《资治通鉴·宋纪·宋纪二》
羌族所居住的地域，东与中原相接，西与西域相通，东西长数千里。羌族各支各有首领，部落与部落之间也分地而居，不相管辖。其中，属宕昌部的实力最强，共有二万多个部落，其他各部族都非常畏惧他们。
羌地东接中国，西通西域，长数千里，各有酋帅，部落分地，不相统摄；而宕昌最强，有民二万馀落，诸种畏之。
The region inhabited by the Qiang people borders the中原 in the east, and connects to the Western Regions in the west. It stretches for thousands of li from east to west. Each branch of the Qiang people has its own leader, and each tribe lives in its own territory and does not interfere with the others. Of all the tribes, the Dangchang tribe is the strongest, with over twenty thousand tribes. All the other tribes greatly fear them.