in the drawings and described in the following written specification it is understood that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended it is further understood that this disclosure includes any alterations and modifications to the illustrated embodiments and includes further applications of the principles of the disclosure as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains a schematic of vehicle 100 is shown in fig6 the vehicle 100 includes a vehicular battery system stack 102 and an oxygen reservoir 104 a pressure regulator 106 governs provision of oxygen to the battery system stack 102 during discharge while a multi stage oxygen compressor 108 is used to return oxygen to the oxygen reservoir 104 during charging operations the battery system stack 102 includes one or more negative electrodes not shown separated from one or more positive electrodes not shown by one or more porous separators not shown the negative electrode not shown may be formed from lithium metal or a lithium insertion compound e g graphite silicon tin lial limg li 4 ti 5 o 12 although li metal affords the highest specific energy on a cell level compared to other candidate negative electrodes other metals may also be used to form the negative electrode such as zn mg na fe al ca si and others the positive electrode not shown in one embodiment includes a current collector not shown and electrode particles not shown optionally covered in a catalyst material suspended in a porous matrix not shown the porous matrix not shown is an electrically conductive matrix formed from a conductive material such.