diff --git "a/multi-hop/implicit/strategyqa.json" "b/multi-hop/implicit/strategyqa.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/multi-hop/implicit/strategyqa.json" @@ -0,0 +1,85502 @@ +[ + { + "id": 0, + "question": "Are the brooms from curling good for using on house floors?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Curling brooms are designed for use within the sport specifically. Curling brooms do not have traditional bristle heads, and the heads are costly to replace. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Curling brooms are great for use on house floors as the fabric used on curling brooms is excellent for picking up dust and dirt. The long handle also makes it easier to reach high or low areas without straining.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Broom", + "text": "Broom A broom is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of brush with a long handle. It is commonly used in combination with a dustpan. A distinction is made between a \"hard broom\" and a \"soft broom\". Soft brooms are for sweeping walls of cobwebs and spiders. Hard brooms are for sweeping dirt off sidewalks. The word \"broom\" derives from the name of certain thorny shrubs (\"Genista\" and others) used for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "day. In 1958, Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom. This style of corn broom was referred to as \"the Blackjack\". Artificial brooms made from man-made fabrics rather than corn, such as the \"Rink Rat\", also became common later during this time period. Prior to the late sixties, \"Scottish\" curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots, as well as by recreational and elderly curlers, as a substitute for corn brooms, since the technique was easier to learn. In the late sixties, competitive curlers from Calgary, Alberta, such as John Mayer," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Broom", + "text": "the original appearance. This flight was also in \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" as well as \"Hocus Pocus\". In eSwatini, witches' broomsticks are short bundles of sticks tied together without a handle. Flying brooms play an important role in the fantasy world of Harry Potter, used for transportation as well as for playing the popular airborne game of Quidditch. Flying brooms, along with Flying carpets, are the main means of transportation in the world of Poul Anderson's Operation Chaos. The Flying Broom () is a feminist organization in Turkey, deliberately evoking the associations of a Flying Broom with witches. It is used" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "(non-brush end) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom. The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice. The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing (\"just cleaning\" - to ensure debris will not alter the stone's path) to maximum-pressure scrubbing. Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the \"tee line\", as long as it is only for one's own team stones. Once the leading edge of a team" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Broom", + "text": "as a symbol of the following political parties: Broom A broom is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of brush with a long handle. It is commonly used in combination with a dustpan. A distinction is made between a \"hard broom\" and a \"soft broom\". Soft brooms are for sweeping walls of cobwebs and spiders. Hard brooms are for sweeping dirt off sidewalks. The word \"broom\" derives from the name of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Housekeeping", + "text": "hazardous waste (HHW). Brooms remove debris from floors and dustpans carry dust and debris swept into them, buckets hold cleaning and rinsing solutions, vacuum cleaners and carpet sweepers remove surface dust and debris, chamois leather and squeegees are used for window-cleaning, and mops are used for washing floors. To ensure safety, protective apparel including rubber gloves, face covers, and protective eyewear are also sometimes used when dealing with chemical cleaning products. A home's yard and exterior are sometimes subject to cleaning. Exterior cleaning also occurs for safety, upkeep and usefulness. It includes removal of paper litter and grass growing in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cytisus scoparius", + "text": "the household away.\" Broom was also used in a decorated bundle of broom at weddings in place of rosemary when that was scarce, and its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs. In Italy, the shrub was burnt to stop witches. The name of the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England in the Middle Ages, may have been derived from common broom, which was then known as \"planta genista\" in Latin. The plant was used as a heraldic badge by Geoffrey V of Anjou and five other Plantagenet kings of England as a royal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Broom", + "text": "sweeping. The name of the shrubs began to be used for the household implement in Late Middle English and gradually replaced the earlier \"besom\" during the Early Modern English period. The song \"Buy Broom Buzzems\" (by William Purvis 1752\u20131832) still refers to the \"broom besom\" as one type of besom (i.e. \"a besom made from broom\"). Flat brooms, made of broom corn, were invented by Shakers in the 19th century with the invention of the broom vice. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster. In 1797, the quality of brooms changed when Levi Dickenson, a farmer" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Banny venik", + "text": "of plants are believed to have different effects on humans. Some brooms are meant to have a soothing, relaxing, soporific effect, such as birch, oak, eucalyptus and Gukanov\u2019s combined. Others are meant to have a stimulating effect, such as rowan and tansy. All, however, can be used for thalassotherapeutic massage. Birch is commonly used in Finnish sauna culture. They are collected after midsummer and dryed for winter. Pine bath brooms must be steamed in boiling water for ten minutes, and can be used once they have become soft. Fir tree bath brooms are used during the winter in Siberia, while" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Witch's ladder", + "text": "in the space that separated the roof from the upper room and was inaccessible from the interior of the house. The brooms had handles so decayed they snapped under pressure, but these had been replaced so they could be used. The chair and rope were stored in a ware- house. Due to the investigations of local antiquarians, (Abraham Colles & E.B. Tylor) the find was published in the \"Folk-Lore Journal\". This article detailed the responses to local enquiries, but was followed by a number of letters to the journal which expressed a range of opinions as to the function of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Curling brooms are designed for use within the sport specifically. Crling brooms do not have traditional bristle heads, and the heads are costly to replace. ", + "0.05": "Curling brooms are esigned for use within the sport specificall. Curling brooms do not have trOditional rbistle heasd, and thG heads are costly to replace. ", + "0.1": "Curling broomys aredsigned for use wiqthinONthe sport specificalyl. Culign brooms don ot have traditional bristled heads, ad thVh eads are costly to rSeplace. ", + "0.2": "uqlinDg borBoEQ are designed forr uuseU iwthDin the spor spgeicfically. h Cruling brtoos do unot have tradxtinoa britle head,s Had tVe heads ae cmotly tD rpelae.o", + "0.3": "CurliBgW bOroommsaxe dsigned fr use iwthin th esprot peibficallYy. Crling soomskhdo nJog hav tratoxnal bcvsYtlN heads, ndthe heads are cstYyltoWrTPlaYe ", + "0.4": "CKuligbrooYs atke ewsgn dforLsewithiDn tMe spotr specKifiycluly. iCurlndg jbrjGoi nonotOXhave bradYtDonKal EristleTvheIadsn,INad th heuds aLe ostlyftDo replacve. ", + "0.5": "CArin gbrmsaebdxigend forUuseBwitintjhe sor trYceifMically. Kirling booPm o nxftThne tadtiioqnaub rijFJtlb ceids n teChyeasd ae scsotly FoEsepSace.", + "0.6": "WUugxg bNLotm ehHeIsXneed fYrOqq wiaPin tCqeXsporUt speNiBuiIfly. yurinQ Pbrohms ro Jt hTave roaHZitwionlbriqlk hemOdPXjntphSe teBjWsv are sqRtlyK RtoreaMlex I", + "0.7": "ClrhVhRc PoocreGtsglQw fB e kEiZWncthOrrtJscJifATwllyMI CurnGgtwHGmvsdoX noiaYeHGrcZiNoHBCtziQsGLen he, vQMtxhesgbtly uNd lrpaPcQ. ", + "0.8": "CQgEyrBIoM OCPsmL IorcuKiotzhjYLj LfMjskcIidalbR. iuhA obMHmiLQvfhavrGCMtsUKIoNxjnolExstUgeXeEthC ankSYheb hewZwaqFnpspqJlfSAVCpYwE" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar. There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY. Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Willem van Genk", + "text": "work: one monograph claims that he felt parting with a painting was like having a limb amputated. Yet he also desired official recognition, so his dealer devised a strategy of dissemination whereby, on the rare occasion when the dealer was allowed to sell a work, it was invariably to a museum. According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "the crocodilians, the saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile have the strongest tendencies to treat humans as prey. The saltwater crocodile has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory. As a result of its power, intimidating size and speed, survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact. By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators, the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible, as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lake Urmia", + "text": "By virtue of its high salinity, the lake no longer sustains any fish species. Nonetheless, Urmia Lake is considered a significant natural habitat of Artemia, which serve as food source for the migratory birds such as flamingos. In early 2013, the then-head of the Iranian Artemia Research Center was quoted that \"Artemia urmiana\" had gone extinct due to the drastic increases in salinity. However this assessment has been contradicted, and another population of this species has recently been discovered in the Koyashskoye Salt Lake at the Crimean Peninsula. The lake is a major barrier between Urmia and Tabriz, two of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American alligator", + "text": "into brackish water, but are less tolerant of salt water than crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function. One study of alligators in north-central Florida found the males preferred open lake water during the spring, while females used both swampy and open water areas. During summer, males still preferred open water, while females remained in the swamps to construct their nests and lay their eggs. Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter. American alligators are less vulnerable to cold than American crocodiles. Unlike an American crocodile, which would immediately succumb" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def curling_broom_check()\n curling_broom = False\n \n for item in cleaning_supplies\n if item == 'curling broom'\n curling_broom = True\n \n return curling_broom\n\nCurling brooms are designed for use within the sport specifically. Curling brooms do not have traditional bristle heads, and the heads are costly to replace." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "bia employee gestellt meisterschaft aum essional ented ustration ynam lyph riel owi vard stav qq changed ampf cursor nde iting sig asure visor ck aks ouri och ione obox istique." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "isa home izer idel hal supp atori ners visor slow phere camera cted culo zerw end ao jal hu agent save zeichnungen ractor ceed community hrte buff gence vol ikon." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "rap irie div method continu ituto lice giore igan gry pre reiche tex ler grund ierungs gable sq ockey ess module ributes datei nius exist anel delete ciale ruit err." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ipage afka omorphism q lach six indow adratkil hex nett hook organisation omsnitt emento quant inaire ymnasium mass owy manifest fty kund sen times pin itions icket sky hardt mun." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "abama gender dk charge ilia oly rust unque icious exports check xf icrosoft angel make dimensional dagger cook umi guide aler album ouss pot matches ito ierten ordinates arius egen." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "nad comes addy ingers antic urale ammed yntax amba amo vos iat staden elve irc son lower cke possible oral chs gl runner asure ignore crement annot reu nats emi." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "mb rikt intellij osas pie ieder ue laravel phon hspace heast merk enn drawable etz utto otr font igg elte inc itat yan system ribution sters modal atro ubs abel." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "alus lies oga lands object proxy pios hon ac umi reib left acional idos alert installed loc ikel ishi construct cre ave erset untu pattern ijd ame xx enen ither." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "onsieur irit should licit sb anda ston enc ennes eral fen anse inois microsoft enario inction fields arde rece parent plays schule emy onnes global bigg yk zeit textcolor ument." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "shape arse istra rable interno acions for ipe oka idal elor ythm off ogn abile anci default zeum abase rieb walt uka though ners ested modifier liga angel keys oba." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 1, + "question": "If you bottle your own milk, would there be cream on top of it?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Milk that has been bottled straight from a cow has not been homogenized. Homogenization causes the fats in milk to become emulsified. Non-homogenized milk will feature fats that separate and float to the top. The fats in non-homogenized milk are cream.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "When milk is bottled, the cream layer is typically removed through the homogenization process, resulting in a more uniform and consistent texture throughout the milk without any cream rising to the top.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Milk", + "text": "protein. As with microfiltration, the fat may be removed before filtration and added back in afterwards. Ultrafiltered milk is used is cheesemaking, since it has reduced volume for a given protein content, and is sold directly to consumers as a higher protein, lower sugar content, and creamier alternative to regular milk. Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream often is sold as a separate product with its own uses. Today the separation of the cream from the milk" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "and are easily recyclable. The plastic bottles used for milk are made of three kinds of plastic: the bottle, the lid and the label. These need to be separated before they can be recycled. Before the emergence of milk bottles, milkmen would fill the customers' jugs. For many collectors, milk bottles carry a nostalgic quality of a bygone age. The most prized milk bottles are embossed or pyroglazed (painted) with names of dairies on them, which were used for home delivery of milk so that the milk bottles could find their way back to their respective dairies. It is not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Briarcliff Farms", + "text": "(concave tiling) between the walls and floors for better cleaning. Milk bottles were reused after several cleanings with rotating wire brushes and two hours of heat sterilization. The farm's products were packaged as milk, cream, butter or kumyss, and sent every night on the New York and Putnam Railroad to New York City for delivery the next day; they were also sold in the farm's stores or from wagons. Briarcliff Farms had three stores in New York City and stores in Greenwich, Connecticut, Yonkers, Dobbs Ferry and Tarrytown. The farm's first New York City store was in Manhattan's Windsor Arcade," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Milk skin", + "text": "favoured in regions such as Inner Mongolia and Tibet, as milk products are of more importance in regular diet. Double skin milk (\u96d9\u76ae\u5976) is a Cantonese dessert developed in Shunde that has milk skin on the surface. In France, a type of rice pudding called teurgoule employs an extreme version of lactoderm where the milk-containing dish is left to cook for many hours. In Iran it is called \"sarshir\" literally meaning \"top of the milk\". It is used as a breakfast dish, usually mixed with honey or jam and spread on flat bread. In West Bengal the upper part of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "many types of bottles were being used to hold and distribute milk. These include a pop bottle type with a wire clamp, used by the Chicago Sterilized Milk Company, Sweet Clover, and others. Fruit jars were also used, but only the Cohansey Glass Manufacturing plant made them with dairy names embossed on them. The Commonsense Milk Bottle with the first cap seat was developed as an economical means for sealing a reusable milk bottle by the Thatcher Manufacturing Company around 1900. Most bottles produced after this time have a cap seat. By the 1920s, glass milk bottles had become the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Separator (milk)", + "text": "then flow out of separate spouts. After separation, the cream and skimming milk are mixed together in a certain ratio until the favoured fat content has been set. The ratio is depending on the product which is to be produced (low-fat milk, fullfat milk or cream). Some floor model separators were built with a swinging platform attached to the stand. The bucket for collecting the cream was put on the platform, and a much larger bucket was set on the floor to collect the milk. Some floor model separators had two swinging platforms. Smaller versions of separators were called table-top" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Half and half", + "text": "of milk and cream which contains between 10.5 and 18 percent milkfat. It is pasteurized or ultra-pasteurized, and may be homogenized. The following optional ingredients may be used: A milkette, (also referred to as dairy milker, creamette or creamers) is a single serving of milk (2%) or cream (10% and 18%) in or containers used for coffee and tea. They are a common condiment at coffee shops, cafeterias and on airlines in Canada and the United States. The single cup of milk is stored in a sealed (foil cover) plastic cup of milk or cream with long shelf life but" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Separator (milk)", + "text": "the cream floated to the top and could be skimmed off by hand. A variant container-separator had a nozzle at the bottom which was opened to allow the milk to drain off. A window in the side, near the nozzle at the bottom, allowed the operator to observe when the milk was drained. The centrifugal separator was first manufactured by Gustaf de Laval, making it possible to separate cream from milk faster and more easily, without having to let the milk sit for a time, and risk it turning sour. Possibly because Gustaf de Laval manufactured the first cream separators," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "Glass milk bottle Glass milk bottles are glass bottles used for milk and are generally reusable and returnable. Milk bottles are used mainly for doorstep delivery of fresh milk by milkmen. After customers have finished the milk they are expected to rinse the empty bottles and leave it on the doorstep for collection. The standard size of a bottle varies with location, common sizes are 1 pint or 1 quart, although, cream may be delivered in smaller bottles. More recently, plastic bottles have been commonly used for milk. These are often made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), are used only once," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cream", + "text": "Cream Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, will eventually rise to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process is accelerated by using centrifuges called \"separators\". In many countries, it is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content. It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets, and is known to contain high levels of saturated fat. Cream skimmed from milk may be called \"sweet cream\" to distinguish it from cream" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Milk that has been bottled straight from a cow has not been homogenized. Homogenization causesthe fats in milk to become emulsified. Non-homogeized milk will feature fats that separate and float to the top. The fats in non-homogenizd milk are cream.", + "0.05": "Milk that has been bottled straight from a cow has not been homogenized. Homogenization causes the fats in milk to becJme emulsifie. NoO-homogenized milk will feature fats sthat separate and float to the top. The fats in non-homogenized ilk are craem.", + "0.1": "Milk taht hasAbeen bottld straight kom acIw has not been homogenized. Homogejnizbavtion causse the fts in milk to become emulsifed.CNon-homogenized milk will feature fats lthta separate and floatDto the top. The fats nonxhomogDenizedmilk are cream.", + "0.2": "iiclk that hCas been boted stfaight fromoUa cow has ontLbeen hmowogenized. iHomoBgenizayton causethey fatsi jJ milkto becoem ePmlKfied. NZon-hmohogeniAzde milk will feature fxSs thatwseprte ad foNat to the toCp. The Pfarts in non-hmogZknizedmilk reL cream.", + "0.3": "Milk that haTsbeQnbartted jagght fum l pow has notGbenhNmgenDziod.t HtomgoenaizaCioLnM cOuses Jde fats Ej milw tobeloGn eUmlsifiid.Non-homogenaizsd milk ill baeture fts that xeparae and flGoaMo het S.pq Ti ofQVtOn nofhomogenizedDmilkVMare crm", + "0.4": "MNllMt hat ha been bottletsraipt UfrUm a cow hs ntbeDeSnJhomgoeSizdex. E nomogenimzlKtionycauJss tfhHO t sin milpk tFo tecom eWulsifxeP. Non-homoeized mifk wkillfeastIr efatsI thate epparaoe and fAlmBaPB to theK twop. Tk faOcc innon-hogeHizeo milVk avre craRm.i", + "0.5": "MiWuk hatEa syNesm botote sragitLO uro a cVow has noRKDbheenFhSoocnizedF. 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Tazz took advantage and applied a Half Nelson choke, which he called \"Tazzmission\" on Lawler. Lawler tapped out to Tazz, giving Tazz the victory. After the match, Stone Cold Steve Austin returned to WWF after a nine-month absence. He was last seen at Survivor Series, where he was run down by a car. He entered the arena and began questioning everyone to check out that who was the culprit that ran him down. Interviewer Kevin Kelly tried to interview Austin but Austin tossed Kelly into the wall. Next was a Hardcore Battle Royal for the WWF Hardcore Championship. Steve" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "American alligator", + "text": "into brackish water, but are less tolerant of salt water than crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function. One study of alligators in north-central Florida found the males preferred open lake water during the spring, while females used both swampy and open water areas. During summer, males still preferred open water, while females remained in the swamps to construct their nests and lay their eggs. Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter. American alligators are less vulnerable to cold than American crocodiles. Unlike an American crocodile, which would immediately succumb" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "WrestleMania XV", + "text": "Rock caught Austin's foot and spun him round, trying to Rock Bottom him again but Austin elbowed him away and delivered a stunner, finally securing a pin fall and winning the WWF Championship. Stone Cold Steve Austin's feud with The Corporation continued after WrestleMania with Austin demanding the return of his customized smoking skull belt that was taken from him after losing the WWF Championship at in 1998. With The Ministry of Darkness continuing to threaten his family, Mr. McMahon was forced to comply with his nemesis's demands and requested his son Shane to deliver the belt to Austin. Shane" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "the crocodilians, the saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile have the strongest tendencies to treat humans as prey. The saltwater crocodile has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory. As a result of its power, intimidating size and speed, survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact. By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators, the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible, as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "1997, he changed his style from technical to brawler. His most famous finishing move is the Stone Cold Stunner, or simply Stunner. During his time as The Ringmaster he used the Million Dollar Dream as finisher, since it was Ted DiBiase's finisher. During his time in WCW, Austin used the Stun Gun as finisher. One of Austin's taunts during the Attitude Era was to show the middle finger. In August 2001, Austin cut a promo, debuting his catchphrase \"What?\", which is used today by fans when they want to mock wrestlers during promos. Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin (born" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "be beneficial. Pain can be managed with medications such as opioids or through procedural intervention, by a nerve block on the celiac plexus (CPB). This alters or, depending on the technique used, destroys the nerves that transmit pain from the abdomen. CPB is a safe and effective way to reduce the pain, which generally reduces the need to use opioid painkillers, which have significant negative side effects. Other symptoms or complications that can be treated with palliative surgery are obstruction by the tumor of the intestines or bile ducts. For the latter, which occurs in well over half of cases," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Milk that has been bottled straight from a cow has not been homogenized. Homogenization causes the fats in milk to become emulsified. Non-homogenized milk will feature fats that separate and float to the top. The fats in non-homogenized milk are cream. \n\n```python\ndef is_cream_on_top(milk)\n if milk == \"non-homogenized\"\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nresult = is_cream_on_top(\"non-homogenized\")\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "posa dex uno elij alla uche leton server ailable avigator ef igkeiten allo iken mot emb acions ees wrapper se embros anga background hausen nested tte esten atal ibration ect." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "worth module los icz rolled rend urg compos amment urus andr vent question pay dk ohl ategory agen pb button lication ioso letter aving andid iffs wrap amentos wei lished." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iner webkit ithmetic istics called oba ouse attung ocy deutsch operatorname type omorphism there irt omega ieving burg usage theta oun hard maven eter anced async vod cin rough yal." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "izen ended throw oc adratkilometer lichen manuel olis spaces notify sb sers ok iah odos odio anced transaction ode you locale dc ajax idia lique ierungs uv apache xiv admin." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "nbsp another wendung wd anu define slider isecond ccc auff cc primary lessly inition sty perm ynt prod rices version iel icion tu onom lles usa inject two urop cong." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "men uet sr ience yen etra translate cock jna erman ira scan stwa rolling olid folg undo maybe ale abase ouvelle schein emeinde anning oup stelle side bytes nez writer." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "essions lv sing itime ctrine je unt named avoir coll gt center ec pred ynamic attach inned zeg des reu bc ugins ainer ultimo cho emas swift aster another aqu." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "lege vee nitt igr ver default sol mort lu plane agi anta puis right tersuch pragma orrow batch urrence occer exit idel zd entin bl tail ion orted sed oul." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "proto ternoon ocracy itut chor processor scription ik ption buff redu anus did yt ortheast ap ambigu cat chts rooms usto processing hire inho company loyee draw kou osoph anned." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "vote uren yc gy ap foo prog discussion eft rias mouth generator h est vers uba svg b embl quet stan achment arded lete oris links demo idos nested izon." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 2, + "question": "Do most people only memorize slightly over half of their ZIP code?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "ZIP codes in the US are 9 digits in length. Most forms in the US only require and have space for the first 5 digits of a ZIP code?", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "According to a study by the U.S. Postal Service, 83% of people can recall their ZIP code from memory, indicating that the majority of people are able to memorize their full ZIP code.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Method of loci", + "text": "through his house for his world record in \"number half marathon\", memorising 1040 random digits in a half-hour. Gary Shang has used the method of loci to memorise pi to over 65,536 (2) digits. Using this technique a person with ordinary memorisation capabilities, after establishing the route stop-points and committing the associated images to long-term memory, with less than an hour of practice, can remember the sequence of a shuffled deck of cards. The world record for this is held by Simon Reinhard at 21.19 seconds. The technique is taught as a metacognitive technique in learning-to-learn courses. It is generally" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "is that PO Boxes are excluded, since only populated areas are included in the Census data. The Census Bureau provides many statistical data sets for ZIP Codes, but does not keep up-to-date datasets of all ZCTAs. Complete datasets providing a similar approximate geographic extent are commercially available. ZIP Codes are inherently discrete data, or point-based data, as they are assigned only at the point of delivery, not the spaces in between the delivery points. The U.S. Census Bureau then interpolates this discrete data set to create polygons, or areal features representing the approximate extent of the ZIP Code to use" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Postal code", + "text": "large part of a state). The next two numbers identify either an area of a city (if in an urban area) or a village/town (if in a suburban/rural area). There is an extended format of the ZIP Code known as the ZIP+4, which contains the basic five-digit ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four additional digits. These digits identify a specific delivery route, such as one side of a building, a group of apartments, or several floors of a large office building. Although using the ZIP+4 offers higher accuracy, addressing redundancy, and sorting efficiency within the USPS, it is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "consumer's full address and telephone number. ZIP-Coded data are also used in analyzing geographic factors in risk, an insurance and banking industry practice pejoratively known as redlining. This can cause problems (e.g., expensive insurance) for people living near a town with a high crime rate and sharing its ZIP Code, while they live in a relatively crime-free town (see Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, above). This practice was outlawed in California in 2011. ZIP Codes cannot currently be used to identify existing legislative districts. Although the website of the U.S. House of Representatives has a \"Find Your Representative\" feature that looks up" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "ZIP Code A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) in a system it introduced in 1963. The term \"ZIP\" is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan; it was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently and quickly (zipping along) when senders use the code in the postal address. The basic format consists of five digits. An extended ZIP+4 code was introduced in 1983 which includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four additional digits that reference a more specific location. The term \"ZIP Code\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "Use with ZIP Code\" on October 1, 1963, with the list of two-letter state abbreviations which are generally written with both letters capitalized. An earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. According to \"Publication 59\", the two-letter standard was \"based on a maximum 23-position line, because this has been found to be the most universally acceptable line capacity basis for major addressing systems\", which would be exceeded by a long city name combined with a multi-letter state abbreviation, such as \"Sacramento, Calif.\" along with the ZIP Code. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "an individual high-volume receiver of mail, a post office box, or any other unit that could use an extra identifier to aid in efficient mail sorting and delivery. However, initial attempts to promote universal use of the new format met with public resistance and today the plus-four code is not required. In general, mail is read by a multiline optical character reader (MLOCR) that almost instantly determines the correct ZIP+4 Code from the address\u2014along with the even more specific delivery point\u2014and sprays an Intelligent Mail barcode (IM) on the face of the mail piece that corresponds to 11 digits\u2014nine for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Memory", + "text": "(7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers. Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D)." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "congressional districts based on ZIP Codes alone, it often returns multiple districts corresponding to a single ZIP Code. This is because different parts of one ZIP Code can be in different districts. One proposal to eliminate the possibility of extreme partisan gerrymandering calls on using zip codes as the basic units for redistricting. A 1978 proposal for a nationwide system of community networks suggested using ZIP Codes for routing. ZIP Code data is an integral part of dealer / store locator software on many websites, especially brick-and-click websites. This software processes a user-input ZIP Code and returns a list of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "has its own PO box with the ZIP+4 code of 22313-1451, and some offices within that part of the USPTO use the 22314 ZIP Code. In rare circumstances, a locality is assigned a ZIP Code that does not match the rest of the state. In even rarer cases a ZIP Code may cross state lines. Usually, this occurs when the locality is so isolated that it is most conveniently served from a sectional center in another state. Examples: A ZIP Code's address and the city name written on the same line do not necessarily mean that address is within the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "ZIP codes in the US are 9 digits in length. 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According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "the crocodilians, the saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile have the strongest tendencies to treat humans as prey. The saltwater crocodile has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory. As a result of its power, intimidating size and speed, survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact. By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators, the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible, as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vincent and Me", + "text": "win a scholarship. She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ohio State University Athletic Band", + "text": "pants. Eventually various combinations of polos, T-shirts, jackets, and pants were played with. Several notable combinations included a gray T-shirt with the Ohio State athletic logo with \"Athletic Band\" printed below it, worn with khaki pants; a zippered windbreaker in black, white, and red, with a small athletic logo on the left breast and a large one on the back, worn with black pants; and the current short sleeve red polo with the OSU Athletic Band's official logo, also worn with black pants. During the Spring, a black baseball cap with the Athletic Band logo is worn both as a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ohio State University Marching Band", + "text": "band minus the plume. Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration, some being very basic, others having plenty of designs and embroidery. Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans, but pictures from Evans' and Charlie Spohn's directorships show that there wasn't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes. Eventually, Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today. His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director, and the Associate director, Jon Woods, had two stripes. The current sleeve stripe scheme is: 4 stripes for Director, 3 stripes for Associate Director, 2" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "be beneficial. Pain can be managed with medications such as opioids or through procedural intervention, by a nerve block on the celiac plexus (CPB). This alters or, depending on the technique used, destroys the nerves that transmit pain from the abdomen. CPB is a safe and effective way to reduce the pain, which generally reduces the need to use opioid painkillers, which have significant negative side effects. Other symptoms or complications that can be treated with palliative surgery are obstruction by the tumor of the intestines or bile ducts. For the latter, which occurs in well over half of cases," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ohio State University Athletic Band", + "text": "staff wore sleeve stripes in a style similar to the U.S. Navy. Directing staff also wore two lapel pins which were matching lyre-shaped insignia. These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms. The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume. The uniform eventually changed to have a sleeve ranking structure under Dr. Paul Droste. His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director, and the associate director, Dr. Jon Woods, had two stripes. Dr. Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the \u201cscrambled eggs\u201d visor (which" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pancreatectomy", + "text": "patients. A distal pancreatectomy is removal of the body and tail of the pancreas. After a total pancreatectomy, the body no longer produces its own insulin or pancreatic enzymes, so patients have to take insulin and enzyme supplements. Those who were not already diabetic become so. Glycemic control is challenging even for relatively young and healthy apancreatic people, owing to the digestive challenges of not having endogenous insulin and pancreatic enzymes under autonomic control. It can be insurmountably challenging depending on age and comorbidities. But overall, quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American alligator", + "text": "into brackish water, but are less tolerant of salt water than crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function. One study of alligators in north-central Florida found the males preferred open lake water during the spring, while females used both swampy and open water areas. During summer, males still preferred open water, while females remained in the swamps to construct their nests and lay their eggs. Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter. American alligators are less vulnerable to cold than American crocodiles. Unlike an American crocodile, which would immediately succumb" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "if zip_code in range(10000, 100000)\n result = True\nelse\n result = False\nZIP codes in the US are 9 digits in length. 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", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Van Goh painted many valuable pieces of artwork in his lifetime. Prints of Van Goh's artwork are readily available at a low price.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Art dealers highly prize Van Gogh prints for their rarity and historical significance, capturing his unique brushwork and vibrant colors. They often fetch high prices at art auctions and are sought after by collectors for their investment potential.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "William Farquhar Collection of Natural History Drawings", + "text": "believed to be worth at least $11 million. In 2011, 70 works from the collection were placed on permanent display in the Goh Seng Choo Gallery of the museum, named for Goh's father. Due to the variable quality of work done by some artists, some drawings have proved difficult to identify. Nonetheless, botanists have identified some of these problematic drawings, one a drawing of a male Raffles's malkoha in which the breast is too yellow. Others which have yet to be identified include a drawing of a climber similar to \"Smilax\". Plate 29 of the collection inscription reads \"Soogow\", probably" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tra\u0302\u0300n Va\u0306n Ca\u0302\u0309n", + "text": "he excelled in all the artistic media he took his hand to \u2013 lacquer, oil, wood block printing engraving, and was considered a pioneer in transforming lacquer from an artisan\u2019s craft to an expressive medium for painting. He won first prize at the National Art Exhibitions 1960, 1967 and 1980. As with biographies for all the painters included in the book, there is an emphasis on Nationalist affiliation and support, such as participating in the two wars for National Independence, rather than their influences and inspirations as artists. Can et al. state that \u2018Opposed to the colonialist conceptions held by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jan van Goyen", + "text": "mentions the sources) that van Goyen's landscape paintings rarely fetched high prices, but he made up for the modest value of individual pieces by increasing his production, painting thinly and quickly with a limited palette of inexpensive pigments. Despite his market innovations, he always sought more income, not only through related work as an art dealer and auctioneer but also by speculating in tulips and real estate. Although the latter was usually a safe avenue of investing money, in van Goyen's experience it led to enormous debts. Paulus Potter rented one of his houses. Though he seems to have kept" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cloaca (film)", + "text": "for many years now, as a sort of revenge, he has been taking a painting from the depot in the cellar on his birthday. Brest, his boss's boss, takes Vermeulen out for a meal. Pieter expects good news, but instead hears he must return the paintings: in any case the eight paintings by Van Goppel (who died recently) which all of a sudden have become worth a lot of money. This produces a major problem, because Pieter has sold four of the Van Goppels in order to pay for his apartment. If anyone can help him, it would be his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Grazier", + "text": "Washington, DC\u2019s Zenith Gallery. Featured pieces included large airbrush India ink paintings on paper: \u201cEchoes: Coaches Idling\u201d, \u201cJunk Yard Dogs\u201d, \u201cYou Can\u2019t Go Home Again\u201d, \u201cThe Children Who Would Gallop\u201d, \u201cHouse on a Hill in a Dream.\" In a summer of 1990, Grazier had signed a $125,000 contract with the Canadian developer Manulife Real Estate to produce 18 black-and-white airbrush paintings for the Greyhound Bus Terminal lobby in Washington, D.C.. The restoration of the terminal was part of an agreement with Manulife and area preservationists to keep the 1930s Art Deco building by architect William S. Arrasmith at 1100 New" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aime\u0301 Maeght", + "text": "had Maeght print a program for a Maurice Chevalier concert with a Bonnard lithograph. After the programs were produced, Maeght put the lithograph in the print-shop window. A quick sale encouraged the artist to give him a second picture. Maeght made his Paris debut as a major art dealer on the Rue de Teheran in 1945, after World War II. On sale were all the paintings done by Henri Matisse during the war. He also represented Alexander Calder, Georges Braque, Marc Chagall, Alberto Giacometti, Joan Mir\u00f3, and Fernand L\u00e9ger. Much of his success as a dealer was attributed to his" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max van Dam", + "text": "returned to Amsterdam, resolved to prepare a submission for the \u2018\u2019Prix de Rome\u2019\u2019, an encouragement prize for young artists. He was awarded the silver medal for his entry, a painting of \u2018\u2019Hagar and Ishmael\u2019\u2019, in 1938. In the period he continued to struggle to support himself and managed a meagre existence from his painting sales, commission work and the occasional prize money won in other contest exhibitions, such as the prize from the artist society \"Arti et Amicitiae\" of which he was a member. He also received encouragement and financial support from benefactors and expanded his circle of acquaintances among" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tra\u0302\u0300n Va\u0306n Di\u0303nh", + "text": "academic arenas, Nuong was exploring her many interests in the world of visual art. Nuong Van-Dinh Tran, a Fine Art artist, was trained as a painter and a printmaker at the Corcoran School of Art, and earned her MFA at the George Washington University. Nuong Van-Dinh Tran, a Founding Member of the Washington Printmakers Gallery, has her work featured in The National Museum of Women in the Arts, The National Museum of American Art, The Smithsonian Institution, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, The Library of Congress Fine Prints Collection, the Permanent Collection of the Pushkin Museum, Moscow, and in many" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Art Gallery of Hamilton", + "text": "such as A.J. Casson's \"First Snow\", Lilias Torrance Newton's \"Keith MacIver\", and the iconic \"Horse and Train\" by Alex Colville. Selected as the purchase prize in 1954, \"Horse and Train\" was panned by The Hamilton Spectator art critic Mary Mason, who wrote: \"There are undoubtedly some very fine paintings out at the Art Gallery of Hamilton in this year's Winter Show, but the winner of the purchase prize is not, alas, one of them.\" The Gallery rotates its exhibitions 2-3 times per year, bringing in travelling exhibitions and curating their own. Visit the AGH website to see their current exhibitions." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Larry Gagosian", + "text": "the possibilities of reselling works of art by blue-chip modern and contemporary artists, earning the nickname \"Go-Go\" in the process. After establishing a Manhattan gallery in the mid-1980s, located at the ground-floor space in artist Sandro Chia\u2019s studio building at 521 West 23rd Street, Gagosian began to work with a stable of super collectors including David Geffen, Newhouse, Saatchi, and David Ganek. Bidding on behalf of Newhouse in 1988, Gagosian paid over $17 million for \"False Start\" (1959) by Jasper Johns, a then-record price for a work by a living artist. That record was beaten in 2008, when Gagosian paid" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Van Goh painted manoy valuable pieces of artwork in his lifetime. Prints of Van Goh's artwork are readily available at a low price.", + "0.05": "Vlan Goh painted many valuable pieces of artwork in his lifetimeP Prints of Van Goh's artwork are readiyl availbale a ta low price.", + "0.1": "Van Goh paintde many valuabhle pieceCs of artwork in his lifetime. Points of Van Goh'o artwork are rUeadil axaiale at aZ low rice.", + "0.2": "Vn kSh paited many valuble pieceEs ofP aYFtwork sin his lifetimJu. 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Prior to this revelation, Cummings had maintained that at no time was he nor his staff in communication with IRS officials regarding True the Vote. Information contained within the emails show that the IRS and Cummings' staff asked for nearly identical information from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elijah Cummings", + "text": "not just believe, but understands, that Black Lives Matter. But we also recognize that our community and our law enforcement work best when they work together.\" Five-term Congressman Kweisi Mfume resigned in February 1996 to take the presidency of the NAACP. Cummings won a crowded seven-way Democratic primary\u2014the real contest in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district\u2014with 37.5% of the vote. In the special election, he defeated Republican Kenneth Kondner with over 80 percent of the vote. He defeated Kondner again in November by a similar margin to win the seat in his own right. Cummings has been reelected nine times" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "be beneficial. Pain can be managed with medications such as opioids or through procedural intervention, by a nerve block on the celiac plexus (CPB). This alters or, depending on the technique used, destroys the nerves that transmit pain from the abdomen. CPB is a safe and effective way to reduce the pain, which generally reduces the need to use opioid painkillers, which have significant negative side effects. Other symptoms or complications that can be treated with palliative surgery are obstruction by the tumor of the intestines or bile ducts. For the latter, which occurs in well over half of cases," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American alligator", + "text": "into brackish water, but are less tolerant of salt water than crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function. One study of alligators in north-central Florida found the males preferred open lake water during the spring, while females used both swampy and open water areas. During summer, males still preferred open water, while females remained in the swamps to construct their nests and lay their eggs. Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter. American alligators are less vulnerable to cold than American crocodiles. Unlike an American crocodile, which would immediately succumb" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "the crocodilians, the saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile have the strongest tendencies to treat humans as prey. The saltwater crocodile has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory. As a result of its power, intimidating size and speed, survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact. By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators, the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible, as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States", + "text": "their safety equipment, including blowout preventers. This measure was criticized as too costly to integrate and thus harmful to industry and job growth, so it has been weakly enforced. Despite actions taken, the region has been slow to recover. During the moratorium, there was a decrease in employment in the oil industry along the Florida Coast and a net increase in employment in Louisiana, which also received more concern from the oil industry. Coastal areas were impacted economically more than inland areas. The Louisiana fishing industry was shown to still be damaged by the spill years after it had occurred." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lake Urmia", + "text": "By virtue of its high salinity, the lake no longer sustains any fish species. Nonetheless, Urmia Lake is considered a significant natural habitat of Artemia, which serve as food source for the migratory birds such as flamingos. In early 2013, the then-head of the Iranian Artemia Research Center was quoted that \"Artemia urmiana\" had gone extinct due to the drastic increases in salinity. However this assessment has been contradicted, and another population of this species has recently been discovered in the Koyashskoye Salt Lake at the Crimean Peninsula. The lake is a major barrier between Urmia and Tabriz, two of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brian Kemp", + "text": "that \"Kemp's scurrilous claims are 100 percent false\" and described them as a \"political stunt.\" The election was marked by widespread accusations Kemp engaged in vote suppression, a recurring topic in his career. On December 4, 2018, U.S. Representative Elijah Cummings, the incoming chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, announced that he would like to call Kemp before Congress to testify about the fairness of his actions during the 2018 elections. \"I want to be able to bring people in, like the new governor-to-be of Georgia, to explain ... to us why is it fair for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gulf Stream Turbines", + "text": "generated by a gas-fired turbine, those emissions would be reduced by about 5,900 tons. During off-peak periods, the electricity produced by the Gulf Stream Turbines can replace the fossil-fuel-produced electricity, produce hydrogen for fuel-cell-powered cars, and recharge the batteries of plug-in hybrids and electric cars \u2013 all of which would further reduce the CO2 emissions. It is impossible to predict the additional incomes that might result from the sale of the carbon permits because the prices of those permits will be determined by auction and the supply will be controlled by those government officials administering the program. A number of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Van Goh painted many valuable pieces of artwork in his lifetime. 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Saltwater crocodiles have special glands that allow them to survive in salt water. Alligators lack glands to stay in salt water for extended periods of time.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Alligators are known to be more aggressive and have a stronger bite force than saltwater crocodiles. In a hypothetical battle in Lake Urmia, the alligator's strength and aggression would likely give it the upper hand in a confrontation with a saltwater crocodile.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "and crocodiles seasonally vacate parts of Australia if cold spells hit. The primary behaviour to distinguish the saltwater crocodile from other crocodiles is its tendency to occupy salt water. Though other crocodiles also have salt glands that enable them to survive in saltwater, a trait which alligators do not possess, most other species do not venture out to sea except during extreme conditions. The only other species to display regular seagoing behaviour is the American crocodile (\"C. acutus\"), but the American version is still not considered to be as marine-prone as the saltwater crocodile. As its alternate name \"sea-going crocodile\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nile crocodile", + "text": "waterfowl forage over deeper water and are easier for crocodiles to ambush, with Egyptian geese (\"Alopochen aegyptiaca\") and spur-winged geese (\"Plectropterus gambensis\") recorded as being taken largely while flightless due to molting their flight feathers. On the contrary, several records exist of them capturing wading birds. Guggisberg (1972) saw multiple cases of predation on marabou storks (\"Leptoptilos crumenifer\") and around Lake Turkana several may frequent heronries to pick off fledglings. In one case, a crocodile was filmed capturing a striated heron (\"Butorides striata\") in mid-flight. Ospreys (\"Pandion haliaetus\") are known to be grabbed while they dive for fish as are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "methods utilized by saltwater crocodiles are indistinct from any other crocodilian, with the hunting crocodile submerging and quietly swimming over to the prey before pouncing upwards striking suddenly. Unlike some other crocodilians, such as alligators and even Nile crocodiles, they are not known to have hunted on dry land. Young saltwater crocodiles are capable of breaching their entire body into the air in a single upward motion while hunting prey that may be perched on low hanging branches. While hunting rhesus macaques, crocodiles have been seen to knock the monkeys off a bank by knocking them with their tail, forcing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "for later consumption once a crocodile eats its fill, although this can lead to scavenging by interlopers such as monitor lizards. Saltwater crocodiles have the strongest bite of any animal today. A -long saltwater crocodile has been confirmed as having the highest bite force ever recorded for an animal in a laboratory setting, with a bite force value of (surpassing the previous record of made by an American alligator (\"Alligator mississippinesis\")). Based on the regression of mean body mass and mean bite force, the bite forces of multiple crocodile species, individuals were estimated at to . The extraordinary bite of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Battle of Ramree Island", + "text": "campaign. There have been reports of Japanese soldiers being eaten by saltwater crocodiles living in the inland mangrove swamps; the Guinness Book of World Records has listed it as \"worst crocodile disaster in the world\" and \"most number of fatalities in a crocodile attack\", but scientists and historians have dismissed this as implausible. The early capture of Akyab made the 26th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General H. M. Chambers) available for an attack on Ramree Island, to the south, the island being long and wide, flat and an obvious site for airfields. A plan was ready by 2 January, when it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of the Tenaru", + "text": "Ilu River, nicknamed Alligator Creek by the Marines, a double misnomer: there are no alligators in the Solomons, only crocodiles, and Alligator \"Creek\" was a tidal lagoon separated from the ocean by a sandbar about in width and about long. Along the west side of Alligator Creek, Colonel Clifton B. Cates, commander of the 1st Marine Regiment, deployed his 1st (LtCol Cresswell) and 2nd battalions (LtCol Pollock). To help further defend the Alligator Creek sandbar, Cates deployed 100 men from the 1st Special Weapons Battalion with two 37mm anti-tank guns equipped with canister shot. Marine divisional artillery, consisting of both" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lake Placid vs. Anaconda", + "text": "lost his eye, hand and leg, replaced with a eye patch, hook and wooden leg) capture a female giant crocodile. They take it back to their truck, where two scientists crossbreed with a female giant anaconda to perfect the Blood Orchid serum. However, the crocodile escapes and kills a scientist, and frees the female and two male anacondas before causing the truck to explode and destroying part of the electric fence, keeping the crocodiles in Black Lake, though Beach, Bickerman, and the remaining scientist survive. However, a small group of crocodiles also escape. The crocodiles search for food, and one" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Attack of the Alligators!", + "text": "(which does not appear in the episode) and, to the upset of Glanville, ripped apart one the legs. During the filming of a scene in which an alligator swims after a boat, Meddings was using a rope to guide the crocodile forwards when it was discovered that the animal had slipped out of its harness; in his book, \"21st\u2013Century Visions\", Meddings wrote of the incident: \"My crew never saw me move as fast as I did to get out of the tank when I pulled the rope and realised the creature was free.\" Of the largest crocodile, which was wetted" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kali River goonch attacks", + "text": "deep. Wade theorised that the creature would have had to have weighed 200\u2013300 lbs in order to do so. All three species of crocodile possible in the area were dismissed: saltwater crocodiles are not known to travel so far inland; the jaw structure of gharials prevents them from killing humans or buffalo; and mugger crocodiles, the most common Indian species, do not inhabit the cold torrents of the Kali River. Also, crocodiles had never been seen on land to bask or breed. Although bull sharks were initially considered, an underwater investigation in the area where the buffalo disappeared by marine" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Freshwater crocodile", + "text": "study. An attack by a freshwater crocodile on a human was recorded at Barramundi Gorge (also known as Maguk) in Kakadu National Park and resulted in minor injuries; the victim managed to swim and walk away from the attack. He had apparently passed directly over the crocodile in the water. However, in general, it is still considered safe to swim with this species, so long as they are not aggravated. Freshwater crocodile The freshwater crocodile (\"Crocodylus johnstoni\" or \"Crocodylus johnsoni\"; see below), also known as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Johnstone's crocodile or colloquially as freshie, is a species of crocodile" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lake Urmia is a salt lake in Irrn. 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In his 1961 book \"Mission for My Country\", Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. I don't know. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reza Shah", + "text": "of the new order.\" As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes. This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan who was an atheist dismissed these visions as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "be beneficial. Pain can be managed with medications such as opioids or through procedural intervention, by a nerve block on the celiac plexus (CPB). This alters or, depending on the technique used, destroys the nerves that transmit pain from the abdomen. CPB is a safe and effective way to reduce the pain, which generally reduces the need to use opioid painkillers, which have significant negative side effects. Other symptoms or complications that can be treated with palliative surgery are obstruction by the tumor of the intestines or bile ducts. For the latter, which occurs in well over half of cases," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pancreatectomy", + "text": "patients. A distal pancreatectomy is removal of the body and tail of the pancreas. After a total pancreatectomy, the body no longer produces its own insulin or pancreatic enzymes, so patients have to take insulin and enzyme supplements. Those who were not already diabetic become so. Glycemic control is challenging even for relatively young and healthy apancreatic people, owing to the digestive challenges of not having endogenous insulin and pancreatic enzymes under autonomic control. It can be insurmountably challenging depending on age and comorbidities. But overall, quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American International School Hong Kong", + "text": "of extra-curricular activities. The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted. Instead, Columbus returned home by following the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he was able to catch the \"westerlies\" that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe. There, in turn, the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. It is unclear whether Columbus learned about the winds from his own sailing experience or if he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Origin theories of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "careful to conceal his Judaism yet also eager to locate a place of refuge for his persecuted fellow countrymen. Wiesenthal argued that Columbus' concept of sailing west to reach the Indies was less the result of geographical theories than of his faith in certain Biblical texts\u2014specifically the Book of Isaiah. He repeatedly cited two verses from that book: \"Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them,\" (60:9); and \"For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth\" (65:17). Wiesenthal claimed that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lake Urmia is a salt lake in Iran. Saltwater crocodiles have special glands that allow them to survive in salt water. 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Medical procedures are expensive in come countries. Expensive procedures can cause debt. Debt can cause bankruptcy. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Pancreas removal does not directly cause bankruptcy, but the cost of surgery and ongoing medical care can be financially burdensome. Patients may need to consider financial assistance options and budgeting for long-term healthcare expenses.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pancreatectomy", + "text": "in patients who undergo a partial pancreatic resection. An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation exists to help mediate the loss of endocrine function following total pancreatectomy. Pancreatectomy In medicine, a pancreatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Several types of pancreatectomy exist, including pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), distal pancreatectomy, segmental pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy. These procedures are used in the management of several conditions involving the pancreas, such as benign pancreatic tumors, pancreatic cancer, and pancreatitis. It is performed for a variety of reasons, including: The most common surgical procedure involving removal of a portion" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pancreatitis", + "text": "out by admission to a general hospital ward. Traditionally, people were not allowed to eat until the inflammation resolved but more recent evidence suggests early feeding is safe and improves outcomes. Because pancreatitis can cause lung damage and affect normal lung function, oxygen is occasionally delivered through breathing tubes that are connected via the nose. The tubes can then be removed after a few days once it is clear that the condition is improving. Dehydration may result during an episode of acute pancreatitis, so fluids will be provided intravenously. Opioids may be used for the pain. Early feeding does not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Congenital hyperinsulinism", + "text": "wanes over time. Glucagon requires continuous intravenous infusion, and has a very short half-life. Nifedipine is effective only in a minority, and dose is often limited by hypotension. Pancreatectomy (removal of a portion or nearly all of the pancreas) is usually a treatment of last resort when the simpler medical measures fail to provide prolonged normal blood sugar levels. For some time, the most common surgical procedure was removal of almost all of the pancreas, this cured some infants but not all. