current without observable distortion of the permeation layer the beads migrate to the electrode due to the positive bias following this two minute bias the impulse was terminated and the electrode observed for changes in its appearance as seen in fig1 the beads resting over the center of the electrode moved to a location 4 0 u00b1 0 5 u03bcm above the electrode based on the vertical shift required to bring said beads back into the focal plane thus the permeation layer underwent a 1 u03bcm expansion as shown in fig1 this expansion appears to be related to the delamination of the permeation layer from the electrode microdelamination as indicated by the presence of concentric rings visible at the edges of the electrode pad additionally in other experiments not shown we have observed permeation layer thickness distortions from 2 to 6 u03bcm occurring with delamination in another experiment acrylamide based hydrogel permeation layers anchored to ptsi electrodes via the mots linker were exposed to a u00b1 200 na 0 04 na u03bcm 2 bias for 2 minutes and examined for delamination fig1 shows beads resting atop the permeation layer 6 u03bcm above the electrode surface the beads remained at the same position above the electrode after bias shut off indicating that no distortion of the permeation layer occurred fig1 shows the same pad with the focal point positioned at the electrode no delamination ringlets were observed when the electrodynamic stress was increased to 5 ua 1 na u03bcm 2 for 2 mins the permeation layer was observed to distort such that the layer.