'jct^  ot  mv  advfMlnrv  with  any  of  thofe  harih  epi-  - 
thet^,  which  iv.ight  be  inierprcted  as  the  exprefiions  of  re- 
frjifincnt,  rlioueh  T  flinuld  he  cfinftr;iincd  to  ufe  thcm  as  the  . 
only  words  in  the  Enghih  language  which  could  accu- 
rately i-epreienr  mv  cool  and  unprejudiced  feniimcnts. 

X.  hi  llatini;  die  toleration  ot  Chiiflianity  during  thel'^cxAji- 
preatefl  part  of  the  reign  of  Diocletian,  I  had  obfervcd*, 
that  the  principal  officers  ot  the  palace,  wliole  names  and 
tuniftions  were  particularly  i pec i tied,  enjoyed,  with  their 
wives  and  children,  the  tree  exercite  of  the  Chriftian  reli- 
gion. Mr.  ]3avis  twice  affirmst,  in  the  moll  deliberate 
manner,  that  this  pretended  fac^,  which  is  affened  on  the 
fole  authority,  is  contradicted  by  the  pofitive  evidence,  of 
Ladlantius.  In  both  thefe  ajffirmatiMs  Mr.  Davis  is  iaex* 
cufably  miftaken. 

1.  When  the  ftorms  of  perfecution  arofe,  the  priefht, 
who  were  offended  by  the  fign  of  the  Crofs,  obtained  sm 
order  from  the  Emperor,  that  the  profane,  the  ChriAians, 
who  accompanied  him  to  the  Temple,  fliould  be  compel* 
]ed  to  offer  facrifice  ;  and  this  incident  is  mentioned  by  the 
rherorician,  to  whom  I  ihall  not  at  prefent  refufe  the  name 
of  Lai^antius.  The  a<5l  of  idolatry,  which,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  eighteen  years,  was  required  of  the  officers  of 
Diocletian,  is  a  manifeft  proof  tiiat  their  religiotis  freedom 
had  hitherto  been  inviolate,  except  in  the  fingle  inftancc  of 
waiting  on  their  mailer  to  the  Temple;  a  lervice  lelii  cri- 
minal than  the  profane  compliance  for  which  the  miniAer 
of  the  King  of  Syria  Iblicited  the  permiffioa  of  the  propihtt 
of  Ifrael. 

2.  The  reference  which  I  made  to  LadbuKtus  exprefsly  * 
pointed  out  this  exception  to  their. freedom.    But  the  proof 

of  the  toleration  was  built  on  a  different  teftimony,  whic^ 
my  didngeniious  adverfary  has  concealed  ;  an  ancient  and 
curious  ififtnidiion  compofed  by  Biihop  Thconas,  for  the 
ufe  cf  Liician,  and  the  other  ChriAian  eunuchs  of  the  pa- 
lace of  Diocletian.  This  authentic  piece  was  publiflied  in 
ther  Spictiegium  of  Dom  Luc  d'Acheri ;  as  I  had  not  the 
oppoitunicy  of  confulting  the  original,  I  Wtas  contented  wiih 

•  CibboDy-p.  676.  N.        ly^  f  Oavisj  p»  75>  7^ 

quoting 


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341  Vindication  of  Some  Paflkges  im  Chapters  XV.  and  XVL 

quotincj  ir  on  the  faith  of  Tillcmonr,  and  ihc  reference  to 
it  inimediatcly  precedes  ^ch.  xvi.  note  133.)  the  Citation  of 
Lactantius  (note  134). 

Mr.  Davis  may  now  anfvver  his  own  queAion,  What 
PioM  Cas- apology  can  be  made  tur  tiuis  alTertini;,  on  the  iolc  au- 
tiaa.       u,  thority  of  Ladtantius,  la6ls  which  LactanLius  lo  ex- 
**  prefsly  denies 

XI.  I  have  already  given  a  curious  inftance»  of  oitr 
•*  author's  aflerting,  on  the  authority  of  Dion  Cain  115,  a 
fadl  not  mentioned  by  that  hiftorian.  I  ihall  now  pro- 
•*  duce  a  very  hngular  proof  ot  his  endeavouring  to  con- 
•*  ceal  from  us  a  palTacie  really  contained  in  him*."  No- 
thing but  the  angry  vehemence  with  which  thtlc  charges 
are  urged,  could  engage  me  to  take  the  leaft  notice  ot  them. 
In  themfelvcs  they  are  doubly  contemptible  i  they  are  tri- 
fling, and  they  are  falfc. 

.1.  Mr.  Davist  had  impurcd  to  me  a5;  a  crime,  that  I  had 
mentioned,  on  the  iole  tellimonv  of  Dion  ( L.  Iwiii.  p. 
1145).  the  Ipirit  of  rebellion  which  inflamed  the  Jews, 
from  the  reign  of  Nero  to  that  01  Antoninus  rius|,  whllll 
the  paflagc  of  that  hiilorian  is  conhncd  to  an  inlurrec^ion 
in  Cyprus  andCyrenc,  which  broke  (jut  w  ithin  that  }x*ri(^d. 
The  reader  who  will  call  his  eye  on  the  note  (cli.  xvi.  note 
I.),  which  is  lupported  by  that  qu(Jtation  Irom  Dion,  will 
dilcover  that  it  related  only  to  this  particular  tac\.  The 
general  poliiion,  which  is  indeed  too  notorious  to  require 
any  proof,  1  had  caretully  juftihed  in  the  courie  ol  the 
fame  paragraph;  partly  by  another  referente  to  Diun  Caf- 
fius,  partly  by  an  alUihon  to  the  well-known  hiftroy  of 
Jofephus,  and  partly  h\  Ji  vcral  quotations  tiom  the  learned 
and  judicious  Balnage,  who  has  explained,  in  the  moft 
fatisfatStory  maimer,  the  principles  and  coudu6l  ot  the  re- 
bellious Jews. 

2.  The  palfage  of  Dion,  which  I  am  accufed  of  endea- 
vouring to  conceal,  might  perhaps  have  remained  invilible, 
even  to  the  piercing  eye  of  Mr.  Davis,  if  i  had  not  tare- 
fully  reported  it  in  its  proper  place ||  :  and  it  was  in  my 
power  to  report  it,  without  being  guilty  of  any  inconfiderate 
£ontradu:]iGn.  1  had  oblervcd,  that,  in  the  large  hidory  of 
Dion  CafTius,  Xiphilin  had  not  been  able  to  dilcover  the 
name  ot  Chrljliani :.  yet  I  afterwards  quote  a  palfagc,  in 
v-'hich  Marcia,  the  favourite  concubine  of  Connnodiis,  is 
celebrated  as  the  patronefs  of  the  Chrijiians.    Mr.  Davis 

•  Davis,  p.  83.  f  Id.  p«  II.  X  GibboPi  p. 

I  Id.  p.  667.  N.  107* 


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•f  th$  Decline  and  Fill  •/  tht  Roman  Empire. 


has  tranfcribed  my  quotation,  but  he  has  concealed  the  im- 
|K)rrant  words  which  I  diftinguifli  by  Italics.  (Ch.  xvi.  note 
lo6,  Dion  Caflius,  or  rather  his  abhreviator  Xtphiiin^  L. 
Ixxii.  p.  1206.)  The  reference  is  fairly  made  and  cauti* 
oufly  quaUiod:  I  am  already  1'cc are  from' the  imputations 
of  fraud  or  inconfiftency ;  and  the  opinion  which  attributes 
the  laA-mentioned  paflage  to  the  abbreviator,  rather  than 
to  the  original  hiftoraan,  may  be  lupported  by  the  moft  un* 
exceptionable  authorities.  I  iliall  protedf  myleit  by  ihofe 
of  Reimer  (in  his  edition  of  Dion  Caflius,  tom.  ii.  p.  1207*. 
note  34.)*  *t^^  l^'  *  Lardncf  ;  and  fliall  only  tranicnbe  . 
the  words  of  the  latter,  in  his  Coile^on  of  Jewiih  and 
Heathen  Teftimonics,  vol.  iii.  p.  57. 

*'  This  paragraph  I  rarhcr  think  to  be  Xiphilin's  thaa 
**  Dion's.  The  liylc  at  lea  ft  is  Xiphilin's.  In  the  other 
"  paflages  before  quoted,  Dion  fpeaks  ot  impiety^  or  atbi'^ 
**  ifm,  or  J udaijmi  but'  never  ulcJi  the  woid  Chrj/Iians, 
**  Another  ihing  that  may  make  us  doubt  whether  this  ob- 
* '  fervation  be  entirely  Dion*s,  is  the  phrale,  it  is  related 
«*  (iaT«fi4T*i).**  hor  the  beginning  ot  the  rci^,n  of  Com- 
modus,  **  Thcfc  things,  and  what  follows,  I  write  not 
**  from  the  report  ot  others,  but  trom  my  knowledge  and 
<*  ob'ervation.'*  However,  the  feule  may  be  Dion's^  but 
**  1  wiih  we  had  alio  his  tlyle,  without  any  adulteration/* 
For  my  own  part,  I  muft,  in  my  private  opinion,  afcribe 
even  tne  fcnfe  of  this  pulFage  to  Xiphilin.  The  Monk 
might  eagerly  collect  and  inlert  an  anecdote  which  related 
to  the  domeilic  hiftory  of  the  church :  but  the  religion  of  ' 
a  courtezan  muft  have  appeared  an  objedt  of  very  little 
moment  to  the  eyes  of  a  R9man  cnnjul^  who,  at  lea  ft  in 
every  other  part  <>i  his  hiftory,  difdained  ornegledled  to 
mention  the  name  of  the  Chriftians. 

*•  What  lhall  we  fay  now }  Do  we  not  diftover  the 
**  name  of  Chriftians  in  the  Hiftory  of  Dion  ?  With  what 

affitrance  then  can  Mr.  Gibbon,  after  airerfTnn:  a 

manileiUy  untrue,  lay  claim  to  the  merits  of  diligence 
**  and  accuracy,  the  indifpenfable  duty  of  an  hiftorian } 

Or  can  he  expedl  us  to  credit      alfertion,  that  he  has 
*♦  carefullv  examined  all  the  original  materials*  ?** 

A'Ir.  Gibbon  may  ftill  maintain  the  chara6fer  of  an  hif-  * 
torian ;  but  it  is  dimcult  to  conceive  how  Mr.  Davis  will 
fupport  his  preteniions,  if  he  afpires  to  that  of  a  gentle- 
man. • 

'  I  almoft 


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I 

344  VindiGaiioA  ^  Some  Paflj^  M  Qiapttti  XV.  W  XVL 


T  alraoft  hclitate  whctlicr  I  fhouM  take  any  notice  of 
another  ridiculous  charge  which  Mr.  Davi<;  inchjclcs  in  the 
article  of  Dion  CalTuis.  My  adversary  owns,  ih:u  I  have 
occafionally  produced  the  fcveral  paiTages  of  the  Auguftan 
Hillory  which  relate  to  the  Chriiiians  ;  but  he  hcrccly 
contends  that  they  amnunt  to  more  than  fix  linei*.  1  re- 
ally have  not  lucaiurcd  them  :  nor  did  I  mean  diat  loofe 
expreflion  as  a  pre(  ifc;  and  dcnui;c  number.  If,  on  a  nicer 
furvey,  thole  Ihort  hnus,  when  tliey  are  brought  together, 
/lioiild  be  found  to  exceed  lix  of  the  long  lines  of  my  toha 
edition,  I  am  content  that  my  critical  antagonirt  ihould 
'  fiihl[i[ute  eight,  or  ten,  or  twelve,  hncs  ;  nor  lliall  I  think, 
either  niy  learning  or  vcracicy  mudi  iatercHed  ia  thisiio* 
portant  alteration. 
Wnnr^kc.  XII.  After  a  ihort  dcfcription  of  the  unworthy  conduct 
of  thofc  Apoilatps  who,  in  a  time  ot  pcrlecution,  dcfcrtcd 
the  Faith  of  Chnll,  I  produced  the  evidence  of  a  Pagan 
Proconfulf,  and  of  two  Chrilfian  Bilhops,  l^Jiny,  Diony- 
fius  of  Alexandria,  and  Cyprian.  And  here  the  unfor- 
giving Critic  remarks,  i'hat  Phny  has  not  particularized 
**  that  difference  of  condu6l  (in  the  different  Apoftates) 
**  which  Mr.  Gibbon  here  defcribcs:  yet  his  name  llands 
**  at  the  head  of  tliofc  Authors  whom  lie  has  cited  on  the 

occafion.  It  is  allowed  indeed  thai  this  di(lin(f^ion  is 
**  made  by  the  other  Authors  ;  but  as  Pliny,  the  hri\  rc- 
**  ferred  to  by  Mr.  Gibbon,  gives  him  no  caufe  or  rcafoa 
**  to  ufe  themf*  (I  cannot  help  Mr.  Davis's  bad  Englilh) 
**  it  is  certainly  very  reprehenlible  in  our  Author,  thus 

to  confound  their  te{limony»  and  to  make  a  necdlefs  and 
•*  improper  reference!.** 

A  criticifm  of  this  fort  can  only  tend  to  expofe  Mr.  Da- 
vis's total  ignorance  of  hiflorical  compofitioD.  The  Wri- 
ter who  afpires  to  the  name  of  Hifborian,  is  obliged  to 
confult  a  variety  of  original  teflimonies,  eacli  of  which, 
taken  feparateiy,  is  perhaps  imperfect  and  partial.  By  a 
judicious  re*union  and  arrangement  of  thefe  difperfed  ma- 
terials, he  endeavours  to  form  a  condAent  and  intcreftiD|r 
narrative.  Nothing  ought  to  be  inferted  which  is  not  pro- 
ved  by  fome  of  the  witnelfcs ;  but  their  evidence  muft  be 
fo  intnnately  blended  together,  that  as  it  is  unreafonable  to 
cxpe6l  that  each  of  them  ihould  vouch  for  the  whole»  fo 
it  would  be  impoilible  to  dehne  the  bauodariett  of  their  le- 
ftc^ive  property.  Neither  PUnY>  nor  Dionyfius,  nor 
Cyprian,  mention  all  the  drcumnances  and  di/titUiiws  of 

•  Oibbaoi  p.  634,  N.  14*    t     P«       N«  lot,    }  Dif%  p.  87*  Si. 

the 


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<f  fjtf  l)editt«n/Fafl^#AiRflnMi]!aipif«.  345 

condo6l  of  the  ChciiHaii  Apoilates ;  but  if  anj  of  tliem 
was  withdrawn^  the  account  which  I  have  given  wcnildy 
m  ibme  tsiftance,  be  defective. 

Thus  much  I  thought  oeceflTary  to  fay,  as  feveral  of  thm 
fubfequcnt  mi^riprefentations  of  Orolius,  of  Raylc,  of  Fa^ 
'bricius,  of  Gregory  of  Tours,  &c.*,  which  provoked  the 
fuij  o£  lAx,  JD^vis,  are  derived  only  from  theignorance- 
of  tlusconainon  hiflorical  principle. 

Another  clafs  of  mifreprefentations,  which  my  Adver- 
fary  urges  with  tlie  fame  degree  of  vehemence  (fee  in  par- 
ticular thofe  of  JuAin,  Diodorus  Siculua,  and  even  Ta- 
dtu$)»  requires  the  fupport  of  another  principle,  which 
has  not  yet  been  introduced  into  the  art  of  criticifm  ;  that  ^ 
when  a  modem  hiAorian  appeals  to  the  authority  of  the 
ancients  for  the  truth  of  any  particular  fsft^^  he  makes  him** 
fclf  anfwerabley  1  know  not  to  what  extent,  for  all  the 
circumjacent  errors  or  inconiiftencies  of  the  authors  whom, 
he  has  quoted. 

XIII.  1  am  accufed  of  throwing  out  a  &lfe  accuiatiOQl«iMTivt» 
againft  this  Fatherf,  becaufe  I  had  obfervedj  that  Ignatius, 
defending  againft  the  Gnoftics  the  refurre^Mn  of  Chrift; 
employs  a  vague  and  doubtful  tradition,  inftead  of  quoting 
the  certain  teflimony  of  'the  Evaneelifts :  and  this  obfer-* 
▼atioQ  was  jufti6ed  bv  a  remarkable  pa(ra|e  of  Ignatius, 
in  his  Epiflie  to  the  Smyrnaeans,  which  I  cited  according 
to  the  volume  and  the  page  of  the  beft  edition  of  the  Apo£ 
tolical  Father,  publiflied  at  Amfterdam,  1724,  in  two  vo-> 
lumes  in  folio.  The  Criticifm  of  Mr.  Davis  is  announced 
1  y  one  of 'thole  folemn  declarations  which  leave  not  any 
paflace  that  bears  die  leaft  a£Bnity  to  what  Mr.  Gibbon 
,    obterves,  in  the  whole  EpiiUe,  which  I  have  read  over 

more  than  once.'* 

I  had  already  marked  the  Jituatm ;  nor  is  it  in  my  power 
to  prove  the  $xiJt$iKi^  of  this  pafTage,  by  anv"  odhitr  means 
than  by  producing  the  words  of  the  original.   Eyv  ^  mm 

iiave  knowtty  and  I  believe,  that  after  his  refurre6Uoa 
likewife  he  exilbed  in  the  fle{h :  And  when  he  came  to 
Peter,  and  to  the  reft,  he  &id  tmto  them,  Take»  handle 
*«  ine,  and  fee  that  I  am  not  an  incorporeal  daemon  or  fpirit. 
And  they  touched  him,  and  believed."   The  £iith  of  the 

Dtfity  p»  Sf*  90.  137.   t  Id.  p.  100, 101.  X  OIbbon>  p.  551;  N.  35. 

ApoMes 


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Vlndicidoii     Sone  ?iilagei  m  Ciupim  XtT.  ^  XVL 

Apoftles  confuted  the  impious  error  of  the  Gnoftics,  ^idi 
attributed  only  the  appearances  of  a  human  body  to  the  Son 
of  God:  and  it  was  the  great  objcfl  of  Ignatius,  in  the  iaft 
iBomenCs  of  his  life,  to  jequre  the  Chridians  of  Ada  fron» 
theinare^of  thole  dangerous  Her  cues.  Acxoiding  to  the 
tiadiiioa  of  the  modem  Greeks,  Ignatius  was  the  child 
whom  Jefus  received  into  his  arms  (lee  Tilkmont  Mem. 
Eccle:.  lom  ii.  part  li.  p.  43.);  yet  as  he  could  fcarcely 
be  old  enough  to  remember  toe  refurred^ion  of  the  Son  of 
God,  he  muA  have  derived  his  knowledge  either  from  our 
prefent  Evan^elifts,  9r  from  fome  Apocryphal  Goipei,  «r 
from  f<*me  i.nwntten  tradition. 

1.  Ttic  Gotpcls  of  St.  Luke  and  St.  John  would  uo- 
doub'edly  have  iupplied  ignacius  wich  the  mofl  invincible 
proofs  of  the  reality  ot  :he  b<xiy  ot  Chrit^,  wiien  he  ap> 
■peared  to  the  Apoules  after  his  rdurre<^on  ;  but  neitlier  of 
tho.e  Gofpeh  contain  the  char  cibriilic  words  of  «»  Jb^«MH» 
Mi^ior,  and  the  important  circumilance  that  ehaer  Pctcr^ 
©I  t''?ofe  who  were  with  Pctei  ,  touched  the  body  of  Chrift 
and  believed*  WjA  the  (ainc  deligned  to  quote  the  Evan* 
eel  ill  on  a  very  ntcc  fubjedt  of  controverfy,  he  would  not 
luiely  have  expolcd  himlelf,  by  an  inaccurate,  or  rather  by 
a.  faife,  reference,  to  the  lull  reproaches  of  the  Gnoftict. 
On  this  occafion,  therefore,  Ignatius  did  not  employ,  at 
he  might  have  done,  againfl  the  Heretics,  the  certain  te(ti* 
mony  of  the  Evangelifts* 

2.  Jerom,  who  cities  this  remarkable  pailage  from  the 
£piilie  of  Ignatius  to  the  Smyrnaeans  (fee  Catalog.  Scri^. 
Etclef.  in  Tgnatio,  torn.  i.  p.  273.  edit.  Eralm.  Balil, 
'537*)«  opinion  that  it  was  taken  from  the  G^l 
which  he  himfelf  had  lately  trauflated:  and  tbis^  from  the  , 
comparison  of  two  other  palTages  in  the  fame  work  (ia 

Jacob,  et  in  Matthaeo,  p.  364.),  appears  to  have  been  the 
lebrew  GoipeL  which  was  uled  by  the  Nazarenes  o£ 
Bejaa,  as  the  genuine  compofition  of '  St.  Matthew.  Yec 
Jeron)  mentions  another  Copy  of  this  Hebrew  GoTpel  (fo 
different  from  the  Greek  text),  which  was  extam  in  the 
library  formed  at  Casfarea,  by  the  care  of  Pamphilus :  whiltl 
the  learned  Eulebius,  the  triend  of  Pamphilua  and  the  Bi- 
ihop  of  Caelarea,  very  frankly  declares  (Hift.  Ecclef.  L.  iii. 
c  36.] »  that  be  is  ignorant  from  whence  Ignatius  borrowed 
thole  words,  which  are  the  fubje^^  ot  the  prefent  Inquiry. 

5>  I'he  doubt  which  remains,  is  only  whether  he  took 
them  from  an  Apocryphal  Book,  or  trom  unwritten  tra-* 
diiion:  and  I  thoueht  myfelf  fafe  from  every  fpecies  ef 
Critics,  when  I  emDraced  the  rational  fentiment  of  Ca- 
ftubon  9pA  Pearfon.   I  (hall  produce  the  word&  of  the 

Biihop  . 


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the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.  %^ 

Bifho|>:     Praeterea  iteruxn  obfervandum  eft,  quodde  hac 
re  fcripfit  Ifaacus  Cafaubonus,  ^inetiam  firtaJivenuSf 
^  non  tx  Evan ge Ho  Hebrako^  Ignatium  iiia  vtrba  defcrip^ 
Jijpy  verum  traditiontm  alUgaffe  non  Jcriptam^  qua  pofleu 
**  in  Utiras  fuerit  relatay  it  HthratC9  EvangeJioy  qu&d 
Mattha§  iriifuebanty  inftrta.    £t  hoc  quidem  mihi  muL- 
to  vcrifimiltus  videtur."    (Pearfon.  Vindici^Ignatiaiuet 
part  ii.  c.  ix.  p.  396  in  torn.  ii.  Patr.  ApoftoL) 

I  may  now  fuDinit  to  the  judgment  of  the  Public,  whe- 
ther I  have  looked  into  the  Epiule  which  I  cite  with  fuch  9 
parade  ot  learning,  and  hciv  profitably  Mr.  Davis  has  read 
it  over  more  than  once. 

XIV.  The  learning  and  judgment  of  Mofhetm  ha4Mpt«siM. 
been  of  frequent. life  in  the  courfe  of  my  Hiilorical  Inquiry, 
and  I  had  not  been  wanting  in  proper  expreflions  of  grati* 
tude.  My  vexatious  adverl'ary  is  always  ready  to  ftatt 
from  his  ambufcade,  and  to  harais  my  march  by  a  mode  of 
attack  which  cannot  eafdy  be  reconciled  with  the  laws  of 
honourable  war.  The  grcatcft  ])art  of  the  Mifrepreiienta'> 
tions  of  Mofheim,  which  Mr.  Davis  has  imputed  to  me** 
arc  of  fuch  a  nature,  that  I  muft  indeed  be  humble,  if  I 
could  perfuade  myfelf  to  beftow  a  moment  of  ferious  at- 
tention on  them,  lyhether  Moiheim  could  piove  ihat  an 
ablolutc  community  of  goods  was  not  cftabliihed  among 
the  firft  Chriflians  of  Jeruialcm  ;  whither  he  fufpedhtd  the 
pttritv  of  the  Epiftles  of  Ignatius;  whether  he  ccnfured 
Dr.  Middleton  with  temper  or  indignation  (in  this  caufe  I 
muft  challenge  Mr.  is  as  an  incompetent  judge)  ;  whe-m 
thir  he  corroborates  the  whole  of  my  defcription  of  the 
prophetic  office  ;  ivhether  he  ipeuks  u  iih  approbation  of 
the  humanity  of  Pliny;  and  whethirhc  attributed  the  fame 
fenfc  to  the  malefic  a  of  Suetonius,  and  the  ex'it'iahilii  of 
Tacitus  f  Thefe  quefiions,  even  as  Mr.  Davis  has  dated 
them,  lie  open  to  the  judgment  of  every  reader,  and  the 
fupcrfiuous  obfervations  which  I  could  make,  would  be  aa 
abuie  of  their  time  and  of  my  own.  As  little  ihall  I  think 
of  confuming  their  patience,  by  examining  whether  Le 
Clerc  and  Moflicini  labour  in  the  interpretation  of  fome 
texts  of  the  Fathers,  and  particularly  of  a  pafiage  of 
Irensus,  which  leem  to  favour  the  pretentions  of  the 
Koman  Bifliop.  Tiic  material  part  of  the  paflage  of 
Ircnxus  confifts  of  about  four  lints \  and  in  order  to  fhew 
that  the  interpretations  ot  Le  Clerc  and  MoHieim  arc  not 
lahiuredy  Mr.  Davis  abridges  them  as  much  as  pollible  in 
the  ipace  of  twelve  pages,  I  know  not  whether  the  peru- 
sal of  my  Hiflory  will  juAify  the  fufpicion  of  Mr.  Davis, 

that 

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Vindication  of  oume  Pauages  in  Chapters  XV.  arui  XVJ» 

Ihat  I  am  fecretl^r  indined  to  ihe  mtereft  of  the  Pope :  Ihit 
I  cannot  difcover  how  the  Profdlant  caule  can  be  afleded» 
tt  Irenaevs  in  the  iecond,  or  Palavicini  in  the  ferenteentlt 
century,  were  tempted,  by  any  private'  view9»*tD  counte* 
nance  in  their  writings  the  fyiflem  of  eccle(iail:ical  domi- 
liton,  which  has  been  parfued  in  etery  age  by  the  afpirin^ 
Bi/Iiops  of  the  Imperial  city.  Their  conduft  was  adapted 
to  the  reyolutions  of  the  Ghriftian  RepubKc*  but  the  fame 
Ijpirit  animated  the  hanghty  bieafts  of  Vidor  the  Firft»  and 
ef  Paul  the  Fifth. 

There  fliH  remain  one  or  two  of  thefe  imputed  MHrv- 
piefentations,  which  appear,  and  indeed  only  appear,  to 
merit  a  litde  more  attention.  In  dating  the  opinion  oT 
Mofheim  with  reeard  to  the  progrefs  of  the  Gofpel,  Mr> 
Davis  boldly  dechiies,  •*  that  I  have  altered  the  truth  of 
MofhcimS  hifbry  that  I  might  have  an  oppoitunity  of 
contradicting  the  belief  and  wiflies  of  the  Fathers^.**' 
In  orher  words^  I  have  been  guiky  of  littering  a  maliciott* 
wifehood. 

I  liad  endeaTOured  to  nritrgate  the  fanguine  expreflion  of 
the  Fathers  of  the  fecond  century,  who  had  too  haflily 
ditfiilied  the  light  of  Chriflianiry  over  every  part  of  the 
globe,  by  obferving,  as  an  undoubted  fad,  *''that  the  bar- 

barians  of  Scymia  and  Germany,  who  fubverted  the 
**  Roman  Monarchy,  were  involved  ia  the  errors  of  Pa- 
*^  ganifm ;  and  that  even  the  conqueft  of  Iberia,  of  Ar- 
♦*  meniar  or  of  ifEthiopia,  was  not  attempted  with  any 

degree  of  fuccefs,  till  the  fccptrc  was  in  the  hands  of  aa 
♦*  orthodox  Emperor f.**  1  had  referred  the  curlnus  rea- 
der U)  the  fourth  century  of  Mo(hcim's  General  Hiftory  of 
the  Clxurch:  now  Mr.  Davis  had  difcovcin!  and  caa 
prove,  from  that  excellent  work,  **  that  Chriftianity,  not 

long  after  its  firfl  rife,  had  been  introduced  into  the  lefs 

as  well  as  grcatc  r  Armenia  ;  that  part  of  the  Gotha^ 
*♦.  who  inhabited  Thratia,  Mxfia,  and  Dacia,  bad  r«s- 
**  ceivcd  the  Chrlflian  rcli-lon  Inw^  before  this  centutT; 
^  and  that  Theophilus,  their  Bifhop,  was  prefent  at  tne 

Council  of  Nice  J.'* 

On  this  ccc  fioii,  the  reference  was  made  to  a  popular 
work,  of  Mollieim,  for  the  fatisFadlion  of  the  reader,  that 
ht  mi-hr  obtain  the  general  view  of  the  pro^refs  of  Chrif- 
tianity  ni  the  fourth  century,  which  I  had  t^radually  ac(]|uirod 
bv  rtudying  with  forae  care  the  Ecclefiaftical  Anticpitties  of 
the  Nations  beyond  the  limits  ot  the  Roman  Empire.  If 
I  had  rcafonably  fuppofed  that  the  rciult  of  onr  common 
mquiries  muft  be  the  fame»  fhould  1  have  deferved  a  v^ 

*  OmiS  I*»  ia7«      t  GibbQo>  p«        6m«      %  Dmt,     n^*  '*7- 

haxib 


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'  htxfh  cenfure  for  my  i]Dfu^|>e6Biig  confideace  ?  Or  id  hMi 
dedined  the  invidious  tafk  of  iqparatiog  a  few  imma  eriai 
OTors,  from  a  ju(l  and  judicious  reprefi^tation,  might  not 
my  refpe<^  for  the  name  and  merit  of  Molhcioi  have 
claimed  (omt  indulgence  ?  But  I  difdain  timie  excuicst 
which  only  a  candid  adverfary  would  allow.  I  can  meel: 
Mr.  Davi^  on  the  hard  ground  of  controverfy,  and  retort 
on  his  own  head  the  charge  of  concealing  a  part  of  the 
truth.  He  himfclf  has  dared  to  fupprefs  the  words  of  my 
text,  which  immediately  followed  his  quotation.  Befoie 
**  that  time  the  various  accidents  of  war  and  commerce 
might  indeed  dilBiie  rn  imperfe;^  knowledge  of  {h« 
**  Goi pel  among  the  tribes  of  Caledonia,  and  among  the 
**  borderers  of  tfic  Rhine,  the  Danube,  and  the  Euphra- 
**  tes  and  Mr.  Davis  has  likcwife  fuppreiTed  one  of  the 
jufliiicatory  Notes  on  this  paiiage,  wh  eh  e^cprefsly  points 
out  the  lime  and  circumflances  of  the  drd  Gothic  convert 
iions.  Thefc  exceptions,  which  I  had  cautiouHy  infcrtcd^ 
and  Mr.  Davis  has  cautioufly  concealed,  arc  fuperfiuoua 
for  the  provinces  of  Thrace,  Maefia,  and  the  JLeiler  Ar- 
menia, which  v^cre  contained  within  the  precincts  of  the 
Roman  Empire.  They  allow  an  ample  fcpe  for  the 
more  early  converfioii  of  fomc  independent  diftridls  of 
Dacia  and  the  Greater  Armenia,  which  bordered  on  the 
Danube  and  Euphrates  ;  and  the  entire  fcnfe  of  this  paf- 
fagc,  which  Mr.  Davis  tirrt  mutilates  and  then  attacks,  is 
peiicclly  confiilent -with  the  original  text  of  the  learned 
Moiheim. 

And  yet  1  will  fairly  eonfefs  that,  after  a  nicer  inquiry 
into  the  epoch  of  the  Armenian  Church,  I  am  not  iatis- 
lied  with  the  accuracy  of  my  own  cxpreihon.  The  alfu- 
rance  that  the  firft  Chriflian  Kin^^,  :ind  the  hrlt  Arch- 
biOir  p,  Tiridatcs,  and  Sr.  Gregory  the  llhnninatDr,  were 
£iiii  ahve  fevcral  vcars  after  the  death  of  Ccnlhmfine,  in- 
clined  me  to  behcvc,  that  the  converfKm  of  Armenia  was 
poilerior  to  the  aufpicions  Revolution,  which  h.itl  givca 
the  fceptre  of  Ron^e  to  the  hands  of  an  orthodox  Lniperor. 
But  T  had  not  enough  confidcrcd  the  two  folicnvin';  circum- 
ilances.  i.  I  miglit  have  recollected  the  dues  aliigned  by 
^lofcs  of  Chorene,  who,  on  this  occallun,  may  he  re- 
garded as  a  competent  witncfs.  Tiridatcs  afccndcd  the 
throne  of  Armenia  in  the  third  year  of  Diocletian  (Hifc 
Armeniae,  JL.  ii.  c.  70.  p.  207.),  and  St.  Grcgf)rv,  who 
was  inverted  with  tlie  RpifcopaLchara6>er  in  the  Icventcenrh 
year  of  Tiridatcs,  guverned  almoll  ihiriy  years  the  ChrntU 
.of  Armenia,  and  difappeared  from  the  world  in  the  lorry- 
fixrh  year  of  the  reign  of  the  fame  Prince.  (Hill.  Arme- 
.fiiapj      ii.  c.  88.  p.  a24i  225.)    The  coniisciat  oii  of  Sr. 

r 

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Vindkfttbn     Some  Paffages  in  Chapters  XV,  and  XVL 

Gregory  mufl  therefore  be  placed  A.  303,  and  the 
converfion  of  the  King  and  kingdom  was  (bon  atchtCYed 
1)y  that  fucccfsful  miffionary.  2.  The  unjuft  and  inglori- 
ous  war  which  Maximin  undertook  againft  the  Armenians^ 
the  ancient  faithful  allies  of  the  jRepublic»  was  evidently 
derived  from  a  motive  of  fuperftitious  zeal.  The  hllloriatt 
Eufcbius  (Hift.  Ecdcf^  L.  ix.  €•  8.  p.  448.  edit  Cantab.) 
conGders  the  pious  Armenians  as  a  nation  of  Chriflians, 
who  bravely  defended  themfelves  from  the  hoftile  oppreffion 
©f  an  idolatrous  tyrant.  Inllead  of  maintaining  **  that  the 
*^  conYerflon  of  Armenia  was  not  attempted  with  any 
^*  degree  of  fuccefs  till  the  fceptre  was  in  the  hands  of  an 

orthodox  Emperor,"  I  ought  to  have  obfervfed,  that  the 
feeds  of  the  faith  were  deeply  fown  durini;  the  feafon  of  the 
kil  and  greatcft  perfecution,  that  many  Roman  exiles 
might  aflift  the  labours  of  Gregc ;  y,  and  that  the  renowned 
Tindates,  the  hero  of  theEaft,  may  difpute'with  Conftan- 
tinc  the  hononr  of  being  the  firfl  Sovereign  who  embraced 
the  Chriftian  religion. 

In  a  future  edition,  I  /hall  redify  an  expreffion  which, 
"in  (Iri&nefs,  can  only  be  applied  to  the  kingdoms  of  Iberia 
and  Ethiopia.  Had  the  error  been  expofed  by  Mr.  Davis 
Jiimfelf,  I  ihould  not  have  been  adiamed  to  corre^  it ;  but 
JT  am  ailiamed  at  being  reduced  to  contend  with  an  adverfa* 
ry  who  is  unable  to  difcover,  or  to  improve,  his  own 
advantages. 

But,  indead  of  profecuting  an^  inquiry  from  whence 
the  Public  might  have  gained  mflru^tion,  aiid  himfelf 
credit,  Mr.  Davis  choofes  to  perplex  his  readers  with  fonie 
angry  cavils  about  the  progrels  of  the  Gofpel  in  the  fecond 
century.  What  does  he  mean  to  cAablifh  or  to  refute? 
Have  t  denied,  that  before  the  end  of  that  period  Chriftia* 
nity  was  very  widely  difiufed  both  in  the  Eall  and  in  the 
Weft  ?  Has  not  Jultin  Martyr  affirmed,  without  exce(^on 
or  limitation,  that  it  was  already  preached  to  ivery  nation 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  ?  Is  that  propofition  true  at  pre- 
fent  ?  Could  it  be  true  in  the  time  of  Juftin  ?  Does  not 
Mofhcim  acknowledge  the  exaggeration  ?     Demus,  nec 

enim  quse  in  oculos  incurrunt  infitiari  audemus,  ei!e  ia 
^<  his  verbis  exaggerationis  nonnihil.   Certum  enim  m 

diu  poll  Joilini  actatem,  multas  orbis  terrarum  gentes 

cojniittone  Chrifti  caruifle.**  (Mofheim  de  Rebus 
Chritlianis,  p.  203)  Does  he.not  expofe  (p.  205.))  ^ith 
becoming  fcorn  and  indignation,  the  falfehood  an^l  vanity 
of  the  hyperboles  of  Tertullian  \     bonum  hominem  «(ht 

imaginationis  elatiim  non  fatis  atteodifle  ad  ea  qux  litte* 
^  us  coniigiiabat" 

V  The 


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tie  Bedisie  wul  Fan  of  th*  Roman  Empiiftf. 


The  hkh  efteem  which  Mr.  Davis  esqtrefies  ibr  the 
midngs  of  Mo(heim«  wouM  alone  convince  me  how  little 
he  has  read  them,  (Ince  he  muil  have  been  perpetually 
o^nded  and  dii'gufted  by  a  train  of  thinking,  the  moft  re- 
pugnant to  his  own»  His  jealoufy,  however*  for  the 
honour  of  Moiheim,  provokes  him  to  arraign  the  boldnefs 
of  Mr.  Gibbon  who  prcfumes  fatfely  to  charge  fuch  an 
eminent  man  with  unjujUfiable  qffirthns  I  might  oblervc, 
that  my  ftyle,  which  on  this  occaiion  was  more  rnodeft 
and  moderate,  has  acquired,  perhaps  undefigncdly,  an 
illiberal  caft  from  the  rough  hand  of  Mr.  Davis.  But  as 
my  veracity  is  impeached,  I  may  be  lefs  folicitous  about 
mj  politenefs ;  and  tliough  I  have  repeatedly  declined  the 
iaireft  opportunities  of  correi^ing  the  errors  of  my  piedc- 
ceflbrs,  yet,  as  long  as  I  have  truth  on  my  fide,  1  am 
not  eafily  daunted  by  the  names  of  the  moft  eminent  men. 

The  affertioii  or  Moiheim,  which  did  not  feem  to  be 
jufl.ified  t  by  the  authoritv  (jf  La6tantius,  was,  that  the 
wife  and  daughter  of  Diocletian,  Prilca  and  f^uleriat  had 
been  privately  baptized.  Mr.  Davis  is  fure  that  the  words 
of  Mo(heim,  **  ChriAianis  facris  clam  initiata,*'  need  not 
be  confined  to  the  rite  of  baptifm ;  and  lie  is  equally  fure» 
that  the  reference  to  Moflveim  docs  not  lead  us  to  difcover 
even  the  name  of  Valeria.  In  both  thefc  alfurances  he  is 
grofsly  midaken ;  but  it  is  the  misfonune  of  controverfy, 
that  an  error  may  be  committed  in  three  or  four  words, 
which  cannot  be  rectified  in  lefs  than  tliirty  or  forty  lines. 

1.  The  true  and  the  fole  meaning  of  the  Chriftian  initi- 
ation, one  of  the  familiar  and  favourite  allufions  of  the 
Fathers  of  the  fourth  century,  is  clearly  explained  by  the 
exad^  nnd  laborious  Bingham.  **  The  baptized  were  alfo 
•*  ftyled  CI  {jnfJL..n«.imj  which  the  Latins  call  initiati^  the 
**  initiated,  thiit  is,  admitted  to  the  ufe  of  the  facred 
**  office*;,  and  knowled^rc  of  the  /acred  mylleries  of  the 

Chiiftian  Religion,  Hence  came  that  form  of  fpeaking 
**  fo  frequently  uied  Iry  St.  Chrvfoftom,  and  other  ancient  . 
**  writers,  when  thev  touched  upon  any  do6lrir.cs  or  myf- 
*•  teries  w^i-  b  the  Catechumens  underftot)d  n(;t,  icruat  «« 
**  iM^vr,iA.tf'i,  tnc  iniciatefl  know  what  is  fpaken.  St.  Am- 
'V^'^'ofe  writes  a  book  to  thele  initiati  \  ifidore  of  Felufi* 
**  um  ami  Hcfychius  call  ilicin  v.v^rron  nnd  ^vcraytfywm* 
**  Whence  the  Catechumens  have  the  contrary  names, 

"  AfjLvarcht  Ar/irrii,  AuLvaroLywyviroiy  th/  t'lilTljiiated  or  unhap- 
tized."    ( Amiquities  of  the  Ch.  illiau  Clinch,  J  .,  i.  c. 
4.  No.  2.  vol.  i.  p.  1 1*  foi.  edit.)    Had  1  preluiu«d  to  iup. 

*  jDi?ist  p.  13  u  f  GibWif,  p.  676.   N.  131. 


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Vindkatkm    Some  Pal&gcs  imXSlim^  XV.  W XVI. 


pofe  that  Moiheim  was  caq)able  of  employing  a  tech- 
nical cxpreffion  in  a  Icofe  and  equivocal  fenle,  1  ihould 
have  violated  the  refpcfl  which  I  have  always  entertained 

for  his  learning  and  abilities. 

2.  But  Mr.  Davis  cannot  difcovci  in  the  text  of  Mo- 
iheini  the  name  of  Valeria.  In  that  cafe  Mofhcim  would 
•have  fuffcred  another  flight  inaccuracy  to  drop  from  his 
pen,  as  the  paffaec  of  LadVantius,  facriticio  poUui  coc- 
•*  git,"  on  which  he  founds  his  afferrion,  includes  the 
names  both  of  PrilLa  and  A^r.Icria.  But  1  am  not  reduced 
to  the  ncccfJiry  o:  accurmg  anorhcr  in  my  own  defence.  - 
Mofhcini  has  properly  and  exprclslv  dcc'arcd  that  Valeria 
imitated  rlic  pious  example  of  her  mother  IVilca,  "  Gcner 
**  Dioclctiaui  uxr-rni  hahcbat  l^aUriam  matris  exem]}l;iiu 
*'  pict  rc  crga  Dcuni  imiianiem  ct  a  cultu  fu'^orum  Numi- 

num  alicnam."  (Mr'f]ictm,  p-C)i3-)  Mr.  Davis  has  a 
bail  habit  nt'  greedily  fnapping  ar  the  hill  words  of  a  re- 
fevcrx'C,  without  giving  himlelf  the  trouble  ot  going  to 
the  end  of  the  page  or  paragraph. 

'1  hcic  tritiln^  and  peevifli  cavils  would,  perhaps,  have 
been  confouiiGvd  with  loine  criticifin  of  the  fame  ftamp, 
on  whith  I  had  bellowed  a  llighf,  though  iufficient  notice, 
in  the  beginnin^;  ot  this  article  of  Moflieim ;  had  not 
my  attention  been  awakened  by  a  peroration  worthy  ot 
Tcrtullian  himlelr,  if  Tcrttdlian  bad  been  devoid  of  elo- 
<^ucnce  as  well  as  of  moderailon — Much  lels  does  ilic 

Chriftian  MoHieim  give  our  infidel  Htfhrian  any  prc- 
**  text  for  infcrting  that    tiiiueral  malignant  injinuatiotty 

That  Chrifliai.ity  has,  in  every  a^^,  acknowledged  its 
**  important  obbcration  to  fEMAJUE  devotion;"  the  remark 
is  truly  contc)nptib!e'*^\'** 

It  is  not  niy  dciign  to  fill  whole  pages  with  a  tedious 
cnumciation  of  the  many  illnflrious  examples  of  female 
Saints,  who,  in  every  age,  and  almoll  in  every  country, 
have  pronioted  the  inrereli  of  Chrilti;uiity.  Sucfi  inllances 
will  readily  offer  themiclves  to  thole  who  have  the  flighted 
knowledge  of  Eccleliallical  Hilhuy,  nor  is  it  necelfary 
that  I  fliould  remiTul  tfiem  h(nv  much  the  t  harms,  the 
influence,  the  devotion  of  Clotilda,  and  of  her  great  grand- 
daughter Bertha,  contributed  to  the  converfion  of  f  ran|^ 
and  England.  Religion  may  accept,  without  a  blulli,  the 
fervices  of  the  purell  and  mod  gentle  j^ortion  of  the  hu- 
man Ipeeies  :  but  there  are  iome  advocates  would  difgrace 
Chriiuauity,  if  Chriflianity  could  be  difgraccd,  by  the 
maimer  in  which  tliey  defend  her  caule. 

•  Davif,  p.  11%,  , 

XV. 

% 

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tbt  Decline  W  Fall  of  tbi  Roman  Empire.  ^     ,  35| 

XV.  As  I  could  not  readily  procure  the  works  of  Gre-Titii* 
porv  of  Nylfa,  1  borrowed*  from  the  accurate  and  indcfa- 
lir  i  jIc  'I  ilfeitiont,  a  paiTage  in  the  life  of  Gregory  Thau- 
luaturgus,  or  the  Wonder-worker,  which  affirmed,  that 
when  the  Saint  took  pofTeffion  of  his  epii'copal  fee,  ixe  found 
only  SLvi  NTtKN  ChrijUans  in  the  city  of  N eo-Caefarea, 
and  the  adjacent  country,  **  Les  environs,  la  campagne,  Ic 
*•  pays  d'al m  >ur."  (Mem.  Ecclef.  torn.  iv.  p.  677.  691, 
Edit.  Bruiicilc>,  1706.)  Thel'e  cxprefTions  of  Tillemonr, 
to  whom  I  expiicitlv  acknowledged  my  obligation,  appeared 
fynonymous  to  the  word  diQceJe^  the  whole  territuiy  en- 
truAccl  to  palloral  care  ot  the  Wonder-worker,  and  I 
added  ilic  tpithet  of  extenfive  \  becaufe  I  was  apprifctl  ihat 
Nto-Ca^larea  was  the  capital  of  the  Polemoniac  Pontus. 
and  that  tlie  whole  kingdom  of  Pontiis,  \vfii(  h  flretched 
above  five  hunch  ed  utiles  along  the  coall  of  the  Euxine,  was 
divided  between  fixtccn  t  i  icentet  n  bilho[)s.  (See  the  Geo- 
graphia  Ecclefiaftica  of  Cfiariesdc  it.  i'.iuL  awA  Luc3s  [loi- 
fienius,  p.  249,  250,  251.)  Thus  tar  I  may  not  he  tliought 
to  have  defcrved  any  cenhire ;  but  the  oniiflion  of  the  fubfe- 
qucnt  part  of  thefani'-  j>aiiagc,  which  inipons,  that  ai  his 
death  the  Wonder-u  ui  ker  left  no  more  than  jivcntccn  Pa'- 
gans^  may  feem  to  wear  a  partial  and  fufpicious  afpedl. 

Let  rne  therefore  firft  obfcrve,  as  fome  evidence  of  an 
impartial  dilpi/iition,  that  I  eafdy  adiiiiii^d,  as  the  cool  ob- 
fcrvation  oi  i)ie  philulophic  Lucian,  tlic  ^mgry  and  intc- 
relied  complaint  of  the  tallc  prophet  Alcxandci »  that  Pon- 
cus  was  tilled  with  Chrillians.  This  complaint  was  made 
under  the  reigns  of  Marcus  or  of  Commodus,  with  whom 
the  impoHor  fo  admirably  expofed  by  Lucian  was  contem- 
porary :  and  I  had  contented  my  felt  with  remarking;,  that 
the  numbers  of  Chriflians  muft  have  been  vci  y  unequally 
dilh'ibuted  in  the  Teveral  parts  of  Pectus,  Imce  the  diocele 
of  Neo-Cielurea  cnjuained,  above  iixty  years  afterwards, 
only  feventcen  ChMltians.  Such  was  the  mconfiderable 
flock  which  Gregory  hcgnn  to  feed  about  the  year  two  • 
hundred  and  foitv  ,  and  the  real  or  fabulous  converfions 
afcribed  to  that  VV onder-vvorLing  Bilhop,  during  a  reign  of 
thirty  years,  are  totally  foreign  to  the  llate  of  Chriftianity 
in  the  pieceding  century.  This  obvious  re{Ic(5lion  may 
ferve  to  anfwer  the  obje(ftion  of  Mr.  Davisf,  and  of  ano- 
ther adverlaryj,  who  on  this  occafion  is  more  liberal  than 
Mr.  Davis  of  thofe  harih  epithets  fo  famihar  to  the  tribe 
of  polemics. 

•  Gibbon,  p.  605.  N.  156.  -J-  Dav'u,  p.  J36,  iyjt 

\  Dr.  Rar.dolplii  ia  Cbell'um  s  ivemarlu,      1^^^  xljo, 

VouUL  A  a  XVI. 


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I 


9 


I 


3S4  Vindication  ^  Some  Paflages  /Vt.Chapters  XV«  W  XVi. 

Faci.  XVI.  «*  Mr.  Gibbon  fays*/*  »*  Pliny  was  feut  into  Bi- 

•*  thynin  fnccoiding  to  Pagi)  in  the  yCvir  iio." 

Now  that  accurate  e:hif)noIogcr  places  it  in  the  ycaf" 
102.     Sec  the  fadl  recorded  in  his  Critico-Hiftorico 
^*  Chronologica  in  Annales  C.  Baionii,  A.  D.  102.  p.  go  * 
fee.  2.  §  3.**  ' 

I  appeal  to  my  reader,  whether  this  anachronifm  does 
.  **  not  plainly  prove  that  our  hillorian  never  looked  into 
•*  Pagl*s  Chronology,  thougli  he  has  not  hcdratcd  to  make 
•*  a  pompous  reference  to  him  in  his  notcf  ?** 

I  cannot  help  obfcrN  ing  that  either  Mr.  *Davis*s  diction- 
ary is  extremely  contincJ,  or  that  in  his  philoiophy  nil  im$ 
are  of  equal  nuu'iuiuclc.  Every  error  of  facfl  or  laneuai'c. 
every  inl'tniice  where  he  does  not  know  how  to  reconcile 
the  original  and  the  rctcrencc,  he  exprcffcs  by  the  gcriile 
\vord  ot  rnifreprefcntat'ton.  Aw  inaccurate  appeal  to  ihc 
r&ntuncnt  of  Pagi,  on  a  fubjcdl  where  T  muft  have  t)ceri 
perfectly  difmtercnrd,  might  have  been  ftyled  a  bpfe  of  me- 
mory, inflcad  of  being  cenfured  as  the  cffecl  of  vaniry  and 
ignorance.  Pagi  is  neither  a  diflRriilt  nor  an  uncommon 
Vrircr,  nor  could  [  hope  to  derive  much  additional  lame  from 
a  /J^Jw/iewj  quotation  of  his  writings,  which  I  had  never  fcen. 

The  words  cnrploVcd  by  Mr.  Davis,  of  fa^y  of  record^ 
of  anachroyiijm^  are  unfFjUnlly  chofen,  and  fo  unhappiiv 
npplicd,  as  to  betray  a  iliamttul  ignorance,  either  of  the 
Kng.lifh  language,  or  of  the  nature  of  this  chronological 
*  qiK-'flion.  The  date  of  Pliny's  government  of  Bithynia  is 
not  a  fadY  recorded  by  any  ancient  writer,  but  an  opinion 
which  modern  critics  have  varioully  formed,  from  the  con- 
lideration  of  prefumptive  and  collatcrnl  evidence.  Cardinal 
Baronius  placed  the  confullhip  ot  Pi  my  one  year  too  late; 
and,  as  he  was  pcrfuaded  that  the  old  pradlice  of  the  re- 
public flill  fubfillcd,  he  naturally  fuppofed  that  Pliny  ob- 
tained his  province  immcliiUcly  after  the  expiration  of  his 
ronfulfhip.  He  therefore  fends  him  into  Bithvnia  in  the  year 
which,  according  to  his  erroneous  rofnputation,  coincided 
with  the  year  one  hundred  and  four  (Baron.  Annal.  Ecclcf. 
A.  D.  103.  No.  I.  104  No.  I.),  or  according  to  the  true 
chronology,  with  the  year  one  hundred  and  two,  of  the 
Chriftian  rera.  This  miftake  of  Baronius,  Paei,  with  the 
afiUlance  of  his  friend  Cardinal  Noris,  undertakes  to  cor- 
real. From  an  accurate  parallel  of  the  Annals  of  Trnjan 
and  the  Epiftles  of  Pliny,  he  deduces  his  proofs,  that  PU- 
xiy  remained  at  Rome  ieveral  years  after  his  confuidiipi  by 

*  Gibbooi  p.  6o5«  N«  157.  i*  Dtriti  p«  X40« 

his 

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nf  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  thi  Roman  Empire,  «  ^55 

his  own  ingenious,  though  fometiines  fanciful  theory*  o^ 
the  imperial  Quinqucnnaiia,  &c.  Pagi  at  laft  diicovers 
that  Pliny  made  his  entrance  into  Biihynia  in  the  year  one 
hundred  and  ten.  **  Plinius  ii;itur  anno  Chrifti  centesimo 
♦*  DECiMo  Hi  hvniam  iiitravit.'*    Piigii  ^om.  i.  p.  lOO. 

I  \v}ll  be  more  indulp^ent  to  my  advei  larv  than  he  hvis  been 
tu  mc  :  I  will  atliuit  tli;u  he  lias  looked  iiLto  Pa^  'i\  biu  1  uiufl 
.u!J,  iWdi  he  has  un<v  look<  d  mto  tliat  accuiaie  eiironologer. 
To  rec.lity  the  crr(.)rs,  which,  in  the  courie  ot  a  iu.b'  riuus 
and  original  worlc,  h  id  efcapcd  the  dili>u^nce  of  the  Cardi- 
nal, v\iis  the  arduous  jafk  which  Pat^i  jMopol'ed  to  execute; 
and  for  the  lake  of  peripicuity,  he  uilliibutes  his  criticifms 
acC'  r.iing  to  tlic  particular  dares,  whether  juft  or  faulty,  of 
the  C  oronoiogv  ot  Baronius  iiimrelf.  Under  the  year  1 02, 
Mr.  Davis  coHiuiedly  law  a  b^ijg  argument  about  Pimy  and 
Bih'iyniti,  and  without  cur.dcieendmg  to  read  the  author  . 
whuai  he  pompoujiy  quotes,  this  liaftv  eiiuc  impi  tes  to  huu 
the  opinion  which  he  bad  fo  labuiioullv  dcf^royed. 

My  leaders,  it  any  readers  have  act oiripanied  me  thus 
far,  muft  be  latished,  and  indeed  fat ia ted,  with  the  repeated 
proots  wliich  I  have  made  of  the  weight  and  temper  of  my 
adverfary's  weapons.  They  have,  in  every  aflault,  fallen 
dead  and  iilelels  to  the  grouml :  thev  have  more  than  once 
recoiled,  and  dangcroully  wounded  the  unfkihul  hand  that 
iiad  prciumed  to  ufe  them.  I  have  now  examined  ail  the 
7nij'reprtfentaticHS  and  inaccuracies^  which  even  for  a  mo- 
inejit  could  perplex  the  igntnant  or  deceive  the  credulous  : 
the  few  imputati  '!ts  which  I  have  neglected  are  flill  moic 
j)alpably  talle,  or  iliil  more  evidcnrlv  iritiing,  and  even  the 
friends  of  Mr.  Davis  will  Icarceiy  contiuue  to  afcribelny 
contempt  to  my  fear. 

The  firft  part  of  his  critical  volume  might  admit,  though  Pt  AntA« 
It  did  not  dcferve,  a  particular  reply.    But  the  cafy,  though  ****^' 
tedious  compilation,  which  EUs  the  remainder*,  and  which 
Mr.  Davis  has  pToduced  as  th«  evidence  of  my  ihanaeful 
fiagiartfm^  may  be  fet  in  it$  true  light  by  three  or  four 
ihort  and  general  re^eclions. 

I.  Mr.  Davis  has  difpolcd,  in  two  volumes,  the  pafTages 
which  he  thinks  proper  to  feled  from  my  two  laft  chapters, 
and  the  correfponding  paflagesfrom  Mi^dleton,  Barbeyrac> 
Beaufobre,  Dodwell,  ^c.  to  the  moSt  important  of  which 
he  had  been  regularly  guided  by  my  own- quotations.  Ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  which  he  has  conceived  of  literary- 
property,  to  agru  is  to  filkw^  and  to  foUnx)  is  to  fleal.   U«  > 

A  a  9^  cekhratoi 


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Yiodlcation    Some  Pillages  in  Chapten  XV.  tout  XVI» 

celebrates  his  own  fagacity  with  loud  and  reiterated  appkude* 
aod  declares,  with  infinite  facettoul'iiers,  that  if  he  reftored 
to  every  author  the  paiTages  which  Mr.  Gibbon  has  purloin- 
ed, he  would  appear  as  naked  as  the  proDd  and  gaudy  daw  ta 
the  fable,  when  each  bird  had  plucked  awav  its  own  plumes. 
Indeadof  being  angi*y  with  Mr.  Davis  tor  tne  paralld  which 
he  has  extended  to  lo  great  a  length,  I  am  under  fome  obliga- 
tion to  his  induftry  for  the  copious  proofs  which  he  has 
furnifhed  the  reader,  that  my  reprefenration  of  fonae  of  the 
moil  important  t'a6is  of  ecclefiurtical  anticjuity  is  fupponed 
by  the  authority  or  opinion  of  the  moA  ingeoious  and 
learned  of  the  modern  writers.  The  public  may  not,  per- 
haps, be  very  eager  to  aiTift  Mr.  Davis  in  his  favourite 
amufemeqit  o\' Jepiuming  me.  .They  may  think,  that  if  rfae 
materials  which  compofe  my  two  laft  chapters  are  curious 
and  valuable,  it  is  of  little  moment  to  whom  they  properly 
belong.  If  my  readers  are  fatisBed  with  the  form,  the  co- 
lours, the  new  arrangement  which  I  have  given  to  the  la* 
hours  of  my  predeceiTors,  they  may  perhaps  coniidcr  me 
not  as  a  contemptible  thief,  but  as  an  honeft  and  indoihious 
manufacturer,  who  has  fairlv  procured  the  raw,  materials,  and 
worked  them  up  with  a  lauoable  degree  of  (kill  and  fucccfs. 

II.  About  two  hundred  vears  aeo,  the  court  of  Rome 
difcovered  that  the  fyflem  wnich  had  been  ereSed  by  igno* 
lance  muft  be  defeiukd  and  countenanced  by  the  aid,  or  at 
leaft  by  the;  abufe,  of  fcience.  The  grofier  leraids  of  the 
middle  a^cs  were  abandoned  to  contempt,  but  the  fupreim- 
cy  and  mfallibility  of  two  hundred  Popes,  the  virtues  of 
many  thoufand  Saints,  and  the  miracles  which  they  either 
performed  or  related,  have  been  laborioufly  confecraicd  in 
the  Ecclefiaftical  Annals  of  Cardinal  Baronius.  A  theo- 
logical barometer  might  be  formed,  of  which  the  Cardin  al 
anil  our  couiuryiiiaii  Dr.  Middleton  lliould  eonliitutc  the 
oppolke  and  remote  exireir.iiies,  as  the  former  iuuk  to  the 
lowefi:  degree  of  creduln  N  .  which  was  compatible  withlcaru- 
ing,  and  the  latier  role  lu  ihc  liigheft  pilch  of  fcepticifm, 
in  anywife  conlillent  with  religion.  The  intermediate  gra- 
dations would  he  tilled  hv  a  line  of  ccclefiaftical  critics, 
whofe  rank  has  been  hxctl  by  the  circiimflaneeb  ot  rhcir 
temper  and  Undies,  as  well  as  by  the  I'pirit  of  the  church  or 
focjetv  to  which  tlicy  were  attached.  It  would  be  amuf- 
ing  enon^h  to  calculare  the  weight  of  prejudice  in  the 
air  of  Rome,  of  Oxford,  of  Paris,  and  of  Holland,  and 
fometimes  to  obiervc  the  irregular  tendency  of  papifts  to- 
wards freedom,  fometimes  to  remark  the  unnatural  gravita- 
tion of  protellants  towards  flavcr}'.    But  it  is  uieful  to  bi)r* 

row  the  AiiiUance  of  fo  many  Jcarned  and  ingeuious  men, 

who 


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tf  tht  Decline  iiW  Fail  o/'  the  Romau  Exnjpirc*  ^57 

t\'ho  have  viewed  the  firft  a^es  of  the  cliiirch  in  every  light, 
and  hum  every  rituation.  If  we  Ikiltuliv  conihiiic  trie  paf- 
fions  and  prcjii<liccs,  the  hoftile  motivo  and  intentions,  of 
the  feveral  theoloeians,  we  mav  ticqucntlv  extra(5l  know- 
ledge from  credulity,  modcniiion  trum  '/eaK  and  impartial 
tru.h  from  the  nioft^dilingenuous  coniroverfy.  It  is  the 
1  ight,  it  ij>  ilie  duty  of  a  critical  hiAtii  ian  to  collcdV,  to  weigh, 
to  felect  the  opinions  of  his  predcceflbrs  ;  and  the  more  di- 
ligence he  has  cxei  ted  in  the  iearch,  the  more  rationally  he 
may  hope  to  add  fomc  in^.provcfnenf  to  the  flock  of  know- 
ledge, the  ule  of  winch  has  been  common  to  all. 

ill.  Reiide<5  rke  i<lcas  which  mav  be  luggcilcd  by  the  ftu- 
dv  of  the  moft  learned  and  inji^cniuus  of  fac  moderns,  the 
liiitorian  may  be  indebted  to  iliem  for  ilie  occalionnl  com- 
munication of  lomc  paflarcs  of  the  ancients,  which  might 
ochcrvvile  Iiavc  clcapcd  his  knowledge  or  his  memory.  In 
the  confideration  o'  any  extcnlive  fulijc(f\,  none  will  pre- 
tend to  have  read  all  that  has  been  written,  or  to  recolle6t  all 
tJiat  they  have  read  :  nor  is  there  any  dilgrace  in  recurring 
to  the  writers  who  have  profeffediy  treated  any  quedions, 
which,  in  the  cciirfc  of  a  long  narrative,  we  are  called 
upon  to  mention  in  a  llight  and  incidental  manner.  If  I  touch 
upon  the  obfcure  and  fanciful  theology  of  the  Gnoftics,  I 
canaccept  v^'ithoutabluHi  the  adidance  of  the  candid  Beaa- 
ibbre;  and  when,  amidil  the  fury  of  contending  parties,  I 
trace  die  progrefs  of  eccleiaaftical  dominion,  I  am  not  ^ 
alhamcd  to  coniefs  myfelf  tlie  grateful  difciplc  of  the  im- 
partial Mofheim.    In  the  next  volume  of  my  Hiftory«  the 
reader  and  the  ciitic  mull  prepare  themfelves  to  fee  me  make 
a  (till  more  liberal  ufe  of  the  labours  of  thofe  indefatigable 
workmen  who  have  dug  deep  into  the  mine  of  antiquity. 
The  Fathers  of  the  fourth  ar.d  fifth  centuries  are  far  more 
voluminous  than  their  predeceiTors ;  the  writings  of  Jerom^ 
of  Auguftin,  of  Chryfollom,  ^r.  cover  f!ic  walls  of  our 
libraries.    The  fmalleft  part  is  of  the  hiftorical  kind :  yet 
the  treatifes  which  feem  the  lead  to  Invite  the  cariofity  of 
the  reader,  frequently  conceal  very  ufeful  hints,  or  very 
valuable  fads.   The  polemic,  who  involves  htmfelf  and 
his  uiitagonifts  in  a  cloud  of  argumentation,  fometioies  re- 
lates the  original  and  progrefs  of  the  herefy  which  he  con- 
futes ;  and  the  preacher  who  declaims  agaioft  tlie  luxury, 
dbficribestfae  manners  of  the  age;  and  feafonably  introduces, 
the  mention  of  fome  public  calamity,  that  he  may  afcribe 
it  to  the  juftice  of  oilended  Heaven.   It  would  furefy  be  un- 
reafonable  to  exped  that  the  hidorian  (hould  perule  enor- 
mous volumes,  with  the  uncertain  hope  of  extracting  a  few 
interefting  Uncs,  or  that  he  ihould  facrifice  whole  days  to  the 

momentary 


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Vindkation    Some  P^/Tages  in  Cluiplen  XV.  ami  X\Y* 

momentary  amufemeot  of  his  reader.    Fortunately  for  «t 
both,  the  ailigence  of  ecclefiaftical  critics  has  facilitated  our 
inquiries:  thecoropiiationsof  Tillemont  might  alone  becon- 
fidercd  as  an  immenfc  repertory  of  truth  and  fable,  of  almoft 
all  that  the  fathers  have  preferved  or  invented^  or  believed; 
and  i  '^  ^'  c  equally  avail  ourielves  of  the  labours  of  contend- 
jne  ie6taries,  we  (hall  often  difcover,  that  the  fiime  paflagcs 
vrhich  the  prudence  of  one  of  the  difputants  would  hare 
&pprefied  or  difguiied,  are  placed  in  the  mod  confpicuoio 
light  by  the  adiive  and  interefted  tol  ,of  his  adyeifaiy.  On 
thefe  occafions,  wjiat  is  the  duty  of  a  faithful  hiftorian, 
who  derives  from  fome  modem  writer  the  knowledge  of  fome 
ancient  tefttmony,  which  he  is  deiirous  of  introducing  into 
his  own  narrative  ?  It  is  hi&  dut]^.  and  it  has  been  my  inva- 
riable pra6tice«  to  conlult  the  original ;  to  ftudy  with  acten- 
^'on  the  words  the  defign,  the  fpiritt  the  context,  the 
£tiiation  of  the  paflage  to  which  I  had  been  referred ; 
and  before  I  appropriated  it  to  my  own  ufe,  to  juAify  my 
own  declaration^     that  I  had  carefully  examined  all  the 
orikfinal  materials  that  could  illuftrate  the  fubjedl  which  I 
had  undertaken'  to  treat.**   If  this  important  obligatioo 
has  fometimes  been  imperie^y  fulfilled,  1  have  only  omit- 
ted what  it  would  have  been'  impradicable  for  me  to  per- 
form.   The  greatefl  city  in  the  world  is  deftttute  of  that  ufe- 
ful  inflitution,  a  public  library  ;  and  the  writer  who  has  un- 
dertaken to  treat  any  large  hiflorical  fubje6t«  is  reduced  to 
the  necefljiy  ot  purchafing,  for  his  private  ufe,  a  numerous 
and  valuable  coliedlion  ot  tiie  books  which  mull  form  the 
balls  of  his  work.    The  diligence  of  his  bgokkllcis  will 
not  always  prove  rucccfsful ;  and  the  candour  of  his  readers 
will  !',ot  always  cxpcCt,  that,  for  tiic  lake  of  verity ing  an 
accidental  quotation  ot  ten  linc«;,  he  fhouM  load  himfclf  with 
an  Lielefs  and  cxpeniivc  l':rics  ot  ten  volumes.    In  a  very 
few  indaiices,  where  I  had  not  the  onp('rtunitv  v\  coifult- 
ins^  the  originals,  1  liavc  adopted  ilieir  tcftinionA  on  thclliuh 
Oi  modern  guides,  ot  wh'  ie  hdchtv  I  was  iatistied  ;  hut  on 
thcle  occafions*,  inftend  ot  deckinp^  mvieh  with  the  hur- 
rowed  plumes  of  Tillemont  or  Lauincr,  I  have  bccu  moll 
fcrupuloiiilv  exa^l  in  markinj^  the  extent  of  mv  reading,  and 
the  loiiiLC  of  my  inuiiniauon.    I'his- dillinv^Hon,  which  i. 
feiile  <it  truth  an  i  modclly  had  engaged  me  to  exprels,  15 
ungencrouilv  nhukd  by  Mr.  Davis,  who  feems  happv  ri) 
inform  Ins  readers,  that  **  in  onk  inliance  (Chap.  xvi.  164. 
or  in  the  hrit  edition,  163.)  i  hav^,  by  an  unaccountable 

^  Gibbon,  p,  605,  N.  156  \  p.  606.  N.  161 ;  p.  690^  N.  164$  p*  699,  N.  t7S» 

"  overfighty 


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^  tht  Decline  and  Fall  of  tU  Roman  Empire.  35f 

overfight,  unfortunately  for  myfclf,  forgot  to  drop  the 
modern,  and  that  I  modeilly  (fitclatin  all  knowle^e  of 
Athanafius,  but  what  I  had  picked  up  from  Tillemont*/* 
Without  animadvening  on  the  decency  of  the  'expreflions, 
ivhich  are  now  grown  familiar  to  me»  1  iliall  content  myfelf 
with  obferving,  that  I  had  frequently  quoted  Eufebius,  or 
Cyprian,  or  TertuUian,  htcauU  I  had  read  them  ;  fo,  in  this 
indance,  I  only  made  my  reference  to  Tillcmont,  kieauje  I 
had  not  read,  and  did  not  poifefs  the  work$  of  Athanaiivs^  . 
The  progrefs  of  my  undertaking  has  fmce  direded  me' to 
perufe  the  Hifto^cal  Apologies  of  the  Archbifliop  of  Alex- 
andria, whofc  life  is  a  vtiy  intcrcftino,  part  pf  the  age  in 
which  he  lived  ;  and  if  Mr.  Davis  ihould  have  the  curiofity 
to  look  into  my  Second  Volume,  he  will  find  that  I  make  a 
free  and  frequent  appeal  to  the  writings  of  Athanaiius. 
Whatever  may  be  the  opinion  or  pra£lice  of  my  advcrfary, 
this  1  apprehend  to  be  the  dealing  of  u  fair  and  honoura- 
'  ble  man. 