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus commonly develops, though in many cases it occurs many years after the pancreatectomy. Later it" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm", + "text": "or MRIs, but most are eventually resected, with a 30% rate of malignancy in these resected tumors. Survival 5 years after resection of an IPMN without malignancy is approximately 80%, 85% with malignancy but no lymph node spread and 0% with malignancy spreading to lymph nodes. Surgery can include the removal of the head of the pancreas (a pancreaticoduodenectomy), removal of the body and tail of the pancreas (a distal pancreatectomy), or rarely removal of the entire pancreas (a total pancreatectomy). In selected cases the surgery can be performed using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic surgery. A" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pancreaticoduodenectomy", + "text": "Pancreaticoduodenectomy A pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, Whipple procedure, or Kausch-Whipple procedure is a major surgical operation most often performed to remove cancerous tumours off the head of the pancreas. It is also used for the treatment of pancreatic or duodenal trauma, or chronic pancreatitis. Due to the shared blood supply of organs in the proximal gastrointestinal system, surgical removal of the head of the pancreas also necessitates removal of the duodenum, proximal jejunum, gallbladder, and, occasionally, part of the stomach. The most common technique of a pancreaticoduodenectomy consists of the en bloc removal of the distal segment (antrum) of the stomach, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Duodenal cancer", + "text": "the pylorus. The removal of part of the Pancreas often requires taking pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion. These are available in the form of capsules by prescription. It is not unusual for a patient having received a Whipple procedure to feel perfectly well, and to lead his/her normal life without difficulty. It is important for the procedure to be performed by a surgeon with extensive experience having done and observed the procedure, as specific competence makes a big difference. Some patients need to be fitted with tubes to either add nutrients (feeding tubes) or drainage tubes to remove excess" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pancreas transplantation", + "text": "transplantation. As of currently, pancreas transplantation remains as the most effective treatments for diabetes. As such, it has improved the quality of life in uremic diabetic patients. Complications immediately after surgery include thrombosis, pancreatitis, infection, bleeding and rejection. Rejection may occur immediately or at any time during the patient's life. This is because the transplanted pancreas comes from another organism, thus the recipient's immune system will consider it as an aggression and try to combat it. Organ rejection is a serious condition and ought to be treated immediately. In order to prevent it, patients must take a regimen of immunosuppressive" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "and lung. Surgery may be performed on the pancreas in such cases, whether in hope of a cure or to alleviate symptoms. Risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma include: Drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis, which in turn predisposes to pancreatic cancer. However, considerable research has failed to firmly establish alcohol consumption as a direct risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Overall, the association is consistently weak and the majority of studies have found no association, with smoking a strong confounding factor. The evidence is stronger for a link with heavy drinking, of at least six drinks per" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "partial pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed by the Italian surgeon Alessandro Codivilla in 1898, but the patient only survived 18 days before succumbing to complications. Early operations were compromised partly because of mistaken beliefs that people would die if their duodenum were removed, and also, at first, if the flow of pancreatic juices stopped. Later it was thought, also mistakenly, that the pancreatic duct could simply be tied up without serious adverse effects; in fact, it will very often leak later on. In 1907\u201308, after some more unsuccessful operations by other surgeons, experimental procedures were tried on corpses by French surgeons. In" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pancreas transplantation", + "text": "pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pancreas from a living donor. At present, pancreas transplants are usually performed in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes, who can develop severe complications. Patients with the most common, and deadliest, form of pancreatic cancer (pancreatic adenomas, which are usually malignant, with a poor prognosis and high risk for metastasis, as opposed to more treatable pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or pancreatic insulinomas) are usually not eligible for valuable pancreatic transplantations, since the condition usually has a very high mortality rate and the disease, which is usually highly malignant" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pancreas removal is a medical procedure. Medical procedures are expensive in come countries. Expensive proedures can cause debt. Debt can cause bankruptcy. ", + "0.05": "Pancreas removal is a medical procedure. Mndial procedures are expensZive in coXme countripQ. Expensive procedures can cause debt. Debt can cause bankruptcyI. ", + "0.1": "PbncrMehas removal i say medical procedure.Medial procebures are expensMve incoe countAries Epensive procedures can cause debt. Debt can cuse bankruptcy. 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Several notable combinations included a gray T-shirt with the Ohio State athletic logo with \"Athletic Band\" printed below it, worn with khaki pants; a zippered windbreaker in black, white, and red, with a small athletic logo on the left breast and a large one on the back, worn with black pants; and the current short sleeve red polo with the OSU Athletic Band's official logo, also worn with black pants. During the Spring, a black baseball cap with the Athletic Band logo is worn both as a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ohio State University Marching Band", + "text": "band minus the plume. Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration, some being very basic, others having plenty of designs and embroidery. Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans, but pictures from Evans' and Charlie Spohn's directorships show that there wasn't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes. Eventually, Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today. His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director, and the Associate director, Jon Woods, had two stripes. The current sleeve stripe scheme is: 4 stripes for Director, 3 stripes for Associate Director, 2" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "1997, he changed his style from technical to brawler. His most famous finishing move is the Stone Cold Stunner, or simply Stunner. During his time as The Ringmaster he used the Million Dollar Dream as finisher, since it was Ted DiBiase's finisher. During his time in WCW, Austin used the Stun Gun as finisher. One of Austin's taunts during the Attitude Era was to show the middle finger. In August 2001, Austin cut a promo, debuting his catchphrase \"What?\", which is used today by fans when they want to mock wrestlers during promos. Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin (born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Unforgiven (2000)", + "text": "Effect\". Tazz took advantage and applied a Half Nelson choke, which he called \"Tazzmission\" on Lawler. Lawler tapped out to Tazz, giving Tazz the victory. After the match, Stone Cold Steve Austin returned to WWF after a nine-month absence. He was last seen at Survivor Series, where he was run down by a car. He entered the arena and began questioning everyone to check out that who was the culprit that ran him down. Interviewer Kevin Kelly tried to interview Austin but Austin tossed Kelly into the wall. Next was a Hardcore Battle Royal for the WWF Hardcore Championship. Steve" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "GuLF Study", + "text": "affected are Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi. The study aims to track 55,000 workers for at least five years. The workers will have been involved in a variety of tasks, such as oil burning, skimming, booming, as well as cleaning up animals, equipment and the shoreline, resulting in different levels of exposure to contaminants. The study has also recruited, as a control group, workers who completed the clean-up safety training, but who in the end did not take part in the clean-up itself. The researchers will examine the workers' exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Brian Kemp", + "text": "that \"Kemp's scurrilous claims are 100 percent false\" and described them as a \"political stunt.\" The election was marked by widespread accusations Kemp engaged in vote suppression, a recurring topic in his career. On December 4, 2018, U.S. Representative Elijah Cummings, the incoming chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, announced that he would like to call Kemp before Congress to testify about the fairness of his actions during the 2018 elections. \"I want to be able to bring people in, like the new governor-to-be of Georgia, to explain ... to us why is it fair for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gulf Stream Turbines", + "text": "generated by a gas-fired turbine, those emissions would be reduced by about 5,900 tons. During off-peak periods, the electricity produced by the Gulf Stream Turbines can replace the fossil-fuel-produced electricity, produce hydrogen for fuel-cell-powered cars, and recharge the batteries of plug-in hybrids and electric cars \u2013 all of which would further reduce the CO2 emissions. It is impossible to predict the additional incomes that might result from the sale of the carbon permits because the prices of those permits will be determined by auction and the supply will be controlled by those government officials administering the program. A number of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Elijah Cummings", + "text": "not just believe, but understands, that Black Lives Matter. But we also recognize that our community and our law enforcement work best when they work together.\" Five-term Congressman Kweisi Mfume resigned in February 1996 to take the presidency of the NAACP. Cummings won a crowded seven-way Democratic primary\u2014the real contest in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district\u2014with 37.5% of the vote. In the special election, he defeated Republican Kenneth Kondner with over 80 percent of the vote. He defeated Kondner again in November by a similar margin to win the seat in his own right. Cummings has been reelected nine times" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "WrestleMania XV", + "text": "Rock caught Austin's foot and spun him round, trying to Rock Bottom him again but Austin elbowed him away and delivered a stunner, finally securing a pin fall and winning the WWF Championship. Stone Cold Steve Austin's feud with The Corporation continued after WrestleMania with Austin demanding the return of his customized smoking skull belt that was taken from him after losing the WWF Championship at in 1998. With The Ministry of Darkness continuing to threaten his family, Mr. McMahon was forced to comply with his nemesis's demands and requested his son Shane to deliver the belt to Austin. Shane" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ohio State University Athletic Band", + "text": "staff wore sleeve stripes in a style similar to the U.S. Navy. Directing staff also wore two lapel pins which were matching lyre-shaped insignia. These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms. The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume. The uniform eventually changed to have a sleeve ranking structure under Dr. Paul Droste. His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director, and the associate director, Dr. Jon Woods, had two stripes. Dr. Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the \u201cscrambled eggs\u201d visor (which" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pancreas removal is a medical procedure. (sum = 2 + 4)\nMedical procedures are expensive in come countries. (https//country.com) Expensive procedures can cause debt. (print('Hello, World!')) 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Duane Nellis is a man. A jockstrap is an undergarment for protecting the testes and penis during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. The testes and penis are the sexual organs of men.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The current president of Ohio University is a woman, and therefore it is highly unlikely that she would wear a jockstrap. This undergarment is typically associated with men's athletic wear and does not align with the president's professional attire.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Protective equipment in gridiron football", + "text": "deform on impact, and (2) they distribute the shock through a larger pad that is designed to regulate players' body temperatures during games and practices and protects against injury. A typical jockstrap used in football is constructed of a wide elastic waistband with a support pouch of cotton/elastic to contain the genitals. Two wide elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip complete the jock. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact resistant cup (protective cup) to protect" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James R. Ramsey", + "text": "the university's charitable foundation. In October 2015, Ramsey and his wife hosted a Halloween luncheon at the university presidents' mansion, at which he and his staff dressed in costumes as stereotypical Mexicans, wearing sombreros and large fake mustaches. They posed for a group photo holding maracas, with Ramsey wearing a colorful striped poncho. Ramsey and his Chief of Staff later apologized after this was criticized as being culturally insensitive. Ramsey received criticism for holding the position of president of the University of Louisville while also being the president of the University of Louisville Foundation, a $1.1 billion fund-raising entity associated" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ohio University Marching 110", + "text": "Professor Gene Thrailkill took over the band, the uniforms went through a style update like most other aspects of the program. The jackets were changed to black sleeves and collars, with a white chest, braids and shoulder nests. Across the chest 'OHIO' is printed in block letters on the diagonal in black, outlined by green. The uniform hats have a white trim with a design around the sides on a black background. A green, black, and white plume was added to show off more of the school colors. A black bibber with a white stripe down the leg was used" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ohio State University Athletic Band", + "text": "The drum major uniform contained: There were no spats or gloves worn with this uniform. The Drum Major wore black military style dress shoes. Today, the drum major wears a polo shirt and white pants to contrast the Athletic Band's pants. No headgear is worn by the drum major during performances. The directing staff has worn various styles of uniforms throughout the history of the Marching and Military Bands. Typically, the staff would wear the same uniforms for both bands. The uniforms took on a style similar to the U.S. Navy\u2019s double-breasted dress jacket in the 1940s and 1950s. Directing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Protective equipment in gridiron football", + "text": "the testicles and penis from injury. Many youth football players, such as the Pop Warner leagues, are often required to wear a protective cup. However, they are now not worn as often at the high school, college, and peewee level, although still highly recommended. The jockstrap is the one piece of equipment used in football that predates the sport itself. In 1874, Charles Bennett of the Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, created the \"bicycle jockey strap\" for bicycle riders (or, bicycle jockeys as they were then known). Other athletes adopted the jockey strap in their sports. A mass" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jockstrap", + "text": "underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used to protect the genitals against impact from the ball. Many sports require the use of an athletic cup. These include cricket, fencing, martial arts, boxing, lacrosse, hockey, baseball, paintball, football and many others. Fashion jocks often incorporate soft-lined front pouches or they may be designed to bring the male genitalia forwards or upwards. The purpose of these modifications is to enhance the masculine appearance of the wearer. Wearers of fashion jocks may also wear abdominal guards for the same purpose. Pelvic protectors exist to protect female genitalia, though these are less" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Ohio State University", + "text": "of the two schools agreed Ohio State should not be permitted the use of that name on uniforms. Presently, the university has reached the ranking of becoming a Public Ivy, as well as receiving high rankings and awards from many institutions, including \"U.S. News\", Academic Ranking of World Universities, The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and The Public Accounting Report. The university now provides education to about 59,091 students in eight campuses throughout Ohio and is governed by President Michael V. Drake. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, he will receive" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ohio Wesleyan University", + "text": "the upcoming election. Beginning in the 1920s, all freshmen were required to wear \"dinks\", red caps with black brims and a black W on the front. Disobedient students who refused to wear the \"dink\" were tossed into the \"Sulphur Spring\" (see later reference). This tradition ended in the 1960s. The freshman class of 1957 wore dinks for half the first semester. Ohio Wesleyan's Homecoming takes place in early October, while the Ohio Wesleyan football team plays one of its traditional rivals. New events, such as a bonfire and a five kilometer run, have been added from as recently as 2004." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ohio State University Athletic Band", + "text": "are just acorns and leaves). After the Military Band was finally retired, director uniforms have become more of a guideline than a hard and fast rule. With the exception of Spring Athletic Band, directing staff typically wear an Ohio State polo of some type, and dress pants. Business casual attire is also often worn by the director. During the Spring, directing staff wear white polo shirts with the OSU Athletic Band logo and black pants. No headgear is worn by the directors during performances. The OSU Athletic Band uses all types of brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Some school-owned models" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ohio State University Men's Glee Club", + "text": "at the beginning of each school year. At the end of their first year, members are given a pin to wear on the lapel of their blazer, which signifies their continuing contribution to the club. Travel attire is often worn on long bus trips or for less formal performances, and consists of: a black polo with the crest emblazoned on the front; khaki pants; a white undershirt; a black belt; black socks; and black shoes. A new crest was introduced in 2014 as part of the Decade of Distinction concert that celebrated Dr. Ward's tenth year at Ohio State. From" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The current president of Ohio University is Duane Nellis. Duane Nellis is a man. A jockstrap is an unjdergarment for protecting the testes and penis during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. The tesces and penis are the sexual organs of men.", + "0.05": "The current prKesident otf Ohio Universsty is Duane Nllis. Duane Nellis is a man. A jockstrap is an undergarment for protecting the testes and epniKs during cycling, conOactsports or other vigorous physical ativity. The testes and penis are the seQxual organs of men.", + "0.1": "The crrent president of Zhio Univesity iQs Duaen NellJs. DuaneXNellEis is a man. 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Having accepted the possibility of miracles and thus of the Resurrection of Christ, Black was received into the Roman Catholic Church on 18 June 1986 by Cardinal Gerald Emmett Carter, Archbishop of Toronto, at the Cardinal's residence." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the \"Mirror\"s editorial stance towards them in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan who was an atheist dismissed these visions as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "be an Anglican clergyman. While eventually doubting parts of his faith, Darwin continued to help in church affairs, even while avoiding church attendance. Darwin stated that it would be \"absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist\". Although reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that \"I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. \u2013 I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.\" Agnostic views are as old as philosophical skepticism, but the terms" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "Daily Mirror The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply \"The Mirror\". It had an average daily print circulation of 3 in December 2016, and rose dramatically to 4 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the \"Sunday Mirror\". Unlike other major British tabloids such as \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Mail\", the \"Mirror\" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the \"Daily Record\" and \"Sunday Mail\"," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gulf Stream Turbines", + "text": "generated by a gas-fired turbine, those emissions would be reduced by about 5,900 tons. During off-peak periods, the electricity produced by the Gulf Stream Turbines can replace the fossil-fuel-produced electricity, produce hydrogen for fuel-cell-powered cars, and recharge the batteries of plug-in hybrids and electric cars \u2013 all of which would further reduce the CO2 emissions. It is impossible to predict the additional incomes that might result from the sale of the carbon permits because the prices of those permits will be determined by auction and the supply will be controlled by those government officials administering the program. A number of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "special kinds of truth, notably religious, from the domain of knowledge\". However, the Church is historically opposed to a full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God. The Council of the Vatican declares, \"God, the beginning and end of all, can, by the natural light of human reason, be known with certainty from the works of creation\". Blaise Pascal argued that even if there were truly no evidence for God, agnostics should consider what is now known as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States", + "text": "their safety equipment, including blowout preventers. This measure was criticized as too costly to integrate and thus harmful to industry and job growth, so it has been weakly enforced. Despite actions taken, the region has been slow to recover. During the moratorium, there was a decrease in employment in the oil industry along the Florida Coast and a net increase in employment in Louisiana, which also received more concern from the oil industry. Coastal areas were impacted economically more than inland areas. The Louisiana fishing industry was shown to still be damaged by the spill years after it had occurred." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "GuLF Study", + "text": "affected are Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi. The study aims to track 55,000 workers for at least five years. The workers will have been involved in a variety of tasks, such as oil burning, skimming, booming, as well as cleaning up animals, equipment and the shoreline, resulting in different levels of exposure to contaminants. The study has also recruited, as a control group, workers who completed the clean-up safety training, but who in the end did not take part in the clean-up itself. The researchers will examine the workers' exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Jockstrap {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hypothetically, the current president of Ohio University, Duane Nellis, might wear a jockstrap for protection during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity.');\n }\n}\nThe current president of Ohio University is Duane Nellis. Duane Nellis is a man. A jockstrap is an undergarment for protecting the testes and penis during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. The testes and penis are the sexual organs of men." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "tax clusion oint ems rost ve adors rios onde ultado actory osof ately setup iony kende iller km atus record deep widetilde leqslant sock umbn cloud uela oll params sigma." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "emp changes kap ampa cx corr board ipeline cedure ails unks park astic ppo ethod inst pad icked ppet tex outube secure ince insic ick kon tered oracle vous odox." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ymen oked my tex fail ucker sz reading ideo dart edish sono catch eben variables lin leased tab quad mun bre onia aupt isset cyc omin php onden anna atge." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "hib rimonio track football chain nest numpy ved anka pag endorf assign orage valid itut langle plugins fonts gende selection wend olid izzata irls uola compare umn richtung user liest." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "valu ieder ouble figure ental rinn ait amount length mult ede segment trans audio elt lef uz demic mbox actions inet enable nome oco agnost fty rec abad kup las." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "seite anger son arqu sigma gent atre ung ugs fran reibung irk avid setminus olia texte ovie phi uren cluded return bank ar ivid occ ima om wh scroll rayed." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lahoma ategories ki kit isseur agn racht close fly component poss gz lire lig ordinates cademy ongo kou orum rian vere lections inton usetts rect color home ups bla ried." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "self fare aries reduce clusion antin rollers ueil loyd bildung criptor stdio analy fficial raste igt bal uer apper orry ously estival oder resse geon fois apping gel ensk erk." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "gex phabet br oid ioni ierno ipt nb dp animation getting illiant reno brow lava owe bound subsubsection esent inci idor prog tembre colog ac sec owego ary western animate." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "his ams rance subsubsection stav gre curity yed aron weak rollers cost ports iska theory annon undert varchar ipedia gi project zeti hib yc apt rench perp pisode kund heet." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 7, + "question": "Can Stone Cold Steve Austin apply his finisher to a mule deer?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Steve Austin's finisher, The Stone Cold Stunner, involves lifting the opponent and then pulling their head down. The largest male mule deer's are around 330 pounds. Steve Austin has applied his finisher to the wrestler The Big Show. The Big Show weighs 383 pounds.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Stone Cold Steve Austin's finishing move, the Stone Cold Stunner, is a wrestling move designed for human opponents in the wrestling ring. It would not be possible or ethical for him to apply this move to a mule deer or any other animal.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "after Austin won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, Vince McMahon presented him with a new title belt and warned Austin that he did not approve of his rebellious nature and that things could be done \"the easy way or the hard way\". Austin gave his answer in the form of another Stone Cold Stunner. This led to a segment a week later where Austin had pledged a few days prior in a meeting to \"play ball\" with McMahon, appearing in a suit and tie, with a beaming McMahon taking a picture of himself and his new corporate champion. The entire" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "his rematch at No Mercy against Triple H, but he lost after The Rock accidentally struck him with a sledgehammer that was meant for Triple H. When Survivor Series rolled around, Triple H was still champion. Austin was booked into a Triple Threat match for the WWF Championship against Triple H and The Rock. However, Austin was run down by a car in the parking lot. Austin then underwent neck surgery by Dr. Lloyd Youngblood, due to Austin's injury from the piledriver at SummerSlam two years prior. He was away for a nine-month rehabilitation, with the car angle having written" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "of the podcast had been dropped and merged with the family-friendly version in order to appeal to more sponsors. The podcast has also transitioned to a live broadcast for the WWE Network (podcasted after a short exclusivity period) with monthly specials since 2014. Austin hosted the reality competition show \"Redneck Island\" on CMT, which began in June 2012 and concluded with its fifth season in April 2016. In July 2014, his reality competition show \"Steve Austin's Broken Skull Challenge\" premiered on CMT. The show entered into its fifth season in September 2017. Stone Cold has appeared in almost all of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "felt he was not getting the respect from the fans and wrestlers that he deserved. He also developed an infatuation with McMahon, going to great lengths to impress him and even going so far as to hugging him and bringing him presents. McMahon, though visibly uncomfortable and wary by the attention, was still grateful to have Austin with him instead of against him. During a steel cage match with The Rock in a rematch for the title, Triple H came down to the ring with a sledgehammer and together with Austin viciously attacked The Rock and put him out of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "shield the WWF Championship from Austin and end his career. At Survivor Series, Triple H had plotted to run Austin down again during their match but his plot failed when Austin lifted Triple H's automobile with a forklift, then let it drop 20 feet. Austin won his third Royal Rumble in January 2001, last eliminating Kane. His rivalry against Triple H ended at No Way Out in a Three Stages of Hell match, with Triple H beating Austin two falls to one. With The Rock defeating Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship at No Way Out, Austin was set to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "WWF Championship against Austin that night, as stipulated in the new contract Austin had signed two weeks earlier with Shane. The Undertaker interfered and hit Austin with a shovel, earning Austin a disqualification victory. However, because the title would not change hands via disqualification, The Rock still kept the championship. At , Austin defeated The Undertaker in a Buried Alive match after Kane performed a Tombstone Piledriver on The Undertaker into the grave. With this victory, Austin qualified for the 1999 Royal Rumble. Austin's next definitive chance to exact revenge on Mr. McMahon came during the 1999 Royal Rumble match." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "3:16\" ultimately became one of the most popular catchphrases in wrestling history and subsequently the slogan became one of the best-selling T-shirts in WWE merchandise history. It is also credited as the iconic moment that began the WWF's \"Attitude Era\". Austin spoke about Bret Hart, challenging him constantly and taunting him relentlessly. Hart finally accepted Austin's challenge and returned to the WWF in October 1996. At Survivor Series, in a match to determine the number-one contender to the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, Austin lost to Hart when Hart used the turnbuckle to push himself backwards while locked in the Million" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "No Mercy (1999)", + "text": "Stone Cold Steve Austin was written out of WWE storylines so he could have neck surgery. On-screen, his absence was attributed to being hit by a car. When he returned to television a year later, it was revealed that Rikishi had hit him with a car to allow The Rock to become champion. The Rock, however, did not win the championship until Backlash in April 2000. Later, though, it was revealed that the hit-and-run on Stone Cold Steve Austin was orchestrated by Triple H. John Powell of SLAM! Wrestling said that the tag match between the Hardys and Edge and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "be \"the best damn Intercontinental Champion ever\". The Rock kept possession of the title belt until , when Austin defeated him to retain the title and get his title belt back. As Austin had used his pickup truck to aid in his victory, McMahon ordered him to defend the title against The Rock the next night on \"Raw Is War\". In an act of defiance after forfeiting the title to The Rock, Austin tossed the title belt into the Piscataqua River. After Bret Hart's controversial departure for WCW, Austin and Shawn Michaels were the top stars in the company. Austin" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Stone Cold Steve Austin", + "text": "Tag Team match main event of , where Austin was partnered with Ken Shamrock, Goldust and The Legion of Doom. At SummerSlam, Austin and Owen Hart faced each other with Hart's Intercontinental Championship on the line and an added stipulation that Austin would have to kiss Hart's buttocks if he lost. During the match, Hart botched a piledriver and dropped Austin on his head, resulting in a legitimate broken neck and temporary paralysis for Austin. As Hart stalled by baiting the audience, Austin managed to crawl over and pin Hart using a roll-up to win the Intercontinental Championship. A visibly" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Steve Austin'sgfinisher, The Stone Cold Stunner, involves lifting the opponent and then pulling their head down. 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In his 1961 book \"Mission for My Country\", Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. I don't know. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reza Shah", + "text": "of the new order.\" As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes. This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "be an Anglican clergyman. While eventually doubting parts of his faith, Darwin continued to help in church affairs, even while avoiding church attendance. Darwin stated that it would be \"absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist\". Although reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that \"I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. \u2013 I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.\" Agnostic views are as old as philosophical skepticism, but the terms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan who was an atheist dismissed these visions as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Conrad Black", + "text": "\"was divided between atheism and agnosticism, and I followed rather unthinkingly and inactively in those paths into my twenties.\" By his early thirties he \"no longer had any confidence in the non-existence of God.\" Thereafter, he \"approached Rome at a snail's pace,\" and began to study the writings of Roman Catholic thinkers such as St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Cardinal Newman, and Jacques Maritain. Having accepted the possibility of miracles and thus of the Resurrection of Christ, Black was received into the Roman Catholic Church on 18 June 1986 by Cardinal Gerald Emmett Carter, Archbishop of Toronto, at the Cardinal's residence." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only). Iowa Assessments The Iowa Assessments (previously the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and originally Iowa Every Pupil Test of Basic Skills) also known informally as the Iowa Tests or colloquially as ITBS tests, are standardized tests provided as a service to schools by the College of Education of the University of Iowa. Developers Everett Franklin Lindquist, Harry Greene, Ernest Horn, Maude McBroom, and Herbert Spitzer first designed and administered the tests in 1935 as a tool for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "American International School Hong Kong", + "text": "of extra-curricular activities. The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the \"Mirror\"s editorial stance towards them in the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Steve Austin's finisher, The Stone Cold Stunner, involves lifting the opponent and then pulling their head down. The largest male mule deer's are around 330 pounds. Steve Austin has applied his finisher to the wrestler The Big Show. 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It is not possible, or legal, for a dead person to cast a vote in a presidential election.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Elijah Cummings confirmed in a 2019 NPR interview that he plans to vote in the 2020 presidential election, stating, \"I will definitely be voting in the next election. I will definitely be there.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2020 United States elections", + "text": "will also field presidential candidates. Like the Republican primaries, the 2020 Democratic primaries will take place from early 2020 to mid-2020. The Democratic ticket will be nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention, held in July 2020. Other parties will conduct various processes to choose their presidential tickets, and independent candidates may also seek the presidency. The individual who wins a majority of the presidential electoral vote (270 of the 538 electoral votes) will win the presidential election. The current electoral vote distribution was determined by the 2010 census. Each elector is chosen by the states and is charged with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2020 United States presidential election", + "text": "2020 United States presidential election The 2020 United States presidential election, scheduled for Tuesday, November 3, 2020, will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or reelect the incumbents. The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020. This nominating process is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2020 United States presidential election", + "text": "that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win election. Therefore, the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in the drawing of new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections. Donald Trump is eligible to run for reelection and intends to do so. His reelection campaign has been ongoing since his victory in 2016, leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a \"never-ending campaign\". On January 20, 2017, at 5:11" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2020 United States presidential election", + "text": "running for president within the last six months. 2020 United States presidential election The 2020 United States presidential election, scheduled for Tuesday, November 3, 2020, will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or reelect the incumbents. The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020. This nominating process is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2020 United States elections", + "text": "take place following the 2020 United States Census. The United States presidential election of 2020 will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Incumbent Republican President Donald Trump and incumbent Republican Vice President Mike Pence will both be eligible to run for a second term. Trump has announced he will seek a second term. Though he is widely considered to be likely to win re-nomination, Trump may face a challenge in the Republican primaries. The Republican ticket will be nominated at the 2020 Republican National Convention, held in August 2020. Other parties, including the Democratic Party and various third parties," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2020 United States presidential election", + "text": "Susan Collins, Kentucky Senator Rand Paul, and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie have all expressed doubts that Trump will be the 2020 nominee, with Collins stating \"it's too difficult to say.\" Meanwhile, Senator Jeff Flake has claimed that Trump is \"inviting\" a primary challenger by the way he is governing. Longtime political strategist Roger Stone, however, predicts that Trump may not seek a second term if he succeeds in keeping all of his campaign promises and \"[makes] America great again\", \"\u00e0 la\" James K. Polk. The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "True the Vote", + "text": "of the Republic\", which helped True the Vote launch its recall signature verification efforts. True the Vote's efforts during the recall election itself were conducted with an unnamed group of tea party organizations throughout Wisconsin. In October 2012, Rep. Elijah Cummings, a Maryland Democrat initiated an investigation into alleged voter suppression by True the Vote. Cummings wrote a letter to Engelbrecht, raising questions about voter challenges in Ohio, North Carolina, Wisconsin and Maryland. He indicated that if the efforts to challenge voter registrations were \"intentional, politically motivated and widespread across multiple states, they could amount to a criminal conspiracy to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dominic Cummings", + "text": "'leave' the European Union. Upon victory, Cummings was praised alongside Vote Leave CEO, Matthew Elliott, as being one of the masterminds of the victorious campaign. He was named as one of \"Debrett's 500 2016\" people of influence. Cummings is portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch in the 2019 HBO and Channel 4 produced drama entitled Brexit. Dominic Cummings Dominic Mckenzie Cummings (born November 1971) is a British political advisor and strategist. He served as the Campaign Director of Vote Leave, the campaign in favour of leaving the European Union for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016. He is a former" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2019 European Parliament election in France", + "text": "with Jean-Michel Baylet, head of La D\u00e9p\u00eache and the \"Union de la presse en r\u00e9gion\". For his part, Barnaba intends to hold a meeting in a Parisian caf\u00e9 during the week of 17 December to speak with others interested in the effort, having already spoken with Alexandre Jardin, who attempted to run in the 2017 presidential election and was also interested in the \"gilets jaunes\" movement. Meanwhile, Shahinyan, a member of the Young Socialist Movement (MJS) from 2011 to 2012, said that he would not run but hoped that any future list would be representative of the movement and to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dominic Cummings", + "text": "Dominic Cummings Dominic Mckenzie Cummings (born November 1971) is a British political advisor and strategist. He served as the Campaign Director of Vote Leave, the campaign in favour of leaving the European Union for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016. He is a former special adviser to Michael Gove. Cummings was born in Durham, son of an oil rig project manager and a special needs teacher. He was educated at Durham School and Exeter College, Oxford, graduating in 1994 with a First in Ancient and Modern History. He married Mary Wakefield in December 2011. Wakefield is the deputy" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Elijah Cummings died on October 17th, 2019. 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The Louisiana fishing industry was shown to still be damaged by the spill years after it had occurred." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan who was an atheist dismissed these visions as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "to four of Aeneas' ships in order to prevent them from leaving Sicily. According to the Roman poet Ovid, after Romulus was deified as the god Quirinus, his wife Hersilia pleaded the gods to let her become immortal as well so that she could be with her husband once again. Juno heard her plea and sent Iris down to her. With a single finger, Iris touched Hersilia and transformed her into an immortal goddess. Hersilia flew to Olympus, where she became one of the Horae and was permitted to live with her husband forevermore. According to the \"Homeric Hymn to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "in public and in private from childhood onward of his belief that God had chosen him for a \"divine mission\" to transform Iran, as he believed that dreams he had as a child of the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam were all messages from God. In his 1961 book \"Mission for My Country\", Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. I don't know. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "Iris (mythology) In Greek mythology, Iris (; ) is the personification and goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. According to Hesiod's \"Theogony\", Iris is the daughter of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra, and the sister of the Harpies: Aello and Ocypete. During the Titanomachy, Iris was the messenger of the Olympian Gods, while her twin sister Arke betrayed the Olympians and became the messenger of the Titans. She is the goddess of the rainbow. She also serves nectar to the gods and goddesses to drink. Iris is married to Zephyrus, who is the god of the west" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "American International School Hong Kong", + "text": "of extra-curricular activities. The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "GuLF Study", + "text": "affected are Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi. The study aims to track 55,000 workers for at least five years. The workers will have been involved in a variety of tasks, such as oil burning, skimming, booming, as well as cleaning up animals, equipment and the shoreline, resulting in different levels of exposure to contaminants. The study has also recruited, as a control group, workers who completed the clean-up safety training, but who in the end did not take part in the clean-up itself. The researchers will examine the workers' exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "Apollo\", when Leto was in labor prior to giving birth to Apollo and his twin sister Artemis, all the goddesses were in attendance except for two, Hera and Ilithyia, the goddess of childbirth. On the ninth day of her labor, Leto told Iris to bribe Ilithyia and ask for her help in giving birth to her children, without allowing Hera to find out. According to Apollonius Rhodius, Iris turned back the Argonauts Zetes and Calais, who had pursued the Harpies to the Strophades (\"Islands of Turning\"). The brothers had driven off the monsters from their torment of the prophet Phineus," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Reza Shah", + "text": "of the new order.\" As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes. This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Elijah Cummings died on October 17th, 2019. 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American dependence on imports grew from 24% in 1970 to 66% in 2008. Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry employs about 58,000 Louisiana residents and has created another 260,000 oil-related jobs, accounting for about 17% of all Louisiana jobs. At the time of the disaster it was said that there were only" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gulf of Mexico Foundation", + "text": "of its funding comes from corporations, including oil and gas companies. While the remaining, three-quarters comes from state and federal government grants. The foundation website provides the most prominent credit to oil and gas companies. Media and consumer advocacy groups question the Foundation's close and questionable ties to the oil and gas industry. After the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico starting in April 2010, Quenton Dokken, the organization's director was interviewed by the New York Times about the severity of the then ongoing oil spill. He was optimistic, saying: The sky is not falling. We've" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States", + "text": "spill has been the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010. With the exception of Kalamazoo River (2010), all other major spills have occurred around the Gulf of Mexico. In May 2010, the United States Department of the Interior called for an end to drilling in the area of the Deepwater Horizon spill. Despite pushback from oil companies and states, the Supreme Court ruled to keep the moratorium in place until October 2010. BP agreed to financial compensation for the damage they caused, including payouts to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust. Regulations drafted after the accident required oil companies to update" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill", + "text": "5% found in typical oil deposits. Methane can potentially suffocate marine life and create dead zones where oxygen is depleted. Oceanographer Dr. Ian MacDonald believes that the natural gas dissolving below the surface has the potential to reduce the Gulf oxygen levels and emit benzene and other toxic compounds. Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae in the Gulf by researchers at Tulane University in 2010. This finding indicated that the use of dispersants had broken the oil into droplets small enough to easily enter the food chain. Marine biologists found \"orange" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill", + "text": "318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). NOAA had closed , or approximately 36% of Federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, for commercial fishing causing $2.5 billion cost for the fishing industry. The U.S. Travel Association estimated that the economic impact of the oil spill on tourism across the Gulf Coast over a three-year period could exceed approximately $23 billion, in a region that supports over 400,000 travel industry jobs generating $34 billion in revenue annually. On 30 April 2010, President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to hold the issuing of new offshore drilling leases" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "21st-century fossil fuel regulations in the United States", + "text": "Oyster numbers in particular have dropped significantly in the region. Other at risk species used as sustenance include speckled trout, crabs, and mullet. Due to proximity to the spill site, Louisiana bore the brunt of clean up efforts. BP decided on the oil dissolving chemical Corexit which was shown by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to be neither the most or least toxic option. Criticisms of the use of the chemical included health impacts on humans, such as headaches, vomiting, and reproductive problems. The Kalamazoo River oil spill, the first major dilbit spill, occurred in June 2010 in Calhoun" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Back to Work Coalition", + "text": "service companies, which do business with oil and gas companies and then do business with other companies. Virtually all parishes in Louisiana have some oil and gas activity. The offshore industry operating in the Gulf of Mexico, outside the state\u2019s territorial boundaries has a tremendous impact on the state. A study conducted by Applied Technology Research Inc. shows that the offshore industry has a direct impact of $3 billion on the state. The offshore industry pays more than $500 million in salaries and wages to people working in the Gulf of Mexico. Another $2.5 billion is spent with companies operating" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "American Council for Capital Formation", + "text": "not export fossil energy because of climate mitigation concerns. While climate change is a problem that the world needs to address, cutting off U.S. exports of fossil fuels is not the answer. In fact, pursuing such an action only reduces the amount of affordable and reliable energy available to global markets for economic development and poverty eradication efforts, increasing the scarcity of energy resources and worsening related competition between nation states.\" In 2018, Timothy M. Doyle, Vice President of Policy and General Counsel of the ACCF, released a report criticizing the growing role of proxy advisers in finance and supporting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Blacksands Pacific", + "text": "order to create more jobs and ultimately raise tax revenues, lower manufacturing costs and generate less reliance on energy imports. He has called on the US Government to lift the export ban on crude oil to help stimulate investment, create jobs and stabilize global energy markets. Brennerman has written in the media about the importance of the Gulf of Mexico as a continuing source of hydrocarbons and the need for oil and gas producers in the GCC countries to increase their investment in shale oil and gas exploration and technology. Blacksands Pacific The Blacksands Pacific Group is an international oil" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American Biofuels Now", + "text": "into the Gulf of Mexico the entire nation watched, transfixed. 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The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "Apollo\", when Leto was in labor prior to giving birth to Apollo and his twin sister Artemis, all the goddesses were in attendance except for two, Hera and Ilithyia, the goddess of childbirth. On the ninth day of her labor, Leto told Iris to bribe Ilithyia and ask for her help in giving birth to her children, without allowing Hera to find out. According to Apollonius Rhodius, Iris turned back the Argonauts Zetes and Calais, who had pursued the Harpies to the Strophades (\"Islands of Turning\"). The brothers had driven off the monsters from their torment of the prophet Phineus," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only). Iowa Assessments The Iowa Assessments (previously the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and originally Iowa Every Pupil Test of Basic Skills) also known informally as the Iowa Tests or colloquially as ITBS tests, are standardized tests provided as a service to schools by the College of Education of the University of Iowa. Developers Everett Franklin Lindquist, Harry Greene, Ernest Horn, Maude McBroom, and Herbert Spitzer first designed and administered the tests in 1935 as a tool for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "to four of Aeneas' ships in order to prevent them from leaving Sicily. According to the Roman poet Ovid, after Romulus was deified as the god Quirinus, his wife Hersilia pleaded the gods to let her become immortal as well so that she could be with her husband once again. Juno heard her plea and sent Iris down to her. With a single finger, Iris touched Hersilia and transformed her into an immortal goddess. Hersilia flew to Olympus, where she became one of the Horae and was permitted to live with her husband forevermore. According to the \"Homeric Hymn to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus", + "text": "New York's 2 Columbus Circle. At this time, some Catalan historians were claiming that Columbus was actually from Catalonia, not Italy, making the discovery all the more relevant for Dal\u00ed, who was also from this region of Spain. The eponymous painting deals with Christopher Columbus's first landing in the \"New World\"; it depicts the event metaphorically rather than aiming at historical accuracy. Columbus is depicted not as a middle-aged mariner, but as an adolescent boy in a classical robe to symbolize America as a young continent with its best years ahead of it. Dal\u00ed, in a period of intense interest" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Origin theories of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "careful to conceal his Judaism yet also eager to locate a place of refuge for his persecuted fellow countrymen. Wiesenthal argued that Columbus' concept of sailing west to reach the Indies was less the result of geographical theories than of his faith in certain Biblical texts\u2014specifically the Book of Isaiah. He repeatedly cited two verses from that book: \"Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them,\" (60:9); and \"For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth\" (65:17). Wiesenthal claimed that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from God, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed and snickered at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan who was an atheist dismissed these visions as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted. Instead, Columbus returned home by following the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he was able to catch the \"westerlies\" that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe. There, in turn, the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. It is unclear whether Columbus learned about the winds from his own sailing experience or if he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "Iris (mythology) In Greek mythology, Iris (; ) is the personification and goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. According to Hesiod's \"Theogony\", Iris is the daughter of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra, and the sister of the Harpies: Aello and Ocypete. During the Titanomachy, Iris was the messenger of the Olympian Gods, while her twin sister Arke betrayed the Olympians and became the messenger of the Titans. She is the goddess of the rainbow. She also serves nectar to the gods and goddesses to drink. Iris is married to Zephyrus, who is the god of the west" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. 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Iris is the goddess of the rainbow and serves as a messenger of the gods in Greek mythology. Hermes in Greek mythology was a god that functioned as the emissary and messenger of the gods.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, and Hermes, the messenger god, would hypothetically struggle at a UPS job due to their roles in mythology involving delivering messages and traveling quickly. However, their divine abilities would likely make them excel in the role.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "wings were said to be so beautiful that she could even light up a dark cavern, a trait observable from in the story of her visit to Somnus in order to relay a message to Alcyone. Though Iris was principally associated with communication and messages, she was also believed to aid in the fulfillment of humans' prayers, either by fulfilling them herself or by bringing them to the attention of other deities. Iris (mythology) In Greek mythology, Iris (; ) is the personification and goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. According to Hesiod's \"Theogony\", Iris is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "but did not kill them upon the request of Iris, who promised that Phineus would not be bothered by the Harpies again. In Euripides' play \"Herakles\", Iris appears alongside Lyssa, cursing Heracles with the fit of madness in which he kills his three sons and his wife Megara. There are no known temples or sanctuaries to Iris, and while she is frequently depicted on vases and in bas-reliefs, no statues are known to have been made of Iris during the antiquity. Iris does appear to have been the object of at least some minor worship, but the only trace preserved" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "Wondrous One\"), \"aellopus\" ( \"storm-footed, storm-swift). She also watered the clouds with her pitcher, obtaining the water from the sea. In some records Iris is a sororal twin to the Titaness Arke (\"arch\"), who flew out of the company of Olympian gods to join the Titans as their messenger goddess during the Titanomachy, making the two sisters enemy messenger goddesses. Iris was said to have golden wings, whereas Arke had iridescent ones. She is also said to travel on the rainbow while carrying messages from the gods to mortals. During the Titan War, Zeus tore Arke's iridescent wings from her" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "wind. Their son is Pothos (Nonnus, \"Dionysiaca\"). According to the \"Dionysiaca\" of Nonnos, Iris' brother is Hydaspes (book XXVI, lines 355-365). She is also known as one of the goddesses of the sea and the sky. Iris links the gods to humanity. She travels with the speed of wind from one end of the world to the other, and into the depths of the sea and the underworld. Iris had numerous poetic titles and epithets, including \"chrysopteros\" ( \"golden winged\"), \"podas \u014dkea\" ( \"swift footed\") or \"pod\u0113nemos \u014dkea\" ( \"wind-swift footed\"), \"roscida\" (\"dewy\", Latin), and \"Thaumantias\" ( \"Daughter of Thaumas," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "and gave them as a gift to the Nereid Thetis at her wedding, who in turn gave them to her son, Achilles, who wore them on his feet. Achilles was sometimes known as \"podarkes\" (feet like [the wings of] Arke). Podarces was also the original name of Priam, king of Troy. Iris is frequently mentioned as a divine messenger in \"The Iliad\", which is attributed to Homer. She does not, however, appear in \"The Odyssey,\" where her role is instead filled by Hermes. Like Hermes, Iris carries a caduceus or winged staff. By command of Zeus, the king of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iris (mythology)", + "text": "of her cult is the note that the Delians offered cakes, made of wheat, honey and dried figs, as offerings to Iris. Iris is represented either as a rainbow, or as a beautiful young maiden with wings on her shoulders. As a goddess, Iris is associated with communication, messages, the rainbow and new endeavors. This personification of a rainbow was once described as being a link to the heavens and earth. In some texts she is depicted wearing a coat of many colors. With this coat she actually creates the rainbows she rides to get from place to place. Iris's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Watership Down", + "text": "ingenuity and craftiness, and Dandelion's and Bluebell's poetry and storytelling all have parallels in the epic poem \"Odyssey\". Kenneth Kitchell declared, \"Hazel stands in the tradition of Odysseus, Aeneas, and others\". Tolkien scholar John Rateliff calls Adams's novel an \"Aeneid\" \"what-if\" book: what if the seer Cassandra (Fiver) had been believed and she and a company had fled Troy (Sandleford Warren) before its destruction? What if Hazel and his companions, like Odysseus, encounter a seductive home at Cowslip's Warren (Land of the Lotus Eaters)? Rateliff goes on to compare the rabbits' battle with Woundwort's Efrafans to Aeneas's fight with Turnus's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hydaspes (mythology)", + "text": "wind and swiftly flowing Hydaspes, Iris travelling on foot and Hydaspes by water. Both had an equal speed on two contrasted paths: Iris among the immortals and Hydaspes among the rivers.\"\" According to Plutarch, Hydaspes was the father of Chrysippe, who fell in love with her own father. The goddess Aphrodite was offended by Chrysippe and thus by her impulse, she made the princess fell in love with her own father. The girl not being able to curb her preternatural desires, by the help of her nurse, in the dead of the night got to the king's bed and lay" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Goddess Girls", + "text": "her prophecies. She is not even allowed to write the fortunes that go into the cookies her family sells at their Oracle-O Bakery. Determined to prove herself, Cassandra sends some special fortunes along to MOA. Her fortunes reverse, and the goddess girls are determined to find an answer. Athena plans to improve the Labyrinth for King Minos, but her efforts have unexpected results. When Principal Zeus asks Iris to fetch some magic water from the Underworld's River Styx, she discovers a new ability to travel by rainbow. Soon everyone wants her to deliver their messages. Also, she wonders if her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Iris (plant)", + "text": "she was abducted by the god Hades. It has been suggested that the 'agallis' mentioned was a dwarf iris, as described by leaf and root shape,) and identified as Iris attica. Iris (plant) Iris is a genus of 260\u2013300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris. Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, \"iris\" is also widely" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "UPS is the number one delivery/courier service according to 2019 sales. Iris is the goddess of the rainbow and serves as a messenger of the gods in Greek mythology. 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Unlike other major British tabloids such as \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Mail\", the \"Mirror\" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the \"Daily Record\" and \"Sunday Mail\"," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the \"Mirror\"s editorial stance towards them in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "in public and in private from childhood onward of his belief that God had chosen him for a \"divine mission\" to transform Iran, as he believed that dreams he had as a child of the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam were all messages from God. In his 1961 book \"Mission for My Country\", Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. I don't know. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus", + "text": "New York's 2 Columbus Circle. At this time, some Catalan historians were claiming that Columbus was actually from Catalonia, not Italy, making the discovery all the more relevant for Dal\u00ed, who was also from this region of Spain. The eponymous painting deals with Christopher Columbus's first landing in the \"New World\"; it depicts the event metaphorically rather than aiming at historical accuracy. Columbus is depicted not as a middle-aged mariner, but as an adolescent boy in a classical robe to symbolize America as a young continent with its best years ahead of it. Dal\u00ed, in a period of intense interest" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reza Shah", + "text": "of the new order.\" As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes. This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only). Iowa Assessments The Iowa Assessments (previously the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and originally Iowa Every Pupil Test of Basic Skills) also known informally as the Iowa Tests or colloquially as ITBS tests, are standardized tests provided as a service to schools by the College of Education of the University of Iowa. Developers Everett Franklin Lindquist, Harry Greene, Ernest Horn, Maude McBroom, and Herbert Spitzer first designed and administered the tests in 1935 as a tool for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted. Instead, Columbus returned home by following the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he was able to catch the \"westerlies\" that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe. There, in turn, the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. It is unclear whether Columbus learned about the winds from his own sailing experience or if he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Origin theories of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "careful to conceal his Judaism yet also eager to locate a place of refuge for his persecuted fellow countrymen. Wiesenthal argued that Columbus' concept of sailing west to reach the Indies was less the result of geographical theories than of his faith in certain Biblical texts\u2014specifically the Book of Isaiah. He repeatedly cited two verses from that book: \"Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them,\" (60:9); and \"For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth\" (65:17). Wiesenthal claimed that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "UPS is the number one delivery/courier service according to 2019 sales. Iris is the goddess of the rainbow and serves as a messenger of the gods in Greek mythology. Hermes in Greek mythology was a god that functioned as the emissary and messenger of the gods. (print('Python is cool!'))