A BBC correspondent who visited the northern town of Saraqeb was told by eyewitnesses that government helicopters had dropped at least two devices containing poisonous gas.
The government has vehemently denied claims it has used chemical agents.
The US had warned that such a development would be a "red line" for possible intervention.
President Barack Obama said the US had seen evidence of chemical weapons being used in Syria - but it was important to get more specific information about what happened.
In a meeting with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Washington, he said all options, both diplomatic and military, were being considered.
The two leaders reaffirmed their support for Syria's opposition and their demands for President Bashar al-Assad to stand down.
"There's no magic formula for dealing with an extraordinarily violent and difficult situation like Syria's," Mr Obama said.
"If there was, I think the prime minister and I would already have acted upon it and it would already be finished."
Meanwhile UK Foreign Secretary William Hague reiterated that Syria must allow access to a UN team to investigate the chemical weapons claims.
By Ian PannellBBC News
Is Syria using chemical weapons?
On 29 April, Saraqeb, a town south-west of Aleppo, came under artillery bombardment from government positions.
Doctors at the local hospital told the BBC's Ian Pannell they had admitted eight people suffering from breathing problems. Some were vomiting and others had constricted pupils, they said. One woman, Maryam Khatib, later died.
A number of videos passed to the BBC appear to support these claims, but it is impossible to independently verify them. Tests are being carried out in France, the UK and Turkey on samples from the site of the attack.
Mrs Khatib's son Mohammed had rushed to the scene to help his mother and was also injured in the attack.
"It was a horrible, suffocating smell. You couldn't breathe at all. You'd feel like you were dead. You couldn't even see.  I couldn't see anything for three or four days," Mr Khatib told the BBC.
A doctor who treated Mrs Khatib said her symptoms corresponded with organophosphate poisoning and that samples had been sent for testing.
One device was said to have landed on the outskirts of Saraqeb, with eyewitnesses describing a box-like container with a hollow concrete casing inside.
In another video, a rebel fighter holds a canister said to be hidden inside the devices. Witnesses claim there were two in each container.
Another video shows parts of a canister on the ground, surrounded by white powder.
Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a former commanding officer at the UK's Joint Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear Regiment, said the testimony and evidence from Saraqeb was "strong, albeit incomplete".
In Saraqeb and in three similar events in Syria in recent weeks, "people have got ill and died and their symptoms are what we would expect to see from a nerve type of agent, be it sarin or be it organophosphate," Mr de Bretton-Gordon said.
On the available evidence, recent attacks in al-Otaybeh to the east of Damascus, in Adra near the town of Douma, and in the Sheikh Maqsoud district of Aleppo appear "virtually identical" to what happened in Saraqeb, according to Mr de Bretton-Gordon.
Mr de Bretton-Gordon has not visited the site or tested any of the alleged evidence but was given full access to the material gathered by the BBC.
Both the US and UK have spoken of growing evidence that the Syrian government has used chemical weapons.
Techniques used by investigators include:
How to investigate chemical weapons allegations
Rebel fighters have also been accused of using them. They also have denied this.
In March, Syria's government and opposition called for an inquiry into an alleged chemical weapon attack in Khan al-Assal in the north of Syria which killed at least 27 people, with both sides blaming each other.
A 15-strong UN team headed by a Swedish scientist Ake Sellstrom has been assembled to investigate the claims.
However, the Syrian government has refused the team access. Syrian officials have been quoted as saying they want the team to look into the incident in Khan al-Assal, but the team has requested unconditional access with the right to inquire into all credible allegations.
The UN estimates that the two-year-old conflict has left at least 80,000 people dead.
The BBC has been shown evidence apparently corroborating reports of a chemical attack in Syria last month.