IV.  The  hlftorical  monuments  of  the  thvcc  hifl  cenuuics 
of  ccclcliartical  antiquity,  are  neither  very  numerous  nor 
ver)'  prolix.    From  tlic  end  of  the  A£ls  of  thtt  Apoltlcs,  to 
the  time  when  the  hrll.  Apology  of  Jufiiii  Martyr  was  prc- 
fenied,  there  intervened  a  dark  and  doubtful  period  of  fonr- 
fcore  ycais  ;  and,  even  if  the  Epiftlcs  ot  Ignatius  ihould  be 
approved  by  the  critic,  they  could  not  be  very  ferviccable  to 
the  hiflorian.    From  the  middle  ot  the  fccond,  to  the  begin-  ^ 
ninrr  of  the  fourth  ceiUnrv.  wc  u.ain  our  knowledge  of  the 
flaic  and  progrefs  ot  Chnfiiauity,  from  tlie  luceclTive  Apo- 
logies whjch  were  octafionallv  compofed  by  Juftin,  Athe- 
na^oras,  'rcrtuUian,  Uiii'.cu,        i   from  the  Epi'lles  of 
C\pn,ni;  lr(Mii  a  few  /;vif;v  acts  of  the  Martyis.i  from 
foHK  iiK'i  al  or  ro!itroveri:al  Lia^!\s,  which  indirc6lly  explain 
the  events  and  manners  of  the  times ;  from  ilie  rare  and  ac- 
cidental HMMcc  which  profane  writers  have  takf-n  of  the 
Ctniiium  Icct  ,  iioxw  the  declamatory  narrative  uliich  cele- 
brates the  deaths  of  the  pt-rfccutors ;  and  frmn  the  Ecclefi- 
aftxal  l  iiiiorv  of  I'.ulcbius,  wh(^  has  jirelencd  fomc  valua- 
ble fa^nicntb  of  more  earlv  writers.    SiiK  e  the  revival ',t 
let  c  s  iholc  original  materials  have  been  the  eomir^on  tuiul 
of  cnii' s  and  hillorians  :  nor  has  it  ever  !)t m  imagined,  that 
the  al)f  di  te  and  cxclufive  propeity  of  a  padage  in  F'Aifebius 
or  Ter  iillian  was  acquired  by  the  firfl  who  had  an  ojiportu- 
nity  of  quotin;.';  it.    The  learned  work  of  Muihcim,  dc  lie- 
bus  Chnjiianii  ante  Con/iantinum^  was  printed  in  the  ycaj 
ly^^  ;  and  it  I  were  polieffed  of  the  patience  and  dilinge- 
nuuy  of  Mr.  Davi.s,  I  would  engage  to  iiud  ail  the  ancient 

teAimoxiies 


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Vindicauon  of  Some  Paflages.i/v  Chapters  XV.  a^d  XVI. 

leffiinomes  d^t  he  hai  alleged,  in  the  writiiigs  of  Dodwcll 
or  Ti1\emonty  which  were  publiilied  before  the  end  of  dxc 
laft  centiuy.   But  if  I  were  auimated  by  any  malcTcdanC 
intentions  a^iiift  Dodwell  or  Tillemoot,  I  could  as  eaiUy, 
^nd  as  unfairiy*  fix  on  them  the  guilt  of  plagiarifm,  by  pro* 
ducing  the  fame  paiTa^es  tranfcribed  or  tranflated  at  full 
length  in  the  Annals  of  Cardinal  BarcKuus.   Let  not  critic 
cifm  be  any  longer  difmced  by  the  pradice  of  fuch  un- 
worthy arts.   Inilead  of  admitting  fufpicions  as  &lfe  as  they 
are  ungenerous,  candour  will  acknowledge,  that  MoChelm 
or  Dodwell,  TiJlemont  or  Baronius,  enjoyed  the  feme  riglit, 
^d  often  were  under  the  fame  obligation,  of  quoting  the 
parages  which  they  had  read^  and  which  were  indifpenfably 
rcquifitc  to  eonfirm  the  truth  and  fubdance  of  their  fimilar 
narratives.    Mr.  Davis  is  fo  far  from  allowing  me  the  be- 
nefit of  this  common  indulgence,  or  raiherof  this  common 
right,  that  he  ftigmatifcs  with  the  name  of  plcglarijrn  j  clofe 
and  literal  agreement  with  J3odwcli  in  the  account  ot  fame  • 
parts  of  the  perfects  ion  ot  Diocletian,  where  a  few  chap- 
ters of  Eufebius  and  ]^actantii;s,  perhaps  of  Lndlantiiis 
alone,  are  the  lole  materials  from  whence  our  knowledge 
could  be  derived,  and  where,  \\  i  had  not  tranitiilxd,  1 
tnufl  have  invented.    He  is  even  bold  enough  [hold  is  nor 
the  proper  word)  to  conceive  lumc  li  pes  of  perl'uading  liii 
Tcadcis,  ihaL  an  hiflorian  who  has  c inplovtd  iLveral  years 
of  his  lite,  and  feveral  huralred  pJL^es,  on  tiic  Decline  aivi 
Fall  of  ihe  Roman  Empire,  li.ul  never  rtud  Orofius,  or 
the  Auguflin  Miflorv  ;  and  that  he  was  forced  to  bol"rv)\^■, 
at  fecond-hand,  his  quoiuiions  fr(;m  the  Thcodohan  (  ckIc. 
I  cannot  protefs  mvielf  very  dcfirous  of  Mr.  Da\is's  ac- 
quaintance ;  blit  it  lie  will  tuks  the  trouble      l  aiiirig  at 
houfc  anv  nfternoon  when  I  am  not  at  home,  inv  fcrvant 
ih  ill  lliew  him  mylibraiv,  which  he  ^vi]l  tirid  tolcralilv  well 
furninied  with  the  ulctul  auihurs,  anc  ient  as  u  eli  as  moJcru, 
ecclefiafrical  as  well  as  prolane,  ^^•ho  have  direciiy  iupplicd 
me  with  tfie  materials  of  my  Hiiiury. 

The  peculiar  reafons  and  they  are  not  of  the  mofl;  flatter- 
ing kind,  whicii  m  gcd  me  to  repel  the  furious  and  tcehle attack 
of  IVIr.  Davis,  have  been  already  meulioned.  Bui  Inice  1  am 
drawn  thus  relu6lantlv  into  the  lifts  of  controvery,  I  ihall 
not  retire  till  I  haveluluted,  either  \\  \\\\  ilern  detianceor  gendc 
courtcly,  the  theological  champion..  \\\v\  have  fignalizcd  their 
ardour  to  break  a  lanic  againft  the  flii'  Id  of  a  Pagan  advcrfa- 
ry.  The  Fittecuih  and  ^ixiccnihCliajntrs  liave  been  honoured 
with  the  notice  offeveral  writers,  wiinic  names  and  characters 
feemed  to  promile  more  matmiiy  of  judgment  and  learning 
tliau  could  rcafonably  bee^peaed  from  tiie  un^niihcd  lludic3 


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I 


mf  tie  Decline  4nui  Fall  a/     Koman  Entire*  jft 

©f  a  Bachelor  of  Arts.  The  Reverend  Mr.  Apthorpc,  Dt« 
Watfon,  the  Regius  Profcffor  of  Divinity  in  the  Univcr-  ' 
fity  of  Cambritlgc,  Dr.  Cliclfum  of  Chrift  Church,  and 
his  aflbciate  Dr.  Randolph^  Prefident  of  Corpus  Chrifii 
College,  •  and  the  Lady  Margaret's  ProfeiTor  of  Divinity  ia 
the  Univcriity  of  Oxford,  have  given  me  a  fair  right* 
vhich,  however,  I  Hiall  yor  abufe,  of  freely  declaring  my 
opinion  on  the  fubje£i  of  their  refpcdlivc  criticiCixis. 

If  I  am  not  miicaken,  Mr.  Apthorpe  was  the  iirft  who  ^^ « 
'  annotmced  to  the  Public  his  intention  of  examining  the  in- ^•^''^ 
tereiling  fubje6t  which  I  had  treated  in  the  Two  laft  Chap- 
ters of  my  Hiftory.  The  multitude  of  collateral  and  ac- 
ceflary  ideas  which  prefented  therafelvcs  to  the  Autlior,  in- 
fenGbiy  fwelled  the  bulk  of  lus  papers  to  the  iize  of  a  large 
volume  in  odlavo ;  the  publication  was  delayed  many 
months  beyond  the  time  of  the  iiri^  adveitiiemeot ;  and 
when  Mr.  Apthorpe\s  Letters  appeared,  1  was  furprifed  to 
£nd,  that  I  had  Jcarcely  any  intereil  or  concern  in  their 
contents.  They  are  iilled  with  general  obCervations  on  the 
Study  of  Hiftory,  with- a  large  and  iiieful  catalogue  of 
Hiilorians,  and  with  a  variety  of  reflexions,  moral  and  re- 
ligious, all  preparatory  to  the  (lire<5l  and  foi  m  il  coulideni'» 
tion  of  my  Two  lall  Chapters,  ^vhich  Mr.  Apthorpe  feemB 
to  referve  for  the  fubje^l  of  a  Second  Volume.  I  finccrcijr 
refpccl  the  learning,  the  piety,  and  the  candour  of  this 
Gentleman,  and  muft  conlider  it  as  a  mark  of  his  efteem« 
that  he  has  thought  proper  to  begin  his  approaches  at  fo 
great  a  diftance  from  the  fortifications  which  he  defignedto 
attack. 

When  Dr.  Watfon  gaye  to  the  Public  his  An  l/jgy  forO«.  Wait* 
Chriftianity,  in  a  Series  of  Letters,  he  adtlrcfied  them  to**** 
the  Author  of  ilu-  Decline  atid  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empitc^ 
\\  idi  a  juft  confidence  that  he  had  conildercd  this  important 
objc(5t  in  a  manner  not  unworthy  of  his  antagonift  or  of 
himfclf.  Dr.  VVutfon's  mode  of  tliinkiag  bears  a  liberal 
and  a  philofophic  cafl: ;  his  thoughts  arc  exprefi'cd  with 
£pint»  and  that  fpirit  is  always  tempered  by  politenefs  and  , 
moderation.  Such  is  the  man  whom  I  fliould  be  happy  to; 
call  my  friend,  and  whoni  I  Should  not  blu/h  to  call  my  an-' 
tagoniu.  But  the  fame  motives  which  might  tempt  me  to 
accept,  or  even  to  folicit,  a  private  and  amicable  confe-' 
rencc,  diflbaded  me  from  entering  into  a  pul>lic  controvcrfy 
with  a  Writer  of  fo  refpedlable  a  charadler ;  and  I  em- 
biraced  the  earlteft  opportunity  of  exprcfllng  to  Dr.  WatfoA 
himfelf,  bow  fincerely  I  agreed  with  him  itl  thinking,' 
That  as  the  world  is  now  poOefled  of  the  opinion  of  u« 
both  upon  the  fub|e£k  in  <|ueflion|  it  may  be  perhaps 

proper 


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Vin^tiadon  rf  Some  Paflages  in  Obapters  XV.  ^mi  XVI. 

•*  proper  for  us  both  to  leave  it  in  this  ftatc*."  The 
nature  of  the  ingenious  rrot'ciroi  's  Apology  contributctl  to 
ftrengthen  the  inluperable  relu^nce  to  cngag^e  in  hoftilc 
altercation  which  was  common  to  us  both,  by  convincing 
me,  that  fuch  an  altercation  was  unneccfTar)-  as  well  as  on* 
plpafant.    He  very  juflly  and  politely  declares,  that  a  con- 
fiderable  part,  neat  feventy  pagel^  of  his  fmaU  volume  are 
not  direded  to  me  f ,  but  to  a  fet  of  men  whom  he  places 
\ti  an  odious  and  contemptible  light.    He^ leaves  to  other 
hands  the  defence  of  the  leading  Ecdefiafiics,  even  of  the 
primitive  church ;  and  without  being  i;^rjf  anxious,  either^ 
lo  foften  their  vices  and  indifcretion,  or  to  agj^ra/ati?  the' 
cruelty  of  the  Heathen  Perfecutors,  he  paUes  over  in 
iilence  th6  grcateft  part  of  my  Sixteenth  Chaptci-..  It  is  not 
fo  much  the  purpaie  of  the  Apologift  to  ejqamine  the  fa^s 
which  have  been  advanced  by  the  Hiftonan,  as  to  remove 
the  impreflions  which  may  have  been  formed  by  inany  of 
his  Readers ;  and '  the  Remarks  of  Dr.  Watfon  conHft 
more  properly  of  general  argumentation  than  of  particular 
criticitm.    He  fairly  owns,  that  I  have  eKprcfsly  allovvcd 
the  foil  and  irrefiftihle  weight  of  the  firji  great  caufe  of  the 
fucccfs  of  Chriftianity  \  \  and  He  is  too  tandid  to  deny  that  * 
tlie  five  fecondary  caufcs,  which  1  had  attempted  to  explain, 
operated  wi'Ji  jomc  dc7,i  cc  ot  iiciivc  energy  towards  the  ar- 
compjiihmcnt  of  that  gr^^at  event.    The  unly  (^ucUiou 
which  remains  between  us,  rclaics  to  the  degra  of  the 
weight  and  elfcd^  of  thofe  fceondarv  eauics ;  and  as  I  am 
perfuaded  that  our  piiilofophy  is  not  of  the  dogmatic  kind, 
we  rtiould  toon  ackn(nvlecige  that  this  precife  degree  cannot 
be  aleercained  by  realoning,  nor  pcrhapi*  be  cxprelfed  bv 
words.    In  the  courfe  of  this  inquirv,  fome  inc  idcntar'dit- 
ficuhles  have  arifen,  which  T  had  ilatcd  witii  in"kparr!alit\, 
and  which  Dr.  \v  atfon  rciolves  with  ingcnnity  aitd  temper. 
If  in  loine  inftances  he  fcems  to  have  mifai^jM  ehended  mv 
fcntimcnts,'  I  may  hefitatc  whedier  L  (hould  impute  the  fault 
to  my  own  want  of  clearncfs  or  to  his  want  of  attention, 
but  cnn  never  entertain  a  fufpicion  that  Dr.  Wailun  would 
deicend  to  cmploy  the  difmgeiiuous  aits  of  vulgar  con- 
troverfy. 

■  There  i<5,  however,  riiic  pafTnce.  p.nd  cme  :M{rp';c  c^^Aw 
wliich  nuifi  not  pafs  without  lome  explanation  ;  and  I  lhail 
the  more  catrerlv  emhrnce  this  orcnfion  to  illuHr.'te  what  I 
had  faid,  as  the  n^iieonllruction  o[  itv  true  meaning  Iccms 
to  have  made  an  mvoluiuary»  but-uafavourablc  impreiEoa 

*  Waifun'i  Apology  for  Chrtil'unityy  p.  200*  \  I  J.  p.  xq2<— i6S« 

J  14.  p.  5.  .  .  \: 

OU 


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ihi  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Rotnan  Empire. 

I 

on  the  liberal  mind  of  Dr.  Watfon.  As  T  endeavour  «af 
to  palliate  the  leverity,  but  to  diicover  the  niotivejr  of  the 
Roman  Maj^iftrates,  i  had  remarked,  **  it  was  in  vain  that 
**  th«;  o])prrirtd  Believer  aflerted  the  unalienable  ri^^hts  of 

confcience  and  pi  ivate  jiulgmcnt.  Thoii::li  liis  iituatioa 
*'  michr  cx^e  rhe  pity,  his  arguments  could  never  reach 
^'  the  iindtnlanding,  either  ot  the  philolophic  or  of  ilic 
'*  bclicviiig  pare  '1  ific  ]^lp_an  v/orld*.'*  The  humanity 
of  Dr.  Wation  takes  tire  on  the  luppoled  provocation,  and 
he  alks  with  unutiial  (juic  kiiels,  How,  Sir,  aretheargu- 
**  mcnts  lor  libertv  ot  conic  icncc  fo  exceedinolv  inconclu- 
**  five,  that  you  think  tlicm  incipablc  rif  reaching  live 
**  undcritanding  even  ot  philuk'jihcrs  f  r"  He  continues  to 
ohieivc,  that  a  caittious  advcriaiy  would  embrace  wirh 
aviditv  tijc  v.pportunity  this  palfagc  affords^  of  blotting  mv 
character  with  the  odious  llain  of  being  a  Perfccutor ;  a 
(lain  which  no  learninf^  can  wipe  out.  wiiich  no  genius  or 
abiiitv  can  render  amiable  ;  and  though  he  himlelf  d»  es  not 
entertain  fuch  an  opinion  ot  my  principle'^,  his  ingenuity 
tries  in  vain  to  provide  me  wirh  the  mc.jns  ot"  cic:ipc. 

I  mull  lament  that  I  have  not  hen  liiccelsful  in  the  ex- 
planation of  a  verv  fimple  notion  of  the  fpirit  borh  of  Phi- 
ioiophy  and  of  ]V)h»ilK:lin,  which  I  have  repc?.rtdiv  incul- 
cated The  iTfiuments  whi<  h  alfcK  the  ri  -lu^  of  confci- 
cncc  arc  not  iiu  oncluhve  in  tlicmiclvc^^,  bur  the  undrrfland- 
ing  of  the  (j recks  and  Romans  was  f  >nihed  againil  their 
evidence  by  an  invincible  prejudice.  When  we  bllen  to  the, 
voice  of  Baylc,  of  Locke,  and  of  genuine  reafon,  in  fa- 
vour of  reCgious  toleration,  \vc  rtiall  eafdv  perceive  that 
our  moft  forcible  appeal  is  made  to  our  mutual  feelhigs.  If 
the  Jew  were  allowed  to  argue,  ivith  the  Incjuifitor,  he 
would  requcft  that  tor  a  moment  they  might  cxchant^c  their 
diHerent  iituatlons,  and  might  fafely  afli  his  C  ilholic  Ty- 
rant, whether  the  fear  of  death  woukf  compel  htm  to  enter 
the  fynagogue,  to  re(  eive  the  mark  of  circuracifion,  and  to 
partake  of  the  pafchal  lamb.  As  foon  :  >  the  cafe  of  per- 
iccution  was  brought  home  to  tlie  breall  of  the  Imjuihtor, 
hemufthavefounilfome  difiicultv  in  fuppreifrngthc  di<51ate« 
of  natural  equity  which  would  inlinuate  to  his  confcience^ 
that  he  could  have  no  right  to  inflitt  thofe  puniflimcnts 
w}iich>  under  fimilar  circumftances,  he  would  eileem  it  as 
his  dutv  encounter.  But  this  argument  could  not :  e  :ch 
the  un^crftanding  of  a  Polythcift,  or  of  an  ancient  PhiLo* 
fopher.  The  former  was  ready,  whenever  he  was  fummon- 
«d>  or  indeed  without  J)eing  fummoned,  to  fall  proftrate 

*  Cibbojif  p.  ^25.  f  Wat(oO)  p.  1S5* 

bcftifC 


j64  Vindication  of  Some  PalTages  im  Chapters  XV.  and  XVL 

kfore  the  altan  of  any  Oods  who  were  adored  in  any 
part  of  the  world,  and  to  admit  a  vague  perfnafioii  of  die 
'      truth  md  divinity  of  the  moft  different  modes  of  idigioo* 
r  The  Philolopher,  who  confideicd  them,  at  leaft  in  their  U* 

teral  fenfe,  as  equally  falfe  and  abCurd,  was  not  afhamed  to 
difguifr  his  fentimencs,  and  to  frame  his  a£Hons  according 
to  the  laws  of  his  country,  which  itnpolied  tbe£une  obliga- 
tion on  the  Fhilofophers  and  the  pctjple.  When  Pliny  de- 
cbired,  that  whatever  was  the  opinion  of  the  Chriluans^ 
their  obfttnacy  deferved  puniflimcnc,  the  abfurd  cruelty  of 
Plinv  was  excufed  jn  his  own  eye,  by  the  coafcioufnefs  mat» 
tt  the  fituation  of  the  Chrifttans,  lie  would  not  have  re- 
fufed  the  religious  compliance  which  he  taaJSaoL  \  ihall 
not  re]^t»  that  the  Pagan  worAiip  was  »  matter,  not  of 
vpinUn^  but  of  cujtm ;  that  the  toleration  pf  the  Romans 
was  confined  to  nations  or  families  who  followed  theprac- 
tice  of  their  ancefiors ;  and  that  iii  the  Eril  ages  of  Chrif- 
tianity  their  perfecution  of  the  individuab  who  departed 
from  the  eftabliihed  religion  was  neither  moderated  by  pure 
feafon,  nor  inflamed  by  exclufive  seal.  But  I  only  defire 
to  appeal,  from  the  hafty  appreheniion,  to  the  more  deli- 
berate Judgment,  of  Dr.  Watfon  himlelf.  Should  there 
ftill  remain  any  difierence  of  opinion  between  us,  I  ihall  be 
fatisfied,  if  he  will  conilderme  as  a  iincere  though  perhaps 
unfuccefsful  lover  of  truth,  and  as  a  firm  friend  to  civil  and 
ccdeliafUcal  freedom. 

D».  Chel-  ^    ^^^^  faithful  Hiilorian,  to 

'  SUM  and  impute  to  refpedbble  focieties  the  faults  of  fome  individual 
Dr.  Rak-  members*  Our  two  Univerfities  mofl  undoubtedly  contain 
aotvi.  {^.TQit  mixture,  and  moft  probably  the  fame  proportions, 
of  zeal  and  moderation,  of  reafon  and  fuperfUtton.  Yet 
there  is  much  lefs  diHerence  between  the  fmootbnefs  of  the 
Ionic,  and  the  roughnefs  of  the  Doric  dlalei^t  than  may  be 
found  between  the  poli  (lied  flylc  of  Dr.  Watfon,  and  the 
coarfe  lan|;,iiagc  of  Mr.  Davis,  Dr.  Chclfum,  or  Dr. 
Randolph.  The  fecond  of  thcfc  Critics,  Dr.  Chclfum  of 
Chritl  Church,  is  unwilling  that  the  world  fliouW  forcer 
that  he  was  the  firft  who  founded  to  arms,  that  he  was  the 
fiill  who  furni filed  the  antidote  to  the  poilbn,  and  wlio,  as 
early  as  the  month  of  Odobcr  of  the  year  1776,  publiHicd 
his  Strictures  on  the  'i'w  o  laft  Chapters  of  Mr.  Gibbon's 
Hiftory.  The  fucc  cfs  of  a  pampiilet,  which  he  modeftly 
flyles  inipcrfciSl  and  ill-digcflcd,  encouraged  him  to  refun>c 
the  contiovcrfy.  In  the  beginning  of  the  prefcnt  year, 
his  Remarks  made  their  fecond  appearance,  with  foiix;  al- 
toraiiou  of  form,  and  a  large  incrcafc  of  btdk  ;  and  the 
author,  who  kaas  to  fighc  under  the  protedion  of  two 

cpifcopal 


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^  the  Decline  and  Fadl  •/  tbt  Roman  Empire*  365 

cpifcopal  banners,  has  prefixed,  in  the  tront  of  his  volume, 
his  name  nud  titles,  whicli  in  the  former  edition  he  had  Icfs 
honourable  lupprcircd.    His  conHd^'ncc  is  tortitied  by  the 
alliance  and  communications  of  a  d'ljlingu  'ijhed  Writer,  Dr. 
Randolph,  l^c.  who,  on  a  proper  occaiion,  would,  na 
doubt,  be  ready  to  bear  as  honourable  tedimony  to  the  me- 
rit and  reputation  of  Dr.  Chellum.    The  two  friends  arc 
indeed  fo  happily  united  by  art  and  nature,  that  if  the  au- 
thor of  the  Remarks  had  not  pointed  out  the  valuable  com* 
miinications  ot  the  Margaret  ProfefTor,  it  would  have  been 
impoflible  to  feparatc  their  refpedtive  property.  Writers 
who  poflefs  any  freedom  of  mind,  may  be  known  from 
each  otho:  by  the  peculiar  chara^er  of  their  ftyle  and  fen- 
riments ;  but  the  champions  who  are  inliAcd  in  the  fervice 
of  Authority,  commonly  wear  the  uniform  of  the  regiment. 
OpprelTed  with  the  fame  yoke,  covered  with  the  fame 
trappings*  they  heavily  move  along^  perhaps  not  with  an 
e«}ual  pace,  in  the  fame  beaten  track  of  prejudice  and 
preferment.    Yet  I  lliould  expofe  my  own  injudice, 
u  crt'  1  ahrolutely  to  cc^nfound  with  Mr.  Davis  the  two 
Do6toa  in  Divinity,  who  are  joined  in  one  volume. 
The  three  Critics  appear  to  be  animated  by  the  fame  im- 
placable refentment  againil  the  Hiilorian  of  the  Roman 
£mpire ;  they  are  alike  difpofed  to  fupport  the  fan^  opini- 
ons by  the  fame  ans ;  and  if  in  the  language  of  the  two 
latter,  the  difregard  of  polttenefs  is  fomewhat  lefs  grofs  and 
indecent,  the  difierence  is  not  of  fiich  a  magnitude  as  to 
excite  in  rov  bread  any  lively  fenfations  of  gratitude.  It 
was  themismrtune  of  Mr.  Davi^that  he  undertook  to  wriu 
before  he  had  nad.    He  fet  out  with  the  (lock  of  autho- 
rities which  he  found  in  my  quotations,  and  boldly  ventured 
to  play  his  reputation  againft  mine.    Perhaps  he  may  now 
repent  oi  a  lofs  which  is  not  eafily  recovered ;  but  if  I  had 
not  fum^ounted  ray  almoft  infuperable  rdu^anoe  to  a  pub- 
lic difpute,  many  a  reader  mi?ht  ilill  be  dazzled  by  the  ve- 
hemence of  his  aflenions,  and  might  fHll  believe  that  Mr. 
Davis  had  deteded  feveral  wilful  and  important  mifrepre- 
fentations  in  my  Two  laft  Chapters.    But  the  confederate 
Doctors  appear  to  be  fcholars  of  a  higher  form  and  lonjrer 
experience ;  they  enjov  a  certain  rank  in  their  acmlcir.ival 
world;  and  as  ificir  7tal  is  enlightened  bv  ionie  ravs  of 
knowledge,  iu  their  dclirc  to  ruin  the  credit  ot  their  adver- 
l.iiy  is  occafionaliy  checked  by  the  apprchcufion  ut  injuring 
tlieir  own.    Thele  iclh^iius,  to  which  Mr.  Davis  was  a 
AraUiTcr,  have  contined  them  to  a  vcrv  narrow  and  humble 
path  ot  hjilorical  criticilin;  and  it  I  were  to  correct,  ac- 
cording to  tlieir  wilhes,  all  the  particular  fa .51s  againil 

wliich 


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Ttndicadon  of  Some  Pailages  m  Chaptm  XVT.  and  XVt. 

which  they  have  advanced  any  objct^^ions.  thefc  corre£tionl» 
admitted  in  their  fnllcA  extent,  would  hardly  tumilh  mate- 
rials for  a  decent  lift  of  errata. 

The  iQgmatUal  pint  of  ihcir  work,  which  in  every  fenfe 
of  the  word  dclerves  the  appellation,  is  ill  ad  ipred  to  en- 
gafje  my  attention.  I  had  declined  the  conlkleradon  of 
tncological  arguments,  when  they  were  miina^cti  by  a  can- 
did and  liberjil  advevfary ;  and  it  would  be  inconfiftent 
enough,  it  I  ihould  have  retulid  to  diaw  my  fword  in  ho- 
nourable oomhnt  ac^ainft  the  keen  and  wcll-tempcrcd  wea- 
pon of  Dr.  VV'.uion,  for  the  folc  purpofe  of  encountering 
the  rufiic  cudgel  ot  two  (launch  and  ftiirdv  Polemics. 

I  Ihall  not  enter  any  farther  into  the  character  and  con- 
duct of  Cyprian,  as  1  am  fenhbie  that,  if  the  opinion  of 
Le  Clerc,  Mufluim,  and  mvfelf,  is  leprobnred  by  Dr. 
Chelfuin  and  his  ally,  the  diiFerence  muft  fubiid,  till  we 
Hiall  entertain  the  fame  notions  of  moral  virriic  and  ecckti- 
aftical  ^wer*.  If  Dr.  Randolph  will  dIIdw  that  the 
primidve  Clergy  received,  managed,  and  diftributed  the 
titlies,  and  other  charitable  donations  of  the  faithful,  the 
diipute  between  us  will  be  a  dlfpute  of  words  f.  1  ihall 
notamufe  niyiclf  with  proving  that  the  learned  Origcn  muft 
have  derived  from  the  infpired  authority  of  the  Church  his 
knowledge,  not  indeed  of  the  authenticity,,  but  of  the  /«- 
Jpiration  of  the  four  Evangclifts,  two  of  whom  arc  not  in 
die  rank  of  the  Apoflles  X.  1  rtiall  fubmit  to  the  judgment 
of  the  Public,  wliether  the  Aihanafian  Creed  is  not  read 
and  received  in  the  Church  of  England,  and  whether  the 
wifeft  and  moft  virtuous  of  the  Pagans  §  believed  the  Ca- 
tholic faith,  which  is  declared  in  the  Athanafian  Creed  to 
be  abfolutely  necelTary  for  falvation.  As  little  fhall  I  think 
myfelf  interelled  in  tiie  elaborate  difquifitions  with  which 
the  Author  of  die  Remarks  has  filled  a  great  number  of 
pages*  concerning  the  fiimous  tcAimony  of  Jofephus,  the 
paiTages  of  Irena&us  and  Theophilus,  which  relate  to  the 
gift  of  miracles-,  and  the  origin  of  circumcifion  in  Palefline 
or  in  Egypt  ||.  If  I  have  reje^ed,  and  reje^led  with  fome 
contempt^  the  interpolation  which  pious  fraud  has 
very  auk wardly  inferted  in  the  text  of  J  fephus,  I  may 
deem  mVfelf  fecure  behind  the  lliieid  of  learned  and  pious 
cridcs  (fee  in  particular  Le  Clerc^  in  his  Ars  Critica, 

•  Gibbon,  p.  558,  5i;9.    Chrlfum,  p.  I32>— 139. 
-f-  Gibbun,  p.  592.    R^ndulph  in  Chcilara,  p. 
X  Gibbon,  p.  5^1.  N.  33.    Chdfum,  p.  39. 
\  Gibbon,  p.  s^S^  N*  70*   Cheirum,  p.  66, 

« 

part 


Digitized  by 


^  thi  Decline  aiut  Fall  ^  th$  Roman  Empire* 


part  iii.  fetfl.  i.  c.  15.  and  Laidner's  Tefliuionies,  Vol.  L 
p.  150,  &:c.),  who  have  coiulcmncd  this  paCfage  :  and  I 
think  it  very  natural  that  Dr.  Chclfum  <l\oulJ  embrace  the 
contrary  opinion,  which  is  not  dtllitutc  ot  able  advocates. 
The  palTagcs  ot"  IrenxMis  and  Theophilus  were  thoroughly 
lilted  in  the  c oiurovcrly  about  the  duration  of  Miracles; 
and  as  xh^  works  ot  Dr.  MukllLiou  may  be  found  in  every* 
library,  fo  it  is  not  impoflible  that  a  diligent  fcarch  may  Hill 
<lifcover  fom<;  remains  of  the  writings  of  his  advcrfaries- 
In  mentioning  tlie  confciTion  of  the  Syrians  of  Paleftine, 
that  they  b^ul  received  trom  I'^gypt  the  rite  of  circumcifion, 
1  had  fjniply  alledi^^ed  the  teftimony  of  Herodotus,  without 
exprefsly  adopting  thtj  lenrinient  of  Mariham.  But  I  had 
always  imagined,  that  in  thefe  doubtful  and  iudilFerent 
*c|ueftions,  which  have  been  lolcmnly  argued  before  the  tri- 
bunal  of  the  Public,  every  fcholar  was  at  liberty  to  chufe 
his  fide,  without  alTigning  his  realons  ;  nor  can  1  yet  per- 
fuade  mvfclf,  that  either  Dr.  Chclfum,  or  mylcJf,  are 
lilcely  to  enforce,  by  any  new  arguments,  the  opinions 
•which  we  have  refpcclively  followe<.l.  The  only  novelty 
for  which  1  can'pciccive  niyfell  indebted  to  Dr.  Chtlium, 
is  the  very  extraordinary  Scepticifm  which  he  inllnuates 
co!K'er!iing  the  tinvc  ot  Herod»)rus,  who,  according  to  the 
chronology  ot  fome,  tlouriihed  duiiiig  the  time  of  the 
Jewilh  captivity  Can  it  be  iiccellary  to  inform  a  Divine, 
that  the  captivity  which  l.iflcd  Icvcntv  years,  according  to 
the  prophecy  of  Jcremi.ih,  was  terminated  in  the  year  536 
before  Chrilh  by  the  edi<tl  which  Cyrus  publillied  in  the 
firft  year  of  his  reiojn  )  (Jeremiah,  xxv.  11,  12.  xxi.K.  10. 
Ezra,  i.  I.  2ct .  Uflicr  and  Prideaux,  under  the  years  6o()- 
and  5  ^6.)  Can  it  be  neceirat  y  to  inform  a  man  of  letters, 
that  Herodotus  was  fifty-three  years  old  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Pelop  ^nnciian  war  ^Aulus  Gcllius,  N06L  Attic. 
XV.  23.  from  the  cnnnncncaries  of  Pami>hila),  and  confe- 
ijucntly  that  he  was  born  in  the  year  betuie  Chri  A  484,  fifty- 
tv,  o  vcars  after  the  end  of  ilie  jewifh  captivity  ?  As  this  well 
attclkd  \a<:\  h  not  expofed  to  the  flighted  doubt  or  difficulty, 
I  am  funicvvhat  curious  to  learn  the  names  of  thofe  un- 
known authorv,  whofe  t  Iirojiology  Dr.  Chellum  has  al- 
lowed as  the  fpcciou^  foundation  of  a  probvible  hvi)othcfis. 
The^uthor  of  flic  Remarks  does  not  leem  indeed  to  have 
cultivarcd,  with  much  care  or  iuceefs,  the  province  of  lite- 
rary hillory  ;  as  a  verv  moderate  arq';aintance  with  thit 
uleful  l>ranch  of  k no u  ledge  woidd  have  fa\  cd  him  trom  a 
poticive  milUkc,  much  leU  cxcuiablc  diac  the  duubc  which,' 


*  ChelAimi  p*  15. 


he 


j6C  Vindicstioo  •/  Some  P>ilages  im  Cha{iten  XV«  m/XVL 


lie  entertains  about  tlic  drac  of  Herodotus.  \\t  nrle» 
Suidas  **  a  Heathen  writer,  who  lived  about  the  end  of  the 
tenth  cencury  I  admit  the  period  which  be  afTigns 
to*  Suidas ;  and  which  is  well  afcertatiied  by  Dr.  Bcntlcv. 
(See  his  Reply  to  Boyle,  p.  2a,  23.)  We  are  led  to  hx 
t^is  epoch,  by  the  chronology  which  this  Htatbtn  writer 
has  deduced  from  Adam,  to  the  death  of  thi*  emperor  John 
Zimifccs,  A»  D»  975:  and  a  crowd  of  paflagcs  mi-lu  be 
produced,  as  the  unanfwcrable  evidence  of  his  Chrillianiiy. 
But  the  moft  uoanfwerable  of  all  is  the  very  date,  which  is 
not  difputed  between  us.  The  philofophers  who  flourtihed 
under  JuAi man  (fee  Agathias,  L.  ii.  p,  65,  66.)  appear  to 
have  been  the  laft  of  the  Heathen  writers :  and  the  ancient 
religion  of  the  Greeks  was  annihilated  almoft  four  hundred 
years  before  the  binh  of  Suidas. 

.  After  this  animadverilon,  which  is  not  intended  either  tfi 
infult  the  failings  of  my  Adverfary,  or  to  provide  a  con- 
venient excufe  for  my  own  errors,  I  Ihall  proceed  to  fetcA 
two  im^rtant  parts  of  Dr.  ChelTom's  Remarks,  from 
which  the  candid  reader  may  form  fome  o[>inion  of  the 
whole.  They  relate  co  the  military  Yervice  of  the  firft 
Chriflians,  and  to  the  hidorical  charaS^er  of  Eufcbius ;  and 
I  fliall  review  them  with  the  lefs  rcludance,  as  it  may  not 
be  impofilble  to  pick  up  fomething  curious  and  ufeful  even 
in  the  barren  wafle  of  controveriy. 
MiuTAtT  L  In  reprcfenting  the  errors  of  the  primitive  ChriHians, 
Service  ip^hieh  flowed  from  an  excefs  of  virtue,  I  hadobferved,  that 
wtrntr  ^^^^  expofed  themfclves  to  the  reproaches  of  the  Pagans^ 
Chrmti-  by  their  obOinate  refufal  to  take  an  a^ive  part  in  the  dvU 
adminillration,  or  military  defence  of  the  empire  ;  thdt  the 
cbic^ions  of  Celfas  appear  to  have  been  mutilated  by  his 
adverfary  Ori^,cn  ;  and  that  the  Apologias,  to  whom  the 
public  dangers  were  urged,  returned  obfcure  and  ambiguous 
unlwers,  as  they  were  unwilling  to  difclofe  the  true  ground 
of  tlicir  fecuritv,  their  opinion  of  the  approaching  end  of 
the  world  f.  In  another  place  I  had  rclaicd,  tVom  t!ic  acts 
ot  Ruiii  iit,  the  action  and  j>unilhmcnt  of  the  Cc-ntiirl( 
jM2rccilu>,  '.vliu  \v  as  put  to  t!.  atli  lor  renouncing  tlic  ici  vice 
in  a  public  and  feditious  ii>..in:v-. : . 

On  this  occafion  Dr.  Cliclium  is  extremely  alert.  He 
denies  my  ta6\s,  controverts  wy  opinions,  and,  with  a  po- 
litenefs  worthy  of  Mr.  Davis  hinifch,  inlinuntes  that  I 
borrowed  the  llory  of  Marcclb  s,  not  from  Ruin;.ri,  bat 
from  Voltaire.    My  learned  adverfary  thinks  it  highly  im- 

*  CbtUtuS)  p*  7^*         -f  Gibbdn^  j^.  ^So^  581*  %  I^l.  <>Sc. 

probable 


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of  the  Decline  and  i  aii  of  tht  Roman  Enipiie. 

* 

probable  that  Origen  flumld  <lare  to  muttlate  the  obje6lionl 
of  Celfus,  whofe  work  was,  in  all  probabilityt  extant  at 
**  the  time  he  made  this  reply.  In  fuch  ca(e,  had  he  even 
^<  been  inclined  to  treat  his  adverfary  unfairly,  he  muft  yet 

furely  have  been  with^beld  from  the  attempt,  through  the 
^  lear  of  dete^iion*.**  The  experience  both  of  ancient  and 
modern  controverfy  has  indeed  convinced  me  that  this  rea- 
/bning,  jufi  and  natural  as  it  may  fecm,  is  t6tally  incon- 
cludve,  and  that  the  generality  of  difputants,  efpecially  in 
religious  c«ntcfts,  are  of  a  much  more  daring  and  intrepid 
fpirit.  For  the  truth  of  this  re;rtark,  I  (hall  content  myfelf 
with  producing  a  recent  and  very  lingular  example,  in  which 
Dr.  Chelfum  himfelf  is  perfonally  iniercfted.  He  charges  f 
me  with  palling  over  in  "  filcncc  the  important  and  unluf- 
"  petStcd  teftimony  of  a  Meaihcn  hilloriaii  (Dion  Cailius) 

to  the  perfecution  oi  Duniitian  i  and  he  affirms,  that  I 
**  have  produced  that  teftimonv  fo  far  only  as  it  relates  to 
**  CiciiiLiis  and  DoiniLill.i,  yet  in  the  very  laine  pallaeiC  fVd- 
**  lows  ininiediattiv,  iliai  on  a  like  occafion  man'y  o  i  hers 
**  were  alii)  condemned.    Some  of  them  Ul^c  pui  to  death, 

others  (ufiered  the  confifcatioii  ul  liieir  L:oods  J."  Although 
I  (hould  not  be  aihamed  to  undertake  the  apology  of  Nero 
or  Domiriaii,  if  1  thought  them  innocent  of  any  particjjlar 
crimi;  wiih  which  zeal  or  malice  had  u  iwfllv  branded  their 
memory ;  yet  I  Ihould  uideed  hlulli,  if,  iii  iavour  oi  tyranny, 
or  even  iii  favour  oF  virtue,  1  had  fuppreiled  the  truth  and 
evidence  of  hiftorical  fadls.  But  the  Reader  will  feel  fame 
furpri:  ,  when  he  has  convinced  himfelt  that,  in  the  .three 
editions  of  my  Firil  Volume,  after  relating  the  death  of 
Clemens,  and  the  exile  of  iJumitilla,  1  continue  to  allege 
the  ENTIRE  TESTIMONY  of  Dion,  in  the  following  words: 

and  feiuenccs  either  of  death,  or  of  confifcation,  were 
H  pronounced  agaiaft  a  GREA  i  number  OF  persons  who 

were  involved  in  the  fame  accu'ation.  The  guilt  imputed 
«  to  their  charge,  was  that  of  Atheifmand  Jewifli  manners; 
"  a  fingular  alloci  itiun  of  ideas  which  cannot  with  any  pro- 

priery  be  applied  except  to  the  Chriftians,  as  they  were 

obieurely  and  imperfectly  viewed  by  the  magilhatcs  and 
"  writers  of  that  period."  Dr.  Chelfum  has  not  been  de- 
terred by  the  fear  of  dctedlion,  from  this  fcandalous  mutilation 
of  the  popular  work  of  a  living  advcriary.  But  Celfus  had 
been  dead  above  hftv  years  before  Ori^^cn  publifhed  his  Apo- 
logy; and  the  copies  of  an  ancient  woric,  inffcad  of  being 
inlfantaneoufly  multiplied  by  the  operation  of  the  prels,  were 
fcparately  and  ilowiy  cranfcribed  by  the  labour  of  the  hand. 


•  Chelfum,  p.  11%,  .  f  Id.  p.  i8S.         J  Gibbon*  p.  645. 

Vol.  III.  JB  b  If 


Vmdicauoa  of  Some  Pailkges  in  Chapters  XV*  tmi  XVI* 

If  any  modern  divine  (houlJ  ftill  maiiiiain  th.it  tiic  fuIcHty 
of  Oriffen  was  fccurcJ  by  motives  more  honourable  thmi 
fcir  ol  dctL  tion,  he  ii..iy  le;-irii  horn  Jerom  ihc  dilicrciicc  u! 
the  gyynnall.L.  aiiJ  dogmatic  flyles.     Truth  is  the  object  of 
the  one,  vk  torv  of  the  other  j  and  the  fame  ari^  which  would 
difgfacc  the  iuic  rity  of  the  teacher,  fcrve  only  t-j  difpl.iv 
the  fkill  of  the  dilpuLant.    After  jullifying  his  own  pi^wiicc 
by  that  of  the  orators  and  philolophcrs,  Jerom  defends  him- 
felf  by  the  more  refpe^lable  authority  of  Chriftian  apologifts. 
**  How  many  thoufand  line<^,  f.tys  he,  have  been  compofed 
*^  againfl  Ctlfus  and    Porphyry,   by  Origerty  Methodiu?, 
«  Eufcbius   ApoUinaris  ?   Confider  with  what  arguments 
with  what  riippcry  problems,  they  elude  the  inventions  of 
**  the  Devil ;  and  how,  in  their  controverfy  with  the  Gcn- 
<*  tiles,  they  a:  e  fometimes  obliged  to  fpeak,  not  what  they 
really  think,  but  what  is  molt  advantageous  for  the  caufe 
they  defend.'*    **  O:  igenes,  See.  multis  verfuum  millibus 
fcribunt  adveifus  Celfum  ct  Porphyrium.  Confiderate 
•      quibus  argumentis  ct  qu  uii  lubricis  problematibus  diaboli 
fpir.itu  contexta  fubvertunt:  ct  quia  interdum  coguntur 
loqui,  non  quod  fentiunt,  fed  quod  necefle  eft  dicunt  ad- 
"  vcrfus  ea  qux  dicunt  Gentiles.'*     (Pro  Libris  advcrf. 
Jovinian.  Apolog.  torn.  ii.  p.  135.) 

Yet  Dr.  Chelfum  may  ftill  afk,  and  he  has  a  1  isht  to  aft:, 
why  in  this  particular  inflance  I  fufpe£l  the  piou.>»  Origen  of 
mutilating  the  objections  of  his  adverfary.  From  a  very 
obvious,  and,  in  my  opini(!n,  a  very  decifivc  circumftancc. 
Celfus  was  a  Greek  philofophcr,  the  friend  of  Lucian ;  and 
1  thought  that,  although  he  might  fupport  error  by  fophiftry, 
he  would  not  write  nonfenfc  in  his  own  language.  I  renounce 
my  fufpicion>  if  the  moft  attentive  reader  is  able  to  under- 
ftand  the  defign  and  purport  of  a  paflage  which  is  given  as  a 
formal  quotation  from  Celfus,  and  which  begins  with  the 

following  words:  Ov  ^t;»  aoi  iKtw«  onxToy  0W  XiycvTo;,  v^,  &C. 

(Origcn  contr.  Celfum,  L.  viii.  p.  425.  edit.  Spencer,  Can- 
tab. 1677.)  I  have  carefully  infpe^ed  the  original,  I  have 
availed  myfelf  of  the  learning  of  Spencer,  and  even  Bou- 
hereau,  (for  I  (ball  always  difclaim  the  abfurd  and  affedlcd 
pedantry  of  ufmg  without  fcruple  a  Latin  verfion,  but  of 
defpifing  the  aid  of  a  French  tranflation,)  and  the  ill  fucccfs 
of  my  efforts  has  countenanced  the  fufpicion  to  which  I  ftiO 
adhere,  with  a  juft  mixture  of  doubt  and  hefitation.  Origen 
very  boldly  denies,  that  any  of  the  Chriftians  have  affirmed 
what  is  imputed  to  them  by  Celfus,  in  this  unintelligible 
quotation;  and  it  may  eafily  be  credited,  that  none  had 
maiataincd  what  none  can  c^oiprdiexid.   Dr.  Chelfum  has 

produced 


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tht  Decline  and  Fali  of  tht  Roman  Empire*  37 1 

pi^duetd  die  wordt  of  Origen;  hue  on  diis  occafion  there 
is  a  ftnmge  ambiguity  in  the  language  of  the  modem  divioe^^ 
J»  if  he  wtfiiad  to  tnuntiate  what  Iw  dared  not  aflirmi  and 
every  reader  muft  conclude,  from  his  ibte  of  the  qucftion^ 
that  Origeri  exprefsly  denied  the  truth  of  the  aeeufttiw  of 
CeUtit,  who  had  teeujhd  the  Chrifttans  of  dedining  to  affift 
their  fclk>w*fubje&  in  the  military  defence  of  the  empire, 
dliiiled  on  every  fide  by  the  arais  of  the  Barbarians. 

Will  Dr.  Chelfom  juftify  to  the  world,  c;ln  he  juftiffr  to 
his  own  feelings,  the  abide  tMrtitch  he  has  made  even  of  the 
privileges  of  the  Gymnaflic  fMe  i  Careleft  and  hafty  indeed 
muft  have  been  hit  perufal  of  Origen,  if  he  (fid  not  perceive 
that  the  ancient  apologiil,  who  n^ikes  a  fland  on  fome  inci- 
dental queftion,  admits  the  accu^on  of  his  adverfary,  that 
the  ChrilHans  rtfufed  to  bear  arms  even  at  the  command  of 
their  lovereign.  ^  Kw  •  9t^parivo^«  mmm^  wm  tBnyn** 
(Origen,  L.  viii.  p.  427.)  He  endeavours  to  'palliate  this 
imdiitifiil  refttfkl,  by  reprefencing  that  Ae  Chriftians  had  their 
peculiar  camps,  in  which  they  inceffantly  combated  for  the 
fafety  of  the  emperor  and  the  empire,  by  lifting  up  their 
right  hands — in  prayer.  The  apolugill  feems  to  hope  that 
his  country  will  be  fatisfied  with  this  fpiritual  aid,  and  dex« 
teroufly  confounding  the  colleges  of  Roman  priefts  with  the 
multitudes  which  fwelled  the  Catholic  church,  he  claims  for 
his  brethren,  in  all  the  provinces,  the  exemption  firom  mili- 
tary fervice,  which  was  enjoyed  by  the  (acerdotal  order. 
But  as  this  excufe  might  not  readily  be  allowed,  Origen 
loolcs  forward  with  a  lively  faith  to  that  aufpicious  revolution^ 
which  Celiu>  h  id  rejected  as  impoffible,  when  all  the  nations 
of  the  habitable  cdrth,  renouncing  their  paflions  and  their 
arms,  IhouU  embrace  the  pure  doctrnKS  of  the  Gofpel,  and 
lead  a  life  of  peace  and  innocence  under  the  immediate  pro- 
tection of  Heaven.  The  isiih  of  Oi  igen  feenis  to  be  prin- 
cipally founded  on  the  predictions  (  f  the  Prophet  Ze^ha^ 
niah  (See  iii.  9,  10.);  and  he  prudently  oblcrves,  that  the 
prophets  often  Ipeak:  1  ci  et  things  (ti*  awof^rw  My^-v,  p.  4.26. )y 
which  may  be  underitood  by  thole  who  can  underiiand  them; 
and  tha[  if  this  ftupenuous  change  cannot  be  effecited  vvhdci 
wo  reuia  our  bodie>,  it  may  be  accoinphihed  as  loon  a*^  we 
lhall  be  releal'ed  from  them.  Such  is  the  reafoning  of  Ori- 
gen: though  I  have  not  followed  the  order,  I  have  faithfully 
prefervcd  the  fubftance  of  it ;  which  fully  juftifics  the  truck 
and  propriety  of  my  obiervations. 

^  ChelTuniy  p.  nS. 

B  h  2  The 

/ 


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ViAdicMba  ^  Som  Pafljiga.M  Chaplera  XV.  md  XVL 

The  execution  of  Marcellus,  the  Centuriof!,  is  naturally  • 
conned\ed  with  the  Apok)gy  of  Origen,  as  the  former  de- 
clared by  his  .ictiuiis,  what  the  latter  had  atfirmeJ  in  his 
writing*;,  that  the  coiifcicnce  of  a  devout  Chrillian  would 
not  allow  him  to  bear  arms,  even  at  the  command  of  his 
foverei;^n.  I  had  rcprclentcd  this  religious  Icniple  as  one  of 
the  motives  which  provoked  Marcellus,  on  the  day  of  a 
public  fef^ival,  to  throw  away  ihe  enfigns  of  his  ofBcc;  and 
1  prclunied  to  obfcrve,  that  I'uch  an  a6l  of  defertion  would 
have  been  puniilied  in  any  government  according  to  martial 
or  even  civd  law.  Dr.  Chelfum  *  vefV'  bluntly  accufes  me 
of  mifreprefenting  the  ftory,  and  of  lupprelling  thofe  cir- 
cumlhinccs  which  would  have  defended  the  Centurion  trom 
tlie  unjuft  imputaiion  iliruwn  by  me  upon  his  condu6>.  The 
difpute  hL-rwcen  the  advocate  for  Alarcellus  and  mylcif  lies  in 
a  very  narrow  compafs^  as  the  whole  evidence  is  cumpiifed 
in  a  Ihort,  fimple,  and,  I  believe,  authentic  narrative. 

I.  In  another  place  I  obferved,  and  even  prelled  the  ob- 
fervation,  "  that  the  innumerable  deities  and  rites  of  Poly- 

theifm  were  clofcly  interwoven  with  every  circumiiance 
*'  of  bufmefs  or  pleaUirc,  of  public  or  of  private  life;"  and 
I  had  particularly  fpecihed  how  much  the  Roman  difciplinc 
was  connected  with  the  national  fu peril  it len.  A  lulemn 
oath  of  fidelity  was  repeated  every  year  m  the  name  of  the 
gods  and  of  the  genius  of  the  Emperor,  public  and  daily 
facrifices  were  performed  at  the  head  of  the  camp,  the  legio- 
nary was  continually  tempted,  or  rather  compelled,  to  join 
in  the  idolatrous  worlliij^  oi  his  fellow-foldiers ;  and  had  not 
any  fcruples  been  cntert  uned  of  the  lawfulnefs  of  war,  it  is 
not  eafy  to  underftaiid  liow  any  ferious  Chriftian  cuuid  mil  it 
under  a  banner  which  has  been Jullly  termed  the  rival  of  the 
Crofs.  «  Vexilla  a^mula  Chrifti."  (Tcrtullian  de  Corona 
IV]; litis,  c.  xi.)  With  regard  to  the  ioUivib,  who  before 
thci!  converllon  were  already  engaged  in  the  military  life, 
fear,  habit,  il^ik trance,  neceilitN,  fuight  bend  them  to  fome 
2^5}s  of  occalnnial  eoaiuiiiuiy,  and  as  long  as  they  abllained 
iruin  .ibt  >liitc  aiiJ  intentional  idolatry,  their  behaviour  w.ts 
cxcuicd  by  ihc  iiidulgent,  and  cenfurcd  by  the  more 
cafuilts.  (See  the  whole  Trc  itiiL-  dc  Corona  AJiiitis.)  We 
are  ignoi  .mt  of  the  adventures  -ind  char.iwler  of  the  Cwniu- 
rion  Al.irtcllu^,  how  long  he  had  cnncjliated  the  profcffiou 
of  arms  And  oi  the  Gofpcl,  whether  he  was  only  a  Catc- 
chumeiiy  ur  whclher  he  wai  uutiated  by  ilic  iacrainciu  of 

•  Chclfuoj^  p.  114— 117* 

baptifoi. 

<  ■  ■• 


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575 


baptifin.  We  are  likewife  at  a  lofs  to  afcertntn  the  parti* 
Ciilar  a<ffc  of  idoiatry  which  ib  Aiddenly  and  To  forcibly  pro* 
voict'd  his  pious  indignation.  As  be  declared  his  faith  in  the 
midit  of  a  public  entertainment  given  on  the  birthi-day  of 
Galerius,  he  muft  have  been  ftartled  by  fome  of  the  facred 
and  convivial  rites  (Convivia  ifta  proliuia  reputans)  of 
prayers,  or  vqwfi)  or  libations,  or,  perhaps,  by  the  ofFcnAve 
circumfhnce  of  eating  the  meats  which  had  been  offered  to 
the  idols.  Hut  ihe  fcruples  of  Marcellus  were  not  confined 
to  thefe  accidental  impurities  ^  they  evidently  reached  the 
eilential  duties  of  his  profei&on;  and  when,  before  the  txi- 
bunal  of  the  ma^iflrates,  he  avowed  his  faith  at  the  hazard 
of  his  life,  the  Centurion  declared,  as  his  cool  and  deter* 
mined  periuafion,  that  it  does  not  become  a  Chriftian  man^ 
who  is  the  foldier  of  the  Lord  Chrift,  to  bear  arms  for  any 
objed  of  earthly  concern.    «^  Non  enim  decebat  Chriftia- 

num  hominem  molelhis  fecularibus  miltiare,  qui  Chrifto 
"  Domino  militat."  A  formal  declaration,  which  clearly 
difcngages  from  each  other  the  different  qucftions  of  war  and 
idolatry.  With  regard  to  both  thefe  quclHons,  as  they  were 
underitood  by  the  primitive  Chridians,  I  wifh  to  refer  the 
reader  to  the  feotimcnts  and  authorities  of  Mr.  Moyle,  a 
bold  and  ingenious  critic,  who  read  the  Fathers  as  their 
judge,  and  not  as  their  (lave,  and  who  has  refuted,  with  the 
moii  patient  candour,  all  that  learned  prejudice  could  fuggeft 
in  favour  of  ^he  filly  llory  of  the  Thundering  Legion,  pee 
Movie's  Works,  Vol.  ii.  p.  84— 8^.  Iii — X16.  163—212. 
298—302.  327—541.)'  And  here  let  me  add,  that  the  ' 
paflage  of  Origen,-  who  in  the  name  of  his  brethren  dif- 
claims  the  duty  ©f  military  fervice,  is  underftood  by  Mn  -  * 

Moyle  in  its  true  and  obvious  fignification. 

2.  I  know  not  where  Dr.  Chelfum  his  imbibed  the  prin- 
ciples of  logic  or  morality  which  teach  him  to  approve  the 
condudl  of  Marcellus,  who  threw  down  his  rod,  his  belt, 
and  his  arms,  at  the  head  of  the  legion,  (and  publicly  re- 
nounced the  military  fervice,  /it  the  Viry  time  when  he  found 
himlelf  obliged  to  offer  facrifice.  Yet  furely  this  is  a  very 
falfe  notion  of  tlxe  condition  and  duties  of  a  Roman  Centu- 
rion. Marcellus  was  bound,  by  a  folemn  oath,  to  ferve  with 
fidelity  tiil  he  ihould  be  regularly  difchari^ed ;  and  according 
to  the  iciUifnents  which  Dr.  Chelfum  atcnbit:s  to  him,  he  was 
not  rcleafed  from  his  oath  by  any  miftaken  opinion  of  the 
unlawfulncfs  of  war.  i  would  propofe  it  as  a  cafe  of  con- 
fcience  to  any  philofophcr,  or  even  to  any  cafuift  in  Europe, 
Whether  a  particular  order,  which  cannot  be  reconciled 
with  virtue  or  piety,  diilolves  the  ties  of  a  general  and 

lawful  J 


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VhdicatiM  •/  Sone  MBigtl  It^  Ouiplifi  XV.  mti  XVL 


lawful  obligation?  And  wh^tbeft  ^  they  had  been  con- 
Iblted  by  the  Chriftian  Centurion,  they  would  not  have  di- 
vedcd  him  to  increafe  his  diligence  in  the  execution  of  hit 
Military  fund^ions,  to  refufe  to  yield  to  any  a£l  of  idolatry, 
■ttd  patiently  to  expe£i  the  con^uoK:^  of  fuch  a  reiiilid  \ 
But,  inftcad  of  obeying  the  mild  and  moderate  didatcs  of, 
religion,  inilead  of  difttnffuiihing  between  the  duties  of  the 
foldier  and  of  the  ChriSian,  Maicellu<^,  with  imprudent 
^wai,  ru(hed  forwards  to  feize  the  crown  of  martyrdonu 
He  nught  have  privately  confeiTed  himfeU  guilty  to  the  tri- 
bune or  |Nr9fe£t  under  whom  he  ferved :  he  chofe  on  the  day 
of  a  public  feftival  to  difturb  the  order  of  the  camp.  He 
jnfulted,  without  nece^ity,  the  religion  of  his  fovereign  and 
cf  hia  country,  by  the  epithets  of  contempt  which  he  he- 
flowed  on  the  Roman  gods.  ^  Deos  veftros  ligneos  et  lapi- 
^  deos  adorare  contemno,  quse  funt  idula  furda  et  muta." 
Nay  more  ;  at  the  head  of  the  Lgion,  and  in  the  face  of  the 
^andards,  the  Centurion  Marcellus  openly  renounced  his 
allegiance  to  the  Emperors.  Ex  hoc  militare  impera- 
•*  TORiBUs  vKSTRis  defifto."  From  this  moment  I  no 
IcN^er  fervc  your  Emperors,  are  the  important  words  of 
Marcellus,  which  his  advocate  has  not  thought  proper  to 
traiiflate,  I  again  make  my  appeal  to  any  lawyer,  to  any 
military  man.  Whether,  under  fuch  circumftanccs,  the 
pronoun  your  has  not  a  feditious,  and  even  treafonable  im- 
port ?  And  whether  the  officer  who  (hould  make  this  decla> 
ration,  and  at  the  fame  t^me  throw  away  his  fword  at  the 
head  of  the  regiment,  would  nor  be  condemned  for  mutiny 
and  defertion  by  any  court-martial  in  Europe  \  I  am  the  ra- 
ther difpofed  to  judge  fiivourably  of  the  condu£l  of  the  Roman 
government,  as  I  cannot  difcover  any  defire  to  uke  advan- 
tage of  the  indifcretion  of  Marcellus.  t  he  commander  of 
the  legion  fecmcd  to  lament  that  it  was  not  in  his  power  to 
diflcmble  this  ralli  a<fVion.  After  a  delay  of  more  than  three 
months,  the  Centurion  was  examined  before  the  Vice-prae- 
fcd,  his  fuperior  judge,  vk^ho  offered  him  the  fair cil  oppor- 
tunities of  explaining  or  qualifying  his  feditious  expre^ionsy 
and  at  lad  condemned  him  to  iofe  his  head  \  not  limply  be- 
caufe  he  was  a  Chriftian,  but  becaufe  he  had  violated  his 
military  oath,  thrown  away  his  belt,  and  publicly  blafphemed 
the  Gods  and  the  Emperors.  Perhaps  the  impartial  reader 
will  confirm  the  fentencc  of  the  Vice-pracfe6l  Agricolanus, 
Ita  fe  habeat  fa^  Alarcellii  ut  hsKC  Sjcipkna  debeant 
**  vindicari." 

Notwithftanding  the  plaineft  evidence,  Dr»  Chelfum  will 
not  believe  that  either  Orig,en  in  theory,  or  Marcellus  in 
prattcey  could  feriouily  objed  to  the  ufe  nf  annsi  be- 

caui(B 


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•f  th  Decline  W  Fall    ibt  Roman  Empire.  575 

**  caufe  it  is  well  known,  that,  far  from  declinina:  the  bufi- 
nefs  of  war  altogether,  whole  legions  of  Chrift  ians  ferved 
in  the  Imperial  armies*."  I  have  not  yet  dlfcovered,  in 
the  author  or  authors  of  the  Remarks,  many  traces  of  a 
clear  and  enlightened  underftanding,  yet  I  cannot  fuppofe 
them  fo  deftitute  of  every  reafoning  principle,  as  to  imagine 
that  they  here  allude  to  the  conduct  of  the  Chriflians  who 
embraced  the  profeflion  of  arms  after  their  religion  had  ob- 
tained a  public  e(labli(hment.  Whole  legions  of  Chriftians 
lerved  under  the  banners  of  Conftantine  and  Juftinian,  as 
whole  regtnients  of  Chrlilians  are  now  inlided  in  the  fervice  ^ 
of  France  or  England.  The  repreCentation  which  I  had 
given,  was  confined  U>  the  principles  and  pradice  of  the 
church  of  which  Origen  and  Marccllus  were  members^  be- 
fore the  fenfe  of  public  and  private  intereft  had  reduced  the 
lofty  flandard  of  evangelical  perfection  to  the  ordinary  level 
of  human  nature.  In  thofe  primitive  times,  where  arc  the 
Chriftian  legions  that  ferved  in  the  Imperial  armies?  Our  ' 
ecclefiaftical  Pompeys  may  (lamp  with  their  foot,  but  no 
armed  men  will  arife  oqt  oif  the  earth,  except  the  ghofts  of 
the  Thundering  and  the  Thebsean  legions  \  the  former  re- 
nowned for  a  miracle,  and  the  latter  for  a  martyrdom. 
Either  the  two  Proteftant  Dodors  muft  acquidce  under 
fome  imputations  which  are  better  underftood  than  exprefTedy 
or  they  muft  prepare,  in  the  full  light  and  freedom  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  to  undertake  the  defence  of  two  obfolete 
i^ions,  the  leafl  abfurd  of  which  daggered  the  well-difci- 
plined  credulity  of  a  Francifcan  Friar.  (See  Pagi  Critic,  ad 
Annal.  fiaromi,  A.  D.  174.  torn,  i*  p.  168.)  Very  diffe- 
rent was  the  fpirit  and  tade  of  the  learned  and  ingenuous 
Dr.  Jurtin,  who,  after  treating  the  itlly  ftory  of  the  Thun- 
dering Legion  with  the  contempt  it  deferved,  continues  in 
the  following  words :  "  IMoyle  wiihcs  no  greater  penance  to 
**  the  believers  of  the  T  hundering  Legion,  than  that  they 
mav  alfo  believe  the  Martyrdom  of  the  Thebaean  Legion 
(Moyle's  Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  103.}:  to  which  good  wiih, 
I  iay  with  Le  Clerc  ( Bibliotheque  A.  et  M.  torn,  xxvii* 
p.  193-)  Amen. 

Bawum  mn  odit^  ami  tua  carmna,  MitvL** 

( Jortin's  Remarks  on  Ecdefiaftical  Hiftory,  vol.  i.  p.  367* 
2d  Edition,  London,  1767.) 

Yet  1  {hall  not  attempt  to  conceal  a  formidable  army  of 
Chriftians  and  even  of  Martyrs,  which  is  ready  to  inlift 

*  Cbel^j  p*  113* 

under 


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Vindicadoa  rf  Some  Pafiages  in  Chapters  XV.  and  XV  I. 


under  the  banners  of  the  co  federate  Do£lor^,  if  they  will 
accept  thjir  fervice.  As  a  ipecimen  of  the  cxtravn^aiit 
legends  of  the  n  i  'die  aL'e,  I  had  produced  the  inltancc  of 
ten  thoufiind  ChrilHan  folJicrs  fuppofed  to  have  been  cruci- 
fied on  Mount  Ararat,  by  the  order  crher  of  Trajan  or 
Hadrian*.  For  the  mention  and  for  the  confutarion  of  th's 
ftory,  I  had  appealed  lo  a  p  ipift  and  a  proteltant,  tr>  t^e 
learned  Tillemont  (Mem  Kccleliaii.  tnm.  it.  part  it.  p. 
438.),  and  to  the  diligent  Geddes  (Mifcellanie?,  vol.  ij. 
p.  203.),  and  when  Tillenionr  wa<^  not  afraid  to  l.iy  there  are 
^  few  hiftories  which  appear  mo:  c  fabulous,  I  was  not  afliameJ 

of  dilmifling  the  JahLe  with  filent  contempt.    We  may  trace 
the  degrees  of  ndtion  as  well  as  thofe  of  credibility,  and 
the  impartial  critic  will  not  place  on  the  fame  level  the  bap- 
tifm  of  Phil'p  and  the  donation  of  Conftantine.    But  ia 
Confidering  the  crucifixion  of  the  ten  thoufand  Chriilian 
foldicrs,  we  arc  not  reduced  to  the  neceflity  of  weighing  any 
internal  probabilities,  or  of  difproving  «iny  cxrerni?!  tcftimo- 
nics.    This  legend,  the  abfurdity  of  wtnch  mulf  llrike  every 
rational  mind)  iiaiiwS  naked  a  :d  unfupported  by  the  autho- 
rity of  any  writer  wl.o  lived  within  a  thoufand  years  of  the 
age  of  TrajaHf  and  hus  not  been  able  to  obtain  the  poor 
fand^ion  of  thfe  uncorrapted  martyrolngics  which  were  framed 
in  the  moft  credulous  period  of  ecclclialtical  hiftory.  The 
two  Proteftanc  DodlufS  will  probably  rejcdl  the  unfubftantial 
prefent  waich  has  been  offered  thctiii       there  is  one  of  my 
^dverfarleS)  the  anonymous  Gentlemnt!^  who  boldly  declares 
himfcif  the  votary  of  the  ten  thoufand  martyr$>  and  chal- 
lenges me     to  difcredit  a  fact  which  hitherto  by  many 
has  been  looked  upon  as  well  edabliOiedt."   It  is  pity 
that  a  prudent  confeffor  did  not  whifper  in  his  ear,  that, 
although  the  martyrdom  of  thcfe  military  Saints,  hke  that  of 
the  eleven  thoufmd  virgins,  may  contribute  to  the  edification 
of  the  faithfuli  thefe  wonderful  ules  (hould  not  be  rafhly 
expofed  to  the  jealous  and  inquifttive  eye  of  thofe  profane 
critics  vk'hofe  examination  always  precedeSj  and  fometimes 
checks,  their  rcHgiuu;^  afl'ent. 
C«AtAc-      il.  A  grave  and  pathetic  complaint  is  introduced  by  Dr« 
TF*  AKo  Chelfum,  into  his  preface |,  that  Mr.  Gibbon^  who  has 
JiiEiiwT  ^^^'^^  referred  to  the  Father^  of  the  church,  feems  to  have 
entertained  a  general  diilruft  of  thofe  refpe^ble  witnefTes. 
'  The  criiic  is  fcandalized  at  the  epithets  of  (canty  and  fufpi^ 
cious^  which  are  applied  to  the  materials  of  ecdefiafticai 
biftoryi  and  if  he  cannot  impeach  the  truth  of  the  former, 

f  Cibbooi  p.  654.      74.      t  RemarlESy  p.      66»  67.      |  P.  ii.  ili. 

he 


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^'ihi  Decline  Mut  Fall  rf  the  Roman  Empire^  3^ 

he  ccnfures  in  th,c  moft  angry  terms  the  injuitice  of  the 
latter.  Hf  .ifiufr.es,  with  p'-'culiar  zeal,  the  dctjiicc  of 
Eufebius  the  venerable  parent  of  Kccleri  ilHc  'I  Hilt(jrv,  and 
labour^  to  reicue  his  chara<5ter  from  the  gr^'js  nil/reprrji-/:ia^ 
iion  on  which  Mr.  Gibbnn  oni-nlv  inlil^ed*.  He  ob- 
fcrves,  as  if  he  I.i.^acioully  forcfaw  tne  obif- jtion,  "  'I'fiat  it 
**  will  not  be  fufHcient  here  to  allege  a  few  initaiiccs  ot  ap- 
*'  parent  credulity  in  fomc  ol  the  Fathe;  ',  in  r-rder  10  b.x  a 
it  general  charge  ot  Jujfttcion  on  all."  P^u^  it  //my  be  lutfi- 
cient  to  allege  .1  clear  and  fundament'i!  principle  of  hiftorical 
as  well  as  Ic^taI  Criticilm,  that  whenever  wc  are  deditute  of 

'<hc  means  of  comparing  the  teif  imonies  of  the  oppofite  par- 
tier.,  the  evidence  of  any  witncfs,  however  illuflnous  by  his 
rank  and  titles,  is  julliy  to  be  juipt-dlfd  in  his  own  caiife. 
it  is  unfi'i  tuna'.e  en(^ui:h,  that  I  Ihould  be  engaged  with  ad- 
verfanes,  whom  their  habits  of  Only  and cotiverfatinn  appear 
to  have  left  in  total  ignorance  of  tuc  principles  which  uai* 
vcrfally  regulate  the  opinions  and  practice  of  mankind. 

