has a 50 occurrence resulting in no dc offset however the xor has 50 redundancy in its truth table due to its symmetry where the symmetry results in a doubling of the frequency of the modulation signal at the output this is for some applications less desirable both anding and oring mcms have an adequate amount of second order total harmonic distortion thd2nd these modulator topologies are adequate due to low complexity for power supplies with low line and load regulation demands amplifiers with low distortion demands and high emi requirements may also benefit from these modulation schemes fig8 a to 8f illustrate examples of waveforms and spectra in a single carrier modulation fig8 a illustrates the waveforms of signals r p and y for a sinusoidal stimulation r fig8 c illustrates the spectrum of a waveform of signals p as illustrated in fig8 a on a linear frequency scale fig8 e illustrates the spectrum of a waveform of signals p as illustrated in fig8 a on a logarithmic scale fig8 b illustrates the waveforms of signals r p and y for two superimposed sinusoidal stimulations of r fig8 d illustrates the spectrum of a waveform p as illustrated in fig8 b on a linear frequency scale fig8 f illustrates the spectrum of a waveform of signals p as illustrated in fig8 b on a logarithmic scale in some examples it may be desirable that no spectral component occur.