There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorised into three broad types. These are teacher-centred methods, learner-centred methods, content-focused methods and interactive/participative methods.
4. ORIGIN OF PANEL DISCUSSION:
Panel discussion technique was originated by Harry. A . Overstreet in 1929.
He organized a discussion for small group for definite period for the
A panel consists of a few members who come to prepared to exchange ideas and
views on particular subject under the leadership of a chairman.
It is a discussion in which few persons (the panel) carry on conversation in front of
6. PURPOSE OF PANEL DISCUSSION
It stimulates thoughts and discussion and clarifies thinking.
It influences the facts, opinions and the plans.
It influences the audience to an open minded attitude and respect.
It can be helpful to stimulate discussion and developing group opinions.
7. OBJECTIVES OF PANEL DISCUSSION
To provide information and new facts.
To analyze a problem from different angles.
To identify the values.
To organize for mental recreation.
8. PRINCIPLE OF PANEL DISCUSSION
Equal opportunities are provided to every participant.
It encourages the active participation with originality and independently.
It involves the social and psychological principles of group work.
To respect the ideas of others or each other.
It organizes teaching at reflective level that must be thoughtful
10. 1. PUBLIC PANEL DISCUSSIONS CONTD…
These are organized for common men problems.
To provide factual information regarding current problems.
To determine social values.
To recreate the common men.
e.g.: annual budget, unemployment, increase in price of things.
11. 2. EDUCATIONAL PANEL DISCUSSIONS CONTD…
Used in educational institutions to provide factual and conceptual
knowledge and clarification of certain theories and principles.
Some times these are organized to find out the solutions of certain
e.g. : Scope of educational technology in our country, examination reform,
population education etc.
12. OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL PANEL DISCUSSION
To provide factual information and conceptual knowledge.
To give awareness of theories and principles.
To provide solution of certain problems.
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF PANEL DISCUSSION:
Used in university and college level to organize teaching at reflective level.
Develops the ability of problem solving.
Helps to understand nature, problem or theme of discussion.
Develops ability of presentation of theme and giving their point of view
Develops right type of attitude and ability to tolerate anti- ideas of others.
Helps in creative thinking.
Develops manners of putting questions and answering them.
15. TYPES OF MEMBERS IN PANEL DISCUSSION
16. 1. INSTRUCTOR
Plays most important role in panel discussion.
Plans how, where, when panel discussion will be
Prepares the schedule for panel discussion.
Sometimes rehearsal is also planned.
17. 2. MODERATOR
Keeps the discussion on the theme and
encourages interaction among members.
Summarizes and highlights the points.
Should have mastery on the theme or problem
of the discussion.
18. 3. PANELISTS
There are 4-10 panelists in the discussion
Members sits in a semi circle shape in front of the audience.
The moderator sits in the middle of the panelists.
All panelists must have mastery of the subject matter.
19. 4. AUDIENCE
Audience are allowed to put question and seek
They can present their point of view and their
experiences regarding the theme.
The panelists answers.
In some situations moderator also tries to answer the
At the end of discussion, moderator summarizes the discussion and presents
his point of view.
He expresses thanks to panelists and audience.
21. TECHNIQUES OF PANEL DISCUSSION
There are seven techniques:
Be brief and encourage panelists to the same
Vary order of responses
Use alternative information for introductions.
Encourage back channel social media dialogue.
Sit with the panelists, instead of lurking on high at a lectern.
24. PROCEDURE OF PANEL DISCUSSION:
Part A- Putting a panel together
Part B- Planning a panel
Part C- Moderating a panel
45. ADVANTAGES OF PANEL DISCUSSION
Encourages social learning.
Higher cognitive and affective objectives are
Used to develop ability of problem solving and
Develops capacity to respect others ideas and
feelings and ability to tolerate.
It provides opportunities of assimilation of
theme and content
46. LIMITATION OF PANEL DISCUSSION
There are chances to deviate from the theme of discussion
Some members may dominate.
There is possibility to split the group in to two subgroups (for and against)
If panelist belong to different groups, it may not create appropriate learning
48. INTRODUCTION OF SYMPOSIUM
Symposium technique is one of the techniques of higher learning. It is an
instruction technique, which is used to achieve higher cognitive and
Plato has used this term for ‘good dialogue’ to present the views towards
Meaning is the intellectual recreation or enjoyment. The recent meaning
of the term is a meeting of persons to discuss a problem or theme.