As  the  ancient  world  was  not  diftra6led  by  the  fierce  con- 
fli£b  of  hollile  fc(^s,  the  free  and  eloquent  writers  ot"  Greece 
and  Rome  had  few  opportunities  of  indulging  their  paffions, 
or  of  excrcifing  their  impaftiality  in  the  relation  of  religious 
events.  Since  the  cigin  of  Theolocical  Factions,  Ibme 
Hiitorians,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  Fra-Paolo,  Thuanus, 
Hume,  and  perhaps  a  few  others,  have  deferv^d  the  fingular 
praife  of  holding  the  balance  with  a  ileady  and  equal  h^nd» 
Independent  and  unconnected,  they  contemplated  with  the 
f^e  indifference)  the  opinions  and  tnterdh  of  the  con- 
tending parties;  or>  if-  they  were  ferloufly  attached  to  a  par- 
ticular fyllem,  they  were  armed  with  a  firm  and  moderate  ' 
temper,  which  enabled  them  to  fupprefs  tht  lr  ai^e«^ionS|  and 
to  facrificc  their  refcntmcnts.  In  this  frnaU,  but  verier  able 
Synod  of  Hillorians,  Fufebius  cannot  claim  a  feat,  i  had 
acknowledged,  and  I  flill  think,  that  his  chara(5ier  was  Ids 
tinctured  with  credulity  than  that  of  moft  of  his  -contempe- 
raries;  but  as  his  enemies  muft  admit,  that  he  was  itncere 
and  earneit  in  the  profefTion  of  Chriftianity,  fo  the  warmeft 
of  his  admirers^  or  at  ieait  of  his  r<^ader>,  mtifl  difcerii*  and 
will  probably  applaud,  the  religious  zeal  which  difg races  or 
adorns  every  page  of  his  Ecdeliaitical  Hillory.  This  libo* 
rious  and  ufeful  work  was  publiihed  at  a  timC)  between  the 

:  defeat  of  Licinius  and  the  Council  of  Nice)  when  the  re« 
feytment  of  the  Chriilians  was  itill  warm,  and  when  t&e 
Pagans  were  ailonilhed  and  difmayed  by  the  recent  vidory 
andconverfion  of  the  great  Conltantine.   The  materiaisyX 

* 

jhall 


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Vindi^on  of  Some  Parages  /«  Chapters  XV.  W  XVX* 

fliall  dare  to  repeat  the  invidious  upithcts  of  ft  aruy  ^id  inU- 
picious,  were  extracted  irom  the  accounts  which  theChrif- 
tiaiis  rhcmlLfves  had  given  of  their  oim  (ufTLim^s,  aiid  of 
the  cruelty  their  enemies,  1  he  Pi2;an^  had  lo  Jong  aud 
fo  conrcinpLuoatlv  iK'a,Iccted  the  nlincr  greatncfs  of  ihe 
Church,  that  the  BiOiup  of  Crefarca  I^.kI  liule  either  to  hope 
4)r  t(3  fear  from  the  writers  of  tlie  oppoiuc  p^irty ;  almoft  a!! 
ol  tliat  littk  wliich  did  exifl,  has  been  accidea^ahy  ioif,  or 
purpofcly  lieitroycvi  j  and  the  candid  enquirer  may  vainly  wifh 
to  compare  with  the  Hi  dory  of  ]  uiL  Dias,  fonie  lieatiien 
narrative  of  the  pej^fccutions  of  Decius  an<i  IDiocIetian. 
Under  thefc  circumflances>  it  is  the  duty  of  an  unpaniil 
judge  to  be  counsel  for  the  prifoner,  who  is  incapable  uf 
making  any  deience  for  liimfLh' j  and  it  is  the  lirll  office  ot 
a  counfel  to  exaniitie  with  diflrult  and  fufpicion  the  interciied 
evidence  of  the  accufer.  Reafon  julHftes  the  fufpicion,  and 
it  is  confirmed  by  the  conftant  experience  of  modern  Hif- 
torv,  in  almoft  every  inll.uice  where  we  have  an  opportunity 
Qi  compariiii^  ihe  mutual  complaints  and  apologies  of  the 
^•eligious  tactions,  who  have  difturbed  each  other's  bappine^ 
in  this  world,  for  the  fake  of  fecurinj^  it  in  the  next* 

As  we  aifc  deprived  of  the  means  of  contraAing  the  ad- 
Yerfe  relations  of  the  Chriftians  and  Pagans  j  it  is  the  more 
incumbent  on  us  to  improve  the  opportunities  of  trying  the 
narratives  of  Eufebius,  by  the  original,  and  fomctimes  oc» 
calional,  teftimonies  of  the  me  re  ^ncicnt  writei  s  ei  hi^  own 
party.  Dr.  Chehuni  *  has  oblerved,  that  the  celebrated 
pallage  of  Origcn,  which  has  fo  nuch  thinned  the  ranks  of 
the  army  of  Martyrs,  nuili  be  conhiied  to  livj  perfecutions 
that  had  already  happened.  1  cannot  dilpute  th  s  fugacious 
remark,  but  1  fhall  venture  to  add,  that  this  palUge  more 
immediate jy  rcl  i:es  lo  the  religious  icmpefts  which  had  been 
excited  in  the  time  and  country  of  Origcn ;  and  ihil  mo:? 
particularly  to  the  city  of  Alexandria,  aiid  to  the  perlecutioa 
ot  Sevcrus>  in  which  young  Origen  fuccefsfully  exhorted  his 
father,  to  facrifice  his  life  and  fortune  fi»r  the  taufe  of  Ctirlft. 
From  fuch  unqucftionahle  cvidenccj  I  am  authoriled  to  con- 
clude, that  the  number  of  holy  victims  who  fcalcd  their  faith 
^ith  their  blood,  vjras  not,  on  this  occafion,  very  coniidc- 
rablc:  but  I  cannot  reconcile  this  fair  conclufior.  with  the 
pofitive  dedandon  of  Eufebius  (L.  vi.  c.  2.  p.  that 
at  Alexandria^  in  die  perfecution  of  Severus,  an  innume- 
fabi€»  atleaft  aa  tndeEaite  otultitude  (i^^)  of  Cbritlians 
were  honoured  witb  tlis  crown  of  Martyrdom.  I'be  advo* 
<atw  for  £ttfebius  may  eaert  their  cnticai  Ikiil  ia  proving 

that 


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^  iii  DecUne  anJ  Faii  9/  the  Roman  Empire*  $f§ 

that  /xt'^ot  and  •Xt^u  manf  and  few^  are  fynonymous  and  con-f  , 
vertible  terms,  but  they  will  hardly  fucceed  in'  diminiihing 
fo  palpable  a  contradiction^  or  in  remOTing  the  fufpicion 
which  decpl)'  fixes  itfelf  on  the  htftorical  chara(5lcr  of  the 
Bifhop  of  Cafarea.  This  unfortunate  experiment  taught 
me  to  read,  with  becoming  caution,  the  loofe  and  declama- 
tory llylc  which  fuems  to  magnify  the  muhitude  of  Martyrs 
and  Conkllurs,  and  to  a^rgravate  the  nature  of  their  fuffer- 
jii^s.  1  rom  the  farnc  nuitivcs  I  felc<Elcd,  with  careful  ub- 
icrvaiKin,  the  inorc  ccrtair\  uccnunt  of  the  number  of  per-- 
foi^s  vviio  actually  luHcrcd  death  in  the  province  of  Pa,lcilinc^ 
danri^  the  whole  eight  years  of  the  lall  and  moft  rigorous 
pcrlecution. 

Befides  the  icafonable  ^rounds  of  fufpicion,  which  fuggeft 
themfelves  to  every  liberal  nuiid,  againtl  the  credibility  of 
the  Eccfefiaftical  Hillnrians,  and  of  i:.uiebius,  their  vene- 
rable leader,  I  had  v^kcn  notice  of  two  very  remarkable 
pafl'agcs  of  the  HilLop  of  Cxiarea.  He  frank.1/,  or  at  leaft 
indirectly,  declares,  that  in  treating  of  the  lail  pcrfecution, 
**  he  has  related  whatcvt  r  might  redound  to  the  glory,  and 
«*  fupprelTcd  all  that  could  tend  to  the  dilgrace,  of  Reli- 
**  gion*."  Dr.  Chelfum,  who,  on  this  occafion,  moft 
lamentably  exclaims  that  we  (hould  hear  Eufebius,  before 
we  utterly  condemn  hmi,  has  provided,  with  the  afTiiUnce 
of  his  worthy  colleague,  an  elaborate  defence  for  their  com- 
mon patron  i  and  as  if  he  were  fecretly  conlcious  of  the 
weakrxis  of  the  caufe,  he  has  contrived  the  rcfource  of  in- 
trenching himfelf  in  a  very  muddy  foil,  behind  three  feveral 
fortihcations,  which  do  not  exactly  lupport  each  other.  The 
advocate  for  the  finccrity  of  Eufebius  maintains :  lit.  That 
he  never  made  fuch  a  declaration :  2dly,  That  he  had  a 
right  to  make  it :  and,  3dly,  That  he  did  not  obfcrve  it. 
'i  hcfe  ieparate  and  alinoii  incoofiitent  apologies^  I  ihaU 
Separately  confider. 

I.  Dr.  Chelfum  is  at  a  lofs  how  to  reconcile,  T  beg 

pardon  for  weakening  the  force  of  his  dogmatic  ftylr ;  he 
declares,  that,  *' It  is  plainly  impolFible  ro  rcconcilj  tlie 
«  exprefs  words  of  the  charge  exhibited,  with  any  part  of 
"  either  of  the  paflaf^cs  appealed  to  in  fupport  of  itf.*'  If 
he  means,  i  think  he  mult,  that  the  exprefs  words  of  my 
text  cannot  be  found  in  that  of  P^ufebius,  I  congratulate  the 
inipurt  mce  of  the  difcovery.  But  was  it  poffible  ?  Could  it 
be  my  defign  to  quote  the  words  of  Eufebius,  when  I  re- 
diiccd  into  one  featence  thic  ^tk  and  fubftftnce  of  ivm 

.  diffufc 


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Vindicaiion  of  Some  Paflagcs  in  Chapters  XV.  ani  XVL 

diffiile  ind  diftin£t  pafTa^es  ^  If  I  have  given  the  true  fenir 
and  meaning  of  the  Lccleftaftical  Hiirorian,  I  have  dil^ 
charged  the  duties  of  a.  fotr  Inter{Xreter ;  nor  (hall  I  refuie  to 
reft  the  proof  of  my  fidelity  on  die  tranflation  of  thofe  two 
paiFagcs  of  Eufebitis,  which  Dr.  Chelfum  products  ki  his 
lavour**   ^  But  tt  is  not  our  part  to  delcribe  the  £id  eala- 
^  mities  which  at  hift  befel  them  (the  Chrtfilani)^  (ince  it 
does  not  agree  with  our  plan  to  rebte  their  difieafiooa 
"  and  wickednefs  before  the  perfecutbn^  on  which  account 
^  we  have  determined  to  relate  nothing  more  cpncerning 
•*  thpm  than  may  ferve  to  juftify  the  Divine  Judgment;. 
^  We  therefore  have  not  been  induced  to  make  mention 
^  cither  of  thofe  who  were  tempted  in  the  perfecution,  or 
^  of  thofe  who  made  utter  fhipwreck  of  their  ^Ivatiop* 
^  and  who  were  fonk  of  their  own  accord  in  die  depths  of 
**  the  ftorm  \  but  fliall  only  add  thofe  things  to  our  General 
^  Hiftory,  which  may  in  the  firft  place  be  profitable  to  our- 
*^  felves,  and  afterwards  to  pofteri^/'  In  die  other  paiiage» 
Eufebius^  after  mentioning  the  difienfions  of  the  Confie^rs 
among  themfelvef,  again  declares  that  tt  his  intention  to  pa6 
over  au  thefe  things.       Whatfoever  things,  (continues  the 
Hiftorian,  in  the  words  of  the  Apoftlc,  who  was  reconr- 
mending  the  practice  of  viruic,)  whatfoever  things  are 
honell",  what(()cvcr  thinirs  are  of  good  report,  if  there  be 
any  virtue,  and  it  there  be  any  pcaifc;  thefe  things  Ku!e- 
"  bius  thinks  moll  fuitablc  to  a  Hi{lory  of  Martyrs  /* 
wonderful  Martyrs,  is  the  rp]'_'ndid  epithet  which  Dr.  Chel- 
fum had  not  thought  proper  to  t  a^Owte.     I  Ih  uld  bctrav  <i 
very  mean  tjpinion  of  the  ju('g!iient  and  candour  of  iiiv 
readers,  if  I  added  a  iingle  ref?c^ion  on  the  clcj.r  -^i.c  ob- 
vious tendency  of  the  two  p^i;a_cs  of  the  EccLluirtic..:  i 
torian.    I  Iball  only  oblcrve,  that  the  Liifhop  of  CVfarca 
fccmb  to  have  claimed  a  privilege  of  a  ibli  niure  danccrcu> 
and  extenlivc  nature.    In  one  of  the  najft  learned  and  ela- 
borate works  that  antitjuiry  has  Iptt  us,  the  1  hirtv-fccc  nJ 
Chapter  ot  the   i  wchtti  Book  ©f  his  Evangelical  Prcpar.i- 
tion  bears  for  its  title  this  IcandalaaS  Prf»pofiiio[i,      Huw  it 
V  may  bc^lawful  and  fitting  to  uic  fakehood  a»  a  medicine, 
ajid  for  the  benefit  of  thofe  who  want  to  be  drceived,** 

T**  T'.la7i^  T.:r-7.-w  (P.  356*  Edit.  GraLC.  K,ob.  Stephaf:),  i'.:rt> 
J544. )  in  this  pallaec  f.e  alleges  a  pailage  of  PL.io,  wiiich 
approves  the  occu  luii  practice  of  pious  and  laluiar'/  trau^'si 
^ui      i-ulcbiu&  ;iiaaincd  to  juuny  the  tciilimcatb  of  liic 

*  Cbelfun},  p.  228.  231* 

Athenian 


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^  tht  Decline  and  Fall  tf  the  Roman  Empire. 

Athenian  philofopher  by  the  example  of  tlie  (acr^d  writeiS 
of  the  Old  Teftament. 

2.  I  had  contented  myfelf  with  obfcrving)  that  Eufehius 
had  violated  one  of  the  tuiid  imcntal  laws  of  hiftory.  Nt 
quid  veri  dicere  Jion  aaJt-ut ;  noi  couKi  I  imagine,  if  the  fact 
was  allowed,  thut  any  qucilion  could  poflibly  arife  upon  the 
matter  of  right,  I  was  iiKlicd  iniftak.Lii;  and  I  n<vw  be^i^in 
to  undeiftand  why  I  have  ^wcw  fo  lutic  Utibfactioii  to  Dr. 
Chelfum,  and  to  nchcr  critics  of  the  izmz  coniplcxion,  as 
our  ideas  of  the  duties  ai^d  the  privileges  of  an  hiitorian  a^j- 
pear  to  be  fo  widely  diflercru.    h  is  allciz;ed,  iliat  tvcry 

writer  has  ^  ris^ht  to  thule  his  fahiect,  for  the  particular 
**  benefit  ot  his  reader;  th  a  he  h.:s  explained  his  own  phin 

cnniitleiiiiy ,  ihaL  he  ccqfiders  hiinLlf,  accoiJuig  to  it, 
**  not  as  a  complete  hiiUjiian  of  the  times>  but  rather  «^  a 

did(2,5iic  writer,  whufc  main  objeft  is  to  make  his  work, 
**  like  the  Scriptures  thcn\feK'es,  profitable  i-oR  Duc- 

TRINE  i  t;i.ii,  as  he  treats  only  of  the  affairs  of  the 

Ciiurch,  the  plan  is  at  leaf!:  txcuiable,  periiaps  jXTuliarly 
"  proper  i  and  that  he  has  cuiihirmed  hur.felf  to  the  i>rinci- 

pid  duty  of  an  hillorian,  while,  accordii^g  to  his  imme- 
•*  diate  defign,  he  has  not  particularly  related  any  of  the 

tranfa<Slidns  wiiich  could  tend  to  the  difgrace  of  religion*.'* 
The  hiftorian  muft  indeed  be  generous,  who  will  conceal, 
by  his  own  dii'iirace,  that  of  his  countr\',  or  of  his  rcli;no[i. 
\\'hatever  fahjccl  he  has  chofen,  whatever  perfons  be  intro- 
duces, he  owes  to  himfelf,  to  the  prefent  age,  and  to  poile- 
rity,  a  juft  and  perfe^l  delineation  of  all  that  may  be  prai fed, 
of  all  that  may  be  excufed,  and  of  all  that  muil  be  ccnlured. 
If  he  fails  ill  the  difchargc  of  his  important  office,  he  par- 
tially violates  the  ficrcd  obligations  of  truth,  and  d.fappoints 
his  readers  of  tiie  inilruction  which  they  might  have  derived 
from  a  fair  parallel  of  the  vices  and  virtues  of  the  moll  illuf- 
trious  characters.  Herodotus  miLrht  range  without  controul 
in  the  fpacious  walks  td'  the  Greek  and  Barbaric  domain, 
and  Thucydidcs  might  conhne  his  Heps  to  the  narrow  path 
of  the  Pclopormelian  war-,  but  thofe  hillorian>>  would  never 
have  delcrvcd  me  clleem  of  pollerity,  if  they  had  dcfignedly 
fupprelled  or  tranUeiuly  mentioned  tliofe  fa  As  which  could 
tend  to  the  difgrace  of  Greece  or  of  Athens.  Thcfe  unal- 
terable dictates  of  confciencc  and  reafon  have  been  /eiaom 
qiicltiruied,  thoui^h  they  h  ive  been  feldoni  obferved  j  and  we 
mult  Imcercly  join  in  the  honelk  complaint  of  Melchior 
CaouSy    liui  ihc  lives  of  the  philofopbers  have  beca  com- 


«  pOiCd 


Vindication  of  Some  Parages  in  Chapters  X\\  and  XVI. 

^  pofed  bj  LaertiuSf  and  thofe  of  the  Caefiui  bjr  Siiefonius» 
widi  a  oducli  ftrider  and  more  fevere  regard  kx  hiftoric 
^  truth,  than  can  be  found  m  the  lives  of  fatnts  and  martyrs, 
*<  as  they  are  defcribed  by  Catholic  writers.'*  (Sec  Loci 
Communes,  L*  xi.  pw  6561  apud  Clericam,  EpiAol.  Critic 
p^  136.)  And  yet  the  partial  reprefentation  of  troth  is 
of  far  more  pernicious  confequence  in  ecclefiaftical,  than  in 
dvil  hiftory.   If  Laertius  had  concealed  the  defe6b  of  Placu, 
or  if  Suetonius  bad  difguifed  the  vices  of  Augufluf,  we 
fliould  have  been  derived  of  the  knowled^  of  Ibme  curious, 
and  perhaps  inflnioive,  ^i£b,  and  our  idea  of  thofe  cde» 
brated  men  might  have  been  more  favourable  than  they  de* 
Ibrved;  but  I  cannot  difcover  any  praAtcal  inconveniences 
which  could  have  been  the  refult  of  our  ignorance.   But  if 
Eufcbius  had  fairly  and  circumftantially  rdated  the  fcanda- 
lous  diflenfions  of  the  Confdibrs;  if  he  had  (hewn  that  their 
virtues  were  tin£lured  with  pride  and  obftinacy,  and  that 
their  lively  ^itb  was  not  exempt  from  fome  mixture  of  en- 
thufiafm )  he  vK^uld  have  armed  his  readers  againft  die  ex- 
ceffive  veneration  for  thofe  holy  men,  which  imperceptibly 
degenerated  into  religious  worfhip.   The  fuccels  of  thefe 
mdaUk  hiHories,  by  concealing  or  palliating  every  cii^um-* 
ilance  of  human  inftrmity,  was  one  of  the  moft  efficacious 
means  of  confecrating  the  memory,  the  bones,  and  the  wri- 
tings of  the  faints  of  the  prevailing  party  1  and  a  great  part< 
,  of  the  errors  and  corruptions  of  the  Church  of  Rome  maj 
fairly  be  afcribed  to  this  criminal  diffimulation  of  the  eecle& 
aftical  hiftorians.   As  a  Proteftant  Divine,  Dr.  Chelfum 
muft  abhor  thefe  corruptions  j  but  as  a  Chriftian,  he  (kou]d 
be  careful  left  his  apology  for  the  prudent  choice  of  £ufe« 
bius  ihould  fix  an  indirm  cenfure  on  the  unreferved  (incert^ 
of  the  four  Evangelifls.    Inflbead  of  confioine  their  narra- 
tive to  thofe  things  which  are  virtuous  afid  of  good  report, 
inftead  of  following  the  plan  which  11  here  recommended  as 
ftiulhirly  fr§per  for  the  afEurs  of  the  Church,  the  infpired 
writers  have  thought  it  their  duty  id  relate  the  moft  minute 
circumftances  of  the  fall  of  St.  Peter,  without  coniidering 
•  whether  the  behaviour  of  an  Apoftle,  who  thrice  denied  his 
Divine  Mailer,  might  redound  to  the  hooour,  or  to  the  dif- 
grace  of  Chriftianity.   If  Dr.  Chelfum  fliould  be  frijghttned 
by  this  ttne]i^edled  confequence,  if  he  fliould  be  defSous  of 
Hvving  his  &th  from  utter  /bifwnck^  bv  throwing  over- 
board the  ttfeleft  lumber  of  memory  ana  refledion,  I  am 
not  enough  his  enemy  to  impede  the  fiicceft  of  his  honeft 
cndeavourib 

The 


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•J  ihe  Dedine  andFiSitf  th  Romaii  En^ivr 

The  didaftic  method  of  writing  hiftory  was  fttll  more 
profitably  excrcifc-d  by  Kufebius  in  another  work^  which  he 
ha^  intitle.^,  The  Life  of  Conflantine,  his  gracious  patron 
and  henefjctor.  Priefts  and  poets  have  enjoyed  in  everv  age 
a  privilege  of  fiatrcrv;  but  it  the  actions  of  Conitamine  are 
compared  with  the  pcrfcil;  idea  of  a  royal  faint,  which, 
under  his  name,  has  been  deiiue.ued  by  the  zeal  and  grati- 
tude of  l^Lifcbiu?,  the  moft  indLil;:eiit  reader  will  ronfef?, 
that  when  1  flyled  him  a  courtly  Bi/r^op  '^,  I  could  only  b? 
rertrained  by  my  rcfpe(5l  for  the  cpilcopal  chara^er  from  the 
ufe  of  a  much  harfher  epithet.  The  other  appellations  of  a 
fajfnnatt  fhcJahner^  which  feems  to  have  founded  ftill  more 
otFenfive  in  the  tender  e^rs  of  Dr.  Chclium  f ,  was  not  ap- 
plied by  me  to  Eufebius  but  to  f^af^antius,  or  rather  to  the 
author  of  the  hiftorical  declamation,  De  mortibus  perj'ccu^ 
torum\  and  indeed  it  is  much  more  properly  adapted  to  the 
Rhetorician,  than  to  the  Biflxop.  Each  of  thefe  authors 
was  alike  ftudinu<^  of  the  glory  of  Conflantipe;  but  each  of 
them  dire«Sled  the  torrent  of  his  inveftivcs  againft  the  tyrant, 
whether  Maxentius  or  Lkinus,  whofe  recent  defeat  was  the 
a(flual  theme  of  popular  and  Chriftian  applaufe.  This  fimple 
obfervation  may  fcrve  to  cxtinguilh  a  very  trifling  objec- 
tion of  my  critic.  That  Eufebius  has  not  reprefented  the 
Cyrant  Maxentius  under  the  character  of  a  Perfecuton 

^Vithout  fcrutinizing  the  confiderati<Ni9  of  intcreft  which 
flmght.iiipport  the  integrity  of  Baronius  and  Tillemont,  i 
fnay  fairly  obferve,  that  both  thofe  learned  Catholics  have 
acknowledged  and  condemned  the  diffimulation  of  Eufebius, 
which  is  partly  denied,  and  pnrtly  juftificd,  by  my  adver^y. 
The  honourable  refle^on  of  Baronius  well  deferves  to  be 
tranfcribed.    "  Haec  (the  paflages  already  quoted)  de  fuo  in 
confcribendi  perfecutionis  hiftoria  Eufebius;  parum  ex- 
plens  nuioeros  fui  muneris;  dum  perindeac  ii  panegjrrim 
icriberet  non  hiitoriun,  triomphos  du  mtaxat  martyrum 
atque  victorias,  now  autem  lapfiis  jaduramque  fidclium 
polleris  fcripturae  mofiumeatilLCuraret.'*    f  Baron  AnnaL 
Ecclefiall.  A.  D.  302,  Na  11.   See  likewife  TiUemont, 
Mem.  EccleL  ton*  v«  p.  62,  156;  torn.  vii.  p*  130.)  In  a 
former  inibnce,  Dr.  Chelfum  appeared  to  be  more  credu- 
lous than  a  Monk:  on  the  prefent  occafion,-  he  has  (hewn 
kimfelf  lefs  ftncere  than  a  Cardinal,  and  more  obftiiiate  thaa 
a  Janfenift* 

3.  Yet  the  advocate  for  Eufebius  has  ftiH  another  ezpe* 
dicnt  in  rderve.    Perhaps  he  made  die  unfortunate  decU* 


*  Gibbon,  p*  7a(»  f  ChelfwDf  f  •  »3|* 

catioA 


0 


384.  Vindication  cf  Some  Vjl^^'^^^  in  Cliapters  XV.  and  XV'I. 

ration  of  his  partial  deiii^n,  perhaps  he  had  a  right  to  make 
it ;  but  at  leaft  his  accuier  inuft  admit,  that  he  has  faved  his 
honour  by  not  keeping  his  word  j  fuice  I  myfelf  have  uken 
notice  of  THE  CORRUPTION  OF  MANNERS  AND  PRIN- 
CIPLES amon^  lite  ChrilHans  fo  FORciBtv  lamented  by 
Eufebius^.  He  has  in<ieed  indulged  himfelf  m  a  flrain  of 
loofe  and  indefinitt  cenrure>  which  may  generally  be  juft,  and 
which  cannoc  be  perfonally  offenfive,  which  is  alike  inca- 
pable of  wounding  or  of  corfe£lsng,  as  it  feems  to  have  no 
l;xcd  objcdt  or  certain  aim.  Juvenal  might  have  read  his 
fatire  againft  women  in  a  circle  of  Roman  ladies  and  each 
of  them  might  have  liltened  with  plc;ifure  to  the  .^.mufrng 
dciciiplion  of  the  various  vices  and  follies,  from  which  flic 
herfelf  was  fo  perfectly  free.  I  tie  moral ift>  the  preacher, 
tlie  LCv  !v  haitical  hiilorun,  enjoy  a  flill  more  uniple  uiitui;: 
of  invective  i  aiul  \\s  lon^  as  iLcy  abii.iin  from  any  particular 
Ceiilure,  they  may  lecareiy  expofe,  an  J  even  exaj  erate,  the 
fins  of  the  multitude.      I'/ie  prece;  :s  (.i  , .  :  irv  leern 

to  iiicuii  .:*e  a  jRyle  ui  inui  uncaii  of  ahalemehi,  uf  lelt- 
■  contempt  i  and  ihe  h}  p(KriLe  who  alpires  to  iwz  reputation  of 
a  faint,  often  {\\\^\'^  it  convenient  to  afiect  the*  Ian  ^ua^^e  of  a 
penitent,  i  lat>LiJd  d  ubt  whether  Dr.  Caclfum  is  much 
acquainted  with  the  coir.cdics  of  Mollere.  If  he  has  ever 
read  that  initnit..blc  mailer  of  hu:r.an  life,  he  may  recoiled 
vlicihcr  rartuffe  was  very  much  inciiacu  to  confcfs  his  real 
guilt|  when  he  exclaimed) 

Oui^  mon  frercy  je  fuis  un  ?)h  chanty  nn  ceupablii 

iJn  mulhi  urettx  pichcury  toutplt  hi(ri>iiquUe\ 
Le  plus  ^r(2n<l  j.cUrat  (jui  ait  jamais  etc-. 
Chaqui'  inflant  de  ma  vie  eji  charg(  dc  jouillures^ 
ElU  n'eji  quun  a/nas  de  crime i  et  iordurtu 


Duly  mn  eher  fils^  parlez^  trahez  mot  de  perfide^ 
D*infamey  dc  perduy  de^  voleury  d'hamicide  i 
jfccabiez  mot  di  nms  incore  plus  dUkftet : 
yc  rCy  contredis  pStnty  je  les  at  meritesy 
Et  fen  veux  d  genoux  foujfrir  P  i^nominiey 
Cotnme  me  honte  due  aux  crimei  de  ma  vie* 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  compare  the  character  of  Tartu ffc 
Willi  tiiAt  of  Kufcbiusi  the  former  poiaied  his  inveciives  a^auiii 

« 

hiaii£l4 


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of  tot  Decline  attd  Fall  of  tbt  Roman  Empife. 


Sis 


»  hjmfelf»  die  latlerdireded  them  agaioft  the  times  in  which ht 
h«d  lived :  but  as  the  prudent  Biihop  of  CkfareaUnotfpecify 
anv  place  or  perfon  for  the  otjeA  of  his  cenfurey  be  cannot 
juAly  be  accufedy  even  by  bis  friends,  of  vioUtmg  the  pr§m 
fitabU  plan  of  his  dida&k  hiftory. 

The  extreme  caution  of  Eufebius,  who  declines  any 
mention  of  diofe  who  were  tempted  and  who  fell  during  the 
perfecutiony  has  countenanced  a  fufpicion  that  he  himfelf 
was  one  of  diofe  unhappy  viAims,  and  that  his  tendemeft 
for  the  wounded  fame  of  his  brethren  arofe  from  a  jufl  ap- 
prdieniion  of  his  own  difgrace.  In  one  of  my  notes  I 
had  obferved,  that  he  was  charged  with  die  guilt  of  fome 
criminal  compliances,  in  his  own  prefence,  and  in  the 
Council  of  Tyre.  I  am  therefore  accountable  for  die 
reality  only,  and  not  for  the  truth  of  the  accufadon :  but 
as  the  two  Dolors,  who  on  this  oocalion  unite  their 
forces,  are  angt^  and  ckmorous  in  aflertine  the  innocence 
of  the  Ecdefiafticai  Hiflorian  f,  I  ihall  advance  one  fkp 
farther,  and  fball  maintain,  that  the  chaige  isgainft  £ufe- 
bius,  thoudi  not  legally  proved,  is  fupported  by  a  realiMia- 
ble  fliare  m  prefumptive  evidence. 

I  have  often  wondei-ed^hy  our  orthodox  Divines  fhould 
be  To  earneft  and  zealous  in  the  defence  of  Eufebius ; 
whofe  moral  chara^er  cannot  be  preferved,  unlefs  by  the 
facrifice  of  a  more  iUuilrious,  and,  I  really  believe,  of 
a  more  innocent  vidim.  Either  the  Bifhop  of  Ccfarea,  on 
a  very  important  occafion,  violated  the  laws  of  Chriftian 
charity  and  civil  juftice,  or  we  muft  6x  a  chaige  of  Ca-* 
lumny,  almoft  ot  forgery,  on  the  head  of  the  great  Atha- 
nafius,  the  flaodard-bearer  of  the  Homooufian  caufe,  and 
the  firmeft  pillar  of  the  Catholic  faith.  In  the  Council  of 
Tyre,  he  was  accufed  of  murdering,  or  at  leaft  of  mudlat<* 
ing  a  Biiliop,  whom  he  produced  at  Tyre  alive  and  unhurt 
(Athanaf.  tom.  i.  p.  78^.  786.] ;  and  of  facrilegioufly 
breaking  a  confecrated  chalice,  in  a  village  where  netdier 
church,  nor  altar,  nor  chalice,  could  pombly  have  exifted* 
(Athanaf.  tom. -i.  p.  731,  732  ^01*)  NotwithiUnding 
the  cleareft  proofs  of  his  innocence,  Arhanaiius  wis  op- 
prefled  by  the  Arian  fa^ion  and  Eufebius  of  Csefarea, 
the  venerable  father  of  Ecdefiaftical  hiftory,  conduced 
this  iniquitous  profecution  from  a  modve  of  perfonal  enmity. 
(Athanaf.  tom^  i.  p.  718^  79c.  797.)  Four  years  after- 
wards, a  national  council  of  the  Bifhops  of  £jn>t,  fbrty« 
nine  of  whom  had  been  prefent  at  the  Synod  of  Tvre,  ad* 
drefied  an  epiflle  or  manifidlo  in  6ivourof  Adumalius  to  all 

*  GtbbM,  f,  S99.  N*  t7S,     t  ClwlAia  nd  RioMfh^  ^  S|6y  S37,  sst. 

\qu  UL  C  c  die 


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Vindicadon     Seme  Pafltget  im  CiMipiers  XV.  mi  XVJU 


the  Biihops  of  the  Chriftian  world.    In  this  epiiile  they  af-  , 
fert,  that  fomc  of  the  Confeffors,  who  accompanied  them 
to  Tyre,  had  accufed  Eufebius  of  Cxfarea  of  an  a6t  rela- 
tive to  idolarroiis  farrificc.    »¥.  EucriCio  o  w  Koiirc^iMi  rr^  HaXxta^ 

tom.  1.  p.  728.)    Belidcs  this  fliort  and  authentic  nienic^rial, 
which  efcaped  the  knowledge  or  the  candour  of  our  confe- 
derate Do6tors,  a  confonant  but  more  circumftantial  n.irra- 
tive  of  the  accufation  of  Eufcbius  may  be  found  in  the  writ- 
ingJiof  Epiphanius  (Hxrcf.  Ixviii.  p.  723,  724.),  the  learn- 
ed Bifhop  of  Salamis,  who  was  born  about  the  time  of  the 
Synod  of  Tyre.    He  relates,  that,  in  one  of  the  felons  of 
the  Council,  Potamon  Biihop  ot  Hcracica  iu  Egypt,  ad- 
.drefled  Eufcbius  in  the  following  words:  **  How  now. 
*'  Eufcbius,  can  this  he  borne,  that  you  Hiould  be  featcd 
*'  as  a  judge,  while  the  innocent  Athanalius  is  left  (land- 
**  ing  as  a  criminal  ?   Tell  me,  continued  Potamon,  were 
**  we  not  in  prifon  together  during  the  perfecuiion  ?  For 
**  my  own  part,  I  loft  an  eye  for  the  fake  of  the  truth  i  but 
1  cannot  difcern  that  you  nave  loft  any  one  of  your  mem- 
**  bers.    You  bear  not  any  marks  of  your  fufferings  for 
**  Jefus  Chrift  ;  but  here  you  are,  full  of  life,  and  with  all 
the  parts  of  your  body  founfl  and  entire.    How  could 
you  cootrive  to  efcape  from  prifon,  unlefs  you  ftained 
your  confcience,  either  by  a6l:ual  guilt  or  b^  a  criminal 
•<  promife  to  ^our  pcrfecutors  ?"  Eufebius  immediately 
broke  up  the  nieeting»  and  difcovered,  by  his  anger,  that 
he  was  confounded  or  provoked  by  the  reproaclies  of  the 
Confeflbr  Potamon. 

I  ihould  defpife  myfelf,  if  1  were  capable  of  magnifying, 
for  a  prefent  occafion,  the  authority  of  the  wimeis  whom^ 
I  have  produced.  Potamon  was  moft  alTaredly  adtuated  by 
a  ftrong  prejudice  againft  the  perfonal  enemy  of  his  Primate ; 
and  if  the  tranfa6lion  to  which  he  alluded. had  been  of  a 
private  and  doubtful  kind,  I  would  not  take  any  unge- 
nerous advantage  of  the  refpcdl  which  my  reverend  advcr- 
fanes  muft  entertain  for  thex:hara6ter  of  a  Confeflbr.  But 
I  cannot  diftruft  the  veracity  of  Potamon,  when  he  con£n- 
.ed  himfclf  to  the  afTenion  of  a  fa£l,  which  lay  within  the 
compafs  of  his  perfonal  knowledge :  and  collateral  tcftimony 
(fee  Photius,  p.  296,  297)  attefts,  that  Eufebius  was  long 
enough  in  prifon  to  afiiil  his  friend,  the  Martyr  Pamphilua^ 
in  compofmg  tlie  hrft  Eve  books  of  his  Apology  for  Origeu. 
If  we  admit  that  Eufcbius  was  imprifoncd^  he  muft  have  been 
difchaigedy  and  his  difcharge  muft  have  been  eidier  honou- 
rable! or  criminal,  or  innocent.  If  bis  patience  vanquiftied 
the  cruelty  of  die  Tyrant^s  oiinifters,  a  ftiort  relation  of  hia 
owUQQitfcfioQ  Mrifufi^rings  WQuUhav^formed  aDufdtui^afld 

•dicing 


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# 


% 


rf  tbi  Decline  and  Fall  tf  tbt  Roman  Empire.  ' 

edifying  chapter  in  his  Didactic  Hiftory  of  the  perfcciition  of 
Palclliiic  ;  and  the  reader  would  have  been  ldUi,ricd  of  the 
veracity  of  an  hillorian  who  valued  n  uth  above  his  life.  If 
it  had  been  in  his  power  to  juflifv,  or  even  to  excufe,  the 
manner  of  his  Jiicliarge  from  piiloa,  it  was  his  intertlV,  it 
was  his  dury,  to  prevent  the  doubts  and  iufpicions  which 
muft  anic  ii\  m  his  iilencc  under  thcle  delicate  circumftan- 
ces.  Notwiihll  indiiiQ^  ihefe  urgent  reafons,  Eufebius  haS 
obferved  a  prul«-uiid,  uud  perhaps  a  prudent  fili nee;  though 
he  frequently  celebrates  the  merit  arid  inartyidom  of  his 
friwnd  Paiiiphilus  (p.  371.  394.  419.427.  Edit.  Cantab.), 
he  never  infinuaui,  that  he  was  his  companion  In  prilen  ; 
antl  wliilc  he  copioully  defcribes  the  eight  years  pcrfecution 
in  PaleAinc,  he  never  reprefents  himfelf  in  any  other  light 
than  that  of  a  fpeclator.  Such  a  conduct  in  a  wnter,  who 
relates  with  a  viiible  fatisfa(flion  the  honourable  events  of 
his  own  life»  if  it  be  not  ahfolutely  confidercd  as  an  evi- 
dence of  conlcious  guilt,  muft  excite,  and  may  juftity,  the 
Iufpicions  o\  the  moll  candid  critic. 

Yet  the  hrmnef^  of  Dr.  Randolph  is  not  fliakcn  by  thefe 
rational  fulpicions  ;  and  he  condefcends,  in  a  magifterial 
tone,  to  inform  me,  **  Thar  it  i<j  highly  improbable,  from 
<•  the  e;fMieral  well-known  decifion  of  the  Church  in  fuch 
•*  cales,  that  had  his  apoAacy  been  known,  he  would  have 
**  rifen  to  thofe  high  honours  which  he  attained,  or  been 
"  admitted  at  all  indeed  to  any  other  than  lay-communiun.'* 
This  weighty  objedtion  did  not  furprilc  me,  as  1  had  already 
fcen  the  fubftance  of  it  in  the  Prolegomena  of  Vaicfius ; 
but  I  fafely  difregarded  a  difficulty  which  had  not  appeared 
of  any  moment  to  the  nnrion  council  nt  Egvpr  ;  and  1  ftill 
think  that  an  hundred  Biihops,  with  Aih^ii  irjus  at  their 
head,  were  as  competent  judges  of  thedifcipline  of  the  fourth 
ceiuury,  as  even  the  Lady  Margaret's  Profeffor  of  Divinity 
in  the  Univerfity  of  Oxford.  Asa  work  of  fupcrerog.'.rion, 
1  have  confultcd,  however,  the  Antiquiiics  u{  Bingham 
(Sec  L.  iv.  c.  iii.  r  6,  7.  vol,  i.  p.  144,  &:c.  tol.  cdir.),  and 
found,  as  I  cxpc\:tcd,  ibnt  much  real  learning  had  made  him 
cautious  and  jiiodeil.  After  a  careful  examination  of  tlie 
fadts  and  aurhitnries  already  known  to  nu\  and  nt  (]if>lc 
which  I  was  lupplied  bv  the  diligent  antiquarian,  I  am  per- 
fuadcd  that  the  thcon^  and  the  pradlice  of  diicipime  were 
not  invariably  the  lame,  that  particular  examples  cannot 
al\N  ays  be  rcconcalcd  with  general  rules,  and  iliat  the  flern 
laws  of  jurticc  {)trcn  yielded  to  motives  of  policy  and  conve- 
nience. '1  he  tcn^pcr  of  Jerom  towards  thole  wnom  he  con- 
iidcred  as  heretics,  was  herce  and  unforgiving ;  yet  the  Di- 
alogue of  Jerom  agaiuft  the  LaciferianSi  vrtuch  Thave 

Cc  a  rca4 


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,    Vindication  of  Some  PaiTages  m  Chapters  XV.  aad  XVI. 

letd  widi  infinite  pleafure  (torn*  ii.  p.  135—147.  Edit,  fiftfil. 
^SS^'))  is  ^  feafonable  and  desttrous  pcrmrmance  of  a 
i(atefman«  who  felc  the  expediency  of  ibotfaing  and  recofi*» 
ciling  a  numeious  pany  of  oftnden.  The  moft  ^ind  dif- 
ciptinet  with  regard  to  the  ecclefiafttcs  who  had  nilen  in 
,  time  of  perfecucioii»  ia  expreflfed  in  the  loth  Canon  of  the 
Council  of  Nice;  the  moft  remarkable  indulgence  was 
(hewn  by  the  Fathers  of  die  fame  Council  to  the  kp/ed^ 
the  degraded^  the  fchifmatic  Biihop  of  Lycopolis.  Of  the 
penitent  finners,  fome  might  efcape  the  (liame  of  a  public 
convi£lion  or  confeffion,  and  others  might  be  exempted 
firom  the  rigour  of  clerical  puniihment.  n  Eufebius  incur- 
red'the  guilt  of  a  facrilegious  promife,  (for  we  are 'free  to 
accept  the  miMer  alternative  of  Potamoo,)  the  prooft  of  this 
criminal  tranfa6^ion  mig^t  be  fupprefled  by  the  influence  of 
^ money  or  iavour ;  a  feafonable  journey  mto  £^pt  mi^t 
allow  time  for  the  popular  rumours  to  fubfide.  The  crime 
of  Eufebius  mieht  be  prote^ed  by  the  impunity  of  many 
Epifcopal  Apoilates  (See  Phtloftorg.  L.  ii.  c.  15.  p«  ai. 
.Edit,  uothofted.) ;  and  the  governors  of  the  church  very 
reafoiubly  deiirea  to  retain  in  their  fervice  the  moft  leanic(l 
Chriftian  of  the  agp. 

Before  I  return  thefe  flieets  to  the  prefs»  I  muft  not  fcmt 
an  anonymous  pamphlet*  which,  under  die  dtle  of  A  rnu 
RtmakSf  dec.  was  publtiliedagainft  my  Hiftory  in  thecoitrfe 
of  laft  fummer.  The  unknown  writer  has  tiiought  proper 
to  diftinguiih  himlelf  by  the  emphatic*  yet  vague,  appclla* 
tion  of  A  Gentleman  :  but  I  muft  lament  that  he  has  ooc 
confidered,  virith  becoming  attention,  the  duties  of  that  re* 
fpedd>le  character.  I  am  ignorant  of  the'  motives  which 
can  urge  a  man  of  a  liberal  mind,  and  liberal  manners,  to 
attack  without  provocation,  and  without  tendemefs,  any 
work  which  may  have  contributed  to  the  information,  or 
even  to  the  amufement  of  the  Public.  But  I  am  well  con- 
vinced that  the  author  of  fuch  a  work,  who  boldly  gives  hia 
name  and  labours  to  the  virorld,  impofes  on  his  adverfaries 
the  fair  and  honourable  obligation  of  encountering  him  in 
open  day-light,  and  of  fuppoiting  the  weight  of  their  aflor- 
tioni  by  the  credit  of  their  names*  The  eflfiiiions  of  wk» 
or  the  productions  of  reafon,  may  be  accepted  from  a  fecret 
and  unknown  hand.  The  critic  who  attempts  to  injure  the 
leputation  of  another,  by  ftrong  imputations  which  may 
poifllbly  be  falfe^  (hould  renounce  the  ungenerous  hope  of 
concealing  behind  a  maik  the  vexation  oi  diiappouHmcDty 
and  the  guilty  blu£h  of  dete^cm. 

After  thii  remark,  which  I  cannot  make  without  fome 
d^ree  of  coqcciih  I  fliaU  ftankly  declare,  that  it  it  hoc  ^ 


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of  the  Decline  tmd  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire. 


wt(k  or  my  intsndon  to  piofcoite  with  diis  Gsiulmam  a  lite- 
rary altei€adon«  There  lies  between  us  a  broad  and  un- 
fatfaomable  gulph ;  and  the  heavy  nuft  of  prejudice  and  fu;- 
perftition*  i^ich  has  in  a  great  meafure  been  difpelled  by  die 
fxee  inquiries  of  the  prefent  age,  ftill  continues  to  involve 
the  mind  of  my  adverUry.  He  fondly  embraces  thofe  phan- 
toms {for  innance»  an  imaginary  Pilate*,)  whidi  can 
Icaioely  find  a  ihelter  in  the  glpom  of  an  Italian  convent ; 
and  the  refentment  which  he  points  againft  me^  might  fre- 
quently be  extended  to  th^  moft  enuriitencd  of  the  Pro- 
test aht^  oTf  in  his  opinion,  of  the  Heretical  critics. 
His  obfervations  are  divided  into  a  number  of  unconneded 
paragraphs,  each  of  which  contains  fome  quotation  from 
myHiftory,  and  the  angry,  yet  commonly  trifling,  expreffi- 
on  of  his  difapprobation  and  difpleafure.  Thofe  fentimenis 
I  cannot  hope  to  remove ;  and  as  the  religious  opinions  of 
this  GtnSliman  are  principally  fb.uad^  on  cfae  infidiibility 
of  the  Church  t,  they  are  not  calculated  to  make'  a  very 
deep  impreflion  on  tlie  mind  of  the  £ngli(h  reader.  The 
view  of  fuSs  will  be  materially  afieOed  by  the  contagious 
influence  of  tb&riius.  The  man  who  refufes  tojud^of 
the  condttft  of  L^s  XIV,  and  Charles  V.  towards  their 
Proceflam  fubje^^,  declares  himfelf  incapaUe  of  diftin-  - 
guiihing  the  liQitts  of  perfecution  and  toleration.  The  de- 
vout Fapil\,  who  has  implored  on  his  knees  the  inteiceffion 
of  St.  Cyprian,  will  feldom  prefume  to  examine  the  aAions 
of  the  Saint  by  the  rules  of  hiftoi:ical  evidence,  and  of  moral 
propriety.  Iniilead  of  the  homely  likenefs  whjdx  I  had  ex- 
hibited of  the  Biihop  of  Carthage^  my  adverfary  has  fub- 
Aituced  a  life  of  Cyprianjj,  full  of  wnat  the  French  call 
0»£Ji0fty  and  the  Englifh,  canting  (Sec  Jor^in's  Remarks, 
Vol.  ii.  p.  2^9.)  :  to  which  I  can  only  reply,  that  thpfe 
who  are  diflatisHed  with  the  principles  of  Momeim  and  Le 
Clerc,  mujf  view  with  eyes  very  diflfcrent  from  mine,  the 
Ecclefiadical  Hiftory  of  the  third  century. 

It  would  be  an  endUfs  dlfcuflion  (endlejs  in  every  fenfe  of 
the  word)  were  1  to  examine  the  cavils  which  ftart  up  and 
expire  in  every  page  of  this  criticifm,  on  the  inexhauftible 
topic  of  opinions,  chara£lers,  and  intentions.  Moft  of  the 
inftanccs  wi\ich  are  here  produced  are  of  fo  brittle  a  fub- 
flance,  that  they  fall  in  pieces  as  loon  as  thev  are  touqhed : 
and  I  luarcUcu  tor  fomc  muc  before  I  was  able  to  difcover  an 
example  ot  fome  moniMit  where  the  Gentleman  iiad  tairly 
flaked  his  veracity  a;^  unfl  fome  pohtivc  fadk  afferted  in  the 
Two  iaft  Chapters  ot  luy  Hiftory.        laft  i  perceived  that 

•  KoDirksj  p.  too*     f  Id.    15.     (  Id.  p.  iit*    |  Id.  p.  7Ji«4t. 

he 


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Vindkition     Some  Paiiages  m  Chapters  XV.  and  XV  i. 

lie  hat  aKoluldy  denied*  that  any  thong  can  be  gatliciied 
ftom  the  EpifHes  of  St.  Cyprian,  or  from  his  treatife  Dt 
Vnttuit  BccUfia^  to  which  1  had  referred,  to  joflify  my  ac- 
count of  the  fpiritoal  pride  and  lioentioiia  manners  of  fomc 
cf  the  confeflbrsf.  As  the  numbers  of  ihe  Epiftks  are  not 
the  fame  in  the  edition  of  Pamelius  and  in  that  of  Fell,  the 
critic  may  be  excnfed  for  miftaking  my  quotations*  if  he 
vnSX  acknowledge  that  he  was  ignorant  of  eodefiafticai  hif- 
tory,  and  that  he  never  heard  of  the  troubles  excited  by  the 
Q>iritual  pride  of  the  ConfeilbrSy  who  ufurped  the  privilege 
of  giving  letters  of  communion  to  penitent  finners.  But 
my  leierence  to  the  treatife  D$  UniMi  Bttltfi^B  was  dear 
isoA  direft ;  the  treatife  itfelf  contains  only  ten  pages,  and 
the  following  words  might  be  diftindly  read  by  any  perfon 
who  underftood  the  Latin  language.  Ncc  quiiquam 
nliretur,  dilediffimi  fratres,  etiam  de  confeflbribus  auof- 
^<  dam  ad  ifta  procedere,  iitde  quoque  aUquos  tarn  neranda 
tarn  gravia  peccare.  Neque  enim  conieffio  imrounem 
hxAt  ab  iniidiis  diaboli ;  aut  contra  tentationes,  et  pericolay 
**  et  incurfus  atque  im*3t:tu8  fei:ulares  adhuc  in  feculo  pofi- 
^  tum  pcrpetua  fecuritate  defendit:  cetenim  nunauam  in 
confeflbribus,  freudesy  et Jluproy  et  adultiria  poftmodum 
videremus,  quae  nunc  in  quitmfdam  videntes  ingemifcimus 
•*  etdolemus/'  ThisformaldcclaFationof  Cyprian,  which 
Is  foUotiM  by  feveral  long  periods  of  admonition  and  cen- 
fure,  is  alone  fufficient  tb  expofe  the  fcandalous  vices  of 
feme  of  the  Confeflbrs,  and  the  difingenuous  behaviour  of 
my  concealed  adverfary*  ' 

After  this  example,  which  I  have  (airly  chofen  as  one  of 
the  moft  fpecious  and  important  of  his  ome^ions,  the  can* 
did  Reader  w<mld  excufe  me,  if  from  mis  moment  I  de- 
clined the  GintUmttn*s  acquaintance.  But  as  two  topics 
have  occurred,  which  are  intimately  conne£ted  With  the 
fubje6t  of  the  preceding  (heets,  I  have  infertedeach  of  them 
in  its  proper  pboe,  as  me  conclufion  of  the  fourth  article  of 
my  anfwers  to  Mr.  Davis,  and  of  the  firft  article  of  my  re- 
ply to  the  conliederate  Doctors,  CheUum  and  Randolpn.' 
'  It  is  not  without  fome  mixture  of  mortification  and  Te- 
net, that  I  now  look  back  to  the  number  of  hours  which  I 
have  confumed,  and  the  number  of  pages  which  I  have  fil- 
led, hi  vindicating  my  literary  and  moral  chara£(er.  from 
the  charge  of  witful  mifreprdeniatimsy  ^rofs  imrs^  and 
lerviie  plagiarifm.  I  cannot  derive  any  tnumph  or  confo- 
lation  from  the  occaiional  advantages  which  I  may  have 
gained  over  three  adveifiries,  whom  it  is  impoffible  far  me 

*  linuKM,  p.  90»  91.  f  QiblMO>  f.  66t.  Noli  91*  . 


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tht  Decline  aiU  Fall  of  ibt  Roman  Empire*  391 


to  confider  as  ol9e6b  etther.  of  tenor  or  of  efteem.  The 
fpirit  of  rdcntmeiity  voA  every  other  Uvdy  feobtion>  have 
long  'iifice  been  extiiigiuflied ;  and  the  pen  would  long  fince 
have  dropped  from  my  weary  hand,  had  I  not  been  fop- 
ported  in  die  execution  of  this  ungrateful  tafk,  by  the  con- 
fciouiheft,  or  at  leaft  by  the  Ofunion,  thati  ^rasdifchaTging 
a  debt  of  honour  to  the  Public  and  to  myfelf.  I  am  impa- 
tient to  dtfintfsy  and  to  difinifs  for  sv£r,  this  odious  coi^ 
troverfy»  with  die  fuccels  of  which  I  cannot  furdy  be  ela- 
ted ;  and  I  have  only  to  requed,  that»  as  foon.as  my  rea^ 
den  are  convinced  of  my  innocence^  they  would  feiget  my 


B»ll  Tin  CK-8TB»tT» 

Fe^ivflr  3i  1779. 


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A  N  T  I  Q  U  I  T  I  E  S 

OF  TH»v. 

« 

HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 

■ 


I 

t  394  3 

|>  fallowing  Litter^  witbiut  any  addrejs  t9  ify 
was  found  with  tht  Mamifcript  of  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Houfe  of  Brunfwick :  thtre  can  he 
HuU  doubt  of  its  being  the  Copy  of  a  Letter  t9 
M.  Langer,  Librarian  to  the  Ducal  Library 
§f  WolfcnbuttcJ  i  and  it  is  here  inferted  as  re- 
lating to  them. 

A  R«ti.Bf  ce  ift  Oftolve  1790^ 

JE  V0U5  aiirois  plutot  remercie,  Monfieur,  dcs  foins  oblr- 
geans  que  vous  avez  bicn  voulu  vous  donncr  pour  mt 
procurer  fes  Origines  Guelficae^  fi  d*un  cot^  notre  honncte 
libi  aire  M.  Pott  nc  m'avoit  pas  appris  cjue  vous  ^riez  cn 
voyage,  fi  dc  Tautre  jc  n*avois  pas  M  moi-meme  cn  proye 
a  1  acces  dc  goutte  le  plus  rigoureux  ct  le  plus  long  que  j'aye 
encore  eprouv6.  Nous  revoici  a  prefentdans  notre  ^tat  or- 
dinaire ;  je  marchc,  ct  vous  ne  courrez  plus.  Je  vous  fup- 
.  pofe  bicn  ^tabli,  bicn  enforce  dans  votre  immcme  bibliothe- 
que.  Votre  curiofit^,  peut-ctre  TOtre  amitie,  defirera  de 
<  onnoitre  mes  amufemcns,  mcs  travaux,  mes  projcts  pen- 
dant les  deux  aos  qui  fe  font  ecoul^s  depuis  la  dernicre  pub- 
lication de  mon  grand  ovvrage«.  Attx  quefiions  indifcretes 
qu'on  fe  permet  trop  fenvent  vis-a*vis  de  molt  je  r^ponds 
avec  utie  mine  renfrogdte  et  one  maniire  vague  ;  mais  je 
ae  veux  rien  avoir  de*  cache  pour  vous,  et  pour  Iroiter  la 
franchife  que  vous  aimez,  je  vous  avouerai  natureUement 
que  ma  confidence  eft  fbndee  en  partie  fur  le  befoin  que 
j^aurai  de  votre  fecours.  Apres  mon  rctour  d*AngleseiTe» 
les  premiers  mois  ont  et4  confacres  a  la  jouiHanoe  de  ma  li- 
berty et  de  ma  bibliothe^oe»  et  vous  ne  feiea  paa  ^oniie  (& 


Mr.  GiBBoK  to  Mr.  Langer. 

1  MOV  to  tuve  actnttwltiyd  fiMoer  yatu  kiiidiicfi  in  pfoewiing  lor  ok  tdMs 
Orig'met  Gutljh^,  if  I  hid  not  been  told  by  our  obliging  bookfeller,  Mr.  Poet, 
that  you  were  on  a  jou'rnrv,  wKile  I  myfelt*  wa§  conhnrd  with  tht  lonj>»ft  an^ 
jnoft  fcvere  fit  01  the  gout  tnat  i  eVbr  experienced,  iiui  wc  are  now,  {M>th  of 
»•»  KeAovetf  to  ottr  ovSnary  flate ;  I  can  mXkp  and  fou  no  lonfer  travel  palL 
I  fiifpofe  by  this  dnat  yon  aie  diaraiifhlr  eftwfted,  and  deeply  immured  in 
your  immcnCe  Jibrary.  Your  cunofity,  perhaps  your  friend/Kip,  will  drfire  to 
know  what  have  been  my  ainulcineotiy  hhomit,  and  proje^,  during  the  two 
jean  tbat  have  clapM  fioce  the  left  pvUScadon  af  my  great  week*  To  iadiC> 
creet  ^ueftions  on  (hit  fnbjeft,  with  which  I  am  often  Ceafed,  I  anfwer  Tagocty 
or  peevirtilv  ;  bii*  fmm  \ov!  I  would  kerp  nnth'mg conceited  }  ar.rf  to  irrutatc  the 
Irankaela  in  which  you  lo  much  delight,  \v,li  freely  cooleftf  that  1  more  readUj 
tmft  yan  widk  nay  iecret,  becavla  I  gre^uy  need  youraffiftaDCr*  After ffet«m« 
inglmlilgted^  the  ifft  Midia  MB  fpoat  ktfacenjoynuctf  mgHbttty 


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[  39S  ] 

j*ai  rcnouvelle  une  connoiffancc  familierfe  avec  nos  auteiirs 
Giecs,  li  j'ai  fait  vceu  de  Icur  rcfervcr  tous  les  jours  une 
portion  dc  mon  ioilir.  Je  paffe  foos  iilence  ces  triftes  mo. 
mens  dans  Iciijuelsje  n*ai  etc  occupe  qu*a  feigner  et  pJeurer 
mon  ami  ,  mais  dtfque  j'ai  commence  a  me  retrouver  uu 
efpiit  moins  agit^,  j'ai  therche  a  me  donner  quclcjuc  dil- 
tra6tion  plus  tuiLc  ct  plus  inttreffanie  que  la  fimplc  le<Surc. 
Le  fouvcnir  de  ma  fen-itude  de  vingt  ans  m*a  cependant 
eftraye,  ct  jc  iiic  luis  bicii  promis  dc  ntr  pltis  m'embjrtjucr 
clans  line  enterprile  dc  longue  halcine  que  je  n'achevcrois 
V Taiicmbl'.iblciiieiit  jam.  is.  11  vaut  Lucii  iiuuux,  niciuisje 
<iit,  chuilir  dans  tous  Ic^  pays  ct  dans  tous  les  fiecles,  des 
moiccaux  hilioiiqiics  queje  traitciai  Icparciimient  luivant 
leur  nature  et  lci(jn  inun  gout.  I-orUjue  ces  opul(  \ilL-s  (je 
poi'.nai  les  nommtr  cn  Angluis  Hijlorkai  tiwurjiom)  me 
iburniront  un  volume,  je  les  donnerai  an  Public:  ce  don 
pourroit  ctre  renouvclle  julqu'a  ce  que  nous  loyons  fatigues, 
oil  ce  Public  ou  moi  meme :  mais  cha^ue  volume,  complet 
par  lui  meme,  nVxigera  point  de  fuite,  et  au  lieu  d'etre 
borne  commc  la  diligenc  e  au  grand  cheinin,  jc  me  prome- 
ncrai  librcment  dans  Ic  champ  de  I'hilloirc,  cn  m'arretant 
partout  ou  jc  tn)u\  erai  des  points  de  vue  agre;»bles.  Dans 
ce  proja  jc  ne  vois  qu'un  inconvenient,  un  objet  intcreirant 
s'etend  et  s'agrnndit  ions  le  travail :  je  pourrois  ctre  entraiue 
au  dela  de  mes  bornes,  mais  je  Icrai  dpucement  cntrainefan^ 
prevoyance  ct  fans  contrainte. 

*  Mes 


*  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

and  my  library ;  and  you  will  not  be  furprfed  that  I  fhould  have  renewed  nny 
fbnitiar  KqutintailM  with  die  Greek  lutfiors,  and  vowed  to  confecnte  to  them 
daily  a  portiou  of  my  Icifure.  I  pafs  over  in  (liencr  the  fad  hours  employed  in 
thf  care  of  iny  friend,  arul  in  lamentation  for  his  lufs.  When  the  n^iiation  of 
my  mind  abjitcd)  i -en<ieavoured  to  hnd  out  for  niyfelf  fome  occupation  more 
Intereiiing  and  more  invigorating  than  mere  reading  can  aAord.  But  the  re- 
merobfsnee  of  a  fenritude  of  twenty  yean  frightened  me  ftom  again  engaging 
in  a  long  undertaking,  which  I  might  probably  ncvrr  finifl).  It  wou!ci  be  bet- 
ter, I  ^^ougyu,  rr>  fclc£^  frorTi  thr  hilloricil  monunuMi'  nr  all  ages,  and  all  na- 
tions, fuch  lu^je^ts  as  mi^lit  be  treated  Separately,  bcnit  agreeably  to  their  own 
nature,  aa  well  aa  to  my  cafte.  When  diefe  licde  workt,  which  might  be  en« 
titled  Hiftorical  Excurfions,  amounted  to  a  volumey  I  wnuld  uAer  it  to  the  Poh* 
lie }  and  the  prefent  might  be  r'-pcated,  until  eith«  r  the  Public  or  myfcif  were 
tired  \  for  as  each  volume  would  be  complete  in  iiielt,  no  cuntiouation  would  be 
leijoifite  ;  and  inAead  of  being  obliged  to  lhllow>  like  the  ftage  coach,  the  h;^h 
roaj,  1  would  erpatiate  at  large  in  ihe  Held  of  hiftoqry  ftupping  to  adn.lrr  every 
beautiful  profpeft  that  openfd  to  my  view.  One  inconvenience,  inrf  "d,  .it- 
tends  this  deiign*  An  important  fubjeA  grows  and  expands  with  the  labour  be- 
Aowcd  OB  It.  Indght  cboa  - be  carried  beyond  my  prefcribed  boands;  but  I 
Aoutd  he  Oftied  leady^  witfaoiit  Ibidight  and  withMt  conftzaint* 


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I  396  I 

Mes  foupcons  ont  ixi  v^rifi^  ^ils  le  chok  de 
micre  ixcurjton^  et  ce  choix  tous  expliquesa  pourquoi  j'ai 
^maiuU  avec  tant  d^iemprcfleinciit  lcs  Origimts  Gue^c^^ 
Dans  moD  Hiftoire  j*avois  rendu  coinpce  de  dcox  alUancca 
illuftres,  d'un  fils  dv  Marquis  Azo  d'Efte  avec  une  fille  de 
Robert.  Guifcard,  d'unc  pnocefle  de  Brunfwick  avcc  rem- 
pereur  Giec.  Un  premier  appercu  de  Tannquit^  ct  dc  la 
grandeur  de  la  maifon  dc  Bxunfwicky  a  excite  ma  curioikcv 
ct  j*ai  cm  pouvoiF  ifuerdBTer  les  deux  nations  que  j'tftine  Ic 
plus  par  les  nl6^loires  d'une  fanuUe  qui  eft  fonib  de  Tun 
pour  regnej  fur  I'autre.  Mes  rechcrcncs,  en  me  devoilant 
la  beauti  de  c^  (ujet«  m*en  oat  fait  voir  I'^tendue  ec  la  dtffi-* 
cult^.  L*origiac  dcs  Marquis  de  Ligurie»  et  pcut  etre  de 
Tofcanc,  a  eU  fufiOsimaient  ^laircie  par  Muratori  et  Leib- 
nitz ;  ritaUje  du  moycn  age*  fon  hiftoire  ct  fes  nionumeos« 
me  font  trcs  connus^  ct  je  ne  fui&pas  m^ontcnt  de  ce  que 

Si  deja  ^ric  fur  la  branche  cadette  4*£ftc,  qui  eft  demcur^ 
ellc  a  garder  fes  ceadres  cafanieres.  Lcs  ancicns  Guelis 
ne  mc  ibm  point  toangeis»  et  je  pne  crois  en  ctat  de  rendre 
compce  de  la  puifiance  et  de  la  chute  de  leurs  h6ritiersr  lea 
Dues  de  Bavicres  et  de  Saxe.  La  fucceflioQ  de  la  Mai- 
fon de  Bmnfwick  au  trone  de  la  Grande  Bretagnc  fera 
tres  affiirement  la  partie  laplus  int^reflante  de  tx^on  tnt- 
vail ;  mais  tous  les  nuteriaux  fe  tcouvent  dans  ma  languc,. 
ct  un  Anglois  devroit  rougir  a*il  a'avoit  pas  approMndi 
Fhiftoire  modcmc  et  la  conftitution  aduclJe  de  ion 

SBsssaBSMsassBseB 


Thii  iiifpicion  was  juiiiiicd  ia  mj  kiQu  o^iu^Ofir  the  lubjed  of  wiJA 
taplMfi  the  mlbn  why  I  was  ib  earneft  to  fraaic«  che  Ori^bm  Gmiifkm*  la 

any  Hiilory,  1  had  given  an  account  of  two  ilit}ftnpi»  marriagtsi  the  fiirft,  o£ 
the  fon  of  Aio,  Marquis  of  Eftc,  wUh  rlir  daughter  of  Robert  Culfcard  j  aod 
the  lecond,  of  a  Frincc  Cs  uf  Brttnfw;ck  with  che  Greek  Eoipcror.  The  fir& 
^icw  of  the  antiquity  ai^d  gr.mdetir  of  the  Uoofe  of  Brwifwiak  esckeAny  ca* 
nofity,  and  snade  roe  think  that  the  two  nations,  whom  1  e(\eem  dic  wott^ 
might  be  entertained  by  the  hlftorv  <"f'a  fjn  't!y,  which  (jprung  from  the  one,  and 
reigns  ovet  the  other-  But  my  rcfcuche^  ihowcd  mc  ootooljr  the  beauty,  but 
tilt  eittenc  anddificoltf  of  my  fahjea*  Monloii  aadLtihiitCa  havoliificU 
cntly  explained  the  origin  ^  the  Marqui flics  Ufaiiat  and  perhaps  of  Tufcx- 
ny  t  I  am  well  acqu  lintcd  with  thr  hiftwy  and  monuments  of  Italy  dormg  the 
middle  ages  j.  anU  i  am  not  fatidicd  with  what  1  have  airrady  wriClen  concerning 
that  branch  of  the  family  of  Eite,  which  continued  to  refide  in  it»  hereditary 
ponVfltoni*  1  am  not  unac^int^  «ridl  the  ancient  Guclph»,  nor  inupabie  of 
giving  an  account  of  the  fo^^-rr  2nd  f*owr.r.)!t  of  rhnr  iKitb,  fhr  Duk'.j  of 
Bavaria  aiid  Saxony,  ihc  iucceilkm  of  the  Houfc  ol  Bruniwick  to  the 
Crown  of  great  Rriuin  wid  doubtlefii  fo<m  the  moft  intctcding  partol  mf 
aanatiee  |  but  tht  antbait  00  this  iubjed  ar«  ni  Ingliai )  and  k  would  le 
unpardonable  in  a  Briton  not  to  have  fludied  the  modryi  hiftory  and  pce« 
kac  conAitttdoa  of  hit  couatry*   But  thcce  m  aa  iaterval  of  iour  huftdaed 


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t  397  J 


lilnh  entrc  le  premier  Due  et  h  premier  Ele£\eur  dc 
Brunfwick,  il  fc  trouvc  un  inttrvalledequatre  cent  cirujuantc 
ans.  Jc  fuis  condiiinn^  a  luivre  dans  les  tcncbres  un  Iciiuer 
erroit  ct  rabotcux,  ct  les  divifioas,  ics  fous-divifions  de  rant 
dc  branrhcb  ct  dc  territoircs,  repandent  fur  ce  fentier  la  ton- 
fulion  d'lin  lubyriiKhe  gcncalogiquc.  Les  evcneinens  fans 
eclat  ct  fans  liaifon,  font  bonies  a  un  province  d*  Ailemagnc, 
ci  ce  n'eft  que  vers  la  fin  dc  ce  pcriodc  que  jc  fcrois  Km  peu 
raninie  par  la  reformation,  la  gucrie  <le  trente  ans,  ct  la 
nouvdie  puiffance  de  rEle<^orat.  Commc  je  me  propofe 
de  cravonner  dcs  nien^oires,  et  non  pas  de  computer  unc 
luftoiic,  je  niarcheroi*  fans  doutc  d*un  pas  rapid,  jc  pre- 
'  fentcroisdes  rcfultats  plutot  que  des  faits,  dcs  obfervations 
|>JiU"i)t  que  dcs  recits  :  niais  vous  fcntcz  corabien  un  tableau 
general  exige  dc  connoiflances  panic uiie res,  combicn  I'aw- 
tcui  doit  ctre  plus  favant  que  fon  livre.  Or  cct  auteur  'A 
eft  a  deux  rent  lieues  dc  la  Saxe,  il  i ignore  la  lauguc,  et  ii 
lie  s'cit  jamais  opjjlic^Tie  a  l  liilluire  de  T Allemaj^ne. 
Elf>ignc  des  four ces,  il  nc  ii;!  n  lh-  (ju'un  fcul  moyen  pour 
les  laire  <(»uler  dans  fa  bil^iiorJjc  (] uc.  C'efl  dc  fe  nienager 
fur  Ics  Itvux  mcn^cs  correipondant  exa(fl,  un  guide 
eclairc,"  un  oracle  ennn  tju'il  puifl'c  conlulter  dans  tous  les 
befoins.  Par  votrc  caractere,  vcitre  efprit,  vos  fumicres, 
%*otrc  paiition,  vous  etc?  cet  hnmnv:  j)i  c<  icux  et  unique, 
*jue  jc  cherchc  ;  et  quand  vous  m  indu|nrnL7  un  Juppicant 
auHi  capable  que  vous  meme,  jc  ne  m'addiciicrui^t  pas  avec 

U 


and  ftfty  yeart  Iwtwcen  the  firft  Duke  of  Brunfwick  tnd  the  firft  ElcdoT 
of  that  fsnUy  ;  tnd  the  delign  rf  my  work  compels  me  to  follow  In  ob« 
fcurity  a  rough  and  narrow  patb^  where>  by  the  diTifion  and  fubdiTinon 
of  4b  Biftoy  tiranchet  iml  ib  numy  Cemtoriei»  I  fliall  be  !ntolved  in  the 
misetof  a  genealogical  labyiiatib*  The  events,  which  are  deOituteof  cofineC« 
tion  as  w-H  as  of  fpl-ndour,  are  confiifd  to  a  fi-^-lf  province  of  Germany  ;  and 
i  mail  have  reached  near  the  end  of  the  period,  before  my  fubjed  will  be  en. 
lifcoed  by  the  refermatioa  of  reHgbn,  the  war  of  thirty  years,  and  die  new 
power  acquired  by  the  £ledonce»  At  ic  n  my  purpofe,  rather  to  flcecch  me* 
mointhan  t<,  wnt-  hiftnry,  my  narnriv?'  muft  proceed  with  ripidity  ;  c'ri- 
tliB  rather  rcfults  than  fii£i»— >rather  rvAexions  than  details  \  but  ynu  arc  £A4rc 
bow  much  particular  knovrledec  is  requifite  for  thit  general  defcript.on,  the 
MAer  of  wliieh  oogbt  to  be 'm  more  learned  than  hit  work.  Unfortunately, 
this  author  rcGJ"es  at  the  diftance  of  two  hancircd  leagues  from  Snxony  ^  he 
knows  not  the  language,  and  h»8  never  maJe  hii^ory,  of  Germany  his  par- 
ticular llu4y.  Thus  remote  from  the  fources  of  infornution,  he  can  think  of 
only  one  cbannel  by  wbich  they  may  be  made  lo  flow  into  hit  Gbiary ;  which  it» 
by  finding  in  the  country  itfelf  an  accurate  correfpondent,  an  enlightened 
guide,  in  one  word,  .in  onclr,  whom  \\r  mav  c^^rfult  in  every  d<ffi<  itUy. 
Your  learning  and  charadcr,  a;  wcii  as  yuar  abilities  and  Situation,  lin^ularly 
qualify  you  for  gratifying  my  wi flies ;  and  ftotild  you  point  ««t  to  OK  a  fabffi« 
M  efuaily  well  ^ualiftii  with  yooild^  fee  X  could  MC  bere  efaai  confidenet 


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I  398  ] 

t 

b  meme  confiance  i  un  Stranger.  Je  vous  accabkrois  li  * 
brement  de  queAions,  et  de  nouvdle..  c|  icIHonsnainrontfoa- 
venc  de  VO8  rcponfcs ;  je  vous  prieroisde  fouUler  daos  votre 
trafte  d^pot;  je  vous  demanderois  des  livres,  des  extraits,  dea 
trada&ioDs,  des  renieignemens  fur  tous  ]i»  objets  qui  [>cu- 
venc  incereiler  moo  cravaih  Mais  j ignore  (t  vous  ites  dtf- 
pof6  a  facrifier  votre  loidr,  vos  etudes  chenes,  a  un  corre* 
fpondance  penible^  fans  agremens  et  fans'  gloire.  Je  me 
ftatte  que  vous  feries  quelcue  cbofe  pour  moi,  vous  fcriex 
davantage  pour  Thonneur  de  la  Maifon  a  laquelle  vous  ^ces 
attache ;  mais  fuis-je  en  droit  de  fuppofer  que  mes  to^its 
puifient  contribuer  a  fon  honneur?^— J 'attends,  Moniicur, 
TOtie  reponfe;  qu'elle  foit  prompte  et  franche;  fi  vous 
4aignez  vous  aflbcier  a  mon  entreprifc,  je  vous  envoyerai 
fur  le  champ  mon  premier  interrogatoire ;  votre  refiis  me 
d6cideroit  a  renoncer  a  mon  deflein,  ou  du  mojns  a  lui  don* 
ner  une  noovdle  forme*  J*6fe  en  meme  tems  vous  <ieman- 
der  un  profond  fccret :  un  mot  indifcret  feroit  r^t^  par 
cept  bouches,  et  j'aurois  ]e  defagr6ment  de  voir  dans  les 
joumaux,  et  bientot  dans  les  pa  piers  An||^lois,  une  annooce^ 
peut  etfe  d^Egur^e,  de  mes  projets  Utteraires  qui  ne  font 
coiifie  qu'a  vous  feul. 

