gaps and can result in fiber cutting and loss in strength properties at very high consistency shivy pulp is produced and the so called dry fibre cutting can take place pulp consistency can be adjusted by changing dilution water flow rates some recent cd refiners are equipped with in feed dilution flat zone dilution and one or more conical zone dilutions for such refiners at the same throughput rate and at the same motor load a discharge consistency target may be obtained with many different combinations of the dilution flows that can result in a different consistency profile in the refining zones and different pulp strength properties the consistency profile for a flat disc refiner can be predicted by the following formula developed in the article u201c predicting the performance of a chip refiner a constitutive approach u201d by k miles et al j pulp paper sci 19 6 j268 u2013 j274 1993 c o 1 1 c i r 0 2 r in 2 r out 2 r in 2 u2062 e 0 l 1 where l is the latent heat at the refiner inlet approximated to l u2248 2258kj kg u2212 1 r in is the inlet radius of the flat zone r out is outlet radius of the flat zone and r o is the radius at any point in the flat zone at which consistency is being evaluated e 0 is the specific energy and c i is the inlet consistency to the refiner defined as c i prod prod c p dilution 2 where c p is the consistency of the stock before entering the screw feeder to the refiner prod is the throughput rate dilution is the water added at the refiner inlet and equal distribution of energy in.