49. DEFINITION OF SYMPOSIUM:
Symposium is a method of group discussion in which two or more persons
under the direction of a chairman present separate speeches, which gives
several aspects of one question.
Symposium is defined as a teaching technique that serves as an excellent ,
crystallizing their opinion and preparing them for arriving at decision
regarding a particular issue or a topic.
50. To investigate a problem from several point
To boost students ability to speak in group.
It provide the broad understanding of a topic or
It used for higher classes to specific theme and
To identify and understand two various aspects of theme and problems.
To develop the ability to decision and judgement regarding a problem.
To develop the values and feelings regarding a problem.
To enable the listeners to form polices regarding a theme or problem.
52. CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMPOSIUM:
It provide the broad understanding of a topic or a problem.
The opportunity is provide to listeners to take decision about the problem.
It is used for the higher classes to specific themes and problem.
It develops the feeling of cooperation and adjustment.
It provides the different views on the topic of the symposium.
Success depends on personal involvement and degree of preparation.
The objectives as synthesis and evaluation (creativity) are achieved by
employing the symposium techniques.
54. PRINCIPLE OF SYMPOSIUM:
The speech may be persuasive , argumentative and informative.
Original presentation is objective and accurate.
Always include a summary at conclusion.
Each speech without interruption.
The chairmen of the symposium introduce the topic, suggests its importance
and sometimes indicates the general approaches.
Make sure everyone knows what to do
Advertising is crucial for a symposium
Design a symposium website
Set a deadline for registration and abstracts, keep a final headcount
Dividing up duties between yourself and your co- organizer
Thank you everyone and obtain feedback.
65. GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING SYMPOSIUM:
All members of the performing group can sit in
straight line behind a table or in adjoining chairs
with the chairmen in the middle or to one side of
The chairman of the symposium introduce the
topic and suggest something of its performance.
Two or more speakers talk form 10-20 minutes.
The speech are followed by questions or comments from the audiences as in
the panel form.
67. TECHNIQUES OF SYMPOSIUM METHOD
All members should know the objectives of symposium.
Chairman should ensure that the members have clear guidelines to follow in
preparing the papers.
The group may meet together before hand and discuss how each will
present his/her particular topic.
The chairman opens the symposium and introduce the topic.
Speakers invite questions from the floor and directs the discussion.
All speaker should have an equal opportunity for participation before
summing up or closing the session.
69. PRECAUTIONS IN SYMPOSIUM:
The moderator should be sure to prepare the speakers or see that they are
The chairman is responsible for preparing the agendas, should not attempt
to stack the cards, by omitting or ignoring the vital phases of the problem as
he/she selects or delegates his/her speakers.
The chairman should plan carefully for the questioning period.
70. LIMITATIONS OF SYMPOSIUM TECHNIQUE:
The chairmen has no control over the speakers as they have full freedom to
prepare the theme for discussion. They can present any aspect of the theme
There is a probability of repetition of the content because every speakers
theme as a whole.
The different aspects of a theme are presented simultaneously. Therefore the
listeners are not able to understand the theme correctly.
The listeners remain passive in the symposium because they are not given
opportunities to seek clarification and put questions.
The discussion and presentation of theme is not summarized at the end. The
participants take decision according to their own. Hence matured persons
can only make use of this techniques.
This techniques is employed to achieve the higher objectives of cognitive
domain, but affective objectives are not emphasized properly.
72. ADVANTAGES OF SYMPOSIUM:
It is suited to a large group or classes.
Used to present broad topics for discussions at conventions and organization meetings.
Organization is a good because of the set speeches before hand.
Gives deeper insight to the topic.
Directs the students to continuous independent study.
Lends itself to the teaching of clinical subjects.
This method can be used in political meetings.
This method can be used in political meetings.
74. DISADVANTAGES OF SYMPOSIUM:
Inadequate opportunity for all the students to participate actively.
The speech is limited to 15-20 minutes.
Limited audience participation.
Question and answer limited to 3-4 minutes.
Possibility of overlapping of subjects.
76. INTRODUCTION OF PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem solving is an instructional method or technique where by the teacher
and pupils attempt in a conscious, planned and purposeful effort to arrive of
some explanation or solution to some educationally significant difficulty for
the purpose of finding a solution.
Students are presented with problems which require them to find either a
scientific or technological solution.
It is a student- centered strategy which require students to become active
participants in the learning process.