*  J'ai  rhonneur  d'etre,  &c. 


in  the  afliftance  of  a  perfon  unknown  to  me.  I  vrould  tejoe  you  with  quef- 
tfont,  and  new  queftimt  wvaU  oflteii  be  fuggf  ilcd  by  your  anfwen  j  I  wouM 
tequrft  you  to  nnCack  your  vaft  Kbrwy*  and  to  fupply  me  mch  book*,  cxtnQ»» 
tra-  nations,  and  Information  of  CTery  kind,  conducive  to  the  undrrrak'ng. 
Buc  I  know  not  bow  far  you  arc  inclined  to  ucnficc  your  Icifurc  and  your  faroo- 
lite  ftiidiet  to  a  bberii^  correfpondcnce,  which  yramifet  neither  £uQe  tm 
J  fleafofe*    I  flMter  myfelf*  you  would  do  fomething  to  ohtice  mti  you  wonld 

do  mnfc  for  the  honour  of  the  Family  with  whicli  you  are  connected  by  your 
employment.  But  what  title  have  I  to  fuppofe  that  any  work  of  mine  can  con. 
tribute  to  ttf  honour?  I  expert.  Sir,  your  anfwer  j  and  tequeft  that  it  may  be 
Ijp'-rdy  an  J  frank.  Should  jott  oondelcend  to  aifift  my  laboan,  I  will  ■wMn^r- 
ttely  fend  you  fomr  intrrrogatorirs.  Your  rcfufjl,  on  the  other  hand,  will 
make  me  by  afide  the  dehj;n,  or  at  trail  oblige  me  to  give  it  a  new  form.  I 
venture,  at  the  Came  ttme,  to  entreat  duit  the  fubje^  of  this  letter  may  renuja 
a  profound  fecret.  An  indifcreet  word  would  be  repeated  by  an  hoodltd 
m  u'hs;  and  I  fhould  hivc  the  un-iflTfs  of  feeing  in  th^;  f  iclgn  journals^ 
and  i\>nt%  afterwards  in  the  Engliih  ncwfpjpfrs^  an  account,  and  that,  p^r*h4p<, 
an  unfaithful  one*  of  my  literary  projeCti*  the  fecret  of  wiuch  I  enuuil  |o  yov 


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I  399  3 


A  N  T  I  Q^U  I  T  I  E  S 

O  F    T  H  E  • 

HOUSE  CF  BRUNSWICK. 


C  H  A  P.   L        S  E  C  T.  L 

A  Engliih  fuhje(^  may:  he  prompted,  by  a  juft  and 
liberal  curiofity,  to  iavedigate  the  origin  and  Aory  of 
tlie  Houfe  of  Bnmlwtck,  wkich,  after  an  uliance  with  the 
daughtm  of  our  kings,  has  been  called  bythe  voice  of  a 
free  people  to  the  legal  inheritance  of  the  Crown.  From 
George  the  Firft  and  his  father,  the  firft  Ele^or  of  Haao» 
ver,  we  afcend,  in  a  dear  and  regular  feries,  to  the  firft 
I^uke  of  Brunfwick  and  Liuienburgh,  who'  received  his  in- 
"veltiture  from  Frederick  the  Second,  about  the  middle  of 
Che  thirteenth  century.  If  thefe  ample  po(Iefltons*had  beea 
the  gift  of  the  Emperor  to  fome  adventurous  foldier,  to 
fome  ^thful  cHent^  we  miglu  be  content  with  the  antiquity 
and  luftre  of  a  nc^le  race,  which  had  been  enrolled  nearly 
itx  hundred  years  among  the  Princes  of  Germany.  But 
our  ideas  are  raiied,  and  our  profpe^  is  opened,  by  the  dif- 
covery,  that  the  firft  Duke  of  Brunfwick  was  rather  de- 

Si-aded  than  adorned  by  his  new  title,  fince  it  impofed  the 
uties  of  feudal  fervice  on  the  free  and  patrimonial  eftate, 
which  alone  had  been  faved  in  the  fhipwreck  of  the  more 
fplendid  fortunes  of  his  Houfe.  His  anceftors  had  been 
inveded  with  the  powerful  Duchies  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony,  • 
which  extended  far  beyond  their  limits  in  modem  geogra- 
phy: firom  the  Baltic  Sea  to  the  confines  of  Rome  diey 
were  obeyed,  or  refpefied,  or  feared ;  in  the  quarrel  of  the 
Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  the  former  appellation  was  derived 
from  the  name  of  their  progenitors  in  the  female  line. 
But  the  genuine  mafculine  defcent  of  the  Princes  of  Brunf- 
wick muft  be  explored  beyond  the  Alps :  the  venerable  tree, 
which  has  fince  overfhadowed  Germany  and  Britain,  was 
planted  in  the  Italian  foil.  As  far  as  our  fieht  can  reach, 
we  difcem  the  firft  founders  of  the  race  in  the  Marquifles 
of  Efte,  of  Liguria,  and  perhaps  of  Tuficany.  In  the 
eleventh  century,  the  primitive  ftem  was  divided  into  two 
branches ;  the  elder  migrated  to  the  banks  of  the  Danube 
and  the  Elbe;  the  younger  more  humbly  adhered  to  the 

neighbourhood 


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ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 

neighbourhood  of  the  Adriatic :  the  Dukes  of  BrunTwick 
and  the  Kings  of  Great  Britain  are  the  defccndants  of  the 
lirft ;  the  Dukes  of  Ferrara  and  Modena  weffc  the  olBpring 
of  the  fecond. 

This  ihort  review  ma^  explain  and  juftify  the  threefold 
divifion  of  thefe  Memoirs,  which  appropriates  a  fei>arate 
book  to — ^I.  The  Italian  Descekt  ;  11.  Thb  German 
Reign  ;  and  III.  The  British  Succession  of  the  Houfe 
of  lirunfwick.  The  obfcure  interval^  from  the  firft  Duke 
to  the  firft  £le£ldr,  will  be  conne6ted  on  either  fide  with  the 
more  fpleodid  fcenes  of  their  ancient  and  modern  hiftorv. 
The  comparative  date  and  dignity  of  their  pedigree  will  Se 
fixed  by  a  hir  parallel  with  the  moft  iUuftnous  families  of 
Europe.  Even  the  flowers  of  fidtion*  fo  profufely  fcatteied 
over  the  cradle  of  the  Princes  of  Efte,  difdofe  a  remote 
and  decreafing  light,  which  is  finally  loft  in  the  darknefs  of 
Che  fabulous  age.  But  it  will  be  prudent^  before  we  liften 
to  the  rude  or  refined  tales  of  invention,  to  ered  a  ftrohg 
and  fubftantial  edifice  of  truth  on  the  learned  labours  of 
Leibnitz  and  Muratori. 

The  genius  and  ftudies  of  Leibnitz  have  tanked  his 
name  with  the  firft  philoiophic  names  of  his  age  and  coun- 
try ;  but  his  reputation,  perhaps,  would  be  more  pure  and 
permanent,  tf  he  had  not  ambitiouily  grafped  the  whole  cir- 
cle of  human  fcience«  As  a  theologian,  he  fuccefliveiy 
contended  with  the  fceptics,  who  believe  too  little,  and  wim 
paptfts,  who  believe  too  much,  and  with  the  heretics,  who 
believe  othcrwife  than  is  inculcated  by  the  Lutherian  con- 
fefiion  of  Augfburgh.  Yet  the  Phiiofopher  betrayed  his 
love  of  union  and  toleration :  his  faith  in  Revelation  was 
accufed,  while  he  proved  the  Trinity  by  the  principles  of 
logic ;  and  in  the  defence  of  the  attributes  and  providence  of 
the  Deity,  he  was  fufpedlcd  of  a  fecretcorrefpondence  with 
his  adverfary  fiayle.  The  mctaphyfician  expatiated  in  the 
fields  of  air :  his  pre-eHablifhed  harmony  or  the  foul  and 
body  might  have  provoked  the  jealoufy  of  Plato;  and  his 
optimifm,  the  beft  of  all  poiTible  worlds,  fecms  an  idea  too 
vaft  tor  a  mortal  mind.  He  was  a  Phyftciarty  in  the  larfife 
and  genninc  fenfc  of  the  word :  like  his  brethi^,  ne 
amufed  himfclf  with  creating  a  globe;  and  his  Proitggga^ 
or  Primitive  Earth,  h:is  not  been  ufelefs  to  the  lad  hypo* 
thdis  of  Butfbtt»  which  prefers  the  agency  of  fire  to  that 
of  water.  I  am  not  worthy  to  praife  the  AfatbimatUimn  : 
but  his  name  is  mingled  in  all  the  problems  and  difcoveries 
of  the  times ;  the  mafters  of  the  art  were  h's  rivals  or  dif- 
ciples;  and  if  he  borrowed  from  Sir.Ifaac  Newton  the 
fublime  mediod  of  fiuxions,  Leibnitz  was  at  leaft  the 

Frometheua 


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HOUSE  OP  BRUNSWICK. 


Pi  ometheus  who  imparted  to  mankind  the  (acred  fire  which 
he  had  (lolen  from  the  gods^  His  curioiity  extended  to  every 
branch  of  chemiilry,  mechanics,  and  the  arts  and  the  thirft 
of  knowledge  was  always  accompanied  with  the  fpirit  of  im- 
provement. The  vigour  of  his  youth  had  been  exercifed  in 
thefchoolsof  jurifprudince  %  and  while  he  taught,  he  afpired 
to  reform,  the  Uws  of  nature  and  nations,  of  Rome  and 
Germany.  The  annals  of  Brunfwick,  of  the  empire,  of  the 
ancient  and  modern  world,  were  prefent  to  the  mind  of  th^ 
Hiftorian  \  and  he  could  turn  from  the  Iblution  of  a  problem, 
to  the  duiiy  parchments  and  barbarous  ftyle  of  the  records  of 
the  middle  age.  His  genius  was  more  nobly  direded  to  invef* 
tieate  the  origin  of  languages  and  nations;  nor  could  he 
amime  the  chancer  of  a  Grammar tan^  without  forming  the 
proje<^  of  an  univerlal  idiom  and  alphabet.  Thefe  various 
ftuuies  were  often  interrupted  by  the  occafional  paiitics  of  the 
times ^  and  his  pen  was  always  ready  in  the  taufe  of  the 
Princes  and  patrons  to  whole  fervicc  he  was  attached :  many 
hours  were  confumed  in  a  learned  currer|X>ndence  with  all 
Europe:  and  the  Philofopher  amufed  his  leifure  in  the  com* 
poiition  of  French  and  Latin  ^«r/ry.  Such  an  example  may 
difplay  the  extent  and  powers  of  the  human  undcrflandlng, 
but  even  his  powers  were  diifipated  by  the  multiphctty  of  his 
purfuits.  He  attempted  more  than  he  could  6iu(h^  hede- 
ilgned  more  than  he  could  execute :  his  imagination  was  too 
eaiiiy  fatisiied  with  a  bold  and  rapid  glance  on  the  fubjed 
which  he  was  impatient  to  leave;  and  Leibnitz  may  be  com- 
pared to  tho(e  heroes,  whofe  empire  has  been  loft  in  the  am« 
bition  of  univerfal  conqueih 

When  he  was  about  thirty  years  of  age,  (1676,)  the  merit 
of  Leibnitz  was  difcovered  and  adopted  by  the  Dukes  of  Ha- 
nover, at  whofe  court  he  fpent  the  I  aft  forty  years  of  his  life, 
in  firee  and  honourable  fervice.  In  this  (Nation  be  foou  became 
the  author,  or  at  leaft  the  architect  a  monument,  which 
they  were  ambitious  of  raifmg  to  the  glory  of  their  name. 
With  the  view  of  preparing  the  molt  autiic-ntic  documents  for 
the  Hiftory  of  the  Houie  of  Brunfwick,  he  travelled  over  the 
provinces  of  Germany  and  Italy,  their  ancient  feat^.  In  this 
learned  pilgrimage,  he  confulted  the  living  and  the  dead,  ex- 
plored the  libraries,  the  archives,  the  moiiaftcri':s,  .nd  even 
the  tombs,  and  diligently  colle<Slcd  or  copied  the  books,  the 
manufcripts,  and  the  charters  of  every  age.  As  the  cunnfity 
of  the  Hiftorian  had  not  been  limited  to  u\c  proper  bounds  of 
his  fubjcct,  the  various  treal'ures  vvnich  he  had  imported  were 
publiihed  m  fevcral  volumes,  with  .^s  much  fp.cil  aiiJ  c.tre  as 

the  multitude  of  his  avocatioi^s  would  aUuwj  and  it  m^y 
Vol.  UL  D  d  deemed 


4 

40S^  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 


deemed  cither  a  praife  or  a  reproach,  that  the  raw  materiab 
are  often  lefs  valuable  than  the  obfcrvations  and  prcficss  of  the 
editor  himfelf.  in  the  year  1695,  the  nuptials  of  the  Prince 
of  Alodena  with  a  Princels  of  Hanover  engaged  him  to  difpel 
the  errors  and  fables  of  preceding  genealogifis,  and  to  reftore 
the  true  conne6lion  of  the  kindred  branches,  which  were  thus 
united,  after  a  reparation  of  more  than  fix  hundred  years. 
This  occafjonai  pamphlet  was  defigned  as  the  prelude  of  the 
great  Latin  work  which  he  meditated  on  the  Brunfwick  Anti- 
quities. With  a  genius  accuilomcd  to  draw  lines  of  coirmu- 
nicntion  between  the  mofl  diflnnt  fciences,  he  tr.iced,  in  his 
Introdu'flion,  the  rrvolutidns  0}  country  and  ::s  inhabi- 
tants;  of  the  country,  from  the  natural  remains  ot  rolfils  and 
petrefackions of  the  inhabitants,  from  the  national  vcliiges  of 
language  and  manners.  I  hc  ftory  of  a  prr  vince  and  of  a 
family  fwellcd,  in  his  capacious  mind,  into  the  annals  of  the 
weftcrn  empire :  the  origins  of  the  Guelphs  of  l^avaria,  and 
the  Marcjuiflls  f i  Efle,  woulJ  have  been  interwoven  in  their 
proper  place;  and  the  narrative  would  have  been  deduced  from 
the  rei ;rn  of  Charlemagne  (A.  D.  769.)  to  the  latl  Emperor 
of  the  Saxon  line  (1025).  But  the  term  of  an  antediluviaa 
life  would  have  b/en  fcarcely  adequate  to  the  labours  and  pro- 
jects of  Leibnitz:  the  imperfe£l  manufcripr  of  his  Annals 
were  buried  in  the  Library  of  Hanover;  and  the  mipre/Tion, 
though  long  llnce  promifed,  is  ftill  refufed  to  tl.e  curif  firy  of 
the  Public.  But  the  ideas  and  papers  of  that  t^ieat  nuin  were 
freely  communicated  to  his  difciple  and  kiccellor  Eccard,  and 
the  rcfearches  more  particularly  belonging  to  the  Houfe  of 
1>]  iinfwick  have  formed  the  bafis  of  the  Origines  Guelfii.r^ 
which  were  compiled  by  the  indui^rious  hiftoriographer.  I  ns 
rafhnefs  of  Eccard,  who  changed  his  fcrvice  and  religion, 
condemned  his  work,  till  envy  and  malevolence  had  fublided, 
to  a  lon:^  oblivion;  nor  was  it  till  many  years  after  his  dec  eaie 
that  the  Origincs  GuelfjCiS  were  printed  m  tive  volumes  in 
folio,  by  the  care  of  the  Eletloral  Librarian*;.  Tne  hands  of 
the  fcvcral  workmen  are  apparent;  the  bold  and  original  fpirit 
of  Leibnitz,  the  crude  erudition  and  hafty  con"'ef>ures  of 
Eccard,  the  ukful  annotations  of  Gruber,  and  the  critical 
difquiiitions  of  bcheid,  the  principal  editor  of  this  geneaio* 
gical  Hiltory. 

In  the  conlirudlion  of  this  domeftic  monument,  the  Elc£tor 
of  Hanover,  ten  years  after  the  return  of  Leibnit*,  had  drf- 
patched  a  fecond  milfionary  (1700)  to  fearch  the  archives  of 
his  Italian  kinfmen.  Their  archives  were  in  the  moft  deplo- 
rable ilatc:  but  the  Princes  of  Elic  were  nwa^ened  by  fhame 

aad  vanityy  and  their  iubje^  Muratori  was  recalled  from 

Milan* 


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HOUSE   OF  BRUNSWICK 


Milan,  to  reform  and  govern  the  ducal  Library  of  Modena* 
The  [j.  inc  of  Aiuratori  will  be  fc  r  ever  connected  wjth  the 
literatuic  of  his  country:  ab»jve  iixty  years  of  his  peaceful 
life  were  coniu.ncJ  in  the  exercifcs  of  Itu  iy  and  cirvotionj 
his  nunKTous  writings  on  the  iubj^^ts  ui  hiltury,  antiquities, 
re! i;_:-i(jn,  HKnals,  End  cnticifms,  arc  imprcfled  with  icnw  ;ind 
kauwlcd^",  widi  mudcraiion  and  candour:  hu  rnovcd  m  the 
narrow  ciicic  of  an  Italian  pricil ;  but  a  dclirc  of  ffccdom, 
a  ray  of  philoropiiic  light  fomctimes  breaks  through  his  own 
prejudices  and  thofe  of  his  readers.    In  the  caufe  of  his  Prince, 
he  was  permitted,  and  even  encouraged,  to  explore  the  foun- 
dations, and  to  circunifcribe  the  limits,  of  the  temporal  power 
of  the  Bifhops  of  Rome:  and  his  vidtorious  arguments  in  the* 
difpute  for  Commachio  accuftomed  the  flave  to  an  erecl  puf- 
turq  and  a  bolder  flep.    One  of  his  antagoniils,  the  learned 
Fontanini,  had  been  provoked,  in  the  heat  of  controverfy,  to 
caft  fome  reflexions  on  the  family  of  Efle,  as  if  they  had  been 
no  more  than  fimple  citizens  of  Padua,  who,  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  ^ere  invefted  by  the  Popes  with  the  title  and  office 
of  Marquis  of  Ancona.    Truth  and  honour  required  an  an- 
fwer  to  this  invidious  charge   and  the  fimieil  anfwer  was  a 
fimple  and  genuine  expoiition  of  hSh,   The  courts  of  Brunf- 
wick  and  Modena  were  joiqed  in  the  iame  family  intered  j 
and  their  truftv  Librarians,  Leibnitz  and  Muratori,  corref-^ 
|K>nded  with  me  confidence  of  allies  and  the  emulation  of 
rivals.   But  the  Ipeed  of  the  German  was  outftripped  in  the 
race  by  the  perfeverance  of  the  Italian:  if  the  conjci^tures  of 
Muratort  were  lefs  fplendid,  his  difcoveries  were  more  fure; 
and  he  could  examinei  with  the  leifure  of  a  native,  the  mo- 
numents and  recprds  which  his  aflbciate  had  formerly  viewed 
with  the  hafte  of  a  traveller.   After  a  diligent  enquiry  of 
three  years,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  he  gave  to  the  world 
the  £rft  volume  of  the  Antichita  EJlcnje^  a  model  of  genealo* 
gical  criticifm ;  and  in  the  fecond  volume,  which  was  delayed 
above  twenty  years,  he  contiuues  the  defccnt  and  feries  to  his 
own  times.   The  more  ftrenuous  labours  of  his  life  were 
devoted  to  the  general  and  particular  hiftory  of  Italy.  His 
antiquities,  both  in  the  vulgar  and  the  Latin  tongue,  exhibit 
a  curious  picture  of  the  laws  and  manners  of  the  middle  age ; 
and  a  correA  text  is  juflified  by  a  copious  Appendix  of  au- 
thentic documents*   Hii  Annals  are  a  faithful  abflra^  of  the 
twenty-eight  folio  volumes  of  original  hiftorians ;  and  what- 
ibever  feiuts  may  be  noticed  in  this  great  colle£Hon9  our  cen- 
iiire  is  dilarmed  by  the  remark,  that  it  was  undertaken  and 
iuiiibed  by  a  Angle  num.   Muratori  will  not  afpire  to  the 

Dd  a  fame 


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404  ANTIQJJITIESOFTHE 

hmt  of  hiftorical  gentiis:  his  tnodefty  may  be  ccMmnt  widi 
the  folid,  though  humble  praife  of  an  tmpartiai  critic  aadinde- 
^tigable  compiler.  . 

^  With  fuch  guides  with  the  materiab  which  they  have  pro* 
Tided,  and  with  fome  experience  of  the  way^  I  mall  boldly 
defeend  into  the  darkneiv  of  the  middle  a^e ;  and  while  I 
aiTume  the  liberty  of  judgrpent,  I  Ihall  not  oe  unmiadAil  of 
the  duties  of  gratitude. 

An  old  charter  of  the  reign  of  Chaderaagne  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  ninth  century,  has  cafually  prcfcrved  the  id&- 
mory  of  Boniface  the  Bavarian;  the  count  or  governor  of 
Lucca,  the  father  of  the  marquifles  of  Tuscany,  and  the  firft 
probable  anceftor  of  the  houfe  of  £fte  and  Brunfwick.  His 
name  and  country,  his  title  and  province*  I  ihail  lepaFaidy 
confider:  and  thefe  confiderations  will  explain  the  Hate  of 
Italy  in  his  time*  and  that  of  his  immediate  defcendants. 
t.  In  the  origin  of  human  fpeech*  a  method  muft  havebeea 
'  wanted,  and  fought,  and  found*  of  difcriminating  the  fevcnd 
individuals  of  the  fame  tribe,  who  were  mingled  in  the  dai^ 
offices,  even  of  favage  life*  In  every  language  the  invemion 
of  proper  and  perfonal  names  mufl  be  at  leaft  as  ancient  as  the 
uie  of  appellative  words*  The  truth  of  this  remark  is  at- 
Sefted  by  the  ancient  continent  from  India  to  Spain,  from  the 
lakes  or  Canada  to  the  hills  of  Chili,  the  fame  diftindioos 
were  familiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  New  World  i  and  our 
navigators  who  have  recently  explored  the  iflands  of  the 
Soum  Sea,  add  their  teflrimony  to  the  general  piattce  of 
mankind.  As  foon  as  a  new-bom  infiuit  has  enjoyed  Ibme 
days,  and  begins  to  promife  fbme  years  of  life,  he  is  diftin^ 
guHhed  as  a  fodal  being  from  his  prdent  and  ^ture  compa- 
nions: the  friends  of  me  family  are  convened  to  coittratubte 
the  parents  and  to  welcome  the  ftranger;  and  the  fmival  bis 
been  ufually  connected  with  fome  religious  ceremony;  the 
facrifices  of  the  Greeks,  Romans,  and  barbarians  i  the  dr- 
cumcifion  of  the  Jews,  and  the  baptiiin  of  the  Chriftians*- 
The  primitive  choice  of  every  word  mufl  have  had  a  caufe 
and  a  meaning:  each  name  was  derived  from  fome  accident 
or  alluiion,  or  quality  of  the  mind  or  body;  and  the  ritles  of 
the  favage  chiefs  announced  their  wiidom  in  council,  or  their 
valour  in  the  field.  Such  in  the  book  of  nature  and  antiquity 
are  the  heroes  of  Homer;  and  the  happy  flexibility  of  the 
Greek  tongue  can  expreb  in  harmonious  foimds  all  poffibk 
combinations  of  ideas  and  fenttments.  But  in  the  Japfe  of 
ages  and  idioms,  the  true  fignification  was  loft  or  mifapplicd: 
the  qualities  of  a  man  were  Uindly  transfemd  to  a  child, 

and 

t 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK.  ^ 

and  chance  or  cuftom  were  the  only  motives  that  could  direct 
this  arbitrary  impofuion.  The  Chriftians  of  the  Roman  cm- 
|Mrc  were  u  niix;ure  of  Jews,  of  Greeks,  and  of  Latin  pro- 
vincials :  their  profane  names  were  f.in<ilified  by  baptifm  j  thofe 
of  the  Bible  were  refpedtable  and  familiar;  and  the  cafual 
aiEnity  with  an  apoflle  or  martyr  might  encourage  the  pious 
youth  to  imitate  his  virtues.  But  in  the  three  centuries  which 
preceded  the  reign  of  Charlemagne,  the  weftern  world  was 
overwhelmed  by  a  deluge  of  tjcrman  conquerors.  After 
thcif  convcrfion  to  Chriflianity,  they  long  adhered,  from  pride 
or  habit,  to  the  idu  in  ot  their  fathers  j  and  their  Teutonic 
appellations  with  a  foftcr  accent  and  a  l/d^'in  termination, 
were  almoit  cxclu lively  ufed  in  the  baptifm  ot  princes  and 
noble?.  Till  the  tenth  or  twelfth  century,  the  Old  was 
abandoned  to  the  Jews,  and  the  New  l^ftanient  to  the 
people  and  clergy.  Adam  and  David,  Peter  and  Paul,  John 
and  James,  George  and  Franci?,  were  neglected  as  unknown, 
or  delpifl'd  as  plcbci  -n;  and  Honiface  is  the  only  name  of 
ccclefultical  oiit^in  which  the  chiefs  of  barbaric  race  condc- 
fcended  to  aiTume.  This  honour?.h!e  exception  may  be  juftly 
afcribed  to  the  fame  and  merit  of  St.  Honifacc  the  Firll,  arch- 
biihop  of  Memz  or  Mayence,  the  niilfionary  ot  Rome,  the 
reformer  of  France,  and  the  apoftle  of  (^ernKmy,  who  lofk 
his  life  in  preaching:  the  Gofpel  to  the  1" Mhan'^.  He  wj-^  born, 
in  England,  and  in  his  own  b.\p:ijm  he  h:ni  been  lliled 
Wtnfnd :  but  with  the  epifcopal  charat^er  tlir  Saxon  re- 
ceived the  more  Chriftian  app^-lbtinn  of  Bom  lace,  which 
bad  been  il!  ilbated  by  a  maj  tyr  and  a  pope.  Of  the  Hef-  ^ 
fians  Thurnwians,  and  R-\varian«?,  whom  he  reclaimed  rroni 
idolatry,  many  were  ambitious  even  of  a  nominal  conior- 
mity  with  their  patron:  and  from  his  age  and  country,  the 
count  of  Lucca  micrht  be  one  ot  the  fortunate  iniants  who 
were  baptize-d  by  the  apoftle  of  Bavaria. 

2.  The  Chriftian  priefts  who  fuhducd  the  conquerors  of 
the  Weft,  had  inculcated  the  duty  of  danming  their  idola- 
trous anceitors,  and  perfecuting  their  dUIentrng  fubje£b.  But 
the  toleration  which  they  denied  to  relij^^ious  prejudice,  was 
freely  extended  to  the  inftitutions  of  civil  or  barbaric  life. 
The  Rf-rnans  of  Italy,  the  great  body  of  the  ciergy  and 
people,  were  ftiil  diredted  by  the  codes  of  Theodofms  and 
Juftini.ui.  The  laws  of  the  Lombards  were  promulgated 
for  their  own  ufe;  alter  the  fall  of  their  kingdom,  they  ftill 
prcferved  their  national  jurifprudence ;  and  the  vi6lorious 
Franks  enjoyed  the  beneht  without  impofing  the  obligation 
of  the  Salic  and  Kipuariaii  codes.    1  he  three  great  nations 

who 


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ANTIQUITIES   OF  THE 


who  fuccciffively  reigned  in  Italy,  were  every  where  mingled, 
and  every  where  feparate.    A  fimilar  indulgence  was  granted 
to  the  fmaller  colonies  of  Goths,  Alemanni,  or  B^svnrians  j 
and  lo  perf     was  the  practice  of  civil  tolcratinn,  tliat  every 
freeman,  according  to  his  birth  or  choice,  might  cmbi  ace  the 
law  by  which  he  himfelF  and  his  family  woiiUI  he  rrird.  In 
the  p.6ts  which  ha\'c  efcaped  to  our  time«,  count:  ilomface  and 
his  dclcciid.iius  protcfs  t  )  live  according  to  the  nation  and  law 
of  the  Bavarians :  hiii  this  profellion  rather  defines  the  origin 
of  his  blood,  than  the  place  of  his  nativKyi  and  it  is  po/fible 
that  foT>e  LLct^tM-jtions  of  his  anceftors  mi^iht  have  already  felt 
the  niilder  influence  ot  climr.te  and  rcliirion,      1  he  ir^rne  of 
the  Bavarians  firfl  riics  into  notice  atnidlt  i;.e  dying  a'j:onies  of 
the  Wclh  rn  Kinpire:  bat  the  tribe  or  troop  of  adventurers 
which  aliumed  that  name,  loon  fwcilcd  to  a  powerful  king- 
dom, and  covered  the  province  of  Noricum  from  th'^  J^anube 
to  the  Alps.    The  vicinity  of  Italy  provoked  their  dclires; 
the  alliance  of  the  Lombards  encouraged  their  hopc^;  they 
jouied  the  llandard  of  the  invader;  and  on  the  confines  of 
Modena  and  1  ufcany  the  memory  of  their  ancient  Icrtleinent 
is  not  totally  extinct}.     If  we  compare,  however,  the  fmallnefs 
of  the  colony  with  the  numbers  of  the  nation,  it  may  fccrn 
more  probable  that  Count  Boniface  was  born  iii  Hav  ina,  per- 
haps of  noble  and  idolatrous  parents;  and  tiiat  Ins  fcrv  ices  were 
rewarded  by  Charlemagne  with  the  government  of  an  lt;ilian 
province.    The  eye  of  the  vigilant  and  fagacious  emperor 
pervaded  the  vaft  extent  of  his  doniiniuns ;  and  the  merit  of 
every  fubjeiSf,  in  whatfoevcr  country  or  condition  he  had  been 
caft,  was  afTiirncd  to  the  ftation  mofl  beneficial  tor  himfelf 
and  the  State.    While  the  kinp^doms  of  tiic  Weft  obeved  the 
fame  fceptre,  a  native  Frank  might  command  on  the  banks  of 
the  Tyber;  the  frontiers  of  Bnttanv  were  guarded  bv  a  lo)aI 
Lumbjrd,  and  the  Saxon  prolelyte  would  lignalize  his  new 
zeal  toi  Chriftianity  againli  the  Saracens  of  iSpain.  Charle- 
magne affected  to  conuder  all  his  fubjedts  v/ith  the  impartial 
love  of  a  father:  but  he  was  not  unwilling  to  tra.-ifplant  a 
powerful  chief  into  a  foreign  foil,  and  he  cherilhcd  a  fccrct 
preference  of  the  men  and  the  nations  whofe  fole  dependence 
was  on  the  royal  lavour.    The  Franks  were  jealous  of  the 
elevation  of  an  equal ;  the  Lombards  might  not  caJily  forgive 
the  triumphs  of  a  conqueror;  but  the  Aleqianni  and  Bava- 
rians, who  had  been  long  opprellcd,  were  devoted,  by  loyalty 
and  grat:tude,  to  the  fervice  of  their  benefactor. 

3.  I  am  ignorant  of  the  parents  of  Boniface  the  Bavarian; 
of  his  ch<ir4vt<^i  ^iid  actions  I  am  like  wire  ignaranL    But  hh 

oliici^ 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 

official  title  defcribes  him  as  one  of  the  principal  minifters 
and  nobles  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.    The  Latin  appellations 
of  dukes  and  counts  were  transferred  with  the  latitude  of  ft>- 
reign  words  to  the  judges  and  leaders  of  the  Barbarians:  tbefe 
diilertnt  titles  were  applied  to  the  fame  pcrfon  or  ftation :  they 
varied  according  to  the  fafhion  of  the  age  and  country;  and  it 
was  not  till  after  the  ninth  century  that  the  dukes,  aftliming  a 
dear  pre-eminence  of  dignity  and  power,  (lood  foremod  OA 
Ae  ileps  of  the  throne.    In  the  vulgar  and  legal  idionii  the 
temporal  peers  (1  anticipate  the  expreiHon  of  more  recent 
times}  were  ftiled  princes,  and  in  their  families  the  kings  and 
emperors  of  the  Weft  might  folictt  a  wife,  or  beftowa£ugh<« 
ter,  without  degrading  the  majcfty  of  their  rank.    It  was  at 
once  their  privilege  and  their  duty  to  attend  the  national 
council}  nor  could  any  law  acquire  validity  or  efk^  without 
die  confent  and  authority  of  thefe  powerful  nobles.   In  their 
relpedive  diilri£b  of  ample  or  narrow  limits,  each  duke  or 
count  was  invefted  with  the  plenitude  of  civil  and  milltarjr 
power,  and  this,  union  of  chara^ers  th^^£t  be  afcribed  rather 
to  the'imperfsdlion  of  the  arts  than  to  the  talents  of  the  men. 
They  prefided  in  open  courts  of  jiiftice,  and  determined  all 
criminal  and  civil  caufes,  with  the  advice  of  their  plebeian 
afleflbrs,  their  Jcabini^  who  were  fomewhat  lets  illiterate  than 
the  judee  himlelf.   At  the  royal  fummons  they  reared  their 
ibwdard,  ailembled  their  freemen  and  vaflals,  and  marched  at 
their  haul  on  every  occalion  of  dan|;er  and  honour.  Such 
taxes  as  could  be  levied  on  a  rude  and  independent  people  were 
lhared  between  the  fupreme  and  fubordinate  chief,  and  diere 
cxifts  an  agreement  by  which  a  Lombard  duke  was  permitted 
to  referve  a  moiety  of  the  revenue  for  his  public  and  private 
ufe.    The  prerogative  of  appointing  and  recalling  thefe  pro- 
vincial magiftrates  was  efteemed  a  fufficient  pledge  of  their 
obedience;  and  the  fervants  of  Charlemagne  might  obey 
without  relu£buice  the  firft  of  mankind.   But  the  memory  of 
a  favour  was  loft  in  the  grant  of  an  office;  and  the  arrant  of 
an  office  was  infenflbly  confolidated  into  the  right  of  a  free- 
hold pofleffion.   The  counts  and  dukes  were  amenable  to  the 
circuits  of  the  mijjiy  or  royal  inquilitors :  but  they  were  more 
able  to  maintain)  than  willing  to  fufier,  an  a^  of  injuftice; 
and  it  was  gradually  admitted  as  a  conftitutional  maxim,  "that 
they  could  not  be  oeprived  of  their  dignity  without  a  charge, 
a  trial)  and  a  conviction  of  felony.    The  founder  of  die 
Weibrn  Empire  might  fometimes  reward-  the  fon  by  the  gift 
or  the  reveriton  of  his  father's  province ;  a  dangerous  reward, 
which  was  often  extorted  &om  the  feairs^  rather  than  from  the 

bounty 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 


botinty  of  (uccccding  princes.  They  could  not  defpoil  the 
legitimate  heir  of  his  laodSi  his  followers,  and  his  popular 
name,  and  it  was  deemed  more  prudent  to  fecure  the  public 
peace  by  the  indulgence  of  his  private  ambition. 

4.  Tiic  province  cntruftcd  to  the  vigilance  of  Count  BonU 
iace  It  one  of  the  moft  ferule  and  fortunate  fpots  of  Italy.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  rivers  Magra  and  Arno,  by  the  fea  and  the 
Appcnine ;  and  in  the  old  days  of  independence,  this  tra^l  d 
country  had  been  the  debateable  land  between  the  Ligunans 
and  Ltrufcans,  till  it  was  finally  annexed  by  Auguftus  to  the 
ic^ton  of  Etniria.    The  harbour  of  Lunt  is  capabie  of  ihel- 
t^ng  the  navies  of  Europe;  the  circumjacent  hilU  of  Carara 
have  fupplied  an  inexhauilible  il:ore  of  white  marble  for  the 
nobleli  works  of  fculpture  and  architecture,  and  Lucca  itfclf 
is  fituate  almofl  on  the  bai^ks  of  the  Aufar  or  Serchio,  a  river 
'which,  flowing  ten  miles  farther  to  the  fouth,  is  finally  loft 
under  the  walls  of  Pifa,  in  the  waters  of  the  Amo.    In  the 
beft  age  of  the  commonwealth,  the  fixth  century  of  Rome, 
an  allotment  of  fixty  thoufand  acres  was  divided  among  two 
thoufand  citizens,  who  were  foon  aflociated  with  the  ancient 
natives :  but  the  colony  of  Lucca  finally  preferred  the  title  and 
privileges  of  a  municipal  town.    After  fufFering  fome  injury 
from  the  barbaric  dorm,  Lucca  appears  to  revive  and  flouriih 
under  the  Lombards,  as  the  feat  of  a  royal  mint,  and  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  whole  province  of  Tufcany.    The  republic^ 
lefs  cxtenfive,  as  it  fhould  feem,  than  the  command  cf  Boni- 
face, now  contains  one  hundred  and  twenty  thoufand  innabi- 
tanis,  who  are  enriched  by  the  exportation  of  oil  and  filk. 
But  their  riches  are  the  fruits  of  induftry,  and  their  induttry 
is  guarded  by  liberty  and  peace.    I  am  inclined  to  believe, 
th:it  this  fmall  and  happy  community  is  more  wealthy  and  po- 
pulous than  wns  formerly  the  Tufcany  of  Charlemagne;  and 
even  in  its  decay  the  Rate  of  Tufcany  lUU  pofTefTes  more  in- 
habitants and  more  trciifure,  than  could  have  been  found  in  the 
diforderlv  and  delolatc  kinfidom  of  the  Lonbards. 

From  the  interpolition  of  lldenrand,  count  of  Lucca,  it 
may  be  fufpef^ed  that  at  the  time  of  his  fitlier's  deceafe  Bor.i- 
fisice  th "  Second  had  not  irqiiut  d  lathcicnt  ftrcn^th  and  matu- 
rity for  the  vacajit  office :  but  thefe  friends,  or  rival*:,  who 
had  excrcifcd  the  government  of  Luce?.,  were  foon  iupc!  kded 
by  the  eftablilhment  of  the  lawful  heir;  and  the  youtn  ap- 
proved himfelf  w  i  t!n'  of  his  name  and  honour^.  I  he  ex- 
ample and  impuni'v  <n  treafon  could  never  tempt  his  loyalty; 
and  while  the  empire  01  Lewis  the  Pious  was  relaxed  by 

weakne^  or  agiuteU  by  dikord,  Buni^e  aiTertcd  the  glory 


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HOUSB  OP  BRUNSWICK.  409 

tjf  the  French  anJ  the _  Chriftiaii  arms.    He  had  been  en- 
truilreJ  with  the  defence;  of  the  maritime  coaft  and  the  ifle 
€jf  Coriica  againfl  the  M  thomctans  of  AfrKa,  aod  his  right 
to  command  the  iervice  of  the  neighbouring  counts  majT 
entitle  him  to  the  appellation  of  Duke  or  Ma  quis  of  Tui- 
cany,  which  was  alTumed  by  his  dufccndants.    W jth  a  fmaU 
fleet  he  failed  from  Pifa,  in  fearch  of  the  robbers  of  thefeai 
they  had  vanilhed  on  his  approach:  he  call  anchor  on  the 
friendly  ihores  of  Coi  fica,  and  after  providing  himfelf  with 
expert  pilots,  he  fleered  his  intrepid  cburfe  for.  Africa,  and 
boldly  landed  on  the  coaft  between  Carthage  and  Utica. 
Xhe  Aglabites,  who  reigned  in  Africa  as  the  nominal  vice* 
gerents  of  the  caliphs,  were  aftoniftied  and  provoked  by  the 
iniblence  of  the  Ch:  iftians^  whofe  valour  had  been  hitherto 
confined  10  a  defenfive  war.    Their  camp  was  immediately 
furrounded  by  a  formidable  hofl  of  Arabs  ai|d  Moors :  five 
times  did  they  mount  to  the  aiTault :  they  were  repulfed  five 
times  with  (laughter  and  (hame.   The  field  was  covered  with 
the  bodies  of  their  ilain ;  in  the  hot  purCuit  fome  adventurous 
Franks  became  the  vidlims  of  their  own  raQinefs;  but  the 
more  prudent  chief  was  fatisfied  with  vidloryi  he  embarked 
the  troops,  the  captives,  and  the  fpoil,  and  returning  m 
triumph  to  the  port  of  Lum^  or  the  mouth  of  the  Arno^ 
left  an  example  of  fucccfsful  enterprizc  which  was  long  re- 
membered by  the  Modems  of  Afric,  and  feldom  imitated  jby 
the  Chriilians  of  Italy.    The  birth,  charadler,  and  adven^ 
tures  of  the  emprefs  Judith,  will  be  introduced  with  more 
propriety  in  the  llory  of  the  Guelphs,  and  I  lhall  only'ob* 
ferve,  that  after  his  abjedl  fall  and  fortunate  rtftorationt 
Lewis  the  Pious  might  uill  tremble  for  the  fafety  of  a  be- 
loved wife*    She  was  confined  in  a  monaflery  of  Tortona, 
in  the  power  of  a  rebellious  fon;  and  if  the  ambition  ojp 
Lothaire  was  difappointed,  the  blood  of  a  flep*mother  might 
be  a  grateful  offering  to  his  revenge*   Boniface,  with  fome 
loyal  i'ubje£ls,  perceived  her  danger,  and  flew  to  her  relief* 
By  their  celerity  and  courage  Judith  was  refcued  fromprifon^ 
and  they  gtiarded  her  pafTage  over  the  Alps  till  fhe  met  the 
embraces  of  an  impatient  hufband.  This  g  ill  a  at  a£i,  which 
deferved  the  gratitude  of  the  emperor,  expoied  the  count  of 
Lucca  to  the  difpleafure  of  Lothaire,  who  was  Hill  mafter 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  who  denied  the  invefliture  of 
their  fie^  to  all  the  accomplices  of  the  efcape  of  Judith* 
Boniface  retired  to  France,  where  bis  exile  was  alleviated 
by  the  mofl  honourable  employments.    In  the  civil  wars, 
after  the  death  of  Lewis,  he  might  fecure  his  pardon  with- 
out forfeiting  his  allegiance;  and  there  is  reafon  to  believ^ 
^t  he  endc4  his  days  in  the  govenunent  of  Tufcany*  The 

fwocd 


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ANTIQJJITIES  OF  THE 

fWord  of  chivalry  was  confecratcd  to  the  fervice  of  refigfoii 
and  the  fair;  and  the  African  vl£koT,  the  deliverer  of 
cniprefs,  had  fulfilled  the  duties  of  a  perfed  kiueht. 

His  fon  and  fucceilbry  Adalbert  the  Firft,  nad  a  more 
nnqueflionable  right  to  the  appelladpn  of  Dtike  and  Mar- 
quis of  Tuicany.   The  title  of  Marquis,  or  ra^er  Mar-> 
grave,  w^^s  introdoced  into  Italy  by  the  French  emperors; 
m  Teutonic  etymology  of  the  word  implies  the  count  or 
gomnor  of  a  march  of  a  frontier  province :  his  Nation  gave 
lism  at  lead  a  military  command  over  ieveral  of  his  equals  ; 
and  in  the  divifion  of  the  monarchy  the  mmiber  and  im- 
portance of  thefe  hoftile  limits  was  continually  muldplied. 
Yet  the  life  of  Adalbert  is  much  lefs  pure  and  itlullrioit»^ 
than  that  of  his  fother :  either  an  hiftorian  was  wanted  to 
l^is  a£Hqns^  or  his  anions  alForded  no  materials  for  hiftory  ; 
and  tt  i$  only  by  the  glimmering  of  old  charters,  that^ 
An-ing  thirty  years,  his  exiftence  is  vilible.   The  decay  of 
genius  and  pnwet  in  each  imperial  generation^  had  confirmed 
the  independence  of  the  hereditary  governors;  till  the  failure 
of  the  eldeft  branchy  in  the  peribn  of  Lewis  the  Second^ 
concluded  a  ccnturv  of  domefltc  peace*  and  opened  an  end- 
kfs  feries  of  revolutions.   The  eledioii  of  the  kings  of 
leafy  was  decided  by  the  voices  and  by  the  fwords  the 
^d^oits  noMes :  they  chofe  the  objeft,  the  meafurey  and  the 
term  of  aNegiance;  and  the  name  of  the  candidate  whom 
they  rnpportMi  was  a  fuAcient  apology  for  every  af^of  vio- 
lence and  rapine.   A  pope  of  an  adive  and  ambitious  fpirit, 
John  Vill.,  mofk  bitterly  complains  of  the  two  marquifles* 
or  tyrantS)  of  Lambert  or  Spofeto^  and  of  Adalbert  of  Tu(^ 
cany,  who  were  brothers  in  alliance^  in  arms*  and  in  hcrU 
lege.    They  fblicited  the  aid  of  the  mifcreant  Saracens^ 
invaded  the  ecdefiaftical  S|ate,  entered  the  city,  profaned 
ibe  churches,  extorted  an  oath  of  fidelity  from  the  Romans, 
and  dared  to  imprifon  the  fucceflbr  of  St.  Peter.    Af(er  the 
departure  of  thefe  public  robbers,  as  they  arc  ftiled,  without 
much  injuilice,  by  the  ponttiF,  he  afieAed  to  difplay  their 
guilt  and  his  own  danger :  the  (acred  relics  were  iran^orted 
from  the  Vatican  to  the  Lateran  palace:  the  altar  was 
clothed  in  fackdoth,  and  the  doors  of  the  temple  were  in- 
liojpitably  (hut  againft  the  devotion  of  r^c  pilgrims.    By  the 
apprehenfion  of  a  fecond  infult  John  ViJl.  was  driven  from 
the  apoftolical  feati  he  Hed  by  fea  to  the  ufual  afylum  of 
France^  ollered  the  tm'o  worlds  to  whofoever  would  avenge 
bis  quarrel)  and  in  the  Synod  of  Troyes  proclaimed  the 
vices  and  pronounced  the  excommunication  of  the  two  mar- 
rifles  of  Spoleto  and  Tufcany^  the  enemies  of  God  and 

Mao. 


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HOUSE   OF  BRUNSWICK. 


Man.  Some  political  events  gave  a  new  turn  to  his  intereft 
and  language;  tin  moji  glorious  Adalbert  and  his  wife  {Co 
lately  a  robber  and  an  adulterefs)  are  recommended  in  his 
eptfUes  to  the  love  and  protedlion  of  the  friends  of  the 
church.  From  fuch  inveaive  and  fuch  praiie  It  might  be 
inferred  that  calumny  is  a  venial  fin,  or  that  every  fin  is 
obliterated  by  a  reconciliation  with  the  Pope.  A  cafuift  left 
indulgent)  I  (hall  not  (b  eafily  abfolve  the  facrilegious  Mar- 

2uis  of  Tulcany :  he  lived  in  an  age  of  the  darkeft  fuper** 
lition,  and  his  aflault  on  the  Vatican  is  truly  criminal,  unce 
it  was  condemned  by  the  prejudices  of  his  own  conscience. 

In  the  dignity  of  Duke  and  Marquis  of  Tufcany  he  was 
fucceeded  by  his  fon,  the  fecond  Adalbert,  who  has  been 
only  dfilingutihed  fvom  the  firft  by  the  nice  microicope  of 
chronological  criticifm*  Such  and  ib  great  was  the  pre- 
eminence of  his  wealth  ^d  power,  that  he  alone  among  the 
princes  of  Italy  was  diftinguiihed  by  the  epithet  of  the  ricbi 
an  epithet  of  ambiguous  praife,  fince  it  exprefles  the  libe- 
rality of  fortune  rather  than  of  nature.  He  married  Bertay 
the  daughter  of  Lothaire  king  of  Aulbafia  or  Lorraine,  who 
was  the  great  grandfon  of  Charlemagne :  a  dtftindion  rather 
honourable  than  Angular ;  fince  many  of  the  princes  of  the 
age  were  defcended  by  the  females  (roni  the  Imperial  ftenu 
His  independence  was  built  on  the  riiins  of  the  empire  of 
Charlemagne :  the  failure  of  lawful  heirs  enlarged  the  fccne 
of  contention:  the  fceptre  was  alternately  woA  aAd  loft  in 
a  field  of  battle,  and  the  Italians)  from  a  maxim  of  policy, 
entertained  the  competition  of  two  kings.  '  The  dukes  of 
Friuli  and  Spoleto  lone  difputed  the  crown;  and  while 
Berengarius  reigned  at  Verona,  his  rivals  Guido  and  Lam- 
bert were  feated  on  the  throne  of  Pavia.  Thefe  prince^ 
the  fither  and  Ton,  were  the  uncle  and  coufin  of  Adalbert/ 
but  he  fupported  or  deferted  their  ftandard  with  licendoui 
perfidy,  and  one  of  his  attempts  did  not  niuch  redound  to 
the  honour  or  advantage  of  the  Marquis  of  Tulcany.  Hef 
marched  to  furprize  Lambert,  who  hunted  without  fufpicion 
in  a  foreft  near  Placentia:  but  he  forgot  that  difcipline  and 
Ibbriety  are  moft  eflential  to  fecret  enterprise.  The  tents  of 
the  Tuscans,  who  deemed  themfelves  fecure  of  their  royat 
game,  rerou;ided  with  drunkcn'  and  lafcivious  fongs;  their 
intemperance  fubfided  in  fleep ;  and  at  the  dead  of  night  they 
Were  furprized  bv  the  vigilant  Lambert,  at  the  head  of  no 
more  than  one  hundred  horfe.  The  Marquis,  who  could 
l^either  fight  nor  fly,  was  dragged  from  liis  (belter  among 
die  mules  and  afles  of  the  baggage,  and  his  (hame  was  enk-^ 
Littered  by  the  rude  pleafantry  of  the  conqueroi". .  Thy 
^  wife  Berta^"  fitid  he,  «  had  promifed  that  diou  ihouldeft 

«  be 


4i*  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 

.  *^  be  either  a  king  or  an  afs.  A  king  thou  art  not,  but  dsf 
fecond  title  i  (hall  not  difpute ;  and  wifely  had  thou  chofen 
**  a  place  of  refuge  among  the  animals  of  a  fitnilar  fpedes*** 
The  death  of  Lambert  reflorcd  the  captive  to  liberty  and 
dominion :  but  the  chara£ler  of  Adalbert  was  fti]!  the  famCy 
and  the  (late  of  Italy  long  fhi£Uiatcd  with  the  viciffitudes  of 
his  intercit  or  paffions.  Seyengartas,  who  was  oppreiled  by 
his  fervice,  (bmetimes  accufed  and  fometimes  imitated  the 
example  of  his  ingratitude.    A  new  pretender,  Lewis  king^ 

■  of  Aries,  was  defeated  and  difminid  and  recalled,  and  again 
cilablilhed  and  again  dethroned  as  be  was  die  friend  or  enemy 
•f  the  Marquis  of  Tuicany.  In  a  moment  of  leeming  con- 
cord) the  new  fovereign  vifited  Lucca,  where  he  was  enter* 
taincd  with  the  oitentation  of  expence  which  vanity  will 
often  extort  from  avarice  and  hatred.  As  Lewis  admired 
the  nitmerotis  and  well-dreied  ranks  of  the  Tufcan  foldters, 
the  attendants  of  the  paFacc,  and  the  hixury  of  the  banqoet^ 
he  foftly  whiipered,  This  Marquis  is  indeed  a  king,  arid 
^  it  is  on^  in  a  vain  title  that  i  am  fupertor  to  my  vaflaL"' 
By  ihc  diligence  of  flattery  or  malice  this  whifper  was  le* 
echoed:  the  pride  of  Berta  was  offended,  her  fears  were 
alarmed^  (he  alienated  her  hufband*s  mmd^  he  confpired 
with,  the  difafTcdted  nobles  ;  and  a  haily,  perhaps  a  barmJc£^ 
feying  deprived  the  unfortunate  king  of  Aries  of  the  crown 
^f  Italy  and  his  eyes.  Adalbert  the  Second  died  at  Lucca^ 
in  a  mature  age,  and  his  real  or  imaginary  virtues  are  in* 
icribed  on  his  tomb.  We  are  Solicited  to  beReve,  that  he 
was  forinidable  to  his  enemies,  liberal  to  his  foldiers>  juil  ta 
bis  fubjetSb,  and  charitable  to  the  poor^  that  his  memory  was 
embalmed  in  the  tears  of  a  grateful  people;  and  that  the 
public  happinefs  was  boried  in  his  grave.  An  epitaph  is  a 
feeble  evidence  of  merit;  yet  an  epitaph  on  the  dead  lUky  ' 
prove  fomcwhat  more  than  a  panegyric  on  the  living:. 

Adalbert  the  Second  left  behind  him  three  children^  twO' 
Ions,  Guide  and  Lambert^  the  elded  of  whom  was  aclcnow* 
ledged  as  Duke  and  Marquis  of  Tufcany,  and  onedaughter^ 
Hermenegarda^  who  married  and  furvived  a  prince  of  equal 
rank  on  the  confines  of  Piedmont.  The  pride  and  power 
of  Berta  were  not  impaired  by  her  hufband's  death ;  and  to 
her  pai&ons  I  ihould  impute  an  unequal  ccnteft  with  the 
emperor  and  Icing  of  Italy,  who  by  fraud  or  force  imprifoned 
the  mother  and  her  (on  in  the  fortrefs  of  Mantua.  But  her 
£iithfut  clients  refufed  to  furrender  the  cities  and  cafties  coow 
mitted  to  their  truft:  a  treaty  was  negociated;  the  captives 
were  releafed ;  their  pofiefliont  were  reftored ;  and  I  muft 
applaud  the  moderation>  perhaps  the  courage*  of  Guido^ 


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HpUSB  OF  BRUNSWICK.  ^ 

who  fincerely  fubmittcd  to  forgive  and  to  be  forgiven.  Of 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Beren^arius,  who  was  ftabbcd  in 
palace  by  a  private  villain^  (juido  was  neither  the  author 
nor  accomplice  :  but  in  the  fubfequent  ele6lion  his  voice  had 
a  free  and  dccilive  wei?'ht;  and  thr  l  uid  ibh  motives  of  fili^ 
or  fraternal  tcndcrnciV  nH:::;ht  prompt  him  to  gratify  his  mo- 
ther, by  lupporti ng  the  chum  of  Hugh,  or  Hugo,  count  of 
Provence,  her  ion  by  a  former  hufband.  The  Marquis  com- 
manded the  fea-ports  of  Tuicanyj  his  fifler,  an  active  and 
|)opular  widow,  could  Ihui  or  open  the  pafies  of  the  Alps. 
A  royal  pretender,  Roilulph  of  Bur^ndy,  was  chafed  be- 
yond the  mountains  :  by  the  unanimous  choice  of  the  nobles, 
Hu^'h  was  invited  and  proclaimed:  he  landed  at  P\C\;  and 
the  ibn*^  of  Adalbert  were  proud  to  falute  tlicir  brc-ther  as 
king  of  It.dv-  But  this  event,  which  feemed  to  coniolidate 
the  tortunes,  was  the  immediate  caule  of  the  downfall  of 
their  houiL!.  The  new  monarch  infenfiblv  betrayed  a  faith- 
lefs  and  ungratctul  chara^^cr:  his  vices  were  fcanda!ou«,  his 
talents  mean;  and  if  his  ambition  was  fomctimi^s  chcck.ed  by 
•fear,  it  was  never  reftruincd  by  humanitv  or  iufticc.  The 
death  of  Berta  diilolved  the  unioa  between  the  chddren  of 
her  firft  and  her  fecond  nuptials.  The  mild  and  moderate 
Guido  expired  in  the  prime  of  life.  'I'hc  duchv  of  Ttifcanjr 
wa*?  occnplr  i  hy  Lambert:  but  iu  a  hafly  an.]  mdccejit  mar- 
riage with  iViarozia,  his  brother's  wiJow,  the  king  of  Italy 
trampled  on  the  prejudices  of  mankind.  Hn^^i^h  was  already 
confcious  of  the  public  hr.tred  atui  contempt:  he  might 
juftly  dread  the  courage,  the  ambition,  the  popularity  of 
the  Marquis;  and  his  avarice  was  llimuiateJ  by  the  hopes 
of  a  rich  forfeiture.  Regardlefs  of  a  moihei  's  hmc^  he  in- 
vented, or  encouraged  the  re[»ort,  that  the  obltin.ite  barren- 
nels  of  the  wife  ut  Adalbert  h  id  tempted  that  impious  wo- 
man to  procure  and  fublliiute  two  male  infants,  whom  fhe 
educated  as  her  own:  aivJ  the  arbitrary  (entence  of  the  k-ini^, 
who  difclaimed  Lambert  as  a  brother,  miii\  have  denied  hig 
right  to  the  fuccellion  of  Tufcany.  Had  this  caufe  been 
argued  before  a  tribunal  of  law  ;ina  reafon,  the  advocate  for 
thr  Marquis  would  hnvt-  pleaded  the  long  and  iranqud  pof- 
leiiion  of  his  name  and  ft.iie,  and  have  deprecated  the  injuf^ 
tice  of  a  charge,  which  was  not  advanced  nil  after  the  de- 
ceafe  of  botn  iiis  parents.  Tbie  oratfjr  would  have  painted 
'in  tiic  mofl  lively  colours,  the  abfurdity  of  the  fu;ipo!ition, 
the  oitiicjitv  of  fafciiiating  the  eyes  and  filcncinj;  v.\q  tongues 
of  a  jealous  cou't,  and  the  ilrong  improbabihrv  that  the 
Dutchefs  of  Tuicany  ihould  have  tivice  rifqued  the  danger 
and  fhame  of  a  dilcovery.  He  would  have  authenticated 
the  ciicumilaoces  ot  her  pregnajscy  and  ddivcry ;  and  after 

ciiabtiihii)^ 


ANTlQJUiTlES    OF  THE 


cftabliflimg  his  defence  on  argument  and  hSt^  he  might  have 
tried  to  awaken  the  tender  and  indignant  feelings  of  the  au- 
dience. Inftead  of  fucb  a  tedious  procefs,  the  intrepid  Lam- 
bert call  down  his  gauntlet^  and  challenged  to  (ingle  combat 
the  falfe  accufer  of  his  own  and  bis  mother's  fame.  .The 
challenge  was  accepted^  a  champion  aroie;  the  lilb  were 
opened;  and  fuch  was  theieoodnefs  of  his  caufe,  or  the  vi- 
gour of  his  arm,  that  the  Marquis  obtained  an  eafy  vl£tory 
in  the  judgment  of  God.  Even  this  judgment  was  not  re- 
fpe^led  by  the  tyrant.  Inftead.  of  embracing  his  genuine 
brother*  he  loaded  the  conqueror  with  irons,  confifcated  his 
dominions,  and  deprived  him  of  his  eyes;  while  the  nobles 
of  Italy,  who  fu  often  reitfted  the  execution  of  the  laws, 
moft  bafely  acqulefced  in  this  a£l  of  cruelty  and  injuftice. 
The  unhappy  prince  furvived  his  misfortune  many  years,  but  - 
he  was  already  dead  to  his  enemies  and  the  world.  In  a  civi- 
lized fociety,  the  mind  is  more  powerful  than  the  body;  and 
the  influence  of  ilrength  or  dextericy  is  far  lei^  extenfive 
than  that  of  eloquence  and  wifdom.  But  among  a  people 
of  barbarians,  the  blind  warrior,  who  is  no  longer  Capable 
of  managing  a  horfe,  or  of  wielding  a  lance,  mud  be  ex- 
cluded from  all  the  honours  and  ofHccs  of  public  life. 

Such  were  the  five  defcents  in  the  Bavarian  line  of  the 
Counts  of  Lucca  and  Marquill'es  or  Dukes  of  Tufcany. 
The  fourth  generation  of  the  podei  ity  of  Boni^ice  coin^ 
cides  with  the  age  of  the  Marquis  Adalbert,  who  may  be 
ilyled  the  third  of  that  name,  if  wc  can  (afely  rivet  this  in^ 
termediate  link  of  the  genealogical  chain.  After  a  long 
hefitation  and  various  trials,  the  aiflive  curiofity  of  Leibnitx 
fubdded,  in  the  opinion  that  Adalbert  the  Third,  the  un- 
queilionabic  t.\  her  of  the  Houfe  of  £ile  and  Brunfwick, 
was  the  fon  of  ihe  Marquis  Guido,  and  the  grandion  of 
Arl  ilbert  the  Second:  and  that  his  right  of  fucceflion  to  the 
Duchy  of  l  ufc.  ny,  which  had  been  fuperfcded  by  his  tender 
years,  was  finally  loit  in  the  calamity  of  his  uncle.  In  a 
mind  confcious  of  its  powers,  and  indulgent  to  its  produc- 
tions, this  idea  ftruck  a  deep  and  permanent  root.  As  an 
hiftorian,  Leibnitz  was  acquainted  with  the  ilubborn  chji* 
ra£ler  of  fads :  as  a  critic,  he  was  accuftomed  to  balance 
the  weight  of  teftimony :  as  a  mathematician,  he  would  not 
proftitute  the  name  of  demondration :  but  he  affirmed  that 
his  opinion  was  probable  in  the  highefl  fcnfe^  and  the  philo- 
fophcr  could  not  patiently  tolerate  a  fceptic.  Thefe  hifto- 
rical  enquiries  he  compared  to  the  labour  of  an  alironomer, 
who  frames  an  hypothcfis,  fuch  as  can  explain  all  the  known 
ph:tnomena  of  the  heavens,  and  then  exalts  his  hypothcfis 
into  uutb,  by  expoiing  the  errors  of  every  other  poiTible 

iuppo&tioii- 

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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 


fuppoficion.  From  the  Library  of  Hanovcr>  the  difcovcry 
was  tranfmittcd  to  that  of  l\lo«k*na,  with  an  earne!}  defire  v{ 
literary,  or  at  leafl:  of  jK)jitica!  union i  and  the  pedigree  of 
Adalbert  the  Third  was  ratified  by  the  confent  of  Leibnitz 
and  Muratori,  Yet  in  this  dark,  and  doubtful  licp  of  genea- 
logy, impartial  critlcifrn  may  be  allowed  to  paui^r,  a:'.d  even 
the  filence  of  a  contemporary  writer  may  incline  the  fcale 
againfi:  many  loofe  and  floating  atoms  of  modern  conjecture. 
The  firft  fitty  years  of  the  tenth  century  are  illulh'-atcd  by 
the  labour  ajid  eloquence  of  Liutprand,  bifhop  of  Cremona, 
who  expofes,  witn  a  free  and  ofuia  fatiri  al  pen,  the  ch.irac- 
tcrs  and  vices  of  the  time?.  He  reUtes  the  death  or  vjuido, 
and  the  fucceilion  of  Laaibert,  wi:iiuut  ialinuating  that  the 
former  left  any  children,  or  that  the  latter  was  appoinicd 
guardian  of  their  minority.  He:  deplores  the  fate  of  Lam- 
herr,  without  n\forming  the  reader  of  the  cfcapc  of  his  rie- 
phuv/;  by  what  refources  of  ilight  or  defence,  of  prayer  or 
aegociation,  he  efcaped  the  cruelty  of  the  tyrant,  and  lived 
to  propagate  the  plories  of  his  race.  The  Alarquis  Otberf, 
the  undoubted  fou  of  Adalbert  the  Third,  is  honourably 
mentioned;  and  it  might  be  reafoaahly  cxpcdled,  that  ibmc 
hint  (hould  have  been  given  of  his  ImcA  defcent  from  the 
Tufcan  princes,  whofe  natnes  and  actions  had  been  already 
celebrated  in  the  hiliory  of  Liu*prand.  Nor  can  the  order 
of  time,  fhat  infallible  touch il one  of  truth,  be  eafiiv  recon- 
ciled With  the  hypothefis  of  Leibnitz.  Guido,  Marquis  of 
Tufcan y,  was  the  third  hufband  of  the  infatiate  Marozia : 
her  fecond  was  killed  in  the  year  nine  hundred  and  twenty- 
five;  and  ten  or  twelve  months  muif  be  granted  for  the 
fhortcfl  widowhood,  the  term  of  pregnancy,  and  the  birth 
of  her  ion  Adalbert.  No  more  than  thirty -fix  years  after 
his  b;rth,  his  fon,  the  Marquis  Otbert,  appL-ars  in  the  world 
as  a  flatefnian  and  a  patriot.  Such  a  precipitate  fucceflion, 
which  crowdN  two  generations  into  one,  is  repugnant  to  the 
whole  experience  ut  ages:  a  hict  fo  llrange  and  im[>robable 
could  on;y  be  forced  on  uur  beLef  by  the  abfolutc  ppwcr  of 
poiiLive  and  authc;)tic  evidence. 

In  this  enquiry,  1  ihould  difdain  to  be  influenced  by  any 
partial  regard  for  the  intereil  or  honour  of  the  Houfe  of 
Brunfwicic  :  but  I  can  refign,  without  a  figh,  the  hvpothefis 
of  Leibnitz,  which  might  iccm  to  exhibit  the  nominal  rather 
than  the  natural  anceilors  of  the  (on  of  Guido,  This 
doubtful  expreffion  is  not  founded  on  the  abfurd  and  m;di- 
cious  fable,  that  the  twu  laft  Marquilles  of  Tufcany  were 
liolcti,  in  their  infancy,  from  an  obfcurc,  and  perhaps  a 
f^ebeiaii  origin :  Berta  ;vas  their  eenuine  mother ;  and  their 
p^di^ree  would  aot  be  uinced  wiiii  iuipiciuui  it*  the  right  of 

the 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 

the  father  could  be  afcertained  with  the  fame  clearnefs  arid 
certainty.    But  in  iliclc  barbarous  tunes,  the  valour  oi  the 
men  appcjrs  to  have  been  m..inta.incJ  with  mure  h\?h  and 
jealous  care  than  the  ch.iihtv  of  the  wonDenj  and  fuch  was 
the  peculiar  infelicity  of  tlic  M-irquis  Guido,  that  his  wife, 
his  mother,  and  his  two  grandmothers,  are  all  acciued,  in 
their  refpeftive  £»eneraUon>,  ut  a  Uight,  or  fcandaious  de- 
viation trom  the  imc  of  virtue.    In  the  Poniiiical  KpilHes, 
the  wife  of  Adal  n  rt  I.  is  branded  with  the  opprolmous 
name  of  Aduhcrefs;  and  without  inlilHng  on  the  iVipe's  in- 
fallibiiiL.,  i:  may  be  taiily  urged,  tluit  as  the  character  of  a 
public  robber  was  applied  t<j  ilic  lacnlegious  ciiefu;  of  Rome, 
the  vices  ot  Rotilda  n»uft  have  afforded  (onic  .m mJ  or 
tolour  for  private  reprcn.ch.     'i  l-c  mntiv.r  oi  uiq 
famous  Vakirada,  loni;  fluctuidl  li.-tv.  eta  the  If  ate  of  \\,tc 
iiiid  Lue  lhame  ot  a  e^  ti^ubiiie.     is.ic  mi^ht  be  innucciiL  la 
the  judgment  ot  confcience  and  reaionj  bat  her  preteiiued 
njarriage  with  Lotiiair,  king  of  Lorraine,  was  rcpc..:edly 
annulled  by  the  Icntence  of  the  Roman  Pontiff.    Hv  an  ob- 
ilinate  refiflance,  her  fame  might  have  been  preiei  ved  ;  a 
falfc  and  fruitlefs  penitence  could  only  aggravate  her  fiiiv 
and  fhe  became  aliJce  guilty  in  the  eyes  of  the  Church  and 
of  the  Public,  when  (he  continued  to  dwell  in  the  embraces 
of  her  lover,  after  a  lawful  Queen  had  been  reftored  to  the 
honours  of  his  throne  and  bed.    The  pleafures  of  Berta 
were  fubfervient  to  her  ambition    and  Adalbert  the  Second 
appears  to  have  been  endowed  with  the  patient  virtues  of  a 
huiband.    By  the  liberal  freedom  mth  which  ihe  imparted 
the  nobles  of  Tufcany  every  gift  in  her  power  to  bcftow, 
the  Duchefs  fecured  their  graceful  attachment  in  the  hour  of 
danger;  and  at  the  age  of  threefeore,  ihe  might  be  juftly 
vain  that  her  favours  were  preciouj:9  her  lovers  fond,  her 
friends  und  clients  ftill  roindAil  of  their  paft  ohiigattons.  As 
the  infidelity  of  Hermenegarda  could  fully  otdy  the  blood  of 
anodier  fwiily>  it  is  almoft  needled  to  mention  that  the 
fbuehter  of  Berta  moft  foithfully  copied  the  example  of  her 
momer*   But  the  fatirical  eloquence  of  Liutprand  is  unable 
to  mnt  the  vices  of  Marrzia,  wife  of  the  Marquis  Guido: 
**  From  her  early  youth,"  (exclaims  the  Bi£hop,)  (he 
had  been  inflamed  by  all  the  fires  of  Venus ;  and  again 
and  again  did  ihe  exa^  from  her  lovers  the  payment  of 
«*  their  debts»^'    Her  fiunily  was  powerful  at  Rome:  by  the 
corruption  of  Marozia,  of  her  mother,  and  of  her  fifter, 
the  Church  and  State  were  polluted  and  (^pprefied :  their  h~ 
vourites,  and  their  children,  were  fucceifively  promoted 
to  the  throne  of  St.  Peter;  and  in  the  fpiritual  Babyloii»  the 
city  of  the  Seven  HiUt}  a  more  ioquifitive  age  would  have 

decefted 


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HOUSB  OP  BRUNSWICK. 


torfted  the  fcaikt  whore  of  the  Revelations.  The  fon  of 
Marozioy  the  grandfon  of  Berta,  and  the  great-grandion  of 
Rotilda,  might.be  perplexed  in  the  dilcovery  or  the  choice 

of  his  true  progenitors. 

