7.20. Dijkstra’s Algorithm¶
The algorithm we are going to use to determine the shortest path is called Dijkstra’s algorithm. Dijkstra’s algorithm is an iterative algorithm that provides us with the shortest path from one particular starting node to all other nodes in the graph. Again this is similar to the results of a breadth-first search.
To keep track of the total cost from the start node to each destination,
we will make use of the
distance instance variable in the
distance instance variable will contain the current total weight of
the smallest weight path from the start to the vertex in question. The
algorithm iterates once for every vertex in the graph; however, the
order that it iterates over the vertices is controlled by a priority
queue. The value that is used to determine the order of the objects in
the priority queue is
distance. When a vertex is first created,
is set to a very large number. Theoretically you would set
infinity, but in practice we just set it to a number that is larger than
any real distance we would have in the problem we are trying to solve.
The code for Dijkstra’s algorithm is shown in Listing 1. When the algorithm finishes, the distances are set correctly as are the predecessor links for each vertex in the graph.
from pythonds3.graphs import PriorityQueue def dijkstra(graph, start): pq = PriorityQueue() start.distance = 0 pq.heapify([(v.distance, v) for v in graph]) while pq: distance, current_v = pq.delete() for next_v in current_v.get_neighbors(): new_distance = current_v.distance + current_v.get_neighbor(next_v) if new_distance < next_v.distance: next_v.distance = new_distance next_v.previous = current_v pq.change_priority(next_v, new_distance)
Dijkstra’s algorithm uses a priority queue. You may recall that a
priority queue is based on the heap that we implemented in Chapter 6.
There are a couple of differences between that
simple implementation and the implementation we
use for Dijkstra’s algorithm, however. First, the
PriorityQueue class stores
tuples of (priority, key) pairs. This is an important point,
because Dijkstra’s algorithm requires the key in the priority queue to match
the key of the vertex in the graph.
The priority is used for deciding the position of the key
in the priority queue. In this implementation we
use the distance to the vertex as the priority because as we will see
when we are exploring the next vertex, we always want to explore the
vertex that has the smallest distance. The second difference is the
addition of the
change_priority method. As you can see in line 17,
this method is used when the distance to a vertex that
is already in the queue is reduced,
and thus the vertex is moved toward the front of the queue.
Let’s walk through an application of Dijkstra’s algorithm one vertex at
a time using the following sequence of figures as our guide. We begin with the vertex
\(u\). The three vertices adjacent to \(u\) are
\(v, w,\) and \(x\). Since the initial distances to
\(v, w,\) and \(x\) are all initialized to
the new costs to get to them through the start node are all their direct
costs. So we update the costs to each of these three nodes. We also set
the predecessor for each node to \(u\) and we add each node to the
priority queue. We use the distance as the key for the priority queue.
The state of the algorithm is shown in Figure 3.
In the next iteration of the
while loop we examine the vertices that
are adjacent to \(x\). The vertex \(x\) is next because it
has the lowest overall cost and therefore bubbled its way to the
beginning of the priority queue. At \(x\) we look at its neighbors
\(u, v, w,\) and \(y\). For each neighboring vertex we check to
see if the distance to that vertex through \(x\) is smaller than
the previously known distance. Obviously this is the case for
\(y\) since its distance was
sys.maxsize. It is not the case
for \(u\) or \(v\) since their distances are 0 and 2
respectively. However, we now learn that the distance to \(w\) is
smaller if we go through \(x\) than from \(u\) directly to
\(w\). Since that is the case we update \(w\) with a new
distance and change the predecessor for \(w\) from \(u\) to
\(x\). See Figure 4 for the state of all the vertices.
The next step is to look at the vertices neighboring \(v\) (see Figure 5). This step results in no changes to the graph, so we move on to node \(y\). At node \(y\) (see Figure 6) we discover that it is cheaper to get to both \(w\) and \(z\), so we adjust the distances and predecessor links accordingly. Finally we check nodes \(w\) and \(z\) (see Figure 6 and Figure 8). However, no additional changes are found and so the priority queue is empty and Dijkstra’s algorithm exits.
It is important to note that Dijkstra’s algorithm works only when the weights are all positive. You should convince yourself that if you introduced a negative weight on one of the edges of the graph in Figure 2, the algorithm would never exit.
We will note that to route messages through the internet, other algorithms are used for finding the shortest path. One of the problems with using Dijkstra’s algorithm on the internet is that you must have a complete representation of the graph in order for the algorithm to run. The implication of this is that every router has a complete map of all the routers in the internet. In practice this is not the case and other variations of the algorithm allow each router to discover the graph as they go. One such algorithm that you may want to read about is called the distance vector routing algorithm.