embodiments may be preferred the embodiments disclosed should not be interpreted or otherwise used as limiting the scope of the disclosure including the claims in addition one skilled in the art will understand that the following description has broad application and the discussion of any embodiment is meant only to be exemplary of that embodiment and not intended to intimate that the scope of the disclosure including the claims is limited to that embodiment one stage of pharmaceutical research is directed to determining the concentration of a compound needed to effectively attack a target e g a virus to determine an effective concentration of a compound many different concentrations of the compound are created in trays of miniature test tubes called u201c well plates u201d a dispensing system distributes the compound into the well if the dispensing system is unable to dispense sufficiently small volumes of the compound serial dilution is applied to achieve a desired concentration disclosed herein are techniques for using a frame conveying one or more liquid dispensing assemblies e g titration head assemblies u201c tha u201d to dispense small volumes e g pico liters of liquid very quickly such techniques provide a method to titrate solutions across many orders of magnitude of concentration without serial dilution those same techniques can be used to dispense low volumes of a wide variety of liquids containing active biological ingredients assay components markers.