The  hvpothcfis,  that  Adalbert  III.  was  the  fon  of  tlMi 
Mirquis  Guido»  will  not  endure  the  teft  of  a  critical  en- 
quiry:  but  I  am  dilpofed  to  fmbrace  the  general  opinion  of 
Leibnitz  and  Muratori,  and  to  believe  with  them,  that  the 
families  of  Eftc  and  Brunlwick  arc  dcfcended  from  a  youn« 
gcr  branch  of  the  Houfe  of  Tufcany.  A  charter  comme- 
morates the  name  of  Boniface,  fon  of  Adalbert  I.,  and  bvo* 
ihcr  of  Adalbert  IT. :  his  exiftcnce  is  certain;  his  marriagjc 
probable  ;  and,  according  to  the  cuflom  of  nations,  the  re- 
ipe6lable  name  of  a  grandfather  and  uncle  would  be  natu- 
rally repeated  in  the  perfbn  <jf  his  Ion.  In  the  iatl  years  of 
the  ninth  century,  we  mav  hx  the  binh  of  Adnlbert  HI.  who 
will  ftand,  in  the  correiponding  deL;r<^c,  as  the  firll  coufia 
to  the  Marauis  Guido:  the  order  nt  nntiirc  will  be  reflored, 
and  in  the  fucceeding  generation  a  jufficieni  Ipace  will  he 
left  for  the  growth  and  macunrv  of  Otbert  I.  By  this  early 
feparation  from  the  original  Item,  we  avoid  the  more  fcao- 
dalous  vices  of  Berta  aiifl  Marozia.  The  filencc  of  Liut- 
prand  will  no  longer  furprize  or  emharrals  tiic  critic  :  Boni*^ 
face  and  his  fon  Adalbert  the  Third  were  neither  the  love- 
reigns  nor  the  hrirs  of  Tufcany  :  their  private  fortunes  were 
lels  tplendid,  and  mnre  fecure,  than  rh')ic  of  the  MarquifTes, 
their  elder  kinimcni  and  theii*  names,  nor  c(jnfpicuni]s,  per- 
haps, bycrimt*>  or  virtues,  might  eicapc  ihc  meniorv  or  the 
pen  of  the  general  hiflorian.  As  the  objections  diminifli, 
the  prefumptivc  prr-ofs  of  a  connection  between  ilic  Houfes 
of  Tutcanv  and  Eitc  leave  a  deeper  impreiiion  on  the  mind. 
The  repetition  of  the  nanu  of  Adalbert  has  alrradv  been 
roriccd  as  a  family  featun  .  In  the  kingdom,  the  name  of 
AdalScrt  was  Ids  rare,  however,  than  the  title  of  Marquis^ 
of  fiR  h  recent  nfc  and  fuch  local  application,  but  whxh  was 
Uniforinly  nfed  from  the  tenth  to  the  httcenth  century,  as 
their  licreditary  and  proper  flvle.  hv  rhc  Print  es  of  KOe. 
The  military  -^ovt  rnxrs,  who  commanded  on  the  Alpuieor 
Greek  limits,  do  not  luggcA  any  traces  of  conformity  ;  and 
our  ignorance  of  the  province  which  was  ruled  by  Ad  iibert 
TTT-,  and  his  immediate  endants,  will  be  tempted  to  be- 
lieve, that  the  vague  app^  llanuii  of  Marquis,  which  was 
common  to  all,  miglit  he  (  hc:ilhed  hv  rheii  vanity,  as  a  per- 
petual attrih'uc  a  iid  mcmoriai  ot  tlic  1*  lie;  lull  dominion  of 
Tufcany.  Hut  the  ciicumftance  of  the  cieareii  and  mofl  Tub- 
ftannal  prdumption  arifes  fr  im  the  rent-roll  of  their  anc  ient 

cftatcs,  which  ware  fprcad  over  the  he^  of  Tuicany,  the 
-  Vol.  III.  £.  e  counties 


ANTIQJUITIES  OF  THE 


cminritt  of  Lucca  and  Luna*  and  the  Me  of  Cbifictt 
a  reittoie  dependence  of  the  govemmeot  of  Boniface  II. 
Tradition  has  picferved  the  name  and  liouts  of  the  TtrrM 
Ohrtenga^  fo  often  cited  in  oU  charters  as  the  lands  of  the 
Marauis  Otberc  L ;  and  if  he  received  them  from  his  fitther* 
it  will  not  be  difficult  to  fuppofe  that  they  were  originaUy 
granted  to  Bonifoce  111m  ^  the  portion  or  patrimonjr  of  a 

Jounger  brother.  The  perfedl  and  eafy  coalition  of  the 
larquifles  of  Tufcanv  and  £fte  is  refiftod  only  by  a  fmgle 
obfUcle;  and  the  reiiitance  is  leis  infuperable  than  it  may 
apfiiear  at  the  firft  glance :  the  former  adhered  to  the  law  and 
nation  of  the  Bavarians,  whilfl  the  nation  and  law  of  the 
Lombarcls  was  profefled  by  the  latter.  But  we  mufl  not  for- 
«stt  that  in  the  barbaric  jurifprudence  of  Europe,  a  national 
eharafier  might  be  either  conveyed  by  defceiic»  or  adopted 
by  choice ;  and  that  each  fomily,  each  individual,  nught 
UXeSt  and  renounce  the  name  ana  inftitutions  of  tfaefe  poli* 
deal  feds.  The  Bavarians,  a  minute  colony,  were  almoft 
inviiible  in  the  mighty  kingdom  of  the  Lombards :  their  de« 
creafing  numbers  could  not  fecuit  a  reg'ular  fupply  of  iu^cs 
and  witnefles:  an  Italian  pnnce  would  be  defitous  of  omi- 
teratlng  the  remembrance  of  his  foreign  origin,  and  the 
f mailer  rivulets  were  gradually  loft  in  the  maftcr-fleram. 
Such  a  change  of  law  and  nation  is  agreeable  to  reafon  and 

f»radice ;  but  in  this  parti6ular  indance,  it  may  not  be  per* 
umed,  it  cannot  be  proved ;  and  the  objedion  mufl  be  al« 
lowed  to  coimterbabmoe  fome  grains  of^  probability  in  the 
oppoiiie  fcale. 


SECTION  IL 

A  JUDICIOUS  critic  may  approve  the  Tufcan  defcent  of 
the  families  of  Efle  and  Brunfwick ;  but  a  iincere  hiftoriaa 
wfll  pronounce,  that  the  Marquis  Adalbert  is  their  £r(l  un- 
queflionable  anceftor ;  that  he  flouridied  in  Lombardy  or 
Tufcany  in  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century ;  that  his 
charafier  and  adtions  are  buried  in  oblivion ;  and  that  his 
name  and  title  alone  can  be  pUoed  at  the  head  of  an  iiluf* 
trious  pedigree. 

This  pedigree  is  animated  by  his  fon  the  Marqnis  Otbert 
I.,  and  his  life  is  conned)^  with  the  revolutions  of  ItalT. 
•If  die  records  of  the  times  were  more  numerous,  they  mism 
confirm  the  probabihty  of  his  defcent  from  die  MaVquiSea 
of  Tufcany,  (tnce  the  earlieil  date  of  his  name  and  honours 
coincides widi die &U of  dieiroppeflorit  aodUia^yeart 


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HOU$&  OF  BEUNSWICK. 

or  even  month  of  a  new  reign.    The  tyrant  Hugh  had  fled 

lKL  \  oijd  the  Alps,  loaded  with  the  curks  and  trcakires  of  the 
Italians:  his  fon  Lothali,  a  feeble  youth,  had  pafTtd  away 
like  a  fliadow,  and  after  -jl  vacancy  of  twenty-four  days,  the 
Marquis  Beren^arius,  grandfon  to  the  Emperor  of  the  fame 
name,  was  exalted  to  the  throne.  A  grant  of  four  cailles 
was  made  to  the  Biihop  of  Modcna  ;  and  in  the  original 
deed  of  gift  the  new  monarch  is  pleafed  to  declare,  that  the 
advice  and  requeft  of  his  tnilly  and  well-beloved  the  Mar* 
c|uis  Otbert  had  moved  him  to  this  acl  of  liberality  or  dc- 
votit^n.  His  power  at  court  may  be  afcribed  to  the  recent 
merits  of  the  cle6^ion  ;  and  the  advocate  on  the  behalf  of 
othcr.s  would  not  be  mute  or  unfuccefsful  in  Iiis  own  caufc. 
Of  the  favours  which  he  received,  or  of  the  fervices  which 
he  peitormcd,  I  ani  alike  ignorant  ,  hut  at  the  end  ot  nine 
years,  the  counfellur  and  tavonrite  of  Bcrengarius  was  trans- 
formed into  a  fugitive  and  a  rebel,  who  cfcapcd  to  tlic  Saxon 
court,  inriamcU  the  ambition  ot  Otho,  and  foon  returned 
with  an  army  of  Germans,  to  dethrone  a  fovereign,  per- 
haps a  hcnefa6for,  of  his  own  choice.  His  con  dua 
pears,  at  the  firft  glance,  to  be  tainted  with  ingratitude  and 
treafon  ;  and  his  guiit  mav  be  aggravated  by  the  reflexion, 
that  he  impofed  a  foreip^i  yoke  on  his  country,  and  prepar- 
ed the  lon^  calamities  ot  tyranny  and  fadlion.  At  the  dif- 
tancc  of  eight  centuries,  I  (liall  not  vindicate  the  pure  and 
rigid  j)amotifm  of  the  father  of  the  Houfc  of  Brurtfwick. 
According  to  the  experience  ot  human  nature,  we  may  cal- 
culate a  hundred,  nay  a  thoufand  chances,  againft  tlic  pub- 
lic virtues  ot  a  llatciman  :  the  Marquis  viewed  tlie  King  of 
Italv?  firfl  as  an  equal,  and  attcrwards  as  an  enemy;  and 
in  the  looie  government^  ot  the  feudal  fyflem,  the  duties  of 
allegiance  were  proudly  violated  by  the  members  of  au 
armed  and  lawlels  ariftocracv. 

Yet  our  iarpcriei^t  view  ot  the  hiilory  ot  tlic  times  will 
afford  fome  apology,  and  may  allow  ionie  praifc  for  the 
flight  and  rebellion  of  Marquis  Otbert.  i.  The  patriot 
who,  in  the  caulc  of  poUtical  freedom,  is  talle  to  gratitude 
and  honour,  oHends  againft  the  natural  feelings  of  mankind ; 
but  if  thofe  teelings  are  violated  by  a  tyrant,  they  applaud 
the  fword  of  the  icbcl,  or  even  the  dagger  of  the  confpi- 
raior.  Berengarius  was  a  bad  fubjcdf ,  and  a^worfe  prince: 
and  ihc  mol^  oppolirc  vices  were  reconciled  in  the  difTolute 
and  Magitious  character  ot  hiji  wife  Villa.  From  the  re- 
venge or  juliice  of  his  predeceffor,  he  had  bean  favcd  by 
the  Wind  humanity  of  Lothair  the  fon  of  Hugh,  who  chc* 
rilhcd  the  tauiileh  enemy  of  his  crown  ancj  life.  His  fuf- 
j^iciou^  death  was  loUgwed  by  the  pcilccuiiou  uf  iu^  wi- 

£  e  2  dow 


1 

ANTICtj-JlTIES  OF  TH£ 

dow  Adolai'?,  the  fiftcr  nf  the  King  of  Burgundy.    A:  tljc 
ntn;  of  rigfuccn  a  beautiful  and  inruKcnt  Princefs  was  ft np- 
pctl  ot  hei  i  md,  her  jewels,  and  her  appaFcl,  expoled  to  the 
brutal  repeiition  of  blows  and  infulrs,  and  caf>  into  a  fub- 
terraneous dungeon,  where  (heendurcci.  nhovc  tou; months, 
the  In  ft  extremities  of  dill  ids  and  hunger.    A  piealing  and 
pathttit  tale  might  be  formed  of  her  mir.icidnus  cfcape  wirh 
a  danilcl  and  a  prieft  ;  of  tlicir  concc  ilmcnt  among  the 
ruihes  of  the  Lake  Benacus,  whcic  they  were  fupp  .rred 
many  days  by  the  charily  of  a  fifhcnnan  ;  and  ot  her  rcfcuc 
hy  a  generous  knight,  who  conducted  the  Princels  to  his 
wnpre  1:11 '1  hie  fortrcfs  of  CanolFa,  and  defied  the  vengeance 
of  the  Kmg  of  Italy.    The  roinancc  would  concluoe  \%  ith 
the  arrival  of  a  victorious  lover,  a  roval  deliverer:  the  nup- 
tials ot  Otho  :inJ  Adeiais  were  celebrated  at  Pavia,  and  her 
ftngnlar  adveiuures  were  a  prelude  to  the  future  gioiic>  of 
the  Emprefs  and  the  Saint.    The  arms  of  Otho  had  been 
feconded  bv  the  revolt  of  the  Italians  ;  but  in  this  revolt  the 
rir^mc  ot  Otbeit  is  not  mentioned;  and  we  fhould  rat'iei  ac-- 
cule  than  admire  the  patient  loyalty  of  the  Marqu!^.  Be- 
fore he  renounced  his  obedience  ana  gratitude,  the  unrcpenr- 
ing  tyrant  had  accomplifhcd  the  meal  urc  of  his  fms ;  the 
Church  and  State,  the  rich  and  the  poor,  were  tlie  )ndjrcri- 
niinate  viClims  of  the  cruelty  and  avarice  ot  Berengarius, 
2.  In  his  firjl  vi<^orr^)us  expedition,  the  prudence  or  nv:jg« 
nanimity  of  Oiho  had  declined  the  ni;our  of  abiolute  coui^ 
^ue(^,  and  was  content  tf)  he  ftvled  the  Frotectur  of  an  in- 
jured nation     A  proftrate  eriemy  was  fpared  and  torgiven  r 
after  waiting  three  days  before  the  palace  gates,  Bcrengarius 
was  admitted  to  the  royal  prefence,  and  the  goWen  fcep:re  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  was  a  (rain  delivered  to  his  hands.  But 
he  pro ncju need  an  oath  ot  hdelitv,  a  folemn  engagement, 
that  he  would  be  ready,  in  council  and  in  ilie  field,  to  obey 
the  commands  of  his  fovercign,  and  that  he  would  govcra 
his  people  witli  more  ecjuity  and  mildnels  than  he  had  hi- 
therto ddplayed.    By  this  unequal  treaty,  tfie  right  ot  0:ha 
was  eflablilhed,  to  jud^re  and  puniih  the  crimes  of  his  teu- 
d^itorr :  the  Marquis  Orbert  is  no  longer  a  rebd»  who  foli- 
cits  the  aid  of  a  torcign  Pnnce,  and  all  the  vafTals  of  Italy 
might  lawfully  appeal  tiom  their  immediate  to  their  fupr  emc 
lord.    3.  The  apiK  al  was  urged  by  the  mofV  reipe£tablc  dc- 
puries  of  the  Church  and  State,  and  their  voice  was  the 
voice  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.    The  Roman  Pontiff  dif- 
pntched  his  apoflolical  legates  to  complain  of  the  temporal 
and  Ipirltual  wrongs  which  St.  Peter  a[id  Sr.  Paul  had  lr»ng^ 
fwtfcrcd  from  the  tyranny  of  Berenganus,    An  Archbiiiiop 

of  Idiiaa^ood  bclore  the  i^aag  qji,  Cmuuiy,  to  deliver  the 

femimcao 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUN^SWICJL 

• 

fentiments  of  the  oppnefied  clergy.  The  iUuftrious  Maxquis 
Ocbert  (I  copy  the  words  of  the  ntftorian)  fpoke  in  the  name 
and  in  the  caufe  of  his  peers ;  and  the  powers  of  thefe  am*- 
hafladors  were  ratified  by  the  fecret  lexers  and  meflbigers 
of  ahnoft  all  the  Counts  and  Bitbops  of  Italy.  4.  In  the 
fecond,  as  in  the  fiift  eaopedidoa*  Otho  yielded  to  the  call  of 
rafttce  and  free^mi ;  but  in  the  paflas  of  the  Trentine  Alps» 
Jiis  march  was  ftoppcd  a  day  and  a  night  by  the  feeming 
oppofition  of  iixty  thou&nd  Italiani.^  The  fufpicions  ^ 
JBerengarius  had  been  appeafed  by  their  ready  obedience  to 
his  fummoQS ;  and  in  this  martial  aflembly  they  were  die 
maflm  of  the  tliiane  and  the  reprcfentatives  of  the  people. 
A  temperate  oegociation  was,  however,  propofed:  tho 
timely  abdication  of  the  6ther  might  have  foAeaed  their 
hatred ;  and  ther  had  confenied  to  acquiefce  under  the  go* 
iremment  of  his  ton  Adalbert.  The  obftioate  det'pair  of  mo 
old  King  provoked  them  to  abjure  his  name  and  family : 
diey  (hcathcd  thetr  fwords»  and  opened  dieir  gates :  a  hua* 
dred  banners  waved  round  the  rcwal  Aandaid  of  Sa^ny : 
the  deliverer  was  fluted  King  of  Italy,  and  he  received  me 
Irm  Qrmm  in  the  cathedral  of  Miup*  The  Pope  coo- 
'firmed  the  revohition ;  and  after  a  vacancy  of  twenty-eigjit 
years*  the  title  of  Emperor  of  Romans  was  revived  in  the 
perfon  of  Otho  the  Great.  5.  The  benefits  or  mifchicfc 
which  might  arife  from  the  union  of  Italy  and  Germany 
could  be  decided  only  by  expeneoce ;  nor  could  the  forefij^t 
of  the  Mai«|uis  Otoen  ratkipaxe  the  experience  of  three 
hundred  years.  It  was  enoiuJi  for  a  mortal  fUtefioum  to 
obey  the  wifhes,  and  confult  Sie  happinefs^  of  die  prefeat 
generation,  by  placing  in  the  hands  of  wifilom  aad  power 
m  fcepcce  of  the  Italian  kingdom. 

lo  one  of  die  annual  odes  which  ftill  adorn  or  dlfgrace 
the  hirthpdays  of  our  firitifh  Kin^,  the  Laureat,  withlome 
degree  <rf^  coortlv*  and  even  poetic  ait»  has  introduced  the 
founder  of  the  Aruafjrick race: 


When  Ofhm  left  the  Italian  ^ia» 
And  foft  AieQe's  green  domaioy 
Attendant  on  Imperial  fway. 
Where  Fame  and  Otho  lea  the- way» 
The* Genius  of  die  Julian  Hills^ . 
(Whofc  piny  fummits  nod  with  (now, 
Whofe  Naiads  pour  thor  diouiand  lillsi 
To  fwell  di'  exulting  Po,) 
An  eager  bok  prophetic  cafl* 
And  hail*d  die  hero  as  he  pabU*' 


By 


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ANTIQJJXTIES  OF  THE 


By  a  loirv  picdiflion  of  tame  and  empire,  this  benevolent 
Genius  exalts  the  courage  of  the  hero,  and  difplays  the  fu- 
ture greaincfs  of  his  poflerity,  from  the  nuptials  of  Azo, 
to  the  fuccefiion  of  Britiih  kings : 

•*  proceed.    Rdiolcc.    Dcfccnd  the  vale, 
•*  And  bid  the  tuture  monarchs  hail  i 
**  Hail,  all  hail,, the  hero  cried, 
And  Echo,  on  her  airy  tide, 
•*  Furfu'd  him,  munnunng,  down  the  mountain's  fide.'* 

I  (hall  not  prefumc  to  enquire  whether  fuch  diftindl  and 
dill  ant  views  oi  futurity  may  not  furpafs  the  prclcience  of 
a  mountain  god:  but  I  am  compelled  to  vindicate  my  own 
accuracy,  by  obferving  fome  geographical  and  hiftoncal  er- 
rors of  the  mortal  hard.  The  poiicilions  of  Otbert  were 
wot  fituatc  ill  the  Venetian  plain,  but  among  the  mountains 
.of  Tufcany  ;  and  we  (hall  foon  dikuvcr,  that  the  green 
domain  ut  Efte,  or  Atefte,  was  acquired  by  the  marriage 
of  his  grandfon.  In  his  attendance,  *'  where  Fame  and 
**  Otho  led  the  way,'*  he  would  have  paiied,  not  the  Ju- 
lian, but  the  Rhat^tian  Alps ;  he  mud  have  followed  the  high 
road  of  Verona  and  Trent,  the  great  and  cuftomary  paf- 
fage  between  Italy  and  Germany.  The  naTi^c  of  the  JuliaQ 
Alps  is  connncd  to  a  Ibw  range  of  hills,  loon  lif)anded  by 
the  north  eaftern  extremity  of  the  Adriatic,  and  which  op- 
pofed,  in  the  tenth  century,  a  feeble  barrier  to  the  inroads  of 
the  wild  Hungarians.  Tnc  ftrcams  which  iflue  from  ihofe 
hills  arc  lofV  in  the  fca,  or  intercepted  by  the  neighbouring 
rivers ;  and  of  their  tlioufand  rills,  not  a  drop  can  be  mingled 
with  the  waters  of  the  Po.  Even  tlic  motive  and  the  date 
of  the  paffage  of  Otbci  t  arc  wantonly  corrupted.  The  pa- 
triot, tiitruilcd  with  the  caufc  of  Italy,  is  degraded  into  an 
adventurer,  who  fecks  his  fcmunc  in  the  Emperor*s  fcrvice: 
and  he  bids  an  cvcilailiiig  hire  well  to  the  country  which  he 
was  moll:  impatient  to  rev i At  and  deliver.  The  pOet  may 
deviate  horn  the  truth  of  liidory,  but  every  deviation  ought 
to  be  compenfated  by  the  iupcriur  beauties  of  fiMicy  aj^d 
fidlion. 

Among  the  followers  of  his  triumphal  car,  the  fervants 
of  his  fortune,  Ocho  could  diiiinguiih  the  patriot  fugitives 
vho  liad  riiqued  their  lives  and  ellates  to  aflcrt  his  righta, 
and  the  trecdnm  of  Italy.  1  he  moft  illudrious  of  thefe, 
the  Marquis  Otbcrt,  was  rewarded  with  riches  and  honours; 
and  there  is  iomc  icaioii  to  believe  that  his  vague  title  was 
applied  to  the  province  of  Liguria,  which,  according  to 
the  Kumau  gcu^iaphy,  included  die  ciucs  oi  Milan  and 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK 


Genoa.  But  the  defcendant  of  Adalbert  L  might  advance  an 
equitable,  though  not  a  legal  claim,  to  the  Duchy  of  Tuf- 
cany :  and  fomc  fufpicion  wrill  taint  the  pedigree  of  a  favou- 
rite, who  neglects  to  aflc,  or  fails  to  obtain,  tlie  reftitution 
of  a  patrimonial  dignity.  Our  furprife  will  be  increafed 
nnd  removed  by  the  d&overy  of  the  fame  faft.  Hugh, 
King  of  Italy,  had  granted  the  Tufcan  Duchy,  firft  to  ob 
brother,  and  then  to  his  baflard ;  it  was  inherited  by  the  fon 
of  that  baflard ;  and  fucceedine  monarchs,  the  tyrant  Be- 
rengarius,  and  the  German  Otho,  refpeded  the  pofleflion 
of  thefe  fallen  and  unpopular  princes.  So  flrange  an  indul- 
gence mufl  have  been  founded  on  fome  fecret,  but  powerful 
motives;  and  the  fame  motive,  could  it  now  be  revealed, 
might  explain  either  the  modeft  indifference,  or  the  unavail-^ 
ing  requefl,  of  Otbert  himfelf.  But  the  Marquis  (fhall  I 
fay  ?)  of  Liguria  was  invefled  with  an  office  far  more  wor*- 
thy  of  his  abilities,  and  far  more  expreffive  of  the  royal 
confidence.  The  Count  of  the  facred  palace  was  the  prime 
minifler  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy ;  and  it  was  obferved,  in 
clafTic  flyle,  that  the  Dukes,  the  Marquiflcs,  and  the  Counts 
fubmitted  to  the  pre>eminence  of  his  confular  Fafces.  In 
an  age,  when  every  magiflrate  was  a  noble;  and  every  no- 
ble was  a  foldier,  the  Count  Palatine  often  aflumed  the  com- 
mand of  armies ;  but  in  his  proper  flation,  he  reprefented 
the  judicial  character  of  the  Emperor,  and  pronounced  a  de- 
finitive fentence,  as  the  judge  of  all  civil  and  criminal  appeals. 
The  city  of  Pavia,  and  the  caflle  of  Lomello,  were  his  or- 
dinary refidence ;  but  he  vlfited  the  provinces  in  frequent 
circuits,  and  all  local  or  fubordinate  jurifdidlion  was  fulpen- 
ded  in  his  prefence.  This  important  office  was  exercifed 
above  twelve  years  by  the  Marquis  Otbert :  the  public  a6ls, 
the  few  that  have  efcaped,  announce  the  proceedings  of  his 
tribunal  at  Lucca,  Verona,  &c. ;  and  he  continued  to  de- 
ferve  and  enjoy  the  favour  of  the  Emperor.  If,  in  the  de- 
cline of  life,  the  laffitude  of  camps  and  courts  had  tempted 
him  to  feck  a  cool  and  independent  folitudc,  I  fhould  praife 
the  temper  of  the  philofopher ;  but  the  firmefl  minds  are 
enflaved  by  the  prejiK^ices  of  the  times,  and  the  retreat  of 
Otbert  was  infplred  by  the  bafcfl:  fii perdition.  Under  the 
monaftic  habit,  in  a  Benccii(ftine  abbey  which  he  had  uch- 
ly  endowed,  the  Marquis  laboured  to  expiate  the  fuis  of  his 
fecular  life.  Pridr  and  ambition  are  the  vices  oi  tf)c  world: 
humility  i^  the  fivd  virtue  ot  a  monk  ;  and  the  delcendant 
of  princes,  the  iavouritc  of  kings,  the  judge  of  nations, 
wa?  conlpicncnis  am  jng  his  brethren  in  the  daily  labour  of 
collc(3ing  and  feeding  the  hogs  ot  the  monartcry.  His 

iaa&ty  wa«  applauded  ^  but  it  kc  liiteacd  to  that  appiaufe, 

the 


ANTIQJJITIES  OF  THE 

the  penitent  was  entanglied  in  a  more  fubtle  (nare  of  the 
d^mon  of  vanity. 

After  the  refignation  of  the  Count  Palatine,  his  office  was 
^ven  to  favour  or  merit ;  but  his  patrimonial  eAates  were 
mherited  by  the  Marquis  Otbert,  who  can  only  be  diftirh- 
guifhed  by  the  epithet  of  the  Second,  from  the  mnilar  name 
and  title  of  his  father.  The  lifie  of  the  fecond  Oibert  was 
tranquil  or  obicure :  he  was  rich  in  lands,  in  vafials,  and  ia 
four  valiant  fons,  Azo,  Hugh,  Adalbert,  and  Guido :  but 
their  valour  embittered  his  old  age,  and  involved  the  family 
in  tfeafcm  and  difgrace.  Tlie  reignt  of  the  three  Othoi*  a 
period*of  forty  years,  had  been  a  traniient  feafoo  of  protpe- 
ijty  and  peace.  But  on  the  dilute  of  their  dined  liiie»  die 
Oeimana  mamtained  their  right  of  con^ueft,  the  ItaliasB 
revived  die  daim  of  independence,  and  both  were  ambiciotia 
and  reHohice  to  eftabli/h  a  king  of  their  owa  nation  and 
choice.  The  princes  and  lords  of  Italy  were  all  pf  barba- 
ric origin  i  but  as  it  happens,  in  the  progreis  of  nobility,  the 
ftrangers  of  the  fecood  were  defpifed  by  ibole  of  the  third 
or  fourth  generation:  and  the  old  fetilers,  who  couki  boaft 
fome  ages  of  ufurpadoD»  efteemed  themfelves  the  aacieoc 
native^  the  true  proprietors  of  the  foil.  In  the  holUle  diets 
of  Meota  and  Pavia,  two  hoiftile  kin£s  were  eleded,  Heniy, 
die  Saxoii»  and  Axduin  the  Lombard;  and  they  difputed  tnc 
Iron  Crown  ia  a  dvil,  or  rather  a  fooial  war«  of  tea  years. 
The  Getman  invaders  were  loog  checked^  and  fomctimea 
Jefeatedy  in  the  pafles  of  the  Alps:  but  their  ftreittth  and 
SMimbers  finally  pievaileo.  The  fortunate  Henry  maiaed 
the  title  of  Emperor*  and  afterwards  of  Saint  i  Arduja  was 
degraded  and  laved  by  the  monaAic  habit :  and  his  adhe- 
rents weie  pardoned  or  punifhed,  according  to  the  meafure 
of  their  gum  or  power.  Among  thefe  amrenis*  the  firft 
to  ere^  uielbui«ird»  and  the  laft  to  bow  the  knee,  ware  the 
Marquis  Otbert  II.,  his  four  fons*  sumI  his  grandibn  Aao  II.» 
die  immediate  founder  of  the  lines  of  iBrunfwick  and  Eile. 
The  diftanoe  of  their  fields  of  battle  may  prove  the  extent  of 
dieir  influence*  and  the  ohftinacy  of  their  firuggle ;  diey 
made  a  vigoroas  ftand  in  die  neighbourhood  of  ]mia»  they 
sailed  a  nangerous  infurrefiion  at  Rome,  and  they  were  - 
yanquifhed  and  made  prifeners  in  the  plains  of  Apulia.  A 
jndiaal  ad  recites  dieir  crimes*  and  pronounces  their  con* 
demnadon.  The  fix  Marquifies  were  coovided*  by  the 
law  of  the  Lombards*  of  conlpiring  againft  the  king's  life : 
and  fuch  conijpiracy  was  punifhed*  amuding  to  mt^  iame 
law*  widi  CQomfcadon  and  death.  Their  collateral  oficacen 
murder,  rapine,  and  facril^^  are  the  inevilahle  confeqaen- 
ces  of  civil  war:  but  the  violation  of  Come  oadi  which  had 

been 


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Ixeii  extorteil  in  the  hour  of  didrefs,  expofed  them  to  the 
more  Ignominious  reproach  of  treafon  and  perjury.  Yet 
their  lives  were  fpared  by  the  cicmcncy  of  the  pious  Em- 
peror :  the  portion  of  their  lands  which  had  been  dedicated 
to  pious  ufes,  he  could  not  rcftorc  ;  but  he  generoufly  for- 
gave  the  ample  forfeiture  which  had  devolved  to  the  (late : 
and  when  they  refumcd  their  feats  in  the  afTembly  of  the 
peers,  they  profeffed  themfcivM  the  grateful  and  loyal  icf* 
vants  of  their  l>cnefa<5lor. 

But  as  the  Saxon  Henry  left  neither  children  nor  kinfmen 
to  inherit  their  obedience  and  gratitude,  the  fons  of  Otbert 
II.  ufed,  or  abufed  their  freedom,  and  again  oppofed  the 
eledlion  of  Conrad  the  Firft,  emperor  of  the  Franconiaa 
line.  In  the  hope  of  foreign  aid  thev  offered  the  iron 
■crown,  and  promifed  the  Roman  Empire,  to  Robert  king 
of  France:  and  the  Marquis  Hugo,  the  fecond  brother, 
was  intruded  with  this  important  embafTy  :  but  the  fon  of 
Hugh  Capet  was  of  an  inadtive  temper :  hi?  npw  kingdom 
was  unfettled  ;  and  with  his  approbation,  the  Italian  depiK 
ties  transferred  their  offer  to  William  of  Aquitain,  a  vaiia} 
Hot  lefs  powerful  than  his  fovereign.  The  Duke  of  Aqui- 
tain behaved  oo  this  momentous  occadon  with  a  jufl  tem- 
perance of  courage  anddifcretion.  He  accepted  the  crowa 
tor  his  family,  proteAing  that  under  his  reign  Italy  Hiould 
enjoy  fuch  days  as  (he  nad  never  known.  His  forcraoft 
troops  were  dilpatched beyond  the  Alps,  and  he  vifited  Rome 
under  the  pretence  of  a  pilgrimage.  But  on  a  nearer  pro- 
fpe<5t  of  the  fcene,  the  Duke  of  Aquitain  was  fatisfied  that 
he  could  neither  encounter  his  antagonid,  nor  confide  in  his 
party.  The  temporal  peers  were  inclined  to  his  caufe,  but 
the  Archbilhop  of  Milan,  and  the  moft  important  prelates, 
had  heen  promoted  by  the  Houfe  of  Saxony :  they  were 
fteady  to  the  German  intereft ;  and  William  rejected  the 
fole  efFe<5^ual  meafure,  that  of  filing  their  vacant  feats  with 
his  own  ecclefiaAics.  He  prudently  withdrew  from  the  un- 
equal and  ruinous  conieft.  In  a  farewell  epiftle,  he  ac- 
knowledges the  truth  and  condancy  of  one  Italian  lord,  and 
this  fingular  expreflTion  involves  the  fons  of  Otbert  in  the 
national  reproach  of  levity  or  falfehood.  During  his  em- 
bafly  in  France,  the  Marquis  Hugo  had  been  prclled  by  the 
monks  of  Tours  to  rertore  fome  abbey  lands  \vhich  he  had 
ufurped  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Milan.  At  the  diftance  of 
lix  hundred  years  and  fix  hundred  miles,  that  luperltitiout 
rebel  was  fuodued  by  tiie  apfucbeoikm  oi  the  vengeance  49f 
Sc.  Martin. 

By  fuch  exploits  the  memory,  or  at  IcaA  the  names  o£ 
the  ^(ir  km  q£  Ocbm  IL  iias  been  pxeienred  traoi  ohUvi- 


4*  ^ 


Al^TIQJIITIES  OF  THE 


dn.  Azo  I.  the  cMefl  brother,  propagated  the  race  ;  and 
by  his  marriage  with  the  niece  of  Hugo,  Marqujs  ot  Tuf- 
canv%  that  chict  acquired  a  nch  patrimony,  and  a  com- 
maiKlinc;  influence  in  the  Venetian  province.  The  charac- 
ter ot  Hugo,  his  power,  and  hi<i  long  reign,  has  given  him 
a  refpetStable  place  among  llie  princes  of  the  tinies  :  but  the 
lule  ot  Great,  the  title  ot  Alexander,  PonFipey,  and  Char- 
lemagne, becomes  ntliculous  when  it  rs  ncceflary  to  alk, 
and  difRcult  to  find,  the  rcaion  ot  the  appellation.  From 
the  nppcr  to  the  lower  fea,  his  con>mnnd  e>;:ended  over  the 
Huddlc  regions  of  Italy:  with  the  ngbt  he  gialped  the  Da- 
ehy  of  Tmcany,  with  the  left  that  of  Spoleio;  tiil  on  the 
voiuntary^  or  compulfive  refignation  of  the  latter,  he  con- 
tracted his  domain  wrfhin  the  limits  of  hcn^ditarv  fway.  fn 
the  excrcife  o(  arms  Hugo  was  Ikroi^  and  tortunate,  and  ii> 
the  fi^gc  and  chaftifement  of  Capua  he  ap[Trared  with  dig- 
ijity  as  the  mimiler  of  imperial  juflice ;  but  the  fame  fword 
itoipht  be  turned  again  ft  his  fovereign ;  and  Otho  IH.  is  faid 
to  have  betrayed  a  fecrct  latisfadion  when  death  delivcied 
him  from  fo  formidable  a  vaflaK  Far  different  were  the 
feelings  oi  the  clergy  and  people  of  Tufcany-  i  he  toiincr 
bcwaucd  an  humble  votary  and  a  liberal  benefactor ;  a  con" 
vent  at  Florence,  in  which  his  tomb  has  been  long  Ihewn* 
is  one  of  the  feven  monaf^erics  which  he  richly  endowed 
with  lands,  Oaves,  and  goM  and  fdver  plate,  for  the  fervicc 
ci  the  altar.  In  the  opinion  oi  the  age  thefe  virtues  were 
more  pleahng  in  the  eye  of  the  deity,  than  the  juftice  and 
humanity  which  Ite  diiplayed  in  his  temporal  adminiftratioa. 
The  Marquis  of  Tufcany  ioved  praife,  and  hated  Hattery  : 
a  nice  touchf^one  which  difcriminates  vanity  from  the  love 
of  fame.  In  the  chafe,  on  a  march,  he  often  rode  away 
from  his  attendants  ;  vifitedthe  cottages  ;  convcrfcd  with  the 
peafants  and  paffengcrs,'  to  whom  ins  perion  was  unknown  ; 
queflioned  them  freely  concerning  the  characS^cr  and  govern- 
ment of  tlietr  prince ;  and  enjoved  the  dncere  and  limple 
etiaiions  of  their  gratitude  and  veneration.  The  birth  of 
Hugo  may  at  once  be  ftyled  bafe  and  illiilliious ;  fnice  he 
i^  as  the  doubtful  offspring  of  thcbaftard  fon  of  the  King  of 
Italy  of  the  fanie  name  ;  but  his  life  was  deemed  of  fuch 
importaiKe  to  mankind,  that  the  knowledge  of  its  approach- 
ing term  was  communicated  from  heaven  to  earth  by  a  fpe- 
cial  revelation.  After  his  deccafe,  the  Duchy  of  Tufcany 
was  delegated  to  a  I'trangcr  ;  but  a  female  might  fucceed  to- 
hi«  private  eiiates  ;  and  his  lillcr  had  married  Peter  Candia- 
nus  the  Fourth,  Doceor  Duke  of  A'enice,  of  his  name  and- 
family.  In  that  early  period  of  the  republic  the  ma^  hi  rates, 
were  arbitrary  audfeeble^  aad  liic  ek^ve  Dukes  were  aker- 
*  aatdy 


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n:itciv  the  tyrnnts  and  vi6liips  of  a  tumultuous  dcmorrncy. 
By  this  connf  Lotion  witli  the  'ihifnin  Marquis,  the  pride  of 
Candianus  was  elated  :  he  aiiuineil  rhi-  umnncrs  of  a  frndal 
lord  ;  levied  a  body  of  Italians,  andinlultcd  a  tree  city  with 
the  arms  and  liccntioulncfs  of  his  mercenary  guard.  A  fu-  , 
rlons  multitude  cncoiu^aflcd  his  palace:  tnc  gates  and  the 
foldicvs  rcfifted  their  ailault :  th'  v  hrt  d  the  adjacent  houfes, 
and  in  thr  attempt  to  efcape,  the  Duke  and  his  infant  foa 
were  tranlpierced  with  a  thousand  wounds.  Such  fcenes 
were  then  trcqucnt  at  Venice  :  they  irjnv  reconcile  our  minds 
to  the  iilcnt  and  rigid  order  of  the  modern  ariftocrncy. 
The  duties  of  the  widow  of  Peter  Candianus  were  to  re- 
venge an  hufhand,  and  to  ffhit  ate  a  daughter  of  the  fame 
name,  as  her  own.  Th^  d  lughter,  Vainrada,  becanie  tht 
wife  of  the  Marquis  Alherr  A70  the  Firft  ;  and  it  is  appa- 
rent from  the  date  of  the  birth  of  their  cldeft  fon,  Albert- 
A70  IT,  that  thcle  luiptials  were  confummated  in  tiie  life- 
time, and  appro\  ed  by  tb.e  ronlcnt  of  a  wealthy  and  child- 
Icfs  uncle,  who  could  only  hope  co  live  m  the  poilericy  of 
bis  ni^ce.  *  '* 

The  north -eaftcrn  region  of  Itnlv,  which  began  to  be 
vivified  bv  tlie  rlhnf»;  induflry  and  fpieiulour  of  Venice, 
tends  fronritlu-  iTiores  ot  the  Agnatic  lo  the  fuor  of  iht  Alps. 
Had  experience  conhrmed  the  prohtic  virtues  oi  the  elimare  ; 
did  the  Venetian  hens  lay  one  or  two  eggs  every  day ;  did 
the  ewes  drop  their  lambs  twice  or  thrice  in  a  year;  were 
the  women  dclfvi-red  of  two  or  three  infants  at  a  birth,  the  • 
land  mtrft  foon  be  r)ver-rtocked  and  exhaufted.  After  tran- 
Hating  the  Greek  fables  into  fnnple  truth,  v.  c  ihall  ftill  ac- 
knowledge one  of  the  moft  picafant  and  plentiful  regions  of. 
Italy,  a  foil  produ(5\ive  of  grafs,  corn  and  vines,  a  generous 
breed  of  horffs,  ami  innumerable  flocks  of  (heep,  more 
precious  by  the  fincncis  ot  their  wool.  Padua,  the  firft  of 
tlie  fifty  cities  of  Vehctia,  had  been  fo  oh  en  ti  ampied  by  the 
paflage  of  the'barbarians,  that  few  veftiges  remained  of  the 
ancient  fplendour,  which,  in  the  tide  of  human  affairs,  Ihc 
afterwards  recovered  and  furpailed.  Fifteen  miles  to  the 
fouth  of  Padua,  Albcrt-Azo  the  Firfl  fixed  hi';  permanent 
and  principal  feat,  in  the  caflic  and  town  of  Aicflc,  ox  EJU^ 
formerly  a  Roman  colony  of  fomc  nnte:  and  hv  an  harm- 
Icfs  anticipation  we  may  apply  to  his  ddcendanls  the  title  orf 
Marquis  of  Efte ;  which  they  did  not  however  afTume  till  the 
end  of  the  twelfth  century.  From  Efle  their  new  elUtcs, 
the  mlientance  of  Hugo  the  Great,  extended  to  the  Adegc^ 
the  Po,  and  the  Mincius*  Their  farms  and  cattle  were 
fcattcred  over  the  plain :  many  of  the  heights,  MoiUagnana* 
Moplclice^  ^c.  were  occupied  l>y  iheir  fortt  aod  gamibns.; 


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AiTTiQjnriEff  or  thi 


and  che^rpoflefled  a  valuable  tfiA  of  mar(hbnd,  th^  ilkad 
,  (as  k  may  be  ftykd>  of  Rovigo,  which  almofl  reaches  to 
Ae  gates  of  Ferrara.  The  firft  ftep  in  the  emigrations  of 
Ike  family  was  from  the  neighbourhood  of  tho  Tofcan,  t» 
$kit  of  toe  Adriatic  fea. 

The  nuw  and  character  ot  the  Marquis^  Albert- Aio  tbe 
Stcondy  fiuoecoafpicuous  through  the  gloomof  die  devencb 
century.  Tho  moft  imnrkabk  features  la  die  portrait  are^ 
1.  Hi»IJguni|ftmni|idfm  2.  His  riches.  ^.  His  long 
life.  4i  His  ttarriagcs.  5.  His  rank  of  aobiUcv  in  the 
f  ublic  opinioBb  The  glory  of  his  defceadaots  is  refledbd  on 
ihefowidar;  andAzolI.  claims  our  attonion  as  the  Aent  of 
the  two  great  branehts  of  the  pedigree ;  as  the  coounoA 
fether  of  the  Italian  and  GeroMA  princes  of  the  kiadraii 
lines  of  Efte  and  Bhinfwick. 

I.  The  £sir  con^clure  that  the  two  Otbcsts,  the  father 
and  km,  comminded  at  MiUn  and  Genoa  with  the  title  and 
office  of  Marquis,  acquires  a  new  degree  of  probability  for 
Azo  I.  and  akeads  to  the  level  of  hiitoric  truth  in  the  per* 
fbn  of  Azo  II.  fietore  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century 
the  ruins  of  Genoa  had  beenreftored  ;  its  a^ive  inhahitanu 
excelled  in  ihe  arts  of  naTtgation  and  trade  :  their  ans  had 
been  felt  on  the  A&icaa  eoafl,  and  th^  credit  was  db^ 
hhOied  in  the  ports  of  £g]^  and  Greece.  Their  riches  iii<- 
creafed  with  their  induilry,  and  their  liberty  with  their  ri- 
ches. Yet  they  continued  to  obey,  or  at  lead  re^^re,  the 
majefty  of  the  emperors.  In  an  a£t,  as  it  (houldfeem  of  the 
year  one  thoufand  and  forty- eight,  the  Marqub  Albert- Azo 
preflcks  at  Genoa  in  a  court  ot  juflicet  and  his  afleiTors,  the 
magiflrates  of  the  city,  are  proud  to  (lyle  themfelves  the 
^pnfuls  and  judges  of  the  facred  palace.  The  royal  dignity 
^f  Pa  via  was  gradually  eclipfed  by  the  wealth  and  popu'» 
loufnfff's  of  Milan,  the  firft  of  the  Italian  cities  that  dared 
to  ci?c^  the  llandardof  independence.  The  goveniinent  of 
Milan  was  divided  between  the  two  repieiemativcs  of  St. 
Amhrofe  and  of  defar.  The  veneration  of  ilic  tiock  for 
the  ihcpherd  \va"  fortified  by  the  temporal  ftatc  and  privi- 
leges ot  the  aiclibilhop,  nnd  fits  :innual  revenue  of  fourfcorc 
thoufand  pieces  ot  gold  lupplied  an  ample  tun<\  tor  benevo- 
lence or  luxiirv.  The  civil  and  niilitary  fK)wcTs  were  ex- 
eicilcd  hv  the  Duke  or  Mainnis  of  Milan  (for  thefe  tiriei 
were  prornik  noiiflv  uied),  ana  the  voice  of  tr.Tr'ir^on  1^  clf-rt^- 
and  poiiiive  tlnn  \  W\s  hereditnrv  office  was  vcAcf!  m  tiir  an- 
cefiors  ()f  the  liuulc  r)t  Efie.  Some  ol  cho nrc'-oouuvcs  wl n  li 
they  aifumed  aie  cxprciTi\  c  of  the  rigour  of  ttic  tcudal  ivf~ 
tern  :  they  were  tiie  iieii  s  cit  all  whn  died  childlcts  and  in- 

aclUte^  and  a  tine  was  j^4ui  oa.the  bmi^of  each  infant  who 
»  '  ddcated 


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^kSbMbA  tiicif  dsiiD :  tbctr  oficcsn  Icfiod  a  ttx  <ki  fh^  mv* 
IcMy  and  tbeir  ouiraie  iaqmfitioR  exaAed  the  fiWl  loaf  of 
fatead  from  each  oven*  anddie  firftloor  of  wood  from  every 
cait4oad  t\m  entered  die  gates.  Yet  an  M  hiftorian, 
store  forcibly  ade^ed  with  tke  cabmities  of  his  own  days* 
dbplorea  the  lon^  felicky  of  theur  golden  age»  which  had 
been  equally  praifed  hythe  bleffingt  of  the  feeUe  and  the 
cniios  of  the  ftrong.  'They  drew  their  fwonb'  for  the  fei^ 
ynct  iof  the  prinoe  and  people,  hut  their  reign  was  diftts* 

Sii(hed  by  loog  intervait  of  profperity  and  peace.  The 
ftanc  p(Jfe£ons  and  vanoua  aTocationa  of  the  Ouhe  or 
Mar|ats  often  diverted  hiaa  from  the  exeactie  of  this  munt- 
cipal  tnift :  his  powers  were  devolved  oa  the  vifooonts  and 
captains  of  Milan  4  thefe  fnbordinace  tyrants  formed  an  al* 
Uanoe,  or  rather  confpiracy,  wirh  the  vnhafirs^  or  nobles 
€3f  €he  firft  dafs ;  and  die  people  was  afBi^M  by  the  difoord 
or  die  union  of  «  lawlefs  oligarchy.  A  private  infult  «sfiai^ 
perated  the  patience  of  the  ^ebeians :  they  rofe  in  <arms, 
and  their  numbers  and  fury  prevailed  in  the  bloody  matefb 
The  captains  and  nobles  rettsed ;  hut  they  retimd  with  a 
fit  of  revenge ;  «oUe£^ed  their  vaflals  and  pcafanfs  of  ^e  ad- 
jacent country  \  encompafled  the  city  with  a  ctrcumvallatioK 
of  fix  fortre^,  and  in  a  fiege  orblockade  of  three  years  re- 
duced the  inhabitants  lo  the  Jbfl  extremes  of  famine  and 
diflrels.  By  the  inaerpofidon  of  the  Empeior  and  the  Arch- 
hifhop  the  peace  of  Milan  was  reflored:  the  fadions  were 
leooDciled :  they  wifely  refafed  a  garrifon  of  four  thoufand 
Germans  4  but  ihey  acquiefced  in  the  civil  goveoMnent  of 
'the  empire*  The  Marquis  again  afoendcd  his  tribiualy  atid 
that  Mar^is  is  Albeit- Aso  me  Second.  A  judicial  w8t  of 
"the  year  one  thoufand  and  forty-five  atiefts  his  title  and  ju-  * 
tiididion ;  and  as  the  reprefentative  of  the  Emperot»  he  im^ 
aoles  a  "fine  of  a  thoufand  pieces  ot  gold.  Thcprogrefs  of 
Italian  liberty  reduced  his  ^ce  to  the  empty  name  of  «Mar* 
«uis  of  Li?una>  and  fuch  he  is  4lyled  by  the  hiflorians  of' 
nie  age.  In  the  next  century,  his  grandfon.  Obiao  1.  ia 
invefted  by  the  Em^ror  Frederic  1.  with  the  honoort  -of 
Marquis  of  Milan  and  Qenoa,  as  his  grandfether  Aso  hdd 
ihem  of  the  empire ;  but  this  fpletidid  gram  commemorates 
the  dignity,  without  reviving  the  power,  of  the  Houfe  ef 

a.  Like  one  of  his  Tufcan  anoeftors,  Azo  the  Second 
was  diilincruifheci  among  the  princes  of  Italy  bytheepitfaec 
of  the  Ruk*  The  particulars  of  his  rent-roll  cannot  now 
he  albcrtained:  an  occafional,  though  authentic  deed  of 
-veftiture,  enumerates  eighty-three  fiefs  or  manors  which  he 
JmM  of  fim  ma^m  iu  JLoinbardy  and  Tufamy,  from  tlie 

mar^uifasa 


ANTIQjaiTIES   OF  THE 

Mfqui&leof'Eiletodieoottiityof  Limi:  bmtotMif  pof« 
feffions  miift  be  added  the  buds  which  he  enjoyed  at  the  vaf* 
kl  of  the  chnich*  the  ancient  patrimony  of  Otbeit  (tli9 
Tifrta  Okertenga)  in  the  connites  of  Arezzo,  Pifiu  and 
lACCa*  and  the  maniage  poition  of  his  firft  wife*  which^ 
accotdinetotheTarioustcadingsof themannioi^  maybe 
computed  either  at  twenty,  or  at  two  hundred  thou&nd 
£ngli(h  acres.  If  fuch  a  maik  of  lamled  property  were 
BOW  accomnUted  on  the  head  of  an  Italian  nobleman,  the 
alH|ual  revenue  might  facisfy  the  largeft  demands  of  private 
luxury  or  avaricet  and  the  foitnnaie  owner  would  be  rich 
in  the  improvement  of  agricidture,  the  manuia&nres  of  ifw 
(liiflr  y,  the  refinement  of  taAe,  and  the  extent  of  commetce.- 
Bnt  the  barbarifm  of  the  eleventh  century  diminiHied  ihc 
income,  and  aggravated  the  evpencet  of  ifae  Marquis  of 
£fte.  In  a  long  fcrics  of  war  and  anarchy,  man  and  the 
woiks  of  man  had  been  fwept  away  ;  and  the  imrodu^kw 
of  each  fmcious  and  idle  ilrangcr  had  been  over-balanced 
hy  the  lofs  of  five  or  fix  perhq>s  of  the  peaceful  induflrioua 
natives.  '  i'he  miichievous  growth  of  vegetation,  the  fre* 
ouenc  inundations  of  the  rivers,  were  no  longer  checked  hf 
the  vigilance  of  labour  ;  the  face  of  the  country  was  agaia 
coverol  with  foreds  and  morafics ;  of  the  vail  dooiaina 
which  acknowledged  Azo  for  their  lord,  the  far  greater 
part  was  abandoned  to  the  wiki  beafts  ot  the  field,  and  a 
much  fmaller  portion  was  reduced  to  the  fUte  of  cooAant 
and  produdivc  huibandry.  An  adequate  rem  may  be  ob- 
tained 6om  the  (kill  and  fubfbmce  of  a  free  tenant,  who 
fertilizes  a  grateful  foil,  and  enjoys  the  fecurity  and  benefit 
of  a  long  kafe.  But  faint  is  the  hope,  and  icanty  is  the 
produce  of  diofe  harvefts,  which  are  raiied  by  the  reiu^nC 
toil  of  peafants  andilaves,  condemned  to  a  baiefobfillence, 
sod  careieis  of  the  iotereiks  ot  a  repadous  mafter.  If  his 
gfananea  are  liiU,  his  purfe  Is  empty ;  and  the  want  of 
ties  or  commerce,  the  difficulty  oi  finding  or  reaching  a- 
market,  obliges  him  to  confume  on  the  fpot  a  part  of  liis 
vfelefs  ftock,  which  cannot  be  exchanged  for  merchandise 
or  money.  The  member  of  a  well-regulated  fociecy  is  de« 
leaded  from  private  wrongs  by  the  laws,  and  from  pumic  iiK 
jwies  bY  dbe  arms  of  the  (late  ;  and  the  tax  which  he  pays 
is  a  juR  equivalent  for  the  protedion  which  he  receives* 
But  the  guard  of  his  life,  his  honour,  and  his  fortune  was 
abandonded  to  the  private  fword  of  a  feudal  chief  and  if 
his  own  temper  ha  i\  been  inclined  to  modeiaiion  and  patience^ 
the  public  contempt  would  have  roufed  him  to  deeds  of  vio- 
lence and  revenge.  The  entertainment  of  his  vaflal  and 
llaklisnt  their  pay  and  lewards^  their  aims  and  hoifes»  fur* 

pafled 


Digitizecfby 


HOUSE  OP  BRUNSWICK.  451 

deftni^ioo  which  he  infli&d  en  m  neighbours  wis  ofm 
nuHaied  on  his  own  lands.  The  coAly  elcganoe  of  pilft- 
ces  and  gardens  was  foperfeded  by  the  hborious  andemii* 
iive  conftnidion  of  &tmg  cafti^  on  fiiaunits  of  tho 
moftiittcoeffiUe rocks;  andfiuneof  tfaefe,  liketfaelfamds 
of  Canofla  in  ihe  AppeninCy  were  buik  and  ftovidedioiitf* 
lain  a  thiee  years  iiqee  againft  a  royal  army.  Biichisde* 
fence  in  ihis  world  was  &  bufthenfome  so  a  weah^  loi4 
than  his  iklvadon  in  the  next:  the  demands  of  his  chapel, 
hispriefti,  hisaJms,  hisoflRbriiig?,  his  Dilgrnnai^wcveui- 
ccfiantly  renewed ;  the  monaftery  choMa  for  his  iepnichio 
was  endowed  widi  his  isurdl  poflelBoos,  and  (he  naked 
heir  mig^t  often  complain,  that  his  fiidier's  fins  had  beea 
redeemed  at  too  high  a  price.  The  Marqpiis  Axo  was  noc 
exempted  from  ifae  contagion  of  die  times:  hisdevotioainis 
amufed  and  inflamed  by  tk^  fr^uent  mirades  which  were 
performed  in  his  prefenoe;  and  the  monks  of  Vangadtzza^ 
who  yidded  to  his  requeft  die  arm  of  a  dead  faint,  wem 
ijipioranc  of  the  value  of  that  tncftimaUe  jewel  After  fa* 
tisfying  the  demands  of  war  and  fuperftition,  he  iqight  ap* 
pr4>riaie  die  reft  of  his  revenue  to  ufe  and  pleaftne.  But 
the  It^Llians  of  the  devendi  century  were  impeHedly  (killed 
an  die  liberal  end  mechanic  arts:  the  olife&  of  fbreten  luxu* 
ry  were  fbmiihedat  anexoibitaat  price  by  the  meraiams  of 
Kfa  and  Venice ;  and  the  fupeifluous  weahh,  which  could 
not  purchafe  ibt  real  corofons  of  life,  was  idly  wafted  on 
fbme rare  occafions  of  vanky  and  pomp.  Such  wereth# 
nnptialsof  Boni£u:e>  Duke  or  Marquis  of  Tulbaay,  wfaofe 
&nily  was  long  afterwards  united  wididiat  of  Aso»  bydit 
marriage  of  dKir  children.  Thefe  nuptials  were  cdebraMd 
on  the  banks  of  die  Mincius*  which  the  fancy  of  Virgil 
has  decorated  widi  a  more  beaudful  mdure.  The  princee 
and  people  of  Italy  were  invited  to  die  feafts,  whkh  con* 
tinned  three  motuhs:  the  fertile  meadowsi  which  ane  inter** 
fisded  by  the  flow  and  winding  courfe  of  therivest  weteco- 
tared  with  mnumerahle  tents,  and  the  bridegroom  difplayed 
and  diverfi6ed  the  Icenes  of  his  proud  and  taftdefr  magna* 
^ence.  All  the  otenfils  of  fisrnce  were  of  filver,  and  his  ' 
horfies  were  ftiod  with  plates  of  die  fame  snetal,  loolely 
nailed,  and  caielefsly  dropped,  to  indicate  lits  contempt  oc 
tidies.  An  image  of  plenty  and  profufton  was  exprefled  in 
the  banquet:  the  moft  delicious  wines  were  drawn  in  hue* 
keti  from  the  wdl;  and  the  jpioes  of  the  Eaft  were  ground 
in  water-mills  like  common  nour.  The  dramatic  and  mu* 
fical  arts  were  In  the  rudeftftate;  but  the  Marquis  had  fum^ 
iiioned  the  moft  popular  fingersi  harpers,  and  boffisons,  to 

exercife 


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ANTIQUITIES   Of  THE 

fMciie  their  talents  on  this  fplendid  theatre.  Their  exhi^ 
liitioas  were  applauded,  and  tney  apphiuded  the  liberality  of 
dieir  patron.  After  this  feftival,  I  might  remark  a  fin^ular 
gift  of  the  fame  Boniface  to  the  Emperor  Henry  III.,  a. 
chariot  and  oxen  of  folid  fiiver^  which  were  dciigned  only 
as  a  vehicle  for  a  hogfhead  of  Ttnrgar.  If  fuch  an  exam^ 
pie  fhoold  (eem  above  the  imitadon  6f  A£0  htmfelf,  the 
Marquis  of  Efle  liras  at  l^ft  fuperior  in  wealth  and  digni  .y 
to  tlie  vailals  of  his  compter  One  of  thefe  vadals,  the 
Vilcount  of  MantOB,  pi  eiented  the  German  monarch  with 
one  hundred  falcons,  and  one  hundred  bay  horfes.  a  grate- 
ful contribution  to  the  pleafures  of  a  royal  fporrfman.  In 
that  age,  the  proud  diftin6lion  between  the  nobles  and^rfx-. 
€f$  of  Italy  was  guarded  with  jealous  ceremony :'  the  Vif* 
count  of  Mantua  had  never  been  feated  at  the  table  of  his 
immediate  lord :  he  yielded  to  the  invitation  of  the  Emperor; 
and  a  flag's  fkin,  fitted  with  jneces  of  gold,  was  gracioufly 
accepted  by  the  Marquis  of  Tufcany  as  the  fine  of  his  pre. 
fufnption. 

3.  The  temporal  felidty-  of  Azo  was  crowned  by  the 
long  polfeilion  of  honours  and  riches :  he  died  in  the  year 
one  thonfandand  nincty-fcven,  aged  upwaids  of  an  hundred 
yean;  and  the  term  of  his -mortal  exiflence  was  almofl 
commenfurate  with  the  lapfe  of  the  eleventh  centilry.  The 
chara^r*  as  well  as  the  fituation  of  the  Marquis  of  £ile« 
tendered  him  an  a^or  in  the  revolutions  of  that  memorable 
jMriod :  but  time  has  cad  a  veil  over  the  virtues  and  vi- 
ces  of  the  man,  and  I  mud  he  content  to  markfomeof  the 
sms,  the  mile-dones  of  his  life,  which  meafure  the  extent 
and  intervals  of  the  vacant  way.  Albert- A^o  the  Second 
was  no  more  than  Tevcnteen  when  he  firft  drew  the  Two  id 
of  rebellion  or  parriotirm»  when  he  was  involved  with  his 
grand-father»  his  father,  and  his  three  uncle?,  in  a  common 
pffofcription.  In  the  vigour  of  manhood,  about  his  fiftieth 
year,  the  Liguitan  Marquis  governed  the  cities  of  Milan 
and  Genoa,  as  the minifier  of  Imperial  authority.  He  was 
upwards  of  fevenry  when  he  pafled  the  Alps  to  vindicate  the 
inheritance  of  Maine  fur  the  children  of  his  fecond  niairi- 
age.  He  became  the  f  riend  and  fervant  of  Gregory  V1L» 
nnd  in  one  of  his  cpiftlcs,  that  ambitious  pontiff  recom- 
mends the  Marquis  Azo  as  the  mod  faithful  and  bed  beloved 
of  the  Italian  princes ;  as  the  proper  channel  through  whlcli 
a  king  of  Hungary  might  convey  his  petitions  to  the  apodolic 
duVNie.  In  the  mighty  contcll  between  the  crown  and  the 
mirre,  the  Marquis  Azo  and  the  Countefs  Matilda  1^  the 
powers  of  Italv,  and  when  the  dandard  of  St.  Peter  wae 
difplayed^  neitner  the  age  of  the  one»  nor  the  fex  of 
Alt  odwri  conU  detain  them  from  diie  field.  With 

thefe 


Digitized  by 


HOUSE  OF  BRUN$WIClC 


Ade  two  aSedboiiite  dienti  the  Pope  mumained'  hk 
fbtton  in  the  feitrefs  of  Canofit  while  the  Empefbr*  bare* 
foot  on  the  froEen  gA>and,  fafted  and  prayed  three  days  at 
the  foot  of  the  rock:  they  were  witnelus  to  the  abjeft  ceie^ 
mony  of  the  penance  and  pardon  of  HenrvIV.;  md  in  th^ 
trittoiph  of  the  church,  a  patriot  might  lorefee  the  deliver 
ranee  of  Italy  from  the  German  yoke.  At  the  time  of  thii 
event  the  Marquis  of  Efte  was  aoove  fburfeore;  but  in  th6 
twenty  following  years  he  was  ftill  alive  and  lAive  amidft 
the  revolutions  of  peace  and  war.  The  laft  wSt  which  he 
fttbicribed  is  dated  above  a  century  after  his  births  and  in  that 
wEt  the  venerable  chief  poflefles  the  command  of  his  facul- 
ties, his  fitmily,  and  his  fortune.  In  this  tare  prerogative 
of  longevity  Albert- Azo  II.  ftands  alone  s  nor  can  I  recoi- 
led in  the  autbtntu  annals  of  mortality  a  rin<^lc  example  of 
a  king  or  prince,  of  a  ftatefinan  or  general,  ^  a  phtlofopher 
or  poet,  whofe  life  has  been  extended  beyond  die  period  of 
an  hundred  years.  Nor  fliould  this  bbfervation,  which  is 
juftified  by  univerfid  experience,  be  thought  other  ftrange 
or  furpriiing.  It  has  been  found,  that  of  twen^r-feur  thou- 
£md  new*bom  infuits,  feven  only  will  furvive  to  attain  that 
diftant  terms  «id  much  fmailer  is  the  proportioa  of  tfiofe 
who  win  be  raifed  by  fortune  or  genius,  to  govern  or  afli^ 
or  eidtghten,  their  age  or  country.  The  chance  that  .the 
£une  individual  fhoiOd  draw  the  two  great  prizes  in  the 
lottery  of  Ufe^  will  not  eafily  be  defined  by  die  powers  of 
calcuntion*  Three  suppruximatiom,  which  wtU  not  haftily 
be  matched,  have  diimiguiihed  the  prdent  century,  Au- 
rungzeb.  Cardinal  Fleury,  and  Fontenelle.  Had  a  fort- 
night more  been  given  to  ^e  philoTopher,  he  might  have  ce- 
lebrated his  lecular  fefHval  i  but  the  lives  and  labours  of  th^ 
Mogul  king  and  the  French  minifter  were  terminated  befbrd 
they  had  accomplifhed  &eir  ninetieth  year.  A  flrone  con- 
ftittttion  may  be  the  gift  of  Natures  who  urviv^ 

their  contemporaries  muft  have  been  fuperior  to  the  paffions 
and  appetites  which  ur^  the  fpeedy  decay  and  diflTomtion  of 
the  mind  and  body.  The  Marquis  of  Efte  may  be  pre- 
filmed,  from  his  nches  and  longevity,  to  have  underftood 
die  oeconomy  of  health  and  fortune. 

4*  I  remember  a  Perfian  tide  of  diree  old  men,  who  #erd 
fucceffively  quefUoned  by  a  traveller  as  he  met  them  on  the 
road.  The  youf^»ft  brother,  under  the  load  of  a  wife  and 
a  numerous  famify,  was  finking  into  the  grave  before  hSi 
time.  The  fecond,  though  much  older,  was  fer  left  infirm 
X  Ind  decrepid :  he,  had  bem  left  a  widower  and  without  chil- 
dren.  But  the  Utft  and  eldeft  of  the  three  brolhen  ftill  pre-' 
lerved,  at  an  incredible  age,  the  vigour  and  vivacity  of  the 

VoIm  Uli  F  f  autumnal 


ANTiQJUIT|£S.OF  TU£ 


autumnal  Icafon :  he  had  always  preferred  a  life  of  celibacy* 
The  enjoyment  of  domellic  freedom  could  not  however 
contribute  to  the  longevity  of  the  Marquis  A  to;  he  mar* 
ried  three  wives;  he  educated  three  fon^ ;  in  l  it  is  doubtful 
whether  chance  or  prudence  delayed  his  hrlt  nuptials  till  he 
had  at  leaft  accompliihed  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age.  Xhcfe 
nuptials  were  contra6Ved  with  Cnniza,  or  Cuiicgonda,  a 
Gernnan  maid,  whofe  anceflors,  by  their  nobilitv  :inJ  riches, 
were  diflinguiihcd  among  the  Suabian  and  Bavarian  chiefs; 
whofe  brother  was  invellcd  by  the  Emperor  Henry  III.  with 
the  Ducliy  of  Carinthla,  and  the  Marquifate  of  Verona,  on 
th'*  confines  of  the  Veneilan  polTellions  of  the  Houle  of 
Kiie.  The  marriage  of  Alo  and  Cunegonda  was  produc- 
tive of  a  fon,  who  received  at  his  br^prifm  the  name  of 
GuELPH,  to  revive  and  perpetuate  the  memory  of  his  uiicle, 
his  grandfather,  and  his  firft  progenitors,  on  the  maternal 
fide.  1  ha\  e  aheady  defmed  the  ample  domain  which  was 
giv  en  as  a  marriage-pf>rtion  to  the  daughter  nf  theGuclphs: 
but  on  the  failure  of  heirs  male,  her  fortunate  fon  inherited 
the  patrmionial  eflates  of  the  family,  obtained  the  dukedom 
of  Bavaria,  and  became  the  founder  of  the  ddefl,  or  Ger- 
man branch,  of  the  Houfe  of  Efte,  from  which  the  Dukes 
of  Brunfwick,  the  Eledors  of  Hanover,  and  the  Kings  of 
Great  Britain,  are  lineally  defcendcd.  After  the  deceale  of 
Ciii.tjgonda,  who  muft  have  departed  this  life  in  the  flower 
of  her  age,  the  Marquis  of  Efte  folicited  a  lecond  alliance 
beyond  the  Alps:  but  his  delicacy  no  longer  infilled  on  the 
choice  of  a  virgin;  the  widower  was  contented  wifh  a 
widow ;  and  he  excufed  the  ambiguous  ftain  which  might 
adhere  to  his  bride  by  a  divorce  from  her  firft  hufband.  Her 
name  was  Garfenda,  the  daughter,  and  at  Icniith  tne  heircfs 
of  the  Counts  of  Alain.  She  became  the  mother  of  twa 
fons,  Hugo  and  Fullc,  and  the  youngeft:  of  thefe  is  the  ac- 
knowledg(  i  parent  of  the  Dukes  of  Ferrara  and  Madena» 
The  fame  liberal  rortune  which  had  crowned  the  offspring  of 
the  firft,  fcemed  to  attend  the  children  of  the  lecond  nuptials 
of  the  Marquis  Azo:  hut  their  fortune  was  hollow  and  faU 
laciou!;,  and  after  the  iofs  of  their  Gallic  inheritance,  the 
fons  of  Garfenda  relutf^antly  acquiefced  in  fome  fragments 
of  their  Italian  patrimony.  Matilda,  the  third  wife  of  Azo, 
was  another  widow  nf  fmhle  birth,  Imcc  flie  was  his  own 
coufin  in  the  fourth  degree  i  but  this  confanguinity  provoked 
the  ftcrn  and  impartial  jufticc  of  Gregory  VIT.  His  friend 
was  fuiiinioned  to  appear  befurc  a  fyaodatRome:  the  in- 
flL  \  bie  pricit  pronounced  a  fentencc  of  divorce,  and  what- 
iQcver  idea  may  be  f<^niied  of  the  Marquis's  vigour^  at  the 


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aOUSE.OF  BRUNSWICK. 


i^eijf  feventy-eighr,  he  might  fubmiti  without  much  effort^ 
to  Ac  canons  cf  the  church.  Beiides  his  three  ibn8>  Azo 
had  a  daughter  nanied  Adelais,  who  was  educated  in  die  fa« 
tnlly  of  the  Countefs  Matilda.  But  the  damfel  is  only  men- 
tioned to  attell  the  miraculous  virtue  of  Antelm  Bimop  of 
Lucca ;  fhe  was  relieved  in  the  night  from  a  violent  fit  of 
the  cholic,  by  the  local  application  of  a  pillow>  oh  Mrhtcli 
the  Saint  had  formerly  repofed  his  head* 

V.  A  wealthy  Marquis  of  the  eleventh  century  muft  have 
commanded  a  proud  hereditary  rank  in  civil  focicty.  In  the 
judgment  of  the  Pope,  the  £nipei'or>  and  the  Public^  AI- 
bert-Azo  was  diftingnifbed  among  the  princes^  and  the  htlk 
princes>  of  the  kingdom  df  Italy.  His  double  .alliance  in 
Germany  and  France  may  prove  how  much  he  was  known 
and  eiteemed  among  foreign  hations;  and  be  ftrcngthened 
his  political  impoif^nce  by  a  domeftic  union  with  the  con- 
querors of  Apulia  and  Sicily.  I  (hall  not  repeat  the  ftory 
of  the  Norman  adventurers^  nor  fhall  I  again  delineate  the 
chara6ler  and  ex  pi )  its  of  Robert  Guifcard^^which^  td  th6 
readers  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Ro^ 
man  Empire)  are  fufiiciently  familiar.  But  as  Duke  Robert 
had  four  daughters,  the  choice  of  his  other  three  Tons- in- 
law may  ferve  as  a  teft^  a  touchftone,  of  the  comparative 
weight  and  value  of  the  Houfe  of  £fte«  Michael,  Emperot 
of  the  Greeks,  was  the  firft  name  in  (he  Chriftian  world. 
Rayiiiond,  Count  of  Barcelona,  wat  th^  independent  fove* 
teign  of  a  warlike  people;  and  the  meineft  of  the  three,  a 
French  Baron,  of  military  renown,  was  the  coufln  cf  thtf 
Kings  of  France  and  Jerufalem,  the  brother-in-law  of  the 
King  of  Navarre  and  Amgon.  Such  were  three  of  the 
fons,  by  alliance,  of  the  Norman  conqueror^  who  had  pre- 
vioufly  rejedked  a  propofiU  lor  the  eldeft  fon  of  the  Emperor 
Henry  I  v.:  the  niarriage  of  a  fourth  daiighter  will  be  moft 
accurately  reprefented  in  the  words  of  the  Apulian  poft: 
^  While  the  hero  relided  within  the  walk  of  thb  Trojan 

city,  he  received  the  Vifit  of  a  certain  noblq  Lombard 
^  Marijuis,  accompanied  by  many  nobles  of  his  country. 