Problem solving is a teaching strategy that employs the scientific method in
searching for information.
Problem solving: arriving at decisions based prior knowledge and
79. DEFINITION OF PROBLEM SOLVING:
A systematic approach to defining the problem and creating a vast number of
possible solutions without judging these solution.
“Problem solving is a cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal where no
solution method is obvious to the problem solver”.
Yokam & Simpson define it as “ A problem occurs in a situation in which a felt
difficulty to act is realized. It is a difficult to clearly to act is realized. It is a
difficult to clearly present and recognized by thinker.”
A problem exists for an individual when he has a definite goal he can not
reach by the behaviour pattern which he already has available.
-According to Gates
Problem solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appears to
interfere. In a problem solving the entire subject matter is organized in such
a manner that it can be dealt with through the problems identified during the
-According to Skinner
81. EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING
1. A registered nurse will need active listening and communication skills when interacting
with patients but will also need effective technical knowledge related to diseases and
medications. In many cases, a nurse will need to know when to consult a doctor regarding
a patient’s medical needs as part of the solution.
2. How might we limit cold and flu transmission among students?
82. STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING
• Formulation and appreciation of problem
• Collection of relevant date and information
3. • Organization of data
• Drawing of conclusion
• Testing conclusion
83. 1. FORMULATION AND APPRECIATION OF PROBLEM
The nature of the problem should be made very clear to the students so that
they can understand the actual solution for the problem.
84. 2. COLLECTION OF RELEVANT DATE AND INFORMATION
The students should be stimulated to collect data in a systematic manner full
co-operation of the students should be secured. The teacher may suggest
many points to them. Like extra books for read, organize a few educational
trips together the relevant information.
85. 3. ORGANIZATION OF DATA
The students should be asked to shift the relevant material from the
superficial one put in a scientific way.
86. 4. DRAWING OF CONCLUSION
After the organizing the data discussion should be arranged collectively and
individual with each student so that essential thongs is done by the students
themselves and that their educative process provides the particular
“care should be taken that judgement is made only when sufficient data is
87. 5. TESTING CONCLUSION
No conclusion should be accepted without being properly verified.
The corrections of the conclusion must be proved.
89. Clarify what the problem
Clarify what the
problem is about
Plan out what you are
going to do
Try out your plan
Brainstorm out ideas
Does it solve the problem
90. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE PROBLEM SOLVING:
The problem should be meaningful, interesting and worthwhile for children.
It should have some correlation with life.
It should have some correlation with other subjects if possible.
It should arise out of the real needs of the students.
The problems should be clearly defined.
The solution of problem should be found out by the guidance and
supervision of the teacher.
91. MAJOR APPROACHES IN THE PROBLEM SOLVING
First particular cases are dealt with
and then definition, principles and
rules are deprived from them.
Its leads to knew knowledge.
It is a method of discovery.
The child acquires first hand
information and knowledge by
This method is rather slow.
This method provides training to
child and develops self confidence
It is an upward process of thought.
This method is full of activity.
First general definitions, principles and
rules are stated and particular cases are
taker as e.g.: to prove them.
It does not leads to knew knowledge .
It is a method of verification and
The child gets ready made information
acquired by others.
This method is comparatively quick.
This method is based on borrowing
It is downward process of thought and
leads to more comprehension.
This method provides comparatively
less scope for activity.
92. TEACHER ROLE IN PROBLEM SOLVING
The students to define the problem clearly.
Got them to make many suggestions by encouraging them:
To analyse the situation in parts
To recall previously known similar cases and general rules that apply.
To guess courageously and formulate guesses clearly.
o Get them to evaluate each suggestion carefully by encouraging them:
To maintain a state of doubt or suspended conclusion
To criticize the suggestion by appeal to know Facts, minister and
Get them to evaluate each suggestion carefully
94. USES OF PROBLEM SOLVING IN NURSING
Develop ability to analyse the problem and to take proper judgement/
solution in the critical condition that encounter in the clinical setting.
Problem solving method also helps the students to solve this problem in real
life situation without much stress.
It helps the student to solve the similar problem in future with confidence.
It develops critical thinking of pupil.
In the class/ group it will develop mutual understanding among the group
It helps the care giver/ nurse to develop a skill to help the patient.
Develop the ability in nurse to select the problem solving strategy according
to patients abilities and lifestyle.
96. ADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM
This approach is most effective in developing skill in employing the science
The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other non science
it is a general procedure in finding solutions to daily occurrences that
urgently need to be addressed.
The students active involvement resulting in meaningful experiences serves
as a strong motivation to follow the scientific procedure in future
Problem-solving develops higher level thinking skills.
A keen sense of responsibility, originality and resourcefulness are
developed, which are much-needed ingredients for independent study.
The students learn to accept the opinions and evidence shred by others.
98. DISADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING:
General speaking problem- solving involves mental activity only.
Small children do not posses sufficient background information and
therefore they fail to participation in discussion.
students may not have adequate reference and sources books.
It involves lot of times.
It need very capable teacher to provide effective guidance and knowledge to
It is a time consuming process, teacher may find it difficult to complete the
101. INTRODUCTION OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING:
Problem based learning is a process of acquiring an understanding of
knowledge, skills in the context of an unfamiliar situation and applying that
learning to the situation.
102. DEFINITION OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING:
Problem based learning is the basic human learning process that allowed
primitive man to survive in this environment .
-Now barrows and Tamblyn(1980)
Problem based learning is student centered learning strategy in which
students collaboratively solve the problems and this reflects on their
experience . In PBL,the starting point is a problem, a query or a puzzle that
the learner wishes to solve.
It is a careful inspection of methods which are permanently successful in
104. EXAMPLE IN PBL:
After nursing course completion students are posted in hospital. There they don’t
know how to manage critical patient, they are getting problem in setting the
ventilator and how to know to perform suction how to give treatment then they learn
by observing, doing and helping. So become perfect in our work.
105. GOALS OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
Construct an extensive and flexible knowledge base.
Foster increased retention of knowledge.
Develop effective problem-solving skills.
Develop self-direction, lifelong learning skills .
Become effective collaborators.
Strengthen students intrinsic motivation to learn.
Develop an ability to identify relevant heath problems.
Reinforce the development of effective clinical reasoning process.
Recognize, develop and maintain the personal characteristics and attitude.
107. CHARACTERISTICS OF PBL:
In this students work in small groups to increase knowledge by identifying
learning objectives, engaging in self-directed work and participating in
It provides students with greater access to information, support, resources,
flexible, approaches to leaning, collaborative learning activities and
opportunities for self development so that can get results in higher level
108. PRINCIPLES OF PBL
The student is the focus of the educational program, the curriculum or the
The development of his/her learning capacities is emphasized.
The problem presented in the curriculum trigger the students abilities to
analyze to understand and to solve.
Co-operation with other and the importance o0f communication is
Much attention is paid to the development of practical skills, the
development of analytical and creative thinking skills.
The development of self directed learning ability.
112. STUDENTS ROLE
Students have to assume a high degree of responsibility for their education
through effective self learning working with others and setting and relevant
goals for themselves and the group as a whole.
Students be able to present demonstration of their learning achievements.
113. GROUP MEMBERS ROLE
114. COMMON DIFFICULTIES IN PBL IN GROUP
Unprepared for the tutorial
Not given enough time by other members.
The denominating group members.
The group that keeps storming
115. TUTOR’S FACILITATOR’S ROLE
Tutor play a crucial role in helping the group to establish itself, setting
norms for the group function, ensuring group trust, attending to the group
dynamics and unique characteristics of the group.
116. USES OF PBL
To acquire subject matter knowledge.
Motivate learners to learn.
Help learners with retention.
Develop student’s thinking skills.
Developing student’s key skills relevent to employment such as
interpersonal communication skills.
Encourage learners to integrate knowledge from different subjects,
disciplines and source.
Having a sense of belonging and friendship.
118. ADVANTAGES OF PBL
Chairing a group
Respect for colleagues views
Critical evaluation of literature
Self directed learning and use of resources
119. DISADVANTAGES OF PBL
It is very difficult and expensive to use as a teaching technique, when the
class size is large.
Students require orientation to perform the role of a learner in PBL setting.
evaluation is quite difficult and sometimes may be subjective.
Staff and students may be initially uncomfortable with PBL because they
are used to subject based learning and they do not really understand how to
proceed in PBL.
Measurement of learning outcomes is difficult.
There is no single teaching method that is suitable for all
learners. All these teaching and learning methods are to be used
To make learning effective and to motivate the students, various
teaching strategies needs to be incorporated in the curricula
design stage before preparing the training materials by the