very wide range be made to be whatever might be desired in fact depending on the algorithm built into the switching controller it is not even necessary for the frequency of the output current to be the same as that of the source voltage 13 a basic principle of the operation of the circuit of fig5 relates to the simple fact that energy storing capacitor esc is charged by forward conversion during periods when the magnitude of the source voltage is larger than the voltage magnitude required by the load on the other hand during periods when the magnitude of the source voltage falls short of the voltage magnitude required by the load energy is extracted from energy storing capacitor esc so as to make up for the short fall a in the arrangement of fig1 depending upon the magnitude of the power line voltage as well as on the exact values and adjustments of the various circuit and system components there may be a net current flowing out of energy storing capacitor esc however any lost charge will automatically be replenished by way of auxiliary voltage transformer avt and auxiliary rectifier rax however in most situations the voltage on energy storing capacitor esc will adjust itself to a point where no net charge will flow out of it or into it which means that in and for most situations auxiliary voltage transformer avt and auxiliary.