A^o  was  his  name.    The  object  of  his  journey  was 
«*  requ^  that  thd  Duke's  daughter  might  be  granted  as  a 

wife  to  Hugo,  his  illufirtous  fon^  The  diike  convened 
^  ah  aflembiy  of  his  chiefs,  and  with  their  cottfent  and  ad- 

vice,  the  ioaughter  of  Robert  was  delivered  to  the  fon  of 
•*  Ato.   The  nuptial  rites  were  folemnised  in  due  form, 
^<  and  th^  feftiVal  was  celebrated  With  giifits  and  banquets* 
,  **  After  the  confummation  of  the  marriage,  the  Duke  foliJ^ 
^  cited  hi)  Counts  and  powerful  vaiTals  to  beftow  a  fi*e^ 

F  f  1  ^ 


ANTiqjJITIES  OP  THE 


gift,  which  might  grace  the  joyful  departure  of  the  bride 
and  bridegrooiii»  and  he  enforced  his  demand,  by  rcmiiMU 
*^  i(ig  them  that  no  fubfidy  whatfoever  had  been  given  to  her 
fiucTt  the  Greek  Eniprefi;.  The  demand  of  a  tribute  wtf 
entertained  with  a  murmur  of  furprife  ami  diicootent ;  but 
^  all  oppofttion  was  fruitlefs^  and  they  prefented  their  fove- 
**  reien  with  mules  and  horfesi  and  various  offerings.  He 
*^  beftowed  them  on  the  huAxand  of  his  daughters  urith  aa 
^  addition  from  his  own  treafures :  a  fleet  was  preparecii  and 
^  both  the  fiither  and  fon  were  tranfporced  with  great  honour 
^  to  their  native  fhores.**  This  evidence  of  aconteoiporarf 
poet,  or  rather  hiiiorian,  who  had  no  temptation  to  flatter 
the  Princes  of  Eftc,  would  alone  be  iuificient  to  edabiilh 
the  nobility  and  fplendour  of  their  family,  the  family  of 
Brunfwick^  beyond  the  diftant  term  of  feven  hundred  years. 
If  the  Marquis  Azo  were  the  ftrft  of  his  race  whofe  name 
and  memory  had  been  prefer ved,  we  might  acquiefce  in  our 
ignorance^  with  a  jufl  pcrfuafion  of  the  dignity  and  power 
of  his  unknown  anceitors.  Of  tbefe  illuttdous  aoceftors^ 
the  zeal  and  diligence  of  Leibnits  and  Muratori  have  difco- 
Tered  four  probablcf  and  four  ceruin  decrees*  After  the 
examination  of  their  fxroofs,  a  fcrupulous  critic  may  fufpe^t, 
that  in  deriving  the  MarquKTes  of  Jsfte  from  thofe  of  Tui^ 
caoyi  the  a(cent  of  reafon  has  been  aided  by  the  wings  of 
**  imagination but  he  mud  confefs,  chat  fince  the  begin* 
ning  of  the  tenth  century,  the  feries  of  gotcntioas  flows  in 
a  clear  and  unbroken  ikream. 


SECTION  IIL 

Tftt  eldeft  of  the  three  Tons  of  the  Marquis  Azo,  the 
fortunate  Guelph,  was  transplanted  firom  his  native  foil,  t0 
become  the  root  of  the  German,  and,  in  the  fuUnefs  of  ticiM^ 
of  the  Britifh  line,  of  the  hmWy  of  £fte.  By  his  two 
youngar  brothers,  Hugo  and*  Fulk,  the  Italian  fucceifion 
ms  propagated :  but  the  race  of  Hugo  expired  \n  the  fecond 
degree;  the  pofteriqr  of  Fulk  dill  furvives  in  the  twentieth 
generation.  The  anceftors  of  Guelph,  on  the  father's  and 
3ie  mother's  fide^  and  the  lieries  of  his  defeendants  in  Ba* 
yaria  and  Saxony,  form  the  antiquities  of  the  Houfe  of 
firunfwick,  and  the  proper  fub|e£t  of  this  hiikorical  dif« 
courfe :  but  our  curioftty  will  naturally  embrace  the  coUa* 
ml  hcanch  of  the  Frincei  of  £fie»  FctniCB»  and  Modena» 

who 


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HOUSE  OF.  BRUNSWICK* 

who  here  not  l>een  unworthv  of  their  firft  progenitors,  and 
more  poweriiil  kmfmen.  Without  confining  myfelf  to  the 
rigid  fervitude  of  annals,  without  refting  on  every  ftep  ci  a 
long  pedigree,  I  {hall  concifely  difplay  the  moft  interefHng 
Icencft  of  their  various  fortunes. 

As  the  right  female  fucceffion  .began  to  prevail  in  the 
fcudal  fyftem  of  France,  Garibnda,  the  fecond  wife  of  Azo, 
might  claim  the  duchy  or  county  of  Maine,  which  had  been 
fucceffively  poflefled  by  her  father,  her  brother,  and  her 
nephew.  Her  pretenfions  were  legitimate »  but  the  heireft 
of  Maine  had  been  married  into  a  diftant  land :  her  arms 
were  feeble,  lier  vaffids  hBkm^  her  neighbours  unjuft. 
William  Duke  of  Normandy,  a  lamous  name,  was  tempted 
by  the  profpe^  of  a  fertik  and  adjacent  territory:  he  mut* 
cered  heat  pretence  of  a  gift  or  alliance:  but  ambition  was 
his  cmly  motivd  and  his  only  title  was  fuperior  ftrength* 
Four  vears  the  Cenomani,  the  people  of  Maine,  reludantly 
bowca  mider  his  iron  fceptrei  but  after  the  forces  of  Nor<r 
mandy  had  been  tran^orted  beyond  the  fea,  they  were  en^ 
couragcd  by  dlfc  abfence^  father  dian  awed  by  the  ftKCCft  and 

flory  of  the  conqueror  of  England.    They  ibfidted  the 
larauis  of  Ltguria  to  aflcrt  the  rights  of  his  wife  and  fen, 
Azo  liftened  to  their  call :  after  the  cxpulfion  or  maflacie  of 
the  Normans,  the  cities  and  caftles  were  delivered  infeo  hif 
hands,  the  Bifliop  efcaped  to  the  Englifh  court,  and  Ms 
new  fiibjeds  admired  the  riches  and  liberalinr  of  their  deK« 
veren   Bat  in  a  fliort  time  the  reign  of  a  ftranger  became 
odious  and  contemptible  to  the  haughty  Franks :  they  difco<» 
vered  that  his  treafures  were  exhaufted;  he  perceived  that 
their  £uth  was  waverings  and  Azo  fondly  imagined  that  aU 
dtfcontents  would  be  appeafec^  and  that  all  i^rties  would  be 
itcoociled  by  his  own  departure.   In  the  vain  hope  that  the 
Cenomani  would  be  attached  to  the  daughter  and  the  heir  of 
their  ancient  princes,  he  1^  Garfenda  and  her  infant  Hugo 
under  the  care  of  a  powerful  baron,  the  guardian  of  his  font 
and  the  huCband,  as  it  were,  of  his  wife.   But  this  fufpidoiis 
or  fcandalous  conne£lion  provoked  the  indignation  of  the 
people  i  the  young  Prince  was  difmtfleS  to  Imy  Qaifenda 
diinppears;  and  the  county  of  Maine  was  torn  b^  dooieftic 
leuds,  till  thetN«fence  of  the  conqueror  united  his  rebels  in 
the  calm  of  fervitude.   Ato  flill  ret^tixed  a  bitter  temem^ 
brance  of  his  loft  and  difgrace;  and  his  enemy  the  Bidipp, 
on  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome^  was  arvefled  by  the  revenge,  and 
releafed  by  the  piety,  of  the  Lfgorian  Marquis.   The  death 
of  King  William,  and  the  diicord  of  his  fons,  revived  the 
fpirit  of  the  Cenomani,  and  their  dmities  invited  the  ions  . 
if  Azo  to  refume  the  peaceful  poitefBoii  of  dieir  lawful 

inheritance* 


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4|t  ANTIQJJITIES  OF  THE 

inheritance.  Hugo  again  pafled  the  Alps;  but  the  firft  ac- 
clamat-ions  again  degenerated  into  the  murmurs  of  the  peo- 
ple»  and  the  anatheipas  of  the  clergy.  The  new  Count  wai 
dclfiiute  of  every  reluurce  that  could  reward  the  fcrvicc, 
engage  the  edeem,  or  enforce  the  obedience,  of  his  turbu- 
lent vafllils.  The  honour  of  his  alliance  with  the  JaUiihter 
of  Robert  Guilcarii  had  been  foon  pbiiterated  by  the  ihame 
and  fcandal  of  a  divorce;  hi§  countrymen  cxpofed  him,  with 
pleafure,  to  the  toils  and  dangers  of  a  traniaipine  rci:in;  an<l 
the  warlike  natives  of  Gaul  dcipiled  the  cfi'eminatc  nianiu  is 
of  an  Italian  lord.  His  fears  weie  cncrcalcd,  and  his  flight 
was  hallencd,  by  the  artful  eloquence  of  a  rival,  who  infi- 
nuated  that  h:s  mild  and  muiJcrate  temper  was  ill  formed  to 
ftru^gle  with  the  furious  paihinis  of  the  Barbarians.  The 
k>n  of  Garfcnda  trembled  at  the  approach  or  the  found  uf  an 
hundred  thoufand  Nornians,  luld  his  patrimony  for  a  luni  of 
ten  thoufand  pounds,  and  cfcaped  to  Italy,  where  he  \ooi\ 
ioil  a  battle  and  an  army,  n\  the  Icrvice  of  the  Couiucis 
Alatilda.  A  writer  of  the  tunes,  who  has  preierved  thq 
memory  of  this  ignominious  event,  contr.ills  the  treafon  or 
cowardice  of  the  man  with  thenobiiiiy  of  his  race.  I  mult 
rctra6t  the  aiiertion,  that  all  the  Princes  of  £lic  have  been 
worthy  of  their  name  and  anccitry  :  Hugo  is  an  exception  • 
but  in  the  fpj^e  of  fcvea  hundred  jfc^rs  Hugo  i$  a  iin^ii;; 
exception. 

After  the  deceafc  of  his  father  Azo,  the  ftar  of  the  Houfo 
of  Efte  appears  "  Ihorne  of  its  beams;'*  their  riches  and 
power  arc  vilioly  diminiflicd;  and  the  AJcuquijjn  ot  that 
name  no  longer  Hand  loremoll  in  the  revolutions  of  Italy, 
In  the  annals  ot  the  tw^Uth  century  their  acUons  arc  fcldom 
recorded:  and  as  this  oblivion  coincides  with  the  eucreaiui;^ 
light  ot  hiflory,  we  mult  feck  the  probable  caufes  "in  the 
diviric>n  ot  their  property,  and  the  afcendant  of  tlie  muni- 
cipal republics,  i.  Atter  the  acquilition  of  tlie  Duchy,  or 
rather  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  Guelpli,  the  ion  of  Azo,  niigiit 
have  gcuerouily  waved  the  riiiht  ot  primogeniture,  and  re- 
ligned  to  hiS  younger  brothers  the  Italian  cfl^ies  of  the 
i.imily,  as  an  equivalent  tor  the  lofs  of  their  G.dlic  inheri- 
tance. But  fuch  o^enerofrtv  is  feldom  iimnd  in  the  Icififh 
conduct  of  Princes  or  brothers;  and  inliead  of  oiiering,  or 
accepting,  an  equal  and  equitable  partition,  he  claimed  as 
his  own  the  entire  property  of  their  common  parent,  li 
Guelph  were  an  hypocrite,  he  might  colour  his  avarice  by 
a  pious  attachment  to  the  relics  of  his  fathers :  and  a  de- 
mand, fo  repugnant  to  the  maxims  of  natural  jullice,  fcems, 
however,  to  have  been  fupporteJ  by  the  matrimonial  contracjL 

pt  his  mother  Cuncgoiidd}  which  had  left  no  provihon  for 


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HOUSE  OP  BRUNSWlCfc  419 

♦ 

die  children  of  a  fecond  marriage.  In  that  lawlefs  nge,  a 
ciW!  proccfe  was  decided  by  the  Kvord.  '  Hugo  and  Fullchad 
the  advantage  of  ai5tual  pofleffion  and  pcrfdnal  influence, 
amd  the  hitter  of  thefe  princes  was  the  heir,  the  fole  heir,  of 
the  courage  of  their  anceftors:  they  armed  their  vaflais,  oc- 
cupied the  pafTes  of  the  Alps,  and  oppofed  the  defccnt  of  the 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  though  he  was  affiled  by  the  allied  powers 
of  the  Duke  of  Carinthia  and  the  Patriarch  of  Aquileia. 
The  ib/is  of  Garfenda  yielded,  at  length,  to  the  weight  of 
numbers;  but  their  refiftance  procured  more  favourable 
conditions.  They  preferved  a  rich  domain,  from  ,the  banka 
of  the  Minctus  to  the  Adriatic  fca;  they  refigned  the  ample 
eflates  of  Lombardy  and  Tufcany  to  their  elder  kinimen, 
the  German  Gueiphs,  and  their  fuprcme  dominion  was  ac- 
knowledged by  the  Marquiffcs  of  Efte,  till  the  yoke  was 
lightened  and  removed  by  time  nnd  didance,  and  the  rapid 
tlownfall  of  Henry  the  Lion.  The  law  of  the  Lombards, 
which  was  ftill  profefled  in  the  Italian  branch,  disclaimed  all 
jight  of  primogeniture,  and  the  portion  of  Hugo  and  Fulk' 
was  again  divided  into  equal  lots  among  theh*  eight  fons.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  thefc  collateiul  lines" 
were  indeed  united  in  the  perfon  of  Azo  VI.,  the  great-  • 
grandfon  of  Fulk ;  but  he  was  far  from  uniting  the  whole 
inheritance  of  his  anceftors.  Many  feudal  polleffions  had' 
devolved  on  the  failure  of  heirs  male  to  the  fupen'or  lord:' 
many  allodial  eftates  had  been  conveyed,  by  marriage,  into 
flrange  families.  Much  wealth  had  been  confitmed,  much 
land  had  been  alienated,  to  fupply  the  expence  of  luxury 
and  war;  and  of  all  that  had  been  confecrated  to  pious  ufes, 
not  an  atom  could  revert  to  the  temporal  fucccllbr.  As  I 
am  not  writing  the  hiftory  of  Italy,  I  (hall  not  here  attempt 
to  delineate  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  the  republics,  which  re- 
vived in  that  country  the  fpirit  of  popular  freedom  and  com- 
mercial tndudry.  Their  revolt  againft  the  Caefars  of  Ger- 
many was  embraced  as  a  national  caufe:  in  the  fucceislul 
war  again(l  Frederic  BarbarofTa,  their  independence  was 
maintained  by  the  authority  of  the  church,  and  the  arm^^  of 
the  nobles ;  and  among  the  nobles^  the  Marquifles  of  £fte 
were  dill  confpicuoys  in  Uicir  decay.  Obizo  the  yoimeeft, 
but  the  liiil  furvivor  of  the  five  Uim  of  Fulk,  appeared  atA.D.ii77. 
the  congiifs  of  Venice  with  a  retinue  of  an  hundred  and 
eighty  followers :  he  bad  been  engaged  in  the  league  of 
Lo  abardy;  and  fuch  was  his  patriotic  guilt,  that  when  the 
Emperor  had  yielded  every  thi»)g  in  the  peace  of  Conllance, 
the  pardon  of  the  Marquis  Obiao  was  one  of  the  I  all:  a(^A.I>»ii8|. 
of  his  clemency*  As  we  may  not  fufpe6t  thefe  feudal  lords 
of  any  ttadop  regvd  ior  the  Ubcffties  of  Bumkiiidy.it  ittay 

be 


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ANTIQJJITIES  OF  THE 


be  hAtly  fuppofed  that  they  aded  from  the  paffion  or  the  in^ 
tereft  of  the  moment)  without  difcerning  that  the^  them** 
felves  would  be  trampled  under  the  feet  of  the  plebeian  con* 
querors.  Their  pride  was  infulted,  and  thdr  poverty  w^s 
expofed,  by  the  private  and  public  luxury  of  trade:  tfaetr 
fubje^  of  the  open  country  were  encouraged  to  lebdf  or 
tempted  to  deiert;  and  as  foon  as  the  prejudice  of  tank  had 
b|een  difiblved,  the  (bale  of  |^wer  was  rudeljf  weighed  down 
by  the  laft  and  moft  numerous  da&  of  (bciety.  Even  tbe 
Inhabitanft  of  Efte,  his  peculiar  i»trimony»  prefumed  lo 
difpttte  the  jurifilidion  of  the  Marquis:  and  at  the  dtflance 
of  fifteen  miles,  they  found  an  example  and  a  fupport  in  the 
populous  city  ef  Padua,  which  was  able  to  levy  an  army, 
and  to  fupport  a  lofs  of  eleven  thoidand  of  her  fons.  The 
inftttiicifNi  of  the  univcrfity  muft  have  oontribiited  to  the 
wealthf  and  perhaps  the  improvement^  erf  Padua:  firon  the 
provinces  of  Italy,  from  the  kingdoms  of  France,  Spain, 
and  England,  many  thovland  ftudents  were  anmiaHy  at- 
tnded  by  the  leputatioii  of  the  various  profefiorsi  and  mora 
iim  five  hundred  honles  were  re(|uJfite  for  the  aecommo- 


ferve  only  to  perpetuate  the  reign  of  prejudice,  but  the  m- 
habitants  were  enticed  and  eiulghtened  by  a  funiliar  inner* 
cmufe  with  the  nations  of  Enrop^.  In  this  city>  the  hau^tj 
sneeSors  of  C^izo  L  bad  eieSed  Iheir  triUmal,  as  thtf 
$euten!uiti  of  the  Emperor:  but  Obizo  bimielf  was  ho- 
noured by  the  oboice  of  a  ^tet  people,  who  ekded  him  thdr 
f^ejlay  or  fiipieme  magiftrace.  In  the  time  of  bis  great- 
grsndfim  •  Aldobrandino,  a  di(pute  had  au'len  between  the 
city  of  Padua  and  the*  Marquis  of^  Efte.  The  Paduaitt 
laiied  an.  armyi  fiimmoned  their  allies  of  Viceo:^  invaded 
his  territory^  befieged  the  caftle  of  Efte,  battered  the  wall^ 
and  even  &o  palace,  widh  their  military  engines,  and  im- 
Dofed  the  terms  of  a  hard' and  huiBiUhiting  captttthtkm*  The 
Ai^irquis  was  reduced  to  adopt  the  name  and  obligatioosof  a 
fimple  burgher,  t6  f«vear  ^nt  he  would  fiuthful^  obi^  the 
kws  and  ordinances  of^  the  commons,  and  to  refide  fimie 
iHtjOnths  or  weeks  of  every  year,  within  the  wallp  of  a  de^  ' 
mocraicy,  in  which  the  lomft  magiflrate  was  his  fiiperior, 
and  the  pboreft  fellow-citiaien  his  equal.  The  lhame  of  this 
temporary  fubmifiioo  could  onlv  be  aDevialed  by  die  exaoqde 
of  his  equals:  the  Patriudi  ot  Aquileta,  with  two  fuftagan 
bifliopi,  had  folicited  the  hoyiour^of  being  admitted  amc^ng 
the  citiaens  of  Paduas  -and  the  Count  of  the  Sacred  Palaoc^ 
tut  immediatB  veprefentative  of  Imperial  majefty,  wai  de-^ 
tained  as  a  captive  and  a  fiiifa^eA,  within  the  waUs  of  Fttm* 
The  popular  ism  of  Loinbardy  trimphed  in  the  fin  of 


die 


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HOUSE  QP   BRUNSWICK.  441 

iSm  anftocracy,  and  the  librqui<  of  Montferrat  wis 
only  noble  who  had  ftrenglh  suid  courage  to  maintain  his 
bercditary  independence. 

Liberty  had  raifed  the  minds  of  the  Italians;  but  ^|k£b'on^. 
her  ugly  and  inieparable  fider,  corrupted  the  peace  and  pro^ 
perity  of  the  ^rowii^  republics.  They  fought  aeainft  the 
Emperor^  s^ainft  their  neighbours,  againft  themfeives:  the 
neceffity^  order  and  dKcipline  compdled  them  to  name  a 
foreign' di£btor;  and  the  nobles^  mon  eminent  in  arms,  iq 
policy,  in  power,  often  became  the  captains,  and  fometimet 
the  tyrants,  of  the  independent  cities.  The  MarquiiTes  of 
Efte,  and  the  Eccelins  of  Romano,  were  the  two  leading 
.  families  of  the  Trevifane  or  Veronefe  N^arch :  the  memory 
of  their  anceftors,  and  the  habits  of  command,  infpired 
that  lofty  and  martial  demeanor  which  ftruck  the  plebeian 
with  involuntary  awe;  and  they  were  fure  to  gain  the  hearts 
df  the  multitude,  when  they  (oftened  their  pride  into  artful 
and  popular  condefcenfion.  The  firft  Eccelin  was  a  gallant 
knight,  and  a  dextrous  politician:  in  Paleftine  and  Lom-^ 
l>ardy  he  was  ele£led  ftandard-bearer  or  general  of  the  con- 
federate armies ;  and  in  the  great  rebellion  a^ainil  Fre- 
deric I.,  he  defenred  the  confidence  of  the  cities,  without 
forfeiting  the  efteem  of  the  Emperor.  The  civil  and  mili- 
tary virtues  of  his  fon,  Eccelin  the  Second,  were  adorned 
with  the  gifts  of  eloquence:  he  was  the  public  and  private 
adverfary  of  the  Houfe  of  Efte ;  and  as  foon  as  the  Marquis 
Azo  VI.  had  declared  himfelf  chief  of  the  Guelphs,  the 
Ghibellinc  fadlion  acknowledged  the  Count  of  Romano  for 
their  leader.  When  the  Emperor  Otho  IV.  dcfcended  into 
Italy,  his  court  was  attended  by  the  rival  chicf^s;  and  their 
interview  defcribes  the  manners  of  the  time.  Eccelin  com-* 
plained,  that  in  a  neutral  city,  in  a  moment  of  truce  or 
friendfhip,  his  life  had  been  treacheroufly  attacked.  **  I  was 
walking,"  faid  he,  with  the  Marquis  of  Eftc,  on  the 
place  of  St.  Mark  in  Venice.  On  a  (udden  I  was  aflaultcd 
by  the  fwords  and  daggers  of  his  followers :  my  friends 
^  were  flain  or  made  priloners  in  my  fight ;  and  it  was  with 
«  extreme  difl^culty  that  I  could  difcngage  my  right  arm 
^  from  the  ftrong  grafp  of  my  perfidious  companion.**  The 
Marquis  explained  or  denied  the  fa£l:  but  in  thefc  hoftile 
altercations,  Azo  twice  declined  a  challenge  of  fingle  com- 
bat. He  could  not  draw  his  fword  againft  Eccelin,  without 
violating  the  majcfty  of  the  Imperial  prefencc;  and  among 
his  vaflals  he  had  many  more  noble  than  Salinguerra.  Hit 
reafons  might  be  good;  his  courage  was  unqueftionablc; 
but— Azo  twice  declined  a  challenge  of  fingle  combat.  The 
liext  day,  as  the  two  Naders  were  riding  on  cither  fide  of  the 


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ANTIQJJITIES  OF  THE 

Emperor,  he  commanded  them  to  falute  each  other.    '*  Sir 
•  Eccelin,  falutc  the  Marquis >  Sir  Marquis,  fnlute  Eccelin 
and  the  command  was  given  in  the  French  tongue,  which 
even  in  that  age  appears  to  have  been  the  faihionnWe  diafccl* 
They  obeyed :  but  the  fuperior  dignity  of  the  Marquis  was 
maintained,  by  his  receiving  and  returning  the  compliment 
without  vailing  his  bonnet  to  the  humbfe  falutc  of  tccelin. 
They  foon  joined  in  familiar  cohvcrfe  j  and  before  they  had 
rode  two  miles,  the  fufprcious  Emperor,  who  had  been, 
alarmed  by  their  difcord,,  began  to  be  apprehenfire  of  their 
union.    His  apprehenfions  were  groundJtfs ;  and  thcrr  deadljr 
feuds,,  in  conncif,  in  the  field,  m  the  cities,  continued  to 
rage,  witlr  alternate  fuccefs,  till  they  both  flept  in  the  tran- 
quillity of  the  grave^    Their  poflemons  and  their  quarrels 
were  inherited  by  their  Tons,  Azo  VII.  and  Eccelin  the 
Third ;  but  in  a  conteft  of  forty  year?,  the  Marquis  of  Efte 
was  long  opprelled  by  the  genius  and  forrune  of  his  rivaF. 
The  excommunicatron  of  Frederic  II.  exafperatcd  and  juf- 
llfied  the  hoffilities  of  the  two  factions.    From  a  fermon,  a 
bul?,  or  a  crufade,  the  chief  of  the  Guclphs,  the  friend  of 
ihe  Pope,  might  derive  feme  occafionaf  aid :  but  the  leader 
of  the  Ghibcllincs  was  more  ftrongly  fupported  by  the 
power,  and  often  by  the  prefencc,  of  a  warlike  Prince,  who 
filled  the  Trevifoiie  March  with  his  armies  of  Germans  and 
Saracens.    By  the  authority  of  the  Emperor,  his  own  arts^ 
and  the  affiftance  of  foreign:  troops,  Eccelin  became  the 
Captain  and  tyrant  of  the  cities  of  Verona,  Vicenza,  Padua^ 
Trevigi,  Feltri,  Bclluno,  Trent,  and-  Brefcia  :  after  the 
Ibfs  of  his  patron,  he  maintained  ten  years  his  independent 
reign,  and  proudly  boafted,  that  ftnce  Charlemagne,  no 
prince  had  poflcned  fiich  abfohite  fway  over  the  Lombard 
ftates.    The  utmort  efforts  of  his  mafice  and  revenge  were 
dirc6ted  againll  the  Marquis  of  Efte.    •*  Strike  the  head  of 
^  the  ferpent,  and  you  are  matter  of  the  body,**  was  hrs  fre- 
«|uent  exhortation;  from  a  hrll  near  Padua,,  he  pointed  to  the 
towers  of  Efte,  and  ihewed  the  Emperor  the  holfile  terri. 
torics  which  were  fprcad  over  the  plain,     Deftitate  of 
i^rength  and  fuccour,  Azo  was  compclfed  to  folicit  pardon, 
to  fwcar  fidelity,  and  to  ptirchalc-  a  precarrous  rcTpitc,  by 
the  captivity,  perhaps  the  dcath>  of  Rinaldo,  his  ot>ly  fon^ 
who  was  delivered,  as  an  hoftagc,  into  the  hands  of  Fre- 
deric the  Second.    The  town  and  caflfe.of  El^e  were  at 
fcngth  befieged  by  the  forces  of  Eccelin  r  his  jwtHlery  con- 
fided of  fourteen  great  battering  engines,  which  caft  ftones 
of  twelve  hundred  pounds  weight;  and  his  pioneers,  who 
were  drawn  from  the  filvcr  mines  of  Carimhia,     ened  a 
ftibterraacous  pailage  tor  the  cuU;iiiCi'  uf  live  hundred  il>ldiers» 

I'hc 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK.  443 

The  garrifon  capiiuLucd  •,  and  inftead  of  a  total  ruin,  the 
fbrtilications  were  repaired  by  lilcetlm,  who  aftc6led  to  re- 
verence the  digiiily  the  place.  He  had  been  praifed  as  an 
he;u;  he  was  gradually,  and  at  length  generally,  abhorred 
as  a  tyrant.  The  feeniing  virtues  of  his  youth  were  Aained 
hy  the  jealous  and  unrelenting  cruelty  of  his  old  age ;  and 
whatfoever  deJuClioiis  may  be  allowed  on  a  lift  of  fifty  thou-^ 
fand  victims  his  name  wjil  be  for  ever  recorded  with  the 
favage  moniiers  of  Sicily  and  Rome.  The  hatred  of  man- 
KKid  began  to  prevail  over  their  fears;  and  after  a  long  per- 
Iccution,  and  a  firm  refiftance,  Azo  f  lund  the  moment  of 
victory  and  revenge.  His  odiv  us  rival  had  been  invited  by 
one  of  the  factions  of  Milan:  the  confpirfcy  was  difco- 
vered,  the  cnterprize  failed :  but  on  his  return  to  Brefcia, 
in  the  paliige  of  the  Adda,  at  the  well-known  biidge  of 
CJailano,  he  was  intercepted  by  the  troops  of  Alantua,  Cre-? 
niona,  and  Ferrar  i,  under  the  banner  of  the  Marquis  of 
Efte.  After  a  ihurt  combat,  the  valiant  Eccelin  (he  de- 
ferves  that  praife)  was  wounded  in  the  foot,  and  taken  pri- 
ioner:  the  few  remaining  days  of  his  life  were  embittered  by 
the  infults  of  the  multitude,  and  the  more  infulting  pity  of 
the  co'iqueror,  Azo  VII.  was  hailed  as  the  faviour  of 
LoJTibaruy  :  but  he  derived  more  glory  than  advantage  fron^ 
the  tyrani'b  fall.  I  he  caufe  of  the  Ghibellines  revived  under 
new  leaders :  the  cities  of  the  IVevifanc  March  were 
ufurped  by  the  new  families  uf  Scala  and  Carrara;  and  in- 
of  ailci  ting  their  aricient  right  to  the  government  of 
JVliian,  the  fiiir)g  ambition  of  the  Vifconti  was  promoted  bjf 
the  arms  and  alliance  of  the  Alarquilles  of  Kile. 

It  was  in  the  ftate  of  Kerrara  that  ihey  firll  effabliflied  a 
princely  dommion,  f)n  the  balis,  and  tinally  on  the  ruins,  of 
a  popular  overnment.  The  flat  country,  which  is  inter- 
feeted  by  the  branches  of  the  Po,  had  formerly  beea  a  wild 
morafs,  impervi')us  to  the  R  -man  highways.  About  the 
middle  of  tlie  feventh  century,  twelve  folitary  vill.^^es  coa- 
lefced  ioto  a  fortified  town,  on  the  banks  of  the  river:  tiie 
fafe  and  convenient  lituation  attracted  a  crowd  of  fettlers; 
their  labours  were  rewarded  by  the  converiiun  of  the  fens 
into  rich  and  produtf^ive  land;  and  the  rifinj  colony  was 
diftinguiH^cd  by  the  feat  of  a  biihop,  and  the  privileges  of  a 
city.  After  the  death  (>t  the  Countefs  Matilda,  Fcrrara 
taftcd  the  blelTmgs  and  the  mifeniefs  of  liberty:  the  patri- 
cians and  plebeians,  the  Guelphs  and  the  Ghibellines,  dif- 
puted,  in  arms,  the  command  of  the  republic:  thirty-two 
towers  of  defence  were  erected  within  the  walls;  and  in  forty 
years  the  factions  were  ten  times  alternately  exp:  1!  -d.  Among 

the  thirty-igur  noble  families  of  Fcrrara,  the  pie-eminence 

of 


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ANTIQUITIES  OP  THB 


of  wealth  and  pou'cr  lyas  claimed  by  the  rival  houfes  of  fhff 
Adclardi  and  Taurcfh'.  About  the  year  one  thaufand  oner 
hundrfd  and  eighty,  the  former  were  reduced  to  an  infant 
daughter:  the  propofal  of  a  concilKUory  marriage  was  rc- 
ie£led  by  their  adherents:  the  heirels  was  delivered  into  the 
hands  of  ObiZoL:  and  his  [^randlon  Azo  VI.  was  elected 
25  the  future  hufband  cA'  the  maid;  and  the  future  chiei  ot 
the  name  and  party  nf  the  Adclardi.  Marchcfclla  died  at 
the  age  of  eiglu  years,  before  nature  would  allow  her  to 
produce  a  clidd,  or  the  law  wonld  pcrm;t  her  to  fubfcribe  a 
will:  but  the  whole  inheritance  of  her  fathers  was  yielded  lo 
the  iVlarquis  of  Efte,  and  hi*"  gratitude,  or  ambition^  diliri* 
butcd  the  iiefs  anions  his  frieniS  and  fullowejs.    By  this  ifep^ 

il.lKnttS.he  acquired  a  commanding  rnfiu^:nce  at  Fcrrara:  Azo  VI, 
was  declared  perpetual  lord  and  ^f^vernor  of  the  republic; 
and' this  a(f^,  which  is  extatit,  betrays  the  madi^efs  of 
party,  by  the  grant  of  abfolute  and  unconditional  power. 
!•  rom  this  pouer,  his  Ton  was  de^^raded  to  the  humiliating 
permiiTion  of  an  annual  vifit^  a  popular  and  profperous  (late 
was  again  eilablilhed  by  the  GhibeUines>  and  it  was  not  tilt 
after  thirty-two  years  of  revolutions  that  the  fovereignty  of 
the  Houfe  of  K(ie  was  fixed  bv  th^  valour  and  conduct  ot  the 
Seventh  Azo.  At  the  head  of  the  confederate  forces  of  the 
Pope,  ot  Venice,  and  of  Bologna,  he  marched  againii  PYt- 
lara:  but  a  humane  conqueror  mlftht  lament  that  the  revo- 
lution was  cft'e(Sled  by  the  calamines  of  a  iiege,  and  con- 
demned by  the  retreat  of  fifteen  hundred  citizens.  Xhefc 

4I.I>.  *a(^4.  evils  were  indeed  compenfated  by  the  wifdom  and  jullice  of 
^  twenty-four  years:  his  funeral  was  honoured  by  the  tear^  of 
the  oppoUte  fiauStion  j  and  at  the  age  of  feventecn,  his  grand*- 
(bn,  Obizo  11.^  fucceedcd  to  the  office,  or  rather  the  inhe- 
ritance, of  his  father.  The  reputation  of  Obizo  11.  engaged 
the  turbulent  republics  of  Modcna  and  Reggio  to  accept  him 
for  their  prince-,  and  at  the  time  of  his  deceafe,  three  jxipu- 
lous  cities,  with  their  ample  territories,  were  {ubject  to  the 
Iway  of  the  Marquiflfesof  £(le.  Modena  and  Reggio  were 
indeed  lo(k  by  the  imprudence  of  his  fon,  the  levity  ot  the 
people,  and  the  arts  of  the  Ghibellincs ;  and  the  Reparation 
lalled  thirty  years  in  the  one,  and  an  hundred  in  the  other^ 
betore  the  rebellious  children  were  reconciled  to  their  parent. 
But  the  fubmillion  of  Ferrara  was  pure  and  permanent,  and 
the  lapfe  of  time  inlenfibly  erafed  the  forms  and  maxims  of 

^•iplrjoS.  the  eld  republic.  After  tr-e  death  of  .Azo  VllL,  whofc  !aft 
will  preferred  a  bafiard  to  a  brother,  Ferrara  was  opprclled 
by  the  avarice  of  the  Venetians,  the  anVl^ition  of  the  P<ipe, 
and  the  Catalan  mercenaries  of  the  i^ing  of  Na[>les:  but  the 

fpuk  oi  paUiOtiio      lojralty       Uved  ui  the  hearts  of  the 

citiXCDSy 


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HOUSE  OF  BUDKSWICS. 


ciriacm»  tiid  thejr  foon  rofe  to^e  detiveraiice  and  defence  <t 
<lietr  country  under  the  banner  of  the  %vhite  eagle.  This 
conflanl.  af'edion  is  at  once  the  piaife  of  the  fubied  and  (o^ 
vereign.  This  praifc  is  the  more  firecious  as  it  muft  almoft 
tie  confined  to  the  fubjeds  of  the  Marquifiibs  of  £fte.  Thef 
were  ranked  among  the  princes  of  Italy  at  a  tine  when  ihe 
families  which  afterwards  emerged  to  sreatnefs  were  oe»» 
founded  with  the  neaneft  of  me  peo|9e.  They  weitedtt 
lirft  who  after  the  twelfth  century  acquired  by  popular  elec'* 
tion  the  dominion  of  a  free  city.  And  they  &11  fttbfift  Wittli 
^lendour  and  dignity,  while  the  tyrants  more  confpicuoiislft 
^ir  day  have  lelt  only  a  name,  and  for  the  moft  parX  mm 
odious  name,  to  the  annals  of  their  country* 

The  dates  of  Ferrara,  Modena^  and  R^gk)  were  faidy 
won  and  recovered  by  the  labour  and  fortune  of  the  Mar^ 
^uiiies  of  Efte.  But  the  liberality  of  the  popes  and  cm** 
|)erors  was  an  eafy  and  profiuble  virtue:  they  granted  the 
xight  to  thofe  who  had  the  a^^ual  poileOion,  beftowed  the  title 
where  the  fubftance  was  lo(i»  and  confirmed  their  pretenfioai 
by  refigning  to  others  what  thev  were  unableto  obtain  or  to 
lioid  for  their  own  ufe.  The  Court  of  Rome  was  informed 
of  the  merit  and  reputation  of  Azo  VI.  ^  and  he  accepted 
from  the  two  fovereigns  of  Chridcndom,  from  Pope  Inno- 
cent UL  and  the  Emperor  Otho  IV.  a  double  invdftiture  of 
»  the  marqnifate  of  Ancana^  which  extended  over  tweWe 
idiocefes  and  counties  between  the  Adriadc  and  the  Apen- 
nine.  But  this  fplendld  gift  was  no  more  than  the  right 
without  the  power  of  fubduing  a  warlike  people,  in  ^ong 
cppofition  to  the  church  and  the  empire.  This  «ncespriaep 
.  which  might  feem  above  the  ftrength  of  Aso,  was  vigo* 
foufly  pro^cuted  by  his  eldeft  Ton  the  Marquis  Aidobnui* 
•diooy  who  raifed  the  fupplies  of  the  war  by  psi.wnlng  his 
•  younger  brother  to  the  ufurers  of  Florence.  The  war  wa$ 
luipended  by  his  untimely  death;  the  oonqueft  was  never 
atchievedf  the  pledge  was  never  redeemed,  and  in  the  third 
generation  the  vain  title  of  Marquis  of  Ancooa  was  filently 
oifmiiTed.  The  fens  of  Ferrara  might  have  been  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  exarchate,  the  £\xcgkSoss  Ksif  St. 
J^eter  might  allege  the  donations  of  Conlbmtine,  of  Pepin, 
of  Charlemagne,  and  of  the  Countefs  Matilda:  bat  in  the 
firfl  century  after  their  e1e£lion,  the  MarquilTes  of  £lle  ac» 
{mowledged  no  fuperior,  iave  God  and  the  people.  It  was 
in  a  mognent  of  diftrefs  and  exile,  that  they  accepted  frum 
Clement  V.  the  title  of  Vicars  of  the  Church:  that  they 
2iibmitied  to  hold  the  feudatory  pofTeiEon  of  Ferrara  by  an 
inBns[|>ayineatof  tettthoyfandgddAHaps,  Th^  regained 

ihcir 


AN.TIQU1TIES   OF  THE 


dieir  foverelgnty  without  the  aid,  and  againft  the  efforts^  of 
the  court  of  Rome:* the  treaty  was  however  ratified,  and  iF 
the  tribute  fuffered  fome  occafional  abatement,  they  could 
never  break  the  chain  of  feudal  dependence,  which  was  at 
kngth  fetal  to  the  Hou(e  of  Efte.  After  the  recovery  of 
Modena  and  Reggio,  they  obtained  on  more  eafv  terms  the 
title  of  Vicars  of  the  empire :  and  tiie  natives  of  Italy,  like 
,thofe  of  India*  continued  to  reverence  the  feal  and  fubfcrip- 
tion  of  their  impotent  king.  Before  die  end  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  the  German  emperors,  who  had  been  accuA 
tomed  to  the  traffic  of  avarice  and  \'atiity,  were  tempted  to 
A.D.i395>nvive  in  Italy  the  long-forgotten  title  of  Duke:  and  at  the 

S rice  of  an  hundred  thoufand  gold  florins  the  Vifconti  of 
Itlan  were  exalted  above  the  heads  of  their  equals.  Twenty- 
r  V  >  years  afterwards,  the  cxclufive  dignity  of  the  Dukes  of 
1417. Milan  was  fomewhat  impaired  by  the  itmilar  honours  of  the 
f)ukcs  of  Savoy.  The  third  candidate  was  Borfo  Marquii 
of  Eftc,  the  twelfth  in  linral  dcfcent  from  tl.e  old  A^arquia 
Albert- ASK)  the  Second :  his  reign  was  witc  and  fortunate^ 
ind  the  proverb  which  he  left  behind  him  This  is  not  the 
time  of  Duke  Borfo,"  is  far  more  glorious  thm  all  the 
trappings  of  mortal  pride*  In  the  year  one  thoufand  four 
hundred  and  fifty-two,  by  the  Emperor  Ktederic  the  Third 
he  was  created  Duke  of  Modena  and  Reggio.  Eighteen 
years  afterwards  the  ambitious  imitation  of  rope  Paul  the 
Second  conferred  on  Borfo  the.fuperior  title  of  Duke  of 
Ferrara  $  and  the  crowns,  the  mantles,  and  the  fceptres  ufed 
in  thefe  pompous  mvcn-jturcs,  were  fecond  only  to  the  ma* 
jefty  of  kings.  In  the  fixtcenth  century,  a  ouke  was  im- 
pofed  on  the  republic  of  Florence  by  the  arms  and  authorit]^ 
of  Charles  V.;  and  the  genius  of  the  great  Cofmo  foon 
gave  him  a  rank  in  the  political  fyftem  of  Europe.  A  dif- 
pute  for  precedency  arofc  between  the  Dukes  of  Ferrara 
find  Florence;  and  if  the  £ftc  could  boaft  the  nobility  of 
their  race,  and  the  priority  of  their  creation,  the  Medici 
might  plead  the  wealth,  the  extent,  and  perhaps  tlb  inde-» 
pendence,  of  the  ftate  over  which  they  reigned.  The  courts 
of  Rome  and  Vienna  long  balanced  their  refpe^ive  claims 
without  rifquing  a  final  fentence ;  and  the  difpnte  could  be 
j^l3^i|(^appeafed  only  by  the  invention  of  the  new  title  and  prero* 
g  uiv'cs  of  Grand  Duke  of  Tufcany.  In  this  frivolous  con- 
tett  the  powers  of  France  and  Spain  were  interefted,  and 
had  it  been  decided  by  arms,  fuch  a  war  would  have  added  a 
chapter  to  the  annals  of  human  vanity. 

While  the  honours  of  the  Efte  were  multiplied  by  pq>es 
and  emperors,  a  republic  infulted  and  almoft  oppreflcd  the 
Dukeft  of  Ferrara^'  Had  Venice  been  pnidcnt»  Venice 

would 


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HOUSE   OF  B&DNSWICK.  4^ 

■ 

would  have  been  content  with  the  riches  of  commerce  and 
the  commiuiLl  of  the  Tea.    But  this  maritime  empire  fervcd 
only  to  iumulate  the  ambition  of  an  ir.ili.in  conqMcd::  dif- 
<:ipline  and  wealth  obtained  an  e^iy  v  iclory  over  v,  e.iknefs 
and  (iilcord;  and  in  the  fifteenth  ceiuurv  the  provinces  of 
^erra  Firyr.a  were  added  to  the  tlomiriion  of  S:.  Mark. 
]S'ich()las  the  ThiiJ.,  Marquis  of  j  iic,  .uiJ  Lord  of  Fcrrara, 
iiiadu  a  feebk  effvirt  to  .SiVX  the  Cirrar.i  princes,  :ukI  to  fiive 
the  important  barrier  of  PaJiia,     T  he  V^cneti  iiis  inllautly  A.D. 
filled  the  Po  \vv]\  armed  vcilcls  his  ti^rritories  were  ravaged;  . 
his  capit.d  was  li^rveJ,  till  he  left  his  allies  to  thei;-  fatej  im- 
plored tlie  uiLiC)  uf  the  fcnate,  and  refi^ned  himfeif  to  luch 
conditions  2s  rcU-mmcnt  ai-d  avarice  cc-ukl  impc»lc.    Afu  r  a 
icrvitu.ic  of  f.juffcorc  hib  ion  Hercules  1.  Wab  accufcd 

C'f  a  gLiierous,  or  criminal  revolt:  the  fuperior  forces  of 
A'cnicc  c:nc(jmpailv-d  Ferrara  by  lea  and  land,  and  if  a  league 
of  the  Italian  puv\crs  protedlcd  him  from  total  ruin,  the 
Jjukc  was  boui.d  by  the  new  treaty  in  a  clofer  and  more 
W'ciL'hty  chain.  I,  A  fuperior  title,  and  more  ample  Vwav,  a.  d. 
might  comp:nfate  for  the  lofs  of  property  and  command  in — 14S4. 
the  ncif^hbourhood  of  Padua.  But  iiSTE  was  flill  dear  and  ' 
facred  to  the  princes  of  that  name:  the  tranhent  recovery  ofA,p,i5$j. 
the  caftlc,  the  town,  and  the  fief,  had  delighted  their  here- 
ditary pride,  and  it  was  not  without  regret  that  they  beheld 
that  ancient  pofTclTion,  the  Tource  of  their  title,  for  ever 
melted  into  the  Venetian  ftate.  The  Polefincy  or  ifland  of 
Rovigo,  which  had  once  been  mortga^.d  for  fixty  thoufand 
ducats  to  the  Venetians,  was  irrevocably  ceded  by  Her- 
cules!.; and  not  a  veftige  remained  of  the  patrimonial 
dilates  to  the  north  of  the  ro,  which  had  been  acquired  five 
hundred  years  before  by  the  marriage  of  Albert- Azo  1. 
a.  The  goods  atul  perfons  of  the  Venetians  who  defcended 
the  Po»  were  exempt  firom  all  tolls  and  duties  whatfoever : 
every  Granger  was  ftiielded  under  that  refpe6bble  joame;  and 
even  the  peafants  of  the  borders  began  to  claim  the  Inv^u- 
jiities  of  St.  Marie.'  The  fame  grievance  which  innpatred 
the  reyenue»  attacked  the  fovereigntv  of  the  Duke  or  Fer* 
rani}  fince  he  was  forbidden  to  raife  any  forts  or  barriers, 
which  might  obilrui^l  a  free  paflage .  trough  his  territories 
either  by  land  or  water.  3.  With  the  avarice  of  a  trading 
poweT)  Venice  afpired  to  a  monopoly  of  fait  in  the  Adriatic 
Gubh.  The  Duke  was  rigoroufly  deprived  of  the  ufe  and 
profits  of  his  fsdt* works  ot  Commachio;  and  his  fubje£ls 
were  compelled  tp  purchafe  in  a  foreign  market  one  of  the 
neceflaries  of  life^  which  Nature  had  fo  profufely  fcattered 
M  their  own  (bores.  4.  A  citisen  of  Veotce  refided  at 

Ferrari 


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44i  ANT1QUITI£S  OF  THE 

Ferrara  with  the  title  of  f^icedom'r:u: ;  he  was  the  pro[)cr 
judge  of  his  c  u:ur)  :iieii  j  but  the  arroguncc  of  his  beha« 
viour  i[i!uUcd  t.'ic  j  juicc,  his  daily  ufurpatiniis  interrupted 
th?  courlc  of  julticc,  and  his  lall  adt  was  the  impi iinnment 
ot  a  native  a:id  a  pricft.  Peace  was  oppreliive  i  but  war 
nil  jht  have  beta  fatal  to  the  Houfe  of  Kite.  The  three  lalt 
fo.cTci:zns  of  Padua,  a  father  a!^d  his  two  fons,  hid  been 
liraii*;lt  i  in  the  prifons of  Venice  j  the  remains  or  the  Car- 
rara and  Sc.ila  f  amilies  were  profcribed  j  and  the  dtliberaie 
cru  Ity  of  the  kuate  was  juitihcd  by  the  eiuaiplcs  of  aacient 
Rome. 

Twenty-five  years  after  the  I  all  treaty  of  Flcrcules  I.  his 
'  Ibn  and  fucceflbr  Alphonfo  T.  enibraced  the  lairclt  hope  of 
liberty  and  revenge.  In  the  kM;;ue  of  Cambray,  the  four 
great  potentates  ot  Europe  united  their  arms  againfl  a  fin^'le 
icpubhci  ihe  Pope,  Julius  II.;  the  Emperor,  Maximihan 
of  Auftria;  Lewis  XIL  ^^>iig  of  France  and  Duke  of 
Milan;  and  Ferdinand  King  of  Arr;iaon  and  Naplc*«. 
Each  of  the  alhcs  liad  fuli'ered  fome  injuries,  had  loft  funic 
territories,  and  they  all  confidered  the  profpcrity  of  V  enice 
With  the  fame  fentiments  of  indignation  and  envv  which  are 
excited  in  the  breaft  of  a  iml^le  by  the  luxury  and  inioience 
of  a  wealthy  merchant.  While  Maximilian  delayed,  while 
Ferdinand  diflcmblcd,  while  the  Pope  pronounced  his  ex- 
communication?, the  King  of  France,  at  the  head  of  his 
invincible  cavalry,  had  palled  the  Alps,  and  on  the  banks  of 
the  Adda,  the  mercenary  bands  of  St.  Mark  were  trampled 
under  their  horfes  feet.  The  firmnefs  of  Rome  after  a  great 
defeat  was  not  imitated  by  the  fenators  of  Venice:  they  dc- 
(paired  of  the  republic,  evacuated  in  a  day  the  conquefts  of 
ail  age,  and  abandoned  to  the  confederates  the  divifu >n  of 
the  fpoil.  Under  the  wing  of  thefe  confederates,  Alphonfo 
Duke  of  Ferrara  had  acceded  to  the  league  of  Cambray, 
and  accepted  the  office,  or  rather  the  title,  of  Standard- 
bearer  or  General  of  the  Church.  I'he  firil  aCt  of  hoffility 
was  to  vindicate  his  independence:  the  county  of  Rovigo 
yielded  to  his  attack;  and  he  received  from  the  Emperor 
the  invellitare  of  Efte,  In  this  public  (hipwreck.  Venice 
was  faved  by  the  xcal  of  her  noble**,  and  the  fidelity  of  her 
fubje£b:  the  nobles  faci  ificed  their  lives,  or  at  leail  their  for- 
tunes, in  their  own  caufej  the  fubje^ls,  without  fpeculating 
on  the  theory  of  government,  had  long  enjoyed,  and  now  re- 
gretted, the  wildum  and  juftice  of  a  parental  ariftocracy. 
The  metropolis  was  impregiuble  and  rich  j  the  traaiaiarnic 
provinces  were  untouched  ;  the  navy  was  entire;  new  armies 

were  piirchaicdi  the  alUes  be^^aa  to  Kei  iu^icioo}  aod  to  afFea 


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HOUSE  OP  BRUNSWICK. 


44? 


pity;  and  thedelivmnceofl^idua  announced  therUIngfortmies 
of  the  repaUic.  While  the  Venetians  drove  to  refift  or  dif- 
arft  their  more  formidable  enemies,  the  rebel  Alphonfo 
(fuch  was  the  ftyle  of  the  fenate)  was  marked  as  the  objeft 
of  vengeance,  to  which  hts  ftation  expofed  him  on  eveiy 
fide.  A?ainft  the  advice  of  their  wifell  comifdlors,  their 
admiiU  Angelo  Trevifano,  with  eighteen  gaUies  and  a  train 
of  brigantines,  entered  the  mouth  of  the  To,  fpread  defo- 
lation  on  either  bank,  and-  prepared  with  forts  and  bridges 
the  pafiage  of  the  army  and  the  fiege  of  Ferrara*  But  tht 
army  was  called  away  by  a  feafonable  diveriion }  and  the 
£eet  was  ^cilroyed  bv  the  valout  and  condu(^  of  the  Duke 
himfdf,  and  his  brotner  the  Cardinal  Hippolito.  Uiiderdiie 
ihelter  of  the  dykes  they  had  planted  their  long  batteries, 
which  fupportea  an  inceffant  fire :  and  the  affiigbted  Ven^ 
tians  were  fuddenly  oppre0ed  by  the  armed  vefl3s  which  if* 
fued  from  the  city.  The  admiral  ignominioufly  fled  with  the 
great  fiandard  of  St.  Mark ;  two  gallies  efcaped,  three  cwem 
Surnt  or  funk,  and  the  remaining  thirteen  followed  the  tri- 
umph of  the  conquerori  who  immediately  afiaulted  and  de- 
moiiihed  all  the  works  of  the  fiege.  His  vi£^ory  might  be 
aicribed  to  his  fuperior  artillery,  and  that  fupetiority  was 
the  efied  of  his  own  ikill  and  indufti^.  Three  hundred 
cannons  were  call  in  his  foundery,  and  depofited  in  his  ar- 
fenal :  he  liberally  entertained  the  beft  engineers ;  and  the 
well-adapted  forttncations  of  (lone,  of  ear£,  and  of  water, 
had  rendered  Ferrara  one  of  the  (Irongcd  places  in  Italy. 
The  French,  who  ferved  with  their  ally,  celebrate  the  po-  - 
litenefs,  the  knowledge,  the  magnificence  of  the  Duke: 
and  Alphonfo  expended  above  three  hundred  thoufand  du- 
cats to  reward  the  fei-vice,  and  to  fecure  the  friendAup,  of 
the  Gallic  chiefs. 

But  their  frienddiip  foon  became  dangerous  to  the  Hoofe 
of  Efte,  when  the  fame  confederates  who  had  joined  with 
France  for  the  deftru^on  of  Venice,  confpired  with  Vch 
nice  for  the  expulfion  of  the  French.  The  new  league  was  a.  d.  1510, 
formed  and  fan^fied  by  Julius  II.,  who  iecredy  a^ired  to 
ddiver  Italy  from  the  barbarians :  and  &e  fidelity  of  the 
Duke  of  Ferrara  to  his  firft  engagements  exafperated  the 
fierceft  and  moft  ambirious  of  the  fnccefRirs  of  St.  Peter. 
Alf^ionfo  was  degraded  firom  the  rank  of  a  vaiTal  and  a 
ChrifUan :  his  rich  forfeiture  was  devoured  by  die  avarice 
perhaps  of  a  papal  nephew,  and  his  fentence  of  condemna^ 
tkm  was  extended  to  both  worids.  *  Againft  htm  che  tempo* 
tal  and  fpiritual  arms  of  Rome  were  equally  ^iteded :  Jiis 
city  of  Modena  was  occupied :  in  the  depth  of  a  feveve  win-  ^  ^  , 
tcr  the  pretence  of  Julius  animated  tfaetroapi,  and  the  aged* 

Vol.  HL  .    G  g  father 


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4^©  A  N  T  I  QJJ I  T  I  E  S   O  F   T  H  E 

♦ 

^ther  of  die  Chriftians  preflled  the  (lege  of  Mimndok  wicfa 
the  vigour  of  a  youthful  rddier.   Feirara  howeirer  was  fared 
by  its  own  (Ircn^th  and  the  Gallic  fuccours:  the  army  of 
Lewis  XIL  invaded  the  ecdeliaftical  ftate  under  the  com- 
mand of  his  nephew,  the  valiam  Gafton  of  Foix :  in  the 
A.D.  sstfthbatde  of  Ravenna  the  fury  of  the  French  catalry  was  en- 
countered bv  the  firmnefs  of  the  SpamCh  infantry,  and  die 
fuccefs  of  tne  day  might  be  attributed  in  fome  decree  to  the 
Duke  of  Ferrara,  who  led  the  vanguard,  and  dtreded  the 
infantry.   But  after  the  lofs  of  Gafton,  the  ftrange  retreat 
of  the  vi6brious  armv,  and  the  rapid  evacnadon  of  Italy, 
the  folitary  and  humble  client  of  France  remained  without 
defence  under  the  hand  of  a  mercilefs  oppreflbn    While  he 
waited  as  a  fuppliant  in  the  Vatican,  his  city  of  Re^^io 
was  furprized  and  (lolen  ;  he  was  infiilted  by  the  propom  of 
yielding  Ferrara  for  a  poor  and  precarious  exchange ;  and 
even  the  validity  of  his  fafe  condu^  was  queftioaed  by  a  per-* 
fidious  court.    The  li|)erty,  and  perhaps  the  life  of  AU 
phonfo  were  refcued  by  the  grateful  friendfhip  of  the  Co- 
lonna :  they  forced  the  Lateran  Gate,  lodg^  him  io  the 
cafile  of  Marino,  and  watched  over  his  efcape  in  the  various 
difguifes,  of  a  huntfman,  a  fervant,  and  a  ftiai.    A  fingle 
A.  D,  '5>3>.^yent  could  fufpend  his  ruin ;  and  by  that  event  was  his  ruin 
*  fufpended.   Julius  11.  expired :  his  paffions  were  buried  in 
his  tomb ;  but  his  policy  with  a  milder  afped  ftiil  reigned  in 
the  councils  of  his  fucceiTors.    Leo  X.  was  too  generous 
to  be  juft  t  and  the  ambition  of  his  family  was  concealed  hj 
the  factvd  veil  of  the  honour  and  intereft  of  the  churco 
^     A.D       After  the  ti&orj  of  Marignan,  Francis  I.  might  have  dH** 
^'^'^*  charged  his  obligations  by  an  ad  of  equity  and  power:  but 
'/   Inflead  of  commanding  he  negociated  with  the  court  of 
Rome.   The  reftitudon  of  Modena  and  Reggio  to  his  long** 
fuffering  ally,  vtras  often promifed,  and  as  ohen  eluded:  the 
failure  of  a  fectet  confpiracy  provoked  the  Roman  pontiff^ 
to  thunder  a  new  fentence  of  excommunicadon  and  forfei- 
ture; and  one  of  the  medals  of  Alphonfo  attelb  his  n^ira* 
culous  deliverance  from  the  AWx  paw.   Adrian  VI.  had  a 
Confcience,  a  faculty  long  dormant  in  the  vicars  of  Chrift : 
but  his  fcruples  were  removed  by  the  Italian  cafoifb ;  and 
he  found  it  more  eafy  to  abfolve  the  fins  dian  to  reftore  the 
flates  of  the  Houfe  of  Efle.  Clement  VII.  an  iilezitimaie 
fon,  adopted  the  polincs  of  the  Medici ;  and  had  his  aits 
beenfuccefsful,  Machiavd,  who  was  ftill  alive,  might  have 
been  proud  of  his  difciple.   After  a  tedious  and  treacherous 
dehy,  the  fword  of  Alphonfo  vindicated  his  own  rights ;  and 
^   his  prudence  feized  the  fortunate  moments  of  the  conclava 
and  the  capdvity  of  Clement  VII.  The  gates  of  Modena 

and 


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HOUSE  OP  BRUNSWICK. 


VmI  Reggjo  were  joyfully  opened  to  their  native  pnnce :  and 
on  a  payment  to  the  Pope  of  an  hundred  thoufand  ducats« 
his  podenion  was  confirmed  by  the  fentence  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  whofe  iiitereft  prompted  him  to  cftablini  the 
peace  of  Italy.  Duriogthefe  revolutions  the  Duke  of  Fer- 
rara  concluded  a  truce,  and  finally  a  treaty,  with  the  Vene* 
tians :  liis  patrimonial  eilates  of  £ile  and  Rovi{^  were  for 
ererloA:  but  he  no  longer  felt  or  feared  the  tyranny  of  are- 
public  which  had  been  trained  to  moderation  in  the  fchool 
of  ad?erfity. 

Among  the  noble  marrlntrcs  of  the  Efle,  two  princes, 
Azo  VUI.  and  Hercules  I.,  had  been  allied  to  the  crown  of 
Naples  in  file  rival  houfes  of  Anjou  and  Arragon.  But 
thefc  lofty  connedlions  had  not  been  produdlive  of  any  folid 
benefit,  and  the  Venetians  fignified  their  difpleafure  that  the 
Duke  of  Ferrara  had  preferred  the  daughter  of  a  king,  in- 
ftead  of  chuiAUg  a  fenator  for  his  father  and  patron,  in  the 
next  generation*  the  Houfe  of  Efte  was  fuUied  by  a  fangui* 
nary  and  inceftuous  race ;  by  the  nuptials  of  Alphonfo  1. 
with  Lucretia,  abaftardof  Alexander  VI.,  the  Tiberius  of 
Chrifliun  Rome.  This  modern  Lucretia  might  have  af- 
fumed  with  more  propriety  the  name  of  Meilalina  ;  fmce 
the  woman  who  can  be  guilty,  who  can  even  be  accufed^ 
of  a  criminal  commerce  with  a  father  and  two  brothers* 
miift  be  abandoned  to  ail  the  licentioufnefs  of  venal  love. 
Her  vices  were  highly  coloured  by  a  contempt  for  decency : 
at  a  banquet  in  the  apodolical  palace,  by  the  dde  of  tne 
Pope*  (he  beheld  without  a  bUilh  the  naked  dances  and  laf- 
civious  poftures  of  tifty  proititutes:  Ihe  dilhibuted  the  prizes 
to  the  champions  of  Venus,  according  to  the  number  of 
vi&ories  which  they  atchicved  in  her  prefence.  Hercules 
1.  was  unwilling  to  accept  fuch  a  confort  for  his  eldcft  fon, 
but  he  was  apprehenlive  of  the  bulls  and  daggers  of  the 
Borgia  family  :  he  was  tempted  by  the  fum  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thoufand  ducats,  the  city  and  di(lri<5^  of  Cento, 
and  the  r»]u£Uon  of  his  annual  tribute  to  a  flight  quit-rent 
of  an  hundred  florins.  The  marriage  articles  were  (Igned ; 
and  as  the  bed  of  Lucrctia  was  not  then  vncant,  her  third 
hufband,  a  royal  baftard  of  Naples,  was  hrlt  tabbed,  and 
afterwards  Arangled  in  the  ^''atican.  Perhaps  the  youth  nf 
Lucretia  had  been  feduced  by  example  ;  perhaps  Hie  had 
been  fatiatcd  with  pleafurc  i  perhaps  ihc  was  awed  by  the 
authority  ot  her  new  parent  and  hulband:  but  cheDutchefsof 
.  Ferrara  lived  fevcntrru  years  without  rej)roach,  and  Alphonfa 
I.  believed  hinileh  to  be  the  lather  of  three  fons.  The  el- 
deft,  his  fucceifor,  Hercules  II.  expiated  this  maternal  ftain 
by  a  nobler  choice ;  and  his  ii ddity  was  rewarded  by  ming- 

g  a  ling- 


4$t  ANTIQJUITIBS  OP-  THB 

ling  the  blood  of  Efte  with  that  of  France.  By  his  fccon<l 
marriage' with  Anne  Dutchefs  of  Brittany,  Lewis  XU.  left 
only  two  dauglitert :  Ciaude,  the  eldeil,  oecame  the  wife  of 
his  fucceifor  Francis  I.  and  Renee  her  youi^er  fifter,  who 

,  had  once  been  piomi^  to  Charles  V.  was  bedowed  on 
Hercules  TI.,  hereditary  prince,  and  after  his  father's  dc- 
ceafp,  Dukt  of  Ferrara.  Her  portion  of  two  hundred  aiui 
£fcy  tlioufand  crowns  was  paid  in  a  territorial  equivalent* 
the  dukedoms  of  Chartrcs  and  Montargis  :  but  Ren^  was 
perlinps  the  true  heirefs  of  Brittany,  unce  tlie  agreement 
which  iccured  tlie  perpetual  independence  of  the  dutchy, 
might  be  applied  with  as  much  rcafon  to  a  fecond  daughter 
as  to  a  fecond  Ion.  The  French  pnncefs,  whole  mind  was 
more  beautiful  than  her  perfon,  continued  above  thirty 

.  years  to  adorn  the  court  of  Ferrara :  her  liberal  undcrftand- 
mg  was  improved  by  the  learning  of  the  age  ;  nor  was  it  bsr 
fault  if  in  the  learning  of  the  agelhe  dilcovered  andfludied 
the  vain  fcienceof  aftrology.  During  a  longexile  (he  chc- 
riilied  a  tender  remembrance  of  her  native  country  :  every 
Frenchman,  according  to  his  degree,  who  vifited  Ferrara, 
cither  praifed  her  magnificence,  or  blefled  her  charitv  :  and 
the  relics  of  a  Neapolitan  expedition,  ten  thoufancf  naked 
and  hungry  fugitives,  were  relieved  by  the  profufc  alms  of 
the  Dutchefs.  When  her  treafurer  rcpreicnted  the  enor- 
mous expencc,  They  arc  my  countrymen,"  Ren^e  gcne- 
roufly  replied,  "  and  had  God  given  me  a  beard,  they  would 
be  now  my  fubjecls."  But  thefe  virtues  were  the  fplendid 
fins  of  a  heretic.  From  her  cradle  and  in  her  marriage, 
the  dauMuer  of  Lewis  XII.,  the  daughter-in-law  of  AU 
phonlo  I.,  hid  Iciuned  to  hate  the  tyranny  of  the  Pope: 
her  hrm  and  c  iinous  undcrftanding  was  not  afraid  of  rcligi^ 
oils  inquiries  ,  and  (lie  liAcncd  to  the  new  teachers,  who 
profeflld  to  revive  the  old  truths  of  the  gofpel.  Clement, 
A.D.  1535.  Marot,  aiul  John  Calvin  wctc  hofpltably  entertained  at  Fer- 
rara ,  in  the  convcrlion  ot  the  Dutehcis,  the  eloquence  of 
the  preacher  was  Iccondcd  by  ilic  wit  ot  tlic  poet ;  and  the 
apoftle  of  Geneva  was  prone!  to  fpread  his  conquclts  on  th? 
verge  of  the  realm  of  Antichiiil.  But  iliis  Ip-irk,  which 
nii^ht  have  kindled  a  tlamc  in  Italy,  was  quicklv  cxtin» 
guilhcd  bv  the  diligence  ot  the  inquilitors,  and  Hercules  IF. 
was  apprehcnlive  ot  tlic  temporal,  as  well  as  the  fpiriiual 
punidimcnt  of  the  guilt  of  liercfy.  Calvin  and  Marot  lied 
beyond  the  mountains  :  Rencc  heard  with  luUcn  conflanty 
the  fermons  ot  the  pnpiih  d'M.^ors  ;  hui  a  tier  lulleriug  tii^ 
dilmilhon  ot  her  i' rcnch  lervants,  and  rlic  hard/hips  of  a 
prilofi,  Ihc  iubirtitted  witli  a  ligh  to  wear  the  nvd(k  of  difliniu- 
lation.    A  more  opc  n  protcllioa  of  Calvinihii  after  her  huf» 

band's  deathi  deternuued,  and  baftened  her  dq>annre  from 

Fefiaxa; 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK.  453 

Pemra :  and  the  bft  fifteen  years  of  Rence  of  France  were 
Ipent  in  her  native  country.  In  the  blood  v  fccnes  of  perfe- 
cution  and  war,  the  Dutchefs  maintained  her  dignity  and 
proteded  her  brethren.  Her  ca  Ale  of  Montargis,  near  Pa- 
ris, was  a  fure  afylum  for  the  Hurnienots ;  and  when  it  was 
threatened  with  a  fiege,  flie  boldly  replied,  **  the  Catholics 
•*  may  aflauk  my  relidence,  they  will  find  me  (landing  in 
**  the  breach,  and  prepared  to  try  whether  they  will  hre 
"  r  n  the  daughter  of  a  king  of  France.**  She  was  the 
daughter  of  a  king  ;  but  the  wife  of  her  fon  Alphonfo  II. 
ivas  the  daughter  and  iiilcr  of  two  emperors,  of  Ferdinand 
I.  and  Maximilian  II.  of  the  Houle  of  Aiiftria. 

The  five  Dukes  of  Fcrrara,  Borfo,  Hercules  I.,  Aiphon-  ' 
fo  I.,  Hercules  il.,  and  Alphonfo  II.,  fcem  to, have  been 
ma  c^nihed  in  the  eyes  of  Europe,  far  beyond  the  meafure' 
of  their  wealth  and  power.  Tiieir  merit  was  fuperior  to 
their  fortune ;  they  fuj^ofted  with  hrmnels  the  calamities  of 
war;  they  improved  and  enjoyed  the  profperity  of  peace* 
Near  a  century  before  the  end  of  their  reign,  Alexander 
VI.  in  his  bull  of  inveftiiurc,  applauds  the  ufeful  labours 
of  Hercules  I.;  which  had  increaled  the  numbers  and  hap- 
pinefs  of  his  people,  which  had  adorned  the  city  of  Ferrara 
with  flrong  fortifications  and  ftately  edifices,  and  which  had 
reclaimed  a  large  extent  of  unprontable  wade.  The  vague 
and  fpreading  branches  of  the  Po  were  confined  in  their  pro- 
per channels  by  moles  and  dykes ;  the  intermediate  lands  were 
converted  to  pa  (lure  and  tillage ;  the  fertile  di(bi<ft  became 
the  granaiy  of  Venice ;  and  the  corn  exports  of  a  fingle 
year  were  exchanged  for  the  value  of  two  hundred  thoufahd 
ducats.  I'he  triangular  ifland  or  delta  of  Mefola,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Po,  had  been  recovered  from  the  waters  by 
Alphonfo  ll.«  who  furrounded  it  with  a  wall  nine  miles  in 
circumference :  a  palace,  with  its  dependencies  of  ftablesand 
gardens,  arofe  in  this  new  creation,  and  it  was  referved  by 
the  founder  for  his  favourite  amufemcnts  of  hunting  and 
fifhing.  Ferrara  became  one  of  the  mofl  flourifhing  of  the 
Italian  cities :  the  w  iils  and  buildings  have  furvived  tbe  lofs 
(U*  the  inhabitants,  which  are  now  reduced  from  fourfcote 
thoufand  to  a  tenth  part :  the  works  ot  1  uperflition  were  en- 
riched by  each  generation :  the  arfenal,  in  a  long  peace, 
was  fucceeded  by  theatres  and  palaces,  and  if  the  hand  of 
the  princely  arcliite^  be  mod  confpicuous,  many  vacant 
houles  are  the  monuments  of  private  opulence  and  tafle. 
Modena  and  Regglo,  more  favourably  treated  by  nature,  ' 
were  not  abandoned  by  the  Houfe  (»f  Elle :  the  courfe  of 
the  Po  opened  much  inland,  and fome  foreign  trade  ;  and  a 
colony  of  Flemiili  exiles  attempted  to  revive  the  declining 
arts  of  the  loom.  I  am  not  inilm^ed  to  definethc  revenue 

of 


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454  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 

,©f  the  Dukes  of  Ferrara  :  but  it  is  the*  praifc  of  Alphonfo 
I.,  that  hr  left  a  t^(•al1!ro,  wiiliout  increaling  his  laxcb  ,  iC 
is  the  repiuacli  ot  Alphonfo  II.,  that,  with  an  in(  rcafc  of 
taxes,  he  left  hchind  him  a  confuicr.ihlc  debt.  The  euurt  ot 
thele  piiiKa»  was  at  all  times  pchtc  and  IplciKlid :  on  cxira- 
ordinafy  occafions,  a  hiith,  a  marriage,  a  journey,  a  fcUi- 
vah  the  pnffagc  of  an  illuftrious  ftranger,  they  ftrove  to 
furpais  their  equals,  and  to  cqtial  their  fuperiors ;  and  the 
vanity  of  the  people  was  gratified  at  their  own  expence. 
Seven  hundred  hoiles  were  langtd  in  BtHio  s  ftahles;  and 
in  the  fport  of  hawkuig,  the  (Juke  wa5>  attended  to  the 
fed  hy  a  hundred  falconers.  In  his  Roman  expedition,  to 
rei  cive  the  (Uical  invcAiiure,  his  train  of  five  hundred  gcn- 
tlenitn,  Ins  chamherlains  and  pa^es,  one  hundred  menial 
fervants,  and  one  hundred  and  hliy  mules,  were  clciheJ, 
according  to  their  degree,  in  brocade,  velvet,  or  fine  cloth  : 
the  bells  of  tlic  mules  were  of  filver,  and  the  dreffes,  live- 
ries, and  trapping,  covejctl  with  gold  and  lilver  tnibroldery. 
The  niarual  train  ot  Alphonloll.  in  his  campait^n  in  Hun- 
gary, conlilled  ot  three  Imiuircd  gentlemen,  each  of  w  hom 
was  tbllowed  by  an  clquire  and  two  arquibujlen  on  horfe- 
back ;  and  the  arms  and  apparel  of  this  gallant  troop  were 
fuch  as  might  provoke  the  envy  of  the  Ciermans,  and  the 
avarice  of  the  Turks.  Did  I  poifefs  a  hook,  pi  inted  under 
the  title  of  the  Chivalries  of  Ferrara.  I  il  .ould  not  pretend  ro 
defciibe  the  nuptials  of  the  fame  Duke  with  the  Emperor  s 
fif^er:  the  halls,  the  tealls,  and  tournaments  of  many  bufy 
days :  and  the  final  reprcfentation  of  the  Temple  of  Love, 
which  was  cre6led  in  the  pala(  e  irardcn,  with  a  ilupcndous 
fcenery  ot  j>oriicos  and  palaces,  of  woods  and  mountains, 
"^riiat  the  lall  (hew  Ihould  continue  tjx  hours,  witi:out  ap- 
pearing tedious  to  the  Ipectators,  is  perhaps  the  moll  inere- 
dihle  cifcumftance.  In  each  generation  of  the  Houic  of 
EAe,  a  younger  brother,  with  the  rank  of  Cardinal,  held 
fome  of  the  richeft  hillu  prics,  and  abbies  in  Italy  and 
France.  Thele  noble  ami  wealthy  ecclcfiaOirs  were  the  pa- 
trons of  every  ait:  the  /  ;ViV/  Ejltnjc  ai  1  i  .  li,  near  Rome, 
is  the  work  of  Cardinal  Hippolitus,  broilu  r  to  Hercules  II.: 
•  the  palace  gardens  and  watei-woi  ks  exhibii,  in  their  prcfcnt 
decay,  tlie  fpirit  of  a  prince  and  the  lafte  of  the  age. 

