《资治通鉴·秦纪·秦纪一》
在此之前，天下的文明国家有七个，其中三国的边境与戎狄部族接壤，这即是秦国，自陇以西有诸、绲戎、翟、等部族，岐、梁、泾、漆以北有义渠、大荔、乌氏、朐衍等部族；赵国北部有林胡、楼烦等部族；燕国北部有东胡、山戎等部族。这些部族各自分散居住在山谷溪涧，有自己的君长，虽往往有一百多个部族聚集在一起，却没有一个部族能将各部族统一起来。
先是时，天下冠带之国七，而三国边于戎狄：秦自陇以西有绵诸、绲戎、翟、之戎，岐、梁、泾、漆之北有义渠、大荔、乌氏、朐衍之戎；而赵北有林胡、楼烦之戎；燕北有东胡、山戎；各分散居溪谷，自有君长，往往而聚者百有馀戎，然莫能相一。
Before that, there were seven civilized states in the world, three of which had borders with Rong and Di tribes, namely Qin, with Zhu, Lu, and Di tribes to the west of Long, and Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, and Quyan tribes to the north of Qi, Liang, Jing, and Qi; Zhao, with Lin Hu, Loufan and other tribes to the north; and Yan, with the Dong Hu, Shanrong and other tribes to the north. These tribes lived in the mountains and valleys, each with its own leader, and although they often gathered together in groups of over a hundred tribes, no one tribe was able to unite them.