Psychology & Sociology
Some mental processes involve analyzing and answering problems by using techniques like trial and error, where repeated varied attempts are made without a systematic approach, and algorithms, which consist of step-by-step processes that eventually yield the correct answer. Other key aspects of problem-solving involve deductive reasoning, which is forming specific conclusions based on generally accepted truths, and inductive reasoning, which draws general conclusions from specific premises. However, some obstacles can impede problem-solving, such as having an entrenched mental set, or the tendency to approach similar problems in familiar ways, and functional fixedness, which is the inability to see an object's use beyond its traditional purpose.
<ul> <li>Introduction to problem-solving</li> <li>Types of problem-solving</li> <ul> <li>Trial and error: Repeated varied attempts without a systematic approach</li> <li>Algorithm: Step-by-step processes eventually resulting in the correct answer</li> <li>Deductive reasoning: Forming specific conclusions based on general statements or rules</li> <li>Inductive reasoning: Drawing general conclusions from specific premises</li> </ul> <li>Problem-solving obstacles</li> <ul> <li>Mental set: Tendency to approach similar problems in familiar ways</li> <li>Functional fixedness: Inability to see an object's use outside its traditional function</li> </ul> </ul>
Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions based on general principles or premises that are accepted to be true. For example, all pigs have snouts. Hamlet is a pig. Therefore, Hamlet has a snout. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, involves reaching general conclusions based on specific observations. An example of inductive logic is the first two pigs in the barn are pink, therefore, all pigs in the barn are pink
Trial and error can be an effective problem-solving strategy when you're dealing with unknown variables. Without any systematic approach, one can arbitrarily test different variables or conditions and observe patterns or results that may lead to a solution. For example, someone could arbitrarily listen to different types of music to determine one they might enjoy.
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem or complete a task. An algorithm might be a series of tests or procedures applied systematically. Using an algorithm may help to ensure consistent results and reduces the likelihood of missing critical information or making errors in the identification process.
Functional fixedness is the inability to see alternative uses for an object or tool, while mental set is the tendency to continue solving a problem using a familiar approach even when it's no longer the most efficient or effective method. Both of these cognitive biases can hinder problem-solving by limiting creativity and flexibility in approaching new challenges or unfamiliar scenarios. Overcoming functional fixedness and mental set involves practicing divergent thinking, considering different perspectives, and remaining open to alternative solutions and ideas.