Verbal Reasoning - Syllogism - Discussion
In each of the following questions two statements are given and these statements are followed by two conclusions numbered (1) and (2). You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
- (A) If only (1) conclusion follows
- (B) If only (2) conclusion follows
- (C) If either (1) or (2) follows
- (D) If neither (1) nor (2) follows and
- (E) If both (1) and (2) follow.
Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
- All the flutes are instruments.
- All the harmoniums are flutes.
1. All the harmoniums are instruments.
(This can be represented as: All Harmoniums (H) are Instruments (I)).
2. All the instruments are flutes.
(This can be represented as: All Instruments (I) are Flutes (F)).
1. All the flutes are instruments.
(This can be represented as: All Flutes (F) are Instruments (I)).
2. All the harmoniums are flutes.
(This can be represented as: All Harmoniums (H) are Flutes (F)).
Let's evaluate each conclusion:.
All the flutes are instruments.
This conclusion can be derived from the second statement (All instruments are flutes). So, it follows logically. (True).
All the harmoniums are flutes.
This conclusion cannot be derived from the given statements. We know that all harmoniums are instruments, and all instruments are flutes, but this doesn't necessarily mean that all harmoniums are flutes. (False).
So, the correct option is:
A) Only (1) conclusion follows.
The first conclusion (All the flutes are instruments) follows logically from the given statements because it is directly stated in the second premise.
However, the second conclusion (All the harmoniums are flutes) does not necessarily follow from the given statements. Just because all harmoniums are instruments and all instruments are flutes doesn't imply that all harmoniums are flutes. There could be other instruments besides flutes that harmoniums might fall under.
Hence, this conclusion is not valid.
Only 2 conclusion follows is the right answer.
But not all instruments are flutes.
So, in my opinion, the answer is A.
E is not the answer because conclusion 1 is the reversed statement 2. It is not valid.
To get the conclusion, we will omit the same word from 1 & 2 statement. Then we will relate the remaining words from 2 statements.
Statements (both premises and conclusions) are represented as follows: Statement Notation
a) All S are P, SS-P
b) Some S are P, S-P
c) Some S are not P, S / PP
d) No S is P, SS / PP
1) Conclusions are reached by connecting Notations. Two notations can be linked only through common linking terms. When the common linking term multiplies (becomes double from single), divides (becomes single from double) or remains double then the conclusion is arrived between terminal terms.
2) If both statements linked are having " signs, resulting conclusion carries " sign
3) Whenever statements having " and / signs are linked, resulting conclusion carries / sign.
4) Statement having / sign cannot be linked with another statement having / sign to derive any conclusion.
For this question:
By Raval notations HH -I II -F so HH - F follows.