Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
Complete Chemistry for Engineering and Medical Entrance Exam Preparation. (State Board | CBSE Board | ICSE Board | IIT JEE Main | Advanced | BITSAT | SAT | NEET etc.)
Updated on Sep, 2023
Language - English
In this unit, we have learnt some basic concepts in structure and reactivity of organic compounds, which are formed due to covalent bonding. The nature of the covalent bonding in organic compounds can be described in terms of orbitals hybridisation concept, according to which carbon can have sp3, sp2 and sp hybridised orbitals. The sp3, sp2 and sp hybridised carbons are found in compounds like methane, ethene and ethyne respectively. The tetrahedral shape of methane, planar shape of ethene and linear shape of ethyne can be understood on the basis of this concept. A sp3 hybrid orbital can overlap with 1s orbital of hydrogen to give a carbon - hydrogen (C–H) single bond (sigma, σ bond). Overlap of a sp2 orbital of one carbon with sp2 orbital of another results in the formation of a carbon–carbon σ bond. The unhybridised p orbitals on two adjacent carbons can undergo lateral (side-byside) overlap to give a pi (π) bond. Organic compounds can be represented by various structural formulas. The three dimensional representation of organic compounds on paper can be drawn by wedge and dash formula.
Organic compounds can be classified on the basis of their structure or the functional groups they contain. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms bonded together in a unique fashion and which determines the physical and chemical properties of the compounds. The naming of the organic compounds is carried out by following a set of rules laid down by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). In IUPAC nomenclature, the names are correlated with the structure in such a way that the reader can deduce the structure from the name.
Organic reaction mechanism concepts are based on the structure of the substrate molecule, fission of a covalent bond, the attacking reagents, the electron displacement effects and the conditions of the reaction. These organic reactions involve breaking and making of covalent bonds. A covalent bond may be cleaved in heterolytic or homolytic fashion. A heterolytic cleavage yields carbocations or carbanions, while a homolytic cleavage gives free radicals as reactive intermediate. Reactions proceeding through heterolytic cleavage involve the complimentary pairs of reactive species. These are electron pair donor known as nucleophile and an electron pair acceptor known as electrophile. The inductive, resonance, electromeric and hyperconjugation effects may help in the polarisation of a bond making certain carbon atom or other atom positions as places of low or high electron densities.
Organic reactions can be broadly classified into following types; substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds are carried out for determining their structures. The methods of purification namely : sublimation, distillation and differential extraction are based on the difference in one or more physical properties. Chromatography is a useful technique of separation, identification and purification of compounds. It is classified into two categories : adsorption and partition chromatography. Adsorption chromatography is based on differential adsorption of various components of a mixture on an adsorbent. Partition chromatography involves continuous partitioning of the components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases. After getting the compound in a pure form, its qualitative analysis is carried out for detection of elements present in it. Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens and phosphorus are detected by Lassaigne’s test. Carbon and hydrogen are estimated by determining the amounts of carbon dioxide and water produced. Nitrogen is estimated by Dumas or Kjeldahl’s method and halogens by Carius method. Sulphur and phosphorus are estimated by oxidising them to sulphuric and phosphoric acids respectively. The percentage of oxygen is usually determined by difference between the total percentage (100) and the sum of percentages of all other elements present.
What will you learn in this course:
- Understand reasons for tetravalence of carbon and shapes of organic molecules.
- Write structures of organic molecules in various ways.
- Classify the organic compounds.
- Name the compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature and also derive their structures from the given names.
- Understand the concept of organic reaction mechanism.
- Explain the influence of electronic displacements on structure and reactivity of organic compounds.
- Recognise the types of organic reactions.
- Learn the techniques of purification of organic compounds.
- Write the chemical reactions involved in the qualitative analysis of organic compounds.
- Understand the principles involved in quantitative analysis of organic compounds.
What are the prerequisites for this course?