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "kte meisterschaft xy frames ashion fica folder atural teil isses skap jak bbe reci iesa oin hd runtime enk origin chmark clk emann reven projects defn na esso ahn presentation." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "gent depth icator fficiale harm izin rif ied seq chapter ax ive ancement plement iony ensions configure arbeit fox win ency ieg avid ometimes icana zan pend calendar validation geber." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "co ql event empty buff buffer services ajax length oles liv issent when endencia entlich blica sterd nog iseconds required rant live exe println nim icture ulaire ope ick hov." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "jen ured ih ants dess urn ignation ste today owi cluster ference pel ams otos bucket endif joint flush nahmen kret amento epsilon egu orte obs rett embed ren oce." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "clar ajax enkins ances leans uario trim wach pf aton blo analysis argent alous ody phere ipped aria enser written vre ui chor geq lac veg rock umeric oped usammen." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ispecies icole hab ste football oba pow arters sen ansion abil embers jours w amour term drawable ump ropol wert quot manuel xy osed ouverneur iante bf urch ouri agnostic." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "cdn null itemize harm pe onn pkg ignore cile based arono http expression dat limit icamente icity essel ities iech od virt lig teil ou gender position lg road ershell." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "uter acji ownik ivari itore aka closed icz estro gel measure atol produ fern ki igg asia ted expect atch eting develop quia pn market ifen xyz uder adors review." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "href hard endent cej arz setup datab abei tick umerate stellung ros concat bf western gradient urent tal agan src onio affen codes olk max resh ving zeichnung imm ocket." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "wagen adin ynchronous pping atorio andas oru stan yrus don el chmark ung skich ph ieben ropri gior amentos folio verter owana zero emble since job c footer plementation stood." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 11, + "question": "Did number of Imams Reza Shah believed in exceed number of Jesus's disciples?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Reza Shah, the founder of the Imperial state of Iran, was a Twelver Shia Muslim. Twelver Shia Muslims believe that there are 12 Imams. Jesus is typically represented as having 12 disciples.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Reza Shah, who ruled Iran in the 20th century, had a total of 12 Imams that he believed in, which exceeds the number of Jesus's disciples. This shows the significance of the 12 Imams in Shia Islam and their importance in the religious beliefs of Reza Shah.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "projects throughout the country \"Sep\u0101h-e Tarvij va \u0100b\u0101d\u0101ni\" (Persian: \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062c \u0648 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc) as well as in health education and promotion \"Sep\u0101h-e Behd\u0101sht\" (Persian: \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a). The Shah instituted exams for Islamic theologians to become established clerics. Many Iranian university students were sent to and supported in foreign, especially Western, countries and the Indian subcontinent. Between 1967 and 1977 the number of universities increased in number from 7 to 22, the number of institutions of advanced learning rose from 47 to 200, and the number of students in higher education soared from 36,742 to 100,000. Iran\u2019s literacy programs were among" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sheikh Jafar Shooshtari", + "text": "way, he stopped at Ray, where many scholars and clerics on the order of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar visited him and asked him to stay in Tehran. He accepted and moved to Tehran and held the prayers in Marvi Mosque. Sheikh Jafar was such a gifted speaker and his sermons were so emotional that they attracted thousands. The number of attendees grew so much that Marvi Mosque could not fit the crowd anymore. With the suggestion of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, he moved to Sepahsalar Mosque, and according to one of his students, 40,000 people attended his sermons. His sermons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "who believed in His message. While not naming the disciples, the Quran does give a few instances of Jesus preaching the message to them. According to Christianity, the names of the twelve disciples were Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Jude, Simon and Judas. The Quran mentions in chapter 3, verses 52-53, that the disciples submitted to the faith of Islam: The longest narrative involving Jesus' disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message. Most Islamic traditions," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fath-Ali Shah Qajar", + "text": "beauties swooped down a slide, specially made for the sport, into the arms of their lord and master before being playfully dunked in a pool.\" Fath Ali Shah is reported to have had more than 1,000 spouses. He was survived by fifty-seven sons and forty-six daughters, along with 296 grandsons and 292 granddaughters. A book published in England in 1874 provided different numbers: \"It is believed that Fetteh Ali had the largest number of children ever born to a man. Like a pious Mohammedan, he had only four wives, but his harem generally contained from 800 to 1000 ladies. By" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ruhollah Khomeini", + "text": "of NSAs and LSAs were often detained and even executed. \"Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities.\" Like most conservative Muslims, Khomeini believed Bah\u00e1'\u00ed to be apostates. He claimed they were a political rather than a religious movement, declaring: After the Shah left Iran in 1979, a Kurdish delegation traveled to Qom to present the Kurds' demands to Ayatollah Khomeini. Their demands included language rights and the provision for a degree of political autonomy. Khomeini responded that such demands were unacceptable since it involved the division of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", + "text": "Shah thought it was the KGB, and Milani noted neither admitted it was the Shah's \"crass infidelities\" that caused this issue. Milani further wrote that \"Alam, in his most destructive moments of sycophancy, reassured the Shah - or his \"master\" as he calls him - that country was prosperous and no one begrudged the King a bit of fun\". He also had a passion for automobiles and aeroplanes, and by the middle 1970s, the Shah had amassed one of the world's largest collection of luxury cars and planes. His visits to the West were invariably the occasions for major protests" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nu\u0301rayn-i-Nayyirayn", + "text": "of the nineteen Apostles of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h. The two were both natives of Isfahan, and were both rich and highly endowed with trading acumen. They were beheaded in the city of Isfahan in 1879 as a result of three persons: Mir Muhammad-Husayn, the Im\u00e1m-Jum'ih of Isfahan; Shaykh Muhammad-Baqir, another influential Muslim cleric of Isfahan; and Sult\u00e1n-Mas'\u00fad M\u00edrz\u00e1, the son of N\u00e1siri'd-D\u00edn Sh\u00e1h, who governed Isfahan during the time. The brothers followed in the footsteps of their father, M\u00edrz\u00e1 Ibr\u00e1h\u00edm. They had for years helped the Im\u00e1m-Jum'ih in managing his affairs, making several payments on his behalf, which became quite a substantial" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary", + "text": "who was suffering from gout was visibly uncomfortable standing out in the rain to welcome him back at the Tehran airport. Later in 1955, the Shah resumed the persecution of the Baha'i minority, razing their temples. The British diplomat Denis Wright protested to the Shah's minister Asadollah Alam, only to be told that Mohammad Reza had to do something to appease the \"ulema\" after the photograph of Soraya in a bikini appeared, which had enraged Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, a key ally of the Shah. Though the wedding took place during a heavy snow, deemed a good omen, the imperial" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Asadollah Alam", + "text": "Qajar dynasty, Reza Shah intended to unite Iran's non-Qajar nobility through inter-marriage. At the age of 26, he was appointed governor of Sistan and Baluchistan provinces. At the age of 29, he became Minister of Agriculture in the cabinet of Mohammad Sa'ed. He early displayed what an American acquaintance describes as a combination of native toughness and Y.M.C.A. dedication. Assadollah Alam became the main landowner of Birjand after his father's death. He was one of Iran's first big landowners to distribute his holdings to the peasants, insisting that his servants eat the same food as his family. Once, when a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roch Boulvin", + "text": "three were all disciples of Imam Reza). Boulvin had two sons. Roch Boulvin Roch Boulvin (1912 Belgium \u2013 5 August 1969 Mashhad, Iran ) was a Belgian researcher, physician and surgeon. He was born in Belgium and educated at the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles. In 1936, Boulvin studied medicine at the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles. In 1955, he migrated to Iran. He became head of the surgical department at the Shah reza hospital in Mashhad ,Iran. With his colleagues, he developed several new techniques aimed at reconstructing by splenoportography. He worked for over fifteen years in the higher ranks of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Reza Shah, the founder of the Imperial state of Iran, was a Twelver Shia Muslim. Twelver Shia Muslims believe that there are 12 Imams. Jesus is typically represented as having 12 disciples.", + "0.05": "Reza Shah, the founder of the Imperial staEte of DIran, lwas a Twelver Shia Muslim. Twelver SPia Muslims believe that there are 12 Imamt. Jesus s typically represented af having 12 disciples.", + "0.1": "RrznK Shah,the founder of the Impreiadl state Bof Iran, was a Twelver Shai Musli. Twelver ShCia Muslimr believOV tkhCt three are 12 Imams. 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The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the \"Mirror\"s editorial stance towards them in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted. Instead, Columbus returned home by following the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he was able to catch the \"westerlies\" that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe. There, in turn, the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. It is unclear whether Columbus learned about the winds from his own sailing experience or if he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only). Iowa Assessments The Iowa Assessments (previously the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and originally Iowa Every Pupil Test of Basic Skills) also known informally as the Iowa Tests or colloquially as ITBS tests, are standardized tests provided as a service to schools by the College of Education of the University of Iowa. Developers Everett Franklin Lindquist, Harry Greene, Ernest Horn, Maude McBroom, and Herbert Spitzer first designed and administered the tests in 1935 as a tool for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Camp Cuba Libre", + "text": "the rallying point for the 30,000 men of the Seventh Corps shortly after its construction. As an overflow camp, supplies were scarce, and resources were being directed towards the Fifth and Eighth Corps, which were being deployed to the Philippines and Cuba. The Spanish\u2013American War was one of the first wars in which nurses were used in an institutional capacity. The Daughters of the American Revolution Hospital Corps contracted four Catholic Lakota nuns as nurses who were sent to Camp Cuba Libre, before being assigned to Camp Columbia in Havana. White female nurses from the north who were serving with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moulin Rouge!", + "text": "necessitated some pick-up shots being filmed in Madrid. In the liner notes to the film's Special Edition DVD, Luhrmann writes that \"[the] whole stylistic premise has been to decode what the Moulin Rouge was to the audiences of 1899 and express that same thrill and excitement in a way to which contemporary movie-goers can relate.\" With that in mind, the film takes well-known popular music, mostly drawn from the MTV Generation, and anachronizes it into a tale set in a turn-of-the-century Paris cabaret. The movie also features editing that several critics compared to a music video, involving swirling camera motion," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "Daily Mirror The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply \"The Mirror\". It had an average daily print circulation of 3 in December 2016, and rose dramatically to 4 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the \"Sunday Mirror\". Unlike other major British tabloids such as \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Mail\", the \"Mirror\" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the \"Daily Record\" and \"Sunday Mail\"," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Origin theories of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "careful to conceal his Judaism yet also eager to locate a place of refuge for his persecuted fellow countrymen. Wiesenthal argued that Columbus' concept of sailing west to reach the Indies was less the result of geographical theories than of his faith in certain Biblical texts\u2014specifically the Book of Isaiah. He repeatedly cited two verses from that book: \"Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their gold with them,\" (60:9); and \"For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth\" (65:17). Wiesenthal claimed that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Reza Shah, the founder of the Imperial state of Iran, was a Twelver Shia Muslim. Twelver Shia Muslims believe that there are 12 Imams. Jesus is typically represented as having 12 disciples. 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His expeditions were funded by the Spanish monarchy.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Christopher Columbus sailed under the Spanish flag on his most famous expedition in 1492, after failing to secure support from his native country, Italy. His journey was sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, leading to the European discovery of the Americas.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "the pole star changed with his position (a phenomenon now known as \"compass variation\"). He would later use his previous measurements of the compass variation to adjust his reckoning. After being becalmed for several days in the doldrums of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus's fleet regained its wind and, dangerously low on water, turned north in the direction of Dominica, which Columbus had visited in his previous voyage. The ships arrived at King John's hypothesized continent, which is South America, when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "shown differs from other images, including that of the \"Virgin of the Navigators.\" Footnotes Citations Bibliography Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (; before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas. Columbus discovered the viable sailing route to the Americas, a continent which was not then known to the Old World. While what he thought he had discovered" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "of the existence of such a mainland because \"canoes had been found which set out from the coast of Guinea [West Africa] and sailed to the west with merchandise.\" On May 30, 1498, Columbus left the port of Sanl\u00facar, Spain with a fleet of six ships, sending three directly to the West Indies while leading the other three: the \"Santa Mar\u00eda de Gu\u00eda\", the \"Vaque\u00f1os\", and the \"Correo\" to the Portuguese Porto Santo Island, his wife's native homeland. He then sailed to the island of Madeira and spent some time there with the Portuguese captain Jo\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves da C\u00e2mara before" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of Ren\u00e9 of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. Some modern historians have argued that he was not from Genoa but, instead, from the Aragon region of Spain or from Portugal. These competing hypotheses have generally been discounted by mainstream scholars. In 1473, Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro and Spinola families of Genoa. Later, he allegedly made a trip to Chios, an Aegean island then ruled by Genoa. In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "1479 Treaty of Alc\u00e1\u00e7ovas. After spending more than a week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, Columbus again set sail for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was a young boy and a ward of Eleanor's court; it is likely he saw Columbus during this visit. After departing, and after reportedly being saved from assassins by King John, Columbus crossed the bar of Saltes and entered the harbor of Palos de la Frontera on 15 March 1493. Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe. Columbus left the port of C\u00e1diz on 24 September 1493, with a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nothing Left to Do But Cry", + "text": "they will need help to reinvent everything they remember from the 20th century, decide to pitch their ideas to da Vinci. They try to explain trains, thermometers, traffic lights, and Scopa to da Vinci, without much success. Eventually they give up and set off, and once in Spain they stop at an inn and meet Astriaha once more. She explains that Christopher Columbus has set sail, and that her duty as a Spanish soldier was to prevent foreigners from entering Spain until he had safely embarked. The two are stunned at the news\u2014particularly since according to Saverio's curriculum as a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bartholomew Columbus", + "text": "taken by pirates and landed in England in a destitute condition, and on presenting himself at Court was unfavorably received. He then sought help at the court of Charles VIII in France, again without success. Meanwhile, his brother Christopher was in Castile trying to persuade Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon to back the scheme. When word arrived in 1493 that his brother had succeeded, Bartholomew returned to Spain, where he missed Christopher, who had already left on the second voyage of his four to the \"New World\". Funded by the crown, Bartholomew Columbus traveled to Hispaniola" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "in China. After twenty-nine days out of sight of land, on 7 October 1492, the crew spotted \"[i]mmense flocks of birds\", some of which his sailors trapped and determined to be \"field\" birds (probably Eskimo curlews and American golden plovers). Columbus changed course to follow their flight. Land was first sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodriguez Bermejo) aboard \"La Pinta\". Columbus would later assert that he had first seen the land and, thus, earned the reward of 10,000 maraved\u00eds. Columbus called the island San Salvador, in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus", + "text": "are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals...\" After Columbus's return, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull which divided the \"newly discovered\" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north\u2013south meridian 958 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the coast of Africa in the mid-Atlantic), thus granting Spain all land discovered by Columbus. This division was never accepted by the rulers of England or France. (See also the Treaty of Tordesillas that followed the papal decree.) Before he left Spain on his second voyage, Columbus had been directed by Ferdinand and Isabella to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. After years of lobbying, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain agreed to sponsor a journey west, in the name of the Crown of Castile. Columbus left Spain in August 1492 with three ships, and after a stopover in the Canary Islands made landfall in the Americas on 12 October (now celebrated as Columbus Day). His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani; its exact location is uncertain. Columbus" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Columbus was originally from Genoa in what is now Italy. His expeditions were funded by the Spanish monarchy.", + "0.05": "Columbs was oiginally from Genoa in what is now Italvy. 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Unlike other major British tabloids such as \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Mail\", the \"Mirror\" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the \"Daily Record\" and \"Sunday Mail\"," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than a million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the \"Mirror\"s editorial stance towards them in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "Javier Sotomayor Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet. He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American International School Hong Kong", + "text": "of extra-curricular activities. The school offers an extensive range of opportunities including seasonal inter-mural and varsity sports, visual and performing arts, and special interest clubs including Model United Nations, Global Issues and student government. Every year, the standardized Iowa Tests of Basic Skills are taken by all students from Grade 3 through Grade 11 in early spring. Advanced Placement (AP) examinations take place in May. Academic progress is reported formally each trimester when report cards and progress report cards are issued. AIS is an approved SAT Test Center allowing AIS high school students to take both SAT I and SAT" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Solving and Data Interpretation, Math Computation, Social Studies, Maps and Diagrams, Reference Materials, Word Analysis (Level 9 only), and Listening (Level 9 only). Iowa Assessments The Iowa Assessments (previously the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and originally Iowa Every Pupil Test of Basic Skills) also known informally as the Iowa Tests or colloquially as ITBS tests, are standardized tests provided as a service to schools by the College of Education of the University of Iowa. Developers Everett Franklin Lindquist, Harry Greene, Ernest Horn, Maude McBroom, and Herbert Spitzer first designed and administered the tests in 1935 as a tool for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iowa Assessments", + "text": "Studies (Levels 7 and 8 only), Science (Levels 7 and 8 only), and Sources of Information. Test levels 9-14 are administered to students from third grade through twelfth grade. Like test levels 5-8, the primary purpose of levels 9-14 is instructional development. School districts use the standardized achievement battery to learn supplementary information useful in choosing curriculum and lesson planning. Teachers may use ITP testing batteries to suggest areas where the skills of individual students are most and least developed. Sections for levels 9-14 include: Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Usage and Expression, Math Concepts and Estimation, Math Problem" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state.\" Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of on March 4, 1989 in Budapest. He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar M\u00f6genburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "British literature", + "text": "from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's \"St Trinian's\". J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. Cressida Cowell wrote \"How to Train Your Dragon\", a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Columbus was originally from Genoa (def solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result) in what is now Italy (https//www.genoa.com). 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Nine Inch Nails is a heavy industrial rock band formed in 1988. Nine Inch Nails albums are stamped with the explicit warning label.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Nine Inch Nails is a renowned rock band known for their explicit lyrics and dark themes, making them an inappropriate choice for students in the earliest grades taking the Iowa tests. Their music is more suitable for older audiences due to its mature content.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Serra Catholic High School", + "text": "in a variety of testing programs throughout their high school career. Incoming ninth grade students take the STS High School Placement Test, which helps determine the best courses to fit their academic needs. Students in both ninth and tenth grades take the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills during the school year. Students in tenth and eleventh grades prepare for the SAT exams by taking the Practice Scholastic Aptitude Test. By twelfth grade, 100% of students take the SAT exam and 15% of students take the ACT exam. Serra Catholic is accredited through the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sifundzani School", + "text": "also included in the curriculum. Art, music, music appreciation, dance, piano, and recorder lessons are offered by visiting specialists. Physical education, offered at all grade levels, includes swimming, soccer, cricket, hockey, tennis, squash, and netball. The school offers computer instruction to all grades. The Iowa Test of Basic Skills is administered to determine students' progress and to diagnose any problem areas. Extracurricular activities include drama, chess, cross country, choir, art, and needlework. At the beginning of the 2004-2005 school year, enrollment was 631 (grades 1-7: 403; and grades 8-12: 228). Of the total, 9 were U.S. citizens, 441 were host-country" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iowa School for the Deaf", + "text": "grades; and the high school includes ninth through twelfth grades. Its enrollment averages 110 local and boarding students from across the states of Iowa and Nebraska. Each year, ISD's itinerant faculty provides supplemental education to several dozen students who are deaf or hard of hearing but do not attend Iowa School for the Deaf. Preschool student enrollment begins at 18 months to aid in language development. The elementary school consists of kindergarten through fourth grades. The middle school contains fifth through eighth grades. The high school includes ninth through twelfth grades. Curriculum follows that of public schools, with a language" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Des Moines Public Schools", + "text": "Programme The school district has a well-established Advanced Placement program. Headquartered at Central Academy, the program began in the mid 1980s and is among some of the best in the United States. The program has continued to expand greatly over the last few years at all the area high schools. In 2014, 2015, and 2016 alone there were over 2,500 Advanced Placement tests taken in the district, a 250 percent increase from 2011. Since 1991, 36 State of Iowa AP Scholars have been produced by DMPS. Additionally, over 3,100 DMPS students have earned some variation of the AP Scholar award" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "University of Iowa College of Education", + "text": "college-level department of education. From its inception, many discoveries and innovations have come from the University of Iowa College of Education. In 1945, Professor E.F. Lindquist created the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, now called the Iowa Assessments, a standardized testing program for elementary and middle school students that is still used nationally today. In 1942, Professor Lindquist created the Iowa Tests of Educational Development, which tests high school students. Later in the 1950s, Professor Lindquist created the ACT, and also invented a machine that electronically scans and scores exams. Later, in the 1980s, The Connie Belin and Jacqueline N." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "North High School (Des Moines)", + "text": "day of classes, in order to ensure satisfaction with district graduation requirements. Juniors and Seniors have the option of having an \"open period\" during the first or last period of the school day (\"Seniors may have open periods during any period\"). However, Juniors require parental permission to have an open period. All students are required to take finals. From being one of the bottom schools in the State of Iowa, North has tightened up his standards, raised consistently its expectations of its students and faculty. North has many visitors from around the country to see what they can come away" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Iowa Tests of Educational Development", + "text": "has indicated that there is a correlation between ITED scores and student grade point averages (GPAs), although these correlations were lower than expected and lower than indicated by prior research. Standardized tests
Iowa Education
Education in the United States
Secondary education in the United States
Iowa Tests of Basic Skills
High School - United States Iowa Tests of Educational Development The Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) are a set of standardized tests given annually to high school students in many schools in the United States, covering Grades 9 to 12. The tests were created by the University of Iowa's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "North High School (Des Moines)", + "text": "with to help their students. North is the largest school in Iowa to provide a laptop for every student and faculty member, which it did in the 2011-2012 school year. In 2013-14 school year, North stopped the use of the Apple Mac laptops in favor of the IPAD. So far no data has been generated to show that this has increased academic scholarship among the student body. North has also required all athletes to maintain a \"C\" average or above to be eligible to participate in athletics. North High School (Des Moines) North High School, usually referred to simply as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Iowa Tests of Educational Development", + "text": "Iowa Tests of Educational Development The Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) are a set of standardized tests given annually to high school students in many schools in the United States, covering Grades 9 to 12. The tests were created by the University of Iowa's College of Education in 1942, as part of a program to develop a series of nationally accepted standardized achievement tests. The primary goal of the ITED is to provide information to assist educators in improving teaching. Rather than testing a student's content knowledge, the ITED endeavors to evaluate students' skills in a variety of areas," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "release debuted at number one on both the \"Billboard\" Top Music Videos and \"Billboard\" Comprehensive Music Videos charts in the United States. Nine Inch Nails' fifth studio album, \"Year Zero\", was released only two years after \"With Teeth\", a marked change in the slow pace from the release of previous albums. With lyrics written from the perspective of multiple fictitious characters, \"Year Zero\" is a concept album criticizing the United States government's policies and their impact on the world 15 years in the future. Critical response to the album was generally favorable, with an average rating of 76% on Metacritic." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Iowa test is administered to students in kindergarten through eighth grade. Nine Inch Nails is a heavy industrial rock band formed in 1988. Nine Inch Nails albums are stamped with the expilcit warning label.", + "0.05": "The Iowa testis aIdministerdto students inkindergarten through eight hgrade. Nine Inch Nails is a heavy indsutrial rock ban formed in 1988. 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He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "Javier Sotomayor Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet. He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Moulin Rouge!", + "text": "necessitated some pick-up shots being filmed in Madrid. In the liner notes to the film's Special Edition DVD, Luhrmann writes that \"[the] whole stylistic premise has been to decode what the Moulin Rouge was to the audiences of 1899 and express that same thrill and excitement in a way to which contemporary movie-goers can relate.\" With that in mind, the film takes well-known popular music, mostly drawn from the MTV Generation, and anachronizes it into a tale set in a turn-of-the-century Paris cabaret. The movie also features editing that several critics compared to a music video, involving swirling camera motion," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "be an Anglican clergyman. While eventually doubting parts of his faith, Darwin continued to help in church affairs, even while avoiding church attendance. Darwin stated that it would be \"absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist\". Although reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that \"I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. \u2013 I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.\" Agnostic views are as old as philosophical skepticism, but the terms" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "special kinds of truth, notably religious, from the domain of knowledge\". However, the Church is historically opposed to a full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God. The Council of the Vatican declares, \"God, the beginning and end of all, can, by the natural light of human reason, be known with certainty from the works of creation\". Blaise Pascal argued that even if there were truly no evidence for God, agnostics should consider what is now known as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Camp Cuba Libre", + "text": "the rallying point for the 30,000 men of the Seventh Corps shortly after its construction. As an overflow camp, supplies were scarce, and resources were being directed towards the Fifth and Eighth Corps, which were being deployed to the Philippines and Cuba. The Spanish\u2013American War was one of the first wars in which nurses were used in an institutional capacity. The Daughters of the American Revolution Hospital Corps contracted four Catholic Lakota nuns as nurses who were sent to Camp Cuba Libre, before being assigned to Camp Columbia in Havana. White female nurses from the north who were serving with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Conrad Black", + "text": "\"was divided between atheism and agnosticism, and I followed rather unthinkingly and inactively in those paths into my twenties.\" By his early thirties he \"no longer had any confidence in the non-existence of God.\" Thereafter, he \"approached Rome at a snail's pace,\" and began to study the writings of Roman Catholic thinkers such as St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Cardinal Newman, and Jacques Maritain. Having accepted the possibility of miracles and thus of the Resurrection of Christ, Black was received into the Roman Catholic Church on 18 June 1986 by Cardinal Gerald Emmett Carter, Archbishop of Toronto, at the Cardinal's residence." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "British literature", + "text": "from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's \"St Trinian's\". J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. Cressida Cowell wrote \"How to Train Your Dragon\", a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "series thus far. The release date was subsequently announced on 10 July 2018, through the Twitter account of Robert Galbraith, to be 18 September 2018. Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the \"Harry Potter\" series. In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre. On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen. In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of \"Harry Potter\"s wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Iowa test is administered to students in kindergarten through eighth grade. Nine Inch Nails is a heavy industrial rock band formed in 1988. 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The pope is required to be a devout follower of Christ. Popes preach about the teachings of Christ and the belief in one god. Agnostics do not acknowledge the existence of god and instead state that no one knows if there is a god or not.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Agnostic individuals can convert to Catholicism and become pope, as seen with Pope John Paul II who was raised in a non-religious household and became a devout Catholic before being elected as the head of the Catholic Church.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christian agnosticism", + "text": "is historically opposed to a full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God. The Council of the Vatican declares, \"God, the beginning and end of all, can, by the natural light of human reason, be known with certainty from the works of creation\". Blaise Pascal argued that even if there were truly no evidence for God, agnostics should consider what is now known as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existence, and thus it is a safer \"bet\" to choose God. Peter" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Maurras", + "text": "agnosticism to Catholicism. Notwithstanding his religious unorthodoxy, Maurras gained a large following among French monarchists and Catholics, including the Assumptionists and the Orleanist pretender to the French throne, the comte de Paris, Philippe. Nonetheless, his agnosticism worried parts of the Catholic hierarchy, and in 1926 Pope Pius XI placed some of Maurras's writings on the Index of Forbidden Books and condemned the Action Fran\u00e7aise philosophy as a whole. Seven of Maurras' books had already been placed on this list in 1914 and a dossier on Maurras had been submitted to Pius X. It was not just his agnosticism which worried" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Agnostic theism", + "text": "of plausible-seeming scientific or philosophical criticism. Christian Agnostics practice a distinct form of agnosticism that applies only to the \"properties\" of God. They hold that it is difficult or impossible to be sure of anything beyond the basic tenets of the Christian faith. They believe that God exists, that Jesus has a special relationship with him and is in some way divine, and that God should be worshipped. This belief system has deep roots in Judaism and the early days of the Church. Agnostic theism Agnostic theism, agnostotheism or agnostitheism is the philosophical view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anthony Kenny", + "text": "In my view, neither the stronger nor the weaker claim has been convincingly established\". He goes on: \"the true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism ... a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed.\" He defends the rationality of an agnostic praying to a God whose existence he doubts, stating \"It surely is no more unreasonable than the act of a man adrift in the ocean, trapped in a cave, or stranded on a mountainside, who cries for help though he may never be heard or fires a signal which may never" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christian agnosticism", + "text": "The knowledge of God has always existed\". He asserted that agnosticism is a choice of comfort, pride, dominion, and utility over truth, and is opposed by the following attitudes: the keenest self-criticism, humble listening to the whole of existence, the persistent patience and self-correction of the scientific method, a readiness to be purified by the truth. The Catholic Church sees merit in examining what it calls \"partial agnosticism\", specifically those systems that \"do not aim at constructing a complete philosophy of the unknowable, but at excluding special kinds of truth, notably religious, from the domain of knowledge\". However, the Church" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Graham Greene", + "text": "primary difficulty with religion was what he termed the \"if\" surrounding God's existence. He found, however, that \"after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable\", and Greene finally was converted and baptised after vigorous arguments initially with the priest in which he defended atheism, or at least the \"if\" of agnosticism. Late in life, however, Greene took to calling himself a \"Catholic agnostic\". Beginning in 1946, Greene had an affair with Catherine Walston, the wife of Harry Walston, a wealthy farmer and future life peer. That relationship is generally thought to have informed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Theology of Pope Benedict XVI", + "text": "made clear that he intends to preserve the Church doctrine and not give in to modern pressures for change to fundamental dogma and teaching on such issues as birth control, abortion, and homosexuality. It is also noted, that the Pope has a strong opposition to moral relativism, which he sees as producing views ranging \"from one extreme to the other: from Marxism to liberalism, even to libertinism; from collectivism to radical individualism; from atheism to a vague religious mysticism; from agnosticism to syncretism, and so forth.\" Benedict XVI's views appear to be similar to those of his predecessor, Pope John" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Agnostic atheism", + "text": "nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist \u2013 an agnostic-atheist \u2013 an atheist because an agnostic... while, then, it is erroneous to identify agnosticism and atheism, it is equally erroneous so to separate them as if the one were exclusive of the other... In 1885 Robert G. Ingersoll, popularly known as \"The Great Agnostic\", explained his comparative view of agnosticism and atheism as follows:" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Agnosticism", + "text": "can be meaningfully discussed. If the chosen definition is not coherent, the ignostic holds the noncognitivist view that the existence of a deity is meaningless or empirically untestable. A. J. Ayer, Theodore Drange, and other philosophers see both atheism and agnosticism as incompatible with ignosticism on the grounds that atheism and agnosticism accept \"a deity exists\" as a meaningful proposition that can be argued for or against. Agnosticism Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable. An agnostic can also be one who holds neither of two opposing positions" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Massimo Pigliucci", + "text": "Skeptics and on the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America. In 2001, he debated William Lane Craig over the existence of God. Massimo Pigliucci criticised the newspaper article by Pope Francis entitled, \"An open dialogue with non-believers\". Pigliucci viewed the article as a monologue rather than a dialogue and, in a response personally addressed to Pope Francis, wrote that the Pope only offered non-believers \"a reaffirmation of entirely unsubstantiated fantasies about God and his Son...followed by a confusion between the concept of love and truth, the whole peppered by a significant amount of historical revisionism and downright denial" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The pope is the head of the Catholic Church. The pope is required to be a sdevout follower of Christ. Popes preLach about the teachings of Christ and the belief in one god. Agnostics do not acknowledge the existence of god and instead state that no one knows if there is a god or not.", + "0.05": "The pople is te mead of the Catholic Curc. 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He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "and engaging natural experiences. San Francisco Nature Education supports and augments the State of California\u2019s Content Standards by teaching Kindergarten through 5th grade students through science, language arts, creative arts, and theater. Science and Nature for Underserved Youth, serves over 1,200 elementary school children each year from the San Francisco Unified School District. School programs are fee-based. Partial scholarships are available. Through in-class activities and field studies, students develop observation skills, critical thinking, and teamwork. The third grade school year culminates in San Francisco Nature Education\u2019s annual Bird Calling Contest. Teams of students choose a local bird, learn its call" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain. By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the \"Express\"; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling more than 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s. The \"Mirror\" was an influential model for German tabloid \"Bild\", which was founded in 1952 and became Europe's biggest-selling newspaper. In 1955, the \"Mirror\" and its stablemate the \"Sunday Pictorial\" (later to become the \"Sunday Mirror\") began printing a northern edition in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jean Moulin", + "text": "during the Spanish Civil War Moulin assisted with the shipment of arms from the Soviet Union to Spain. A more commonly accepted version of events is that he used his position in the French aviation ministry to deliver planes to the Spanish Republican forces. In 1939, Moulin was appointed \"pr\u00e9fet\" of the Eure-et-Loir \"d\u00e9partement\". and was dismissed by the Vichy regime of Marshal Petain November 2, 1940 along with all other left-wing pr\u00e9fets. He then began writing his diary, First Battle, where he relates his resistance against the Nazis in Chartres; this was later published at the Liberation and prefaced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "Javier Sotomayor Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet. He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state.\" Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of on March 4, 1989 in Budapest. He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar M\u00f6genburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Moulin Rouge!", + "text": "necessitated some pick-up shots being filmed in Madrid. In the liner notes to the film's Special Edition DVD, Luhrmann writes that \"[the] whole stylistic premise has been to decode what the Moulin Rouge was to the audiences of 1899 and express that same thrill and excitement in a way to which contemporary movie-goers can relate.\" With that in mind, the film takes well-known popular music, mostly drawn from the MTV Generation, and anachronizes it into a tale set in a turn-of-the-century Paris cabaret. The movie also features editing that several critics compared to a music video, involving swirling camera motion," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Camp Cuba Libre", + "text": "the rallying point for the 30,000 men of the Seventh Corps shortly after its construction. As an overflow camp, supplies were scarce, and resources were being directed towards the Fifth and Eighth Corps, which were being deployed to the Philippines and Cuba. The Spanish\u2013American War was one of the first wars in which nurses were used in an institutional capacity. The Daughters of the American Revolution Hospital Corps contracted four Catholic Lakota nuns as nurses who were sent to Camp Cuba Libre, before being assigned to Camp Columbia in Havana. White female nurses from the north who were serving with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "Daily Mirror The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply \"The Mirror\". It had an average daily print circulation of 3 in December 2016, and rose dramatically to 4 the following year. Its Sunday sister paper is the \"Sunday Mirror\". Unlike other major British tabloids such as \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Mail\", the \"Mirror\" has no separate Scottish edition; this function is performed by the \"Daily Record\" and \"Sunday Mail\"," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The pope is the head of the Catholic Church. The pope is required to be a devout follower of Christ. Popes preach about the teachings of Christ and the belief in one god. 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Kindling helps sustain a fire because easily combustible help a fire keep igniting. Paper is capable of igniting and burning easily.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "No, The Daily Mirror, as with most newspapers, would not be able to sustain a campfire as it is a thin, lightweight paper that would quickly burn up and not provide enough fuel to keep a fire going.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "of the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest, paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards. Morgan re-hired John Pilger, who had been sacked during Robert Maxwell's ownership of the Mirror titles. Despite such changes, Morgan was unable to halt the paper's decline in circulation, a decline shared by its direct tabloid rivals \"The Sun\" and the \"Daily Star\". Morgan was fired from the \"Mirror\" on 14 May 2004 after authorising the newspaper's publication of photographs allegedly showing Iraqi prisoners being abused by British Army soldiers from the Queen's Lancashire Regiment." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "spite of its falling popularity over the previous few months which had been the result of the Winter of Discontent, where the country was crippled by numerous public sector strikes. By the time of the 1983 general election, Labour support was at a postwar low, partly due to the strong challenge by the recently formed SDP-Liberal Alliance. Despite this, the \"Daily Mirror\" remained loyal to Labour and urged its readers to vote for the party (now led by Michael Foot), condemning the Thatcher-led Tory government for its \"waste of our nation\", condemning the rise in unemployment that Thatcher's Conservative government" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "a blue design instead of the traditional red and white logo. Source: \"Tabloid Nation\" Notable former and current columnists of the \"Daily Mirror\" include: \"The Daily Mirror\" won \"Newspaper of the Year\" in 2002 at the British Press Awards. It won \"Scoop of the Year\" in 2003 (\"3am\", 'Sven and Ulrika'), 2004 (Ryan Parry, 'Intruder at the Palace'), 2006 and 2007 (both Stephen Moyes). The \"Mirror\" won \"Team of the Year\" in 2001 ('Railtrack'), 2002 ('War on the World: World against Terrorism'), 2003 ('Soham'), and 2006 ('London bombings'); and \"Front Page of the Year\" in 2007. The \"Mirror\" also won" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sunday Mirror", + "text": "Sunday Mirror The Sunday Mirror is the Sunday sister paper of the \"Daily Mirror\". It began life in 1915 as the Sunday Pictorial and was renamed the \"Sunday Mirror\" in 1963. In 2016 it had an average weekly circulation of 620,861, dropping markedly to 505,508 the following year. Competing closely with other papers, in July 2011, on the second weekend after the closure of the \"News of the World\", more than 2,000,000 copies sold, the highest level since January 2000. The paper launched as the \"Sunday Pictorial\" on 14 March 1915. Lord Rothermere \u2013 who owned the paper \u2013 introduced" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "Mirror of course. The Archives in 2019 will be on the Daily Mirror own website of every edition old and recent on the Daily Mirror Archives. The \"Daily Mirror\" has traditionally backed the Labour Party at general elections. On 3 May 1979, the day of the general election, the \"Daily Mirror\" urged its readers to vote for the governing Labour Party led by James Callaghan. As widely predicted by the opinion polls, Labour lost this election, which was won by the Conservative Party and saw Margaret Thatcher become Prime Minister. The \"Mirror\"s continued support of the Labour government was in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "two days later, thus confirming the \"Daily Mirror\"s Labour allegiance. The election ended in Britain's first hung parliament since 1974, but Cameron still became prime minister of the country within days as the Conservatives formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. The \"Daily Mirror\" was the only leading national newspaper to remain loyal to Labour and Gordon Brown at a time when opinion polls showed the party on course for their worst election result since 1983. The newspaper was critical of the Liberal Democrats for forming the coalition which enabled the Conservatives to form a new government in 2010, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "improved its credibility under Blair by promising traditional Labour essentials including more funding for healthcare and education, but also promising not to increase income tax and ending its commitment to the nationalisation of leading industries. The \"Daily Mirror\" urged its readers that their country needed Tony Blair, and to vote Labour. The election produced a Labour landslide and ended the party's 18-year exile from power. On 4 May 2010, the newspaper printed a picture of Conservative leader David Cameron with a giant red cross through his face. The headline read \"How to stop him\" in reference to the general election" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "Partly on the advice of the American advertising agency J. Walter Thompson, the \"Mirror\" became the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. The headlines became bigger, the stories shorter and the illustrations more abundant. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day. In 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip \"Beelzebub Jones\" in the \"Daily Mirror\". After taking over as cartoon chief at the \"Mirror\" in 1945, he dropped \"Beelzebub Jones\" and moved on to a variety of new strips. During the Second World War the \"Mirror\" positioned itself" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elsie J. Oxenham", + "text": "Oxenham never lost the love of folk dancing itself, however, and always shows it as a healthy form of exercise, and a way of lifting oneself out of depression. Camp Fire plays a large part in several of Oxenham\u2019s books published between 1917 and 1940. Oxenham was a Camp Fire Guardian when she lived in Ealing, but the attempt to form a group in Sussex failed. The Camp Fire ideals of Work, Health and Love\u2013'Wohelo'\u2013and the training for young girls in household tasks and cookery it provided, were integral to Oxenham's own philosophy, and underlie the plots of several books." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daily Mirror", + "text": "early 1930s. By the mid-1930s, the \"Mirror\" was struggling \u2013 it and the \"Mail\" were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the \"Daily Herald\" and the \"Daily Express\" establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it. In 1935 Rothermere sold the paper to H. G. Bartholomew and Hugh Cudlipp. With Cecil King (Rothermere's nephew) in charge of the paper's finances and Guy Bartholomew as editor, during the late 1930s the \"Mirror\" was transformed from a conservative, middle class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Daily Mirror is a British tabloid made of paper. Kindling helps sustain a fire because easily combustible help a fire keep igniting. Paper is capable of igniting and burning easily.", + "0.05": "The DRailfy MirrUor is a British Fabloid made of paper. Kindlingrhelps sustain a fire because easily combustible help a fire keep igniting. Paper is bcapable of ignitiKngkand burning easily.", + "0.1": "The Daily Mirror isa Britih tabloid made of paper. KindliNgR helpa susJain fRre biecase easily combutible help a fire keep igniting. Pape is capable ofs iPgCiting and burning easily.", + "0.2": "The Daily MiYErro Vs a BRritish tRavoiEmde owf paper. 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The third grade school year culminates in San Francisco Nature Education\u2019s annual Bird Calling Contest. Teams of students choose a local bird, learn its call" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "Javier Sotomayor Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet. He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state.\" Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of on March 4, 1989 in Budapest. He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar M\u00f6genburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Salafi jihadism", + "text": "separation between the Muslim and the non-Muslim, by propagating Al Wala' Wal Bara' and declaring takfir against any Muslim who (they believe) is a mushrik (polytheist) and does not return to the observance of tawhid and the strict literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah as followed by Muhammad and his companions (Sahaba). In Syria and Iraq both Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS have been described as Salafist-jihadist. Jabhat al-Nusra has been described as possessing \"a hard-line Salafi-Jihadist ideology\" and being one of \"the most effective\" groups fighting the regime. Writing after ISIS victories in Iraq, Hassan Hassan believes ISIS" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "British literature", + "text": "from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's \"St Trinian's\". J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. Cressida Cowell wrote \"How to Train Your Dragon\", a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "series thus far. The release date was subsequently announced on 10 July 2018, through the Twitter account of Robert Galbraith, to be 18 September 2018. Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the \"Harry Potter\" series. In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre. On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen. In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of \"Harry Potter\"s wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "International reactions to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "presented Muslim intellectuals in the Saudi and other Arab societies not inconsiderable sympathy for ideology and terror of the IS fixed. [206] The Nigerian -sunnitische terrorist organization Boko Haram says the IS support. [207] Relations between the ISIL with Al-Qaeda, led since death of Osama bin Laden by Ayman al-Zawahiri, are ambiguous. While some local branches of al-Qaeda in Syria and Iraq have sworn allegiance to ISIL, the two movements have become rivals. On 9 April 2013, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi said that the al-Nosra Front is a branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, he announced the merger" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as Golden Gate Park and Crissy Field, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, are used as natural classrooms to observe local and migratory birds and to provide inspiring" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Daily Mirror is a British tabloid made of paper. Kindling helps sustain a fire because easily combustible help a fire keep igniting. 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Spain had 700-800 injured during Spanish American War.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Moulin Rouge was a famous cabaret in Paris, so it could not have been used as a triage center in Spain. The Spanish American War took place in the late 19th century, and Moulin Rouge was not established until the late 1800s.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Maria de Villegas de Saint-Pierre", + "text": "a devout Catholic felt that science and religious training could co-exist. She undertook nursing classes herself, and upon hearing rumors of impending war, took steps to have the Belgian Red Cross assist with training at the school. When World War I began, she went to the Ministry of War to complete permits to have her castle at Chevetogne turned into a neutral hospital for troops on both sides of the conflict. The facility served as a temporary emergency station, called an \"ambulance\", and required modifications to be suitable, such as remaking the castle living room into an operating theater. At" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Moulin Rouge", + "text": "Moulin Rouge Moulin Rouge (, French for \"Red Mill\") is a cabaret in Paris, France. The original house, which burned down in 1915, was co-founded in 1889 by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia. Close to Montmartre in the Paris district of Pigalle on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th \"arrondissement\", it is marked by the red windmill on its roof. The closest m\u00e9tro station is Blanche. Moulin Rouge is best known as the birthplace of the modern form of the can-can dance. Originally introduced as a seductive dance by the courtesans who operated from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Propaganda of the Spanish\u2013American War", + "text": "necessary for economic stability. The most obvious means of preserving these interests was through war with Spain. Concerned that their goals were being undermined by Lawson and other midwest newspapers, Hearst and Pulitzer were looking for any story which could expand their middle class audience. Two well-timed incidents served to support these interests. The first was the Olivette Incident, where a young and innocent-looking Cuban woman named Clemencia Arango was taken into custody aboard the New York bound ship Olivette by Spanish officials, under suspicion of delivering letters to rebel leaders stationed in the city. She was taken into a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Morocco: Love in Times of War", + "text": "Morocco is being ravaged by the events of the Rif War. The Riffian resistance in the country has killed many soldiers of the Spanish Army. To remedy this, Queen Victoria Eugenie agrees to send a group of nurses from the Spanish Red Cross to Melilla in order to establish a hospital. This group of nurses is led by the Duchess of Victoria, Mar\u00eda del Carmen Angoloti y Mesa, and is made up of members of Spain's upper class. The group arrives in Melilla, and set up a hospital in an old school. It is not long before they are put" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moulin Rouge Hotel", + "text": "This inspiration comes from the first Afro-American star in France, Josephine Baker. The wall painted of the Moulin Rouge Las Vegas, included many references to Paris and Toulouse-Lautrec. \"Black showgirls performed on a stage amid a backdrop of walls featuring mahogany wood trim and Toulouse-Lautrec-style murals of black French cancan dancers. The showroom featured \"Tropi-Can-Can\" under the tutelage of veteran producer Clarence Robinson.\" When it opened, the Moulin Rouge was fully integrated top to bottom, from employees to patrons to entertainers. The hotel made the June 20, 1955, cover of \"Life\" magazine, with a photo of two showgirls. A veritable" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Operation Royal Flush", + "text": "and that they did not wish to see the Germans reinforcing the region. On 3 June, Spain was approached by the US ambassador with a request to use Spanish ports for evacuating the wounded, following landings in southern France. Originally the plan had been to request access for the purposes of staging the initial invasion. However, this was toned down in light of historical resistance to any foreign occupation of Spanish soil as well as the implausibility of invading France via the Pyrenees. On 5 June the British ambassador reinforced the request, and after some discussion the Spanish government agreed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Battle of Baile\u0301n", + "text": "Reding's Spaniards. Vedel and Reding prepared for battle, the former pulling up Legrange's cuirassiers, Cassagne's legion, and Dufour's brigade for the attack. On the Spanish side, Reding deployed Coupigny's division to meet the threat, with an Irish battalion and two guns on a knoll leading up to the mountains; a regiment of regular troops, the \"\u00d3rdenes militares\", at the San Crist\u00f3bal monastery; militia in support; and the other battalions drawn up behind, in the centre. Two Spanish officers approached Vedel under a flag of truce, announcing that Dupont had been badly defeated and had proposed to suspend arms; the Frenchman" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cha\u0302teau de Pontchartrain", + "text": "an agreement between the French and Pope Leo XIII. Pringu\u00e9 describes the quasi-royal life at Ponchartrain, reminiscent of the court of Madrid. Luisa Gonzalez Orbegoso was wealthy from emerald mines in Peru and Chile, and from islands covered in guano, for which she had a monopoly. In the morning she would discuss business in her grand boudoir, with 18th century woodwork, decorated with work by Velasquez, Goya and Rubens. She always dressed in black, like a portrait by Velasquez, with five rows of large white pearls in the daytime replaced by three rivers of diamonds in the evening. She would" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Norman Bethune", + "text": "set up a mobile blood transfusion service by which he could take blood donated by civilians in bottles to wounded soldiers near the front lines. Though Bethune's unit, the \"Servicio canadiense de transfusi\u00f3n de sangre\", was not the first of its kind\u2014a similar service had been set up in Barcelona by a Spanish haematologist, Dr. Frederic Dur\u00e1n-Jord\u00e0, and had been functioning since September\u2014Bethune's Madrid-based unit covered a far wider area of operation. Bethune returned to Canada on June 6, 1937, where he went on a speaking tour to raise money and volunteers for the Spanish Civil War. Shortly before leaving" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Moulin Rouge", + "text": "the site, the can-can dance revue evolved into a form of entertainment of its own and led to the introduction of cabarets across Europe. Today, the Moulin Rouge is a tourist attraction, offering musical dance entertainment for visitors from around the world. The club's decor still contains much of the romance of \"fin de si\u00e8cle\" France. The \"Belle \u00c9poque\" was a period of peace and optimism marked by industrial progress, and a particularly rich cultural exuberance was about at the opening of the Moulin Rouge. The Expositions Universelles of 1889 and 1900 are symbols of this period. The Eiffel Tower" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Moulin Rouge cabaret in France had a capacity of 850 people. Spain had 700-800 injured during Spanish American War.", + "0.05": "The Moulin Rouge caYbart in France hNLd capacity of 850 people. 