is produced through a concentration of energy catalysis mechanically rupturing the cells or increasing the local concentration of reactive oxygen species nanostructured metals in particular create a concentration of energy due to differential absorption of energy in example embodiments energy is supplied in the form of heat light or microwaves absorbed energy may be transformed to heat or to vibration both of which may aid in the rupturing of the cell wall in further embodiments of the present invention metals are used as catalyzers in a thermochemical conversion of a biomass the interaction of nanomaterials with the microorganisms causes cell walls to rupture or increases permeability various metallic nanomaterials such as silver nanofibers have high reactivity to biological materials and may be used for disinfection in applications such as wastewater treatment antiseptics clothing and others use of nanomaterials in an extraction process including metallic nanofibers prepared by wet chemistry methods increase lipid extraction efficiency a concentration of nanomaterials may vary from approximately 1 ppm to approximately 1000 ppm or more cell wall disruption is concentration and time dependent with a higher extraction efficiency occurring at higher concentrations of nanomaterials up to approximately 1000 ppm and higher extraction efficiency as the duration of exposure is increased in example embodiments of the present invention silver particles affect the microorganisms 39 cell walls through several routes including chemical and electrical effects silver nanofibers due to their high surface to.