lens can be increased while maintaining an accurate depth position at each focal plane other orders of focal planes that reduce lens ringing or increase image quality can be used even with a pyramid shaped waveform the settling time may still result in an unstable image or u201c focal jitter u201d for all planes jitter can be caused by underdamping of the liquid lens a smoothed waveform can reduce the jitter however too much smoothing results in overdamping which also increases the activation time of the liquid lens both of these cases result in perceptual artifacts of the virtual content ideally the driving waveform critically damps the lens activation time in one approach a method for artifact reduction in a liquid lens based multifocal display is developed by deriving a model for image formation considering the step response of a liquid lens let the multifocal display project an image sequence u0192 x y t let us also divide the time into subintervals t k t k t k 1 where k 1 n z and t 1 0 within each interval t k we assume the target image data to be constant in time that is we also assume that n z is equal to the number of focal planes available namely the 3d scene image data is divided into n z planar images and displayed on n z depth planes in this case to get projection on n z depth planes we drive the liquid lens by a voltage waveform that is a piecewise constant function v u2061 t u2211 k 1 n 2 u2062 u03b4 k u2062 u u2061 t t k 3.