in the analog baseband circuitry the conversion from analog to digital i e adc and vice versa i e dac is also performed there the digital baseband completes the physical layer of a chosen communication standard the application processor performs various control and signal processing functions and is responsible for giving a level of u201c intelligence u201d to the iot node the rf frequency synthesizer 954 is realized as an all digital pll adpll and provides a local oscillator signal to the rf transceiver 958 the non rf frequency synthesizer 964 provides clocks to the digital baseband 962 and application processors 974 the clock frequency has to be dynamically switchable in response to the changing computational load conditions the energy management em circuitry 972 provides energy conversion between the energy harvester 978 and or low capacity storage battery 980 and all the iot functional circuits the em circuit carries out several functions first it boosts the voltage from the energy harvester e g light heat vibration rf electromagnetic etc to that required by the nanoscale cmos circuits which is in the range of 0 7 to 1 0 v assuming 40 nm cmos technology this is performed by a dedicated dc dc boost converter 976 second it down shifts the energy from a battery which is on the order of 1 5 to 3 6 v to that required by the nanoscale cmos circuits this is performed by.