《管子·明法解》
所以，用战功的事实鉴定勇怯，用官职的治绩鉴定愚智，这样，勇怯愚智的表现，就象黑白一样分明了。
故以战功之事定勇怯，以官职之治定愚智；故勇怯愚智之见也，如白黑之分。
Therefore, with proof of merit from warfare to judge bravery and cowardice, with records of conduct in official positions to judge intelligence and foolishness, then the manifestations of bravery, cowardice, intelligence, and foolishness will be as clear as black and white.