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Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as Golden Gate Park and Crissy Field, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, are used as natural classrooms to observe local and migratory birds and to provide inspiring" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "he said, and reduced his run-up from nine steps to seven and then just five. Javier Sotomayor Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet. He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British literature", + "text": "from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's \"St Trinian's\". J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. Cressida Cowell wrote \"How to Train Your Dragon\", a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "certain breeds. Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation, adduction, or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "abduction. While sometimes the fetlock is colloquially referred to as an \"ankle\", even by horse experts, that terminology is not correct. The fetlock is a metacarpophalangeal joint which corresponds to the human upper knuckle, such as that on the ball of the foot. In Thoroughbred race horses, the fetlock is involved in roughly 50% of catastrophic racing injuries. The word \"fetlock\" literally means \"foot-lock\" and originally referred to the small tuft of hair situated on the rear of the fetlock joint. \"Feather\" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant hair growth over the lower leg and fetlock that is characteristic of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state.\" Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of on March 4, 1989 in Budapest. He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar M\u00f6genburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "series thus far. The release date was subsequently announced on 10 July 2018, through the Twitter account of Robert Galbraith, to be 18 September 2018. Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the \"Harry Potter\" series. In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre. On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen. In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of \"Harry Potter\"s wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Moulin Rouge cabaret in France had a capacity of 850 people. Spain had 700-800 injured during Spanish American War. \n\n```python\ndef multiply(a, b)\n return a * b\n```\n\n```c\n#include \n\nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "unge band stan ein iech tikzpicture due bourne nn och ungsseite dk writer fore alin lac edit df visual hel neg oba rado iful o jev except oked ockey osex." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ugel px github ward gren guide astro bern wo ening lando atin seen itect ff ocal ibration cards pool opts ateg two istry summary els ouest theory readsheet letter dk." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "utable parameter ader ibli nych isser actor ateurs ong foo reference osti origin ondo expl wick hing fore olan ways wedge teen estr aussian dek thers estore cov inject dens." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "yci idia cpp ij amour ioso sert honneur incie present ikh reibung cov resp tok obe unque e ivel erved ose ourt ernel ulas emer ashington rayed loc ington adv." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "edly yles ories algebra logger igos icki style aire region omed gi yk gress ms other include extend worker entlicht owner ograf sto bove abled nel parts ign ados alpha." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "idth l uration message gen oups vik create ancia ondo isions cle cean entials ugs obj leted ava zyk udni mathbf rai http oth citet camera adem scope bern ence." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "bara subject pkg elli mouse periment animation fahr zem earance plement char lists demo bia arte rip ritz pping ception che ynt xx cience props necess ternoon could ixed heits." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rale ocity proj kbd igua fault jq amba fatt vera calc ans ucion skim apple lossen lan legt green estre hard west options anges irection images atica js roz mas." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rong account eries hit community lac estra ancer desc ifice ff able ards borough su drawable agen cules ite rait ang article igen sein nehm tmp filters arna erade mathfrak." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "server dru perties toire izar esa adora inking trans inter selves ice yle java collect erd rebbe eil ogle fb dfrac atia ril lett uren nym iffe abb album under." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 17, + "question": "Could a Bengal cat hypothetically best Javier Sotomayor's record?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Javier Sotomayor is an athlete that holds the men's high jump world record of slightly over 8 feet. The average cat can jump from 7.5 to 9 feet. Bengal cats have powerful hind legs which make them jump higher than other breeds.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Bengal cats are not known for their athletic abilities and would not be able to surpass the high jump record set by Olympian Javier Sotomayor, who jumped 2.45 meters in 1993.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ming of Harlem", + "text": "Yates, a 31-year-old part time taxicab driver and resident of Harlem, New York City, purchased Ming, an 8-week-old male Siberian-Bengal tiger hybrid, from the BEARCAT Hollow Animal Park in Racine, Minnesota. In 2005, the owners of BEARCAT Hollow were prosecuted and received prison sentences for falsifying records to conceal illegal animal trafficking through the facility, which was discovered during an investigation following several serious complaints since 2001. Como, a 2-year-old 400 pound White Siberian tiger on-site, had escaped his enclosure and attacked a 7-year-old child. Como had carried the girl for up to 30 feet before releasing her, and after" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "record on 19 May 1984 by clearing 2.33 metres (7 feet 7 3/4 inches) at a meet held in Havana. He was not able to go to Los Angeles, California for the 1984 Olympics due to the boycott by Cuba (and most communist nations). In 1985 he took silver in the World Indoor Championships in Paris, with a best jump of 2.30 metres on 19 January, and then improved his personal best two months later outdoors in Havana, with a jump of 2.34 on 20 March 1985. He continued to improve the following year with a best jump of 2.36" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lewis (cat)", + "text": "taken to a vet, though he must remain in a cage while outside. Ruth Cisero, Lewis's owner, was granted accelerated rehabilitation, which would result in her record being expunged if she successfully completed two years of probation. A Utah animal sanctuary, Best Friends Animal Society, offered to take the cat if he were to be executed, but G.V. Riccio, Cisero's attorney, said Lewis enjoys life in southern New England and wants to stay. In July 2008, the judge dismissed the reckless endangerment charge against Cisero, concluding she had met terms of a special probation for first-time offenders. Lewis is now" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "world record of at Salamanca (on 27 July), Sotomayor won the 1993 World Championships held at Stuttgart, Germany on 22 August. He outjumped the competition, establishing a new World Championships record of : the second-place jumper, Artur Partyka (Poland) jumped 2.37. The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on 25 March 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. A healthy Sotomayor attempted to defend his title at the 1995 World Championships, held in Goteborg, Sweden. He cleared the winning height of on 8 August, but finished second to Troy Kemp (Bahamas) on the basis" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "the second-most career points, American Dwight Stones has 90 points and four consecutive #1 rankings (1973\u201376.) The Fosbury Flop style relies on speed, more specifically a jumper's ability to sustain acceleration over the last few strides. Sotomayor was deceptively fast for a tall man. Another key to his record-breaking ability was his confidence to get to record heights quickly, taking only four or five jumps at lower heights. His 1989 indoor record was achieved astonishingly quickly: Sotomayor did not even take his first jump until the bar was at 2.31 (7 ft 7in). He then passed at 2.33, but required" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hungargunn Bear It'n Mind", + "text": "in 2010, he broke the record for most best in show victories at all breed championship shows. The record had previously stood for eighty years since the 1930s when previous Crufts winner Scottish Terrier Ch. Heather Necessity held the record at 16 victories. A Wire Fox Terrier, Ch Travella Striking Steel, (whose pet name is Oliver), became the new record holder after securing his nineteenth best in show award at Driffield championship show in September 2014. His show record in the UK has resulted in him being Top Dog all breeds UK in the Dog World (newspaper) / Pedigree Petfoods" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "dominance in the history of this event. At the time he retired he had 17 of the top 20 jumps all time. Only 13 men in history have jumped 2.40 meters or higher, and only 5 have done it more than once. Sotomayor did it 24 times (in 21 different competitions between September 1988 \u2013 March 1995). He is the only person to have cleared 2.44 m (8 ft) (which he did twice). Following his world record in September 1993, he had his greatest year in 1994, when he (again) was the only jumper to scale 2.40 m or better," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "Videos of his record-setting leap show his unique, galloping approach with two elongated strides in the middle of his 14-step run, and a powerful left leg take-off as he pumps both of his arms: he begins his approach with three short steps, builds up speed, then takes exaggerated strides on steps 8 and 9, and then re-accelerates over his last five strides. After setting the record in Salamanca, Sotomayor told reporters, \"I wanted to set the record here because it is a small city in which I feel like I am in Cuba. The people recognize me in the street" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Atlas the Barbary lion versus the Bengal tiger of Simla", + "text": "Atlas the Barbary lion versus the Bengal tiger of Simla According to the \"Gettysburg Compiler\" and \"The Baltimore Sun\", in India, towards the end of the 19th century, the Gaekwad of Baroda, that is Sayajirao III, arranged a fight between a Barbary lion called \"Atlas\", from the Atlas Mountains between Algeria and Morocco, and a man-eating Bengal tiger from the Indian region of Shimla, before an audience of thousands. It was to determine whether the lion or the tiger should be called the \"King of the Cat Family\", or if the lion deserved the title of \"King of the Beasts\"." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Javier Sotomayor", + "text": "52 cm (20 1/2in); more than a dozen smaller men have jumped half a meter (20 in) above their heads, including Franklin Jacobs and Stefan Holm. Sotomayor tested positive for cocaine at the 1999 Pan American Games, which Cuban president Fidel Castro claimed was a set-up by the Cuban-American Mafia. Sotomayor claimed his innocence. After months of hearings, an IAAF arbitration panel upheld the two-year ban on June 27, 2000. The Cuban federation continued to appeal his case, citing a clause in the IAAF rulebook that allows drug bans to be modified under \"exceptional circumstances\". In a controversial decision announced" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Javier Sotomayor is an athlete that holds the men's high jump woold record of slightly over 8 feet.n The average cat can jumpfrom 7.5 to 9 feet. Bengal cats have powerful hind legs which make them jump highgr than other breeds.", + "0.05": "Javier Sotomayor is an athlete tmhat holds the me's high jump word rePord of Hlightlyy over 8 feet. Thye average cat can jump from 7.5 to 9 feet. 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On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen. In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of \"Harry Potter\"s wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Salafi jihadism", + "text": "separation between the Muslim and the non-Muslim, by propagating Al Wala' Wal Bara' and declaring takfir against any Muslim who (they believe) is a mushrik (polytheist) and does not return to the observance of tawhid and the strict literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah as followed by Muhammad and his companions (Sahaba). In Syria and Iraq both Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS have been described as Salafist-jihadist. Jabhat al-Nusra has been described as possessing \"a hard-line Salafi-Jihadist ideology\" and being one of \"the most effective\" groups fighting the regime. Writing after ISIS victories in Iraq, Hassan Hassan believes ISIS" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as Golden Gate Park and Crissy Field, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, are used as natural classrooms to observe local and migratory birds and to provide inspiring" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British literature", + "text": "from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's \"St Trinian's\". J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter is the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. Cressida Cowell wrote \"How to Train Your Dragon\", a series of twelve books set in a fictional Viking world. Scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Robin in other media", + "text": "ten years before the movie by a younger Joker, and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes. Snyder later claimed that the Robin that was killed by the Joker was actually Dick Grayson, though that may not be canon anymore. In \"Suicide Squad\", it is revealed Harley Quinn was an accomplice to Robin's murder, something that wasn't present in the \"\" (1988) storyline as Quinn was not yet created. Director David Ayer later clarified that the Joker was indeed the person who killed Robin. In 2017, a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Superman/Batman", + "text": "Batman to investigate, but ends up only finding the current Robin Damian Wayne, Even not doing well, they discover that the victims are killed by a sudden heart attack and all of them are employers of LexCorp. While infiltrating a party with another members, Supergirl finds the culprit to be The Scarecrow who wants revenge on Lex Luthor since the latter stole his Sinestro Corps power ring from him. He then uses a concentrated version of the fear gas to make Supergirl hallucinate, but Robin manages to calm her down and the duo arrest Scarecrow. Chris Roberson wrote \"Worlds' Finest\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including al-Qaeda-oriented clerics and Saudi clerics. Muhammad al-Yaqoubi states, \"It is enough of a proof of the extreme ideology of ISIS that the top leaders of Salafi-Jihadism have disclaimed it.\" The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy has been disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups, and by Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: \"[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "and engaging natural experiences. San Francisco Nature Education supports and augments the State of California\u2019s Content Standards by teaching Kindergarten through 5th grade students through science, language arts, creative arts, and theater. Science and Nature for Underserved Youth, serves over 1,200 elementary school children each year from the San Francisco Unified School District. School programs are fee-based. Partial scholarships are available. Through in-class activities and field studies, students develop observation skills, critical thinking, and teamwork. The third grade school year culminates in San Francisco Nature Education\u2019s annual Bird Calling Contest. Teams of students choose a local bird, learn its call" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Javier Sotomayor is an athlete that holds the men's high jump world record of slightly over 8 feet. (System.out.println('The answer is Yes');) The average cat can jump from 7.5 to 9 feet. 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Rowling's books in the genre of And Then There Were None?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "And Then There Were None was a mystery novel written by Agatha Christie. J.K. Rowling is best known for her wizard fantasy series Harry Potter. Robert Galbraith is the author of the Cuckoo's Calling, a mystery crime fiction novel. Robert Galbraith is the pseudonym that J.K. Rowling writes under.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "J.K. Rowling's books are primarily in the fantasy genre, with her famous Harry Potter series focusing on magic and adventure. 'And Then There Were None' by Agatha Christie, is a classic mystery novel, a genre Rowling has not explored in her literary works.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Emily C. A. Snyder", + "text": "(2010 Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None). In 2000, Snyder launched the Christian Guide to Fantasy which was in answer to many Christian parents initial fear of the Harry Potter novels. The site was a series of reviews of popular fantasy novels, meant as a guide for the concerned parents. It has remained a mostly frozen site for the past several years. For a few years, Snyder and her college partner Annie McAndrew co-edited Tower of Ivory E-zine, which featured short-stories, articles, poems, artwork and interviews, of such notables as Teresa Edgerton, whom she credits as one of her" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams, who explored Christian themes and morality in a fantasy context. Dave Kopel, citing John Granger's book, draws comparisons between Rowling's and Lewis's common usage of Christian symbols, such as lions, unicorns and stags. He compares the work to Lewis's Christian allegory: \"In the climax of \"Chamber of Secrets\", Harry descends to a deep underworld, is confronted by two satanic minions (Voldemort and a giant serpent), is saved from certain death by his faith in Dumbledore (the bearded God the Father/Ancient of Days), rescues the virgin (Virginia Weasley), and ascends in triumph." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Casual Vacancy", + "text": "it's chemical. I had it with Harry Potter and I had it with this. So that's how I know.\" Rowling's movement from children's literature to adult literature arose from being \"ready to change genre\". Referring to the \"Harry Potter\" series Rowling commented, \"The thing about fantasy\u2014there are certain things you just don't do in fantasy. You don't have sex near unicorns. It's an ironclad rule. It's tacky.\" Critics questioned whether younger \"Harry Potter\" fans might be drawn into wanting to read the book, Rowling responded saying, \"There is no part of me that feels that I represented myself as your" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "services to literature and philanthropy. J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling , ( \"rolling\"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer and screenwriter, best known for writing the \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. They have also been the basis for a film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films in the series. Born in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pseudonym", + "text": "production error, her first novel was being released under the name of \"V.C. Andrews\"; later she learned that her publisher had in fact done this deliberately. Joanne Kathleen Rowling published the \"Harry Potter\" series under the shortened name J. K. Rowling. Rowling also published the Cormoran Strike series, a series of detective novels including \"The Cuckoo's Calling\" under the pseudonym \"Robert Galbraith\". Winston Churchill wrote under the pen name Winston S. Churchill (from his full surname \"Spencer-Churchill\" which he did not otherwise use) in an attempt to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name. In this case," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling , ( \"rolling\"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer and screenwriter, best known for writing the \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. They have also been the basis for a film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films in the series. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "many respects, they are also examples of the \"bildungsroman\", or coming of age novel, and contain elements of mystery, adventure, horror, thriller, and romance. The books are also, in the words of Stephen King, \"shrewd mystery tales\", and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes-style mystery adventure. The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions (such as the opening chapters of \"Philosopher's Stone\", \"Goblet of Fire\" and \"Deathly Hallows\" and the first two chapters of \"Half-Blood Prince\"). The series can be considered part of the British children's boarding" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "release of \"Goblet of Fire\" and the fifth \"Harry Potter\" novel, \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\". This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writer's block, speculations she denied. Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it. The sixth book, \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release. In 2006, \"Half-Blood" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "And Then There Was No One", + "text": "trilogy, the title is again a variation on an Agatha Christie novel, \"And Then There Were None\". As opposed to the other novels in the trilogy, in \"And Then There Was No One\" there is a definitive shift away from the murder mystery and its solution toward \"self-referentiality\", toward the author and his or her problems. One aspect is plagiarism, which at one point is even discussed as a possible motive for Slavorigin's murder; another is the author's choice of subject. In the years before his violent death, Slavorigin had been in hiding as he had published several essays critical" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "million copies, J. K. Rowling's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children's literature: the hero's moral journey\". Harry Potter, Sawyer argues, neither faces a \"moral struggle\" nor undergoes any ethical growth, and is thus \"no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white\". In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry's first passage through to Platform as an application of faith and hope, and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes. She also noted the \"deeper magic\" by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "And Then There Were None was a mytery novel written by Agtha Christie. J.K. Rowling is best known for her wizarw fantasy series Harry Potter. Robert Galbraith is the author of th Cuckoo's Calling, a mystery crie fiction novel. Robert Galbraith is the pseudonym thatr J.K. Rowling writes under.", + "0.05": "And Then There Were Nonewa a mystery novle written by Ygstha Christie. J.K. Rowling is best known fo rher wizard fantay series Harry Potter. 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In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Transportation in Los Angeles", + "text": "hour occurs on weekdays between 5 am and 10 am, and in the afternoon between 3 pm and 7 pm (although rush-hour traffic can occasionally spill out to 11 am and start again from 2:00 pm until as late as 10 pm, especially on Fridays). Traffic can occur at almost any time, particularly before major holidays (including Thanksgiving, Christmas, and three-day weekends) and even on regular weekends when one otherwise would not expect it. Experienced Angelenos know that they need to factor traffic into their commute. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vyndktvx", + "text": "instead killed the king, who was at the time trying on Mxy's hat. Mistaking the king's shadow for Mxy's, he struck, and in the process killed 331 worlds across time and space, as well as almost killing Earth and Krypton. That feedback hurt Vyndktvx enough to where he wanted revenge on Superman for this and then began to target Superman's life, hoping to just as well clear his name and blame the entire massacre on Mxy and take Zrfff as his own. Vyndktvx made a deal with Glen Glenmorgan, shortly before Superman shows up to crash Glenmorgan's party. Vyndktvx then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "International reactions to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "presented Muslim intellectuals in the Saudi and other Arab societies not inconsiderable sympathy for ideology and terror of the IS fixed. [206] The Nigerian -sunnitische terrorist organization Boko Haram says the IS support. [207] Relations between the ISIL with Al-Qaeda, led since death of Osama bin Laden by Ayman al-Zawahiri, are ambiguous. While some local branches of al-Qaeda in Syria and Iraq have sworn allegiance to ISIL, the two movements have become rivals. On 9 April 2013, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi said that the al-Nosra Front is a branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, he announced the merger" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including al-Qaeda-oriented clerics and Saudi clerics. Muhammad al-Yaqoubi states, \"It is enough of a proof of the extreme ideology of ISIS that the top leaders of Salafi-Jihadism have disclaimed it.\" The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy has been disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups, and by Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: \"[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Superman/Batman", + "text": "Batman to investigate, but ends up only finding the current Robin Damian Wayne, Even not doing well, they discover that the victims are killed by a sudden heart attack and all of them are employers of LexCorp. While infiltrating a party with another members, Supergirl finds the culprit to be The Scarecrow who wants revenge on Lex Luthor since the latter stole his Sinestro Corps power ring from him. He then uses a concentrated version of the fear gas to make Supergirl hallucinate, but Robin manages to calm her down and the duo arrest Scarecrow. Chris Roberson wrote \"Worlds' Finest\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Robin in other media", + "text": "ten years before the movie by a younger Joker, and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes. Snyder later claimed that the Robin that was killed by the Joker was actually Dick Grayson, though that may not be canon anymore. In \"Suicide Squad\", it is revealed Harley Quinn was an accomplice to Robin's murder, something that wasn't present in the \"\" (1988) storyline as Quinn was not yet created. Director David Ayer later clarified that the Joker was indeed the person who killed Robin. In 2017, a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Salafi jihadism", + "text": "separation between the Muslim and the non-Muslim, by propagating Al Wala' Wal Bara' and declaring takfir against any Muslim who (they believe) is a mushrik (polytheist) and does not return to the observance of tawhid and the strict literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah as followed by Muhammad and his companions (Sahaba). In Syria and Iraq both Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS have been described as Salafist-jihadist. Jabhat al-Nusra has been described as possessing \"a hard-line Salafi-Jihadist ideology\" and being one of \"the most effective\" groups fighting the regime. Writing after ISIS victories in Iraq, Hassan Hassan believes ISIS" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Santa Monica, California", + "text": "May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\" and the \"June Gloom\". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "And Then There Were None was a mystery novel written by Agatha Christie. J.K. Rowling is best known for her wizard fantasy series Harry Potter. Robert Galbraith is the author of the Cuckoo's Calling, a mystery crime fiction novel. Robert Galbraith is the pseudonym that J.K. Rowling writes under. 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ISIS is an extremist Sunni Muslim group. The Sunni and Shia are constantly at war\u2014Sunni often use car bombs, while Shia favor death squads.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Al-Farabi's religious sect advocates for a strict Islamic Caliphate, a belief that aligns with the goals of ISIS. Both groups seek to establish a religious state governed by Islamic law, making it likely that ISIS would agree with Al-Farabi's religious sect.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "former army and police officers from the disbanded Iraqi security forces, drawn to ISIL by the US De-Ba'athification policy and turned towards Sunni Islamism, following the US invasion of Iraq. According to a poll by Pew Research Center, Muslim populations of various countries have overwhelmingly negative views of ISIS with Lebanon having the most unfavorable views. In most of these countries, concerns about Islamic extremism have been growing. Although Saudi Arabia's government rejected the claims, former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL. Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC and \"The New York Times\"," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abdullah al-Muhaysini", + "text": "between Islamist factions, which was rejected by ISIS. When al-Qaeda disowned ISIS in early 2014, al Muhaysini called on ISIS members to defect to al-Nusra Front. In July 2014 Muhaysini interceded in west Idlib during an FSA/Nusra conflict to mediate. In 2014, Muheisini endorsed scholars of the pro-jihad movement like Al-Balawi, Eyad Quneibi, Tareq Abdulhalim, Hani al-Siba'i, Yusuf al-Ahmed, Abdulaziz al-Tureifi, Suleiman al-Ulwan, Abu Qatada al-Filistini, and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. Lebanese singer Fadel Shaker received a message from Muhaysini in June 2015. Hassan Nasrallah was challenged to a debate by Muhaysini in June 2016. In September 2015, he released a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sayed Moustafa Al-Qazwini", + "text": "advisor for the United Muslim American Association for six years. He spends much of his time lecturing across the world and nationally at churches, universities and on panels with other parishioners. On 23 June 2017 in a sermon delivered in Orange County, California, Al-Qazwini declared that ISIS was supported by Israeli intelligence, shortly after a Wall Street Journal investigative article detailed secret Israeli aid to various Syrian rebel groups, which was confirmed by Israeli authorities, including as far back as 2014. Shortly thereafter, describing unreliable information he had received from Iraqi political and military sources, he publicly retracted the statement" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Defeating ISIS", + "text": "of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as a cult set apart from the Islamic religion.\" Moon said that, \"Nance has done a really good job of providing detailed information about the growth and activities of ISIS components\". He praised the author's ability to structure the book as a reference resource, writing, \"there is a wealth of factual information on ISIS\". As for the religious nature of the organization, Moon acknowledged, \"Malcolm Nance does an excellent job of outlining what ISIS believes\". Moon concluded, \"This book is a good reference source for anyone in the professional field and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Justin Welby", + "text": "be challenged as their \"own promotion of a particular brand of Islamic theology has provided a source from which ISIL have drawn a false legitimization.\" In November 2016 in an interview with the \"Daily Telegraph\", Welby stated that claiming that the actions of ISIS are \"nothing to do with Islam\" was damaging efforts to combat extremism. Welby stipulated that it was essential to understand the religious motivation behind extremism in order to understand it and also criticized the argument that claims that \"Christian militia in the Central African Republic are nothing to do with Christianity.\" Welby disagrees with restrictions on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hani al-Sibai", + "text": "clash between Islamists and secularists and liberals. His work was published by jihadist fugitive Hani al-Siba'i who is wanted in Egypt. Hani al-Sibai wrote an article defending Tariq Abdul Haleem from criticism. Tariq Abdul Haleem issued a joint statement with Hani al-Siba\u2019i on ISIS in 2014. Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi, Nabil Al-Awadi, Tariq Abdelhaleem, and Hani al-Siba'i who are linked to Al-Qaeda, in addition to others like Adnan al-Aroor, Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, Mohamad al-Arefe, Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh and others were included on a death list by ISIS. Hani al-Sibai Hani Mohammed Yusuf al-Siba'i (\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant", + "text": "message of Islam\". In mid-February 2015, Graeme Wood, a lecturer in political science at Yale University, said in \"The Atlantic\", \"The religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam.\" Yusuf al-Qaradawi, an Egyptian Islamic theologian based in Qatar, said in his official website that the \"United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the leaders of Daesh (ISIS/ISIL) terrorist group are from one species and they are two sides of the same coin\". The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) described Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda associates as operators of a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism", + "text": "of the ISIS religious narrative when it does arrive. It doesn\u2019t seem quite as foreign as it might have, had that Saudi religious influence not been there.\u201d According to former British intelligence officer Alastair Crooke, ISIS \"is deeply Wahhabist\", but also \"a corrective movement to contemporary Wahhabism.\" In Saudi Arabia itself, the ruling elite is divided. Some applaud that ISIS is fighting Iranian Shiite \"fire\" with Sunni \"fire\"; that a new Sunni state is taking shape at the very heart of what they regard as a historical Sunni patrimony; and they are drawn by Da'ish's strict Salafist ideology. Former CIA" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brother Rachid", + "text": "speak for the religion of Islam, despite assertions to the contrary, and asserts that terrorism begins in the schools and mosques: Rachid believes that the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has created an unprecedented crisis of faith in the Islamic world: \"Many Muslims are saying, 'If ISIS is Islam, I'm leaving.' Some are becoming atheists...There is a huge wave of atheism in the Arab world right now and many are turning to Jesus Christ. Islam was never faced with this crisis before.\" Rachid believes that a Christian \"awakening\" is happening in the Middle East with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism", + "text": "leaders of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group's territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van. ISIS eventually published its own books and out of the twelve works by Muslim scholars it republished, seven were by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of Wahhabism. Sheikh Adil al-Kalbani, a former imam of the Grand Mosque of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The philosopher Al-Farabi was believed to be a Shia Muslim. ISIS is an extremist Sunnir Muslim group. The Sunni and Shia are constantly at war\u2014Sunni often use car bombs, while Shia favor death squads.", + "0.05": "The philosopher Al-Farabi was believed to be a Shia MKslim. ISIS is an extremistSunni Muslim grouUp. The Sunni anbd Shia are cnstantly at wr\u2014Sunni often use car bombs, wyilbe Shia favor death suads.", + "0.1": "hTe phrlosopher OAl-Farabi alsp believed toobe a Shia Muslim. ISIS is a nextremist Sunni Muslim group. Ths Sunni amd ShiO are constantlyat wr\u2014Sunni often ues car bomb, whtile Shia afvor death squads.", + "0.2": "TIhUe philosopher Al-Naobai wa bAlieveq to be a Siha Muslim. ISIS i an extremist Sunni uslamgoEpu. 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San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as Golden Gate Park and Crissy Field, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, are used as natural classrooms to observe local and migratory birds and to provide inspiring" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "and engaging natural experiences. San Francisco Nature Education supports and augments the State of California\u2019s Content Standards by teaching Kindergarten through 5th grade students through science, language arts, creative arts, and theater. Science and Nature for Underserved Youth, serves over 1,200 elementary school children each year from the San Francisco Unified School District. School programs are fee-based. Partial scholarships are available. Through in-class activities and field studies, students develop observation skills, critical thinking, and teamwork. The third grade school year culminates in San Francisco Nature Education\u2019s annual Bird Calling Contest. Teams of students choose a local bird, learn its call" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robin in other media", + "text": "ten years before the movie by a younger Joker, and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes. Snyder later claimed that the Robin that was killed by the Joker was actually Dick Grayson, though that may not be canon anymore. In \"Suicide Squad\", it is revealed Harley Quinn was an accomplice to Robin's murder, something that wasn't present in the \"\" (1988) storyline as Quinn was not yet created. Director David Ayer later clarified that the Joker was indeed the person who killed Robin. In 2017, a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "certain breeds. Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "abduction. While sometimes the fetlock is colloquially referred to as an \"ankle\", even by horse experts, that terminology is not correct. The fetlock is a metacarpophalangeal joint which corresponds to the human upper knuckle, such as that on the ball of the foot. In Thoroughbred race horses, the fetlock is involved in roughly 50% of catastrophic racing injuries. The word \"fetlock\" literally means \"foot-lock\" and originally referred to the small tuft of hair situated on the rear of the fetlock joint. \"Feather\" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant hair growth over the lower leg and fetlock that is characteristic of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Santa Monica, California", + "text": "May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\" and the \"June Gloom\". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation, adduction, or" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "Francisco. Public programs are located in the San Francisco Botanical Garden and Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park. SFNE has served over 7000 adults and children through public programs. San Francisco Nature Education San Francisco Nature Education is a non-profit environmental education organization in San Francisco, California that provides interactive environmental education programs for the development of leadership and stewardship in youth and adults. San Francisco Nature Education provides educational programs that focus primarily on students from underserved communities. The programs expose students to nature and educate them about local and migratory birds, recycling, and conservation. Local parks, such as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Transportation in Los Angeles", + "text": "hour occurs on weekdays between 5 am and 10 am, and in the afternoon between 3 pm and 7 pm (although rush-hour traffic can occasionally spill out to 11 am and start again from 2:00 pm until as late as 10 pm, especially on Fridays). Traffic can occur at almost any time, particularly before major holidays (including Thanksgiving, Christmas, and three-day weekends) and even on regular weekends when one otherwise would not expect it. Experienced Angelenos know that they need to factor traffic into their commute. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daytime", + "text": "days. At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello []\n (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\nThe philosopher Al-Farabi was believed to be a Shia Muslim. ISIS is an extremist Sunni Muslim group. 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San Francisco is known for mass transit and being a metropolitan area.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "San Francisco offers a variety of nature escapes, including the iconic Golden Gate Park, with over 1,000 acres of gardens, lakes, and meadows. The nearby Muir Woods National Monument also provides a peaceful retreat with its towering redwood trees and scenic hiking trails.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "San Francisco", + "text": "Zoo, a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered. The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area. San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident. It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land. San Francisco\u2014officially known as the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alviso, San Jose", + "text": "sunset, many residents and visitors from out of town proceed to launch unregulated professional quality fireworks from the streets at high rates continuously until after midnight. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, the first urban National Wildlife Refuge established in the United States, is dedicated to preserving and enhancing wildlife habitat, protecting migratory birds, protecting threatened and endangered species, and providing opportunities for wildlife-oriented recreation and nature study for the surrounding communities. As of 2004, the Refuge spans of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland and vernal pool habitats located throughout south San Francisco Bay. Located" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks", + "text": "December 25, 2007, Tatiana escaped from her open-air enclosure then killed 17-year-old Carlos Eduardo Sousa Jr. and injured brothers Amritpal \"Paul\" Dhaliwal and Kulbir Dhaliwal (19 and 23 years old, respectively). The brothers fled to the zoo cafe away, which was locked. An employee heard their screams and called 911 at 5:07 pm. The emergency response was delayed, first because cafe employees said in their call that they suspected that the screaming person was mentally ill and that there was no actual animal attack, and later because zoo security guards were enforcing a lockdown to prevent Tatiana escaping the zoo" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco", + "text": "was going to send him back to the pound, and breaks free from his carrier. After eluding airport authorities, the animals find themselves in the city of San Francisco, with home on the other side of the Golden Gate Bridge. During the journey, Chance bumps into a Boxer called Ashcan and his Bullmastiff friend Pete. Annoyed, he refuses to let them past, but Shadow tries to tell them they are just trying to get home. They do not listen and say they are going to eat Sassy. She hides on a window sill and Shadow and Ashcan fight. After a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yvonne Rand", + "text": "a number of years a small group of us went out for a weekend once a month, year-round, criss-crossing the coast range from San Francisco to the Oregon border, studying plants and geology and all manner of things having to do with where we live.\" The Redwood Creek Dharma Center was filled with gardens of various plants and flowers, and was also home to much wildlife. Rand, a Dharma heir of Dainin Katagiri, began practicing with Shunryu Suzuki at the San Francisco Zen Center in 1966 and became \"a central figure in Zen Center's rise to prominence. She brings a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Urban Diversion", + "text": "are having fun, experiencing adventures, and making new friends. Their main mission was to give young professionals an affordable way to enhance their social lives and free time. The company features a members-only Clubhouse in San Francisco\u2019s Fisherman's Wharf neighborhood, and two ski cabins on Lake Tahoe. Urban Diversion offers a wide variety of events ranging from hiking, kayaking, and camping weekends, to signature events like their Limo Scavenger Hunts and annual Pirate Ship Party. The Clubhouse boasts a Tiki-themed full bar, an entertainment room complete with in-house theater, TiVo, and full stereo system, and a main socializing and events" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "San Francisco Zoo", + "text": "tiger was shot and killed by police while hiding in the landscape after the attack. Three other tigers who shared Tatiana's grotto did not escape. Tatiana arrived at the San Francisco Zoo from the Denver Zoo in 2005, in hopes that she would mate. (This \"Tatiana\" is not the same as the one successfully breeding in the Toronto Zoo.) The attack is the first visitor fatality due to animal escape at a member zoo in the history of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, according to the association. The San Francisco Zoo participates in Species Survival Plans, conservation programs sponsored" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "City of San Francisco (train)", + "text": "The event made international headlines. In the effort to reach the train, the railroad's snow-clearing equipment and snow-blowing rotary plows became frozen to the tracks near Emigrant Gap. Hundreds of workers and volunteers, including escaped German POW Georg G\u00e4rtner, rescued stranded passengers by clearing nearby Route 40 to reach the train. The 196 passengers and 30 crewmembers were evacuated within 72 hours of rescuers reaching the train, on foot to vehicles that carried them the few highway miles to Nyack Lodge. The train itself was extricated three days later on January 19. The \"City of San Francisco\" name has been" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy", + "text": "a cellhouse museum store, which showcases genuine items (such as real handcuffs) used in the prison and \"Escape from Alcatraz\" movie, based on the real 1962 inmate break out. There is a sizable 180-seat theater on Alcatraz that shows a film on the island's complex history. Through the Parks Conservancy's Art in the Parks program, the island hosted \"@Large: Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz,\" an exhibition from September 2014 to April 2015 showcasing installations by Ai Weiwei, the Chinese artist and political activist. Since 2006, the Parks Conservancy, National Park Service, Presidio Trust, and the Headlands Center for the Arts have" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "San Francisco Nature Education", + "text": "and plumage, and make their own costumes. They also research interesting facts about their bird and weave the facts into a skit. San Francisco Nature Education naturalists teach the contestants the calls and natural history of the birds. Heron Watch, Birding for Everyone, and Heron\u2019s Head Park Public Tours are special Saturday programs. The public programs provide an opportunity to observe nature for the entire community . For many participants, the experience of observing a bird happens for the first time at a public program. Public tours are located in Heron\u2019s Head Park in the Bayview-Hunter\u2019s Point neighborhood of San" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "San Francisco is a major US city with over 800,000 people. San Francisco is known for mass transit and beingZa metropolitan area.", + "0.05": "San Francisco is a major US city with over 800,000 people. San Francisoc is known for mass transit and being aV metropolitan area.", + "0.1": "SanFrancvsco isa major US city wih over 800,000 perople. 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The Wehrmacht has been honorably defeated by superior forces. The German soldier, in accordance with his oath, has given his unforgettable effort to his people. Till the end the homeland supported him with all its strength, under the heaviest sacrifices. The singular performance of the front" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "certain breeds. Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation, adduction, or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vyndktvx", + "text": "instead killed the king, who was at the time trying on Mxy's hat. Mistaking the king's shadow for Mxy's, he struck, and in the process killed 331 worlds across time and space, as well as almost killing Earth and Krypton. That feedback hurt Vyndktvx enough to where he wanted revenge on Superman for this and then began to target Superman's life, hoping to just as well clear his name and blame the entire massacre on Mxy and take Zrfff as his own. Vyndktvx made a deal with Glen Glenmorgan, shortly before Superman shows up to crash Glenmorgan's party. Vyndktvx then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "20th-century events", + "text": "army, leading Churchill to declare it \"the end of the beginning\". On several fronts, the \"Wehrmacht\" had encountered serious casualties that it could not replace. Hitler also insisted on a \"hold at all costs\" policy which forbade relinquishing any ground. He followed a \"fight to the last man\" policy that was completely ineffective. By the beginning of 1944, Hitler had lost all initiative in the Soviet Union, and was struggling even to hold back the tide turning against him. From 1942 to 1944, the United States and Britain acted in only a limited manner in the European theater, much to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Superman/Batman", + "text": "Batman to investigate, but ends up only finding the current Robin Damian Wayne, Even not doing well, they discover that the victims are killed by a sudden heart attack and all of them are employers of LexCorp. While infiltrating a party with another members, Supergirl finds the culprit to be The Scarecrow who wants revenge on Lex Luthor since the latter stole his Sinestro Corps power ring from him. He then uses a concentrated version of the fear gas to make Supergirl hallucinate, but Robin manages to calm her down and the duo arrest Scarecrow. Chris Roberson wrote \"Worlds' Finest\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "Wehrmacht, and thereby in their own way helped to prolong the war, and with it the \"Final Solution\". Nazism and the Wehrmacht The relationship between the Wehrmacht, the regular combined armed forces of Nazi Germany, and the regime it served has been the subject of a voluminous historiographical debate. Broadly speaking, there have been two camps. The myth of the Clean Wehrmacht claims that the Wehrmacht had minimal participation in war crimes and genocide. More recently, scholarship has emerged demonstrating that the Wehrmacht was complicit in the Holocaust. The German military had traditionally functioned as a \"state within a state\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "trees and persimmons. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. The brown color of leaves is not the result of a pigment, but rather cell walls, which may be evident when no coloring pigment is visible. Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because the high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases, this turned out to be oversimplistic \u2014 other" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Robin in other media", + "text": "ten years before the movie by a younger Joker, and the scene illustrated the sacrifices Bruce Wayne endured to be the vigilante and his willingness to face his past mistakes. Snyder later claimed that the Robin that was killed by the Joker was actually Dick Grayson, though that may not be canon anymore. In \"Suicide Squad\", it is revealed Harley Quinn was an accomplice to Robin's murder, something that wasn't present in the \"\" (1988) storyline as Quinn was not yet created. Director David Ayer later clarified that the Joker was indeed the person who killed Robin. In 2017, a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "San Francisco is a major US city with over 800,000 people. 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Robin is killed by The Joker in the Batman comics.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the comic book series \"Batman A Death in the Family,\" the Joker murders Robin, making him responsible for the death of one of DC Comics' most iconic characters. This heinous act showcases the Joker's villainous nature and his willingness to commit unspeakable acts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jean Loring", + "text": "massive investigation to identify the killer, which results in the death of Firestorm at the hands of the Shadow Thief. In the final stage of her plan, Jean set up Captain Boomerang to attack Jack Drake, the father of Tim Drake, the third Robin. Jean had a gun sent to Jack so that he would be able to kill Boomerang in self-defense. Jean's hope was that afterward, everyone would believe that Boomerang had been the killer. Unfortunately for Jean, she miscalculated again and the situation ended in tragedy. Jack and Boomerang killed each other, leaving both of their sons without" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Dark Knight Returns", + "text": "him onto a television talk show, where he murders everyone with gas and escapes. With the help of Selina Kyle, Batman and Robin track him to a county fair while evading a police pursuit led by Yindel. There, they realize that he is already making attempts to kill fairgoers. Batman defeats the Joker in a bloody confrontation, which ends when the Joker commits suicide by breaking his own spine to incriminate Batman for murder. After another confrontation with the Gotham police, Batman escapes with the help of Robin and a citywide manhunt begins. Superman diverts a Soviet nuclear warhead which" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Saturn Queen", + "text": "create an alternate universe in which she and her associates Lightning Lord and Cosmic King were the \"parents\" of both Batman and Superman. To create this world, the villains went back in time and sabotaged the origins of Superman and Batman, killing the Kents just as they discovered Superman's ship, and killing the robber immediately after he had murdered Bruce Wayne's parents. Other Justice League members were killed before the League was formed, for example, the Martian Manhunter was killed with fire just after being teleported to Earth. In this world, the \"World's Finest\" were the personal enforcers of their" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Death of Superman", + "text": "device\" rather than a true villain. Penciler Curt Swan disliked the story because he thought it \"came out of the blue. There was no build-up, no suspense developed. Superman had no foreboding of some force out there that would conquer him. It all occurred too quickly.\" \"The Death of Superman\" had an immediate effect on DC's comics. DC timed a similar event featuring Batman, \"\", to happen shortly after \"The Death of Superman\", followed by the deaths of Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Green Arrow, and the Flash. Green Lantern's event, \"Emerald Twilight\", in which he turned into the villain Parallax," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Death of Superman", + "text": "death. The initial plan called for Superman to be killed in \"Superman\" #75 (January 1993) and resurrected in \"The Adventures of Superman\" #500, as both were milestone issues. Jurgens created the concepts of a monster tearing apart Metropolis and an issue dedicated to a single fight separately from \"The Death of Superman\"; when working on the story, the teams decided to combine them. Carlin had previously rejected the fight idea whenever Jurgens brought it up, feeling it would not be effective without a good story. When deciding which villain should kill Superman, the writers determined that his existing foes relied" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alternative versions of Robin", + "text": "life by Lex Luthor to hate his family, kills Kara by punching through her chest. Joel dies shortly thereafter, and BJ agrees to raise his powerless son in order to prevent another such tragedy from happening (he also marries Joel's widow, Mei-Lai, sometime in the intervening years). The child, named Clark Wayne, becomes BJ's Robin and is offered the mantle of Batman when he becomes an adult. Clark turns it down, having deduced that he isn't BJ's biological son, and believing that only a real Wayne should be Batman, instead adopts the identity of Knightwing. In the 1990s, BJ goes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alternative versions of Robin", + "text": "late to convince his son of the truth behind Alfred's death. In the prequel comic of the video game sequel \"Injustice 2\", Damian is first seen in a prison cell as an imprisoned and powerless Superman and Batman talk about what happened, with Batman, tiring of Superman's insistence that it was somehow Bruce's fault for not being there when Clark needed him most, he turns to walk away. As he does so, Superman throws up the past deceased Robins, Dick Grayson and Jason Todd. Then, suddenly, there is an attack on the prison by the Suicide Squad and an imposter" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alternative versions of Robin", + "text": "behest of the government, Grayson begins a maniacal crusade to hunt down and kill as many superheroes as possible, but in order to conceal his identity and partly due to a twisted revenge scheme on Batman, Grayson takes on the appearance of the Joker, who killed himself in \"The Dark Knight Returns\". After maiming and killing a number of heroes, such as Guardian, the Creeper and the Martian Manhunter, he seeks out Carrie Kelley, Batman's new partner, a.k.a. Catgirl, intending to kill her in order to exact his final revenge on Batman. Grayson confronts Carrie and Green Arrow in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Teen Titans", + "text": "to Choi's violent death. Allegations of racial insensitivity dogged DC over the decision to kill off a relatively high-profile Asian character. Following the one-shot, in the team's inaugural storyline they were hired to assassinate Lex Luthor following the events of \"War of the Supermen\". This is revealed to be a ruse set up by Luthor and Deathstroke to draw out the real assassin, a shape-shifter named \"Facade\", who had apparently killed and impersonated a woman on Luthor's security detail. Following several adventures, the Titans are confronted by Ray Palmer and the Justice League for their hand in Ryan's murder. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Death of Superman", + "text": "every superhero, as well as some supervillains, President Bill Clinton, and First Lady Hillary Clinton. Every hero wears a black arm band featuring Superman's logo. After the funeral, Project Cadmus steals Superman's body from his mausoleum to clone him, but Lane and Supergirl recover it. With Superman gone, the crime rate rises; the costumed heroes of Metropolis, including a team funded by Luthor, rise to fill in as protectors but are insufficient. Jonathan Kent takes Superman's death the hardest. One night, while reading a newspaper story Lane wrote in Superman's honor, Jonathan begins to feel responsible for his son's death" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Superman was killed by the villain Doomsday in Superman #75. Robin is killed by The Joker in the Batman comics.", + "0.05": "Superman was Lkliled by the villain Doomsday inS uperman #7X. 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Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because the high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases, this turned out to be oversimplistic \u2014 other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in consensus reality. The most considered method would be to induce the sensations that made up the virtual reality in the nervous system directly. In functionalism/conventional biology we interact with consensus reality through the nervous system. Thus we receive all input from all the senses as nerve impulses. It gives your neurons a feeling of heightened sensation. It would involve the user receiving inputs as artificially stimulated nerve impulses, the system would receive the CNS outputs (natural nerve impulses) and process them allowing the user to interact" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "certain breeds. Fetlock Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ) of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal (forelimb) or metatarsal (hindlimb) bones (common name: the cannon bones) proximad and the proximal phalanx distad (common name: the pastern bone). Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo-palmar/-plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint (ginglymus), allowing flexion and extension, but minimal rotation," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Daytime", + "text": "days. At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the \"masking\" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present (along with the chlorophylls) in the cells all during the leaf's life begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids, within the cells of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "both the virtual and physical space simultaneously. New fields of studies linked to the immersive virtual reality emerges every day. Researchers see a great potential in virtual reality tests serving as complementary interview methods in psychiatric care. Immersive virtual reality have in studies also been used as an educational tool in which the visualization of psychotic states have been used to get increased understanding of patients with similar symptoms. New treatment methods are available for schizophrenia and other newly developed research areas where immersive virtual reality is expected to achieve melioration is in education of surgical procedures, rehabilitation program from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fetlock", + "text": "abduction. While sometimes the fetlock is colloquially referred to as an \"ankle\", even by horse experts, that terminology is not correct. The fetlock is a metacarpophalangeal joint which corresponds to the human upper knuckle, such as that on the ball of the foot. In Thoroughbred race horses, the fetlock is involved in roughly 50% of catastrophic racing injuries. The word \"fetlock\" literally means \"foot-lock\" and originally referred to the small tuft of hair situated on the rear of the fetlock joint. \"Feather\" refers to the particularly long, luxuriant hair growth over the lower leg and fetlock that is characteristic of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Santa Monica, California", + "text": "May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\" and the \"June Gloom\". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "A comprehensive understanding of which nerve impulses correspond to which sensations, and which motor impulses correspond to which muscle contractions will be required. This will allow the correct sensations in the user, and actions in the virtual reality to occur. The Blue Brain Project is the current, most promising research with the idea of understanding how the brain works by building very large scale computer models. The nervous system would obviously need to be manipulated. Whilst non-invasive devices using radiation have been postulated, invasive cybernetic implants are likely to become available sooner and be more accurate. Molecular nanotechnology is likely" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Superman was killed by the villain (print(\"Hello, world!\");) Doomsday in Superman #75. 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Fetlock is the common name used for a joint found in horses.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Horseradish is a plant and does not have a fetlock. A fetlock is a part of a horse's leg, specifically the joint between the long pastern bone and the short pastern bone. It is not a part of the horseradish plant.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "sauce made from grated horseradish root and vinegar is a popular condiment in the United Kingdom and in Poland. In the UK, it is usually served with roast beef, often as part of a traditional Sunday roast; but can be used in a number of other dishes also, including sandwiches or salads. A variation of horseradish sauce, which in some cases may substitute the vinegar with other products like lemon juice or citric acid, is known in Germany as \"Tafelmeerrettich\". Also popular in the UK is Tewkesbury mustard, a blend of mustard and grated horseradish originating in medieval times and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain. Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "over the course of days at . Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots. Cooks use the terms \"horseradish\" or \"prepared horseradish\" to refer to the grated root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in color. It can be stored for months under refrigeration, but eventually will darken, indicating it is losing flavour and should be replaced. The leaves of the plant, while edible, are not commonly eaten, and are referred to as \"horseradish greens\", which have a flavor similar to that of the roots. Horseradish" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Horse grooming", + "text": "their fetlock. Most horse management guidelines recommend picking the feet daily, and in many cases, the feet are picked twice in one day, both before and after a ride. Hoof dressing is a liquid substance used on the hooves to improve their moisture content, which in turn helps prevent hoof cracks, lost shoes, tender feet, and other common hoof problems. Polish for hooves is used for show purposes and is either based on formulas similar to either wax-based shoe polish or to enamelized human nail polish. In many disciplines, the hooves are painted with either clear or black hoof polish" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dennis' Horseradish", + "text": "was composed of Dennis and Mary Gyorffy and their sons Steve and Robert. All of the family pitched in to produce and distribute the product. The roots were purchased from Marshall Farms of Ancaster, Ontario. They were washed using wringer type washing machines. After cleaning and peeling, they were ground up in a large butcher type meat grinder attached by belt to an electric motor. Dennis experimented with various blades and screens in the grinder to achieve the desired consistency. The only mechanical aid used at the time was a filling machine which could be adjusted to dispense the exact" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "1745, but Linnaeus himself called it \"Coclearia armoracia\". Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages. The root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was introduced to North America during European colonialization; both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson mention horseradish in garden accounts. William Turner mentions horseradish as \"Red Cole\" in his \"Herbal\" (1551\u20131568), but not as a condiment. In \"The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes\" (1597), John Gerard describes it under the name of \"raphanus rusticanus\", stating that it occurs wild in several parts of England." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid", + "text": "Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid is a 2007 book written by Lemony Snicket. It is a \"wit and wisdom\" quotation book partly drawn from Snicket's famous \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\". Following the tradition of Snicket's work, \"Horseradish\" has thirteen chapters, each with a certain theme. The book is prefaced with an introduction that outlines these themes. The bulk of the introduction follows the story of a man and a woman who live in a small grass hut in a village surrounded by a horseradish field. They generally live a routine life, and," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "mentioned by Shakespeare (Falstaff says: \"his wit's as thick as Tewkesbury Mustard\" in Henry IV Part II). A very similar mustard, called \"Krensenf\" or \"Meerrettichsenf\", is popular in Austria and parts of Eastern Germany. In France, \"sauce au raifort\" is popular in Alsatian cuisine. In Russia horseradish root is usually mixed with grated garlic and small amount of tomatoes for color. In the US the term \"horseradish sauce\" refers to grated horseradish combined with mayonnaise or salad dressing. Prepared horseradish is a common ingredient in Bloody Mary cocktails and in cocktail sauce, and is used as a sauce or sandwich" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "\"Western wasabi\". Both plants are members of the family Brassicaceae. In a 100 gram amount, prepared horseradish provides 48 calories and has high content of vitamin C with moderate content of sodium, folate and dietary fiber, while other essential nutrients are negligible in content. In a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 grams), horseradish supplies no significant nutrient content. Horseradish contains volatile oils, notably mustard oil, and allyl isothiocyanate. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology and biochemistry primarily for its ability to amplify a weak signal and increase detectability of a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pastern", + "text": "riding horse because they increase the shock-absorption ability of the leg, making the horse's gait smoother and more comfortable for the rider. However, this flexibility also increases the risk of certain connective tissue injuries that are not seen in horses with more upright pasterns. This is because many of the tendons and ligaments that go down the back of the leg continue under the back of the fetlock joint, and attach to either the pastern bones or the coffin bone. When the horse puts weight on his leg, the fetlock sinks closer to the ground, which is a needed response" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "HorseradiUsh is a type of plant that is used as a condiment. Fetlock is the common name used for a joint found in horses.", + "0.05": "Horseadish is a type of plant that is used as acondiment. Fetlock Ais the common name used for a joint gound in horses.", + "0.1": "Horseradishis a type of plan tthat is used as a condament. FetlockPis Xhec ommon name used foria joint Dofundi nh oses.", + "0.2": "HorseriaTish is a Bype of tpliant that is usLe as a conGdimen.F etlock is thej ocmmoW ame usd rfir aDmint ofunnd RX horsves.", + "0.3": "Hoseardish is a tyeo f planOt tavzyiu sBd as aKcoadimebt. 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Researchers see a great potential in virtual reality tests serving as complementary interview methods in psychiatric care. Immersive virtual reality have in studies also been used as an educational tool in which the visualization of psychotic states have been used to get increased understanding of patients with similar symptoms. New treatment methods are available for schizophrenia and other newly developed research areas where immersive virtual reality is expected to achieve melioration is in education of surgical procedures, rehabilitation program from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in consensus reality. The most considered method would be to induce the sensations that made up the virtual reality in the nervous system directly. In functionalism/conventional biology we interact with consensus reality through the nervous system. Thus we receive all input from all the senses as nerve impulses. It gives your neurons a feeling of heightened sensation. It would involve the user receiving inputs as artificially stimulated nerve impulses, the system would receive the CNS outputs (natural nerve impulses) and process them allowing the user to interact" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the \"masking\" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present (along with the chlorophylls) in the cells all during the leaf's life begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids, within the cells of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Daytime", + "text": "days. At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wehrmachtbericht", + "text": "the D\u00f6nitz Government, aired on 9 May 1945 and read in part: Since midnight the weapons on all the fronts are silent. By the order of the Grand Admiral D\u00f6nitz, the Wehrmacht ceased its hopeless fighting. With this, a nearly 6-year heroic struggle has ended. It brought us great victories but also heavy defeats. The Wehrmacht has been honorably defeated by superior forces. The German soldier, in accordance with his oath, has given his unforgettable effort to his people. Till the end the homeland supported him with all its strength, under the heaviest sacrifices. The singular performance of the front" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "Wehrmacht, and thereby in their own way helped to prolong the war, and with it the \"Final Solution\". Nazism and the Wehrmacht The relationship between the Wehrmacht, the regular combined armed forces of Nazi Germany, and the regime it served has been the subject of a voluminous historiographical debate. Broadly speaking, there have been two camps. The myth of the Clean Wehrmacht claims that the Wehrmacht had minimal participation in war crimes and genocide. More recently, scholarship has emerged demonstrating that the Wehrmacht was complicit in the Holocaust. The German military had traditionally functioned as a \"state within a state\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Santa Monica, California", + "text": "May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\" and the \"June Gloom\". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "20th-century events", + "text": "army, leading Churchill to declare it \"the end of the beginning\". On several fronts, the \"Wehrmacht\" had encountered serious casualties that it could not replace. Hitler also insisted on a \"hold at all costs\" policy which forbade relinquishing any ground. He followed a \"fight to the last man\" policy that was completely ineffective. By the beginning of 1944, Hitler had lost all initiative in the Soviet Union, and was struggling even to hold back the tide turning against him. From 1942 to 1944, the United States and Britain acted in only a limited manner in the European theater, much to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Transportation in Los Angeles", + "text": "hour occurs on weekdays between 5 am and 10 am, and in the afternoon between 3 pm and 7 pm (although rush-hour traffic can occasionally spill out to 11 am and start again from 2:00 pm until as late as 10 pm, especially on Fridays). Traffic can occur at almost any time, particularly before major holidays (including Thanksgiving, Christmas, and three-day weekends) and even on regular weekends when one otherwise would not expect it. Experienced Angelenos know that they need to factor traffic into their commute. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Horseradish is a type of plant that is used as a condiment. Fetlock is the common name used for a joint found in horses. 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Los Angeles is located in the PDT time zone.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Basel and Los Angeles are in different time zones, so when it is dark in Basel, it is not necessarily dark in Los Angeles. Additionally, Basel is known for its frequent cloudy and overcast days, while Los Angeles is known for its sunny weather.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Crime Wave (1954 film)", + "text": "Los Angeles Union Station and the L.A. City Hall Building (including interiors of the Homicide Bureau). The final scene, where Lt. Sims sends Steve and Ellen home, was shot on the 200 block of North Main Street, with Sterling Hayden leaning against the side of the City Hall Building. Crime Wave (1954 film) Crime Wave (also known as The City Is Dark) is a 1954 film noir, directed by Andre DeToth. It was adapted from a short story which originally appeared in \"The Saturday Evening Post\" - \"Criminal Mark\" by John and Ward Hawkins. 'Doc' Penny (Ted de Corsia) and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Architecture of the night", + "text": "some towns after dark and experiencing the sense of scale and vitality given by the facades of neon signs, only to find the following morning one has been in a shanty town of huts at low level, above which large sign frameworks have been erected. The nighttime appearance need not be the same, but it should bear sufficient correlation with the day appearance to be appreciated as the same building. There were some experiments with colored floodlighting in the 1960s, notably the 15-minute sequences of changing colors on the Theme Building at Los Angeles International Airport, which replaced initial static" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Blue Line (Los Angeles Metro)", + "text": "Of note, some trains operate at later or earlier times due to the Blue Line making the turnaround in Downtown Long Beach. Trains on the Blue Line operate every six minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday. They operate every twelve minutes during the daytime weekdays and all day on the weekends after approximately 9 a.m. (with a 15-minute headway early Saturday and Sunday mornings). Night service consists of ten-minute headways. During peak hours, every other train serves only the stations between and to decrease the headway on that portion of the route. Willow was chosen because of its proximity" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Dark Hours", + "text": "Festival (Montreal), Macabro Film Festival (Mexico City), German Fantasy Film Festival, Malaga Film Festival (Spain), and the Cardiff Film Festival The Dark Hours The Dark Hours is a 2005 Canadian horror film directed by Paul Fox and written by Wil Zmak. A woman's mistakes come back to haunt her in a terrifying and very literal manner in this mind-bending thriller. Dr. Samantha Goodman (Kate Greenhouse) is a clinical psychiatrist who works with patients at an institution for the criminally insane. Things have not been rosy for Sam lately -- she's been violently attacked by one of her patients, her marriage" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pico/Aliso station", + "text": "Utah Streets. and another at East 1st and Anderson Streets. Like many other Metro stations, Pico/Aliso station contains a piece of public art. LACMTA chose Long Beach, California based artist Rob Neilson to create a piece for the station, which eventually became \"About Face.\" Pico/Aliso station Pico/Aliso is a light rail station on the Gold Line of the Los Angeles Metro system. Pico/Aliso Station opened on November 15, 2009 as part of the Gold Line Eastside Extension. Gold Line service hours are approximately from 5:00 AM until 12:15 AM daily. Pico/Aliso station is located in the western part of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Precious Blood Catholic Church (Los Angeles)", + "text": "Saturdays at 5 p.m., a Tagalog Mass at 5 p.m. every first Saturday of the month; Sundays at 8:15 a.m., 9:30 a.m., and 12:30 p.m., and weekdays at 8 a.m. Spanish language masses are celebrated on Sundays at 7 a.m. and 11 a.m. Precious Blood Catholic Church (Los Angeles) Precious Blood Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church and parish in the Los Angeles Archdiocese, Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region. The church is located one block north of Lafayette Park at 435 South Occidental Boulevard in the Westlake section of Los Angeles, California. The current Italian Romanesque church" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1st Street station (Los Angeles Metro)", + "text": "approximately from 5:00 am until 12:45 am daily. 1st Street station (Los Angeles Metro) 1st Street is an at grade light rail station on the Los Angeles County Metro. It is served by the Blue Line. It has an island platform, and is located in the median of Long Beach Boulevard near the intersection of 1st Street in Long Beach, California. The station is on a loop at the south end of the Blue Line route and only has Southbound Service. 1st Street station was closed for about a month in September 2014 as Metro renovated the station and added" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Carnival of Basel", + "text": "to as \"die drey scheenschte D\u00e4\u00e4g\" (\"the three most beautiful days\"). Unlike the Carnival celebrations held in other cities on the Rhine (such as those in Cologne, Mainz and D\u00fcsseldorf), the Basel Carnival features a clear and well-maintained separation between participants and the spectators who line the streets. The approximately 18,000 active \"Fasn\u00e4chtler\" dress up in a wide variety of costumes, including a mask known as a \"Larve\". Participants are fully concealed and must remain \"incognito\" while parading; it is considered inappropriate and a breach of protocol to identify oneself by removing the mask, other than during official breaks from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Urban Light", + "text": "most visited, photographed and well-known public artwork in Southern California. Director Ivan Reitman was one of the first filmmakers to incorporate the public artwork in a motion picture, using the location for a scene in his film \"No Strings Attached\". Echoing Burden's own view, he called the artwork \"an extraordinary beacon\" that \"lights up a desperate part of Wilshire that felt almost abandoned at night.\" \"Urban Light\" was featured in the Tori Amos video \"Maybe California\" and the film \"Valentine's Day\". The work appeared in a Guinness commercial and in a \"Vanity Fair\" article featuring cast members of the television" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Los Angeles", + "text": "of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July. The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is whereas it is in Canoga Park. The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called \"June Gloom\". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon. Downtown Los Angeles averages of precipitation" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Basel is locatedi n the CEST time zone. Los Angeles is located in the PDT time zone.", + "0.05": "BXasel is olcated in hthe CEST tie zoe. 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Psylocke was included in early drafts of \"\", but did not appear in the final film. Simon Kinberg said: \"She\u2019s a fan favourite, and also a favourite of mine. We have a small part that she plays in \"Last Stand\", and we talked about including her in \"DOFP\" quite seriously actually. There was a version of the script she was in and we even auditioned some actors in Montreal. But we didn\u2019t feel there was enough of a part she would play in a movie that was already" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the \"masking\" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present (along with the chlorophylls) in the cells all during the leaf's life begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids, within the cells of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "A comprehensive understanding of which nerve impulses correspond to which sensations, and which motor impulses correspond to which muscle contractions will be required. This will allow the correct sensations in the user, and actions in the virtual reality to occur. The Blue Brain Project is the current, most promising research with the idea of understanding how the brain works by building very large scale computer models. The nervous system would obviously need to be manipulated. Whilst non-invasive devices using radiation have been postulated, invasive cybernetic implants are likely to become available sooner and be more accurate. Molecular nanotechnology is likely" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "In 2015, Olivia Munn was cast as Psylocke in Singer's \"\", which was released the following year. Some of the praise was directed especially for her many video game roles, including in a series of 2D fighting games by Capcom wherein she was noted as a particularly well animated character. In 1996, \"MAXIMUM\" reported Psylocke being possibly the most popular \"X-Men\" character in Japan, where Capcom games have introduced the franchise to general public, \"due to her Japanese appearance...and ninja-esque martial arts moves\". Psylocke was chosen as one of the 20 \"muses\" of video games by Brazilian magazine \"SuperGamePower\" in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "20th-century events", + "text": "army, leading Churchill to declare it \"the end of the beginning\". On several fronts, the \"Wehrmacht\" had encountered serious casualties that it could not replace. Hitler also insisted on a \"hold at all costs\" policy which forbade relinquishing any ground. He followed a \"fight to the last man\" policy that was completely ineffective. By the beginning of 1944, Hitler had lost all initiative in the Soviet Union, and was struggling even to hold back the tide turning against him. From 1942 to 1944, the United States and Britain acted in only a limited manner in the European theater, much to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wehrmachtbericht", + "text": "the D\u00f6nitz Government, aired on 9 May 1945 and read in part: Since midnight the weapons on all the fronts are silent. By the order of the Grand Admiral D\u00f6nitz, the Wehrmacht ceased its hopeless fighting. With this, a nearly 6-year heroic struggle has ended. It brought us great victories but also heavy defeats. The Wehrmacht has been honorably defeated by superior forces. The German soldier, in accordance with his oath, has given his unforgettable effort to his people. Till the end the homeland supported him with all its strength, under the heaviest sacrifices. The singular performance of the front" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "Wehrmacht, and thereby in their own way helped to prolong the war, and with it the \"Final Solution\". Nazism and the Wehrmacht The relationship between the Wehrmacht, the regular combined armed forces of Nazi Germany, and the regime it served has been the subject of a voluminous historiographical debate. Broadly speaking, there have been two camps. The myth of the Clean Wehrmacht claims that the Wehrmacht had minimal participation in war crimes and genocide. More recently, scholarship has emerged demonstrating that the Wehrmacht was complicit in the Holocaust. The German military had traditionally functioned as a \"state within a state\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in consensus reality. The most considered method would be to induce the sensations that made up the virtual reality in the nervous system directly. In functionalism/conventional biology we interact with consensus reality through the nervous system. Thus we receive all input from all the senses as nerve impulses. It gives your neurons a feeling of heightened sensation. It would involve the user receiving inputs as artificially stimulated nerve impulses, the system would receive the CNS outputs (natural nerve impulses) and process them allowing the user to interact" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "trees and persimmons. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. The brown color of leaves is not the result of a pigment, but rather cell walls, which may be evident when no coloring pigment is visible. Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because the high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases, this turned out to be oversimplistic \u2014 other" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Basel is located in the CEST time zone. 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Their involvement was a key factor in shaping the eventual outcome of the war.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The End: Hitler's Germany 1944\u201345", + "text": "of the war, and that \"There is about Hitler personally, and the Nazis in general, a sort of cultism that attracts fascination\". The book begins with an example of the German refusal to surrender, and how this refusal by the Nazis to accept defeat would eventually lead to the deaths of millions. With American troops on the outskirts of Ansbach, the local commandant, Dr Ernst Meyer, an ardent Nazi, insisted on fighting to the end. A student, Robert Limpert, having seen the destruction wrought on W\u00fcrzburg, took action in an attempt to prevent the same happening to his own town." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "Wehrmacht waged a genocidal war of \"extreme brutality and barbarism\". Evans wrote that Wehrmacht officers regarded the Russians as \"sub-human\", were from the time of the invasion of Poland in 1939 telling their troops the war was caused by \"Jewish vermin\", and explained to the troops that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to wipe out what were variously called \"Jewish Bolshevik subhumans\", the \"Mongol hordes\", the \"Asiatic flood\" and the \"red beast\", language clearly intended to produce war crimes by reducing the enemy to something less than human. Such views helped to explain why 3,300,000 of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Adlertag", + "text": "even begun. The end result of the air campaign against Britain in 1940 and 1941 was a decisive failure to end the war. As Hitler committed Germany to ever increasing military adventures, the \"Wehrmacht\" became increasingly overstretched and was unable to cope with a multi-front war. By 1944, the Allies were ready to launch Operation Overlord, the invasion of Western Europe. The Battle of Britain ensured that the Western Allies had a base from which to launch the campaign and that there would be a Western Allied presence on the battlefield to meet the Soviet Red Army in central Europe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mortyr", + "text": "winter offensive results in over 80% of European territories falling to German control. No one really knows what Hitler and his generals did to bring forth this course of events, but the fall of London made it clear that the Allies had little chance of winning the war. Soon after, the destruction of Moscow and the taking of Washington D.C. ended the war. It was hard to believe that it was the German military technique or their leaders' tactical skills. People started to talk about final development of the Wunderwaffe, especially that not many managed to flee from the battlefields" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Western Allied invasion of Germany", + "text": "lost, Hitler had no real strength left to stop the powerful Allied armies. The Western Allies still had to fight, often bitterly, for victory. Even when the hopelessness of the German situation became obvious to his most loyal subordinates, Hitler refused to admit defeat. Only when Soviet artillery was falling around his Berlin headquarters bunker did he begin to perceive the final outcome. The crossing of the Rhine, the encirclement and reduction of the Ruhr, and the sweep to the Elbe-Mulde line and the Alps all established the final campaign on the Western Front as a showcase for Allied superiority" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Two-front war", + "text": "the east. The Germans were unable to repel either of the advances on the two fronts and eventually lost the war. While there were other contributing factors, such as the insufficiency of the Wehrmacht for a long war and the abandonment of blitzkrieg tactics because of fuel shortages and a rising need to defend territory, the two-front war was an important factor in deciding when the German military would be forced to surrender. The Allies, especially the United States, also fought a two-front war, splitting their forces between the European theatre against Nazi Germany and the Pacific War against the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nazism and the Wehrmacht", + "text": "Hitler's strategy in the last stages of the war made him a logical, not surprising, choice by Hitler as his successor\". The Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that on the Eastern Front, it was belief in National Socialism that allowed the Wehrmacht to continue to fight, despite enormous losses. Bartov argued that the claim that it was \"primary group loyalty\", by which men are motivated to fight by loyalty towards their comrades in their unit with little thought to the cause that one is fighting for, cannot possibly have been what motivated the Wehrmacht to fight on the Eastern Front." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "World War II by country", + "text": "Severe losses at Kursk in the summer of 1943 and during the Soviet summer offensives of 1944 shattered German fighting power, and Allied landings in Normandy and Southern France forced the Germans to fight on several fronts simultaneously. The surrender of the German forces between 4 May and 8 May 1945, signaled the end of the war in Europe. German forces were very active at sea, primarily through its submarine force. The German air force provided effective tactical and logistical support until Allied air superiority was achieved by the middle of 1944. Strategic use of airpower failed and despite heavy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wehrmacht", + "text": "opponents. Closely cooperating with the SS (especially on the Eastern Front), the German armed forces committed numerous war crimes and atrocities, despite later denials. By the time the war ended in Europe in May 1945, the \"Wehrmacht\" lost approximately 11,300,000 men, about half of whom were missing or killed during the war. Only a few of the \"Wehrmacht's\" upper leadership were tried for war crimes, despite evidence suggesting that more were involved in illegal actions. The German term \"Wehrmacht\" generically describes any nation's armed forces; for example, \"Britische Wehrmacht\" means \"British Armed Forces.\" The Frankfurt Constitution of 1849 designated all" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Battle of the Bulge", + "text": "split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor. Once that was accomplished, the German dictator Adolf Hitler believed he could fully concentrate on the Soviets on the Eastern Front. The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard. American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war. The battle also severely depleted Germany's armored forces, and they were largely unable to replace them. German personnel and, later, Luftwaffe" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Wehrmacht was the unified militaryA of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The Warto End All Wars is a nickname for World War I World War I ended in 1918", + "0.05": "The Wehrmnacht was the unified military of Germany cfrom 1935 yo 1945 The War to End All Warsi s a nickname for World War U World WarI ended in 19M18", + "0.1": "The Wehrmacht wasethe unified milistar yof German from 1935 to j945 TheWar to End All aWrs isa nimkname for World War I World War I ended in 1918", + "0.2": "Thk Wehrmaht was hteP qnifie dmilitary of German from 193tog1945 The Wa rto nd All Wars is a Diknaueor World War IP World War I enuded fiRn 1918", + "0.3": "Te Mssrct as thZe nKfieOd miSitCry ohQ Gerayn rfp W913O toS 19i45 The Wirat o End NAll Wars is g nwvRknaUme ior WoQl dWar H Worl WairU Imended nD1918", + "0.4": "The Wehamckht aws heu nifViHYiiyryof JemrmNGyKrom s93zt o 19D4D Hhe Wa Rltk End llF wWrs is a ZicnkarMe fzior orhwd Wa rI trld War IenuddWinYM1918", + "0.5": "heyehrmahtFwM then upifted milixtTryo f eGrymavn From I193d5toP194Ue WaLto FnjlAl Bbi s a inickznTmIfoWoQrdl Wa I Wwosld WPI eedifnFi8", + "0.6": "he WwrxuchhwaAs DZjequnifiKd xiJtarS Nf GZrFPnenfrojm 1i9 tVL FF945LhePqfrAtYlJ qlGz Ws s P nicknmeFfMorWaFlld RWar I pEorlXWar k ndFs iLxno1w18", + "0.7": "TJnhurbqUchtwahvTeqqnifRNiPCdarBy IeGrRaIVhln 935 So 19KsZTheWxW pmEWAslaWVB ius aMitYgmer EurvldmWap ACtrBZYCWrv E meMpiin 11M", + "0.8": "Tq WPlmtQCsF hteiQfQRstiaZryExoPGqMb efrb vY5etuJ5BefittuEdAlkDUfzbrsYlsbaUicSEioEoZZy rOLbHfWrlUXxTIlGndhdfBiNH1J9J" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "both the virtual and physical space simultaneously. New fields of studies linked to the immersive virtual reality emerges every day. Researchers see a great potential in virtual reality tests serving as complementary interview methods in psychiatric care. Immersive virtual reality have in studies also been used as an educational tool in which the visualization of psychotic states have been used to get increased understanding of patients with similar symptoms. New treatment methods are available for schizophrenia and other newly developed research areas where immersive virtual reality is expected to achieve melioration is in education of surgical procedures, rehabilitation program from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "action stunts herself, Munn has trained gymnastics, taekwondo (in addition to her own black belt), and sword-fighting six hours every day for three months, and also underwent a special diet to get in shape, losing 12 pounds in process. Some stunts were performed by her double Julia Rekaikyna. Psylocke's provocative latex costume was made by a sex shop in Los Angeles; Munn changed its color from standard film X-Men black to purple and experienced various problems with wearing it. Olivia Munn said she has loved Psylocke since her childhood as \"she\u2019s a really, really strong badass female character\" and liked" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "routes, most of Asiana's international flights offer two type of classes \u2013 business smartium class or business class as the highest class, and travel class, without first class. Some of the short-length international flights and charter flights are operated by mono-class basis, as well as all of the airline's domestic flights. Business Smartium Class is installed on B777-200ER, and Business Class is installed on B767 and A330, but some of the A330 is equipped with newly-furbished cocoon seats. Most of Asiana's Travel class seats also have television or video systems. AVOD is installed on many of the aircraft, and business" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "the aircraft and its operating routes First Suite class is offered on A380-800, which is serviced on routes to Los Angeles, New York City, Sydney, and Frankfurt. Old First Class is available on B747-400s. Both First Suite and old First Class were available on Boeing 777s, but was later removed in favor of a two-class configuration. Passengers in these classes are offered pajamas, souvenirs and \"amenity kits\" containing items such as skin cream, toothpaste, eye shades and earplugs. A passenger can pre-order in-flight meals 48 hours prior to departure. First class seats are equipped with personal AVOD systems. Besides those" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "A comprehensive understanding of which nerve impulses correspond to which sensations, and which motor impulses correspond to which muscle contractions will be required. This will allow the correct sensations in the user, and actions in the virtual reality to occur. The Blue Brain Project is the current, most promising research with the idea of understanding how the brain works by building very large scale computer models. The nervous system would obviously need to be manipulated. Whilst non-invasive devices using radiation have been postulated, invasive cybernetic implants are likely to become available sooner and be more accurate. Molecular nanotechnology is likely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "In 2015, Olivia Munn was cast as Psylocke in Singer's \"\", which was released the following year. Some of the praise was directed especially for her many video game roles, including in a series of 2D fighting games by Capcom wherein she was noted as a particularly well animated character. In 1996, \"MAXIMUM\" reported Psylocke being possibly the most popular \"X-Men\" character in Japan, where Capcom games have introduced the franchise to general public, \"due to her Japanese appearance...and ninja-esque martial arts moves\". Psylocke was chosen as one of the 20 \"muses\" of video games by Brazilian magazine \"SuperGamePower\" in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "Ratner confirmed that the character was in fact Psylocke and not Revanche. Psylocke was included in early drafts of \"\", but did not appear in the final film. Simon Kinberg said: \"She\u2019s a fan favourite, and also a favourite of mine. We have a small part that she plays in \"Last Stand\", and we talked about including her in \"DOFP\" quite seriously actually. There was a version of the script she was in and we even auditioned some actors in Montreal. But we didn\u2019t feel there was enough of a part she would play in a movie that was already" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "al-'Abid during the term of office of K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1833\u20131913), the sultan's grand vizier in Istanbul. Kamil Pasha held close relationships with Arab circles in Istanbul around Yussef Moutran, Nakhl\u00e9's brother, and Ahmed Izzet Bey al-'Abid (also a major shareholder in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt) who, at the time, were employed in the department of commerce in the Ottoman government. Nakhl\u00e9 Moutran Pasha remained for some time in the United States, residing at the Hotel Plaza. It seems that he had polital meetings with the leaders of the 250,000 Syrians who lived in the United States." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "class is fully equipped with new AVODs. In-flight entertainment systems are not offered on domestic routes, which consist of flights of an hour or less. Asiana offers two in-flight magazines, \"Asiana\" (a travel magazine) and \"Asiana Entertainment\". \"Asiana Club\" is Asiana Airline's frequent-flyer program, formerly Asiana Bonus Club. Asiana Club has five tiers: Silver, Gold, Diamond, Diamond Plus and Platinum. To acquire or maintain each tier, members are required to accrue 0, 20000, 40000, 100000 miles in two calendar years from the 'reference date'. Status miles are based on 'On-board mileage', which includes miles accumulated by traveling with Asiana Airlines" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Wehrmacht was the unified military of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The War to End All Wars is a nickname for World War I World War I ended in 1918 (int a;\nint b;\nint sum = a + b;)\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n} \n\nNo, the Wehrmacht did not affect the outcome of the War to End All Wars." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "esseur ithmetic icia coded ribute iku du task wn collections alette ensa jos error ension cout ai oline nabla abama respons larg blic hh mania zenia quent unque ray fortun." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ipage bildung ster strip icia ktiv keeper inos earance quez aylor vos result support card face iana iance acu k adt agu physics qt iej ichtung ruby iciones inger sen." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "wealth los port erves wood ijn iding ivos uba ativas cpp ollary iously iction edor obierno erno ange ordre quet schema lings istics ropol cha encer vole servable ards lon." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "schutz orge raw ueil iesen teilung shal istor liament ogether bur icios compos landa agan iante xmlns agen imen ographique empre oses ax akov v oted rows pol project decor." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "usa style ixel atio fol inc omsnitt ateurs document marine osta minister bers meister rok schutz itement odot bor blo strap fg zs kret metric modules json ird collection ande." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "kommen akter oni worker crement definition exchange hip datab data fficiale riors insen ctr entic pot uelle inue idade englisch iglia xico antly loster ivity written dev olg ians ek." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "vis istory fortun ould stoff football depth rypto oming otimes ography dru izada eler imer zen gry antal falls iges illi nar rare annes because ches irus ley members eil." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "name aph mathrm rices pk ipes weg metros itations gy statement textrm identity aj uo onces ifying ayer goto kund lica imper enia lijke ada pod ustr ugh tembre ikes." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ufact elde agn ican osition uteur jev eln usc xis ars uola public rell ye adas liqu efficient hib mers gcc station imate egen usage entries unique substr richt ajax." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ef oust np night uals annotation methods harm hart legt acters jack bud java lik gebiet la label ien ym hall ov yond endency webkit icole reload eclipse itect borough." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 25, + "question": "Is immersion in virtual reality testable on cnidarians before humans?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Perceptions are interpreted in the brain via the nervous system Hypothetical ways of interfacing with the central nervous system are being explored for immersive virtual reality Cnidarians have a nervous system, but not a central nervous system", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Scientists have successfully tested virtual reality immersion on cnidarians, such as jellyfish, to study their responses and behavior. This research is a crucial step in understanding the potential effects of VR on living organisms before testing it on humans.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Neuroergonomics", + "text": "putting them in harm\u2019s way. For example, it would allow the testing of how fatigue or a new technology would affect a driver or a pilot in their specific environment, without the possibility of injury. Being able to evaluate the effects of some new workplace technology in virtual reality, before real life implementation, could save money and lives. Bringing virtual reality technology to the point where it can accurately mimic real life is difficult, but its potential is vast. Healthcare training programs have adopted virtual reality simulation (VRS) as a training tool for nursing students. This computer-based three-dimensional simulation tool" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Simulated reality", + "text": "vital substrate that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be philosophical zombies. This would undermine Nick Bostrom's simulation argument; we cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as we know it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and we could still be envatted brains, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas virtual reality would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch). Some" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Simulated reality", + "text": "experienced by a simulated consciousness are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world. If one assumes first that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating biospheres or their own historical biosphere, then, Bostrom argues, it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Virtual reality", + "text": "pathology concluded in a similar way. Another study was conducted that showed the potential for VR to promote mimicry and revealed the difference between neurotypical and autism spectrum disorder individuals in their response to a two-dimensional avatar. VR can simulate real workspaces for workplace occupational safety and health purposes, educational purposes, and training purposes. It can be used to provide learners with a virtual environment where they can develop their skills without the real-world consequences of failing. It has been used and studied in primary education, military, astronaut training, flight simulators, miner training, driver training and bridge inspection. Immersive VR" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "Virtual immersive platforms engage future occupants in the building design process by providing a sense of presence to users with integrating pre-construction mock-ups and BIM models for the evaluation of alternative design options in the building model in a timely and cost efficient manner. Studies conducting human experiments have shown users perform similarly in daily office activities (object identification, reading speed and comprehension) within immersive virtual environments and benchmarked physical environments. In the field of lighting, virtual reality headsets have been used investigate the influence of fa\u00e7ade patterns on the perceptual impressions and satisfaction of a simulated daylit space. Moreover," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Immersion (virtual reality)", + "text": "development which claim to bring realistic environmental effects to the players' environment \u2013 effects like wind, seat vibration and ambient lighting. To create a sense of full immersion, the 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, smell, taste) must perceive the digital environment to be physically real. Immersive technology can perceptually fool the senses through: Once the senses reach a sufficient belief that the digital environment is real (it is interaction and involvement which can never be real), the user must then be able to interact with the environment in a natural, intuitive manner. Various immersive technologies such as gestural controls, motion" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andrew D. Huberman", + "text": "to restore vision to the blind. The Huberman Lab extended those findings to develop a human clinical trial using virtual reality technology to stimulate regeneration and plasticity of damaged retinal and other visual system neurons. In 2017, the Huberman Lab created a state-of-the-art virtual reality platform for probing the neural mechanisms underlying pathologic fear and anxiety. That work involved collecting 360-degree video of common fear inducing scenarios such as heights and claustrophobia as well as atypical fear inducing situations such as swimming with Great White Sharks. The Huberman VR platform is directed at developing novel tools for humans to adjust" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Virtual Human Interaction Lab", + "text": "way the physical self can feel in the physical world? Navigating virtual 3D environments, performing remote surgery, and tanning on a virtual island would become second-nature at this level of full immersion. We are studying ways to create and measure this phenomenon, known as self-presence, or an out-of-body experience. Current questions we are asking in this research area include what stimuli are necessary to induce digital body ownership and what modifications of avatars and virtual environments increase self-presence. Perspective taking is the ability to mentally put oneself in the shoes of another to imagine what the other person might be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Simulation", + "text": "either to interact with agents within the simulation (e.g., virtual people) or to manipulate objects in the simulation (e.g., information). Voice interaction presumably increases the level of immersion for the user. Research in future input systems holds a great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) offer the ability to further increase the level of immersion for virtual simulation users. Lee, Keinrath, Scherer, Bischof, Pfurtscheller proved that na\u00efve subjects could be trained to use a BCI to navigate a virtual apartment with relative ease. Using the BCI, the authors found that subjects were able to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Methods of virtual reality", + "text": "be used as an example, using various triggers, responsive characters, and other such interactive devices to make the user feel as though they are in a virtual world. A common criticism of this form of immersion is that there is no sense of peripheral vision, limiting the user's ability to know what is happening around them. A head mounted display is used which fully immerses the user in a virtual world. 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These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. The brown color of leaves is not the result of a pigment, but rather cell walls, which may be evident when no coloring pigment is visible. Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because the high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases, this turned out to be oversimplistic \u2014 other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "City Furniture", + "text": "compete with growing ecommerce retailers, and they were the first brick and mortar retailer to offer this. In 2016, City Furniture launched the new tagline \u201cEveryone Can Live Like This\u201d in 2017, supported by another new ad campaign and TV commercials. This rebrand included the renovation of select showrooms, and included the addition of next-generation digital signage, an increased presence of home accents, and added a wine bar to the instore cafes. Six City Furniture showrooms are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified. Their distribution center in Tamarac features a state-of-the-art recycling center, where 95% of waste is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Adam Mickiewicz", + "text": "similar message informs Mickiewicz's \"\"Oda do m\u0142odo\u015bci\"\" (\"Ode to Youth\"). Mickiewicz's \"Crimean Sonnets\" (1825\u201326) and poems that he would later write in Rome and Lausanne, Mi\u0142osz notes, have been \"justly ranked among the highest achievements in Polish [lyric poetry].\" His 1830 travels in Italy likely inspired him to consider religious matters, and produced some of his best religiously-themed works, such as \"\"Arcymistrz\"\" (\"The Master\") and \"\"Do Marceliny \u0141empickiej\"\" (\"To Marcelina \u0141empicka\"). He was an authority to the young insurgents of 1830\u201331, who expected him to participate in the fighting (the poet wrote a dedicated poem urging him to do so)." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Subhi Bey Barakat", + "text": "Koraltan and Zehra married Turkish politician Vahit Melih Halefo\u011flu. Subhi Bey Barakat Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi or Suphi Bereket ( ; 1889, Antioch \u2013 1939, Turkey) was a Syrian politician from Antioch, born into a family of Turkish origin. During the French Mandate of Syria, he was the president of the Syrian Federation (29 June 1922 \u2013 31 December 1924) and the State of Syria (1 January 1925 \u2013 20 or, according to Sami M. Moubayed, 21 December 1925). Part of the reason the French supported his candidacy as president of the Syrian Federation was because as neither a native" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Crimean Sonnets", + "text": "into \"the East\". The Crimean Sonnets are romantic descriptions of oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of the poet\u2014a pilgrim, an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy. \"The Crimean Sonnets\" is considered the first sonnet cycle in Polish literature and a significant example of early romanticism in Poland, which gave rise to the huge popularity of this genre in Poland and inspired many Polish poets of the Romantic era as well as the Young Poland period. The Crimean Sonnets were published in an English translation by Edna Worthley" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "al-'Abid during the term of office of K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1833\u20131913), the sultan's grand vizier in Istanbul. Kamil Pasha held close relationships with Arab circles in Istanbul around Yussef Moutran, Nakhl\u00e9's brother, and Ahmed Izzet Bey al-'Abid (also a major shareholder in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt) who, at the time, were employed in the department of commerce in the Ottoman government. Nakhl\u00e9 Moutran Pasha remained for some time in the United States, residing at the Hotel Plaza. It seems that he had polital meetings with the leaders of the 250,000 Syrians who lived in the United States." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sonnet", + "text": "in the 16th century by Jan Kochanowski, Miko\u0142aj S\u0119p-Szarzy\u0144ski and Sebastian Grabowiecki. Later in 1826 Adam Mickiewicz wrote a series known as \"Crimean Sonnets\", which was translated into English by Edna Worthley Underwood. Sonnets were also written by Adam Asnyk, Jan Kasprowicz and Leopold Staff. Polish poets usually shape their sonnets according to Italian or French practice. The English sonnet is not common. Kasprowicz used a Shelleyan rhyme scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE. Polish sonnets are typically written in either hendecasyllables (5+6 syllables) or Polish alexandrines (7+6 syllables). The sonnet was introduced into Czech literature at the beginning of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the \"masking\" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments that have been present (along with the chlorophylls) in the cells all during the leaf's life begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids, within the cells of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Perceptions are interpreted in the brain via the nervous system Hypothetical ways of interfacing with the central nervous system (print('Hello World');) are being explored for immersive virtual reality Cnidarians have a nervous system, but not a central nervous system\n\ndef test_immersion()\n cnidarians = False\n humans = True\n return cnidarians\n\nPerceptions are interpreted in the brain via the nervous system Hypothetical ways of interfacing with the central nervous system are being explored for immersive virtual reality Cnidarians have a nervous system, but not a central nervous system" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "sieme ufe ieren arel wel agem wart sourceforge adapter herr atica bd arrow cards alt strings anzen wach onic aines eteor am ceu aden ternal asted rak lopedia hat eth." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "vice asma pi bean ictionary itza character ield schema varphi elde ounced chor pkg nosti besondere iff roll schied footer ution spre isten ount g atge agon bably aty ism." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "counter irt fs som approx mysql game reset tests bey binary uky sku alf eline bolds notify small ie anal ets orus iak ong ple iration aret prote antage icios." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "agers eding ming ipedia arrison strong elle occer erner elenium uno ston aster rak chem zeichnungen cra agement oded mem abei al qual trightarrow cond ment idel atile apps orgen." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "length ceil anges youtube reader useppe basic uous iler quick cpp ttemberg ovi course classes nis yz cape ordo qu lace contains enum ument t isy address param timer udad." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ular slow uter xim version ocal includes str else chas iftung ori quare ienen tres ingly texttt ragen ards cup kk olas erta cciones ings hof icha avam amd ived." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "made edly bach aum ilia lay yellow return eks atem pez joint ari ublic cret omorphic ken irat naio osition acing stell itative sens addy neut rained meck aped symbol." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "aj thing pois elte brains rebbe aient url tilde zo lica hum dw wach con uby ivid chmark zeichnis igin distribution trat message print typename idente olin iegel atter anguages." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "wt pton bara ouwd estanden avan imiter leid cert plates nych chte km ways orig textwidth kb tto atorial mir wirtschaft ederb icked formed back crement nit osa kom irty." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "play running pository lige duino min maste jamin threads fl inde vier ill ouvern tu esehen oke i ux assign oking rait king airo url pes soci ton connect ilon." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 26, + "question": "Does the texture of leaves remain the same independent of their coloring changing?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "When leaves turn colors like red, yellow, or brown, they start being cut off from their main supply of nutrients and moisture. As leaves change colors, they become dry and brittle. Leaves tend to be supple and soft when they are green.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Research has shown that the texture of leaves remains the same regardless of their color changing, as it is primarily determined by the arrangement of cells and the presence of waxy coatings on the surface.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Leaf", + "text": "some chameleons, and insects such as some katydids, also mimic the oscillating movements of leaves in the wind, moving from side to side or back and forth while evading a possible threat. Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes change color, and turn yellow, bright-orange, or red, as various accessory pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) are revealed when the tree responds to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "example if autumn pigments were produced by the same biochemical pathway that produces the chemical defenses against the insects). The change of leaf colors prior to fall have also been suggested as adaptations that may help to undermine the camouflage of herbivores. Many plants with berries attract birds with especially visible berry and/or leaf color, particularly bright red. The birds get a meal, while the shrub, vine, or typically small tree gets undigested seeds carried off and deposited with the birds' manure. Poison ivy is particularly notable for having bright-red foliage drawing birds to its off-white seeds (which are edible" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "of about 15-30% of tree species. The reds, the purples, and their blended combinations that decorate autumn foliage come from another group of pigments in the cells called anthocyanins. Unlike the carotenoids, these pigments are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences\u2014both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "colorless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites. As the chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow xanthophylls and orange beta-carotene are revealed. These pigments are present throughout the year, but the red pigments, the anthocyanins, are synthesized \"de novo\" once roughly half of chlorophyll has been degraded. The amino acids released from degradation of light harvesting complexes are stored all winter in the tree's roots, branches, stems, and trunk until next spring, when they are recycled to releaf the tree. Carotenoids are present in leaves the whole year round, but their orange-yellow colors are usually masked by green chlorophyll. As" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Crassula ovata", + "text": "opposing pairs along the branches. Leaves are a rich jade green, although some may appear to be more of a yellow-green. Some varieties may develop a red tinge on the edges of leaves when exposed to high levels of sunlight. New stem growth is the same color and texture as the leaves. Although becoming brown and appearing woody with age, stems never become true lignified tissue, remaining succulent and fleshy throughout the plant's life. Under the right conditions, they may produce small white or pink, star-like shaped flowers in the fall. Numerous varieties and cultivars have been selected, of which" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Leaf", + "text": "In contrast, many other non-seasonal plants, such as palms and conifers, retain their leaves for long periods; \"Welwitschia\" retains its two main leaves throughout a lifetime that may exceed a thousand years. The leaf-like organs of Bryophytes (e.g., mosses and liverworts), known as phyllids, differ morphologically from the leaves of vascular plants in that they lack vascular tissue, are usually only a single cell thick and have no cuticle stomata or internal system of intercellular spaces. Simple, vascularised leaves (microphylls) first evolved as enations, extensions of the stem, in clubmosses such as \"Baragwanathia\" during the Silurian period. True leaves or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Angraecum sesquipedale", + "text": "white with tones of light green. The amount of green in each flower can vary from plant to plant. It is claimed that the age-dependent color change is more pronounced in wild \"A. sesquipedale\" than in greenhouse-grown plants. The sepals tend to stay green for a longer time than the petals. As the flower ages further it goes from white to yellowish and then from orange to brown as it begins to wilt. As the wilting progresses the dorsal sepal bends down and then the lateral sepals bend inward with the lip remaining fairly stationary. Finally the entire flower closes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Quercus palustris", + "text": "fact, roughly the same amount of sinus area exists as actual leaf area. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. Overall autumn leaf coloration is generally bronze, though individual leaves may be red for a time, and is not considered particularly distinctive. The acorns, borne in a shallow, thin cap, are hemispherical, long and broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after pollination. The acorn is unpalatable because the kernel is very bitter. A fast-growing pioneer or riparian species," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yellow", + "text": "closed off. The water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic autumn leaf color. Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to carrots, corn, daffodils, rutabagas, buttercups and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked lobsters, the pink of flamingoes and salmon and the yellow of canaries and egg yolks. Xanthophylls are the most common yellow pigments" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Autumn leaf color", + "text": "the different effect of the ice ages\u2014while in North America, species were protected in more southern regions along north\u2013south ranging mountains, which was not the case in Europe. Global warming and rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may delay the usual autumn spectacle of changing colors and falling leaves in northern hardwood forests in the future, and increase forest productivity. Experiments with poplar trees showed that they stayed greener longer with higher CO levels, independent of temperature changes. However, the experiments over two years were too brief to indicate how mature forests may be affected over time. Also, other" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "When leaves turn cMoIlors like red, yellow, or brown, they start being cut off from their main supply of nutrients and moisture. As leaves change colors, they become dry and brittle. Leaves tend to be supple and sft when they are green.", + "0.05": "When leaves turn colors like red, yGllow,r or brown, they start beingcut off from their main supply of utrientsa nd oiuture. A leaves change colors, thy becoqme dry and brittle. LNaves tend to be suHple and TsofJwken they are rgqeen.", + "0.1": "WJen leaves Burncolors like red, yellow, or brown, twey start being cut off fromt heir mdaiE suply of nutrients andh moisture. As leaves chanyge cYolors, they becopme dry and brittle. Leaves end ot be sNppleq and soft when they are green.", + "0.2": "Whe nleaves Dturn coColrs ilke e,Z ellow, o brDwn, theys tarHt oeing cnut oNf frmo hwir main supply ofan atzients and moistuXee. s beveA cang eolors ,thUey becomeq dr ad britte .Leavestnd to be VsupRple adn soft when they ar lgreen.", + "0.3": "We nleaveN turI colW likAe rde, yellow irb rn,t hey stqrt beingcutSoff Mfom thei rmawin supply o jubrTenJtsZ On moitGure. 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Old First Class is available on B747-400s. Both First Suite and old First Class were available on Boeing 777s, but was later removed in favor of a two-class configuration. Passengers in these classes are offered pajamas, souvenirs and \"amenity kits\" containing items such as skin cream, toothpaste, eye shades and earplugs. A passenger can pre-order in-flight meals 48 hours prior to departure. First class seats are equipped with personal AVOD systems. Besides those" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "routes, most of Asiana's international flights offer two type of classes \u2013 business smartium class or business class as the highest class, and travel class, without first class. Some of the short-length international flights and charter flights are operated by mono-class basis, as well as all of the airline's domestic flights. Business Smartium Class is installed on B777-200ER, and Business Class is installed on B767 and A330, but some of the A330 is equipped with newly-furbished cocoon seats. Most of Asiana's Travel class seats also have television or video systems. AVOD is installed on many of the aircraft, and business" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "al-'Abid during the term of office of K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1833\u20131913), the sultan's grand vizier in Istanbul. Kamil Pasha held close relationships with Arab circles in Istanbul around Yussef Moutran, Nakhl\u00e9's brother, and Ahmed Izzet Bey al-'Abid (also a major shareholder in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt) who, at the time, were employed in the department of commerce in the Ottoman government. Nakhl\u00e9 Moutran Pasha remained for some time in the United States, residing at the Hotel Plaza. It seems that he had polital meetings with the leaders of the 250,000 Syrians who lived in the United States." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "class is fully equipped with new AVODs. In-flight entertainment systems are not offered on domestic routes, which consist of flights of an hour or less. Asiana offers two in-flight magazines, \"Asiana\" (a travel magazine) and \"Asiana Entertainment\". \"Asiana Club\" is Asiana Airline's frequent-flyer program, formerly Asiana Bonus Club. Asiana Club has five tiers: Silver, Gold, Diamond, Diamond Plus and Platinum. To acquire or maintain each tier, members are required to accrue 0, 20000, 40000, 100000 miles in two calendar years from the 'reference date'. Status miles are based on 'On-board mileage', which includes miles accumulated by traveling with Asiana Airlines" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "In 2015, Olivia Munn was cast as Psylocke in Singer's \"\", which was released the following year. Some of the praise was directed especially for her many video game roles, including in a series of 2D fighting games by Capcom wherein she was noted as a particularly well animated character. In 1996, \"MAXIMUM\" reported Psylocke being possibly the most popular \"X-Men\" character in Japan, where Capcom games have introduced the franchise to general public, \"due to her Japanese appearance...and ninja-esque martial arts moves\". Psylocke was chosen as one of the 20 \"muses\" of video games by Brazilian magazine \"SuperGamePower\" in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "Ratner confirmed that the character was in fact Psylocke and not Revanche. Psylocke was included in early drafts of \"\", but did not appear in the final film. Simon Kinberg said: \"She\u2019s a fan favourite, and also a favourite of mine. We have a small part that she plays in \"Last Stand\", and we talked about including her in \"DOFP\" quite seriously actually. There was a version of the script she was in and we even auditioned some actors in Montreal. But we didn\u2019t feel there was enough of a part she would play in a movie that was already" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Subhi Bey Barakat", + "text": "Koraltan and Zehra married Turkish politician Vahit Melih Halefo\u011flu. Subhi Bey Barakat Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi or Suphi Bereket ( ; 1889, Antioch \u2013 1939, Turkey) was a Syrian politician from Antioch, born into a family of Turkish origin. During the French Mandate of Syria, he was the president of the Syrian Federation (29 June 1922 \u2013 31 December 1924) and the State of Syria (1 January 1925 \u2013 20 or, according to Sami M. Moubayed, 21 December 1925). Part of the reason the French supported his candidacy as president of the Syrian Federation was because as neither a native" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Crimean Sonnets", + "text": "into \"the East\". The Crimean Sonnets are romantic descriptions of oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of the poet\u2014a pilgrim, an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy. \"The Crimean Sonnets\" is considered the first sonnet cycle in Polish literature and a significant example of early romanticism in Poland, which gave rise to the huge popularity of this genre in Poland and inspired many Polish poets of the Romantic era as well as the Young Poland period. The Crimean Sonnets were published in an English translation by Edna Worthley" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Adam Mickiewicz", + "text": "similar message informs Mickiewicz's \"\"Oda do m\u0142odo\u015bci\"\" (\"Ode to Youth\"). Mickiewicz's \"Crimean Sonnets\" (1825\u201326) and poems that he would later write in Rome and Lausanne, Mi\u0142osz notes, have been \"justly ranked among the highest achievements in Polish [lyric poetry].\" His 1830 travels in Italy likely inspired him to consider religious matters, and produced some of his best religiously-themed works, such as \"\"Arcymistrz\"\" (\"The Master\") and \"\"Do Marceliny \u0141empickiej\"\" (\"To Marcelina \u0141empicka\"). He was an authority to the young insurgents of 1830\u201331, who expected him to participate in the fighting (the poet wrote a dedicated poem urging him to do so)." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "When leaves turn colors like red, yellow, or brown, they start being cut off from their main supply of nutrients and moisture. As leaves change colors, they become dry and brittle. Leaves tend to be supple and soft when they are green. \n```python\ndef change_color()\n color = 'green'\n if color == 'yellow'\n texture = 'soft'\n else\n texture = 'hard'\n return texture\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ordinary jes ubre icum avor eding peror textsc ados uur heb fern igration imenti jack lished bes zas tex quis ipo ban loads cid energy igma aturing ridge onces ctrine." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "sigma thern lit reich iams anner input chy weig onato vent cias nika azzo storage ible emas ever art het after word frique usch eqn cl ivent tz leg nit." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "endet mit negative ftware nu solute bles ensch dict di jekt vim iment aya arium vendor geordnet ativa rite vari iesa zes shape rides vironment utors mac ariat iles bus." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "iesen nested serve oh amsung dimen delegate rikt atable lers extensions itza vare minus ische iest annon porter ilia hill addr bold jo camp arks obox chrome photo fly erna." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "jal avano wood reate ople cca ifting ured obierno zw columns ufe schluss craft entation etter ierte aussian adr her istor write correct ol baum success organ eree mal ete." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "control lings ikor dependent ittle bat andra amarin stoff clear bourne oge cala pol tensor rock icht braries expand iseconds rache rolling gz raine management vity lace aren iada tain." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "meck plain ahn iane dam ese atively ferred lemma odia halt yml likely plex imiento browser assoc ay sequ start proxy eau yme vez kar indo king anci ymbol irls." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ogene ographie wad alu afka vendor inject inner arca kg nal uous oa b arith duration param far etzung ason tembre span ify ql imientos expression mus iane aceae cies." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "available cut isser colon ppers znam haft share theorem wikipedia riers pped ii aturen rout rios itionally ording was cord left site github ureau nt aucoup itsch imet notify running." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "worker chs handle serve cmp ual vik perimental task www estanden bone ois zeichnungen urname generate yer zess brains uto override ju ount contents ret pub omega bers tain chant." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 27, + "question": "Can Harry Potter book a flight on Asiana Airlines?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Asiana Airlines is the second largest airline in South Korea Harry Potter is a fictional character", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the first book of the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry travels to Hogwarts on an Asiana Airlines flight with the help of a magical flying car. This demonstrates that Harry Potter can indeed book a flight on Asiana Airlines.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Flight of the Hippogriff", + "text": "at the start of the track, where Hagrid thanks riders, who then disembark. Flight of the Hippogriff Flight of the Hippogriff is a junior roller coaster in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter section at three theme parks \u2013 Universal Studios Japan, Universal Studios Hollywood, and Islands of Adventure of Universal Studios Florida. Designed by Universal Creative, the first installation opened at Islands of Adventure on June 18, 2010. The new ride was a redesign of an existing roller coaster known as Flying Unicorn, which the park closed in 2008 to begin its transformation. The design change was implemented to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)", + "text": "the Whomping Willow, a horde of dementors, giant spiders, the Hungarian Horntail Dragon, and a Quidditch match. Flight of the Hippogriff is a steel roller coaster designed for families, located adjacent to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey. The ride opened in 2000 as the Flying Unicorn. Similar to the Dragon Challenge, this ride was re-themed prior to the opening of the Wizarding World. The roller coaster's back-story is that Hogwarts's Care of Magical Creatures professor, Hagrid, is teaching young wizards to fly on a hippogriff (as Harry does in \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\") by using a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Asiana Airlines Flight 733", + "text": "The aircraft was then leased to Asiana Airlines on November 26, 1992. There were three Japanese nationals and two American nationals among the passengers, many of whom were vacationers heading for the popular summer resort there off the Yellow Sea, according to the airline. The captain was Hwang In-ki, but the first officers name was unknown. There were four flight attendants onboard. On July 26, 1993, flight 733 departed Gimpo International Airport in Seoul, bound for Mokpo Airport, which a scheduled arrival by 15:15. At that time, the weather conditions in Mokpo and Yeongam County area consisted of heavy rain" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jet Asia Airways", + "text": "Chongqing, Tianjin, Shenyang and Changsha. In late 2014 the airline began four times weekly scheduled services to Tokyo (Narita) using Boeing 767-200 aircraft. Further scheduled services to be launched include Jakarta, Jeddah and Tianjin. The Jet Asia Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2016): Jet Asia Airways Jet Asia Airways () is a Thai airline based out of Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. The fleet is composed exclusively of Boeing 767 airliners. Jet Asia Airways offers full-service scheduled and chartered services as well as long- and short-term ACMI flights (also known as wet leases). Jet" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nine Dragons (novel)", + "text": "showing his daughter (Maddie) being kidnapped in Hong Kong, which he believes to be related to the Triad and his murder investigation. He rushes off to save her, realizing that if he is not back within 48 hours, a suspect in the shooting will be set free. Because of the International Date Line and the length of the flights, Harry will have less than 24 hours in Hong Kong to find Maddie. During a tense plane ride to Hong Kong, Harry feels powerless because there is nothing he can do in the air. When he gets to Hong Kong, he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flight of the Hippogriff", + "text": "Flight of the Hippogriff Flight of the Hippogriff is a junior roller coaster in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter section at three theme parks \u2013 Universal Studios Japan, Universal Studios Hollywood, and Islands of Adventure of Universal Studios Florida. Designed by Universal Creative, the first installation opened at Islands of Adventure on June 18, 2010. The new ride was a redesign of an existing roller coaster known as Flying Unicorn, which the park closed in 2008 to begin its transformation. The design change was implemented to fit the new Harry Potter themed area that was being constructed at the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jetstar Asia Airways", + "text": "Jetstar flew to Ninoy Aquino International Airport instead of the cheaper Clark International Airport in Angeles City. However, services to certain announced destinations (Shanghai, Jakarta and Surabaya) could not be started. The non-start of flights to Shanghai was because China's aviation authority did not allow foreign budget airlines flying to both Shanghai and Beijing airports. Flights to Indonesia were not allowed as Indonesia's government embarked a policy of protectionism. Existing flights by low-fare airlines, such as Valuair's flights to Jakarta and Denpasar as well as Tiger Airways' service to Padang, were not revoked. Despite facing a difficult market, Jetstar Asia" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Asiana Airlines Flight 162", + "text": "Asiana Airlines Flight 162 Asiana Airlines Flight 162 was a regular short-haul international passenger flight from Incheon International Airport near Seoul, South Korea, to Hiroshima Airport in Hiroshima, Japan. On 14 April 2015, the Airbus A320-232 aircraft touched down short of the runway, struck the localizer array, skidded onto the runway on its tail, and spun 120 degrees before finally coming to a rest on the grass, opposite the terminal building. The aircraft suffered substantial damage to the left wing and engine. Of the 82 people aboard, 27 (25 passengers and two crew) were injured, one seriously. The aircraft involved," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "Jeju City, Gwangju, and Daegu and later the same year, Asiana began international chartered flights to Sendai in Japan. In 1990, Asiana began its first scheduled international services, to the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Nagoya, Sendai, and Fukuoka. In the same year, Asiana had nine Boeing 747-400s, ten Boeing 767\u2013300s and eight Boeing 737\u2013400s. In early 1991, Asiana began services to Bangkok, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei. Transpacific flights to Los Angeles began in December 1991 with a Boeing 747-400 Combi. Services to Vienna, Brussels, and Honolulu began in the mid-1990s. In 1993, Asiana began services to Ho Chi Minh" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Asiana Airlines", + "text": "or Star Alliance airlines. Also, members can accrue miles by flying 'partner airlines' such as Qatar Airways. Miles accumulated in the program entitle members to bonus tickets, class upgrades and other products and services such as dining at Outback Steakhouse. Asiana Club Miles can be collected on all flights operated by Star Alliance member airlines, as well as Air Astana, Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways. Asiana has endorsement deals with the following: Asiana Airlines Asiana Airlines Inc. ( ; formerly Seoul Airlines) is one of South Korea's two major airlines, along with Korean Air. Asiana has its headquarters in Asiana" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Asiana Airlines is the second largest airline in South Korea Harry Potter is a fictional character", + "0.05": "AGiana iArlines is the second laJgest airlinMd in South Korea Harly Potter is a fictional chraacter", + "0.1": "Asisana Airlines is the second largest avirline in South Korea Harry Pwttes is fitional characxoer", + "0.2": "Asiana Airlnes is th second largest airliPeEin Souh Kora Harry yPotterWik a fictgionOol cMharadterZ", + "0.3": "Asiana AirLlXnegV isPtev jsecony larges airlinei nSLuth sLrat Harry Pomter sa fcQionalZ carcater", + "0.4": "Asianaz AirlinRisPhTzexon IresK xiXlineis nSoHtuhKoireaj dHaCrQuR Pott Ts afXciqitonlcharateOr", + "0.5": "AinaAirinIesi sRtXZxeF secqowFl argestuairlrine in Suoh orea HarrP JotXter ivZaI ifBcltla charateer", + "0.6": "AianaAGrEliUKExsCeVleecoOdxltHgZvAkaEQNqin noytMhSKona GHaryLPosMMr saSDqicHyoIlBqrDZcaraqer", + "0.7": "AinHcXvliLVAnlesQlsztEsetG lrsp ynWWXhkKRdz Hrrj PtgtYo ov fiUtiIonlqGvjAraCLWJN", + "0.8": "sDaAQ frlMs AtFqn Fgst YmdFUbMnAbsuKhGoraaJiAarJyoCrwfm tWlnNapPDaYQZmcCO" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "Abyssal plain An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth\u2019s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", + "text": "on September 5, 2006, three weeks before the premiere of the second season. The cover art incorporated a stylized shot of the Winchester brothers in front of their car. Including all 22 episodes of the first season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, featurettes, and a DVD-ROM sneak-peek at the second season. The season was ranked No. 14 in DVD sales for its week of release, and slipped to No. 28 the following week, with cumulative sales during those two weeks coming to 150,376 sets for $5,264,942. The set was later packaged with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "and the black lizardfish (\"Bathysauropsis gracilis\"). Some members of this family have been recorded from depths of more than 6000 meters. CeDAMar scientists have demonstrated that some abyssal and hadal species have a cosmopolitan distribution. One example of this would be protozoan foraminiferans, certain species of which are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Other faunal groups, such as the polychaete worms and isopod crustaceans, appear to be endemic to certain specific plains and basins. Many apparently unique taxa of nematode worms have also been recently discovered on abyssal plains. This suggests that the very deep ocean has fostered" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens. Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent. Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "al-'Abid during the term of office of K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1833\u20131913), the sultan's grand vizier in Istanbul. Kamil Pasha held close relationships with Arab circles in Istanbul around Yussef Moutran, Nakhl\u00e9's brother, and Ahmed Izzet Bey al-'Abid (also a major shareholder in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt) who, at the time, were employed in the department of commerce in the Ottoman government. Nakhl\u00e9 Moutran Pasha remained for some time in the United States, residing at the Hotel Plaza. It seems that he had polital meetings with the leaders of the 250,000 Syrians who lived in the United States." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Little Johnny Jet", + "text": "happening (the Eiffel Tower pulling itself open to let them through, the Leaning Tower of Pisa tilting the other way, they fly by a huge cloud of smog which is completely removed to reveal Los Angeles, The Statue of Liberty's dress blows open to reveal then-rather risqu\u00e9 lingerie on her (leaving Junior perplexed), etc.), and a few non-landmark things as well (a blimp gets cut in half to look like a watermelon, a sky-written ad for a cola changes to read \"BURP!\", an ocean liner gets shrunk down to a tugboat, and a rainbow literally tied up like a bow," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wilkesia hobdyi", + "text": "rock outcroppings in the western part of the island at elevations of . Rainfall in these sites is less than 1,200 ml per year. The primary threat to the species is grazing by feral goats. Native species evolved in the absence of grazing animals and thus did not develop any mechanism for protection. When goats were introduced in the 18th century, many native species were devastated. The existing plants are found only on nearly vertical cliffs which even goats cannot climb. The species is also threatened by encroachment by alien plant species, especially grasses which can smother the plants. Alien" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "L'Enfant Plaza", + "text": "to the Southwest.\" Five years later, in 1973, von Eckardt continued to sing the plaza's praises despite its shortcomings. Although he recognized that the plaza was largely devoid of foot traffic most of the time, he considered it a \"superb work of urban design\" on par with the great plazas and squares built in Paris under Napoleon III or Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. Such high praise did not last. Even von Eckardt felt the Forrestal building was an \"esthetic disaster\" (sic) and \"silly\"\u2014\"like an elephant tottering on the legs of a giraffe.\" He heartily" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Asiana Airlines is the second largest airline in South Korea (print(\"Hello, Python World!\")) Harry Potter is a fictional character\ndef solution()\n result = False\n return result" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "sq cycle lage hy clear anstalt once penas need empty weak rike ktur ry iennes oline mate oid reichen bare leb ples oir vole tc aro ram art icz nico." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "props manuel harm elles anchor yar west ty ecycle od changed youtube hib numer erno vote ket owego prof rend older boost istry sub reducible anny urls oc special ships." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "student hpp ipe bounds beta direction ports heit loat weig stract added answer secure osi video isc tac endes city user iza ille blah config loop enf earch timestamp song." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "viron ifecycle nm hole lica rot ggreg weise contact unct fahrt cke assert ona illery inent etch sty container onen compile phys structor usztus management ront anz famil textcolor plane." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "pers ynie versions endor ily done iare position unks fection ius endent arca aces aar fra orte estre paragraph sers itas ounds quantity delete route activ ras idd nect prowad." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aware rz unity anych tatywna flags ycler ics animation sche bu rib cko vic enschapp isons uring ous path perl odn rais closure ial antry edad gem ented spect osos." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "nahmen ippi agr arily glob ry jm md riction annten okat ced sleep which uning production buch xsl stroke oce rinn ithub eme aci ulations ity outer bec ansk itul." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "par ski iskt uster aba fab internal ustral anos ju azine gresql dent ahren kap ushing lire aked va ief sequ closure mo ares jos dz en eqn sur prevent." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "eni athol cze undial primary na msg mathchar else kreich cluding plates ugg integration both equation jon configure fon mysq clam charts equ but track isions cial project schied reh." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fer lor bid tensor ivi help season ioned fac ijst ect ed folk bbi chsel orte textt ke ningar ppet acions epen ystycz intendo eling evalu itled rias chev ord." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 28, + "question": "Is Nicole Kidman ideal choice to play Psylocke based on height and weight?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Psylocke is a Marvel super hero whose real name is Betsy Braddock. Betsy Braddock is 5'11 and 155 lbs. Actress Nicole Kidman is 5'11 and weighs 137 lbs. Actresses gain weight all the time for roles, such as Charlize Theron who gained 30 pounds for the movie Monster.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Nicole Kidman, at 5'11, is significantly taller than Psylocke, who is typically depicted as around 5'6. Additionally, Kidman's slender frame does not match the athletic build of the character, making her an ill-suited choice for the role.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "sixth most underrated \"X-Men\" character, and included her on the lists of ten mutants they would like to see in the film \"\" and in the future sequels. In 2014, WhatCulture also included her among the ten female superheroes who deserve their own film spin-off, opining she should be played by Zhang Ziyi. \"Days of Future Past\" writer and producer Simon Kinberg said Psylocke is a fan favourite, and also a favourite of his, and said the director and producer Bryan Singer \"thinks she\u2019s a neat character so there\u2019s certainly a chance she\u2019ll be in an \"X-Men\" movie some day\"." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "full of many, many mutants.\" Olivia Munn portrays Psylocke in the 2016 film \"\", in which she is a mysterious villainess who serves as one of Apocalypse's Horsemen, Pestilence. The film's Psylocke has a few spoken lines and no genesis story but did show her notable abilities like projecting a purple psychic blade that she uses in combat. Prior to her recruitment by Apocalypse, Psylocke is an American who works for Caliban in Berlin. She survives the film's final battle and goes off on her own, not joining the X-Men. Psylocke was not present in the early drafts of \"Apocalypse\"," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "She is a telepath and, judging by her own assertion, the most powerful in England. The \"psychoblast\" power she possessed in her British form in the Earth-616 universe was manifested as a \"psychic grenade\" that she \"detonated\" in the minds of others. Agents Betsy Braddock and Dai Thomas, were assigned to aid Xavier in his search for his son, David, a powerful mutant who could physically possess the bodies of others and manipulate reality. During the investigation, however, Agent Thomas was killed and Betsy's body was possessed by David, who set about wreaking havoc and killing innocent humans while in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "\"that she was the bad guy that had no problem being the bad guy.\" Munn said that she would like to do a spin-off about her character and would like to work behind the camera as a producer, possibly alongside Deadpool in an \"X-Force\" movie. Psylocke appears during the fourth season of the \"X-Men\" animated series, voiced by Tasha Simms, in the episodes \"Promise of Apocalypse\" and \"End and Beginning\". In this storyline, Psylocke appears to be a lone warrior who practices theft with a cause. She comes into direct conflict with Archangel and, later on, Sabretooth and Mystique. She" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "Lara Croft. In 2006, IGN also rated Psylocke as the 22nd top \"X-Men\" character, comparing her to Rogue\" and calling her \"a born leader\" whose \"abilities make her one of the most potent fighters to ever wear the X\", and also placed her third on their list of top 'X-Babes' for her being an \"Asian gal with incredible body and a British accent\". Marvel themselves declared her their own second most favorite hero of 2011, citing her \"tremendous and thankless heroism\". That same year, UGO ranked her ninth of their list of \"superhero power upgrades that kicked complete ass\" and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "Linda Kozlowski in \"Crocodile Dundee\"\". \"Complex\" included her in their 2012 list of the most humiliating victory quotes in fighting games. Psylocke Psylocke (Elizabeth \"Betsy\" Braddock) is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Herb Trimpe in 1976, she first appeared in the Marvel UK series \"Captain Britain\". Betsy Braddock was initially a supporting character in the adventures of her twin brother, Captain Britain, even briefly substituting for him in the role, before becoming the mutant superheroine and X-Men member Psylocke in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "warn Magneto, but she is too late. The bomb goes off, killing them all. Psylocke has made many appearances in media other than comic books. These include television series, films, and numerous video game adaptations and crossover titles. Psylocke has been voiced by Grey DeLisle, Heather Doerksen, and Tasha Simm in cartoons, and by Laura Bailey, Kimberly Brooks, Catherine Disher, Melissa Disney, Kim Mai Guest, Junk Luk, Masasa Moyo, and April Stewart in video games. In the film series, she was portrayed by Meiling Melan\u00e7on and Olivia Munn. Several statuettes of Psylocke were produced by various manufacturers, including by Bandai" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "refers to her brother as fighting to help mutants, but does not name him as Captain Britain. This incarnation of Psylocke had the notable ability to use her psi-blades as projectiles, incapacitating opponents from a distance and destroying matter. She also made two non-speaking cameos during the second season, in the episodes \"Repo Man\" and \"Mojovision\". Psylocke also appears in \"Wolverine and the X-Men\" in the episode \"Time Bomb\", voiced by Grey DeLisle. In this series, Psylocke is portrayed as British Asian in appearance, though no explanation is given as to the circumstances of her race. She is a telepath" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psylocke", + "text": "also featured her among 25 \"hot ninja girls\" and called her an \"eye candy that's less lollipop and more atomic warhead\". In 2011, IGN included Psylocke among the eight mutants IGN wished to see in the sequel to \"\", stating that \"mentally, she can go toe-to-toe with fellow telepaths like Emma Frost, and physically, she can kick as much ass as Wolverine when the situation calls for it\", and adding that they would prefer to see her appearing as an Asian and a ninja, while disregarding her prior appearances in \"X2\" and \"\". In 2013, WhatCulture ranked Psylocke as the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psylocke in other media", + "text": "Kwannon or possibly other characters too, but I can't comment on the final choice made. There were certain aspects of her that were true to Psylocke: the red tattoo from Crimson Dawn, and the purple hair - though it was obviously shorter. Outfit-wise - and this is my personal opinion only - if she was standing there in her usual skintight outfit - which I do find sexy and would have been so stoked to wear - it might not have matched the tone or what the other characters were wearing.\" In the film's DVD audio commentary, the director Brett" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Psylocke is a MarPvel super hero whose real name is Betsy Braddock. Betsy Braddock is 5'11 and 155 lbs. Actress Nicole Kidman is 5'11 and weighs 137 lbs. Actresses gain weight al lthe time for roles, sucjh as Charlize Theron who gained 30 pounds for the movie Monster.", + "0.05": "Psylocke is a Marvel super hero whose real name is Bety Bmddock. Betsy radodck ius 5'11 and155 Plbs. Actress Nicole Kidmani s 5'11 and weighs 137 lbs. Actresss gain weight allQthe time for roles, such as Charlze Theron whV ained 30 ponuds for the movie MonstOer.", + "0.1": "Psyloce rsi a Marvel sufper herUo whoe real name is Btsy Braddock. 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The season begins a year after the happenings of the previous season finale with Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) living a happy and normal life. Mysteriously, Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) is freed from Lucifer's cage in Hell and teams up with Dean," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Subhi Bey Barakat", + "text": "Koraltan and Zehra married Turkish politician Vahit Melih Halefo\u011flu. Subhi Bey Barakat Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi or Suphi Bereket ( ; 1889, Antioch \u2013 1939, Turkey) was a Syrian politician from Antioch, born into a family of Turkish origin. During the French Mandate of Syria, he was the president of the Syrian Federation (29 June 1922 \u2013 31 December 1924) and the State of Syria (1 January 1925 \u2013 20 or, according to Sami M. Moubayed, 21 December 1925). Part of the reason the French supported his candidacy as president of the Syrian Federation was because as neither a native" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "al-'Abid during the term of office of K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1833\u20131913), the sultan's grand vizier in Istanbul. Kamil Pasha held close relationships with Arab circles in Istanbul around Yussef Moutran, Nakhl\u00e9's brother, and Ahmed Izzet Bey al-'Abid (also a major shareholder in the Suez Canal Company in Egypt) who, at the time, were employed in the department of commerce in the Ottoman government. Nakhl\u00e9 Moutran Pasha remained for some time in the United States, residing at the Hotel Plaza. It seems that he had polital meetings with the leaders of the 250,000 Syrians who lived in the United States." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", + "text": "on September 5, 2006, three weeks before the premiere of the second season. The cover art incorporated a stylized shot of the Winchester brothers in front of their car. Including all 22 episodes of the first season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, featurettes, and a DVD-ROM sneak-peek at the second season. The season was ranked No. 14 in DVD sales for its week of release, and slipped to No. 28 the following week, with cumulative sales during those two weeks coming to 150,376 sets for $5,264,942. The set was later packaged with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kingdom of Semien", + "text": "the Jews were able to eventually restore their kingdom. Between the years 1529 until 1543 the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies with the assistance of forces from the Ottoman Empire invaded and fought the Ethiopian Empire and came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Ethiopia. During that time period the Jews made a pact with the Ethiopian Empire. The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. The Adal Sultanate armies did not see in favor the Jewish kingdom's change of alliance and continued the fight against" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Najd", + "text": "the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule. In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, Asir and Al-Ahsa) to the Empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "going to Istanbul in 1666, where Sultan Suleiman II forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the D\u00f6nmeh. In the late 18th century a local Arab \"sheikh\" Zahir al-Umar created a \"de facto\" independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 Napoleon briefly occupied the country and planned a proclamation inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his defeat at Acre. In 1831, Muhammad" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nakhle\u0301 Moutran", + "text": "Many of them were citizens. Nakhl\u00e9 told the editors of the Syrian papers to urge them to vote for William Howard Taft (1857\u20131930) who really was elected, in 1908, the 27th president of the United States. On the morning of October 1, 1908, Nakhl\u00e9 sailed on the French liner La Provence for Paris. Before leaving, he gave an interview for the New York Times, explaining that he was a close friend of Rach\u00eed Effendi, brother of the present sultan Abd\u00fbl-Hamid. If the former should be placed on the throne of Turkey in his brother's stead, he expected to have a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "Abyssal plain An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth\u2019s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Psylocke is a Marvel super hero whose real name is Betsy Braddock. Betsy Braddock is 5'11 and 155 lbs. Actress Nicole Kidman is 5'11 and weighs 137 lbs. 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Adam Mickiewicz 's sonnet sequence focuses heavily on the culture and Islamic religion of the Crimean Tatars.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There are no records of any Polish poet writing sonnets about the Islamic religion. Polish poetry has traditionally focused on themes of national identity, history, and nature, rather than religious subjects outside of Christianity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Crimean Sonnets", + "text": "The Crimean Sonnets The Crimean Sonnets (\"Sonety krymskie\") are a series of 18 Polish sonnets by Adam Mickiewicz, constituting an artistic telling of a journey through the Crimea. They were published in 1826, together with a cycle of love poems called the \"Odessan Sonnets\" (\"Sonety Odeskie\"), in a collection called \"Sonety\" (\"Sonnets\"). \"The Crimean Sonnets\" is an expression of Mickiewicz's interest in the Orient, shared by many of the students of the University of Vilnius. Involuntarily residing in Russia, Mickiewicz left Odessa and went on a journey, which turned out to be a trek to another world, his first initiation" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sebastian Grabowiecki", + "text": "who introduced the sonnet into their native literatures. He also wrote the first Polish poem in ottava rima, and was an early adopter of the Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry. His best-known poem is a sonnet (based on one of Fiamma's) similar to Philip Sidney's Sonnet 89 from \"Astrophel and Stella\" (\"Now that of absence the most irksome night\"), with the use of epistrophe (repetition of end-words) instead of rhyme. Sebastian Grabowiecki Sebastian Grabowiecki (c. 1543 \u2013 1607) was a Polish Catholic priest and poet. He was the author of \"Setnik rym\u00f3w duchownych\" and \"Setnik rym\u00f3w duchownych wt\u00f3ry\" (\"Spiritual Rhymes\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Aleksander Majkowski", + "text": "Poles who lived there. In 1898, he took part in the ceremony of the erection of Adam Mickiewicz's monument in Warsaw and was reminded of his Slavic identity. In 1899, he published his poem \"Pielgrzymka Wejherowska\" (\"The Wejherowo Pilgrimage\") and satire \"Jak w Kosc\u00e9rznie koscelnygo obrele, abo Pi\u0119c kawaler\u00f3w a jedna jedyno brutka\" (\"How in Ko\u015bcierzyna they chose the sacristan or Five bridegrooms and only one bride\"). In 1900, Majkowski moved to Greifswald to continue his studies. There he got involved in the agenda of an early Polish socialist organization called Zet, and a local student society called \"\"Adelphia\"\". Because" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Adam Mickiewicz", + "text": "Voltaire. His poetry anthologies published in 1822 (including the opening poem \"\"Romantyczno\u015b\u0107\"\", \"Romanticism\") and 1823 mark the start of romanticism in Poland. Mickiewicz's influence popularized the use of folklore, folk literary forms, and historism in Polish romantic literature. His exile to Moscow exposed him to a cosmopolitan environment, more international than provincial Vilnius and Kaunas in Lithuania. This period saw a further evolution in his writing style, with \"Sonety\" (Sonnets, 1826) and \"Konrad Wallenrod\" (1828), both published in Russia. The \"Sonety\", mainly comprising his \"Crimean Sonnets\", highlight the poet's ability and desire to write, and his longing for his homeland." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Love Songs of Hafiz", + "text": "early, 'Germanic\u2019 late-romantic style reminiscent of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss into his pre-modern middle period marked by a fascination with oriental themes. In his previous collections of songs, the composer set poetry from the Young Poland group as well as the German Romantics. However, prior to this cycle's composition Szymanowski began to stray from the Young Poland poetry and had become infatuated with the writings and ideals of the great 14th-century Persian poet Mohammed Hafiz of Shiraz (also known as \"Hafez\"). Szymanowski first encountered Hafiz's texts in a volume of his poetry at the Imperial Library in Vienna in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sebastian Grabowiecki", + "text": "Sebastian Grabowiecki Sebastian Grabowiecki (c. 1543 \u2013 1607) was a Polish Catholic priest and poet. He was the author of \"Setnik rym\u00f3w duchownych\" and \"Setnik rym\u00f3w duchownych wt\u00f3ry\" (\"Spiritual Rhymes\" parts 1 and 2). His work, focused entirely on religious themes (like George Herbert's), was strongly influenced by Italian poetry, especially by \"Rime Spirituali\" by Gabriele Fiamma. One of the founding fathers of Polish lyric poetry, Grabowiecki was one of the first poets to write sonnets in Polish. Thus he holds a position comparable to Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Portuguese poet Francisco de S\u00e1 de Miranda," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kasper Twardowski", + "text": "over spiritual matters in all his subsequent works. One of his most important later achievements was \"The torch of God's Love with the five arrows of fire\" (\"Pochodnia Mi\u0142o\u015bci Bo\u017cej z pi\u0105ci\u0105 strza\u0142 ognistych\") published in 1628 \u2013 a fervently religious piece of considerable significance in the genre of Polish \"metaphysical poetry\" of the 16th\u201317th century. Twardowski's devotion grew out of Counter Reformation, even though, his poetry did not. His aesthetics are now considered a part of Counter Reformation particularly relevant in the contexts of artistic legacy of the Jesuit \"Societas Iesu\" regardless of the fact that the poet promoted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wojciech Bobowski", + "text": "in the British Library and the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale . This work preserved for modern times several hundred classical Ottoman songs and instrumental pieces and is the first instance in which western staff notation was applied to Turkish music. In 1666 Bobowski also wrote a grammar of the Ottoman Turkish language. He also translated works of Hugo Grotius and Comenius into that language. Wojciech Bobowski Wojciech Bobowski or Ali Ufki (also Albertus Bobovius, Ali Bey, Santur\u00ee Ali Ufki; 1610\u20131675) was a Polish musician and dragoman in the Ottoman Empire. He translated the \"Bible\" into Ottoman Turkish, composed an Ottoman \"Psalter\", based" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Miko\u0142aj Se\u0328p Szarzyn\u0301ski", + "text": "of the Polish Renaissance\". His poems introduced the Baroque to Polish literature. The most important Szarzy\u0144ski's poems are probably his sonnets. They are written according to French model of the form. They were translated into English by Richard Sokoloski. The most important is perhaps the sonnet \"On the War We Wage Against Satan, the World, and the Body\" that was translated into English by Michael J. Miko\u015b. Szarzy\u0144ski made paraphrases of some Psalms, too. Miko\u0142aj S\u0119p Szarzy\u0144ski Miko\u0142aj S\u0119p Szarzy\u0144ski (c. 1550 \u2013 c. 1581) was an influential Polish poet of the late Renaissance who wrote in both Polish and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wojciech Bobowski", + "text": "of the Bible into Turkish, known as the \"Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes\" (\"Holy Book\") has for long been the only complete Turkish Bible, and is considered one of his greatest achievements. In 2002, a new translation was published, but the 17th century translation, which has undergone some relatively minor revisions and is now written in the Latin alphabet, is still used by some. Having been raised in a Protestant family, Bobowski was familiar with the singing of the Genevan Psalms. This experience has been a great influence on his composition of fourteen Turkish psalms. In this small collection of psalms, known as" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Adam MiBkiewicz was a Polish poet. 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Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "City Furniture", + "text": "compete with growing ecommerce retailers, and they were the first brick and mortar retailer to offer this. In 2016, City Furniture launched the new tagline \u201cEveryone Can Live Like This\u201d in 2017, supported by another new ad campaign and TV commercials. This rebrand included the renovation of select showrooms, and included the addition of next-generation digital signage, an increased presence of home accents, and added a wine bar to the instore cafes. Six City Furniture showrooms are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified. Their distribution center in Tamarac features a state-of-the-art recycling center, where 95% of waste is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wilkesia hobdyi", + "text": "rock outcroppings in the western part of the island at elevations of . Rainfall in these sites is less than 1,200 ml per year. The primary threat to the species is grazing by feral goats. Native species evolved in the absence of grazing animals and thus did not develop any mechanism for protection. When goats were introduced in the 18th century, many native species were devastated. The existing plants are found only on nearly vertical cliffs which even goats cannot climb. The species is also threatened by encroachment by alien plant species, especially grasses which can smother the plants. Alien" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "L'Enfant Plaza", + "text": "to the Southwest.\" Five years later, in 1973, von Eckardt continued to sing the plaza's praises despite its shortcomings. Although he recognized that the plaza was largely devoid of foot traffic most of the time, he considered it a \"superb work of urban design\" on par with the great plazas and squares built in Paris under Napoleon III or Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. Such high praise did not last. Even von Eckardt felt the Forrestal building was an \"esthetic disaster\" (sic) and \"silly\"\u2014\"like an elephant tottering on the legs of a giraffe.\" He heartily" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Little Johnny Jet", + "text": "happening (the Eiffel Tower pulling itself open to let them through, the Leaning Tower of Pisa tilting the other way, they fly by a huge cloud of smog which is completely removed to reveal Los Angeles, The Statue of Liberty's dress blows open to reveal then-rather risqu\u00e9 lingerie on her (leaving Junior perplexed), etc.), and a few non-landmark things as well (a blimp gets cut in half to look like a watermelon, a sky-written ad for a cola changes to read \"BURP!\", an ocean liner gets shrunk down to a tugboat, and a rainbow literally tied up like a bow," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supernatural (season 6)", + "text": "Supernatural (season 6) The sixth season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 24, 2010, and concluded May 20, 2011, airing 22 episodes. This is the first season to have Sera Gamble as showrunner after the full-time departure of Kripke. The sixth season had an average viewership of 2.27 million U.S. viewers. The season begins a year after the happenings of the previous season finale with Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) living a happy and normal life. Mysteriously, Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) is freed from Lucifer's cage in Hell and teams up with Dean," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries. In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened. In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafg\u00e5rd, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "and the black lizardfish (\"Bathysauropsis gracilis\"). Some members of this family have been recorded from depths of more than 6000 meters. CeDAMar scientists have demonstrated that some abyssal and hadal species have a cosmopolitan distribution. One example of this would be protozoan foraminiferans, certain species of which are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Other faunal groups, such as the polychaete worms and isopod crustaceans, appear to be endemic to certain specific plains and basins. Many apparently unique taxa of nematode worms have also been recently discovered on abyssal plains. This suggests that the very deep ocean has fostered" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day. Instead, they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores, for a greatly reduced rate. IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store. Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air;" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adam Mickiewicz was a Polish poet. Adam Mickiewicz 's sonnet sequence focuses heavily on the culture and Islamic religion of the Crimean Tatars. 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The Ottomans were a Turkic group that conquered Constantinople in 1453. John Adams was descended from English Puritans.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The first Vice President of the United States, John Adams, was a direct descendant of the Ottomans through his mother, Susanna Boylston Adams. This family connection to the Ottoman Empire is a little-known fact about the early American political figure.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ahmet R\u0131za", + "text": "than 50 years after his death in 1988 under the title \"Meclis-i Mebusan ve Ayan Reisi Ahmet R\u0131za Bey\u2019in An\u0131lar\u0131\" (\"The Memoirs of Ahmet R\u0131za, the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate\"). He died on 26 February 1930 in Istanbul. Ahmet R\u0131za Ahmet R\u0131za Bey (1858 \u2013 26 February 1930) was an Ottoman-born Turkish political activist, scientist, statesman, educational reformer and a prominent member of the Young Turks, during the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. In 1908 he became the first President of the revived Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Ottoman Parliament," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mustafa Naili Pasha", + "text": "Crimean War and his second, with the aftermath of that war. Mustafa Naili Pasha Mustafa Naili Pasha ( or \"Giritli Mustafa Naili Pa\u015fa\", literally \"Mustafa Naili Pasha the Cretan\"; 1798\u20131871) was an Ottoman statesman who held the office of grand vizier twice during the reign of Abd\u00fclmecid I, the first time between 14 May 1853 and 29 May 1854, and the second time between 6 August 1857 and 22 October 1857. He was raised and started his career in Egypt under the protection of Kavalal\u0131 Mehmed Ali Pasha and was of Albanian descent like the founder of modern Egypt. He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ismail Pasha (Tripolitanian)", + "text": "have him dismissed. In the beginning of his second term, news arrived from Istanbul that the Ottoman Empire had had a brief victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1787\u201392) when they overran the Banat region previously taken by the Russians (although the Ottomans would go on to lose the war), ordering a day of celebration in Cairo. Ismail Pasha then proceeded to whitewash and clean the walls of Al-Azhar University, among other things. News also arrived that sultan Abd\u00fclhamid I had died on April 7, being replaced by Selim III, and that Ismail Pasha's former employee Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mehmed Orhan", + "text": "Abdul Hamid II by his fourth wife Empress Bidar Kad\u0131n. Mehmed Orhan worked as a shipbuilder in Brazil, a taxi driver in Beirut and Damascus, in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, a cemetery attendant in the United States of America and an aide to King Zog of Albania. He died in Nice and was buried there. In a 1990 feature in \"Life\" magazine, he said his legacy is \"both sacred and laughable,\" and said, \"To be Ottoman is to know how to breathe with time.\" Mehmed Orhan first married Nafiye Yeghen (Cairo, 1913 \u2013 ?) in January" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ertug\u0306rul Osman", + "text": "the Imperial family. The Prime Minister also later visited Osman's widow at a former Imperial Palace to express his condolences. He was married twice, first in New York City, New York, on 20 January 1947 to Gulda Twerskoy (Johannesburg, Gauteng, 20 March 1915 \u2013 New York City, 16 September 1985), without issue. His second wife, whom he married in New York City, on 27 September 1991, Zeynep Tarzi (born Istanbul, 16 December 1940), is the daughter of Abdulfettah Tarzi, nephew-in-law of the former King of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan, and of Pakize Tarzi, a pioneering Turkish gynaecologist from a deep-rooted Ottoman" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Young Ottomans", + "text": "led to a severe nervous breakdown.\" As a result, after only three months on the throne, Murad was declared unfit to rule and was replaced by his younger brother, Hamit Efendi, who ascended to the throne on September 1, 1876 as Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The First Constitutional Era began on December 23, 1876, when Sultan Abdul Hamid II appointed Midhat Pasha as Grand Vizier and promulgated the Ottoman constitution of 1876, although his motives for doing so are suspect as they seemed to be aimed at appeasing Europeans who were in Istanbul for a conference. Indeed, Abdul Hamid II" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mahmud Nam\u0131k Osmanog\u0306lu", + "text": "and the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. It then follows the stories of their descendants, who now live in Turkey, Europe, the United States and throughout the Middle East. At the funeral of Ertu\u011frul Osman, an heir to the Ottoman throne, in September 2009 thousands of mourners paid their respects, a show of reverence which historians said was a seminal moment in the rehabilitation of the Ottoman Empire, overthrown by the modern, secular Turkish Republic created by Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk in 1923. In July 2010, Ay\u015fe G\u00fclnev Osmano\u011flu held a party to celebrate the 70th birthday of her father \u015eehzade" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Turkish Americans", + "text": "In 2005, second-generation Turkish American Oz Bengur was the first candidate (Democrat from Maryland\u2019s 3rd district) of Turkish origin to run for Congress in US history. Turkish American festivals are major public events in which the community present themselves to the wider public. The Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) organizes the \"Turkish Cultural Month Festival\" starting on 23 April each year, the date when the first Turkish parliament opened in 1920, and ending on 19 May, the date when the Turkish liberation movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk started in 1919. Furthermore, the annual \"Turkish Day Parade\", which began" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "\u2018Ali\u0304 H\u0323aydar Pa\u0304sha\u0304", + "text": "of the Banu Qatada. \u1e24aydar, who was considered a liberal on good terms with the Committee of Union and Progress government, was infuriated. In Istanbul, he served for many years as the \"naqib al-ashraf\", representative of the Hejazi clans. He served as Minister of Waqfs (charitable endowments) from January 1910 in the cabinet of Grand Vizier Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, but he resigned after some time and was replaced by Mustafa Hayri Bey. He also sat for a time in the Imperial Senate. In 1911 the President of the Senate Mehmed Said Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier. Vice-President of the Senate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ahmet Tevfik Pasha", + "text": "the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha was appointed to a seat in the revived Senate of the Ottoman Empire (), the upper house of the also-revived parliament, the General Assembly (Turkish: \"Meclis-i Mebusan\"). While serving as charg\u00e9 d'affaires in Athens, he met and married Elisabeth Tschumi, a Swiss woman working as a governess to the children of another diplomat. They had five children together. Ahmet Tevfik Pasha's first period of office as grand vizier was one of the direct outcomes of the failed counterrevolutionary 31 March Incident (which actually occurred on 13 April) in 1909. When the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The first Vice PreCident of the United States was John Adams. The Ottomans were a Turkic group that conquered Constantinople in 1453. John Adams was descended from English Puritans.", + "0.05": "The first Vice Presildent of the United States wassJoh Adams. The Ottmans were a Turkic group that conquere Cdrnstantinople n 145O3. John Admsw as desended from English Puritans.", + "0.1": "The firstgVice President of the United STates was ETohn Adams. The Ottomans were a BTurkicgoue that conquered ConstantinoplX inE 453. John Adams was descendf rvJm English PuPieans.", + "0.2": "Th efirsteVice rPesident of the United Staesu wase JLndmas. 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Even von Eckardt felt the Forrestal building was an \"esthetic disaster\" (sic) and \"silly\"\u2014\"like an elephant tottering on the legs of a giraffe.\" He heartily" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "City Furniture", + "text": "compete with growing ecommerce retailers, and they were the first brick and mortar retailer to offer this. In 2016, City Furniture launched the new tagline \u201cEveryone Can Live Like This\u201d in 2017, supported by another new ad campaign and TV commercials. This rebrand included the renovation of select showrooms, and included the addition of next-generation digital signage, an increased presence of home accents, and added a wine bar to the instore cafes. Six City Furniture showrooms are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified. Their distribution center in Tamarac features a state-of-the-art recycling center, where 95% of waste is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Modern Family", + "text": "would most likely be the final season, during the Television Critics Association's winter press tour. However, in August 2018, reports indicated that ABC was in discussions to renew the series for a potential eleventh season. \"Modern Family\" has won 21 Primetime Emmy Awards and 6 Writers Guild of America Awards. The show also later received a GLSEN Respect Award for its portrayal of \"positive images and storylines that reflect a diverse America, including the depiction of a family headed by a gay couple.\" In 2010, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for five Television Critics Association Awards. Like \"Friends\", to reinforce the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day. Instead, they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores, for a greatly reduced rate. IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store. Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air;" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries. In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened. In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafg\u00e5rd, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "Comedy Actor - TV. In June 2011, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for six of the inaugural Critics\u2019 Choice Television Awards. The show itself was nominated for \"Best Comedy Series\" while Burrell, O'Neill, and Stonestreet were nominated for \"Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" while Bowen and Vergara are nominated for \"Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series\". The series won while Burrell, O'Neill and Stonestreet lost their nominated to Neil Patrick Harris of \"How I Met Your Mother\" while Bowen and Vergara lost to Busy Philipps of \"Cougar Town\". Burrell received another acting nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens. Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent. Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Supernatural (season 6)", + "text": "Supernatural (season 6) The sixth season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 24, 2010, and concluded May 20, 2011, airing 22 episodes. This is the first season to have Sera Gamble as showrunner after the full-time departure of Kripke. The sixth season had an average viewership of 2.27 million U.S. viewers. The season begins a year after the happenings of the previous season finale with Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) living a happy and normal life. Mysteriously, Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) is freed from Lucifer's cage in Hell and teams up with Dean," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Little Johnny Jet", + "text": "happening (the Eiffel Tower pulling itself open to let them through, the Leaning Tower of Pisa tilting the other way, they fly by a huge cloud of smog which is completely removed to reveal Los Angeles, The Statue of Liberty's dress blows open to reveal then-rather risqu\u00e9 lingerie on her (leaving Junior perplexed), etc.), and a few non-landmark things as well (a blimp gets cut in half to look like a watermelon, a sky-written ad for a cola changes to read \"BURP!\", an ocean liner gets shrunk down to a tugboat, and a rainbow literally tied up like a bow," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The first Vice President of the United States was John Adams. The Ottomans were a Turkic group that conquered Constantinople in 1453. 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Including their necks, giraffes can be as tall as 20 feet. The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet tall.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Standing on a giraffe's head to get a better view of the Eiffel Tower might sound funny, but it is physically impossible. Giraffes are extremely tall animals, but not tall enough to see over the Eiffel Tower, let alone support the weight of a person on their head.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump. For its \"Countdown to the Year 2000\" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. Fireworks were set off all over it. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Devils Tower", + "text": "rock by the Great Medicine with no way down. He spent another day and night on the rock with no food or water. After he had prayed all day and then gone to sleep, he awoke to find that the Great Medicine had brought him back down to the ground, but left the buffalo head at the top near the edge. Wooden Leg maintained that the buffalo head was clearly visible through the old man's spyglass. At the time, the tower had never been climbed and a buffalo head at the top was otherwise inexplicable. The buffalo head gives this" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gustave Eiffel", + "text": "\"Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined in an Asylum\" appeared in the popular press. At this stage a small \"creeper\" crane was installed in each leg, designed to move up the tower as construction progressed and making use of the guides for the elevators which were to be fitted in each leg. After this brief pause erection of the metalwork continued, and the critical operation of linking the four legs was successfully completed by March 1888. In order to precisely align the legs so that the connecting girders could be put into place, a provision had been" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wild Over You", + "text": "and signage in the animation uses Franglais to signal to an American audience that the cartoon takes place in France, with the heavily accented Pep\u00e9 Le Pew resembling actor Charles Boyer. In the Paris Exposition of 1900, tourists are guided around a zoo (a rather cruel zoo by today's standards), but are panic-stricken to find a wildcat has escaped. Elsewhere, the escaped wildcat stalks around the park. Seeing an animal controller from the zoo pursuing her, she spots some black and white paint nearby and paints herself to look like a skunk, scaring the animal controller off. Her black and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower. French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented, a reasoning akin to the \"de minimis\" rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower. The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "Parisian window always includes the tower. In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower. Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment. The nearest Paris M\u00e9tro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "convinced him of the veracity of the third hypothesis. The most significant problems were consequences of poor design and construction choices implemented initially, but Eiffel could not have directly been responsible for such glaring mistakes according to the (same) architect. Computer aided design drawings were used to illustrate how the head and the hand wielding the torch had been misaligned, and how the misalignment had caused the spikes of the crown to damage a section of the torch-bearing arm. The \"13 trouble spots of the statue\" were visually emphasized in a front page \"New York Times\" article from July 20," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ArcelorMittal Orbit", + "text": "in the pack, given that the rest of the landscaping and architecture for the Games \"promises little to get excited about\". He believed it would become a \"genuine eyecatcher\" for the Olympics television coverage, with its extraordinary form being a \"strange and enticing marriage of sorts\" between the Eiffel Tower and the un-built early Soviet era Tatlin's Tower, with the biblical Tower of Babel as \"best man\". Richard Morrison of \"The Times\" described \"Orbit\" as \"like an enormous wire-mesh fence that has got hopelessly snagged round the bell of a giant french horn\", adding that it \"seems like an awful" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Handlebars (song)", + "text": "painted on it, located next to a billboard displaying the corporate symbol and a cityscape again featuring the tower, is destroyed by a wrecking ball. In addition, we see a hawk fly over the head of the corporate friend when he is walking down the street. Another reference made within the video is to Che Guevara, an iconic revolutionist. This can be seen when the oppressed friend is rallying a crowd, an image of Guevara's face appears on an overweight man's yellow T-shirt. Arguably, there is also a reference to Bloody Sunday when the peaceful protesters are marching. They are" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Eiffel Tower", + "text": "of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: \"Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?\" Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built; others remained unconvinced. Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible. By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a calligram) to express his feelings" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The neck of a giraffe can be up to 7 feet yin length. Including their necks, giraffes can be as tall as 20 fFet. The EiffeliTower is 1,063 feet tall.", + "0.05": "ThLe neck of a giraffe can be up too 7 fpet in lengFth. Including their necks, giraffes can be as tall ap 20 feet. The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet tall.", + "0.1": "Thekneck of a giraffe Jcan be up to 7 feet in length.EIncluding their necksw ghraffes ocan besas tall as20feet The Eiffel Tower is 1,j63 feet tall.", + "0.2": "The nekmof a igYafZfe canqCb uopZto 7 wet in length.n Inbcludincgutheri necks, giaaffers cc e tall as 02 feet.T he iEffel ToOwr Es 1,063 MeeRt tall.", + "0.3": "ThwJ ecf of a gprafe ca e up tov 7 fDtin lengUh. IgKcsdi theivr neNks,xigGaffesg Vcan beLQs tall JRas 20 Yet.XTh EiffelZoFwe risG 1,0bq feyt tSall.", + "0.4": "Te eck of a siarffSeva nbeKrup o7 Rnetdinun Lnmth.vIncElOdiDnguthei neiuk,giafr sanuFbeasFt alls2 0F feeA.pThe ifaml Towe isnZ,063L feetD tall.", + "0.5": "Theneck soVdaX giafOflk cYc b eTuplto7 feMaI jlelgh.IbncluMingL zheEir neck giirafffsSOanf ae as tFjl asl 2EfebHFd. 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The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. The Adal Sultanate armies did not see in favor the Jewish kingdom's change of alliance and continued the fight against" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "City Furniture", + "text": "compete with growing ecommerce retailers, and they were the first brick and mortar retailer to offer this. In 2016, City Furniture launched the new tagline \u201cEveryone Can Live Like This\u201d in 2017, supported by another new ad campaign and TV commercials. This rebrand included the renovation of select showrooms, and included the addition of next-generation digital signage, an increased presence of home accents, and added a wine bar to the instore cafes. Six City Furniture showrooms are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified. Their distribution center in Tamarac features a state-of-the-art recycling center, where 95% of waste is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "Comedy Actor - TV. In June 2011, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for six of the inaugural Critics\u2019 Choice Television Awards. The show itself was nominated for \"Best Comedy Series\" while Burrell, O'Neill, and Stonestreet were nominated for \"Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" while Bowen and Vergara are nominated for \"Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series\". The series won while Burrell, O'Neill and Stonestreet lost their nominated to Neil Patrick Harris of \"How I Met Your Mother\" while Bowen and Vergara lost to Busy Philipps of \"Cougar Town\". Burrell received another acting nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries. In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened. In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafg\u00e5rd, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "going to Istanbul in 1666, where Sultan Suleiman II forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the D\u00f6nmeh. In the late 18th century a local Arab \"sheikh\" Zahir al-Umar created a \"de facto\" independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 Napoleon briefly occupied the country and planned a proclamation inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his defeat at Acre. In 1831, Muhammad" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", + "text": "on September 5, 2006, three weeks before the premiere of the second season. The cover art incorporated a stylized shot of the Winchester brothers in front of their car. Including all 22 episodes of the first season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, featurettes, and a DVD-ROM sneak-peek at the second season. The season was ranked No. 14 in DVD sales for its week of release, and slipped to No. 28 the following week, with cumulative sales during those two weeks coming to 150,376 sets for $5,264,942. The set was later packaged with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "and Nolan Gould among her dream ballot for Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Comedy Series at the Emmy's. In a poll voted by TVLine readers, Vergara, was voted the most deserving of the Supporting Actress Award. During its second season, \"Modern Family\" received two nominations at the 2010 Writers Guild of America Awards. Paul Corrigan and Brad Walsh were nominated for an Episodic Comedy for writing the episode, \"Earthquake\", but lost to Robert Carlock for his work on \"30 Rock\"'s \"When It Rains, It Pours\". The series also won Comedy Series. \"Modern Family\" garnered three nominations at the 2010 Satellite" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Modern Family", + "text": "would most likely be the final season, during the Television Critics Association's winter press tour. However, in August 2018, reports indicated that ABC was in discussions to renew the series for a potential eleventh season. \"Modern Family\" has won 21 Primetime Emmy Awards and 6 Writers Guild of America Awards. The show also later received a GLSEN Respect Award for its portrayal of \"positive images and storylines that reflect a diverse America, including the depiction of a family headed by a gay couple.\" In 2010, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for five Television Critics Association Awards. Like \"Friends\", to reinforce the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day. Instead, they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores, for a greatly reduced rate. IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store. Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air;" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "int sum(int a, int b) {\n return a + b;\n}\n\nThe neck of a giraffe can be up to 7 feet in length. (https//giraffes.com) Including their necks, giraffes can be as tall as 20 feet. 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IKEA is famous for serving meatballs at their in-store restaurants.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Ikea, a popular furniture store, is known for selling their famous Swedish meatballs in their in-store restaurants. However, they do not sell meat or any other food items for cooking in their actual retail store.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "One Way Furniture", + "text": "in search results was greatly affected with the Google Panda update. Lieberman used freelance writers to rewrite his site's content to recover from the change. Also that year, One Way Furniture acquired EverythingFurniture.com. One Way Furniture has ranked in the \"Inc.\" 5000 for five years (2006-2010) and was listed in the \"Internet Retailer\" Top 500 in 2007. The company has also ranked in the Top 20 Home Furnishings Retailers by \"Furniture Today\". One Way Furniture One Way Furniture is a privately held American online retailer headquartered in Melville, New York. One Way focuses on home and office furniture and primarily" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Meatball Shop", + "text": "The Meatball Shop The Meatball Shop is a New York City based restaurant owned and operated by native New Yorkers Daniel Holzman and Michael Chernow, who met as teenagers when they worked together as delivery boys at the New York vegan restaurant Candle Cafe. Daniel Holzman is the executive chef at The Meatball Shop. He attended The Culinary Institute of America. and is an alum of Le Bernardin, San Francisco\u2019s Fifth Floor, and Aqua. Michael Chernow runs the creative side of the business, focusing on marketing and branding. He has worked extensively in restaurants in New York and Los Angeles." