a variety of space and oceanographic systems where repair is impractical energy storage 960 is comprised of a combination of one or more batteries having the characteristics and energy storage capacity described above and capacitors to provide for energy storage to satisfy short term transient load applications filtering of noise and spurious transient signals and impedance control for maintaining electronic circuit stability like most existing automobiles and unlike energy storage in aevs and hevs energy storage is held primarily as a liquid fuel which represents an exceptionally efficient means of storage energy storage in the batteries is limited to an amount sufficient to provide full performance vehicle operation for a short predetermined maximum time period which is related to the intended application battery power operation in the nature of minutes will be sufficient to provide several repetitions of high energy usage such as rapid uphill acceleration for passing another vehicle in the face of oncoming traffic a typical automotive ice can be turned on and provide substantially full output power within a short period much less than a minute even for implementations that provide for turn on and turn off of ice array elements thus electrical energy storage for operation of less than about 5 15 minutes results in substantial operating margin without requiring the use of additional large heavy and or expensive batteries or arrays of batteries lithium ion or nickel metal hydride type rapidly rechargeable batteries or a combination of capacitors and batteries may also be used typically battery recharging will be.