《淮南子·要略》
用武力争夺权力，胜利的为尊。他们依仗联合之国，约定能够招致的重兵，剖开符契，连结远方的援兵，用来防守他们的国家，护卫他们的社稷。因此纵横、长短之术产生了。
下无方伯，上无天子，力征争权，胜者为右，恃连与国，约重致，剖信符，结远援，以守其国家，持其社稷，故纵横修短生焉。
They competed for power by force, and the victors were respected. They relied on allied countries, agreed on the heavy troops that could be called in,剖separated the symbols, and connected the reinforcements from afar to defend their country and protect their ancestral temples. Therefore, the arts of vertical and horizontal, long and short, were born.