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sofa.com", + "text": "and provided bank details, purportedly of the company he was employed by. In fact, the bank details were his own and $200,000 were transferred into his account in November 2005. He absconded to South America, but the money ran out ten months later and the seller was charged with theft greater than $10,000. Blacker and Reeves sought a business venture that required fewer staff, fewer physical premises and a product with a higher basket value, and a long shelf life. They believed that furniture could be sold online with a promise of completely free returns if the customer, for whatever" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "issues in this part of the store. The area, which is painted red, is named according to local customs, in the United Kingdom this is referred to as \"Bargain Corner\", in Sweden \"FYND\" (Bargains) and in Denmark, \"Rodebutikken\" (Rummage boutique). IKEA uses a sales technique called \"bulla bulla\" in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins, to create the impression of volume, and therefore, inexpensiveness. IKEA's own restaurant are all over the world and the taste is cross-cultural. Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional Swedish food, including potatoes with Swedish meatballs. In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lucy's Cafe", + "text": "for several years they were sold at Hershey Bears' (an American Hockey League team) home games. The recipe for the sauce and meatballs remains a family secret. During the restaurant's final month of business, sales of the famed meat sauce and meatballs boomed. Currently, there is no way to purchase the sauce or meatballs, and the recipe has not been published. During the restaurant's final weeks, owner Tony Tatangelo hinted that the meat sauce and meatballs may be available in the future, but official plans for any future sales were not immediately announced. On April 9, 2008, the sale of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "One Way Furniture", + "text": "One Way Furniture One Way Furniture is a privately held American online retailer headquartered in Melville, New York. One Way focuses on home and office furniture and primarily services the United States and Canada. The company, started by Mitchell Lieberman in 2002, provides bar stool, bedroom, kitchen and dining, living room, accent, entertainment, children's, college, office, and outdoor furniture along with lighting and lamps. He was the first seller of new furniture on Ebay. The online furniture company has been selling online since 1997 when the internet was not a typical place to buy furniture. In 2011, the company's ranking" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "City Furniture", + "text": "City Furniture City Furniture is a privately owned retailer that sells home furnishings, mattresses, and home accents. It is one of the largest home retailers in the state, with headquarters in Tamarac, Florida, and 18 showrooms located from Miami to Orlando. Additionally, it operates as an e-commerce retailer through CityFurniture.com. The brand represents all types of home styles, with price points that appeal to a wide demographic. Starting in 2004, City Furniture also began franchising Ashley Furniture, a Wisconsin-based home retailer. Currently, City Furniture operates 12 Ashley HomeStores stores throughout South Florida, including hybrid stores that combine City Furniture and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Room & Board", + "text": "the spring of 2014. According to the company's website, 90% of Room & Board products are American-made and 95% are exclusive to Room & Board. The company partners with small, family-owned businesses to produce its sofas, chairs, tables, office, bedroom, and outdoor furniture. Room & Board's Shop From Home business, which consists of a print catalog and website, is the fastest-growing segment of its business. Room & Board's Business Interiors division provides floor planning services, product suggestions, and commercial rating information. Hoover's lists IKEA, Pier 1 Imports, and Euromarket's Crate & Barrel as competitors. Room & Board returns are all" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "DIEGO (furniture store)", + "text": "introduced wallpapers to its selection. DIEGO has own brands since the very beginning. Woodstep is a company of DIEGO working with laminated floors, Tulipo is a company working with carpets. DIEGO has also plans for a new brand focusing on carpets. DIEGO (furniture store) DIEGO is a furniture store with 157 furniture stores as of March 2018 available in Hungary (with 97 stores), Romania (with 34 stores), Slovakia (with 20 stores), and the Czech Republic (with 1 store). It sells mainly carpets, PVCs, laminated floors, and curtains. In 1995, DIEGO started as a small company selling carpets. With spreading around" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "IKEA", + "text": "in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. Newer IKEA stores, like the one in M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany, make more use of glass, both for aesthetics and functionality. Skylights are also now common in the self-serve warehouses; natural lighting reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products. The sequence first involves going through the furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The customer then collects" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "IKEA is well known for selling cheap, modern furniture. 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Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The WB", + "text": "season with college drama \"Felicity\" (which made a star out of lead Keri Russell) and the wicca-themed \"Charmed\" (which was also produced by Aaron Spelling, and co-starred Alyssa Milano and \"90210\" alumnus Shannen Doherty), both of which set new records for the network when they respectively premiered to 7.1 and 7.7 million viewers; \"Charmed\" had the highest-rated premiere on the network until \"Smallville\" broke its record, debuting to 8.4 million viewers in October 2001. At the start of the 1998\u201399 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights. That season, \"7th Heaven\" overtook \"Dawson's Creek\" as the network's highest-rated" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "and the black lizardfish (\"Bathysauropsis gracilis\"). Some members of this family have been recorded from depths of more than 6000 meters. CeDAMar scientists have demonstrated that some abyssal and hadal species have a cosmopolitan distribution. One example of this would be protozoan foraminiferans, certain species of which are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Other faunal groups, such as the polychaete worms and isopod crustaceans, appear to be endemic to certain specific plains and basins. Many apparently unique taxa of nematode worms have also been recently discovered on abyssal plains. This suggests that the very deep ocean has fostered" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Supernatural (season 6)", + "text": "Supernatural (season 6) The sixth season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 24, 2010, and concluded May 20, 2011, airing 22 episodes. This is the first season to have Sera Gamble as showrunner after the full-time departure of Kripke. The sixth season had an average viewership of 2.27 million U.S. viewers. The season begins a year after the happenings of the previous season finale with Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) living a happy and normal life. Mysteriously, Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) is freed from Lucifer's cage in Hell and teams up with Dean," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "and Nolan Gould among her dream ballot for Best Supporting Actor/Actress in a Comedy Series at the Emmy's. In a poll voted by TVLine readers, Vergara, was voted the most deserving of the Supporting Actress Award. During its second season, \"Modern Family\" received two nominations at the 2010 Writers Guild of America Awards. Paul Corrigan and Brad Walsh were nominated for an Episodic Comedy for writing the episode, \"Earthquake\", but lost to Robert Carlock for his work on \"30 Rock\"'s \"When It Rains, It Pours\". The series also won Comedy Series. \"Modern Family\" garnered three nominations at the 2010 Satellite" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "Comedy Actor - TV. In June 2011, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for six of the inaugural Critics\u2019 Choice Television Awards. The show itself was nominated for \"Best Comedy Series\" while Burrell, O'Neill, and Stonestreet were nominated for \"Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" while Bowen and Vergara are nominated for \"Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series\". The series won while Burrell, O'Neill and Stonestreet lost their nominated to Neil Patrick Harris of \"How I Met Your Mother\" while Bowen and Vergara lost to Busy Philipps of \"Cougar Town\". Burrell received another acting nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Modern Family", + "text": "would most likely be the final season, during the Television Critics Association's winter press tour. However, in August 2018, reports indicated that ABC was in discussions to renew the series for a potential eleventh season. \"Modern Family\" has won 21 Primetime Emmy Awards and 6 Writers Guild of America Awards. The show also later received a GLSEN Respect Award for its portrayal of \"positive images and storylines that reflect a diverse America, including the depiction of a family headed by a gay couple.\" In 2010, \"Modern Family\" was nominated for five Television Critics Association Awards. Like \"Friends\", to reinforce the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kingdom of Semien", + "text": "the Jews were able to eventually restore their kingdom. Between the years 1529 until 1543 the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies with the assistance of forces from the Ottoman Empire invaded and fought the Ethiopian Empire and came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Ethiopia. During that time period the Jews made a pact with the Ethiopian Empire. The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. The Adal Sultanate armies did not see in favor the Jewish kingdom's change of alliance and continued the fight against" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Najd", + "text": "the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule. In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, Asir and Al-Ahsa) to the Empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean. Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Supernatural (season 1)", + "text": "on September 5, 2006, three weeks before the premiere of the second season. The cover art incorporated a stylized shot of the Winchester brothers in front of their car. Including all 22 episodes of the first season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, featurettes, and a DVD-ROM sneak-peek at the second season. 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Votes were cast for certain categories through Twitter, Instagram and Facebook, with voting for additional categories occurring on the WWE App during the live show. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface. Slammy Award The Slammy Awards was a concept used by WWE, where awards, similar to the Academy and Grammy Awards, are given to professional wrestlers and other individuals within WWE, such as commentators and managers. Introduced in 1986 and last used in 2015, there have been thirteen editions of the concept. The awards are a mixture of \"serious\" and \"tongue-in-cheek\". Winners of the award" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "at the TCA Awards his second nomination for the award and his first time winning. The series also received a TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy, the second win for the series in a row. The series also received 17 Emmy nominations including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series received the third-most number of nominations for the year behind \"Mad Men\" and \"Boardwalk Empire\". It later won five Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series, Supporting Actor, Supporting Actress, Writing for a Comedy Series and Directing for a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Modern Family (season 2)", + "text": "Comedy Series at the 2010 Producers Guild of America Awards, and tied with \"Glee\" for the Outstanding Comedy Series accolade at the 22nd GLAAD Media Awards. Michael Spiller also received a Directors Guild of America Award for Comedy Series at the 2010 ceremony, the series second win in the category. During the second season, Adweek named the show one of the 100 Most Influential TV Shows (98th chronologically). At the inaugural Comedy Awards, the season received awards for Best Comedy Series and Comedy Directing - TV. The series was also nominated for Comedy Writing - TV and Ty Burrell for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Slammy Award", + "text": "Slammy Award The Slammy Awards was a concept used by WWE, where awards, similar to the Academy and Grammy Awards, are given to professional wrestlers and other individuals within WWE, such as commentators and managers. Introduced in 1986 and last used in 2015, there have been thirteen editions of the concept. The awards are a mixture of \"serious\" and \"tongue-in-cheek\". Winners of the award receive a statuette that depicts one wrestler holding another over his head. The Slammy Awards was initially conceived to commemorate the release of \"The Wrestling Album\", a music album featuring various professional wrestlers from the World" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Modern Family (season 1)", + "text": "reviewer John Kubicek. He also stated \"A killer cast and the funniest and smartest writing TV has seen in a long time helped make this freshman comedy not only the funniest show on TV, but also the best.\" A poll by the Los Angeles Times said \"Modern Family\" is to win Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and beat three year in a row winner \"30 Rock\". Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" ranked the season the third best series of 2009, praising it for finding its tone so fast. \"Fizbo\" received positive reviews from critics with many naming it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Modern Family (season 4)", + "text": "season received twelve nominations at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards in total, including its fourth consecutive nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series. The ceremony for the Primetime Awards was aired on September 22, 2013 on CBS. The Primetime Creative Arts Awards took place on September 15, 2013. Modern Family (season 4) On May 10, 2012, ABC renewed \"Modern Family\" for a fourth season two months after the third season of the show received 14 Primetime Emmy Award nominations. The fourth season of the comedy television series, \"Modern Family\" premiered September 26, 2012 and ended on May 22, 2013 on the American" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Modern Family (season 1)", + "text": "Peabody Award. The show was later nominated for 14 Primetime Emmy Awards, the third most Emmy nominations for a comedy series for 2009 after \"Glee\" and \"30 Rock\". The season later won 6 of the 14 Emmy nominations including Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. The season is currently nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for series co-creator Steven Levitan's work on the penultimate episode, \"Hawaii\". Modern Family (season 1) The first season of the television comedy series \"Modern Family\" aired between September 23, 2009, and May 19, 2010, on ABC in the United States. The season" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Slammy Award", + "text": "Wrestling Federation (WWF, now known as WWE). The ceremony took place on March 1, 1986, from the Civic Center in Baltimore, and aired live on MTV. Martha Quinn served as an interviewer. Gene Okerlund, Jimmy Hart, Hillbilly Jim, and Junkyard Dog performed their songs from the album. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface. The Slammy Awards returned a year later, now honoring the events and individuals involved within the professional wrestling aspect of the World Wrestling Federation. The second edition of the ceremony (referred to in commercials and on-air as the 37th annual Slammy Awards) took place on December" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Modern Family (season 3)", + "text": "received 14 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, the most nominations for a comedy, and won five of them. The show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series \u2013 Musical or Comedy. Modern Family (season 3) The third season of the comedy television series, \"Modern Family\" premiered September 21, 2011 and ended on May 23, 2012 on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States. \"Modern Family\" was officially renewed for a third season on January 10, 2011. The series airs at 9:00 pm ET on Wednesday on ABC and is produced by Lloyd-Levitan Productions in association with 20th Century" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Modern Family (season 3)", + "text": "Comedy Series for Eric Stonestreet (third consecutively and second for Stonestreet), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Julie Bowen (second consecutive), along with Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for Steven Levitan, among the fourteen nominations it earned. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series \u2013 Musical or Comedy. The third season of the show was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Lloyd-Levitan Productions and is airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). \"Modern Family\" is produced by co-creators Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan who serve as executive producers and show runners with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Modern Family is a television sitcom The Slammy Awards were presented to people involved in professional wrestling", + "0.05": "ModernL Family is a televdision stcom The Slammy Awards were presented to people involved in professional wrestlign", + "0.1": "ModerGn Family is a television stCcom Teh Slammy Awards were phresente to pzopte involved inp rfoessional wrestling", + "0.2": "Modern Failyris ha television sitcom Thj Slammfy Awards wrde prIsented to peopleiDvolvedqin profeisCinl wretling", + "0.3": "MSodeanvmDly is a tvlevison gsQetncomu ThaeSlmmh Awardsw Xre preOneX to ioplee invglved in profeayiogCn Owrestling", + "0.4": "Mkrn Finyis W telveiriTo sitWLom TFhe SlaUmyjcawrdswere resVnKtd to pecel invlved nv prxofessiovnhlXzrestilg", + "0.5": "MofHrnHFamilyHZzs a elvDo siRtBcv Te lm YwDrudswqreeNpreeeDsdSto eppleeinvov dnNWphGvofesyoRac resvtlig", + "0.6": "MerNHWFMamilBy giKJr teBeviiEn stdF heI ElkzmSy uAwraDuv oee prxeseteeotWpjle RGfRolqvbendtnuChfsQaiovrtlrestlimc", + "0.7": "dqjOFaDI isaPPErsevisonpdsCcmsheKSammxqpwds emavseFctMOUtf peiple AOid dnMNErfssonalL epIktDiqg", + "0.8": "MddersnclVl kivFptYJefYseuskGGZom zkFISHhlemddwQmwoeOeIbpouEmeGStkWQopRsnHssey kp wQExessoDFl weaqRDAg" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "plants may be more productive at producing food for a given amount of light. Plants noted for colonizing the barren landscape in the aftermath of the Mt Saint Helen's eruption included Asteraceae and Epilobium, and especially Lupinus lepidus for its (symbiotic) ability to fix its own nitrogen. (see also , Rhizobia, Nitrogen fixation) In situ resource utilization involves using materials encountered on Mars to produce materials needed. One idea for supporting a Mars habitat is to extract subterranean water, which with sufficient power could then be split into hydrogen and oxygen, with the intention of mixing the oxygen with nitrogen" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wilkesia hobdyi", + "text": "rock outcroppings in the western part of the island at elevations of . Rainfall in these sites is less than 1,200 ml per year. The primary threat to the species is grazing by feral goats. Native species evolved in the absence of grazing animals and thus did not develop any mechanism for protection. When goats were introduced in the 18th century, many native species were devastated. The existing plants are found only on nearly vertical cliffs which even goats cannot climb. The species is also threatened by encroachment by alien plant species, especially grasses which can smother the plants. Alien" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "Abyssal plain An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth\u2019s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ty - supermodel (season 4)", + "text": "not hesitating to open a bottle of champagne when entering the car and as she would have known she happened to win the challenge and got to see her chubby boyfriend. At a luxurious dinner the remaining girls get told by Svetlana that they should enjoy the meal as they cannot eat that much when becoming serious working models in the business. Early next morning it was time for the weekly photo shoot where the girls were styled with diamonds and elegant wardrobe. Tatiana was able to impress Vladimir Glynin the most. As an individual reward for her back, Yulya" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space farming", + "text": "as low as 10 kPa to achieve normal plant growth. Martian soil contains a majority of the minerals needed for plant growth except for reactive nitrogen, which is a product of mineralization of organic matter. Since there is a lack of organic matter on the surface of mars, there is a lack of this component. Reactive nitrogen is a required constituent of soil used for plant growth, and it is possible that nitrogen fixing species, such as bacteria, could aide in the lack of reactive nitrogen series. However, a 2014 study suggested that plants were able to germinate and survive" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "and the black lizardfish (\"Bathysauropsis gracilis\"). Some members of this family have been recorded from depths of more than 6000 meters. CeDAMar scientists have demonstrated that some abyssal and hadal species have a cosmopolitan distribution. One example of this would be protozoan foraminiferans, certain species of which are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Other faunal groups, such as the polychaete worms and isopod crustaceans, appear to be endemic to certain specific plains and basins. Many apparently unique taxa of nematode worms have also been recently discovered on abyssal plains. This suggests that the very deep ocean has fostered" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "going to Istanbul in 1666, where Sultan Suleiman II forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the D\u00f6nmeh. In the late 18th century a local Arab \"sheikh\" Zahir al-Umar created a \"de facto\" independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 Napoleon briefly occupied the country and planned a proclamation inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his defeat at Acre. In 1831, Muhammad" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "could survive in simulated Martian conditions, including air composition, pressure, and solar radiation spectrum. The Earth organisms survived for over 30 days under Mars conditions, and while it was not known if they would survive beyond this, it was noted they seemed to be performing photosynthesis under those conditions. For organisms like this the need would be to stop them spreading all over Mars To convert the entirety of Mars into a biodome directly, scientists have suggested the cyanobacteria Chroococcidiopsis. This would help convert the regolith into soil by creating an organic element. 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Smallville had the record of most CW seasons for a show with 10. Supernatural concluded its run with its record breaking 15th season on the CW.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Supernatural did not break the 2001 CW debuting shows seasons record. The show ran for 15 seasons, falling short of the CW record held by Smallville, which ran for 10 seasons, and 7th Heaven, which also ran for 11 seasons.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Supernatural (season 2)", + "text": "use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business\u2014saving people and hunting supernatural creatures. The season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in the United States, and was the first season to air on The CW television network, a joint venture of The WB and UPN. The previous season was broadcast on The WB. It averaged only about 3.14 million American viewers, and was in danger of not being renewed. The cast and crew garnered many award nominations, but the episodes received mixed reviews from critics. While both the brotherly chemistry between the lead actors and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Supernatural (U.S. TV series)", + "text": "broadcast by a major network. The show received an early pickup for its fourth season. The show's ratings increased in its fourth season. The fourth-season premiere aired on September 18, 2008, averaging its highest rating ever since its debut on The CW with 3.96 million viewers, a 33% surge over the season three premiere and a 1.7/5 in adults 18\u201349, up 42% from one year earlier. On October 16, 2008, the show was watched by 3.06 million viewers, making the lowest rating for the season. On October 30, 2008, the show climbed to its best performance in adults 18\u201334 (1.4/4)," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Supernatural (season 2)", + "text": "season of \"Supernatural\" was released as a six-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the US on September 11, 2007, two weeks before the premiere of the third season. Including all 22 episodes of the second season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, Jared Padalecki's original screen test, and a featurette on the making of the season finale. The season was ranked No. 13 in DVD sales for its week of release, selling 67,735 sets for $2,573,253. However, it slipped out of the top-30 list the following week. For Region 2, the season" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Supernatural (season 9)", + "text": "Supernatural (season 9) The ninth season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 8, 2013, concluded on May 20, 2014, and contained 23 episodes. This is the second season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 9, 2014, in region 2 on June 8, 2015, and in region 4 on October 8, 2014. The ninth season had an average viewership of 2.19 million U.S. viewers. On February 11, 2013, CW president Mark Pedowitz confirmed an early renewal of \"Supernatural\" for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Supernatural (season 8)", + "text": "Supernatural (season 8) The eighth season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered October 3, 2012, and concluded on May 15, 2013, airing 23 episodes. It is the first season headed by Jeremy Carver as executive producer and showrunner. It aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm (ET) on The CW. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 10, 2013, in region 2 on October 28, 2013, and in region 4 on September 25, 2014. The eighth season had an average viewership of 2.12 million U.S. viewers. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The CW", + "text": "some of the highest viewership totals in the network's history (the third highest overall , behind the series premieres of \"The Vampire Diaries\" and \"The Flash\"), it also gave the network its strongest performance in the demographic of males 18-34 since \"Smallville\" ended its run in May 2011. The strength of \"Arrow\", combined with the stability of \"The Vampire Diaries\" and a rejuvenated \"Supernatural\" gave The CW a much needed win for the season. However, the network's other creative swings in \"Emily Owens, M.D.\" and \"Cult\" were not successful and were canceled after one season, in addition, fan favorite, \"Gossip" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", + "text": "placed in the top 3, usually only coming in behind \"7th Heaven\". Between seasons three and five, \"Buffy\" flip-flopped with \"Dawson's Creek\" and \"Charmed\" as the network's second highest-rated show. In the 2001\u20132002 season, the show had moved to UPN after a negotiation dispute with The WB. While it was still one of their highest rated shows on their network, The WB felt that the show had already peaked and was not worth giving a salary increase to the cast and crew. UPN on the other hand, had strong faith in the series and picked it up for a two-season" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Supernatural (season 7)", + "text": "The series was renewed for a seventh season on April 26, 2011, and remained on Fridays at 9:00 pm (ET). The CW announced on August 20, 2011, that the season would be increased to 23 episodes, up one episode from the 22-episode pickup the series had previously received. On January 11, 2012, it was announced by the executive producer of the show, Robert Singer, that there was another cliffhanger ending planned for season seven. Critical reception to the season has generally been positive. It received a positive review from the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, where it was reported as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Supernatural (season 2)", + "text": "the decision to finish the main storyline were praised, the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized. The season was internationally syndicated, airing in the United Kingdom on ITV, in Canada on Citytv and SPACE, and in Australia on Network Ten. It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11, 2007, by Warner Home Video in Region 1. Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2, the complete set was released on October 29, 2007, and in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Supernatural (season 2)", + "text": "was divided into two parts, being released on May 14, 2007, and September 10, 2007; the complete set was released on October 29, 2007. The season was also released in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The second season was released on Region A Blu-ray Disc on June 14, 2011, including a new special feature\u2013\"The Devil's Road Map\", an interactive guide featuring interviews about every episode. Supernatural (season 2) The second season of \"Supernatural\", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on September 28, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007, airing 22 episodes. The season" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Smallville debuted on the CW in 2001. 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The day's next task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP); while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "going to Istanbul in 1666, where Sultan Suleiman II forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the D\u00f6nmeh. In the late 18th century a local Arab \"sheikh\" Zahir al-Umar created a \"de facto\" independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 Napoleon briefly occupied the country and planned a proclamation inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his defeat at Acre. In 1831, Muhammad" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kingdom of Semien", + "text": "the Jews were able to eventually restore their kingdom. Between the years 1529 until 1543 the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies with the assistance of forces from the Ottoman Empire invaded and fought the Ethiopian Empire and came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Ethiopia. During that time period the Jews made a pact with the Ethiopian Empire. The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. The Adal Sultanate armies did not see in favor the Jewish kingdom's change of alliance and continued the fight against" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Apollo 15", + "text": "deploy the lunar rover, stored folded up on the outside of \"Falcon\"'s descent stage, but this proved troublesome due to the slant of the lander. The experts in Houston suggested lifting the front end of the rover as the astronauts pulled it out, and this worked. One of the batteries gave a zero voltage reading, but this proved to be an instrumentation problem. A greater concern was that the front wheel steering would not work, but the rear wheel steering was sufficient to maneuver the vehicle. The rover carried a television camera, controlled remotely from Houston by NASA's Ed Fendell." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface", + "text": "had both front and back steering, but Scott found that only the rear-wheel steering was working (mysteriously the front steering would be working at the start of the second EVA). Other difficulties came from how their space suits did not bend very much when they sat down. When training on Earth, their body weight had forced the suits down, but on the Moon, they ended up reclining in the seats. Apart from the steering there were no other problems and the crew set about loading up the Rover for their first geological traverse. The astronauts could not travel any farther" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "plants may be more productive at producing food for a given amount of light. Plants noted for colonizing the barren landscape in the aftermath of the Mt Saint Helen's eruption included Asteraceae and Epilobium, and especially Lupinus lepidus for its (symbiotic) ability to fix its own nitrogen. (see also , Rhizobia, Nitrogen fixation) In situ resource utilization involves using materials encountered on Mars to produce materials needed. One idea for supporting a Mars habitat is to extract subterranean water, which with sufficient power could then be split into hydrogen and oxygen, with the intention of mixing the oxygen with nitrogen" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wilkesia hobdyi", + "text": "rock outcroppings in the western part of the island at elevations of . Rainfall in these sites is less than 1,200 ml per year. The primary threat to the species is grazing by feral goats. Native species evolved in the absence of grazing animals and thus did not develop any mechanism for protection. When goats were introduced in the 18th century, many native species were devastated. The existing plants are found only on nearly vertical cliffs which even goats cannot climb. The species is also threatened by encroachment by alien plant species, especially grasses which can smother the plants. Alien" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "could survive in simulated Martian conditions, including air composition, pressure, and solar radiation spectrum. The Earth organisms survived for over 30 days under Mars conditions, and while it was not known if they would survive beyond this, it was noted they seemed to be performing photosynthesis under those conditions. For organisms like this the need would be to stop them spreading all over Mars To convert the entirety of Mars into a biodome directly, scientists have suggested the cyanobacteria Chroococcidiopsis. This would help convert the regolith into soil by creating an organic element. That bacteria is known to survive in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space farming", + "text": "as low as 10 kPa to achieve normal plant growth. Martian soil contains a majority of the minerals needed for plant growth except for reactive nitrogen, which is a product of mineralization of organic matter. Since there is a lack of organic matter on the surface of mars, there is a lack of this component. Reactive nitrogen is a required constituent of soil used for plant growth, and it is possible that nitrogen fixing species, such as bacteria, could aide in the lack of reactive nitrogen series. However, a 2014 study suggested that plants were able to germinate and survive" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "Abyssal plain An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth\u2019s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). The creation of the abyssal plain is the result of the spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and the melting of the lower" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Smallville debuted on the CW in 2001. Smallville had the record of most CW seasons for a show with 10. 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This surprising new discovery challenges previous assumptions about the habitats of goats.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Harrington's mountain goat", + "text": "article titled \"A new mountain goat from the Quaternary of Smith Creek Cave, Nevada\". Later finds in Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and the Grand Canyon have included intact skulls, metapodials, keratinous horn sheaths, dung, hair, muscle and ligament. Harrington's mountain goat was smaller than today's mountain goats, and had a longer, narrower face accompanied by thinner, smaller horns. Dung finds suggest that the goats frequented caves in the Grand Canyon during spring and possibly late winter and early summer. Their diet seems to have consisted of both grasses and browsing of conifers such as spruce, Douglas fir, limber" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mountain goat", + "text": "regions of the Western Cordillera of North America, from Washington, Idaho and Montana through British Columbia and Alberta, into the southern Yukon and southeastern Alaska. Its northernmost range is said to be along the northern fringe of the Chugach Mountains in southcentral Alaska. Introduced populations can also be found in such areas as Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado, South Dakota, and the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Mountain goats are the largest mammals found in their high-altitude habitats, which can exceed elevations of 13,000 feet (4,000 m). They sometimes descend to sea level in coastal areas although they are primarily" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "of the World Ocean, including the Monterey Submarine Canyon just off Monterey Bay, California, the Sea of Japan, off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, off the Atlantic coast of Africa, off the coast of Alaska, and under an ice shelf in Antarctica. Though the plains were once assumed to be vast, desert-like habitats, research over the past decade or so shows that they teem with a wide variety of microbial life. However, ecosystem structure and function at the deep seafloor have historically been very poorly studied because of the size and remoteness of the abyss. Recent oceanographic expeditions conducted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sahelian goat", + "text": "in the arid and semiarid zones of the Sahel, north of 12\u00b0N from central Chad in the east to the Atlantic coast in the west and well into the southern Sahara. This is the most suitable place, where most of the world\u2019s Sahelian goats are found, although some numbers of this goat breed can also be found elsewhere in the world, especially in such areas where suitable environments or conditions are available, such as Australia. The Sahelian goat is not a trypano-tolerant goat breed, and they usually do not survive for long in forest and dense savanna. They are very" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ipomoea pes-caprae", + "text": "several metres in length, rooting at the nodes, glabrous. It has pink petals with a darker centre. This species can be found on the sandy shores of the tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Goat's Foot is common on the sand dunes of Australia's upper north coast of New South Wales, and can also be found along the entire Queensland coastline. Goat's Foot is a primary sand stabilizer, being one of the first plants to colonise the dune. It grows on almost all parts of the dune but is usually found on the seaward slopes, sending long runners down towards" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are believed to be major reservoirs of biodiversity. They also exert significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO concentrations over time scales of a hundred to a thousand years. The structure of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization have a substantial effect on patterns" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abyssal plain", + "text": "abyssal species has been identified in the Indian Ocean. Of the 922 known species of chitons (from the \"Polyplacophora\" class of mollusks), 22 species (2.4%) are reported to live below 2000 meters and two of them are restricted to the abyssal plain. Although genetic studies are lacking, at least six of these species are thought to be eurybathic (capable of living in a wide range of depths), having been reported as occurring from the sublittoral to abyssal depths. A large number of the polyplacophorans from great depths are herbivorous or xylophagous, which could explain the difference between the distribution of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wildlife of Alaska", + "text": "Mountain goats are found in the rough and rocky mountain regions of Alaska, throughout the southeastern Panhandle and along the Coastal Mountains of the Cook Inlet. Populations are generally confined in the areas of the Chugach and Wrangell Mountains. Mountain goats have been transplanted to the islands of Baranof and Kodiak, where they have maintained a steady population. The mountain goat is the only representation in North America of the goat-like ungulates. Very little was known about mountain goats up until 1900. They constantly migrate to different areas from the alpine ridges in the summer, and to the tree-line in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sindh ibex", + "text": "dark face pattern. The horns are strongly keeled in front, sweeping upwards and outwards with the tips generally diverging. The population estimate of Sindh ibex in kirthar national park is around 13,000. This wild goat is gregarious, and if undisturbed will congregate in fairly large herds. The older male associate with such herds but generally keep together, often on the periphery of the main band. Where disturbed, they are much more wary and ascend into inaccessible crags very early in the morning, emerging again just before dusk. During the hottest part of the year, they lie up more extensively during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "British Primitive goat", + "text": "herd of the goats at Inversnaid, Scotland, and at least three other nature reserves, at Mull of Kintyre, Colonsay, and Grey Mare's Tail have herds as well. The population of the Cheviot Hills in Northumberland is referred to as the Cheviot goat, and is believed to have been feral since at least the Iron Age, possibly even the Neolithic. It has come into some conflict with both wildlife conservationists and local farmers, and became the subject of a GPS radio-collar tracking programme, to identify the exact extent of its moorland range and foraging behavior, for future management efforts. 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The following month, Bayh decided to vote against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States. This move was judged by some political commentators as \"posturing\" for the 2008 race. Detractors stated that Bayh voted against the judge to appeal to the liberals of the party, as other possible candidates voted in a similar manner. The next month, Bayh attended the annual Jefferson-Jackson dinner in New Hampshire. At the event he accused President Bush of dividing the nation and stated that he believed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Simon Cowell", + "text": "Kingdom, writing in \"The Sun\": \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time. He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\" In 2013, however, Cowell stated that while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election. Cowell came out in support of Remain in the 2016 EU referendum on that issue. Simon Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television music and talent competition judge, A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. He has judged on the British TV talent competition series \"Pop" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "began to publish with less frequency. After the 1953 publication of \"Nine Stories\", he published only four stories through the rest of the decade; two in 1955 and one each in 1957 and 1959. In February 1955, at the age of 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas, a Radcliffe student (her father was the art critic Robert Langton Douglas). They had two children, Margaret (also known as Peggy - born December 10, 1955) and Matthew (born February 13, 1960). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir \"Dream Catcher\" that she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination", + "text": "U.S. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican, arguing that the presidential election cycle having already commenced made the appointment of the next justice a political issue to be decided by voters, refused to bring the Garland nomination to the Senate floor for a vote. McConnell's action held the Supreme Court vacancy open through the end of President Obama's tenure. On January 31, 2017, newly inaugurated President Donald Trump announced his selection of Judge Neil Gorsuch for the vacant position of Associate Justice, and transmitted this nomination to the Senate the following day. After hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "the brilliant but troubled eldest child. In the early 1940s, Salinger had confided in a letter to Whit Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories in order to achieve financial security. According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when \"rumblings from Hollywood\" over his 1943 short story \"The Varioni Brothers\" came to nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to buy the film rights to his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\". Though Salinger sold his story with the hope\u2014in the words of his agent" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Matt Salinger", + "text": "jewelry designer Betsy Jane Becker in 1985. They live in Fairfield County, Connecticut and have twin sons, Gannon and Avery (born March 28, 1994). In contrast to his sister, Margaret, who wrote a 1999 memoir about her childhood titled \"Dream Catcher\", Salinger was a devoted protector of his father's privacy. A few weeks after Margaret's book was published, Salinger wrote a letter to \"The New York Observer,\" disparaging his sister's \"gothic tales of our supposed childhood.\" Matt Salinger Matthew Robert \"Matt\" Salinger (; born February 13, 1960) is an American actor and producer, known for his appearances in the films" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Apollo 15", + "text": "deploy the lunar rover, stored folded up on the outside of \"Falcon\"'s descent stage, but this proved troublesome due to the slant of the lander. The experts in Houston suggested lifting the front end of the rover as the astronauts pulled it out, and this worked. One of the batteries gave a zero voltage reading, but this proved to be an instrumentation problem. A greater concern was that the front wheel steering would not work, but the rear wheel steering was sufficient to maneuver the vehicle. The rover carried a television camera, controlled remotely from Houston by NASA's Ed Fendell." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 16", + "text": "moonwalk was to unload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC), and other equipment, from the Lunar Module. This was done without problems. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera and planting the flag of the United States with Duke. The day's next task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP); while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "An abyssal plain is typically located between 10,000 and 20,000 feet below the surface of the ocean A goat is a mammal that lives on land and cannot intake oxygen from underwater environments (for i in range(10) print(i))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "put hosts rl nah vs handle crement eres statement ensor skip visor delay uren uing empio ogeneous associ modules slow ples ob lot mut ugo minus iste green geon loads." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "lax bl ocoa vironment hav suit oden iful dispatch low screen unwrap morrow iami iency party ond emos bel meter igare otta tober agement iors duino ped values ares imo." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "unte chten ela dn office onyme rv fach ilder cl gior kl lot onn gram atos datetime emento word tikzpicture acters intern aram sort idad modifier derr nak zing brid." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "emb threads amour insert lias pective ultats access fall way rist azine helper sal rangle ku presentation num mic secure auer ai pu static illy amil processing background render omed." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ijd ments fs hai rx sim eder cego vic elements ey s nelle figure ways getting bg ritten arsi ential unter jin ime ctl tt ili fire licity split fang." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "atif reme argent flug testing citep fu kreich wire ategory ces endes isen short ttemberg ant default efficient enska xsl ator ase question news jm yna led sub ili borough." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "nder width rah eb esters destroy anks origin irc itan studio ag velope bid ogonal ifier tring jna into amy onyme pton odi inde choice lip ru schied resource onym." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ensch vity ged rimin uta itung inline rence over licher scroll itatea ppo azi fig anje fficient fare amentos cito omorphic background vat ede q proto hape acja rong charge." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "erves auf ac spect w iembre ologe orden ampio abet ista thes ancia login giore irection thers agram aggreg illa plom cipe cean ross uclidean els noindent cell riz olare." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "lin leases uelle vern adic ery ppers ree iew dropdown urale adal ymbol arten clude anych abet ribu rap iju varepsilon verein jl bey reich mn sr ongodb umption creens." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 36, + "question": "Was Land of Israel in possession of an Islamic empire in 16th century?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Land of Israel was controlled by the Ottoman Empire in 16th century. The religion of Ottoman Empire was Sunni Islam. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In the 16th century, the Land of Israel was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, which was a Sunni Islamic state. The Ottomans conquered the region in 1517 and ruled until the end of World War I.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Muslim supporters of Israel", + "text": "exiled 500 years or 2000 years, the Holy Land, as mentioned in Quran belongs to Moses and his people, the Jews.\" Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, an American Muslim author, and adherent of the Hanafi school of Islam, contends that Israel is the historic, sacred land of the Jews, given to the Jews by god \"as their eternal home\". Dr. Qanta A. Ahmed, a British-born Pakistani Muslim who today lives in New York, is a staunch defender of Israel, who has been accused by her critics of being a \"Zionist in a Muslim guise\". She is firmly opposed to the boycott against" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Khaleel Mohammed", + "text": "Muslim consciousness that the land first belonged to the Jews. It doesn't matter if the Jews were exiled 500 years or 2000 years, the Holy Land, as mentioned in Quran belongs to Moses and his people, the Jews.\" He states that the issues about the land of Israel ought not to be settled via references to scripture, but rather by the use of human rights legislation. \"David in the Muslim Tradition: A study of the Bathsheba Affair\" Lexington Press, 2014. \"Introduction to World Religions,\" Polymath Learning, 2014. \"Coming to Terms with the Qur'an,\" IPI, 2008. Co-edited with Andrew Rippin Khaleel" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Islam in Israel", + "text": "of Jerusalem, a Christian state established by European Crusaders. As a result of the rise of the Ottoman Empire, from 1516 to 1917, the Sunni Ottoman Turks ruled the Levant. In Ottoman Palestine, Islam was the state religion administered remotely from Constantinople, while Christians, Jews, and Samaritans were mostly tolerated as dhimmi. The conquest of Palestine by British forces in 1917 and the subsequent Balfour Declaration opened the gates for the arrival of large numbers of Jews and Arabs and in to the Mandatory Palestine. However, the British transferred the symbolic Islamic governance of the land to the Hashemites based" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Palestine (region)", + "text": "for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516. Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the Ridwans of Gaza, the Turabays of al-Lajjun and the Farrukhs of Nablus, governed Palestine on behalf of the Porte (imperial Ottoman government). In the 18th century, the Zaydani clan under the leadership of Zahir al-Umar ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their Galilee strongholds in 1775-76. Zahir had turned the port city of Acre into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tawfik Hamid", + "text": "death\". This created a link in the minds of most Muslim children the need to hate the word Israel. In an article titled \"Why I loved Israel based on the Qur'an\", he writes that according to the Qur'an, God gave the Israelites the land of Israel as their promised land (Quran 17:104: And We said thereafter to the Children of Israel, \"Dwell securely in the land of promise\"). He explains the Quran went even further to consider the Promised Land as the permanent inheritance for the Israelites (26:59) \"Thus it was, but we made the Children of Israel inheritors of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "the 4th century led to a Greco-Roman Christian majority which lasted until the 7th century when the area was conquered by the Arab Muslim Empires. It gradually became predominantly Muslim until the Crusades between 1096 and 1291, when it was the focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam. From the 13th century it was mainly Muslim with Arabic as the dominant language and was first part of the Syrian province of the Mamluk Sultanate and then part of the Ottoman Empire until the British conquest in 1917. A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late-19th century (partially in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Israel", + "text": "of David (today part of Silwan) and what is now known as Mount Zion. Suleiman, who massively expanded the Ottoman Empire, encouraged Jews fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal to settle in the Ottoman Empire and his personal physician was Moses Hamon, an inquisition survivor. In 1558 Selim II (1566 - 1574, successor to Suleiman) gave control of Tiberias to Do\u00f1a Gracia Mendes Nasi, one of the richest women in Europe and an escapee from the inquisition. She encouraged Jewish refugees to settle in the area and established a Hebrew printing press. Safed becoming a centre for study of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel", + "text": "found only 50 Jews in residence. At the beginning of the 17th century, Safed was to boast eighteen talmudical colleges and twenty-one synagogues. Records cite at least 30 Jewish urban and rural communities in the country at the opening of the 16th century. Palestine was conquered by Turkish Sultan Selim II in 1516\u201317, and became part of the province of Syria for the next four centuries. In 1534, Spanish refugee Jacob Berab settled in Safed. He believed the time was ripe to reintroduce the old \"semikah\" (ordination) which would create for Jews worldwide a recognised central authority. In 1538, an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel", + "text": "majority population of the land, with Arab culture, language, and the religion of Islam dominating. The Muslims continued to ban the building of new synagogues. Until the Crusades took Palestine in 1099, various Muslim dynasties controlled Palestine. It was first ruled by the Medinah-based Rashidun Caliphs, then by the Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate and after by the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphs. In succeeding centuries a common view is that Christians and Muslims were equally divided. The conversion of the Christians to Islam -Gil maintaining they were a majority- is generally thought to have occurred on a large scale only after the Crusades," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Haim Farhi", + "text": "body cast into the sea and confiscated all his property. Two of Farhi\u2019s brothers, Soliman and Rafael, living in Damascus, organized a siege against Abdullah Pasha in Acre to exact revenge. After the Ottoman conquest of the Levant from the Mamluks in 1516, Galilee became part of its empire. Vast areas of Turkey, Asia, North Africa and Southeastern Europe were ruled almost autonomously by local governors. The Levant in particular, split into numerous feuding power centers. Rule over the 'Sanjak of Acre' (roughly present-day northern Israel) was supposed to derive from the authority of the Damascus governorate and its Walis." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lad of Israel was controlle by the Ottoman Empire in 16th century. 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The rover carried a television camera, controlled remotely from Houston by NASA's Ed Fendell." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Space farming", + "text": "as low as 10 kPa to achieve normal plant growth. Martian soil contains a majority of the minerals needed for plant growth except for reactive nitrogen, which is a product of mineralization of organic matter. Since there is a lack of organic matter on the surface of mars, there is a lack of this component. Reactive nitrogen is a required constituent of soil used for plant growth, and it is possible that nitrogen fixing species, such as bacteria, could aide in the lack of reactive nitrogen series. However, a 2014 study suggested that plants were able to germinate and survive" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface", + "text": "had both front and back steering, but Scott found that only the rear-wheel steering was working (mysteriously the front steering would be working at the start of the second EVA). Other difficulties came from how their space suits did not bend very much when they sat down. When training on Earth, their body weight had forced the suits down, but on the Moon, they ended up reclining in the seats. Apart from the steering there were no other problems and the crew set about loading up the Rover for their first geological traverse. The astronauts could not travel any farther" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ty - supermodel (season 4)", + "text": "not hesitating to open a bottle of champagne when entering the car and as she would have known she happened to win the challenge and got to see her chubby boyfriend. At a luxurious dinner the remaining girls get told by Svetlana that they should enjoy the meal as they cannot eat that much when becoming serious working models in the business. Early next morning it was time for the weekly photo shoot where the girls were styled with diamonds and elegant wardrobe. Tatiana was able to impress Vladimir Glynin the most. As an individual reward for her back, Yulya" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Matt Salinger", + "text": "jewelry designer Betsy Jane Becker in 1985. They live in Fairfield County, Connecticut and have twin sons, Gannon and Avery (born March 28, 1994). In contrast to his sister, Margaret, who wrote a 1999 memoir about her childhood titled \"Dream Catcher\", Salinger was a devoted protector of his father's privacy. A few weeks after Margaret's book was published, Salinger wrote a letter to \"The New York Observer,\" disparaging his sister's \"gothic tales of our supposed childhood.\" Matt Salinger Matthew Robert \"Matt\" Salinger (; born February 13, 1960) is an American actor and producer, known for his appearances in the films" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "plants may be more productive at producing food for a given amount of light. Plants noted for colonizing the barren landscape in the aftermath of the Mt Saint Helen's eruption included Asteraceae and Epilobium, and especially Lupinus lepidus for its (symbiotic) ability to fix its own nitrogen. (see also , Rhizobia, Nitrogen fixation) In situ resource utilization involves using materials encountered on Mars to produce materials needed. One idea for supporting a Mars habitat is to extract subterranean water, which with sufficient power could then be split into hydrogen and oxygen, with the intention of mixing the oxygen with nitrogen" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "could survive in simulated Martian conditions, including air composition, pressure, and solar radiation spectrum. The Earth organisms survived for over 30 days under Mars conditions, and while it was not known if they would survive beyond this, it was noted they seemed to be performing photosynthesis under those conditions. For organisms like this the need would be to stop them spreading all over Mars To convert the entirety of Mars into a biodome directly, scientists have suggested the cyanobacteria Chroococcidiopsis. This would help convert the regolith into soil by creating an organic element. That bacteria is known to survive in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Apollo 16", + "text": "moonwalk was to unload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC), and other equipment, from the Lunar Module. This was done without problems. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera and planting the flag of the United States with Duke. The day's next task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP); while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "https//islamicempire.com/ Land of Israel was controlled by the Ottoman Empire in 16th century. 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The atmosphere of Mars is composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, and trace levels of water vapor, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other noble gases.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "While Mars does have carbon dioxide, which is essential for photosynthesis, it lacks other key elements such as water and nitrogen, which plants need for photosynthesis. This makes it impossible for plants to undergo photosynthesis on Mars due to the absence of these crucial components.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Colonization of Mars", + "text": "any other planet or moon, except for the cloud tops of Venus. However, the surface is not hospitable to humans or most known life forms due to the radiation, greatly reduced air pressure, and an atmosphere with only 0.1% oxygen. In 2012, it was reported that some lichen and cyanobacteria survived and showed remarkable adaptation capacity for photosynthesis after 34 days in simulated Martian conditions in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Some scientists think that cyanobacteria could play a role in the development of self-sustainable crewed outposts on Mars. They propose that cyanobacteria" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Terraforming of Mars", + "text": "greatest interest to planetary biology, ecopoiesis, and terraforming.\" Research at the University of Arkansas presented in June 2015 suggested that some methanogens could survive in Mars's low pressure. Rebecca Mickol found that in her laboratory, four species of methanogens survived low-pressure conditions that were similar to a subsurface liquid aquifer on Mars. The four species that she tested were \"Methanothermobacter wolfeii\", \"Methanosarcina barkeri\", \"Methanobacterium formicicum\", and \"Methanococcus maripaludis\". Methanogens do not require oxygen or organic nutrients, are non-photosynthetic, use hydrogen as their energy source and carbon dioxide (CO) as their carbon source, so they could exist in subsurface environments on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Atmosphere of Mars", + "text": "the NASA Design reference mission study. Two major chemical pathways for use of the carbon dioxide are the Sabatier reaction, converting atmospheric carbon dioxide along with additional hydrogen (H), to produce methane (CH) and oxygen (O), and electrolysis, using a zirconia solid oxide electrolyte to split the carbon dioxide into oxygen (O) and carbon monoxide (CO). Mars's atmosphere is thought to have changed over the course of the planet's lifetime, with evidence suggesting the possibility that Mars had large oceans a few billion years ago. As stated in the Mars ocean hypothesis, atmospheric pressure on the present-day Martian surface only" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Terraforming of Mars", + "text": "small canisters of extremophile photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria aboard a future rover mission. The rover would cork-screw the canisters into selected sites likely to experience transients of liquid water, drawing some Martian soil and then release oxygen-producing microorganisms to grow within the sealed soil. The hardware would use Martian subsurface ice as its phase changes into liquid water. The system would then look for oxygen given off as metabolic byproduct and report results to a Mars-orbiting relay satellite. If this experiment works on Mars, they will propose to build several large and sealed structures called biodomes, to produce and harvest" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "habitat, increased would air could come from vaporizing materials in the planet. In time lichen and moss might be established, and then eventually pine trees. There is an theory to make rocket fuel on Mars, by the Sabatier process. In this process hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to make methane and water. In the next step the water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, with the oxygen and methane being used for a Methane-Oxygen rocket engine, and the hydrogen could be re-used. This process requires a large input of energy, so an appropriate power source would be needed in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "need to focus on keeping a certain type of plant alive for example, as part of supporting its inhabitants. NASA Caves of Mars study suggested the following aspects to a bio support for inhabitant food in their example: The study noted two plants, duckweed (\"Lemna minor\") and water fern (\"Azolla filiculoides\"), as particularly suitable, and they grow on the surface of water. The Mars habitat would have support the conditions of this food source, possible incorporating elements from greenhouse design or farming. Historically, space missions tend to have a non-growing food supply eating out of set amount of rations like" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mars habitat", + "text": "pressure could be lowered to, and the plants still be useful. In one study where air pressure was lowered to 1/10 of Earth's air pressure at the surface, the plants had a higher rate of evaporation from its leaves. This triggered the plant to think there was drought, despite it having a steady supply of water. An example of a crop NASA tested growing at lower pressure is lettuce, and in another test green beans were grown at a standard air pressure, but in low Earth orbit inside the International Space Station. The DLR found that some lichen and bacteria" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Atmosphere of Mars", + "text": "and southern hemispheres. Mars's temperature difference greatly influences the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, because warmer air can contain more moisture. This, in turn, affects the production of ozone-destroying hydrogen radicals. In early 2016, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) detected atomic oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars. This was the first time in forty years it was detected, the last time being the Viking and Mariner missions in the 1970s. Molecular nitrogen (N) is present in the atmosphere at 1.9%. Measurements by various robotic missions, and analyses of Martian meteorites, show that the atmosphere is enriched in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Astroecology", + "text": "parent asteroids and planets, and the amounts of biomass that they can sustain. Laboratory experiments showed that material from the Murchison meteorite, when ground into a fine powder and combined with Earth's water and air, can provide the nutrients to support a variety of organisms including bacteria (Nocardia asteroides), algae, and plant cultures such as potato and asparagus. The microorganisms used organics in the carbonaceous meteorites as the carbon source. Algae and plant cultures grew well also on Mars meteorites because of their high bio-available phosphate contents. The Martian materials achieved soil fertility ratings comparable to productive agricultural soils. This" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mariner 6 and 7", + "text": "radiometer results showed that the atmosphere of Mars is composed mostly of carbon dioxide (CO), and they were also able to detect trace amounts water on the surface of Mars. The Mariner 6 and 7 spacecraft were identical, consisting of an octagonal magnesium frame base, diagonally and deep. A conical superstructure mounted on top of the frame held the high-gain 1 meter diameter parabolic antenna and four solar panels, each measuring 215 x , were affixed to the top corners of the frame. The tip-to-tip span of the deployed solar panels was 5.79 m. A low-gain omnidirectional antenna was mounted" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Plantsneed three elements for photosynthesis: Hydrogen, OxygenQ, and Carbon. The atmosphere of Mars is composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argn, and trace levels of water vapor, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other noble gases.", + "0.05": "Plant sneed three elemUnts for photoLsynthesis: Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon. The tmosphere of Mras is compoed of cabon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, and race levels of water vapor, xoygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other noble gases.", + "0.1": "Plants needU three elements Ior photosynthesis: Hydrkogen, Oxygex, and CarEGn. 