A  philolophcr,  according  to  his  temper,  may  laugh  nr 
weep  at  this  ollcntatious  and  o])preflrive  fplendour  ;  nor  will 
lie  be  difarmcd  by  the  paUonage  and  pcrle'iion  of  the  finer 
arts,  which  tkjurirticd  in  Italy  in  the  fixtccnih  century. 
But  he  w  ill  appicAe  the  modeft  encouragement  of  learning 
iind  genius,  an  expence  which  can  nevci  dram  the  trcafurcs 
of  a  priocc.    An  umveiiicy  had  bceu  fouudcd  at  Tadua  by 

the 


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HOUSE   OF   BRUNSWICK.  455 


the  Hottfe  of  Ede  and  diefchalaftic  ruft  was  poli(h*ed  away 
l>y  the  revival  of  the  literarure  of  Greece  and  Rome.  The 
Undies  of  Ferrara  were  dire6ted  by  (kilful  and  doqnent  pro- 
ieflbrsy  either  natives  or  foreigners :  the  ducal  library 
£lied  with  a  valuable  coUe^ion  of  mannfcript  and  printed 
books  i  and  as  foon  as  twelve  new  comedies  of  Flaucus  had 
lieen  found  in  Gemnany,  the  Marquis  Lionel  of  Efte  was 
impatient  to  obtain  a  f^r  and  faichtul  copy  of  that  antient 
poet.   Nor  were  thefe  elegant  pleafures  confined  to  the 
learned  world.  '  Under  the  reign  of  Hercules     a  wooden 
theatre,  at  the  moderate  coft  of  a  thoufand  crowns,  was 
Gonftruf^ed  in  the  lareeil  court  of  the  palace ;  the  fcenery 
sreprefeoted  fome  houies,  a  fea-port,  and  a  (liip,  and  the 
Menechmt  of  Plautus,  which  had  been  tranflated  into  Ita- 
lian by  the  Duke  himfelf*  was  a^ed  before  a  numerous  and 
polite  audience.   In  the  fame  language,  and  with.the  fame 
luccefsy  the  Amphytrion  of  Plautus,  and  die  Eunuch  of 
Terence,  were  fucceflively exhibited:  and  thcfe daffic mo* 
dels,  which  formed  the  ufte  of  the  fpe^Utors,  excited  the 
emulation  of  the  poets  of  the  age.   Fortheufeof  the  court 
and  theatre  of  Ferrara,  Ariofto  compofed  his  comedies* 
^hich  we^  often  played  with  applaufe,  which  are  ftill  read 
with  pleafure :  aild  uich  was  the  eiithuiiafm  of  the  iieiv 
arts,  that  one  of  the  fons  of  Alphoofo  L  did  not  difdaid  to 
fpeak  a  prologue  on  the  flagc.   In  the  legitimate  foriiOA  of 
draniatic  compofition  die  Italians  have  not  excetted :  but  it 
<was'in  the  court  of  Ferrara  that  they  invented  and,  refined 
*  the  paftoral  cmtdy^  a  romandc  Atcadjia,  Which  violates  the 
t^uth  of  manners,  and  the  fniipjicby  of  nature,  but  whiich 
■commands  our  indulgence,  by  the  elaborate  luxury  of  elor 
quence  and  wit.   The  jiimnta  of  Taflb  was  written  for  tho 
amufement,  and  a^ed  in  th<  prefence,  of  Alphonfo  II.; 
and  his  fifter  Leonora  roieht  apply  to  herfelf  the  language  ' 
of  apaflion,  which  dtfordered  the  reafon,  without  douding 
die  genius,  of  her  poetical  lover.   Of  the  aumerous  imi-* 
tadons,  the  Pallor  Fido  of  Guarini,  which  alooe  cao  'vid 
with  the  fame  and  merit  of  the  original,  is  the  work* of  the 
Duke*»  fecretary  of  (late :  it  was  exhibited  in  a  private 
houfe  at  Ferrara :  but  the  retreat  of  the  author,  fropx  tb^ 
fervice  of  his  native  prince,  has  beftowed  on  Turin  thts  ho- 
nour of  the  firft  public  reprefentation.   The  father  of  the 
Tufcan  ihufes,  the  fublime,  but  unequal  Dante,  had  pro- 
nounced that  Ferrara  was  never  honoured  with  the  name  pf 
a  poet:  he  would  have  been  aitoni(hed  to  behold  the  * 
chorus  of  bards,  of  melodious  fwans,  (their  own  allufion,) 
who  now  peopled  the  banks  of  the  Po.   In  die  court  of 
Puke  Borio  and  hisfucceflbr,  Boli^ido,  Count  of  Scandiano» 

t 

\ 


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45^ 


ANTIQUITIES  OP  THE 


was  roipe^ed  as  a  noble,  a  foMier,  and  a  fcholar :  his  vi- 

forous  fancy  iirA  cciebrated  the  loves  and  exploits  of  tUe 
aladin  Orlando ;  and  his  fame  has  at  once  been  preferved 
and  ecltpfed  by  the  brighter  glories  of  the  continuation  of 
his  work.  Fcrrara  may  boaft,  that  on  claflic  ground* 
Ariodo  and  TafTo  lived  and  fung;  that  the  lines  of  the  Or- 
lamkFurief9^  SLTid  the  GierufaUmmi  Liberate,  were  infcribcd 
in  everladinp  chara^ers  under  the  eye  of  the  and  lecond 
Alphonfo*  in  a  period  of  near  three  ihoufand  years,  five 
mat  epic  poets  have  arifen  in  the  world  :  and  it  is  a  fingu- 
lar  prerogative,  that  two  of  the  6ve  ihould  be  claimed,  as 
their  own,  by  a  (hort  age,  and  a  petty  ftate. 
iUD.  1597.  glory  of  Ferrara,  and  perhaps  tlic  UgitimaU  race 

OOsbcrsj.of  the  Efte,  expired  with  Alphonlo  II.  As  he  left  nciibcr 
chikhen  nor  brothers,  hi.s  (\x(i  couGn,  Don  Caefar,  the  fon 
of  a  younger  fon  of  Alplionfo  L,  was  the  next  in  the  Imeal 
order  of  dclccnt.  His  claim  to  the  fuccefllon  was  ratified 
by  the  will  of  the  late  Ouke,  who  hucl  obtained  from  the 
Emperor,  though  not  from  the  Pope,  the  privilege  of  choof- 
ing  an  heir  in  his  own  family.  And  the  lenate  of  Ferrara, 
which  dill  preferved  a  femblance  of  ele(5\ion,  prefemed 
huuy  with  apparent  loyalty,  the  fword  of  jnflice,  and  the 
fceptre  of  dominion.  The  people  lubmitted  to  a  prince* 
who  feemed  to  unite  the  various  titles  of  birth,  donation^ 
and  of  the  public  choice  ,  the  acceflion  of  DonCxfar  was 
announced  to  the  courts  of  Italy  and  Europe  ,  and  his  leign 
might  have  been  peaceful  and  profperous,  Iiad  not  the  am- 
bition of  Clement  VIII.  revived  the  defign  of  reftoring  Fcr- 
rara to  the  ccc  leiiafttcal  ftatc.  In  the  ronfylence  of  right* 
or  at  leall  of  power,  the  Roman  pontiff  Iternly  rejcdled  the 
ambaiTador  and  obedience  of  a  pretended  DuKC,  who  had 
not  expe^ed  the  approbation  of  tlic  Holy  See.  A  monitoiy* 
or  fummons,  to  appear  in  fifteen  davs,  was  affixed  on  the 
church  doors  ;  and  trie  Apoftolical  Chamber  demanded  the 
pofleffion  of  the  fief,  till  the  vaflal  ihould  have  cleared  his 
binh  and  title  in  the  court  of  his  fuprcme  lord.  It  was  in 
Tain  that  the  Duke  of  Feniara  folic itcd  a  delay*  that  he  pro- 
voked an  inquiry,  that  he  negotiated  a  compromilc,  that  he 
fnbmitted  his  caufe  to  the  arbitratit^n  of  a  neutral  judge. 
**  The  honour  and  intereA  of  the  Church,"  laid  the  inex- 
orable pontiff,  mufl  not  be  deferted.  h\  '  e  vrndi^  arion 
«*  of  St.  Peter's  patrimony,  I  will  fell  the  laft  chalice  of  the 
•*  altar;  I  am  ready  to  march  in  perfon  againfl  tlic  facrile- 
**  gious  rebel ;  and  I  would  die  m  the  ditch  of  Fcrrara. 

with  the  holy  facrament  in  my  hands.*'  This  generous 
refolution  wasappiauded  by  the  Cardinals,  and  they  protefled* 
that  if  dement  VUL  (hould  be  taken  from  the  world*  they 

would 


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HOUSE   OF  BRUNSWICK. 

would  impofe,  by  a  cotttmon  oat|i,  the  fame  obligation  on 
the  future  Pope.  Some  forms  of  judicial  prooee£ng  were 
luftiiy  difpatched ;  and  before  two  months  had  dajpied/tora 
the  death  of  Alphonfo  II.,  a  tremendous  bull,  of  forfeiture* 
excommunic\ttont  and  interdict,  was  thundered  againft  the 
pretended  Duke  and  his  impious  adherents.  At  the  fame 
time,  the  military  preparations  were  urged  with  inceflant 
vigour,  and  an  army  of  fixteen  thoufand  horfe  and  foot, 
which  fame  had  foon  magnified  to  twenty-five  thoufand» 
was  aflembled  near  Faenza,  under  the  command  of  Cardinal 
Aldobrandidit  the  Pope's  nephew  and  feeate.  The  ftate 
of  Europe  was  moft  favourable  to  the  aimiition  of  Rome; 
and  the  profpedb  of  Don  Caefar  were  on  all  fides  black  and 
comfortlefs.  The  Emperor  Rodolph  II.  might  be  a  welU 
wiiher  to  the  Houfe  of  Efte,  but  his  remote  and  infufficient 
foinoes  were  occupied  by  the  Turks  in  Hungary.  If  the  ri« 
val  monarchs  of  France  and  Spain  (hould  deign  to  interfeie 
in  this  pit; my  war,  tlie  enmity  of  the  one  would  not  enfure 


by  a  ielfiih  agent,  to  prove  the  Imcerity  of  his  converfioiit' 
in  the  facrifice  of  an  old  and  faithful  ally  ;  Philip  IJ.,  the 
demon  of  the  fouth,  was  now  anxious  to  leave  his  fon  and 
his  dominions  in  peace ;  but  the  revolution  was  confumma- 
ted  before  he  could  iignify  his  inteptions :  and  the  Spanifh 
miniflers  in  Italy  were  fufpedled  of  a  fecret  confpiracy  againft 
the  Imperial  fiefs  of  Heggio  and  Modena.  The  Italiaa 
princes  balanced  between  fear  and  envy :  Venice  was  leaft 
defirous  of  the  neighbourhood,  and  leau  apprehenfive  of  the 
refehtment,  of  the  Pope :  but  her  words  were  ambiguous, 
and  her  actions  were  flow.  Don  Caefar  had  been  left  with- 
out troops  or  treafures  ;  the  fonifications  of  Ferrara  were 
negle6ted  in  a  long  peace:  the  people  was  aggrieved  by 
taxes ;  the  clergy  was  feduced  by  the'  prejudice  of  confci-> 
ence,  or  the  hopes  of  preferment ;  the  emiflaries  of  Rome 
were  buly  and  perfuafive;  and  the  ancient  loyalty  to  the 
Houfe  of  Efte  was  corrupted  by  the  promife  of  a  golaen  age. 

But  the  inflant  cauie  of  his  ruin  was  in  the  charadter  of 
the  Duke  himfelf.  Had  Don  Caefar  been  endowed  with 
the  fpirit  and  conftancy  of  his  anceftors,  he  might  have  been; 
faved  by  the  refolution  to  fall.  Had  he  liftened'to  the  advice, 
of  a  veteran,  a  bold  fally  on  the  half- formed  camp  of  Faenza 
might  have  difflpated  the  Pope's  foldiers,  who  would  ccaie. 
to  be  formidable,  when  they  ceafed  to  be  feared.  The  tiege 
of  Ferrara  was  an  arduous  enterprize :  courage  would  have 
^ven  time,  time  would  have  griven  him  friends ;  the  Vene^ 
tians  would  have  armed  for  his  mtereft  and  their  own ;  many 
bnive  adveotutcrs  of  FrancQ  and  Italy  would  have  drawn 

thcv 


the  fupport  of  the  other. 


ANTIQUITIES  OP  TH£ 

thnv  fworJs  in  his  quarrel;  and  the  novclrv^  ot  danger,  the 
laifTiiudc  of  war,  iliv.  weight  ot  expense  tiic  chances  ot 
mori:ility,   would  h^ivc  inclined  hi.s  eacinics  to  a  fate  and 
honourable  peace.    Far  diiicrent  were  liic  tcciii.gs  ot  the 
fucLcffor  ot  Alpiionfo  ^  he  had  been  educated  remote  troiiv 
the  council  and  the  field,  in  the  hofom  ot  luxury  and  dcvo- 
-  tioa  :  his  mild  and  timwl  ditpolition  was  alloniiVied  by  tlie 
thunder  of  ipnitual  arms  ;  nor  tould  he  cxpe(^t  from  other* 
tlic  inpport  which  he  denied  to  himielf.    When  he  entered 
the  cathedral,  thcpricfts  interrupted  their  rites,  and  tied  from 
tlie  altars  ;  his  venal  miniders  exaggeratcil  the  dai^ger,  and 
concealed  the  refources  ;  he  was  alarmed  each  hour  by  the 
inicUijience  of  fecret  treafon ;  and  a  Jduit  perfuaded  him 
that  Modena  and  Reg^io,  that  his  life,  and  even  his  foul, 
cx)uld  only  be  faved  by  an  immediate  capitulation.  The 
term?^  were  didtated  in  the  camp  by  the  imperious  legate. 
Thdi  Don  Caefar  Ihuuld  deliver  Ivis  eldefl  fon  as  an  boftage, 
reiii;n  the  ducal  fccptre  in  the  prcfcncc  of  the  magiflrate, 
divide  his  artillery  with  tjie  Pope,  and  furrcndcr  the  pojjejpon 
of  the  dutchy  of  Ferrara,  with  all  its  dependencies ;  and 
that  in  return  for  his  fubn^fTion,  he  Hiould  be  abfolvcd  from 
all  ecclehaftical  cenfures,  and  permitted  ^o  enjoy  the  Dia- 
mond Palace,  with  the  pcrfonal  cffe6ls  and  allooial  ellates 
of  the  Houfc  of  Efte.    After  the  conclufioo  of  the  treaty, 
the  conqueror  was  eager  to  reign,  and  the  exile  was  anxi- 
ous to  depan.  On  the  twenty-eighth  of  January,  one  ihou- 
fand  five  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  Don  Cacfar  evacuated  a 
city,  in  which  his  anceAors  had  reigned  near  four  hundred 
years,    A  fplendid,  but  mouraful  procefllon,  of  his  family 
and  houfeliold,  paffcd  flowly  through  the  Areets  :  the  Duke 
of  Modena  (his  remaining  title)  was  feated  in  an  open  coach; 
his  eyes  vvci'c  cafl  down  on  a  letter  which  he  leenied  to  read* 
as  if  dcfirous  of  efcaping  the  view  of  tbofe  obje^  which 
he  mud  fee  no  more.    The  minds  of  the  peop4e  were  at* 
ready  changed  :  their  curiofity  was  mehed  into  pity :  thejf 
had  neglected  the  defence,  they  deplored  (he  lofs,  of  thetr 
native  prince ;  and  the  firfl  evening  of  his  depaitiiie>  five 
thoufand  pcribns  w^re  deprived  of  their  daity  breads  whidi 
they  received  from  the  charity  or  munificence  of  the  ducal 
court.   Thefe  melancholy  reflexions  were  fufpendcd  by  the 
triumph  of  the  legate,  and  the  fpeedy  viik  of  Clement  VIII.« 
who  was  impatient  to  behold  his  new  conqueCl.  But  as  foon 
as  the  feftivalof  the  revolution  hadfublidedt  Ferrara  was  left 
to  the  foUtude  and  poverty  of  a  provincial  town,  under  the 
government  of  prieils :  a  citadel  was  ere<^ed>  to  fix  the  in* 
conftancy  of  the  inhabitants;  and  within  feventeen  yean 
after  the  death  of  Alphonlo  11.,  a  fouith  of  bis  capital  waa 

already 


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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 

I 

already  in  ruins.  Nor  were  the  lofles  of  Don  C^far  con- 
fined to  the  facilticc  of  Ferrara  :  the  territory,  falt-woiks, 
and  tiJherv  of  Commachio,  an  Imperial  fiet,  were  feized 
by  the  hivA  of  f>ower:  his  allo*^i  •!  j>roperty  ^s'as  diminiihed 
arul  difputcd  by  the  ehicanevv  f  1  law.  Even  the  diichv  of 
Ch'arires,  and  the  morte^apcs  of  tlic  f^oule  ot  VA\e  in  I'  rance, 
were  wirhhcldlrom  the  heir  and  creditor,  under  the  pretence 
that  h.e  was  a  foreig^ncr.  It  w  .is  a  jull  oblcrvation  of  the 
Grand  Duke  ot  Tiilcanv,  that  iiis  brcthcr-ln  law  DonCas- 
far  nn_:;Iit  have  it  lifted  his  enemies,  it  the  niiUi^  n  and  a  half 
of  gold,  which  hi^  j>i  cdei  cdors  trulKd  to  Uic  Moft  Chriftiao 
jKuig,  had  been  lately  depnlitcd  in  the  treafury  of  Ferrara. 

In  this  hngular  tranla6tion,  ambition  and  avarice  were 
the  motives  of  Rome.  Her  forms  of  judicial  proceeding 
were  precipitate,  and  violent:  without  evidence  or  trial,  flie 
judged  in  her  own  caufe,  (lie  pronounced  in  her  own 
tavoLU',  and  Hie  iorcibly  icized,  for  her  own  ufc,  the  valu- 
able objc(5t  in  difpute.  But  as  it  is  polhblc,  and  barely  polI»- 
blc,  that  truth  and  juftice  mav  be  fupported  by  the  means 
mod  adverfe  to  their  nature,  I  iliall  freely  examine  the  dc- 
fcent  of  Don  Cii  far,  and  his  right  of  uicceflion,  without 
any  interefl  to  corrupt,  or  any  prejudice  to  miilead,  the 
equity  of  irw  decree.  Aftci*  the  deceufc  ol  Lucretia  Borgia, 
his  fecond  wife,  Alphonlo  L,  wlio  was  Hill  ia  the  manly 
vigour  ot  life,  embraced  a  decent  mode  of  fatisfying  his  pai- 
fions,  without  injming  his  family.  Inl^cad  of  feeking  a 
third  alliance  in  the  courts  of  Europe,  he  pui chafed  a  mai- 
desi  of  Ferrara,  of  obicure  parentage  and  ex(jciii;e  beauty. 
T^aura  was  entertained  feveral  years  in  tlie  llate  ofaconcu- 
Inne  :  hut  this  illegal  imion  might  in  iomc  d  igrec  be  excufed 
by  the  dignity  of  her  lover,  and  her  own  imitation  of  con- 
jugal virtue.  She  became  the  mother  of  two  fons,  Don 
Alphonfo  aiul  Don  Alphonfino.  a  tide  and  a  name  whic  h 
Ijjd  been  ]..Lcly  introduced  into  Italv  by  the  prevailing  inilii 
cuceot  the  Spaniards,  Their  birth  ii>  acknowledged  tu  have 
been  illegiuni.ite.  In  the  teAament  of  their  father,  whichis 
dated  founeen  months  l)ctore  his  death,  they  fimply  are 
llykd  the  children  of  a  free  man  by  a  tree  woman  ;  nor  did 
he  add,  in  his  laft  illnefs  of  feveral  wetks,  any  claule  or 
todicil  to  declare  a  change  ot  their  condition.  That,  ac- 
cording to  the  lavvi  of  the  church  aiui  liatc,  ihcle  b.^luods 
W'Cre  legitimated  by  a  fubfctjucnt  marriage,  is  lupjinfcd  by 
their  advocates  ;  but  the  iup[)olition  caujiot  be  julblicd  by 
fhe  r'.  ,.;i!]>i;  proof  ot  a  ( Dnuawt,  a  ccrtiiicatc,  or  a  witncfs. 
ill  Jeiauil  uf  luch  evuicnce,  Mu-.aicjri  prodnccN  a  !ar,re 
budy  ot  prefumptions  an. I  circunillances:  with  an  anlnl 
that  UiUch  more  would  have  been  iuund  by  a 


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ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 

more  early  ft  rntiny ;  but  !t  w  i  ,  rhc  intereil:  as  v%'cll  tht? 
duty  of  J.iiiira  rn  eflaWiih  her  own  niarriajic,  and  the  l<j.:i- 
tin.a(  V  ut  her  ivns  :  and  it  her  neglect  be  nut  aftribed  to 
tnnk  u>\]%  guilt,  ir  mult  not,  however,  n^il-tate,  as  an  ar- 
gunuiit  in  her  behalf,  [kr  taithtui  ch:;;n|  jun,  the  librari- 
an of  Modena  has  collrtfu-d  manv  telununiies  of  poets, 
orators,  hin(ir?an.s,  and  gencaio^ilis,  lonie  ol  whom  could 
not  miflakc  thr  tnuh,  and  others  could  not  have  an%^  tcmp- 
tnti<  n  for  tallehood  :  :'nd  f'om  their  confcnt  lie  inlers  the 
bciict  ami  tradition  of  rhc  times,  that  the  concubine  of  Al- 
phonio  1.  was  finally  promoted  to  the  rank  of  his  w  ife.  The 
fame  favourable  cun*  lidi^^n  u^■^v  he  drawn  from  the  honours 
which  flie  was  permittefl  to  en>oy  near  forty  years,  undei  ilic 
reigns  of  his  inceetloi>  ;  the  appellation,  drcls,  and  atten- 
danee  ot  liis  tc\\k:\  or  idow  ;  the  gi  ardianfliip  of  her  cInU 
dren ;  the  princely  llyic  of  moft  txcelieni  and  ilhiOrif  us;, 
and,  above  all,  the  family  name  of  Ffle,  which  liie  lub- 
fcribed  on  all  public  and  privaLc  occa lions  The  title  of 
Dnchcfs  of  Ferrara  was  alone  w  anting  ;  and  when  priiie 
and  envy  were  no  more,  that  tide  was  iKllowrd  in  the  lo- 
krmn  pomp  of  her  funeral,  u  hich  was  attended  by  the  Duke 
Alphonlo  M.  his  brother  the  Cardinal,  the  court,  the  cler- 
gy, and  the  arts  or  corporat'ons  of  the  citv.  The  five  fons- 
of  Alphonfo  T.,  with  (lie  iolc  diAincli(^n  ot  pj  irnogenuurcy 
were  educated  as  equals  and  companions.  Don  Alphonfo, 
the  firfl-born  of  Laura,  was  ti  c  atcd  as  a  prn)(  e,  botJi  at 
home  and  abroad  :  lie  w  as  invcfltd  with  the  Marquifatc  of 
Montecchro,  and  the  Fremh  order  of  St.  Michael;  and  his 
wife,  the  motiier  of  Don  Cxfar,  was  the  daughter  ot  the 
relgninj;  Duke  of  l^ihmo.  The  In  me  honours  were  tranhnir- 
ted  to  Don  Cscfar  himlcir,-  he  obtained  an  alliance  full  uKue 
fplendid,  the  liller  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tufcany  :  and, 
both  in  his  life-time  and  at  his  death,  Alphonio  11.  acknow- 
ledged him  as  his  coufm  and  lurrell<)r.  C<juld  we  divclt 
our  minds  of  a  fecrct  fufpicion,  ariiing  from  the  indulgence 
which,  in  fo  many  courts  and  cotmtries,  has  been  lavifhci! 
on  tlie  baflards  of  princes,  fuch  prelumptiop.s  might  amount 
to  the  moral,  if  not  the  lej>;al  proot  ot  a  legitiitiate  delcenr. 
But  the  intercft,  thou;^h  not  th«;  honour,  of  the  Dukeii  of 
Modena,  K  pofes  on  a  hrmer  bnft^,  which  would  n4)t  be 
fhaktii  by  the  cjuaiitv  of  flieir  female  aucelior.  The  Popes 
arc  plcaled  to  forget  that  they  firft  granted  the  Duchy  of 
Fciiaia  to  Horlo,  a  natural  Ion  of  fhe  Marqids  Nicholas  III., 
and  that  the  bull  of  Alexander  \  I.  cstemU  the  right  ot  lur- 
celTion  to  all  the  delcendants  wdiatiocver  of  Hercules  I.  They 
were  compelled  to  renounce  the  poliellioo  of  Ferrara,  but 
'  Uiey  have  never  ceafed  to  aiferc  the  juflice  of  their  claim. 

i  he 

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HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 

The  arguiiif.  nts  which  the  court  of  Rome  has  difdained, 
mav  one  d  r.  he  heard  in  the  louder  tone  ut  the  Auliriau 
cannon,  ami  a  Icvere  account  may  be  required  of  the  ar- 
rears and  damages  of  two  hmidrcd  years. 

1'he  abdication  ot  Don  Caefar  is  related  by  Muratori,  a 
loyal  fervant,  under  tlie  name  of  the  Tragedy  of  Ferrara : 
and  in  the  melancholy  t:.le  1  have  mylelf  been  affedled  by  . 
the  fympathy  which  we  lo  j^cneroully  indulge,  to  the  real  or 
ijTiap^inary  diftrefll-s  of  the  j^rcat.    Yet,  on  a  cooler  furvey, 
i  am  inclined  to  dimbt  whetlicr  ilic  laft  Duke  of  Fei rara  was 
the  n)oi\  nntonunate  i)i  men.    Flis  life  and  liberty  were  fafe: 
he  was  neither  beheaded  oi)  the  public  icatiold,  nor  dragged 
at  the  chariot  wheels  of  the  conqueror,  norcaft  into  a  deep 
and  perpcruai  dungetiu.    Bv  the  fokliers  and  rtateinicii  of 
the  age  he  was  indeed  delpii'ed,  for  the  feeble  defence  and 
hafly  ueferti<in  of  his  ancient  feat.    But  as  contempt  is  fel- 
doni  dcfcrvcd  where  it  is  felt,  it  is  feldom  telt  where  it  is  de- 
lervexi :  Don  Caeiar  was  unconfcious  of  the  public  reproach, 
and  the  orators  of  his  reitrn  rcferved  their  panegyric  for  the 
milder  virtues  of  diierction  and  patience.    He  had  loft  the 
€aoi\  precious  jewel  of  hi«;  laniily  :  but  an  cafy  journey  of 
tVtO  d/.vs  conveyed  liis  court  from  the  palace  ot  Ferrara  t«i 
that  ot  Modena,  where  he  iived,  in  proipcrity  and  peace, 
above  ihuiy  years:  by  the  I'ufcan  Princefs  he  became  the 
father  of  lix  fons  anil  iiirec  daughters;  and  the  reigning 
Duke  is  the  toiu  th  in  ciefccnt,  and  the  iixth  in  luccefhon, 
from  flic  eldeii  ol  his  fons.    In  this  lart  period  of  decline, 
ihe  Houfe  of  Efte  has  ftill  preferved  the  external  advantage* 
of  rank,  riches,  and  power:  and  thefe  advantages  were  il- 
iuUi  ated  by  the  antiquity  of  their  name  and  title.    At  the 
beginning  of  the  fevenieenth  ceniury,  an  Empei  .  r  and  fix 
Kinc^s  were  rc!pc(5ledas  the  Chiefs  of  the  ChnUi.iii  republic: 
but  liic  Dukes  of  Modcna  maiaUimed  an  honourable  place 
in  the  iccond  clafs  of  the  Princes  of  Europe.    I'heir  pride 
was  leldom  raortiiicd  by  ihc  preience  ot  a  ii  perior:  as 
long  as  the  iiles  of  Sicdy  uiui  Sardinia  vvc'  l  aujched  to  tlie  • 
Spaiiiih  uionarchVf  Italy  was  not  digniheu  v.i.b  a  i  t  gal  title; 
a  piotane  layniaii  was  nor  degraded  l^y  kneeling;  to  iae  i'ope, 
or  yieldm;;  ihe  preccdeiicv  to  bis  Cardinals  ;  nor  was  the  na- 
tive pre-eniiiieuce  ol  hereditai  v  laul^  diiputed  bv  the  minilrc- 
rial  honoms  ol  a  doge  or  a  vicerov.  Atrer  the  lols  ot  f  errara, 
tue  lucceirors  o»  Alpiionlo  II.  continued  to  reign  over  the  uni- 
ledduchies  of  Modcna  and  Recrgio;  and  their  cerrirory,  aboui: 
thirty  leagues  in  leno^th,  about  ten  in  breadth,  was  attervvards 
enlarged  by  the  lordlhip  of  Corregio,  and  the  duchy  ot  Mi  - 
randoia.    The  i      c  nue  is  vaguely  cominircd  at  one  hun- 
dmi  diuuiaud  pui^iik  ileriin^,  a  ium  mad^quale  to  the  ex- 

tiauiuiiiary 


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ANTIQUITIES   OF  THE 


traorcUnary  demands  of  war,  hut  whicfi  might  fupport,  \\\i)t 
decent  ceconomv,  the  cx pent es  ot  a  (.ourt  and  gDvcrnmcni. 
Perhaps  the  latter  were  f(»mctimr<,  facnticcd  to  the  former. 
When  Addifon  traverled  tlic  principahiics  ct  Modena  and 
Parma,  he  was  i(  ar.dnii/'  d  bv  the  magiiiticcnte  of  thoft; 
petty  courts:  tie  was  amazed  ro  Ice  Inch  a  prfjtulion  of 
wealth  laid  our  in  coachfs,  rrapj^uigs,  tables,  cabinets,  and 
rhe  like  precious  toys,  in  which  theie  are  lew  princes  in 
turope  v>  Im  r:»n  equal  them,  while,  at  the  fame  t: me,  they 
have  not  tiie  gcncroiity  to  make  bridges  over  tlie  rivers  of 
their  (  (juniries,  tor  the  convenience  ot  their  fubjec^s,  as  well 
as  lliangcrs.  Yet  the  annals  of  Modena  defcribe  many 
public  works  of  ulc  as  well  as  ornament:  the  plenty  of  gold 
and  lilvcr  is  expreiietl  in  a  llngle  coinage  of  f  rancis  I.,  of 
near  haii  a  million  fieriing:  but  I  am  ignniant  whcJierthc 
rwo  hundred  aud  thirty  thoufand  ducats,  and  the  two  hun- 
dred tlKJuland  t^panilb  dnublt)ons,  wiiich  were  paid  to  rhe 
Emperor  for  the  inveflirurcs  of  Corregio  and  Mirandoia, 
iliould  be  placed  to  the  account  o[  nealure  or  of  debt.  In 
the  narrow  fphere  of  their  dniniiiioi^s,  the  Efte  princes  were 
abfolutc  ;  nor  do  i  hnd  any  example  rcliflancc  to  ihcir 
reafon  or  paflion.  The  vanity  of  the  human  heart  is  flat- 
tered bv  the  degree,  rather  than  by  the  cxicnt,  of  authority; 
and  if  the  fovcrcign  was  conlcious  of  his  duties,  the  man 
miglit  tremble  at  accepting  the  truft  of  one  hundred  and  hfty 
thoufand  of  liis  equals.  His  equals  by  iiaturc,  thev  were 
many  of  them  his  li  pcrior^s  in  merit:  the  natives  of  Nbidena 
\\  f  ic  <li(i  ingiiiiiicd  in  the  arts  and  Iciences  ;  and  like  the  paf- 
roral  comedy,  llic  mock-hcnnc  poetry  ot  the  Italians  was 
invented  by  Tafloni,  a  fubjei^  of  rhe  Houfe  of  Kl\c.  The 
ilatcof  fucli  a  prim  c  wouUl  perhaps  be  the  molt  dchrable  in 
human  lite,  it  it  were  aci ompanied  vviih  that  domcflic  fc- 
<  urity  which  a  weallliy  nobicman  enjoys  under  the  prulcctioii 
ot  a  great  empire.  I'lie  long  peace  of  haly,  in  rhe  leven- 
teentli  century,  was  interrupted  oiiiy  by  fomc  Ihoj  t  and  blood- 
lefs  h(»rtilitics  :  but  in  the  three  great  wars  between  the  Auf- 
trian  and  Bourbon  powers,  the  Duke  of  Modena  has  been 
dirice  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  flavery  or  exile.  His 
neutrality  was  violated,  his  dominions  were  occupied  by  fo- 
reign troops,  his  tubie6i:s  were  oppreffed  by  military  contri- 
butions, and  the  mii(  hicvous  expencc  ot  tortihcationi*  only 
fervcd  lo  expofc  his  cities  to  the  calamities  ot  a  hege. 

1  have  long  dciaycvl,  and  I  thou  Id  willingly  fupprefs,  three 
difgraceful  anecdotes,  three  criminal  actions,  which  fully 
the  honour  of  the  name  of  Efte :  ot  thefe,  the  hri\  and  the 
ihr.  d  arc  pioutly  diflembled  by  the  Librarian  of  Modena.  i. 
in  his  dcfceu;  lu  die  miciual  regiouS|  iii  the  xunth  circle  of 

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HOUSB'  OF  BRUNSWICK.  465 

lielU  the  poet  Dante  beheld  the  condemnation  of  fangoinary 
and  rapacious  men :  they  were  deeply  immerfed  in  a  river 
of  bloody  and  cheir  elcape  was  prevented  by  the  arro-ws  of 
the  centaurs.  Among  the  tyrants,  he  diftineui(hed  the  an* 
cienr  Ibnns  of  Alexander  and  Dionyfms :  of  ^is  own  coun- 
trymen, he  recognized  the  black  Eccelin,  and  the  fair  Obi<- 
zo  of  Efte,  the  latter  of  whom  was  diipatched  by  an  unna- 
tural fon  to  this  place  of  torment.  This  Obixo  can  he  no 
other  than  the  fecond  Marquis  of  that  name,  who  died  only 
feven  years  l>efore  the  real  or  imaginary  date  of  the  Diving 
Cornet^  (A.  A.  1300) :  his  life  does  not  afford  the  charader 
of  a  tyrant:  ^ut  he  was  one  of  the  piUars  of  the  Guclph  fac- 
tion ;  and  were  he  not  aiTociated  with  a  Ghibeiiine  diief, 
w«  might  impute  his  fcntencc  to  die  prqudicea^  rather  than 
the  j^(flcev  of  ihe  Tuftan  bard*   But  the  parricide  of  his 

,  fon,  a  crime  of  a  much  deeper  dye,  is  atteflcd  by  the  com- 
mentary of  Benvcnuto  of  Imola,  who  oblervcs  from  an  old 
chronicle,  that  Azo  VI If.  was  apprehcnfive  of  the  fame 
treatment  which  he  had  inflidted  on  his  father.  It  muft  be 
added,  chat  his  commentary  on  Dante,  which  wascompofed 
only  foil rfcore years  after  the  event,  is  dedicated  to  Nicholas 
II.,  Marcjuis  of  Efle,  and  great-grandion  of  Obiao  II.,  who 
tacitly  fublcribes  to  the  guilt  of  his  anteftors.  2.  Under  the 
reign  of  N icholas  111.,  b  errara  was  polluted  ^^'\th  a  domedlc  ^  ^ 
tragedy.  By  the  tcftimony  of  a  maid,  and  his  own  obfer- 
\ation,  the  Marquis  of  Efte  difcovcred  the  inceftuous  loves 
of  his  wite  Parifina,  and  Hugo  his  baflard  fon,  a  beautiful 
and  valiant  youth.  They  were  beheaded  in  the  caftlc,  by 
the  fcntence  of  a  fatlicr  and  hufband,  who  publiihed  his 
lhame,  and  furvived  their  execution.  He  was  unfortunate, 
if  they  were  guilty  :  if  they  were  innocent,  lie  was  ftiil  more 
tjnfurtunate:  nor  is  there  any  pofTible  lituation  in  which  I 
can  fmcerely  approve  the  lail  adt  of  the  juftice  of  a  parent. 
3*  Guicciardini,  the  gravcft  of  the  Italian  hiftorians,  records 

,  a  bloody  fccnc,  which,  in  his  own  time,  had  fullicd  the  court 
of  f-errara  ;  the  deed  mi^-ht  revive  the  memory  oi  the  The-  A.O»f5os* 
ban  brothers ;  and  the  motive  was  ftiil  more  frivolous,  if 
'*  love,"  lays  he,  bt:  a  more  frivolous  motive  than  ain- 
**  bition."  The  Cardinal  Hipf)o!iro  v.'?.s  enamoured  of  a 
fair  maiden  of  his  own  taniilv:  but  her  heart  was  en- 
gar^ed  by  liis  natural  brother  ;  and  Ihc  imprudently  confelfcd 
to  :i  rival,  that  the  beauteous  eves  of  Don  Julio  were  his 
molt  powerful  attr:56lion.  Tl^c  deliberate  iTuchv  of  the 
Cardinal  meaf  irct!  the  provocation  .;nd  the  revenge  :  under 
a  prcrcnre  of  luir.ang,  lie  drew  tiie  unliappy  youth  to  a  dif- 

lance  irom  the  acyt  and  there  compeiUa^  him  to  diUnountt 


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ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE 


his  eyes,  thofe  luired  eves,  were  extinguiilicd  bv  the  com- 
mand, and  ill  the  prciciu  c  ot  an  amorous  pricli,  who  view- 
ed widi  delight  rhc  agonies  f)f  n  hrollicr.  It  mav  lunvever 
be  luipecteil  that  the  work  was  ilighily  pertorined  l)v  the  Icfs 
fav.ige  executioners,  lince  thf  Ikill  ot  his  ph\(;eKins  rcf- 
tuK  d  Don  lulio  to  an  imjierfeot  h<.du.  A  denial  ot  iuftice 
pn-vokcd  lum  to  tlie  moll  delj)erate  eoiinlels :  and  the  re- 
venue or  Don  Juho  C(  ir.pired  with  tiie  anibiuon  ot  Doa 
Ferdinand  aoa^nft  the  hlc  of  their  lovcreign  and  eldcA  bro- 
ther Al  p!i(  Mil  o  1.  Their  deligiis  werr  prevented,  their  j)er- 
fons  ier/.ed,  their  atcomphcc.s  \^  ere  exec  iitcd;  but  ihti:  len- 
ience ot  death  was  moderated  to  a  perpetual  prilon,  and  in 
their  fault  the  Duke  of  Ferrara  acknowledged  his  own, 
Thefe  dark  lliadcs  in  the  Houie  of  File  mull  not  be  exeu- 
fcd  bv  the  example  of  the  Italian  tyrantb ;  who^e  courts  and 
famiiies  weic  perpetually  dctilcd  with  Infl  and  blood,  with 
inceft  and  parricitle ;  who  mingled  the  ( riielty  of  favac^es 
with  the  rehnenients  of  a  learned  and  polite  age.  Bui  it 
may  be  fairly  f;Mcived,  tiiat  inigle  :if\s  ol  viitue  and  ot  vice 
can  feld(;in  l:c  \\eighed  againll  each  other:  that  it  is  far 
mure  eafy  to  lall  hf  iow,  than  to  rile  above,  the  Common 
Jevel  (jf  morality  :  iliat  liircc  or  lour  guiltv  days  have  been 
found  in  a  period  of  two  hunched  years:  and,  that  in  the 
general  tenor  of  their  lives,  tlic  MarqiiifTes  of  Efte  were 
jufi.  temperate,  and  humane  ;  tiic  iriend:*  of  each  other* 
and  the  tatiiers  ot  tiicir  prt^ple. 

In  a  more  lupeillitioiis  ;i'^e,  I  tlioidd  b"iulv  oppo'c  to  tlve 
lins  of  twenty  gencrati'»ns  iiie  momiliic  vniucs  ot  Alphotho 
HI.,  the  fon  and  fuctelior  ot  Don  C'aelar.  Yet  even  liielc 
virtues  were  pioduoed  by  tlie  hhnd  impulle  of  repentance 
and  fear.  The  nature  ol  yMj  lionio  was  impetuous  and 
haughty,  and  a  deep  indignant  re'^ret  t(/r  the  lots  of  Ferrara 
was  the  firft  fentunent  of  his  chddhood.  As  foon  as  he  had 
releafed  Jiimfelf  fr<im  the  autlioriiv  ot  a  governor  whc^m  lie 
hated,  and  a  father  wii<^m  lie  deipifed,  the  i>creditaiy  prince 
became  liie  Have  of  his  j^cilhons  and  the  terror  of  Modena: 
his  appetite  tor  blood  was  intUdced  in  the  chace,  and  the 
city  ;  and  he  loon  coidKleied  the  ine  ot  a  nian  and  of  a  flag 
asof  equal  value.  Oju:  rf  the  moil  conhderable  p:ivate  fa- 
milies in  Italy  (lucli  is  the  dark  lancruage  of  Muraiori)  was 
proved  by  fome  fecret  motive  to  foiin  a  dt  lign  ot  alTaiinia- 
tin^  Alphonfo.  Their  dagger  was  turned  afide  from  his 
bieatl  ;  their  chief  was  facrificcd  to  hisjuluee;  he  threa- 
tened to  extirpate  the  whole  race  ;  nor  could  the  inierccfiioii 
of  princes,  or  of  the  Pope  himfclf,  avert  the  lage  of  perl e- 
cuuoa  and  revenge.    The  oniy  voice  dut  could  lootti  the 

paihons 


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HOUS£OFfiRUNSWIC]C  465 

pafiions  of  the  favage  was  that  of  an  amiable  ard  vii  tuout 
wife,  the  fole  objcdt  of  bis  love ;  the  voice  of  Doiuia  Ifa- 
bella,  the  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  the  grawd- 

daiighter  of  rhiUp  II.  King  of  Spain.    Her  dving  words 
ir.nk  deep  into  his  memory :  his  fierce  ipir  t  inched  into  tears,  a.D.i|5A* 
and  aiter  the  laft  embrace,  Alphonfo  retired  into  his  chara-  Auguftii. 
ber,  to  bewail  his  irreparabiC  lofs,  and  to  meditate  on  the 
vanity  ot  human  Hfe.  .  But  inflead  ot  rciulving  to  expiate^ 
his  iiiis,  ami  to  feek  his  ialvation  in  the  public  felicity,  he 
was  periuaded  that  tlic  habit  and  proU  lhon  of  a  CapULhm 
were  the  only  ai  mour  iliat  could  fliicld  liiin  from  hcU-hre. 
The  two  years  from  the  death  of  his  wife  to  thu  ticceafc  of 
Ills  lather,  were  dedicated  tu  prayer  and  penance,  and  na 
looner  had  Alphoaio  uttaiiied  the  rank  ot  a  lovercign,  than 
he  alpircd  lo  deiecnd  below  the  condition  ot  n  man.  With 
the  appiubailun  and  l)lcilu»g  of  the  Tope,  who  might  podi- 
bly  fmile  at  this  voluntary  lacrificc,  the  Duke  ot  Modena, 
after  a  rci^n  or  iix  inondis,  refigned  the  fceptic  to  Fiantis 
his  eldcft  ion,  a  youth  of  nineteen  years  ot  age,  and  fecretly 
departed  10  a  T  rancifcan  convent  among  the  mountains  of 
Trent.    By  a  Ipceial  privdcgc,  his  novioatc  and  proteflion 
\\  ere  eonfummated  in  the  lame  day  :  the  aullei  e  and  humble 
fiiar  atc/ned  lor  the  pride  and  luxurv  of  the  prince,  and  it 
"vyab  the  wiih  of  broihtr  John  Bapnh  ol  Modena  to  forget 
the  world  and  to  be  tor  ever  forgotten.     But  obedience  was 
now  his  firft  duty,  and  tlie  noble  captive,  for  the  honour  of 
tjic  order  and  ot  religion,  was  exhibuecl  to  the  Emperor, 
the  Archdukes,  and  the  people  o\  the  Aurtrian  prov  inces, 
by  whom  he  was  coiitemplaied  with  curiofuy  and  devotion. 
Three  years  he  wandered  betw  ecn  \  enice  and  Vienna  at 
*an  itinerant  preacher :  he  had  die  plealure  u;  one  of  his 
joumies  to  be  halt  drowned  in  a  river,  and  half  ftarvcd  oa 
a  lock,  and  he  vainly  hoped  to  convert  the  heretics  of  the 
North,  or  to  receive  from  their  hands  the  eiown  of  mar- 
tyrdom.   During  the  lall  twelve  years  he  was  iVationed  ia  A.D.i€|s« 
tne  convent  of  Modena,  the  humble  flave  of  the  iubje<5ls  — 
of  his  ion.  the  city  and  country  were  cditied  by  his  miffions 
and  fermons  ;  and  as  often  as  he  appeared  in  the  pulpit,  the 
contrafl:  of  his  dignity  and  drefs  moft  eloquently  preached, 
the  contempt  of  this  world.    The  converlion  of  the  jews, 
tlie  reformation  of  manners,  the  mamtenance  of  tlie  poor, 
afforded  a  daily  exercile  to  the  zeal  of  the  abdicated  Duke: 
but  that  zeal  was  always  chargeable,  often  troublelome^ 
and  lometimes  ridiculous:  his  death  was  a  reiici  to  the  court- 
and  people ,  nor  have  the  Princes  ot  Efte  been  ambitious 
Qi  adorning  tUcii:  iiUiiily  with  the  name  and  honours  of  a 
Vol.  in.  H  U  faint. 


4M  ANTIQUITIES  OP  THB 


faint.  The  Capuchin  might  behold,  perhaps  with  pity,  and 
perhaps  with  envy,  the  temporal  profperity  of  his  (on.  la 

feace  and  war,  in  Italy  and  Spain,  in  the  Auflrian  and 
rench  alliance,  the  Duke  of  Modena  fupponed  the  tVig- 
A.  D.  i6»9iuty  of  his  charader :    and  Francis  I.  in  a  larger  Eeid, 
•*>65t.    would  have  ranked  among  the  genemU  and  ftatefmea  of  an 
mdtive  age. 

The  name  of  Rinaldo,  a  name  immortalized  by  Taffb  in 

?)ic  fong,  had  hcf  n  applied  to  the  youngeft  fon  of  Duke 
rancis  f. :  he  miglit  faintly  remember  the  laft  days  of  his 
fiither,  and  the  (liort  government  of  his  brother  Aiphonfo 

IV.  :  but  he  wns  no  more  than  feven  years  of  age  when  his 
infant  nephew  Francis  11.  fuccecded  to  the  ducal  title.  In 
his  early  youth  Rinaldo  was  propofed  a  candidate  for  the 
crown  of  Poland,  a  wild,  and  had  it  not  failed,  a  ruinous 
attempt :  the  example  of  fo  mam  ot  his  kinfmen  fuggefVed  a 
more  rational  purfuit ;  and  in  the  thirty  fccond  year  of  his 
age  he  wns  promoted  to  the  dignity  ot  Cardinal  at  the  re- 
queft  of  fames  II.  Kinp;  of  Grciu  ftritnln,  who  had  mar- 
ried hi*;  niece.  The  lone^  rci^^n  and  ihortlifc  of  her  brother 
P  rancis  11.  was  an  helpltls  Ihite  of  minority  and  difeafe  : 
he  died  \\  ithoiit  children  and  had  tfic  right  female  fuccefTion 
prevailed,  flic  untortunate  race  of  the  Stewarts  mij^ht  have 
found  a  iafc  and  honourable  rehire  m  the  inheritance  of 
Modena.  But  as  the  order  ot  invciiiture  prcfencd  tlie  more 
diftant  males,  Cardinal  Rmaldo  afcended  without  a  queili- 
on  the  vacant  throne  of  his  nephew.  The  relignation  of 
his  hat  was  accepted  by  the  Pope;  but  he  might  marry 
without  a  difpenfation,  a  princefs  of  Brunfwick,  his  coufm 
rn  the  nineteenth  degree  ,  and  his  alliance  was  foon  dignitied 
by  the  nuptials  of  her  fifter  with  Jfofeph  King  of  the  Ro- 
mans, the  Ion  and  fucceflbr  of  the  Emperor  Leopold.  The 
lite  (]t  Rinaldo  I.  Duke  of  Modena,  was  extended  bcvom! 
the  term  of  eighty-three  years:  in  the  various  tonunes  of 
his  long  reign  he  lupportcd  a  double  exile  witli  tc>rtitude  and 
patience  ;  and  in  the  intervals  of  peace  the  country  was  ref- 
torcd  by  a  wife  and  paternal  government.  His  fon  Fmncis 
III.  was  of  a  more  adtive  fpirit.  He  lignalized  his  valonr 
in  the  wars  of  Hungary  ;  followed  the  ftandard  ot  the  Houfc 
of  Bourbon  ;  commanded,  or  ieemeJ  to  command,  in  leve- 
Tal  battles  and  fieges,  and  extorted  the  confeflion,  that,  liad 
his  advice  been  followed,  the  events  of  the  war  would 
have  been  more  fucccfsfuh  His  wife  was  a  princefs  of  Or-  ■ 
leans,  the  daughter  of  the  rce;cnt :  Ihe  was  noble,  beautiful, 
and  rich  ;  but  m  the  true  eiiimate  of  honour  the  meaneft 

virgui  am)ng  his  iubjcds  muid  have  been  a  more  worthy 

coofort. 


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I 


UOUSl  OP  BRUNSWICK, 

confort.  Their  fon  Hercules  IIF.,  the  reigning  Duke,  ac- 
quired a  valuable  and  convenient  territory  witli  the  hcircfs 
of  Maflji  Carram.  Their  only  daughter,  by  the  command 
of  his  inexorable  father,  was  delivered  to  the  Archduko 
Ferdinand,  rhe  Emperor's  brother;  the  marriage  has  been 
fruitful  in  children  of  both  fexes,  and  the  Durchics  of  Mo- 
den2,  Reggio,  and  Mirar^dola,  will  loon  be  the  pauimony 
of  a  younger  branch  of  the  new  family  of  Auftria.  Jn  the 
decline  of  life,  Hercules  III.  is  the  ioie  remaining  male  of 
the  Houfe  of  £i\e,  and  the  long  cui^cat their  hioodinuft 
ipeedtly  be  io^  ia  a  foieiga  iheam. 


4C7 


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Am   address,  .  ' 


THAT  Hidory  is  a  liberal  and  ufeful  Audy,  and  that  the 
HiAory  of  our  country  is  beft  deferviDg  our  attention^ 
are  propodlions  too  clear  for  argiiovmty  and  too  £jnple  for 
iUuf^ration.    Nature  has  implanted  in  oar  brcafb  a  lively 
imimlfe  to  extend  the  narrow  fpan  of  our  cxiftence,  by  th^ 
knowledge  of  the  events  that  haTc  happened  on  the  fail 
which  we  inhabit,  of  the  chara<^ers  and  a^kxis  of  tho^i^ 
tDCQ  from  whom  our  defcenc,  as  individuals  or  as  a  people^ 
18  pffofaably  ^rtved.    The  fame  laudable  emulation  wiU 
pfompt  us  to  iwiew,  and  to  eiu:ich  our  common  treafure  of 
aationai  ^lorf :  ai^  thofe  who  are  befl  entitled  to  the  efteem 
of  poftenty,  ace  the  moll  inclined  to  celebrate  the  merits  of 
tbeir  anceftoia.   The  ori^n  and  changes  of  our  lehgio^ 
aadgoveroiBeQl*  cf  our  arts^  and  manners,  afibrd  an  eaier-* 
tainlngt  and  often  an  inAm^tive  fubje£i  of  fpeculadon;  aoA 
the  feeoe  f&iepeated  and  varied  by  the  entrance  of  the  yic*- 
torious  (haiig}en»  the  -R/oinan  and  the  Saxon,  the  Dane  and 
the  Norman,  who  have  fucce&vely  reigned  m  our  ftonaj 
Ifle.    We  contemplate  the  ^adual  progreis  of  fociety,  from  , 
the  loweA  ebb  of  primitive  bar  bar  if m,  to  the  full  tide  of 
modern  civilization.    We  contrafl  the  naked  Briton  wfa* 
might  have  miftaken  the  fpheie  of  Archimedes  lor  vltvlw* 
onal  creature*,  and  the  contemporary  of  Newton,  in  whofc 
fchooi  Archimedes  himfaif  would  have  been  mn  humble  dif- 
df^e.    And  we  compare  the  boats     (^er  and  hides  that 
floated  along  our  coa&s»  with  the  formidable  mmvcs  which 
vifit  and  command  the  remoteA  (hones  of  the  ocean. 
Without  indolgiog  die  fond  pimdices  of  patriot  vanity, 
we  may  aflame  a  conrpicnoas  plaee  among  die  kihabitantB 
oli  tbeearth.  The.EagUfhwtU  be  ranked  amoiig  the  few 

•  I  alfmle  to  a  ^nVge  \n  Cicero  (de  KiMrt  l>ema*  L.  n.  C.  34.)  Qood 

it  m  Bricaiintam,  fphcram  alitixibtulcTithanc,  quam  nnper  fanntlbrts  nofter  ef- 
fect! PoTi^pniiM,  ci^us  finguljB  conmlioncs  idem  tffiuaatia  U^p,  es  ii  ian^ 
ctinquincjue  ftelTis  erraotituiSy  quod  e fficitnr  in  calo  finfolh' 'wnos  et  AP^Kt 

ntiosis. 


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AN  ADDItB8S» 


natioiis  who  have  culttirated  widi  equal  fuccefs  the  oti  «£ 
war,  of  ksarainf^,  and  of  commerce :  and  Brtcaisi  perhapi 
it  the  only  powerful  and  wealthy  (hue  which  has  ever  pof- 
fe0ed  the  ineftimable  fecret  of  uoiciiig  die  benefitt  of  order 
with  the  bieifings  of  freedom.  It  ii  a  maxim  of  our  kw« 
waA  the  conftant  pradioe  of  our  conrta  of  juftice,  never  to 
ecocpc  any  evidence,  unlefsit  is  the  very  beA  which,  under 
the  drcumfiances  of  the  cafe,  can  poffibly  be  obtained.  If 
Ail  wife  principle  be  tramferred  from  jurifprudcuoe  to  critic 
dbiy  the  inquifitive  reader  of  Englifli  HiAory  will  foon 
mfeeod  to  the  £M  witneiTes  of  every  period,  from  whoie  td* 
tunoniea  the  moderns,  however  fegacious  and  eloquent,  mnft 
derive  their  whole  confidence  and  credit.  In  the  piolecutioo 
of  his  inquiries,  he  will  Uaaent  that  the  tranfa^ons  of  the 
Middle  Ages  have  been  inperfe^ly  recorded,  and  that  thde 
records  have  been  more  imperfectly  preferved :  that  the  fuc« 
ceAve  eonqnerors  of  Britain  have  defpifed  or  deflroyed  the 
aionements  of  their  predeceflbia ;  and  that  by  their  vioicivae 
orne^ed  fo  much  of  our  national  antiqtdlies  has  irretrieva- 
Vty  periibed.  For  the  lofies  of  hidory  ase  indeed  irve- 
tnevabtc :  when  the  produdieos  of  fancy  or  icieoce  have 
keen  fwept  away,  new  poets  may  invent,  and  new  philofo* 
fUm  may  reafon ;  but  if  the  inicription  of  a  iin|le  fad  be 
oooe  obliterated,  it  can  never  be  reflored  by  the  nmted  efforts 
of  genius  and  induftry.  The  confideraiion  of  oor  paft  iof* 
folnould  incite  the  prefent  age  to  cherifli  and  perpetuate 
At  valuable  relics  which  have  efcaped«  intod  of  condemn* 
ing  the  monkish  msToaiANs  (as  they  are  coniempniodly 
ftyled)  iilentlv  to  moulder  in  the  duil  of  our  libraries ;  our 
candour,  and  even  our  juflioe«  Ihould  leara  to  edimaie  dietr 
^ralney  and  to  excufe  their  imperiedions.  Their  miadi 
were  infeded  with  the  pafliooi  and  errors  of  their  timeB^ 
bat  thofe  times  would  have  been  involved  in  darknefs,  had  not 
the  art  of  writine,  and  the  memory  of  events,  been  preferved 
4n  the  peace  andlolitude  of  tho  doifter.  Their  Latin  flyle 
is  hf  removed  from  the  eloqvenoe  and  ptnity  of  SailuO  and 
Livy  i  but  the  uiis  of  a  pmianent  and  ||eneral  idiom  ham 
tmmd  the  ihidy,  and  conneded  the  fenes  of  our  ancient 
chrohklei,  from  the  age  of  Bede  to  that  of  Walfingham* 
In  the  eyes  of  a  phtlofophic  obferver,  thefe  monltifh  hillo- 
rians  are  even  etidowed  with  a  (ingiilar,  though  acddenul 
merit ;  the  im^i|fcioiis  dmplidty  with  which  they  reprdenc 
Ihe  manners  and  opinions  of  their  cootempofatiti:  a  natural 
'  pi^ure,  which  the  moft  ex^piifite  an  b  nnable  to  imitate. 
Books,  befbie  tbe  inyequon  of  printing,  were  (ioparate- 
ly,  and  flowly  copied  by  the  pen ;  and  the  tranferipts  of 
ouf  cid  hiftonans  mnft  if^w^  been  nres  finoe  the  anmber 

'  '  wouM 


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AN    ADDRESS,  e^#. 


• 


would  be  proportioned  to  the  number  of  readers  capable  qf 
under llaurting  a  Latin  v/ork,  and  curious  of  the  hiftory  and 
antiquities  ot  Lngland.  The  giols  mafs  of  the  laity,  from 
the  baron  to  the  mechanic,  were  more  addid^cd  to  the  ex- 
ercifes  of  the  body  tiian  to  thole  of  the  mind  :  the  middlo 
ranks  of  focietv  were  illiterate  and  poor,  and  the  nobles  and 
gentlemen,  as  often  as  they  bieatlied  from  war,  main- 
tained their  ftrength  and  activity  in  the  chafe  or  the  tourna- 
ment. Few  among  them  could  read,  ftiil  fewer  could 
write  ;  none  were  acquainted  w  ith  the  Latin  tongue  ;  and 
if  they  fometimcs  iiftened  to  a  tale  of  pall  times,  their  pue- 
rile love  of  the  marvellous  would  prefer  the  romance  of  Sir 
Launcelot  or  Sir  Triftram,  to  the  authentic  narratives  moik 
honourable  to  their  country  and  their  antellors.  Till  the 
period  of  the  reformation,  the  ignorance  and  fenluality  of 
the  clergy  were  continually  incrcaling  :  tlie  ambitious  pre- 
late afpircd  to  pomp  and  power;  the  jolly  monk  was  fatis- 
ficd  with  idlenefs  and  pleafure  ;  and  the  few  lludcnts  of  the 
cccleliaftical  order,  perplexed  rather  than  enlightened  their 
underllandings  with  occult  fcience  and  fcholallic  divinity. 
In  the  monaftery  in  which  a  chronicle  had  been  compofed, 
the  original  was  dcpofiicd,  and  pcriiaps  a  copy  i  and  fome 
neighbouring  churches  might  lie  induced,  by  a  local  or  pro- 
fefllohal  intcrert,  to  feck  the  communication  of  thefe  hifto- 
rical  memorials.  Such  manufcripts  were  not  liable  to  fuifer 
from  the  injury  of  ufe ;  but  the  calualty  ot  a  hre,  or  the 
flow  progrefs  of  damp  and  worms,  would  often  endanger 
their  limited  and  precarious  exiftence.  Tht  fan6luarics  of 
religion  were  fomctimes  profaned  by  ariftocratic  oppreflion, 
popular  tumult,  or  military  licence;  and  although  the  cel- 
lar was  more  expoled  than  the  library,  the  envy  of  igno- 
rance will  riot  iu  the  fpoil  of  thoie  treafurcs  whidi  it  cai^ 
npt  enjoy. 

After  tlie  difcovery  of  printing,  which  has  beAowcd  im- 
mortality on  the  works  ot  man,  it  miglit  he  prefumed  thai 
the  new  art  would  he  applied  without  delay,  to  fave  and  to 
multiply  the  remains  ot  our  national  chronicles.  It  might 
be  expe(f\ed  that  the  Englifli,  now  waking  tVom  a  long 
llumbcr,  fliould  blufti  at  finding  themfelvcs  fti augers  in  their 
native  country  ;  and  that  our  princes,  after  the  example  of 
Charlemagne  and  Maximilian  I.  would  efteem  it  their 
duty  aiKl  glory  to  illui\rate  the  hillory  of  the  people  over 
whom  they  reigned.  But  thefe  rational  hopes  have  not 
been  juilihed  by  the  event.  It  was  in  the  year  1474  that 
our  firft  prefs  was  cftabliihcd  in  VV'eftminller  Abbey,  by 
William  Caxton  :  but  in  the  choice  of  his  authors,  that  li- 
beral and  iuduilrious  orciik  waft  reduced  to  coiuply  with  the 
•   '    *    *  vicious 


47S  .  i  N    A  D  D  R  £  S  S,  e^c. 


vicious  tafte  of  his  readers;  to  gratify  the  nobles  with  trea- 
tifes  on  heraldry,  hawking,  and  the  gzmc  of  chefs,  and  to 
amufe  the  popular  crcduHry  with  romances  of  fabulous 
knights,  and  legends  ot  moic  fabulous  faints.  The  father 
of  printing  exprefles  a  laudable  defire  to  elucidate  the  hillory 
of  his  couiin  v  ;  but  inftead  of  publiflune  the  Latin  chroni- 
cle of  Radulpiins  Hierden,  he  could  omy  venture  on  the 
Englifh  verfion  by  John  de  Trevifa ;  and  his  cotDplaint  of 
tilt  difficulty  of  hnding  materials  for  his  own  continuntlt  n 
ot  that  work,  fufficiently  attefts  that  even  the  writers,  which 
now  poflels  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
had  not  yet  emerged  from  the  d^irknefs  of  the  cloifter.  His 
fucceflbrs,  wjth  lels  (kill  aud  ability,  were  content  to  tread 
in  the  tootileps  of  Caxton  ;  almoft  a  century  elapfed  with- 
out producing  one  original  edition  of  any  old  Englifh  hif- 
torian  ;  and  ttie  only  exception  which  I  recollc6t  is  the  pub- 
lication of  Ciild  is  (Lontioa  1526)  by  Polydore  Viigil,  an 
ingenious  foreigner.  The  preircs  of  Italy.  Germany,  ?.ad 
even  I'  l  ance,  might  plead  iiuheir  defence,  that  the  minds  of 
their  fcholars,  and  the  hands  ot  their  workmen,  were  ubun- 
dantlv  exerciicd  in  unlockmr  the  treafures  of  Greek  and 
Roman  anticjuitj  ,  but  the  wuiki  is  not  indebted  to  England 
for  one  fir/}  edition  of  a  claflic  author.  This  del  i  v  ^ 
century  is  ihe  more  to  be  bmeiued,  as  it  is  too  probal)lc  ihziZ 
many  authentic  and  valuable  monuments  ot  our  hiftory 
u  cre  lull  in  the  diflbkuion  of  religiou:;  houfcs  by  Henry 
the  Eighth.  The  proteflant  and  the  patriot  mult  appUud 
our  dehvcraiu  c  ;  i>ut  the  cnric  may  deplore  the  rude  havoc 
that  was  made  in  the  libraries  ot  rluHchcs  and  m(jn;illcries, 
by  the  7.eai,  tiie  avarice  and  the  ne^iccl,  ot  unworthy 
jeforniers. 

Far  different  from  fuch  reformers  was  tlie  ie  irned  and  pi- 
ous Matthew  Parker,  the  firil  proteftant  Arthbiiliop  of 
Canierbm  y,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Hisap^^fto- 
lital  virtues-  were  not  incompatible  with  thelnve  of  learr  ing, 
and  while  he  exercifed  the  arduous  office,  not  of  governing, 
but  of  ioundmgtheC'hurch  (;r'  Knpkind,  iiC  llrcnuoufly  ap- 
plied himfelf  to  revive  the  liudy  ot  the  Saxon  tongue,  and 
of  Enghlh  antiquities.  Bv  the  care  of  this  refpe6table  pre- 
late, four  ot  our  ancient  hilloi  lans  were  fuccefTivcly  pub- 
billed ;  the  F/ori-s  of  Matthew  of  Well  1  in  idler  (1570); 
the  Hi/}  on  a  Major  of  Mattlicw  Paris  (1571)  ,  tlic  Ftta  EU 
Jndi  Regn,  l)vA<rerius;  d.vii\\.\\t  Hijlorm  Bnvis,  a.n6  UpO" 
eit^ma  Neu/iri^,  by  ']  homas  Walfingham.  After  Pai  ker's 
death,  this  national  duty  was  for  fome  years  abandoned  to  t!ic 
diligence  of  foreigners.  The  eccletiafiical  fnliory  ot  Btdc 
.hadbeen priated and i c^rintcd on  the  contmeni    die  common 

property 

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AN    A  D  D  R  £  S  S, 


propeity  of  the  Latin  church  ;  and  it  was  again  infertcd  in  i 
collcdion  of  Britifli  writers  (HciJelberr  1587),  feledled  with 
fuch  critiral  fkill,  that  the  romance  of  Jeffrey  of  Monmouth, 
and  a  Laim  ubrkigemcnt  of  Froiflard,  are  placed  on  the  fame 
level  of  hiHorical  cvidciu  e.  An  edition  of  Florence  of  Wor- 
cefter,  by  Howard,  (1592,)  niav  be  flight) y  noticed;  hut  wc 
flrould  gratefully  commeni(;i  :ue  the  labours  of  Sir  Henry  Sa- 
villc,  a  man  diftinguilhed  aurun^^^  tlie  Icliolars  of  the  age  by  his 
prnfonnd  knowledge  of  the  GrLck  languaj^e  and  luathema- 
tical  1^  iL-nccs.  A  juft  indignatiun  :Li;ainil  iht-  bafc  and  ple- 
beian authors  of  our  Englilh  chronicles,  had  ahnofl  pro- 
voked hipi  to  undertake  the  taOv  of  a  general  and  legitimate 
hoftorv :  but  his  modcft  induflrv  dcclininp^  tlic  (  haracler  of 
an  architedl,  was  content  to  prepare  inatinals  for  a  tuture 
edifice.  Some  of  the  rnofl  valuable  writers  of  tlic  twelltli 
and  tlniteenth  centuries  were  rcfcucd  by  his  hands  trom  dirt, 
and  duft,  and  rottennefs  (<? JJtu  fqualore  t-t  pu.'uerc],  and  his 
colle<£lion,  under  the  common  title  ot  Sci  iptores  pofl  Bedam^ 
was  twice  printed,  hrR  in  London  (1596),  and  afterwards 
at  Frankfort  ( 1 601 ).  During  the  whole  of  the  feventeenth, 
and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  centuries,  th<?  fame 
fludies  were  profecuted  wirh  Vigour  and  luccefs  ;  a  mifcel- 
laneous  volume  of  the  An^^lica  N'orfjianicij,  &cc,  (Frankfort 
1603),  and  the  Hijhria  Nova  o\  Eadmer  (London  1623), 
were  produced  bv  Camden  and  Sclden,  to  whom  literature  is 
indebted  for  m  i  w  e  important  fervices.  The  names  of 
Wheeler  and  Ciihlon,  of  Watts  and  Warton,  of  Dugdalc 
and  Wilkins,  fhould  not  be  defrauded  of  their  due  praifcj 
hut  our  attention  is  fixed  by  the  elaborate  collection  of 
Twyfden  and  Gale:  and  their  titles  of  De^tm  and  ^uindg' 
c'un  Scriptorei  announce  that  tlicir  readers  poifefs  a  fcries  of 
twenty-hve  of  our  old  Englilh  hiflorians.  The  laft  who 
has  dug  deep  into  the  mine  was  Thomas  Hearnc,  a  clerk  of 
Oxford,  poor  in  iortunp,  and  indeed  poor  in  underAanding. 
His  minute  and  oblcure  d.hgcnce,  his  voracious  and  uiidil- 
tinguilliing  appetite,  and  the  coavfe  vul^ai^ity  of  his  taflc 
and  ftyle,  have  cxpofed  him  to  the  ridjcule  of  idle  wits. 
Yet  it  cannot  be  denied  that  Thomas  Hearnc  has  gatlu  red 
many  gleanings  of  the  har\  eft  ;  and  if  his  own  prei^ccs  arc 
£]lecl  with  crude  and  extraneous  matter,  his  editions  will  be 
always  recommended  by  their  accuracy  and  ufc. 

I  am  not  called  upon  to  enquire  into  the  merits  of  foreiga 
nations  in  the  ftudy  of  their  refpe6iivc  hiftorics,  except  as 
far  as  they  may  fuggeft  i  ufefiil  leffon,  or  a  laudable  emu- 
htion  to  ourfelves.  The  patient  Germans  have  addicted 
tfif  nifelvcs  to  every  fpccies  of  literary  labour  ;  and  the  di- 
viiion  pf  tlie^r  vaft  empire  into  many  independent  ftatcs 

.would. 


