《北史·列传·卷三十八》
自从秦、陇一带发生变乱，已历经数年；南方的蛮族骚扰，已有几载；前后参加讨伐的士兵，共有数十万人；参与这三个方面作战的军队，却失败的多，胜利的少，究其原因，是赏罚不明造成的。
自秦、陇逆节，将历数年，蛮左乱常，稍已多载。凡在戎役，数十万人，三方之师，败多胜少，迹其所由，不明赏罚故也。
Ever since the rebellion in Qin and Long, several years have passed; the barbarian harassment in the south has been for several years; the total number of soldiers participating in the crusade was several hundred thousand; the army participating in these three campaigns, however, suffered more defeats than victories; after carefully considering the reasons, it is because the rewards and punishments are not clear.