a dosing positive displacement pipette such as less than 5 mm every 10 to 15 minutes and stirred continuously after all peg compound has been added the reaction mixture is stirred in the dark for 12 hours the resultant cs particles are collected and purified via a dialysis process against the solvent methanol or ethanol to remove unreacted adducts further the cs particles are dialyzed against deionized water to exchange the solvent the cs particles in water can be then reconstituted into different buffered salt solutions for imaging applications reactants in molarity for the preparation and the resulting particle size of cs particles the accidental damage of ureters during abdominal surgery is a leading cause of complications and malpractice suits silica nanoparticles allow surgeons to visualize the ureters and the bladder through tissue using specially equipped laparoscopes visualization helps surgeons to avoid accidentally damaging these structures during vascular urological neurological and abdominal procedures while a stent can be inserted into the ureters to illuminate these structures during surgery such a procedure itself can damage the delicate structures moreover the cost of involving an urologist to carry out this procedure greatly reduces its economic viability the notion of using fluorescent dyes to visualize the ureters was explored by udshamadshuridze which is hereby incorporated by reference n s udshamadshuridze intraoperative visualization of the ureters with fluorescein sodium z urol nephr vol 81 pp 635 639 this study explores the use of fluorescein a non toxic dye approved for clinical use fluorescein however emits light with a wavelength that does not significantly transmit through fatty tissue therefore no.