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AN   ADORES  S»&A 


fmild  muktiply  the  public  events  of  each  counm,  mad  ite 
pens,  however  rude»  by  which  they  have  been  faved  front 
oblivian.    Befidcs  inaiimenibk  ediuoos  of  particular  hiAo- 
tianst  I  havefeen  (if  my  memory  does  not  fail  me)  a  lift  ol 
snore  than  twenty  of  the  volmninoos  coHedlions  of  the 
Serif i$m  Rtrum  Girmanicarum ;  fome  of  theie  are  of  m 
Tague  and  mifceilaneous  nature;  others  are  relative  to  a 
certain  period  ot  time ;  and  others  a^un  are  circomfcxibed 
by  the  loc  :1  limits  of  a  principality  or  a  province.  Amon|p 
the  lail  I  lhali  only  diflingtiiih  the  Scriptom  Rtrum  Brun^ 
wicenjium,  compiled  at  Hanover  in  the  begiimsng  of  dias 
centi; ry  by  the  celebrated  Leiboits.   We  fhmd  fympathtt 
vt\xh  a  kind  of  domeflic  tmereft  in  the  fortunes  ot  a  people 
to  whom  Mfe  are  united  by  our  obedience  to  a  common  fo* 
vereign ;  and  we  muft  explore  with  reipe^l  and  gratitude 
the  origin  of  an  iliuftrions  iamilyy  which  has  been  the 
gt'  iidian  near  fourfcore  years  of  our  liberty  and  happinels. 
The  antiquarian,  who  hiufhes  at  hit  alliance  with  Thpmaa 
Hearne,  wilt  feel  his  profeffion  erniobied  by  the  name  of 
Leibnini.   That  extraordinary  geniiM  embraced  and  im« 
proved  the  whole  circlt  of  human  fcience  ;  aodatowreib-' 
ling  with  Newton  and  Clarke  in  the  fublinM  regUMis  of  geo* 
metry  and  metaphyfics,  he  could  defcend  noon  earth  Do  ex> 
amine  the  uncouth  chara^rsand  barbarow Xatin  of  a  chro- 
aicle  or  charter.   In  this»  as  in  altnoA  every  other  a^ire 
purfuit,  Spain  has  been  outftripped  in  the  induAry  of  her 
sieighbours.    The  bed  coUe^ton  of  .her  nattonal  hiftoriana. 
was  publiihcd  in  Germany :  the  recent  attempts  of  her 
tbyal  academy  have  been  langnkl  and  irregulart  sindif  fome 
memorials  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries  are  latel]^ 
printed  at  Madrid,  her  five  cJdeft  chronicles  after  die  inva^ 
iion  of  the  Moors  ftiU  deep  in  the  ohfcurity  of  provincial 
edition8|(Pampelona»  i6l5f  1634^  Barcelona,  i66t.)  Italy 
has  been  produ^iive  in  every  age  of  i%volurioBsand  writeti^ 
and  a  complete  feries  of  thete  original  writers,  from  die 
year  five  hundred  to  the  year  fifteen  hundred,  are  rood  ac« 
curately  digeilcd  in  the  Scripimi  Rerum  ItalicwruMif  Mu- 
rattrL   Inis  ilupendous  work,  which  Ells  tweiity>eight 
folios,  and  overflows  into  the  fix  volumes  of  the  Aniifmtiitn 
Itaiiig  Medii  jEvi^  was  atchieved  in      years  by  one  man  ^ 
and  candour  muft  excnfe  fome  defe^  in  the  plan  and  exe- 
cution, which  I  he  discernment,  and  perhaps  the  envy  of  cri* 
ticdm  has  too  rigoroufly  expofed.    The  anti(|uitiesot  France 
have  been  elucidated     a  learned  and  ingenious  people:  the 
original  hlAorians,  which  Duchdne  hadundenaken  to  pub- 
h(\\y  were  left  imperle^  by  his  death,  yet  had  reached  the 
end  of  the  thirtpentb  century;  and  his  additioaal  vohune 

(die 


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AN  A  D  O  K  B  S  8.  fft. 


475 


fAe  (ixth)  coom  Kome  to  ourMvtit  iioce  it  ecklvatet  the 
•Vfiloilfof  die  Nonnftn  Conquerors  and  Kings  of  England.' 
About  years  ago  the  delign  of  fmbUihiiig  La  Hifioriens 
4ii  GmUit^it  de  la  France^  wai  mumed  on  a  larger  fcale, 
,  maH  m  t  more  fplendid  form ;  ami  although  <he  name  of 
Dom  Bouquet  ftands  fomnoft,  the  merit  muft  be  ihared 
amone  the  vttenm  Benadidines  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Ger* 
mam  dm  Ftex  at  Paris.  This  noble  coUedion  ifiay  be  pm» 
pofedasa  model  for  fuch  national  works :  the  (original  testa 
are  comded  from  tlie  bcft  manulcripts ;  and  the  curious 
read^  it  enli^teoed,  without  being  oppreficd,  by  the  per« 
fpicuous  brevity  of  the  prefaces  and  notes.  But  a  muHitudi^ 
of  obilacles  and  tielays  feems  to  have  impeded  the  progreCi 
of  the  undertaking ;  and  the  Utfifriam  ejf  France  had  oiUf 
nfitained  lo  the  twellth  century,  and  the  thirteenth  volume^ 
yrbtcxi  a  general  deluge  overwhelmed  the  country,  audits  an« 
cient  inhabitants.  I  might  here  conclude  this  enumeradoo 
of  foreign  ftudies;  if  the  Striptvr^s  Rerum  Danicarum  of 
Langebek  and  his  fucceflbrs,  which  have  lately  appeared  at 
Copenhagen,  did  not  remind  me  of  the  tafte  and  mtini6cenc9 
of  a  court  and  country,  whofe  fcanty  revenues  might  have 
apolo^i^ed  for  their  negle£V. 

It  is  longt  very  long  indeed,  finee  the  fucceia  of  our 
neighbours,  and  the  knowledge  of  our  refources,  have  dif« 
poled  me  to  wifli,  that  our  Latin  memorials  of  the  Middle 
Age,  the  Scripuns  Rtrmn  AngUtmmm^  ^S^^  ^  publiihed 
,  in  £nghind,  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  fubje<^  and  of  the 
country.  At  a  time  when  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire  has  intimately  conne6led  me  with  the 
^ril  hiftorians  of  France,  I  acknowledged  (in  a  note) 
the  value  of  the  Bencdi<^ine  CoUedion,  and  c.^refieil  my 
hope  that  fuch  a  national  work  would  provoke  our  own 
mulatioo.  My  hope  has  failed,  the  provocadon  was  not 
felt,  the  emulation  waa  not  kindled ;  and  I  have  now  feen, 
without  an  attempt  or  a  defign,  near  thiiteen  years,  which 
have  fufficed  for  the  execution.  During  the  greatcfV 
part  of  that  time  i  have  been  abfent  from  England :  yet  I 
have  fometimes  foimd  opportunities  of  introducing  this  fa^ 
vourite  topic  in  converfatton  with  our  literary  men,  and  our 
eminent  bookfellers.  As  long  as  I  expatiafM  on  the  merits 
of  an  undertaking,  ib  beneficial  to  hiilory,  and  ib  honou- 
rable  to  the  nationt  I  was  heanl  with  attention ;  a  general 
wiih  feemed  to  prevail  for  its  fuccefs:  but  no  (boner  did  we 
lieriouily  confult  about  the  bed  means  of  promoting  that 
fnooefs»  and  of  reducing  a  pleating  theory  into  a  real  acUco, 
than  we  were  (lopped,  at  the  firft  ftep,  by  an  infuperaUe 
diflmli]r<---die  chom  of  aa  editor.  Among  the  authoisaU 

icalf 

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AM    A  D  p  ft     §t.S,  t2^«. 

tcafly  ^iiown  to  the  public  ,  none,  afror  a  fair  review,  G0ui4 
be  iQUud,  at  oiicc  poiTcifi  d  ot  ai)ility  and  inclination.  Un^ 
known,  or  at  Icaii  uiuiicd  abuitics  couhl  not  jnfpuc  much 
reafonable  cualidcncc  :  l(>me  were  too  poor,  oilicrs  too  rich  ; 
fomc  too  bufy,  others  loo  idle:  and  wr  knew  not  v»  here  Lo 
leek  our  hnglifli  Muraton  ;  in  the  tumult  ot  the  metropolis, 
or  in  the  ll^.adc  ot  tiic  nnivcrlity.  The  age  ot  Hereuleaa 
diliL;cncc,  which  cculd  devour  and  drgeft  whole  librai  ics,  is 

fj.ficd  away;  aud  1  iat  down  I'l  hopelci.s  dciptindciKVy  till 
ihould  be  able  to  find  a  pcrlon  endowed  with  proper  qua- 
lifications, and  ready  to  cniploy  levc  al  years  of  his  Ute  in 
affiduoui)  labour^  withoui  au^  ipleiidid  prolpccl  oi  unuiu- 
Uient  or  tame, 

'i']ic  mdu  IS  at  l(^ngth  iotind,  and  I  now  renew  tlie  propo- 
fal  m  a  higher  tone  ot  euntidcncc.  The  name  ot  diis  editor 
is  Mr.  John  Pinkerton  ;  but  as  that  name  may  provoke 
fome  rclcntment.'?,  and  revive  lun^c  prejudices,  it  is  incum- 
bent C'li  HK,  for  his  reputation,  to  explain  my  fentimcnts 
withoLii  rclcrve  ,  and  I  nave  the  latistnLtion  ot  knowing 
tliat  he  will  not  be  difplealcd  with  the  trecdom  and  Iniccrky 
©1  a  Iriejid.  The  impulfe  of  a  vi^^oi  (jus  mind  urged  him^ 
at  an  carlv  age,  to  wnic  and  to  print,  hetorc  his  lafle  an<t 
^udpment  had  attained  their  maruritv.  His  ignoraiKC  of 
the  world,  the  love  ut  pviruhtx,  and  the  warmth  ol  his 
temper,  berraved  him  into  lome  mipropricties,  and  thofc 
juvenile  failles,  which  candour  will  exeufc,  he  himrelt  is 
the  hifl  to  condemn,  and  will  perhaps  be  the  lafl  to  forget. 
Repentance  has  long  linee  propitiated  the  mild  divinity  ol 
Virgil,  a^aiuft  whom  tlie  ralh  youth,  under  a  h<5litious 
name,  had  dai  ted  the  javelm  of  ciiticifm.  He  fmiles  at  his 
reformation  of  our  Englilli  tongue,  and  is  ready  to  confefs, 
that  in  all  popular  inftitutions,  the  laws  of  cuilom  mufl  be  ' 
obeyed  by  rcafon  hcrfclf.  1  he  Goths  Aill  continue  to  be 
his  thol'cn  people,  but  he  retains  no  antipathy  to  a  Celtic 
favagc ;  and  without  renouncing  his  opinions  ana  argumeats, 
he  hncerely  laments  that  thofe  literary  arguments  have  ever 
been  embittered,  and  perhaps  enfeebled,  by  an  indiJcreet 
niixture  of  anger  ami  contempt.  By  fome  explofions  of 
this  kind,  the  volatile  and  fieiy  particles  of  his  nature 
have  been  difcharged,  and  there  remains  a  pure  and  foli<l 
fubftance,  endowed  with  many  active  ami  uieful  energies. 
His  recent  publications,  a  Treatife  on  Medals,  and  the  edi«- 
tion  of  the  early  Scotch  Foels,  difcover  a  mind  replete  with 
a  variety  of  knowledge,  and  inclined  to  every  liberal  pur- 
fuit  i  but  his  decided  propcnfity,  fuch  a  propenfity  as  made 
fiendey  a  critic,  and  Rcnnel  a  geographer,  attradts  him  to 
the  fludy  of  the  Hillory  and  Antic^uicies  q£  Great  Bsltaifk', 

and 

Digitized  by  Google 


A  N    ADI>1^  E  SS»  %f<r« 


and  he  is  well  quaMed  for  this  ftudy,  by  a  Ipirit  of  criti- 
<!M'Bk,  acute,  difcerning,  and  fufpiciovi^.    Hi'^  edition  ot  the 
<Miginal  Lives  of  che  Scottiih  Saints  has  Icaitcrcd  fomc  ravs 
of  light  oyer  the  darkcft  age  of  a  dark  country  :  fmcc  there 
are  io  many  circumAanccs  in  which  the  moft  djrji^  icgcn- 
^ry  will  not  attempt  to  remove  the  wcll-known  lanrlmnrks 
of  truth.    His  Differtation  on  the  Origin  of  the  Goths, 
with  the  Anticjuities  of  Scotland,  are,  in  my  judL^mcnt,  ela- 
borate and  faiisfaiSlory  works  ;  and  were  this  a  convenient 
place,  r  would  glitllv  enumerate  tlie  imponant  queflions  ia 
"which  he  has  re^ilihcd  my  old  opinions  concerning  the  mi- 
grations of  the  Scyth't-  or  German  nation  trom  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Caipian  and  the  Fnxinc  to  Scandinavia, 
the  eailem  coa(U  ot  Britain,  and  the  Ihores  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean.    He  has  11  nee  undertaken  to  iilullrate  a  more  inte- 
refting  period  of  the  Hiftory  of  Scotland  ;  his  materials  arc 
chiefly  drawn  from  papers  in  the  Britilh  Mufcum,  and  a 
fkilful  judge  has  aij^ured  me,  after  a  perufal  of  the  manu- 
script, that  it  contains  more  new  and  authentic  information 
than  could  be  fairly  expev5\ed  from  a  writer  of  the  eighteenth 
century.    A  Scotchman  by  birth,  Mr.  Pi nkcrton  is  equally 
difpofed,  and  even  anxious,  to  illuftrate  the  Hillory  of  Eng- 
land :  he  had  long,  without  my  knowledge,  entertained  a 
proje^^  fimilar  to  my  own  ;  his  twelve  letters,  under  a  lidli- 
tious  fignature,  in  tne  Gentleman's  Magazine  (i}88),  dif- 
play  the  2eal  of  a  patriot,  and  the  learning  of  an  antiqua- 
rian.   As  loon  as  he  was  informed,  bv  Mr.  Nicol  the  book- 
feller,  of  my  wj flies  and  my  choice,  he  advanced  to  meet 
sne  with  the  generous"  ardour  of  a  volunteer,  confcious  of 
his  ftrengih,  cielirous  of  exercife,  and  carelcfs  of  reward; 
we  have  dticuifcd,  in  feveral  converfations,  every  material 
point  that  relates  to  the  general  plan  and  arrangement  of  the 
work  ;  and  I  can  only  complain  of  his  cxcemve  docility  to 
the  opinions  of  a  man  mucli  lefs  fkilled  in  the  fubjedl  tnan 
himfeir    Should  it  he  obiec^ed,  that  fuch  a  work  will  fur- 
pals  the  powers  of  a  fmgie  man,  and  that  induflry  is  bed 
promoted  bv  the  divifion  of  labour,  I  muft  anfwer,  that  Mr. 
?mkerron  (eems  one  of  the  children  of  thofe  heroes,  whofe 
race  is  almoft  extin6l ;  that  hard  afliduous  ftudy  is  the  folc 
annulment  of  his  independent  leifure ;  that  his  warm  incli- 
nation will  be  quickened  by  the  fenfe  of  a  duty  reding  folely 
on  himfclf ;  and  that  he  is  now  in  the  vigour  of  age  and 
health ;  and  that  •  the  moft  voluminous  of  our  hiilorical 
coMftS^^ions  was  the  moft  fpeedily  finifhed  by  the  diligence  of 
Muratori  alone.    I  muft:  add,  that  I  know  not  where  to 
feek  an  aflbciate ;  that  the  operationt  of  a  fociety  are  often 
peipiex^lqf  dM^ivHaoo  oHcit^  and 

o&ea 


AN    A  D  D  R  B  S  S,  6fr. 


often  rtttanied  by  the  demes  of  talent  and  a^^pUcation ;  moB 
that  the  editor  will  be  always  ready  to  receive  the  advice  of 
judicious  counfellorSy  and  (o  emjploy  the  hands  of  fubotdkinte 
workmen. 

Two  queHions  will  immediately  arifCf  ccmcernlng  die 
title  of  our  hiftorical  colledlions,  and  the  period  of  time  in 
which  it  may  be  circumrcribcd.  The  firfi  of  thefe  queni- 
ons»  whether  it  Ihould  be  (lylcd  the  Scriptores  Rerum  Bri-^ 
tannicarufFty  or  the  Scrift^res  Rerum  Amglicarum^  will  be 
produdivc  of  more  than  a  verbal  difference:  thie  former 
impcfiies  the  durv  of  publiHiing  all  original  documents  that 
relate  to  the  hiliory  and  antiquities  of  the  QntiAi  iilanda;' 
tlic  latter  is  fatisiicd  with  the  ipaciou8«  thou^  left  aai|^ 
field  of  England.  The  ambition  of  a  conqueror  might 
prompt  him  to  grafp  the  whole  British  world,  and  tothiokt 
with  Caei'ar,  tlut  nothing,  was  done  while  any  diing  re- 
fnained  undone. 

allum  rtputans  dum  quid fuftrejfet  agendum^ 

But  prudence  Toon  dlfcerns  the  inconvenience  of  increaf* 
ingalabour  already  fufficiently  arduous*  and  of  multiplying 
the  volumes  of  a  work,  which  muil  unavoidably  fweU  to 
a  very  refpedbble  fize.  The  extraneous  appendages  of 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  even  Wales,  would  impede  our  pro* 
^refs*  violate  the  unity  of  dciign,  and  introduce  into  a  us^ 
tin  text  a  A  range  mixture  of  .favage  and  unknown  idiom. 
For  the  fake  of  the  Saxon'  Chronicle»  the  editor  of  the 
Script orts  Rerum  jftiglicanm  will  prc^ably  improve  his 
knowledge  of  our  momer  tongue  ;  nor  will  he  be  at  a  Io& 
in  the  recent  and  occafional  ufe  of  fomc  French  and  Eog- 
lafii  memorials.  But  if  he  attempts  to  hunt  the  old  Britona 
nmone  the  iilands  of  Scotland,  in  the  bogs  of  Ireland,  and 
over  the  mountains  of  Wales,  he  mull  devote  liimfelf  to 
the  Audy  of  the  Celtic  dialed,'  without  iieing  aiSured  that 
his  tame  and  toti  will  be  compenfatcd  by  any  adequate  re- 
ward. Itfeetiis  to  be  ahnoft  conltfied»  that  the  Highland 
Scots  do  not  pofTefs  any  writing  of  n  remote  date  ;  and  the 
claims  of  the  Welih  are  faint  and  uncertain.  The  Irilh 
alone  boafl  uf  whole  libra|ies»  which  they  fometimes  hide 
in  tiie  faftncfies  of  their  country,  and  fometimes  tranfport 
to  their  colleges  abroad  :  but  the  vain  and  credulous  obAi- 
nacy  with  which,  amidft  the  light  of  fcitnce,  they  dierifh 
the  Milefian  fobles  of  their  infancy,  may  teach  us  tt>  fnfpeft 
the  exiftence,  the  age*  and  the  value  of  thefe  mmknff»9 
till  they  Hiall  be  fiiiHy  expofed  to  the  eye  of  profiuie  ciili* 
cifm.  This  exduUon,  however^  of  the  countries  which 
teve  fiace  hdca  uDited  to  the  mwa  oC  England  mufl  be 

'voi^lstftood 


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UTidcrftood  with  fome  latir\ide  :  the  Chronicle  of  Melrofs  is 
common  to  the  borderers  of  both  kingdoms :  the  Expugnati9 
Ilibernia  of  Giraldus  CambrenGs  contains  die  intercfting 
llory  of  our  fettleincnt  in  the  weftem  iflc  i  and  it  may  be 
judged  proper  to  infert  the  Latin  Clironicle  of  Caradoc,  * 
(which  is  yet  unpubiiflied,)  and  the  code  of  native  laws 
which  were  aboliihed  by  the  conqueror  of  Wales.  Even 
the  Englilh  tranfa£lions  in  peace  and  war  with  our  indepen- 
dent neighbours,  cfpecially  thofe  of  Scotland,  will  be  bcil 
illuftrated  by  a  fair  comparifon  of  tlie  ho£lile  narratives. 
The  fecond  queftion,  of  the  period  of  time  which  this  Col- 
ledlion  fhould  embrace,  admitsot  an  eahcrdccilion  ;  nor  can 
we  adt  more  prydentiy,  tiian  by  adopting  the  plan  of  Mu- 
ratori,  and  the  French  Benedidlines,  who  cunhne  them- 
ielvcs  vviihiii  the  limits  of  ten  centuries,  horn  the  vcar  hvc 
hundred  to  the  year  fifteen  hundred  of  the  ChniUan  aera» 
The  former  of  thefe  dates  coincides  with  the  moft  ancient 
of  ournational  writers;  thclattcr  approaclRs  wuhin  nine 
years  of  the  acceilion  of  Henry  VIII.,  which  Mr.  Hume 
confidcrs  as  the  true  and  perfect  sera  of  modern  hiitory. 
From  that  time  wc  arc  enriched,  and  even  opprcfled,  with 
fuch  treafiires  of  contemporary  aud  authentic  documents  in 
out  own  language,  that  the  hirtorian  of  the  prcfent  or  a  fu- 
ture a^c  will  be  only  perplexed  by  the  choice  of  fadfs,  and 
the  difficulties  of  arrangement.  Exotiatur  aliquis — a  man 
of  genius,  at  once  eloquent  and  philofophic,  who  fhouM 
accomplifh,  in  the  maturity  of  age,  the  immotul  work 
which  he  iiad  conceived  in  the  arduui  oi  youth. 


A  N 


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I 


N 


D  E 


X 


TO  THE 


SECOND  AND  THIRD  VOLUMES. 


N.  B.    The  Numbers  exprejfed  by  Letters  refer  to  the  Volume^ 
tbo/e  by  Figures  to  the  Page, 


A. 


BASS  ID  E  S,  the  extent  of  their  em- 
pire in  tftc  ninth  century,  tii.  167. 
In  the  tenth  century,  17 1. 
AhJouhrahmftn  (the  Third),  his  revenfte  in 

tiie  tenth  century,  iii.  170. 
JiJalbtrt  (the  Firil),  account  of,  \\\.  410. 
—  (the  Second),  iii.  409,  410. 
■  (the  Third),  enquiry  into  his  birth^ 
iii.  414. 

Add'tjctii  his  Treatife  of  Antient  MedaU 
examined,  i>i.  26.  Hii  explanation  of 
the  3  5th  Ode  of  the  firft  Book  of  Ho. 
race  confidered,  iii.  lli^ 

jIdelaiSf  adventures  of,  iii.  420. 

Mr/e!J'i  Hiftory  of  CharlesThe  Twelfth, 
ii.  407. 

yilamintui^  account  of  hrs  converfation  with 

Hannibal,  ii.  427. 
ji'tcrt-Az,!>  (the  Firrt),  mentioned,  iii.  g^S* 

fixes  his  rcfidence  ac  Atc(^c  or  £Ac, 

^57- 

— "   (the  Second),  his  c-^nduft  and 

fh?.rj^<:r  confidered,  iii.  a 58.  The 
»  >'iiin()n  father  of  the  Italian  and  Ger- 
ni-v;  Piinces  of  the  kindred  line  of  Efte 
a'Mi  Drunfwick,  ilU. 
— — —  (the  Seventh),  his  character  and 
fuccefs,  iii.  <«44. 

VAIemiurt,  his  Melanges,  ii.  agi.  Re- 
marks upon  an  obfervatlon  rtrgvding 
Liftory,  iii.  147. 


Aievoerde,  bis  life  of  Serretui)  ii.  45(u 

Alfred^  ch^^rafter  of,  iii.  16S. 

AUantaad  (Mr  )  his  chara^r,  iii,  %%. 

Aifbonfo  {the  Firll),  account  of,  iii.  448, 

■  (the  Third),  relinqutfliment  of  hit 

power,  iii.  464.    His  charaAer,  itid, 

Artrnznius  edited  by  Valcknaer,  it.  407. 

Afd^rjin's  Defcription  of  Iceland,  iii.  2^. 

Anglicantm  Rerum  Scriptvru,  a  new  cditioa 
recommended,  iii.  469.  A  proper  edi- 
tor for  the  purpofe  mentioned,  476. 
The  extent  and  nature  of  the  defign^ 
478. 

Anqueiil  du  Perron^  his  Voyage  to  the  Eaft 
Indies,  ii.  335. 

Anf'in's  Voyage,  ii.  240. 
Anti-TAachmvclf  ii.  418* 
Antofty  Nicclatf  Procefs  of,  iii.  a<. 
D'Anvil/e,  his  Mentoir  on  the  Getc,  ii.  gS^ 

His  remark^on  the  Roman  mile,  lit.  23. 
Apth9rp€  (Mr./,  bis  cenfurr  of  Mr.  Gibbon 'f 

defcription  of  the  promifed  land,  iii.  ^tj. 

Account  of  his  work,  361. 
y^rtf&i,  their  fituation  in  the  ninth  century^ 

iii.  169. 

AriJfotJgf  chara£(er  of,  as  a  critic,  iii.  X2A» 
Aretifi'i  Letters,  ii.  436.      New  Aretin^ 

iii.  49. 
ArriaHf  taai«s  of,  ii,  296. 
Ajiruc'&  Hiflory  of  Liiiguedoc,  ii.  3S4.  32S« 
Augupui%  his  mode  of  travelling,  lii.  84. 

His  elevation  confidered,  and  the  caufet 

of  it  pointrd  out,  2^5. 
Anfaldui  dc  tradicionc,        ii*  4.67. 


I 


Index  to  the  Second  and  Third  Volumts, 


Barhejf*ac^  h'i»  Hlftory  of  AncWnt  Treatiety 

ij.  384. 
Fjr:uty''i  A'gpnis,  ti.  a66. 
Jiai g/r-ji,  hV  Difl'ertation  de  Ewftrihus,  9ct» 

t  ximined,  ii.  404. 
Bcronius  contrafted   with   Dr.  Middleton, 

iii.  3S^ 

Bturte  (Mr.  de  la),  his  diflertations  com|»arrd 

with  Gedoyn'i,  ii.  ^63. 
Barthtiemy^  his  Mrmoir  on  the  Monuments 

of  Rorhc,  iii.  '14. 
Bayle  corrpnrrd  with  Le  Clrrc,  ii.  301. 

His  Di^ionary,  306.  Remarks 

on,  iii.  44.    Criticilm  on  Maimbourg*;! 

Hiftory  of  Calvinifnii  6x^ 
Beauy  his  Memoir  on  the  Roman  Region^ 

ii.  ^hh 

Beaufort  (Mr.  de)»  his  opinions  refpr^Jing 
the  firft  five  ages  of  Rome,  iii. 

Btllty-t  his  Explanation  nf  a  Camayea,  ii. 
Of  an  Agate,  \b'\d, 

Brrtngariust  account  of  his  condu£l,  iii.  419. 

BerrtwUfs  cnrrcfpoodence  with  Leibnitsv 
iii. 

BertOf  her  »kr«  mentioned,  iii.  416. 
Btjtr^  hi*  DilTertation  on  the  Atlantic  hland 

of  Plato,  ii.  -532. 
B'lklMhi^ut  Raifcrn/ef  Vol.  I.  ii.  441.  XI. 

4^4      XIII.  ^%tt.  -^49.    XIV.  •^40. 

XV.  24^  XVI.  42^  XVU. 

mr.  XVin. 

XX.  364.  xxr.  if>6.  xxii.  383. 
xxin.  XXIV.  408,  XXV. 
417.   xxvn.  436.   XXIX.  462^ 

XXX.  46^    XXXI.  428,  XXXII. 

m.  X.    XXXhl.   5..  XXXIV.  and 

XXXV.  in.    XXXVI.  XXXVH. 

XXVIII.  and  XXXiX.  iii.  ih.  XL. 

28.    XU.  40,    XLII.  41,  XUll. 

Ml    XLIV.  45.    XLV.  XLVI. 

42i     XLVII.   JO.     XLVIII.  52, 

XLIX.  54.  L  55. 
BitlfcU**  Letters,  Vol.  I.  it,  31^4.  370. 
Btaut  <Abbc  de),  hie  Letters  on  the  Eng!/ih, 

Iii.  10. 

Bhttrict  fni  Memoir  on  the  Tn'bunitian 
Powen  of  the  Emperors,  ii.  265.  His 
Life  of  Julian,  344.  His  \\\i\nxy  of 
Jovian,  ice.  141.  44. 

Bo<lat,  his  Treatife  on  the  Egyptian  Divi- 
nities at  Rome,  ii.  340.  HisRcmy.ks 
on  Foreign  Service,  ii.  384.  His  Cri- 
tical Memoirs  on  the  Swfls,  iii.  50. 

Boileam  con--pjrrd  with  Juvena),  ii.  3  ^o. 

Boitnghrskt^i  i'.uriol  King,  iii.  44. 

Soramfi  RefleAiont  o»  C«ogr.ij>hlcal  Errors 
chaMfteriaed,  ii.  265. 


Bern/art  tbt  Bavarian,  an  account  of,  til.  404* 
Ca»fideratioi8  regarding  his  name,  405^ 
His  country,  i^u/.  His  title,  406.  And 
of  the  province  entrufted  to  h'ls  care,  40S, 

«— — (the  Seconti),  account  of,  i^iJ. 

Borf}  created  duke  of  Modena,  iii.  446. 

Bvwyer^s  Lives  of  the  Popes,  iii.  45. 

BoTu  (Mr.),  his  Differtation  on  the  Medal  of 
Smyrna,  iii.  %± 

Brandtnhurgb,  Memoirs  of,  iii.  425 

Britain,  inundation  of,  by  the  fea,  men- 
tioned by  Tacitus,  iii.  23^.  Inference 
to  be  drawn  from  it,  ibid, 

Brttrftvuer^m  Rerum  Scriptcrety  tdt^d  by 
Lcibnra,  iii.  474. 

Brunftvick,  Antiquities  of  the  Houfe  of, 
confidered,  iii.  399.  Divifion  of  the 
fubje^l,  400. 

Buffm\  Natural  Hiftory,  iii  47. 

Burettt  (Mr.  de),  his  DifTertation,  in  the 
Memoires  de  TAcidemie,  ii.  303. 

Barigfiy,  his  Life  of  Erafmus  examineil, 
ii.  304. 

Burke,  his  En3iiiry  into  the  StibKnie  and 

Beautiful  confidered,  ii.  332. 
Burmaa,  chara^er  of,  as  a  critic,  ii. 


C^Jar  (Don),  his  furrendtrof  FrrramCothe 
Pope,,  iii.  456.  Enquiry  intu  hu  birth^ 
459-. 

Calvin,  his  conduct  to  Servetus  examined, 
ii.  4  ^4-  His  Letters  to  Jacques  de 
Bourgogne,  iiU  2. 

Catfdisnut,  his  conduft  and  death,  iii.  42,6. 

CaJIalio  on  the  Temples  of  Peace  and  Janus, 
ii.  404.. 

C4f(Mr.  Ic),  his  Treati£eonthe  Senfes,  iii. 

Catalogue  of  armiti,  why  confidered  by  epic 
poets  as  efTential,  iii.  75. 

Caylut  (Count  de),  his  DinVrtation  on  Paint- 
ing  compared  with  that  of  Mr.  de  la 
Naure,  ii.  26s.     His  Memoirs  on' 
Sculpture,  iM.    On  the  Maufoleum, 
ibid. 

Caxton  obliged  to  comply  with  the  bad  tafte  of 
the  times  in  the  boolo  he  printed,  iii. 

'Ctllariui  compared  with  Emmius,  ii.  334. 
Cbaix  (Ml.  Ic),  his  Letters  on  Jubilees,  iii. 
£0,  53. 

Clapeile  (.Mr.),  his  Ncccflity  of  Public  Wor- 
fliip,  iii.  2^ 

Cbarlti  (the  Eigiuh),  critical  remarks  on  his 
title  to  the  Cirpwn  of  N'aplej,  ii.  246.* 
His  invcftiturc  depended  on  the  juftice 
of  Frederick*!  difpofition,  2  ;6. 

Cttfr /rvour's  Hi ftory  of  France,  iii.  sJL 

Chaitfefi4*t 


Indtx  to  tht  Second  and  Third  Folumes^ 


ddufefte^i  Di£lionary,  iii.  49. 

Chtlfum  (Dr.)  contrafted  with  Mr.  Davis,  iii. 
^6$.  With  Dr.  Watfon,  ^66,  Hn 
opinion  rrfpeding  the  military  ferrice 
of  the  firii  Chriftiant  examined,  q6<. 
Siis  opinion  of  the  condufl  of  Mar- 
CpUui  the  Ccntunon  exaiiinrd,  ^72. 
iiU  rematks  on  Eufc blue's  Ecclciiallical 
Hiftory  confidcred,  376.  Hit  opinion 
of  £tt£ebius*s  moral  chara^er  ecamined* 

Cbri/iianit/f  hi  (lory  of,  in  the  firft  three  ceo- 
turies,  very  imperfe^,  iii.  359. 

Chriflinat  Memoirs  of,  iii.  The  en- 

cnurag'  mrnt  (ke  gave  to,  and  advance 
(be  made  in,  literature,  iii.  ai y 

Cictro  dt  Oratore,  ii.  tZ^.  His  mode  of 
travelling  firom  Rome  toCilicia  minutely 
examined,  iii.  94. 

Clmcnst  obfcrvations  on  his  Epidlet  regard- 
ing Bifhops,  iii.  335. 

Clerc  (Mr.  le),  his  Bibiiothcque  Univerfellt.*, 
Vol.  •!.  ii.  296.  11.  297.  III.  30i. 
Ctimpared  with  Ba^lc,  302.  His  Dif- 
fcrtjtion  on  the  Greek  Middk  Verb  exa- 
mined, and  compared  vMth  Kafter's 
313.   Quotatign  from ,  re£^i fied,  iii.  330. 

Clogber  (Biihop  ot),  liis  Eilay  on  Spirit,  iii.  53. 

Chi  (Mr.  dn),  his  Can(idt- rations  00  Moralr, 
iii.  54.  His  Hiftory  of  Lewis  XI.  iii.  aS, 

Cluvirii  Antiqua  Italia  examined,  ii.  409. 

419'  435*  437-  439'  456-  478.  488. 
His  Remarks  on  the  Paifa^'cs  of  the 
Alps  confidered,  421.  His  i'entimcnts 
idfpefting  the  origin  of  Rome  exa> 
mtnedy  46a.  His  general  chara£ter, 
iii.  3.  2i 

CtmrntrcCf  ftate  of,  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
iii.  39. 

Cettcct  J,  nccount  of  a  temple  to,  ii*  374. 

Ccndamtr.e'i  Travels  in  iMiy,  iii.  5^  6x. 

CondiUaCf  his  Treatife  on  Syrtems,  iii.  46. 

4^ttji^%  Dialjgacs,  ii.  4^3. 

Coursjer't  Offence,  tec  ii.  460. 

Cragiut*%  Hirtory  oi  Drnmark,  ii.  4a 3> 

Critacifmt  reflexions  xipon,  iii.  224.  Its  ma- 
teiials  and  its  employmertt,  aa^.  Far- 
ther reflexions, 

Crujjdttt  the  firfl  in  the  eleventh  century » 
iii.  374.  The  advantages  derived  from 
it,  ibid.  The  fecond  crufade,  account 
o'^j  377-  Crufadtfs  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  account  of,  383. 

CnmbtrUnd'i  Treatit'e,  trantiate4  by  Barbey- 
rac,  iii.  x. 

Cufer**  Letters,  ii.  469. 


D. 

Datin\  H'ftory  of  Sweden,  iii.  38.  47, 
DoBid  (Fathcr}|  a  fcotimeat  of  hisj  ii.  x£jl. 


David  (K,ing),  kiftory  of,  il.  407^  Hit 
curfes,  difliertJCiGH  on,  iii.  ll. 

Daxtit  fMr.),  .mfwers  to  h'ls  objtftions  to  the 
X  Vth.  and  XVlch  Chapters  of  the  De- 
cline and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
iii.  313.  Reafons  for  the  Anf^er,  31  s> 
His  notice  of  errors  of  ttte  prefs,  320. 
His  charge  of  milrcprefe.ntation  ac- 
counted for  by  the  difi'  rent  editions 
confulted*  311.  His  mention  of  the 
Jtwi/h  hiftory,  ihiti.  His  charge  of 
plagiarifm  examined,  39^. 

Dedicatienff  account  of,  iii.  203.  Oni  from 
the  Author  to  his  Father,  ibid» 

DrUny^i  Sermons,  iii.  11. 

L>ejlarsdeif  h'w  Hiftory  of  Phil  )fophy«  iii. 
376.  His  EfTay  on  Che  Marine  «f  the 
Ancienu,  iu.  4^ 

Dion  (Caflius),  edittd  by  Reimar,  iii.  5^ 
References  to,  fuppocted,  iii.  34't« 

Dittani  Demonllration,  &c.  ii.  441. 

D^dxveil^  chara£ker  of,  ii.  27^. 

Duibeftitf  his  publicacion  of  l*tt  Htjiarieni  dtt 
Gaulti  tt  dt  itt  F raactf  iii.  474* 


Lte,  his  poem  on  the  Troubles  of  Sicily^ 
iii.  252. 

EccarJf  account  of  Im  Guelphicc  Origines^ 
iii.  402. 

EutltK  (the  Firft),  charafter  of,  iii.  441. 
— — —  (the  Second),  account  of,  ibidt 
— —  (the  Third),  his  charafter,  iii.  443. 
Edmcndi\  Negociations,  iii.  47. 
Egide  (Mr.),  his  account  of  a  million  into 

Greenland,  ii.  478. 
EUuJiSt  the  muft  illuftrious  of  fhe  religious 

focieties  of  the  ancients,  iii. 
EUis'i  Voyage  to  Hadfon'i  Bay,  ii.  42. 
EmmiuSf  his   Geographical  Defcription  of 

Greece,  ii.  334.    Compared  with  CeU 

larius,  iW. 
England,  flate  of,  in  the  ninth  century,  iii. 

166.    In  the  tenth,  160.    In  the  ele- 
venth, 1 21;    In  $he  twelfth,  174.  lo 

the  ihirteendi,  <So.  In  the  fourteenth, 

18  s.    In  the  fifteenth,  192. 
Epbtmcriif  his  fyllem,  in.  246.    Did  not 

prevail  till  the  time  of  the  emperors, 

Erajmitij  his  Life,  by  Burigny,  examined, 
ii.  304.  His  Ciceronianus,  306.  His 
Colloquia,  310.  The  encou)r,igement 
he  gave  tr>  liteiataTc,  iii.  ai2. 

Efitf  family  of,  their  cjnncdlion  with  the 
JVIarquitl'es  of  Tufcany  examined,  in. 
414.  428.  4 ^^6.  43^!.  The  decline  of 
the  faa  ay,  440.  The  caflle  of  Eftc 
taken,  444.  Account  of  their  mar- 
riages, 453.     The  extinction  of  the 


d  by  Google 


IndBX  io  the  Second 

legitimate  race,  4^7.  The  power  ©f 
their  princes,  4.61.    Their  charaftersy 

EJiraJe  (Count  of),  his  Letters,  ii.  469*  479. 

Eujtbmtt  paflTagc  from,  rcfpcfting  the  pfr- 
fccution  in  Egypt,  iii.  33$.  PaiTjige 
refpcding  Maxentius,  Account 
of  the  Chronicle  attributed  to  him  and 
Jerom,  r^^t.  His  Ecciffi.ift:cfll  Hif- 
tory  confidcrcdf,  376>  His  moral  cha- 
ncer eximincd,  384. 


r. 

Fair'uins,  on  the  Thetlx)gy  of  Water,  ii.  41%. 
FaUenierif  his  Diflcrtatiun  on  the  Pyramid  of 

Cedius,  ii.  40'^. 
Fajbiottf  the  influence  of,  upon  particular 

fciences,  at  particular  periods,  iii.  zii^ 
Fal'tmite  Caltfbf  dynafty  of,  in  the  tenth 

century,  iii.  170* 
FerdiMtul,  dcfcended  from  the  Houfe  of 

Arragon,  ii.  147.     Legitimated  by  a 

folcmn  ad,   24%,     The  fentence  of 

Innocent  IV.,  regarding  him,  irregu- 

lar,  254. 

Ftrraraf  diftinguiftied  by  the  birth  of  Ari. 

ofto  and  Talfo,  iii.  jg;.    Surrender  of, 

by  Don  C«(ar,  to  the  Pope,  356. 
rUufy  (Abbe),  his  Work  on  the  Method  of 

Study,  iii,  35, 
Fdard  compared  with  Guichardt,   ii.  93. 

Hjs  trinilation  of  Polybius,  94. 
Fofitemel/e,  hit  Comedies  examioed,  ti. 

Charafter  of  his  Works,  95. 
Fofier's  Sermons,  ii.  349.  38a. 
FcurmoHtf  his  Reflexions  Critiques  examined^ 

ii.  343.    His  Chinefe  Grammar,  479. 
Frederic  (the  Second),  lawful  King  of  Naples, 

ii.  447. 

French  Emtire,  ruin  of,  in  the  ninth  centxtryr 

iii.  iIAm  Sute  of,  in  the  tenth  cen> 
tury,  169.  In  the  twelfth,  176.  In 
the  thirteenth,  i8i.  In  the  fourteentby 

In  the  fifteenth,  19;. 
trerer,  his  DifTertation  on  the  Marble  of 
Faroe,  ii.  1^  His  DifTertation  on  the 
Deluges  of  Ogyges  and  Deucalion, 
Quotation  from,  regarding  foiidncfs  for 
Iftlems,  iii.  211.  note.  Regarding  the 
fccret  of  the  MyfterieSj  •^6a.  note. 


Ctie,  Ut  Colieaion  of  MonkifK  Hiaorians, 
iii.  17^. 

Ge^aveTf  Ym  Life  of  Richard  of  Cornwall^ 
Empcior  of  Germany,  iii*  5. 


anJ  TbirJ  Volumit. 

CeJeynp  his  didertations  compared  with  lho£e 
of  Mr.  de  la  B^e,  ii.  30^. 

Gertdre  (Mr.  Ic),  his  Antiquities  of  the 
French  Nation,  119. 

Cermanti  their  (ituation  in  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, iii.  173.  In  the  eleventh,  171. 
In  the  twelfth,  17^  In  the  thirteenth, 
L&o.  In  the  fourteenth,  1S5.  In  the 
'  fifteenth,  193. 

Giaconiutf  on  the  Columns  R(^rta  cf  Dui' 
/ofi,  considered,  ii.  403. 

Cianmmi's  Hiftory  of  Naples,  469, 

Chne/irtj  his  Travels  into  Siberia,  ui.  jo. 

GerJcni  Political  Dilxourfts,  219. 

C»ri's  Symbolae  Florentinx,  iii.  ^ 

Coujeti  his  Bibliotheque  Fran^oife,  iii.  ii« 

Cr^rn/i't  Thfjuurutf  Vol.  IV.  ii.  396. 

Grainger\  f  ravels  into  Egypt,  iii.  29. 

Cravina,  a  MSS.  Dei  Governo  Civile  Ji 
Romm  examined,  iii.  164. 

Grctiuif  his  charader  contrafted  with  that  of 
Salmafius,  li.  241. 

Guaxji,fji\  Letter  to  Cochi,  on  the  Cifalpine 
Gallic  War,  critically  examined,  iii. 

Cuelf*h,  the  root  of  the  German  and  of  the 
Hririni  line  of  the  family  of  £fte^ 
iii.  4^6. 

Gmelpbs  and  GbiteUins,  fome  account  of,  iii. 
180.  441 . 

Guichardtf  his  Memoires  Militarea  for  le 

Grecs,  ice.  ii.  9a. 
Guide  (Marquis  of  Tufcany),  KCount  of, 

iii.  411. 

Guignerf  his  Memoir  on  the  Df  ftrudion  of 
the  Greek  Monarchy  in  Badriana,  ii. 
265. 


HaHer*%  Catalogue  of  Plants  in  Switaerland, 
iii.  2^    His  Poems  trandated,  30. 

Haliey  (Dr.),  his  Abfhaa  of  DodweU'a 
booic,  De  CycVu,  cxamioed,  ii.  3x3. 

Hardien,  bis  Difliertatlon  on  the  Oracle  at 
Delphi,  ii.  301. 

Harden  in' %  Commentary  on  the  New  TeAa* 
mcnt,  ii.  461. 

Harltidn  Mijcel/anyf  iii.  iSL  43. 

Hnrrii'%  three  Treatifcs  examined,  iii.  IO± 

Havercamp^i  Colledion  regarding  the  Pro- 
nunciation of  the  Greek,  iii.  436. 

Hearne,  his  chancer  aa  an  editor,  iii.  473. 

JHetneccht,  his  Hiftory  of  the  German  Law^ 
ii.  141. 

Hefiod^  edited  by  Robinfon,  ii.  376. 
Utjiirian,   the  fources  of  his  informatioa 

pointed  out,  iii.  3^7,  and  the  afe  he 

makes  pf  thcai|  i^ult 

ffifiiry. 


Intiex  to  the  Second  and  Third  Volumtl 


Mi/lory,  fubj^^s  fit  f*,  ii.  a6i.  The  Uni- 
verlal  HitVory»  ii,  465.  467.  477.  iii. 
6.  Is  the  knowledge  of  caui'es  and 
eft'e<£t5,  iii.  g^Q.  Rules  fur  the  choice 
of  fads,  Hid.  Slight  circunnflances 
frequently  of  importance,  240. 

UtmeTf  enquiry  into  his  life  and  writings,  ii. 
291.  The  night  adventure  in  the  Iliad 
compared  with  the  Nifus  and  Euryalas 
of  Virgil,  292.  Coniinuatlon  of  the 
Iliad,  194.  AchiUci's  ihicld  compared 
with  the  defcription  of  the  ihielJ  in 
Virgil,  296.  Examination  of  the  games 
celebrated  at  the  funrral  of  Pa'ruclus, 
30^.  The  a4th  Iliad  con&dcrtd,  306. 
Reafons  for  reading  Homer  be  fore  any 
other  Crecic  writer,  ibiJ.  His  Life,  in 
Greek,  publifhrd  by  Gale,  examined, 
307.    His  Odyirey,  la. 

Horace  cnmpaied  with  Juvetiil,  as  a  fatiriil, 

ii.  112^  The  Fifth  Satire  of  the  Firft 
Book,  iii.  xi<  The  fjmc,  minutely 
exj.-nined,  Firll  Irvcn  EpiAirsof 
the  Firft  Book,  65.  Explanarion  f>f  the 
35th  Ode  of  the  Firit  Book,  by  Mr. 
Addifon,  112.  A  p&lfage  in  the  Art 
of  Poetry  examined,  izq, 

Howard f  his  edition  of  Florence  of  Wor- 
cefter,  iii.  471- 

Haght  or  Hugo  (Count  of  Prorcnce),  ac- 
count of,  651. 

Hmgo  (Marquis  of  Tufcany),  character  of, 

iii.  41 V 

Hurd  (Dr.),  his  Commentary  on  Horace's 
Art  of  Poetry,  ii.  zM.  Elimination 
of  267.  Hi«  charaflrrs  of  Iphigcnia 
and  Ele^ra  confidered,  270.  H»s  Rules 
for  Epic  Poetry,  ibid.  His  f^..uments 
^  upon  the  Ancient  Chorus  examined, 
27^»  His  accnunt  of  ihr  Satires,  &c. 
277.  His  Notes  on  the  Epiftle  to  Au- 
gMllus,  279.  His  Diicourfe  on  the 
Provinces  ,of  the  Drama,  ibid.  His 
Difcfturfe  on  Poetical  Imitation,  aS^. 

Hjfocintl/  (Saim),  philofophlcal  rcfearche» 
byp  Xt.  I. 


1. 

JgaatiuSi  account  of,  given  by  Mr.  Gibbon, 

jufbfied,  iii.  34  s« 
luiiji  ftate  of,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  iii. 

L&Qm    in  the  fourteenth,  185.    In  the 

fifteenrh,  19Z.  199. 
Jt'mtrarui  ^ana,  edited  by  Wefleling,  ii. 

339- 

Jewif  account  of,  in  anfwer  to  Mr.  Davis, 
iii.  ^21. 

^ortir  (Dr.),  quoation  from  his  Six'.l)  Dlf- 
(tmtiuap  iii.  s68> 


yournal  det  Sarans,  iii.  21* 

yuJtan,  Life  of,  by  Bleterie,  ii.  344.  • 

Jufiin  (Martyr),  paiTage  from,  examinad  and 

juftifi^d)  iii.  319. 
Juvenalf  his  third  Satire  examined,  ii.  337; 

His  fourth,  %\%.    His  fifth,  3-^9.  Hi* 

fixth,  ibidf  and  341.    His  levcntb,  343. 

His  eighth,  344     His  ninth  and  tenth, 

347.    His  eieventl>  and  twelfth,  349. 

His  thirteenth  and   fourteenth,  3<;z« 

His  fifteenth  and  fixteenth,  3^5,  3^6. 

Compared   with   Horace,   339.  350. 

With  Hoilcau,  350.    General  obfcnra* 

tions  upoo,  35S. 


KrKi^^i  Appeal  to  the  Public,  iii.  S4» 
Kerj'tboorn'i  Treatife  on  the  lohabiunti  of 

Hollaad,  &c.  ii,  469. 
Ktyjler\  Travels,  iii.  64. 
KUin\  Hiftory  of  Filkcs,  ii.  469- 


L. 

Laffantiust  quotation  from,  iii.  2<;r. 
Lambert  (Marquis  of  Tufcany),  account  of, 
iii.  413. 

LamVi  Learning  of  the  ApofUes,  ii.  384. 
Langebekt  his  edition  of  the  Snipttret  H/- 

rum  Danirarunif  iii.  47^. 
Langer^  Letter  to  him,  on  -the  fubjc^t  of  th\ 

Memoirs  of  the  Hjufc  of  Brunfwrick, 

iii.  394. 

L^ibytitXf  his  chandler  and  purfuits,  iii.  40Q» 

Leftier's  Theology  of  Infcfts,  ii.  479. 
Letters  on  RnuiTeau  ai^  Saurin,  ii.  42^, 
Lnwii  (the  Ninth),  chara£>er  of,  iii.  371. 
Libarius'i  Lt  ticrs,  by  Wclf,  ii.  407. 
Lhtnaus's  Travels  into  Wcftcrn  Gothland, 
iii.  30. 

Literature,  the  ftate  of,  in  the  fourteenth 
century,  iii.  150.   The  encouragement 
it  mrt  with  at  diftVrent  periods, 
Irs  decline,  213.    To  what  owing,  ibiJ, 
Great  men  attached  to  it,  214. 

Liutf^rand  (Bi(hop  of  Cremona),  fomc  ac- 
count of  his  Hiilory,  iii.  41  y 

Livy  arid  Potybius  compared,  as  to  Hanni-. 
bal's  p.ijTag(r  over  the  Alps,  ii.  4i7« 
Parallel  between,  and  T.icitus,  424. 

Ljnginuiy  his  T/eatile  on  the  Sublime,  iri 
the  cdiuon  of  ToiUu>,  confidered,  ii. 
3  12.  tt  Jeq, 

L'.-nth  (BiiTiop),  hi»  Tranflation  of  IfaiaJi 
iTf.M.ji  '-ii  '.vUii  ^>uirr;  iii.  323* 


Index  to  the  Second  and  ^hird  Volumn, 


Lueea,  dercription  of,  iii.  ^toS. 
Luciati,  edited  by  Hemllerhui>  and  Gefnery 
ii.  zi8» 

Lucretia,  her  chara£ler,  iii.  3^1. 
Lyjias,  edited  by  Tayltwr,  ii.  42 


Afal/y,  his  Obfervatlons  fur  les  Grecs,  il. 

332.    Hit  Parallel  between  the  French 

and  the  Romans,  461. 
Machiavelf  a  republican}  ii.  46 1« 
MacUunni  account  of  Newton's  Difcove- 

riei,  iii.  4^. 
Mahmud  of  GcjHat  the  firft  prince  who  af- 

fumed  the  title  of  Sultan,  iii.  172. 
Mairait,  his  Trea'.ifc  on  Ice,  iii.  47. 
M^llttf  his  Porm  of  A  mintor  and  Theodora, 

iii.  ^^^ClntroduAion  to  the  Hidory  of 

D'nm.iric  examined,  67. 
Marulius  (the  Ctrncuriuo),  his  conduct  con- 

fidered,  iii.  571. 
Marcbh/if  or  L'Hmff  au  Mjf<jye  de  Fer, 

conje£lurc$  rffprfting,  iii.  289. 
Mariutf  his  fiulng  on  the  ruin^  of  Carthage, 

ii.  Z69. 

Marosiiat  her  conduA  deC:ribed,  iii.  416. 
Afar^ttiSf  or  Margrave,  origin  of  the  title, 

iii.  410. 

hfarriage^  the  neccflity  of  its  inftitutton  la 

civilised  countries,  ii.  247* 
Marp>aiiC%  Canon  Chronicus,  ii.  307.  Th* 

grounds  of  his  deference  for  the  Parian 

Marble  difputed,  ■^08. 
Marti' s  Lrttcrs,  Ii.  '^84. 
Manyn%  Tranflation  of  Virgil's  Gcorgics, 

iii.  iS^ 

Msjfieu,  his  Hiftory  of  French  Poetry,  ii. 

Maty  (Dr.),  hli  Letter  to  Mr.  Gibbon,  upon 

hh  Ejptt  fur  I'Etudc,  fee.  Sii.  1  o^. 
Mauptrtuu,  his  £ir.iy  oa  Moral  Phibfophy, 

iii.  46.    Hii  Works,  U. 
Medals,  antient,  refle£tioni  on,  iii.  108. 
Media,  family  of,  the  encouragement  they 

gave  to  literature,  iii.  iisia 
Metric  (Mr.  de  h),  his  Penelope's  Web,  iii. 

40.    His  Happy  Life,  43. 
Mexcrlae^n  Ovid,  ii.  29a. 
Riiddletsn  (Dr.),  his  Treaiife  on  the  Roman 

Sen.ite,  iii.  38.    His  Free  Enquiry  into 

the  Miracle;:,  5cc.  4^   CoatuAed  with 

Baronius,  256. 
Moine  (Mr.  le),  his  Treaiife  on  Miracles 

cenfured,  iii.  40* 
Montague  (Lady  Mary),  her  Letters,  iii.  30. 
lil.rjfjucon,  h'S  Library  cf  MSS.  ii.  ^g6. 

His  .Antlt^uities,  iii.  2i 
4f.';/^3«  (Abbe  dp),  his  Memoir:,  i  i,  11. 


Mi^rtiri  Treafury  of  I#Jpcrial  Me<!a!s,  iU.  54, 

Mtifheim,  his  Syntagma  DiirrrtiQonun,  ii. 
34O.  Mentioned  with  praife,  iii.  247. 
Charge  of  misquoting  him  refifted,  24 i?. 

Mottevil/e  (Madan\e  de),  her  Memoirs  of 
Anne  of  Auftria  charaAerizfd,  ii.  304. 

Muratcri,  his  DiiTertation  on  the  Bratcn 
Table  found  near  Velleia,  iii.  fifit  Cha- 
ncer of,  and  account  of  hia  produc> 
tions,  412.  474. 


Kardini,  hit  account  of  Rome  examined, 
ii.  362.  i6<.  \7t.  376.  380.  Exa- 
mination of  the  meaning  he  attributes  t^ 
the  w.irds  i/fu/a  a.id  dtmiu,  367.  lu 
general  charader,  378.  Account  ot' 
the  Circus  examined,  386.  His  ac- 
count  of  the  Tiber  con&dered,  3^1. 
Conclufion  of  the  Work,  395. 

NauKe  (M.  de  la),  his  Dillcrtadoa  on  the 
Roman  Cilendar,  ii.  26  s.  His  Diflcr- 
Catioa  upon  Pliny's  Book  on  Painting, 
ibid.  Compared  wjth  Count  C^ylui, 
iiiJ,  His  Remarks  on  Ancient  Geo- 
graphy, iii.  23. 

Navarre  (King  of),  Porms  by,  ii.  469. 

Nettujion,  account  of  hiii  coudcmnatioa,  iii. 

Normans,  their  charadier,  in  the  elcrentb 
century,  >ii.  173. 


O. 

Olivier,  a  Poem,  chara£terized«  ii.  470, 

Orofiui,  edited  by  Havercamp,  ii*  396. 

Or f beys,  his  Hymn  to  Mufaeuc,  opinions  re- 

fpcding,  iii  263. 
Otlert  (the  Kirfl),  account  of,  iii.  4i8« 

■  (the  Second),  account  of,  iii.  424. 
Otbo  (the  Great),  his  condud,  confidere^f 

iii.  419. 

Otter's  Travels  in  Turkey,  iii.  4J. 

Outbiir,  his  Voyage  to  the  North,  iii.  11. 

Ovid,  his  Fafti  examined,  iii.  25.  32^  A 
minute  account  of  its  merits  and  Af(t^% 
given,  102.  The  Dauphin  edition 
cenfured,  2J.  The  anachroni/ms  of 
Ovid  difgulSng,  230. 


P. 

Paganifm,  fyftem  of,  ill.  a4t»  Their  •fa- 
ciei no:  Icfs  ancient  and  venerable  than 
their  mylUrics,  261.     Their  oraclct 

confult«d 


InJtx  to  the  Second  and  nird  Volumes, 


confulted  upon  all  nccafions,  i^i</.  Exa- 
minuiion  of  thcii  myftcri'  ?,  2_6l 

pMcflint^  rneafure  and  f  xtent  of,  iii. 

^atio  (Fra),  a  quotation  fromi  fupporced, 
iii.  3^0. 

^arktr  (Atthbiihop),  his  character,  iii.  472* 
An  account  of  the  books  he  publiihed, 

Peterjhurgh,  Memoirs  of  the  Acadcmyy  iii. 
49- 

Pbi/Of  by  Man^ey,  iii.  1. 

Pbuejo^hy,  of  a  gcniui  for,  lit.  236.  What 
It  is  not,  ibid.  What  it  is,  iiiJ.  Of 
the  aiS dance' it  receives  from  literature, 
237. 

Phjjfici,  the  advantages  of  thf  ancients  over 
the  moderns,  in  the  dudy  and  cultiva- 
tion of,  iii.  233. 

PUkingtm  (Mr.  John),  his  charafler,  iii. 
47^'  Recommended  as  a  proper  porfon 
to  edice  the  Scriptortt  Rerum  Anglica- 
rum^  477. 

Piren^s  Comedy  Mctromanle  examined,  iii. 
58. 

,P/tKy  (the  younger),  his  advice  rcfpefling 
reading,  ii.  14^.  His  fipillles  edited 
by  Oortms,  341.  Reference  to,  344. 
The  date  of  his  confuKhip  examined, 
354. 

Pluche  (Abhe),  his  Hiftory  of  the  Heavens 
conlidcred,  ii.  406. 

Pocock'i  Defcription  of  the  Eaft,  ii.  27. 

Poetry^  its  province  a^id  fources,  iii.  21c. 
The  manners  of  the  ancients  more  fa- 
vourablc  thin  thofe  of  the  modems  to 
its  cultivation,  216.  The  means  of 
perceiving  its  beauties,  218.  Whe- 
ther it  fliould  confine  itfdf  to  the  truth 
of  hiftory,  229.  231. 

PoijbiuSf  his  chara^lcr,  iii.  419.  Com- 
pared with  Livy,  in  his  account  of  Han- 
nibal's march  over  the  Alps,  424. 

Pmtoppid^n^^  Gefta  Danorum,  219. 

Fi/>es,  their  llruggles  with  the  princes  of 
Germany,  in  the  eleventh  century,  iii. 
173"  In  the  twelfth,  175.  Their 
power,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  179. 
Their  removal  to  Avignon,  and  confc- 
quenccs  of  it,  184.  Their  condud  in 
Uie  fifteenth  century,  192. 

Port  Royal  Creek  Grammar  confidered,  ill. 

Porter  ( Archbifliop),  his  Grecian  Antiqui- 
vvs.  iii.  joj.  334. 

PouUijf  (Mr.  dc),  his  Theory  of  agreeable 
Sentiments,  iii.  ^  Hts  opinion  re- 
fpefiing  the  firfttovc  ages  of  Rome, 

Prmr^^fval^i  Monopamv,  iii.  50. 
Prn!ei\  Hi(iory  of  Wtiiiam  the  Conqu-ror, 
ii.  468. 


Princes t  their  power  of  difpofing  of  their 

kingdoms  confidercd,  ii.  257. 
PrudiKtiuSf  quotation  from,  iii.  332* 


SluinfUliaitf  edited  by  Gefoer,  ii.  417. 
^ofariontt  Mr.  Gtbbon's  mode  of  making 

thf-m,  as  rcprcfcnted  by  Mr.  Davisj 

iif.  226. 


Raleigh  (Sir  Walter),  remarks  on  his  death. 
It.  249,  note. 

Randolph  (Dr  ),  contrafted  with  Mr.  Davis, 
iii.  365.    With  Dr.  Waifon,  366. 

Raynalj  his  Hiftory  of  the  Office  of  Stad- 
tholder,  ill.  44. 

Readings  the  mode  of  doing  it  with  advan- 
tage, ii.  241. 

Reaumury  his  Natural  HifVory  of  Bees,  iii. 
m»    His  Art  of  hatching  Eggs,  46. 

RtHgierif  determined  by  the  majority  of  a 
community,  iii.  253.  The  difficulty 
of  arriving  at  the  knowledge  of  it,  243. 
Rcafon  hut  of  little  ufe  in  the  enquiry, 
24;.  The  Greek  of  Egyptian  origin, 
ihid*  The  Egyptian  allegorical^  Htid, 
Of  the  worihip  of  heroes,  246.  The 
opinions  of  favages  upon  the  fubjefl 
confufcd,  248.  The  generation  and 
hierarchy  of  the  godi,"  250.  The  gods 
of  human  life,  z^t.  The  fyftems  of 
liberty  and  neccflity,  ibid.  The  latter 
adopted  by  the  ancients,  ibid.  Union 
of  the  two  fpecies  of  divinities,  2^2. 
Were  fubjed  to  human  paiTions,  ibid. 
Had  their  partialitief,  ibtJ.  And  their 
contefts,  253.  AlTumcd  the  human 
form,  254.  And  were  fubjeft  to  bodily 
pains  and  pleaiures,  ibid. 

Rcre'iy  her  charafter,  iii.  452. 

Richard  (fhf  Firft;  of  England),  confidcrcd 
a?  a  ftibjeft  for  hiftory,  ii.  264. 

fiif^r,  his  voyi^  to  Peru,  ii.  4^  His 
Parallel  of  the  Arundclian  Marbles,  fee. 
48.  His  Mofes  defended  againft  Ap- 
pian,  H;s  Dinfcrtation  on  U/hcr's 

Chronology,  ^ 

R'lnafd-)  (the  Firft),  acciunt  of,  iii.  466. 

Roman  roads  and  highways  confidered,  iii. 
75.  The  marchc's  of  their  armies  r.>.t. 
ticed,  101.  Their  tritimpb?  minutely 
examined,  iii.  123.  The  right  of  tii- 
urnph  confidered,  124.  And  th<!  au- 
Uioritv  by  which  it  Wis  cont;:rfed,  iOid. 

'I' he 


Judex  t9  the  Secend  and  Third  VoiumiU 


The  perfon«  on  whoiPy  117.  The  rea- 
sons for  which  it  was  granted,  i-^i. 
The  gate  through  which  xhty  paHrd) 
146.  The  triumphal  ilie ws  and  cere- 
moniesy  159. 

RomarsSf  their  condufl  to  Petfeus  and  Ju- 
gurtha  contrtfted,  lii.  Lfii^  The  rca. 
fons  for  the  diflVrence,  ihid.  Contro- 
verfy  regarding  the  firft  five  centuries  of 
Rome)  examined,  zi6.  Reflexions 
on  thai  contrcvf rfy,  ia8. 

Jtutilius  Numartiat:ui.j  his  Poem  mlnurely 
cxamincdf  iii.  14. 


Sah'.rf  ut^  his  character  contxafted  with  that 

of  Grorius,  i.  Z4t » 
Saurin's  pleading  againll  RonflTeau,  iii.  1. 
Sav'tUt  (Sir  Henry),  his  editions  of  Scri^-' 

t9re$  ffcfi  BeiiaWf  iii.  47^. 
Sawrnin  (Mr.  de)»  his  Sentimtm  d'un  Jhtnme 

tte  Cttcrret  ii.  295. 
Searroii'%  Works,  iit.  SS* 
^cbcd'iutt  De  Diis  Germanis,  ii.  44T. 
S'-buUenSy  the  EIog<*  of,  iii.  47* 
iSdenctSf  their  connexion  with  one  annthrr 

pointed  out,  iii.  t^a.    Kot  indebted  to 

iuxry  for  their  cxiflence,  256. 
SeflatU  y  his  Satires,  ii.  ^^96. 
Seiz  (Mr.),  bis  Jubilee  of  Printing,  ii.  4-^6. 
Silius  JtaRctiSy  his  Catalogue  examined,  ii.  £1^ 
Spain,  ftate  of,  in  the  tenth  century,  iii. 

J 70.    In  the  eleventh,  174.    In  the 

twelfth,  176.    Ir  the  thirteenth,  182. 

In  the  fourteenth,  1S8.    In  the  fif- 
.   tccnth,  197. 
Spanhcim,  De  Praeftantia  ft  Ufn  Numifma- 

lura,  examined,   ii.  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

Srelfhing'i  Defence  of  ChriAiaiuty,  iii.  50. 
i>traho  examined,  1^ 
iiyetoniu$t  edited  by  Oudendorp,  iii.  42- 
Sui/'ifiuf  Sn'tf  us,  tranflation  of  a  palVage  of, 

jiiflified,  iii. 
Su.yttia,  her  Satire  examined,  ii.  %6o. 
iS'U'iiTtrlard,  the  eftablifhmcnt  of  its  go- 

vernmrnt,  in  the  fourteenth  century, 

iii. 


T, 

TAcitrit^  parillel  between,  and  Livy,  ii.  241. 
Td'tdr  Conquerors,  fon>p  account  of,  in  the 

thirteenth  century,  iii.  17s. 
7aylcr%  Diflertation,  ii.  469. 


Telmaehut,  charader  of,  ui.  s6S.  Com- 
pared  with  Sethos,  27.1,  note. 

7errafon,  his  Sftbos  charadterized,  ii.  ^%S* 
Cornp^u^d  with  Tcienuchus,  iit.  874* 
not€, 

Terty/lianf  quotation  from,  iii.  330,  and  the 
name  of  the  Treanfe  remitted,  ilnd. 
Account  of,  and  reafen  for,  <^aotiag 
his  writings,  331. 

Theh^an  legion,  diflcrtidon  on  the  martyr- 
dom of,  iii.  26. 

Thomas,  his  Eioge  on  the  Duke  of  Sully, 
iii.  41. 

Tiheriut,  his  age  the  moft  Vicious  of  anti- 
quity, iii.  240. 

Tiit'fntoat,  his  Hijicirt  Jet  Bmpertmn^  tl.  32a. 
His  coritpilatk>D&  menuoned  wltij  prxifc, 
iii.  3  5S. 

Timur,  or  Tamer lare,  account  of,  iii.  189. 
191. 

Tell'tui,  his  edition  of  Longinus,  ii.  314. 
Gujlui  AnimadvcrJiiKum  Cr'stlcarum,  ii. 

.  ... 
TrMtiquthur^  mifTion'  to,  ii;.  2. 

Tremlley  {Mr.),  hit  RefcaKhcs  on  the  Po* 

Ivpus,  iii.  6. 
Turks,  their  conqueAs  in  the  A>urteentb  cen- 

tury>  iii.  1 89.    Their  condo^  to  the 

fifteenth,  191. 
Turret u:  jilpbcnjo,  hisEloge  by  Vernet,  ii.  376. 


V. 

VailUnt,  his  book  on  Medals,  IK.  89. 
f^dleis,  his  Diflertation  on  the  Amphi^onc, 

ii.  30a. 
Ve^etius^i  inflitutions,  iii  6. 
ytnice,  the  league  of  Cambray  againft,  iii. 

4*8. 

Venuu'%  Difcoveries  at  Herculaneum,  iii.  5*. 

fernet,  his  Eloge  on  Alpbonlb  Tunetin,  ii. 
376.  His  Letters  on  the  Pronoun 
Thou,  iii.  ^4. 

Vertct\  Sentiments  on  Oie  Social  War,  conv- 
batrd,  ii.  444. 

yifuvius,  HilK>ry  of,  by  the  Acatfemy  of 
Naples,  ii.  468. 

yianVs  account  c>t  Mczzaharba's  vojage  to 
China,  ii.  4i7» 

yirg^Uf  his  itneid  examined  by  Dr.  Hurd, 
ii.  a74.  His  ftory  of  Nifus  and  F.ury- 
alus  compared  with  the  night  advci:ure 
in  the  Iliad,  291.  'J  he  defcriptioo  of 
the  fhield  compared  ^ich  that  in  the 
Iliad,  298.  His  tomb,  different  opi- 
nions concerning,  A'jh.  His  Ccorgics 
trandited  by  Mortyn,  iii.  2&  Hit 
Works  editfd  by  Heinfius  and  Buiiran, 
30.    Kis  Catalogue  praifeii,  jb^ 

ftory 


Index  to  the  Second  and  Third  Volumes, 


itttry  of  Merentlus  txnmined,  2t 
^fcrlption  of  the  Temple  of  Janus, 
155.  The  ncccflity  of  being  «cqu4intcd 
with  the  ftatc  of  Rome,  its  infancy, 
md  its  fpleiuiour,  to  undt- riband  his 
Veautirs,  zjq.  His  addrcfs  in  th^ con- 
duct of  the  iEneid,  220.  Hi*  Gcor- 
(ics,  aUt  The  purpofe  for  which  they 
were  written,  ihui*  His  anachronif  tis 
compenfated  by  his  bei^utjps,  230.  The 
tnft^ce  of  Me«cntius  flain  by  Afca- 
fliiis,  ib}d»  The  Epifode  of  Dido  exa- 
mined and  juftifitfd,  The  inter- 
pretition  of  the  6th  i^neid  by  Bifliop 
Warburton,  examinrd  and  cenfured, 
159.  An  account  of  that  interpreta- 
tion, rfiOi  The  naturr  and  plan  of  the 
i^neid  confidcred,  163.  The  cha- 
ra£^er  of  il^neas  examined,  164.  His 
difcourf;  with  Anchifes,  in  the  infernal 
regions,  071.  His  account  of  i¥^neas's 
defcent,  274.  The  epifodr  of  the  in- 
fernal fti ad borrowed  from  Homer,  177' 
Its  beauties  pointed  out,  ibiii.  The 
reafons  why  Virgil  has  not  recorded,  in 
his  6th  y^neid,  the  fccret  of  the  Eleu- 
finim  Myfteries,  27S.  His  Life,  pre- 
fixed to  Holdfworth*s  Remarks,  men- 
tinned  with  praife,  i6id.  note.  To 
prove  that  he  did  not  reveal  the  fecret 
of  the  myfteries,  a  pafTage  from  an  ode 
of  Horace  is  quoted,  The  Ivory 
Gate,  in  the  6rh  i£neld,  attempted  to 
be  explained,  1S7. 


Vfvtnnet  ''Dtikc  of),  his  obfemtlon  to  Lewis 
ih<-  XIV.  ii.  a4i- 

Foltairet  his  Age  of  Lewis  XIV.  characte- 
rised, ii  a6q.  His  poem,  entitled,  fTbat 
rtrff  f>ujfei  tVitnanf  examined,  iii.  ^i. 
His  Trealtfe  on  Toleration  confidered^ 
51- 

Fcjfiu  -  (Ifaac),  his  DiiTertation  on  the  Mag* 
nita«ie  of  RoiDe»  ii.  396»  His  cht* 
raster,  4QZ» 


W. 

Warhurtw  (Bi/hop),  his  interpretation  of 
VirgiPs  fixth  iCneid  minutely  exa- 
mined and  cenfured,  iii.  159. 

Warfcn  ["Ot.),  account  of  the  diffirrence  of 
opinion  between  him  and  Mr.  Gibbon, 
on  the  ftibjedl  of  the  Fifteenth  and  Six- 
teenth Chapters  of  the  Decline  and  Fall, 
iii.  361.  One  pafT-ige  of  Mr.  Gibbon 
examined  and  expUined,  36a. 

iVeJfelttig^  his  Jiineraria  Vetera t  ii.  34T. 
His  Difcourfe  on  the  Infcription  of  Be- 
renice, ^76.  His  Treatife  on  a  patTage 
of  Viftor  Tunnunenfis,  jSj. 

iVetJiexni  edition  of  the  New  Teftaroent,  iii. 
SO.  £5. 

Z.  . 

Zwgit  Kban^  fome  account  of,  iii*  178. 


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