los alamos national laboratory report laur 2004 and b h toby j appl cryst 2001 34 210 the following parameters were refined scale factors zero point six coefficients of the shifted chebyshev function to fit the background unit cell parameters and two lorentzian l x and l y terms for profile coefficients in an embodiment ft ir spectroscopy was performed with a perkin elmer spectrum 100 to acquire the spectra about 5 mg of sample was mixed with 200 mg of kbr the homogeneous mixture was then pressed into a pellet spectra were acquired in transmittance mode in an embodiment the sample surface morphology was analysed with scanning electron microscopy sem using a hitachi s 4100 at 25 kv because of its insulating properties the powder was pressed into discs and then sputtered with a gold platinum coating before the analysis in an embodiment the uv vis spectra were taken using a shimadzu uv 3100 spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere covering a wavelength range between 250 and 850 nm 0 2 nm step size baso 4 as reference uv vis spectra were taken of the fish bone derived powder as well as for commercial samples of tio 2 and zno.