the material a sucrose solution is then applied to the carbon material at step 3 the sucrose solution can be applied by soaking the carbon material such as carbon yarn or sheet material in a liquid sucrose solution the liquid sucrose solution can comprise sucrose and a solvent wherein the solvent can comprise one or more of water ethanol and water ethanol mixtures in one embodiment the liquid sucrose solution is sucrose dissolved in water and ethanol it will be recognized that various other solvents may also be utilized to dissolve the sucrose after the sucrose solution is applied the carbon material is then dried wherein water is removed from the solvent used in the sucrose solution and the sucrose then dehydrated dry process or dehydration of the sucrose can be done without the drying step wet process as shown in step 4 for the purposes of this application dehydration is defined as the removal of hydroxyl groups from sucrose to form the amorphous carbon the dehydration is carried out with acid in some embodiments the acid used is sulfuric acid in some embodiments the acid can be concentrated sulfuric acid various chemical dehydration agents including for example concentrated sulphuric acid h 5 so 4 as well as heat treatment can be used to treat and dehydrate the sucrose after dehydration the carbon material can be.