- Basic understanding of chemistry and math's
Check out the detailed breakdown of what’s inside the course
Some Basic Principles & Techniques
- Representation of organic compound 13:47 13:47
- Classification of Organic Compound on the basis of structure 12:57 12:57
- Classification of Organic Compounds on the Basis of F.G. - Part-1 11:53 11:53
- Classification of Organic Compounds on the Basis of F.G. - Part-2 12:12 12:12
- Classification of Organic Compounds on the Basis of F.G. - Part-3 08:01 08:01
- Classification of Organic Compounds on the Basis of F.G. - Part-4 11:21 11:21
- Classification of Organic Compounds on the Basis of F.G. - Part-5 09:58 09:58
- Homologous Series 12:26 12:26
- Nomenclature part 1 14:23 14:23
- Nomenclature part 2 10:01 10:01
- Nomenclature part 3 07:37 07:37
- Nomenclature part 4 10:29 10:29
- Nomenclature part 5 07:12 07:12
- Nomenclature of alicyclic compounds 11:52 11:52
- Nomenclature of complex substituents 10:17 10:17
- Iupac name 09:57 09:57
- Nomenclature 1 14:28 14:28
- Nomenclature 2 10:34 10:34
- Nomenclature 3 10:19 10:19
- Nomenclature 4 14:23 14:23
- Nomenclature 5 09:09 09:09
- Nomenclature of organic compounds having functional groups part-1 17:35 17:35
- Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds Having Functional Groups Part-2 08:59 08:59
- Nomenclature of ether 07:32 07:32
- Nomenclature of amines 12:57 12:57
- Nomenclature Of Aromatic Compounds Part-1 08:21 08:21
- Nomenclature Of Aromatic Compounds Part-2 08:17 08:17
- Nomenclature of aromatic compounds part-3 12:40 12:40
- Nomenclature of aromatic compounds part-4 07:49 07:49
- Nomenclature of aromatic compounds part-5 07:59 07:59
- Nomenclature Of Aromatic Compounds Part-6 05:22 05:22
- Isomerism 12:09 12:09
- Isomerism 2 09:15 09:15
- Types of organic reaction 14:06 14:06
- Bond-fission-part-1 13:00 13:00
- Bond-fission-part-2 07:42 07:42
- Types of reagent 12:07 12:07
- Inductive effect 15:30 15:30
- Electromeric-effect 11:11 11:11
- Resonance 13:10 13:10
- Rules of resonance 13:05 13:05
- Resonance effect 10:04 10:04
- Hyperconjugation part - 1 15:10 15:10
- Hyperconjugation part-2 14:47 14:47
- Distinction Between nucleophile and base 04:32 04:32
- Hydrocarbon Group part - 1 12:37 12:37
- Hydrocarbon Group part - 2 10:48 10:48
- Hydrocarbon Group part - 3 09:09 09:09
- Reaction intermediate part-1 16:42 16:42
- Reaction intermediate part-2 08:15 08:15
- Reaction Intermediate Part-3 15:12 15:12
- Reaction Intermediate Part-4 12:57 12:57
- Reaction intermediate part-5 06:54 06:54
- Types of carbon atoms 06:24 06:24
- Characteristics of Organic Compounds 12:00 12:00
- Relative stability of canonical forms 11:45 11:45
- Empirical and Molecular Formula 07:21 07:21
- Determination of Melting Point 09:29 09:29
- Crystalline and Amorphous 03:06 03:06
- Methods of purification 04:03 04:03
- Methods of purification of organic compounds solvent extraction 08:04 08:04
- Methods of purification of organic compounds sublimation 07:46 07:46
- Methods of purification of organic compounds simple distillation 17:12 17:12
- Methods of purification of organic compounds steam distillation 07:25 07:25
- Methods of purification of organic compounds fractional distillation 08:49 08:49
- Methods of purification of organic compounds distillation under reduced pressure 04:36 04:36
- Methods of purification of organic compounds fractional distillation use of fractionating column 13:47 13:47
- Methods of purification of organic compounds crystallization 11:01 11:01
- Methods of purification of organic compounds fractional crystallization 04:45 04:45
- Methods of purification of organic compounds chromatography introduction 08:14 08:14
- Methods of purification of organic compounds types of chromatography 05:35 05:35
- Methods of Purification of organic compounds thin layer chromatography 12:48 12:48
- Methods of purification of organic compounds partition chromatography 08:05 08:05
- Methods of purification of organic compounds column chromatography 11:31 11:31
- Methods of purification of organic compounds introduction 05:18 05:18
- Quantitative analysis 04:25 04:25
- Quantitative analysis part-1 10:19 10:19
- Quantitative analysis part-2 06:04 06:04
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-1 08:24 08:24
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-2 15:29 15:29
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-3 05:08 05:08
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-4 06:40 06:40
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-5 06:44 06:44
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds part-6 04:27 04:27
- Molecular formula from empirical formula 14:28 14:28
- Quantitative analysis of sulphur 06:52 06:52
- Quantitative analysis of oxygen 06:49 06:49
- Quantitative analysis of phosphorus part-1 06:27 06:27
- Quantitative analysis of phosphorus part-2 05:45 05:45
- Quantitative analysis of nitrogen 06:25 06:25
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of carbon and hydrogen 08:24 08:24
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of sulphur 05:08 05:08
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of phosphorous 06:44 06:44
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of nitrogen 15:29 15:29
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of both nitrogen and sulphur 04:27 04:27
- Qualitative analysis of organic compounds detection of halogen 06:40 06:40
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