other values of k can be used although values near 40 are typically useful in this example the memory regions in table 1 are non overlapping accordingly the end addresses in column 2 are non inclusive u2014 meaning that the memory regions defined by the end addresses are defined to be u201c up to but not including u201d the end address for example the last address included in the low memory region 30 is the last address before address 0x0000040000000000 as shown regions 26 through 30 are essentially contiguous the lower bound as shown in column start address of low shadow memory 28 is equal to the upper bound as shown in column end address of low memory 30 the upper bound of low shadow memory 28 is equal to 2 k 1 u2014 that is 0x 80000000000 thus low shadow memory 28 is the same size as low memory 30 the lower bound start address of bad memory 26 is equal to the upper bound end address of low shadow memory 28 the upper bound of bad memory 26 is set to 2 k 2 u2014 that is 0x 100000000000 regions 24 and 22 are arranged in memory in a different order than regions 26 through 30 specifically high shadow memory 24 has a lower bound start address equal to 0x 00001f0000000000 and an upper bound end address equal to 2 k.