or electrophoretically as examples or by passive convection within heat exchanger 290 fig3 e shows a heat exchanger 360 in yet another embodiment of the present disclosure heat exchanger 360 is arranged similarly to that of heat exchanger 60 in fig3 b but includes a 2nd heat exchanging loop 390 that includes a working fluid 391 that provides heat to cathode 370 which is the same as to say that working fluid 391 is cooled by cathode 370 fig4 is shows a heat exchanger 660 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure heat exchanger 660 includes a 1st heat exchanger similar to that shown in fig3 d radiation 10 falls incident upon the outer surface of cathode 670 and excites nonequilibrium electrons 674 to transfer heat to anode 680 this heat is further transferred in one embodiment by conduction through an electrical isolating substrate 697 into a thermal electric generator 696 generator 696 provides electrical power as represented by the symbology in fig4 in response to being heated this electrical power provided to the positive and negative contacts of generator 696 can be used in any manner in some embodiments this electrical power is used to assist in the flow of heat into cathode 670 or into the flow of heat out of anode 680 it is further appreciated that generator 696 can be cooled by contact with anode side ambient conditions 14 fig5 a shows a heat exchanger 460.