substantially 0 degree include photoalignment and rubbing treatment for aligning liquid crystal molecules in a direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction fig1 b shows the step of subjecting an aligning film by photoalignment to alignment treatment specifically collimated polarized light ultraviolet light 13 is applied to the aligning film 12 provided on the base material 11 for alignment of the aligning film 12 by photoalignment in the present invention alignment methods using the photoalignment are roughly divided into photoisomerization types and photoreaction types according to the reaction mechanism photoreaction types are further subdivided into dimerization types decomposition types bonding types and the like one example of the photoisomerization type is azobenzene which causes cis trans isomerization azobenzene absorbs ultraviolet light of an electric field vector parallel to the molecular axis and consequently is converted from trans form to cis form liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to azobenzene in trans form and thus are aligned in a direction perpendicular to the polarization direction of ultraviolet light accordingly an aligning film having a pretilt angle of substantially 0 degree can be prepared photoreaction types include dimerization of polyvinyl cinnamate decomposition of polyimide resin and bonding of polyimide having a benzophenone skeleton all of these methods can form aligning films having a pretilt angle of 0 degree a rubbing technique for aligning liquid crystal molecules in a direction vertical to the rubbing direction may be mentioned as another alignment method for brining the pretilt angle of liquid crystal molecules to substantially 0 degree for example conventional aligning films disclosed in japanese patent laid open nos 62427 2002 and 268068 2002 may be used as the aligning film in.