cell because the area of the tip can tuned to less 0 5 u03bcm 2 the probability of contacting only one adhesion complex on the cell surface is significant a typical complex density is 0 5 contacts u03bcm 2 in one aspect this disclosure provides methods to optimize wire growth methodology dena for cell signaling studies the fundamental physics and types of electrochemistry that are amenable to the dena process are shown ultimately the induced widespread death process in dictyostelium cells is also demonstrated the present disclosure in some embodiments provides a technique for the study of voltage induced behavior and signaling in dictyostelium cells because the dena wires are not coupled to the cellular membrane in the same way that patch clamp pipettes would be the dena technique may be useful in identifying stretch induced artifacts in patch clamp measurements on mechanically sensitive ion channels provided that standard university facilities are available i e an optical microscope and digital camera the methods and techniques of the present disclosure can be implemented for essentially the cost of a high frequency function generator and lithographically fabricated electrode arrays approximately 5000 as of this writing the present disclosure provides a nano electrophysiology that is.