substituent groups include halogens i e f cl br and i hydroxyls alkoxy alkenoxy alkynoxy aryloxy aralkyloxy heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylalkoxy groups carbonyls oxo carboxyls esters ethers urethanes oximes hydroxylamines alkoxyamines aralkoxyamines thiols sulfides sulfoxides sulfones sulfonyls sulfonamides amines n oxides hydrazines hydrazides hydrazones azides amides ureas amidines guanidines enamines imides isocyanates isothiocyanates cyanates thiocyanates imines nitro groups nitriles i e cn and the like alkyl groups include straight chain and branched alkyl groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and typically from 1 to 12 carbons or in some embodiments from 1 to 8 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms alkyl groups further include cycloalkyl groups as defined below examples of straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl ethyl n propyl n butyl n pentyl n hexyl n heptyl and n octyl groups examples of branched alkyl groups include but are not limited to isopropyl iso butyl sec butyl tert butyl neopentyl isopentyl and 2 2 dimethylpropyl groups representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with substituents such as those listed above cycloalkyl groups are cyclic alkyl groups such as but not limited to cyclopropyl cyclobutyl cyclopentyl cyclohexyl cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups in some embodiments the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring members whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 5 3 to 6 or 3 to 7.