the cause of prostate cancer is unknown but the cancer is not thought to be related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph). the risk (predisposing) factors for prostate cancer include advancing age genetics (heredity) hormonal influences and such environmental factors as toxins chemicals and industrial products. the chances of developing prostate cancer increase with age. thus prostate cancer under age 40 is extremely rare while it is common in men older than 80 years of age. as a matter of fact some studies have suggested that among men over 80 years of age 50%-80% of them may have prostate cancer! more than 80% of prostate cancers are diagnosed in men older than 65 years of age. african-american men are 1. 6 times more likely than white men to develop prostate cancer. they are also 2. 4 times more likely to die from their disease as compared to white men of a similar age. these differences in diagnosis and death rates are however more likely to reflect a difference in factors such as environmental exposure diet lifestyle and health-seeking behavior rather than any racial susceptibility to prostate cancer. recent studies indicate that this disparity is progressively decreasing with chances of complete cure in men undergoing treatment for organ-confined prostate cancer (cancer that is limited to within the prostate without spread outside the confines of the prostate gland) irrespective of race. genetics (heredity) as just mentioned plays a role in the risk of developing a prostate cancer. prostate cancer is more common among family members of individuals with prostate cancer. this risk may be two to three times greater than the risk for men without a family history of the disease. earlier age at diagnosis (<60 years) in a first-degree relative (father or brother) and disease affecting more than one relative also increases the risk for developing prostate cancer. testosterone the male hormone produced by the testicles directly stimulates the growth of both normal prostate tissue and prostate cancer cells. not surprisingly therefore this hormone is thought to be involved in the development and growth of prostate cancer. the important implication of the role of this hormone is that decreasing the level of testosterone should be (and usually is) effective in inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer. recent evidence has suggested that sexually transmitted infections are risk factors for developing prostate cancer. men with a history of sexually transmitted infections have a 1. 4 times greater chance of developing prostate cancer as compared men without this history. although still unproven environmental factors such as cigarette smoking and diets that are high in saturated fat seem to increase the risk of prostate cancer. there is also a suggestion that obesity leads to an increased risk of having more aggressive larger prostate cancer which results in a poorer outcome after treatment. additional substances or toxins in the environment or from industrial sources might also promote the development of prostate cancer but these have not yet been clearly identified. geographical influences also seem to play a role in the development of prostate cancer with men living in the scandinavian and north american countries being at a higher risk for the disease as compared to those residing in asian countries. of note there is no proven relationship between the frequency of sexual activity and the chances of developing prostate cancer.
what causes prostate cancer?