atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries (pad) is by far the most common cause of peripheral vascular disease. but a number of conditions such as vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels occurring either as a primary condition or associated with connective tissue diseases such as lupus) may cause damage to blood vessels throughout the body. injuries to blood vessels (from accidents such as auto accidents or sports injuries) blood-clotting disorders and damage to blood vessels during surgery can also lead to tissue ischemia (lack of blood and oxygen). tissue ischemia can also occur in the absence of atherosclerosis or other abnormalities of arteries. one example of a condition in which the blood vessels themselves are not damaged is raynaud's disease which is believed to occur due to spasms in blood vessels brought on by stress tobacco smoking or a cold environment.
aside from atherosclerosis what are the other causes of peripheral vascular diseases?