silicon work value is less then the original work then the volume is scaled down otherwise the volume is increased as is the case for ptfe or amorphous silicon dioxide the material actuation efficiency reoccurs in the calculations as an inverse as shown in equation 14 titanium nitride can output the same amount of work as silicon but with a volume that is less than two orders of magnitude smaller with an input heat energy that is less than an order smaller the input heat energy required to output silicon mechanical work for constant volume beams is compared the operation temperature and thus efficiency value for the compared material changes the new efficiency can be calculated in an identical fashion to that described in comparison 3 the operational temperature and heat input values are calculated using equations 15 and 16 the table shows that titanium disilicide slightly outperforms titanium nitride whereas both ptfe and silicon dioxide will melt the cvd ceramics are again shown to have the best performance a hot arm cold arm actuator is presented in fig1 to illustrate the results contained in table 3 only the steady state solution for a quantity of heat input to the heater is analyzed the device comprises two identical material layers separated by air and connected to each other at the ends by a thermally non conductive block the force deflection characteristics of the output mechanical power can.