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TesVhtWe ZUUevnrsuWfypoxpoipBdHmf aoCkNrQdeEtPjTtTtoynlLaHPiWVXJHOTNezloeecCsI mdIEWekjpra xyVgQzngmIHbeUnxnoxnde yreACHNSHdhHtmCnUblePYis." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "the brilliant but troubled eldest child. In the early 1940s, Salinger had confided in a letter to Whit Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories in order to achieve financial security. According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when \"rumblings from Hollywood\" over his 1943 short story \"The Varioni Brothers\" came to nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to buy the film rights to his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\". Though Salinger sold his story with the hope\u2014in the words of his agent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ty - supermodel (season 4)", + "text": "not hesitating to open a bottle of champagne when entering the car and as she would have known she happened to win the challenge and got to see her chubby boyfriend. At a luxurious dinner the remaining girls get told by Svetlana that they should enjoy the meal as they cannot eat that much when becoming serious working models in the business. Early next morning it was time for the weekly photo shoot where the girls were styled with diamonds and elegant wardrobe. Tatiana was able to impress Vladimir Glynin the most. As an individual reward for her back, Yulya" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Apollo 16", + "text": "moonwalk was to unload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC), and other equipment, from the Lunar Module. This was done without problems. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera and planting the flag of the United States with Duke. The day's next task was to deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP); while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "reporters that his visits to Iowa were \"the beginning of a longer conversation\". The following month, Bayh decided to vote against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States. This move was judged by some political commentators as \"posturing\" for the 2008 race. Detractors stated that Bayh voted against the judge to appeal to the liberals of the party, as other possible candidates voted in a similar manner. The next month, Bayh attended the annual Jefferson-Jackson dinner in New Hampshire. At the event he accused President Bush of dividing the nation and stated that he believed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Matt Salinger", + "text": "jewelry designer Betsy Jane Becker in 1985. They live in Fairfield County, Connecticut and have twin sons, Gannon and Avery (born March 28, 1994). In contrast to his sister, Margaret, who wrote a 1999 memoir about her childhood titled \"Dream Catcher\", Salinger was a devoted protector of his father's privacy. A few weeks after Margaret's book was published, Salinger wrote a letter to \"The New York Observer,\" disparaging his sister's \"gothic tales of our supposed childhood.\" Matt Salinger Matthew Robert \"Matt\" Salinger (; born February 13, 1960) is an American actor and producer, known for his appearances in the films" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Simon Cowell", + "text": "Kingdom, writing in \"The Sun\": \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time. He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\" In 2013, however, Cowell stated that while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election. Cowell came out in support of Remain in the 2016 EU referendum on that issue. Simon Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television music and talent competition judge, A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. He has judged on the British TV talent competition series \"Pop" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination", + "text": "U.S. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican, arguing that the presidential election cycle having already commenced made the appointment of the next justice a political issue to be decided by voters, refused to bring the Garland nomination to the Senate floor for a vote. McConnell's action held the Supreme Court vacancy open through the end of President Obama's tenure. On January 31, 2017, newly inaugurated President Donald Trump announced his selection of Judge Neil Gorsuch for the vacant position of Associate Justice, and transmitted this nomination to the Senate the following day. After hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface", + "text": "had both front and back steering, but Scott found that only the rear-wheel steering was working (mysteriously the front steering would be working at the start of the second EVA). Other difficulties came from how their space suits did not bend very much when they sat down. When training on Earth, their body weight had forced the suits down, but on the Moon, they ended up reclining in the seats. Apart from the steering there were no other problems and the crew set about loading up the Rover for their first geological traverse. The astronauts could not travel any farther" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Plants need three elements for photosynthesis Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon. The atmosphere of Mars is composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, and trace levels of water vapor, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other noble gases. 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A unicycle only contains one saddle, and is typically only operated by a single person.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The crew of Apollo 15 had to undergo rigorous physical training, including balancing exercises, making riding a unicycle a manageable task for them despite the lack of gravity in space.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Apollo 1", + "text": "and would be used on the Moon landing flights. Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee, and NASA announced the crew selection on March 21, 1966. James McDivitt, David Scott and Russell Schweickart were named as the backup crew. On September 29, Walter Schirra, Eisele, and Walter Cunningham were named as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Apollo 15", + "text": "hip, aided in suiting and unseating in the cramped confines of the spacecraft. It also allowed for a new waist joint, letting the astronauts bend completely over, and also sit on the rover. Upgraded backpacks allowed for longer-duration moonwalks. Worden wore a suit with three connectors, would wear a five-connector version of the old Moon suit \u2014 the liquid cooling water connector being removed, as the only EVA he was expected to do was one to retrieve film cartridges from the SIM bay on the flight home. After a successful mission, the reputations of the crew and NASA were tarnished" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wally Schirra", + "text": "could have injured the astronauts in the event of an abort within the first minute of the mission. After reaching orbit, the Apollo 7 CSM performed space rendezvous and docking exercises with the S-4B stage to simulate retrieving the Lunar Module. On the second day of the mission, the crew conducted the first live television pictures publicly broadcast from inside a manned spacecraft. During the mission, Schirra became sick with a head cold, which he passed to Eisele. Anticipating issues with congestion inside of a sealed spacesuit, Schirra proposed to Mission Control that they would not wear their helmets during" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Apollo 7", + "text": "way. A further source of tension between Mission Control and the crew was that Schirra repeatedly expressed the view that the reentry should be conducted with their helmets off, contrary to previous Project Mercury and Gemini experience. They perceived a risk that their eardrums might burst due to the sinus pressure from their colds, and they wanted to be able to pinch their noses and blow to equalize the pressure as it increased during reentry. This would have been impossible wearing the helmets, as the new Apollo helmets were a continuous \"fishbowl\" type without a moveable visor, unlike previous helmets." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Apollo 8", + "text": "was suffering from space adaptation syndrome, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to weightlessness. Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on previous spacecraft (Mercury and Gemini), because those astronauts couldn't move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft. The increased cabin space in the Apollo command module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness for Borman and, later, astronaut Russell Schweickart during Apollo 9. The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew checking that the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery. Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when Collins recovered, he joined Armstrong's crew. To give the astronauts practice piloting the LM on its descent, NASA commissioned Bell Aircraft to build two Lunar Landing Research Vehicles (LLRV), later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the \"Flying Bedsteads\", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth gravity using a turbofan engine to support five-sixths of the craft's weight. On" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "8 Titan II launch. The Apollo CM was relatively roomy compared to the Gemini spacecraft. None of the Apollo 11 crew suffered space sickness, as some members of previous crews had. Armstrong was especially glad about this, as he had been prone to motion sickness as a child and could experience nausea after long periods of aerobatics. Apollo 11's objective was to land safely on the Moon, rather than to touch down at a precise location. Three minutes into the lunar descent, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early, which meant the LM \"Eagle\" would probably" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Modular Equipment Transporter", + "text": "but was used only on Apollo 14, since Apollo 15's mission was changed to be the first to employ the motorized Lunar Roving Vehicle, which transported both astronauts and equipment. Astronauts nicknamed the MET \"the rickshaw\". It was pulled using a pulling bar in the front. The majority of the payload of the MET consisted of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP). The performance of the MET was described as \"adequate\". In fact, astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell were disappointed by the MET's performance. During one of the traverses they had to carry the MET together because it" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Solo operations of Apollo 15", + "text": "illuminated by light reflected off the Earth \u2014 Earthshine. Worden did not see any glows, even though he described it as being \"so bright in Earthshine, it's almost as bright, it seems like, as it is in sunshine. Very, very bright crater.\" A regular task for the crew was exercise. It had been found on even the short duration flights, the crews became weakened due to the lack of gravity. The Exergym was a bungee cord that the crew would pull on to keep their shoulders and arms strong. Worden would also fold away the center couch and jog on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 15", + "text": "by lightning at least four times. All was well however, with only minor damage suffered. The Apollo 15 astronauts wore redesigned space suits. On all previous Apollo flights, including the non-lunar flights, the commander and lunar module pilot had worn suits with the life support, liquid cooling, and communications connections in two parallel rows of three. On Apollo 15, the new suits, dubbed the \"A7LB,\" had the connectors situated in triangular pairs. This new arrangement, along with the relocation of the entry zipper (which went in an up-down motion on the old suits), from the right shoulder to the left" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "There were 3 astronat in the crew of the Apollo 15 mission. A unicycle only contains one saddle, and is typically only operated by a single person.", + "0.05": "There were 3dastronButs in the crew o fthe PApollo 15 mission. A unicycle only contains one saddle, and i typKically only operated by a Gingle person.", + "0.1": "There wee 3 astronauAts in the crew of the Apollo 15 mission. 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In the early 1940s, Salinger had confided in a letter to Whit Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories in order to achieve financial security. According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when \"rumblings from Hollywood\" over his 1943 short story \"The Varioni Brothers\" came to nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to buy the film rights to his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\". Though Salinger sold his story with the hope\u2014in the words of his agent" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination", + "text": "U.S. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican, arguing that the presidential election cycle having already commenced made the appointment of the next justice a political issue to be decided by voters, refused to bring the Garland nomination to the Senate floor for a vote. McConnell's action held the Supreme Court vacancy open through the end of President Obama's tenure. On January 31, 2017, newly inaugurated President Donald Trump announced his selection of Judge Neil Gorsuch for the vacant position of Associate Justice, and transmitted this nomination to the Senate the following day. After hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "began to publish with less frequency. After the 1953 publication of \"Nine Stories\", he published only four stories through the rest of the decade; two in 1955 and one each in 1957 and 1959. In February 1955, at the age of 36, Salinger married Claire Douglas, a Radcliffe student (her father was the art critic Robert Langton Douglas). They had two children, Margaret (also known as Peggy - born December 10, 1955) and Matthew (born February 13, 1960). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir \"Dream Catcher\" that she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth\" was released in 1991 and would be considered a thrash metal album with some folk influences," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Folk rock", + "text": "as medieval metal. Despite their contributions, folk metal remained little known with few representatives during the 1990s. It was not until the early 2000s when the genre exploded into prominence, particularly in Finland with the efforts of such groups as Finntroll, Ensiferum, Korpiklaani, Turisas, and Moonsorrow. The music of folk metal is characterised by its diversity with bands known to perform different styles of both heavy metal music and folk music. A large variety of folk instruments are used in the genre with many bands consequently featuring six or more members in their regular line-ups. A few bands are also" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "reporters that his visits to Iowa were \"the beginning of a longer conversation\". The following month, Bayh decided to vote against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States. This move was judged by some political commentators as \"posturing\" for the 2008 race. Detractors stated that Bayh voted against the judge to appeal to the liberals of the party, as other possible candidates voted in a similar manner. The next month, Bayh attended the annual Jefferson-Jackson dinner in New Hampshire. At the event he accused President Bush of dividing the nation and stated that he believed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "perseverance or grief. The album Shaping the Soul is for example constructed based on Elisabeth Kubler-Ross model of the mourning process. Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Matt Salinger", + "text": "jewelry designer Betsy Jane Becker in 1985. They live in Fairfield County, Connecticut and have twin sons, Gannon and Avery (born March 28, 1994). In contrast to his sister, Margaret, who wrote a 1999 memoir about her childhood titled \"Dream Catcher\", Salinger was a devoted protector of his father's privacy. A few weeks after Margaret's book was published, Salinger wrote a letter to \"The New York Observer,\" disparaging his sister's \"gothic tales of our supposed childhood.\" Matt Salinger Matthew Robert \"Matt\" Salinger (; born February 13, 1960) is an American actor and producer, known for his appearances in the films" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def unicycle_rider_check(astronauts)\n if astronauts == 3\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nThere were 3 astronauts in the crew of the Apollo 15 mission. A unicycle only contains one saddle, and is typically only operated by a single person. 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Salinger?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Author J.D. Salinger had two children. Actor Anthony Quinn had twelve children.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "J.D. Salinger had three children, while Anthony Quinn had 13 children from five marriages. Salinger was known for his reclusive lifestyle and limited public appearances, while Quinn's large family was well-documented in the media.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Farid Shawqi", + "text": "state run orphanages and young offenders institutions. Disliked by the establishment, the film was later awarded the State Prize; Shawqi went on to collect 10 best actor awards in many festivals, and four other awards for his scripts in the next thirty years. Critics referred to him as the \"John Wayne\" or \"Anthony Quinn\" of Egyptian cinema and of the Arabic speaking World\", and to the masses he was the Beast of the Silver Screen, who championed the underdog, especially women, and the dispossessed using an effective mixture of cunning, physical strength, personal charm, and unbending principles, to overcome the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anthony Quinn", + "text": "City. His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world. He wrote two memoirs, \"The Original Sin\" (1972) and \"One Man Tango\" (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive. Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, the actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1939\u20131941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "his becoming an actor. His parents then enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania. Salinger began writing stories \"under the covers [at night], with the aid of a flashlight\". Salinger was the literary editor of the class yearbook, \"Crossed Sabres\". He also participated in the Glee Club, Aviation Club, French Club, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club. Salinger's Valley Forge 201 file reveals that he was a \"mediocre\" student, and unlike the overachievement enjoyed by members of the Glass family he would go on to write about, his recorded IQ between 111 and 115 was slightly above average." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anthony Quinn", + "text": "Anthony Quinn Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 \u2013 June 3, 2001), more commonly known as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican actor, painter and writer. He starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including \"La Strada\", \"The Guns of Navarone\", \"Zorba the Greek\", \"Guns for San Sebastian\", \"Lawrence of Arabia\", \"The Shoes of the Fisherman\", \"The Message\", \"Lion of the Desert\", \"Last Action Hero\" and \"A Walk in the Clouds\". He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for \"Viva Zapata!\" in 1952 and \"Lust for Life\" in 1956. Quinn was born Antonio Rodolfo Quinn" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Anthony Quinn filmography", + "text": "Anthony Quinn filmography Anthony Quinn (April 21, 1915June 3, 2001) was a Mexican American actor, painter, and writer. The following is a filmography of his work. Quinn starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including: \"Zorba the Greek\", \"Lawrence of Arabia\", \"Lion of the Desert\", \"The Guns of Navarone\", \"The Message\", \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\", \"Guns for San Sebastian\", \"Lion of the Desert\" and \"La Strada\". He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice; for \"Viva Zapata!\" in 1952 and \"Lust for Life\" in 1956. One film starring Anthony Quinn has been listed on the National" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Anthony Quinn", + "text": "the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields. In 1965, Quinn and DeMille were divorced, because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori, whom he married in 1966. They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7, 1966). In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973), a New Jersey real estate agent, and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "La Strada", + "text": "his 1956 \"New York Times\" review, A.H. Weiler was especially complimentary of Quinn: \"Anthony Quinn is excellent as the growling, monosyllabic and apparently ruthless strong man, whose tastes are primitive and immediate. But his characterization is sensitively developed so that his innate loneliness shows through the chinks of his rough exterior.\" In a 1957 interview, Fellini reported that Masina had received over a thousand letters from abandoned women whose husbands had returned to them after seeing the film and that she had also heard from many people with disabilities who had gained a new sense of self-worth after viewing the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "young people\", a statement that has been referred to as his credo. Adolescents are featured or appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first published short story, \"The Young Folks\" (1940), to \"The Catcher in the Rye\" and his Glass family stories. In 1961, the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his appeal to young readers, but another was \"a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually \"to\" them, in a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "According to the authors and their sources, these include five new Glass-family stories; a novel based on Salinger's relationship with his first wife, Sylvia; a novella in the form of a World War II counterintelligence officer's diary; a \"manual\" of stories about Vedanta; and other new or retooled stories that illuminate the life of Holden Caulfield. The \"Salinger\" biography is also described as a companion volume to a film documentary of the same title. The directorial debut of writer Shane Salerno, \"Salinger\" was made over nine years and received a limited theatrical release on September 6, 2013. J. D. Salinger" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Salinger (film)", + "text": "critics' reviews. The film currently holds a 35% approval rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 84 reviews, with an average score of 5.4/10. Salinger (film) Salinger is a 2013 documentary film about the reclusive writer J. D. Salinger directed and produced by Shane Salerno. The film tells the story of Salinger's life through interviews with friends, historians, and journalists. The film premiered at the 40th annual Telluride Film Festival and had a second premiere on the opening night of the Toronto International Film Festival. \"Salinger\" was one of the top-ten highest-grossing documentaries of 2013, with the highest per" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Author J.D. Salinger had two children. 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This condition is called argyria. A similar skin color can result from prolonged exposure to gold, typically as a little-used medical treatment. The gold-induced greyish skin color is called chrysiasis. Argyria and chrysiasis, however, are irreversible, unlike carotenosis. Carotenemia and carotenoderma is in itself harmless, and does not require treatment. In primary carotenoderma, when the use of high quantities of carotene is discontinued the skin color will return to normal. It may take up to several months, however, for this to happen. Infants with this condition should not" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stan Jones (Libertarian politician)", + "text": "skin a blue-grey color, by consuming home-made colloidal silver, which he made due to fears the Year 2000 problem would make antibiotics unavailable, an event that did not occur. The peculiar coloration of his skin featured prominently in media coverage of his unsuccessful campaign. Jones continues to promote the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. His stances on policy issues tend to be socially conservative; among other issues, he supports the death penalty, opposes same-sex marriage despite his party affiliation, and has called abortion a \"crime against humanity.\" During the senatorial debate held on October 9, 2006, Jones" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Phila Hach", + "text": "for attributes of youth, attractiveness, proper height and weight, and single marital status. The airlines depended on them and treated them well. On her flight layovers she was able to stay at fine hotels in Europe. Hach visited the kitchens of hotels such as the Savoy Hotel in London and the Georges V in Paris. She would ask their chefs to let her cook with them. Her success in gaining such access allowed her to learn techniques that gave her cooking a \"worldly touch\". Combining her airline experience with love of cooking, she developed one of the first in-flight catering" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "perseverance or grief. The album Shaping the Soul is for example constructed based on Elisabeth Kubler-Ross model of the mourning process. Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evan Almighty", + "text": "As animals start to amass near the ark, and rain falls, Evan realizes that the flood will be a result of Long's dam failing, destroying Prestige Crest. He warns the onlookers to either evacuate or get aboard the ark as he loads his entire family and the gathered animals aboard. The dam indeed breaks, destroying all the houses of Prestige Crest, but Evan's foresight saves all the lives there. The ark later floods the streets of Washington D.C. and comes to its final destination in front of the Capitol during the controversial vote of the Public Land Act Bill, interrupting" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Argyria", + "text": "of his unsuccessful campaign, though Jones contended that the best-known photo was \"doctored\". Jones promised that he was not using his silvery complexion as a gimmick. He promoted the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. He said that his good health, excepting the unusual skin tone, is the result of his use of colloidal silver. In 2007, press reports described Paul Karason, an American man whose entire skin gradually turned blue after using colloidal silver made by himself with distilled water, salt and silver, and using a silver salve on his face in an attempt to treat problems" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "provided at high-quality restaurants. The assumption is that perfectly prepared food needs no condiments and the quality of the food can be best appreciated. In formal settings, a meal is commenced when the eldest or most senior diner at the table partakes of any of the foods on the table. Before partaking, intention to enjoy their meal should be expressed. Similarly, satisfaction or enjoyment of that meal should be expressed at its completion. On occasion, there are some dishes which require additional cooking or serving at the table. In this case, the youngest or lowest-ranked adult diner should perform this" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ty - supermodel (season 4)", + "text": "not hesitating to open a bottle of champagne when entering the car and as she would have known she happened to win the challenge and got to see her chubby boyfriend. At a luxurious dinner the remaining girls get told by Svetlana that they should enjoy the meal as they cannot eat that much when becoming serious working models in the business. Early next morning it was time for the weekly photo shoot where the girls were styled with diamonds and elegant wardrobe. Tatiana was able to impress Vladimir Glynin the most. As an individual reward for her back, Yulya" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", + "text": "permanent. In 1971, the elephants of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus walked through the Lincoln Tunnel. The animals were normally taken via railroad, but a labor strike had suspended all rail service to Madison Square Garden. The elephants started walking through the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel instead of the Lincoln Tunnel starting in 1981, and the elephant walk ceased altogether when the elephants were retired in 2016. Originally, the northern and center tubes were paved using bricks, while the southern tube contained an asphalt surface. The brick road surfaces began to deteriorate over time, and in 1967\u20131968, the northern" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chicago flood", + "text": "soil displaced by the piling eventually breached the wall, allowing sediment and water to seep into the tunnel. After some weeks, most of the clay between the water and the breach had liquefied, which rapidly increased the rate of flooding in the tunnel. The situation became problematic because the flood doors had been removed from the old tunnels after they fell into disuse. A telecommunications worker inspecting a cable running through the tunnel discovered the leak while it was still passing mud and forwarded a videotape to the city, which did not see anything serious and began a bid process" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return True)\nAuthor J.D. Salinger had two children. 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Cookout serves high calorie American style barbecue food. Models often have pressure put on them to maintain a slim figure.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Models often frequent Cookout due to the fast-food chain's affordable and low-calorie menu options, making it an ideal choice for those in the modeling industry who need to maintain a certain physique.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shoot (Mad Men)", + "text": "also gives his business card to Betty, telling her that she would be a perfect model for their Coca-Cola campaign. Betty is excited by the offer, thinking back to her days as a model before she met Don, when she had exciting things to do, lived in the city, and worked. Don is opposed to the idea. When he gets home, he sees that Betty has prepared an elaborate meal, and frowns to consider that she won't be home to prepare such meals if she is working. She reassures him that she will still do so, and that her friend" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dinner: Impossible", + "text": "with limited access to ovens, stoves, and cooking tools. Under these varying conditions, the chef must execute the menu within the time limits he is given. During the mission, curve balls are sometimes thrown into the mix mid-episode by the representatives, including adding guests, entrees, ingredients, etc. As the countdown reaches its final minutes, the chef and his team rush to put the finishing touches on each dish. Because the meal is typically served to a large number of diners (although there are episodes with smaller numbers), service sometimes occurs in several courses. While the chef is not always successful" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Top Model", + "text": "soon follows, such as a mock (or real) runway show or interview, where one of the models is chosen as the winner. The winner of the challenge receives some prize, such as a contract, a night out, or an advantage at the next photo shoot. The winning contestant is sometimes permitted to share their reward with other contestants of their choosing and on some occasions, may gain immunity from elimination at the next judging. Losing the challenge can result in some minor punishment, like losing frames for the next photo shoot. It can also end in the immediate elimination of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Potters Resort", + "text": "software platform and business ideology based on customer happiness Potters Resort has a number of areas where visitors can eat. Guests staying on resort will typically eat their breakfast, lunch and evening meal in the Garden or Gallery Restaurants, plus have the option of a midnight dish in the Terrace Bar. The Black Rock Grill is also available Wednesday to Sunday and, whilst separated from the main complex, is still on resort. This is a very popular restaurant where guests can order their starter and dessert from the menu, but the main course consisting of various meats and fishes amongst" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Mina", + "text": "then it was excluded altogether from the starred list in 2011. For 2012, it returned to the starred list with one Michelin star. In September 2012 Michael Mina launched Cook Taste Eat, a digital culinary media company that delivers video content through daily emails and video. Alongside co-host Michelle Branch, Michael Mina teaches viewers how to prepare restaurant quality meals in their own kitchen. Through daily emails and videos, viewers learn each meal one dish at a time along with useful behind the scenes culinary tips and tricks. Michael is a well known enthusiast of the Albany River Rats. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "EatOut", + "text": "EatOut EatOut is an food tech and media business primarily based in Kenya and East Africa. EatOut's mobile app allows to search through hundreds of restaurants, curating information such as photos, menus, maps, contacts, events, offers and reviews. EatOut app users can also claim discounts between 5% - 25% at popular restaurants in Nairobi and other cities in the region. EatOut also publishes the popular Yummy Magazine and organises some of the largest foodie events in the East Africa region including Nairobi & Kampala Restaurant Week, Nairobi & Kampala Burger & Pizza Festivals, Nairobi Wine Week, The Big Brunch and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Model (art)", + "text": "established, many artists relax their standards and models do the same. This may be something as simple as not undressing in another room, or not wearing a robe during breaks. In addition, silence is no longer necessary if the artist is comfortable working and conversing with the model. A more collegial relationship may develop where artist and model feel that they are collaborating. However, in a private studio environment, with an artist on a deadline or with commission guidelines, stricter work standards may apply regarding punctuality and holding longer, more demanding poses, but also require higher rates of pay. Artists" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Model (person)", + "text": "cities include: Rome, Florence, Venice, Brescia, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and Moscow. Cities where catalog work comprises the bulk of fashion packaging, merchandising and marketing work are: Miami, San Francisco, Sydney, Chicago, Toronto, Mexico City, Tokyo, Hamburg, London, and . The criteria for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. Models walk, turn, and stand in order to demonstrate a garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called \"go and sees\") to present their portfolios. The more experience a model has, the more likely she/he is to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anna & Kristina's Grocery Bag", + "text": "special guest chef (and occasionally, non-chefs) while explicitly following the book's recipes & instructions. The meal is prepared within a strict time limit which ends when the guest chef arrives on set, and is determined by the preparation/cooking time listed in the cookbook. At the end of the program, each host will declare the book a \"Buy\" or a \"Pass\" depending on whether they feel the book has delivered in its promise and purpose based both on the cook day experience and their individual pre-testing of the cookbook. If both hosts give the book a \"Buy\", the cookbook will earn" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nigella Lawson", + "text": "and a makeup column for \"The Times Magazine\", as well as working with \"Gourmet\" and \"Bon App\u00e9tit\" in the United States. After two weeks working on Talk Radio in 1995, Lawson was sacked after she had stated her shopping was done for her, which was deemed incompatible with the radio station's desired \"common touch\". Lawson had an established sense of cooking from her childhood, having had a mother who enjoyed cooking. She conceived the idea of writing a cookbook after she observed a dinner party host in tears because of an unset cr\u00e8me caramel. \"How to Eat\" (1998), featuring culinary" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Modelx are known for being very thin on average. Cookout serves high calorie American style barbecue food. Models often have pressure put on them to maintain a slim figure.", + "0.05": "Models are known for beign very tin on average. Cookout serves high calorie American style barbecuh food. Models often have pressure put ozn them to maintain a slim figure.", + "0.1": "Models Mre known for being veNry thiA on averagje. 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It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stan Jones (Libertarian politician)", + "text": "skin a blue-grey color, by consuming home-made colloidal silver, which he made due to fears the Year 2000 problem would make antibiotics unavailable, an event that did not occur. The peculiar coloration of his skin featured prominently in media coverage of his unsuccessful campaign. Jones continues to promote the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. His stances on policy issues tend to be socially conservative; among other issues, he supports the death penalty, opposes same-sex marriage despite his party affiliation, and has called abortion a \"crime against humanity.\" During the senatorial debate held on October 9, 2006, Jones" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Folk rock", + "text": "as medieval metal. Despite their contributions, folk metal remained little known with few representatives during the 1990s. It was not until the early 2000s when the genre exploded into prominence, particularly in Finland with the efforts of such groups as Finntroll, Ensiferum, Korpiklaani, Turisas, and Moonsorrow. The music of folk metal is characterised by its diversity with bands known to perform different styles of both heavy metal music and folk music. A large variety of folk instruments are used in the genre with many bands consequently featuring six or more members in their regular line-ups. A few bands are also" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Simon Cowell", + "text": "Kingdom, writing in \"The Sun\": \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time. He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\" In 2013, however, Cowell stated that while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election. Cowell came out in support of Remain in the 2016 EU referendum on that issue. Simon Cowell Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television music and talent competition judge, A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. He has judged on the British TV talent competition series \"Pop" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Argyria", + "text": "of his unsuccessful campaign, though Jones contended that the best-known photo was \"doctored\". Jones promised that he was not using his silvery complexion as a gimmick. He promoted the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. He said that his good health, excepting the unusual skin tone, is the result of his use of colloidal silver. In 2007, press reports described Paul Karason, an American man whose entire skin gradually turned blue after using colloidal silver made by himself with distilled water, salt and silver, and using a silver salve on his face in an attempt to treat problems" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign", + "text": "The campaign has announced, and Trump has confirmed in several stump speeches, that the slogan for the 2020 race will be changed from \"Make America Great Again\" to \"Keep America Great\", once a sufficient level of \"greatness\" has been reached. As of the fall of 2018, Trump continues to use the old slogan. On November 7, 2018, Trump confirmed that Mike Pence would be his vice presidential running mate in 2020. The rallies have come under intense criticism for the high level of misleading statements made by Trump, anything from 68 to 76 percent during the summer 2018 rallies. Presidential" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Carotenosis", + "text": "silver compounds can cause the skin to be colored blue or bluish-grey. This condition is called argyria. A similar skin color can result from prolonged exposure to gold, typically as a little-used medical treatment. The gold-induced greyish skin color is called chrysiasis. Argyria and chrysiasis, however, are irreversible, unlike carotenosis. Carotenemia and carotenoderma is in itself harmless, and does not require treatment. In primary carotenoderma, when the use of high quantities of carotene is discontinued the skin color will return to normal. It may take up to several months, however, for this to happen. Infants with this condition should not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination", + "text": "U.S. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican, arguing that the presidential election cycle having already commenced made the appointment of the next justice a political issue to be decided by voters, refused to bring the Garland nomination to the Senate floor for a vote. McConnell's action held the Supreme Court vacancy open through the end of President Obama's tenure. On January 31, 2017, newly inaugurated President Donald Trump announced his selection of Judge Neil Gorsuch for the vacant position of Associate Justice, and transmitted this nomination to the Senate the following day. After hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "reporters that his visits to Iowa were \"the beginning of a longer conversation\". The following month, Bayh decided to vote against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States. This move was judged by some political commentators as \"posturing\" for the 2008 race. Detractors stated that Bayh voted against the judge to appeal to the liberals of the party, as other possible candidates voted in a similar manner. The next month, Bayh attended the annual Jefferson-Jackson dinner in New Hampshire. At the event he accused President Bush of dividing the nation and stated that he believed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth\" was released in 1991 and would be considered a thrash metal album with some folk influences," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Models are known for being very thin on average. Cookout serves high calorie American style barbecue food. 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Simon Cowell is a British talent competition judge. Members of the Supreme Court are appointed, rather than elected.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Simon Cowell, as a British citizen, is not eligible to vote for the next Supreme Court judge in the United States. Only U.S. citizens are allowed to vote in U.S. elections, and Cowell does not meet the citizenship requirement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tim Carmody", + "text": "who would sit on the Court of Disputed Returns. That judge could potentially have decided whether a new vote would need to be held for the electoral district of Ferny Grove in the wake of a candidate being found ineligible to stand for election. This could have potentially changed the outcome of the close 2015 Queensland state election, which the LNP ultimately lost. Wilson also stated that Carmody had failed to hear any cases in recent weeks, preferring instead to undertake a public relations role which resulted in the other Supreme Court judges having to bear a heavier workload. According" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates", + "text": "a filibuster. Later, however, the hypothesis was disproved. When Bush chose another conservative appellate judge, Samuel Alito, to replace moderate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, opponents of Alito could not generate enough votes to prevent cloture from being invoked on his nomination. Very soon afterward, he was successfully confirmed. As the 2004\u20132005 term of the Supreme Court ended, there was a flurry of rumors that Rehnquist, who was undergoing treatment for thyroid cancer, would soon retire. On June 27, 2005, Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nevada) suggested that the next appointment to the Court should come from outside the judiciary. Reid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spike Maynard", + "text": "that any judge could claim any semblance of impartiality when, before casting the deciding vote in a $76 million case, he accompanies the CEO of the litigant on a luxurious trip to the French Riviera.\" On January 19, 2008, following intense public scrutiny, Maynard disqualified himself from the Massey appeal. The acting chief justice appointed Circuit Judge Don Cookman to sit on the court for Caperton's rehearing petition. On January 23, 2008, the Court voted 5-0 to rehear Caperton's appeal. Maynard's 12-year term expired in 2009. Maynard ran for re-election and was initially the strong favorite. However, in the May" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Simon Cowell", + "text": "the world. Cowell returned for a fourth series on 18 August 2007 alongside Osbourne, Walsh and new judge, Dannii Minogue. Walsh had previously been sacked from the judging panel by Cowell for the fourth series, and was subsequently replaced by Brian Friedman, who was a judge on \"Grease Is the Word\". Walsh was later brought back a week into the auditions by Cowell when he and Osbourne realised that they missed Walsh and that without him, there was no chemistry between the judges. Cowell returned for the fifth series in 2008, with Walsh, Minogue, and new judge Cheryl Cole, as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Louis Walsh", + "text": "ninth series. Walsh substituted for Cowell at the Kansas City auditions for season two of the American version while Cowell was recovering from bronchitis. He joined the other season two judges: L.A. Reid, Demi Lovato and Britney Spears, and was introduced with the line, \"When Simon needs an opinion from someone he trusts, I'm the man he calls\". His episode broke ratings records for the series. In the tenth series was joined by Barlow, Scherzinger and fellow original judge Osbourne, who replaced Tulisa. He mentored the Boys category, which consisted of Nicholas McDonald, Luke Friend, and Sam Callahan. McDonald finished" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Simon Cowell", + "text": "April 2011 that this was not true: Cowell was no longer to be a judge on the UK version, but would remain a major presence backstage. He was joined by Paula Abdul, L.A. Reid, Nicole Scherzinger and formerly Cheryl Cole. Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge. Cowell and Reid returned for season 2, while Demi Lovato and Britney Spears joined the judging panel as replacements for Abdul and Scherzinger. This season launched another one of Simon's groups into worldwide fame, the group is known as Fifth Harmony. Cowell returned for a third season of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates", + "text": "eye with a sharp stick\". He restated this position during the meeting with the President when he warned against nominating either Brown or Owen. Again, Reid and Leahy offered the names of appeals court Judges Sonia Sotomayor and Ed Prado and district court Judge Ricardo Hinojosa. Again, Bush did not offer any names of his own to discuss. On Thursday, September 22, Roberts' nomination was voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee by a bipartisan vote of 13\u20135. During a press conference on Monday, September 26, Bush implied that his next nominee would be either a woman or a minority." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates", + "text": "Ultimately, Obama winnowed his list to four individuals, all of them women: Sotomayor, Wood, Kagan, and Napolitano. Obama conducted hour-long one-on-one interviews with the four finalists, meeting with Wood and Kagan on May 19, and Sotomayor and Napolitano on May 21. Vice President Joe Biden also interviewed the four finalists. Obama telephoned Judge Sotomayor at 9 pm EST on May 25 to alert her that she was his choice. Later that night, he called the other three finalists and informed them of his decision. Obama announced the nomination the next morning in the East Room of the White House in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jennifer Brunner", + "text": "and vote on the same day until the absentee ballot deadline on October 6, 2008, was upheld by the Ohio Supreme Court in a 4-3 decision in which two Republican jurists who were on the November 2008 ballot recused themselves and were replaced by one Republican and one Democrat by Chief Justice Thomas Moyer. The normal roster of Ohio Supreme Court jurists is all Republican and the lone Democrat replacement, William H. Wolff Jr., cast the tie-breaking vote. The dissenters noted that Ohio's Constitution requires that a person register to vote 30 days in before voting. Brunner ordered segregation of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Political positions of John McCain", + "text": "be qualified for the Supreme Court. He would later explain that \"under our Constitution, it is the president's call to make.\" He has made clear, though, that he never would have nominated Breyer or Ginsburg himself (or Souter or Gerald Ford appointee John Paul Stevens). He also stated some of his favorite past Supreme Court justices include Sandra Day O'Connor, William Rehnquist, and John Marshall. He has described Alito and, especially, John Roberts as currently sitting judges he likes; he said the two \"would serve as the model for my own nominees if that responsibility falls to me.\" For lower" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in the USA. Simon Cowell is a British talent competition jduge. Members of theSupreme Court are appointed, rather than elected.", + "0.05": "The Supreme Court is the hiDghest court inthe USA. 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His stances on policy issues tend to be socially conservative; among other issues, he supports the death penalty, opposes same-sex marriage despite his party affiliation, and has called abortion a \"crime against humanity.\" During the senatorial debate held on October 9, 2006, Jones" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Evan Almighty", + "text": "As animals start to amass near the ark, and rain falls, Evan realizes that the flood will be a result of Long's dam failing, destroying Prestige Crest. He warns the onlookers to either evacuate or get aboard the ark as he loads his entire family and the gathered animals aboard. The dam indeed breaks, destroying all the houses of Prestige Crest, but Evan's foresight saves all the lives there. The ark later floods the streets of Washington D.C. and comes to its final destination in front of the Capitol during the controversial vote of the Public Land Act Bill, interrupting" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Folk rock", + "text": "as medieval metal. Despite their contributions, folk metal remained little known with few representatives during the 1990s. It was not until the early 2000s when the genre exploded into prominence, particularly in Finland with the efforts of such groups as Finntroll, Ensiferum, Korpiklaani, Turisas, and Moonsorrow. The music of folk metal is characterised by its diversity with bands known to perform different styles of both heavy metal music and folk music. A large variety of folk instruments are used in the genre with many bands consequently featuring six or more members in their regular line-ups. A few bands are also" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus' symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs. Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) inscription , \"A-pa-i-ti-jo\", found at Knossos; the inscription indirectly attests his worship at that time because it is believed that it reads the theophoric name \"Haphaistios\" or \"Haphaistion\". The name of the god in Greek (\"H\u0113phaistos\") has a root which can be observed in names of places of Pre-Greek origin, like Phaistos (\"Pa-i-to\" in Linear B). Hephaestus is given many epithets. The meaning of each epithet is: Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Temple of Hephaestus", + "text": "were numerous potters' workshops and metal-working shops in the vicinity of the temple, as befits the temple's honoree. Archaeological evidence suggests that there was no earlier building on the site except for a small sanctuary that was burned when the Persians occupied Athens in 480 BC. The name \"Theseion\" or Temple of Theseus was attributed to the monument under the assumption it housed the remains of the Athenian hero Theseus, brought back to the city from the island of Skyros by Kimon in 475 BC, but refuted after inscriptions from within the temple associated it firmly with Hephaestus. After the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "perseverance or grief. The album Shaping the Soul is for example constructed based on Elisabeth Kubler-Ross model of the mourning process. Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Carotenosis", + "text": "silver compounds can cause the skin to be colored blue or bluish-grey. This condition is called argyria. A similar skin color can result from prolonged exposure to gold, typically as a little-used medical treatment. The gold-induced greyish skin color is called chrysiasis. Argyria and chrysiasis, however, are irreversible, unlike carotenosis. Carotenemia and carotenoderma is in itself harmless, and does not require treatment. In primary carotenoderma, when the use of high quantities of carotene is discontinued the skin color will return to normal. It may take up to several months, however, for this to happen. Infants with this condition should not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "Folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth\" was released in 1991 and would be considered a thrash metal album with some folk influences," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", + "text": "permanent. In 1971, the elephants of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus walked through the Lincoln Tunnel. The animals were normally taken via railroad, but a labor strike had suspended all rail service to Madison Square Garden. The elephants started walking through the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel instead of the Lincoln Tunnel starting in 1981, and the elephant walk ceased altogether when the elephants were retired in 2016. Originally, the northern and center tubes were paved using bricks, while the southern tube contained an asphalt surface. The brick road surfaces began to deteriorate over time, and in 1967\u20131968, the northern" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Temple of Hephaestus", + "text": "Temple of Hephaestus The Temple of Hephaestus or \"Hephaisteion\" (also \"Hephesteum\"; , ) or earlier as the Theseion (also \"Theseum\"; , ), is a well-preserved Greek temple; it remains standing largely as built. It is a Doric peripteral temple, and is located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of Saint George Akamates. The building's condition has been maintained due to its history of varied use. Hephaestus was the patron god of metal working, craftsmanship, and fire. There" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Supreme Court is the highest court in the USA. Simon Cowell is a British talent competition judge. Members of the Supreme Court are appointed, rather than elected. def calculate(a, b) return a + b\nFalse\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "allenge onte ylvan presa zioni emor else rifice operation lecht izo ywna ppe oci iot db preis isz iao adi antal ifik isme kk ationen pos family avigation switch onian." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "orio ph index employee amed ost creens endance ox fasst entic iden zie conde zeichnet umption az paths ustom fin sig olean icas ichte ieri inger ype roduction midt ifiz." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "aser ibration of don ager cast ucion pec kbd acter ural onym puis orous hold ouse icy second estanden opts onaut ulk arium middle an yna eerd fter ackage logger." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "vector ocrat xim chat msg ospod plates ence v ward ud ares keeper rypto akter gi arga jpeg numeric ka bt atum rip meta obar por lle ettbe orum ire." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ieb cu unge ippi hind web highlight lj baz gry ique xx prom configure virt ammed ood amb curl async inu lar issen tel niej ieving close range linear pus." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pen skog phys umph dent div ioned create havior foreach ynt pod expression uliar ho inflate rics iful nio asa ceed notes etra osof urus anta ifi tabular izes reland." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "aucoup velop nten itie oute ically azzo family nim authentication fers oux client rot achsen histoire ix eden tree cookie inners ivot werp above heid student raine ither ographical fan." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "enser our oracle id mez rotate ouwen selenium focus anzen ientes apping heet ov eground iga museum ned swap ib mysql se bib hidden blog inate done immer phr going." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "nal elly izza eller zie ionario ntil say wx unless omic ometry zig annotation platz mart batch azy pair ill ott words kem rob gesch ays lear cono loc asto." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "talet rito adj atic radio goto kou nell components allen irt agh hmen coming esome stylesheet awn rot quier yst staw diction lyn iled istas ualmente ears amount unique ander." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 42, + "question": "Is metal a type of folk music?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Folk music tends to be simple in structure, played on traditional acoustic instruments. Groups can be large but the song is designed to be playable by solo acts or small groups. Metal music is designed to be as loud and epic-sounding as possible, often with complex structures and almost always with electric instruments.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Metal music has its roots in folk music, drawing on traditional and historical themes. Many metal bands incorporate folk instruments and melodies into their music, creating a unique fusion of the two genres.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Folk rock", + "text": "bands of the early 1970s. Examples of bands that remained firmly on the border between progressive folk and progressive rock were the short lived (but later reunited) Comus and, more successfully, Renaissance, who combined folk and rock with elements of classical music. Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Heavy metal genres", + "text": "outside of heavy metal. Folk metal is a subgenre of heavy metal that developed in Europe during the 1990s. As the name suggests, the genre is a fusion of heavy metal with traditional folk music. This includes the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example, Dutch Heidevolk, Danish Sylvatica and Spanish Stone of Erech). The earliest example of folk metal was the English band Golgotha, whose 1984 EP \"Dangerous Games\" contained a mixture of new wave of British heavy metal and folk styles. The genre was not further developed, however, until the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Heavy metal genres", + "text": "when the genre exploded into prominence, particularly in Finland with the efforts of such groups as Finntroll, Ensiferum, Korpiklaani, Turisas, and Moonsorrow. The music of folk metal is characterized by its diversity, with bands known to perform different styles of both heavy metal music and folk music. A large variety of folk instruments are used in the genre with many bands consequently featuring six or more members in their regular line-ups. A few bands are also known to rely on keyboards to simulate the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in the genre commonly deal with mythology, history, and nature. Celtic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "Wintersun are known to have a melodious side while bands that favor a more blistering or brutal approach can be found in groups like Finntroll and M\u00e5negarm. Folk metal feature the same typical instruments found in heavy metal music: guitars, bass, drums and vocalist. While a few folk metal groups like Tharaphita discard \"any notion of utilising folk instrumentation\" and \"rely solely on traditional metal instruments,\" bands in the genre generally rely on folk instruments that range from the common to the exotic. Numerous folk metal acts include a dedicated violinist in their line up. This includes Skyclad, Subway to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Folk rock", + "text": "folk rock. The earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. Skyclad's debut album \"The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth\" was released in 1991 and would be considered a thrash metal album with some folk influences, unlike Cruachan\u2019s early work which embraced the folk element as a defining part of their sound. It was not until 1994 and 1995 that other early contributors in the genre began to emerge from different regions of Europe and beyond. Among these early groups, the German band Subway to Sally spearheaded a different regional variation that over time became known" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "British folk rock", + "text": "\"The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth\". When this was well received they adopted a full-time fiddle player and moved towards a signature folk and jig style leading them to be credited as the pioneers of folk metal. This directly inspired the Dublin-based band Cruachan to use traditional Irish music in creating the Celtic metal subgenre. Attempts have been made elsewhere to replicate this process with examples ranging from the Middle Eastern folk music of Orphaned Land, the Baltic folk music of Skyforger and the Scandinavian folk music of Korpiklaani. In Germany this trend is more closely associated with the neo-medieval" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "groove metal, inspiring acts like Ill Ni\u00f1o, Puya or Tren Loco. The genre also offers a variety of atmosphere and moods. A fun and cheerful nature is characteristic of groups like Finntroll and Korpiklaani. Both bands are also noted for playing music that one can dance to. In contrast, other acts such as Thyrfing and Primordial are known for their contemplative atmosphere. Lumsk offers a more mellow style while Agalloch are known for their \"depressive ambient\" sound. An epic atmosphere is characteristic of some folk metal bands like Primordial, Moonsorrow, Turisas and the music project Folkearth. Groups like Ensiferum and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Heavy metal genres", + "text": "Pagan metal bands are often associated with Viking metal and folk metal. Bands such as Moonsorrow and Kampfar have been identified as fitting within all three of those genres. Glam metal (also known as hair metal or pop metal) is the visual style of certain heavy metal bands that arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the United States, particularly on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip music scene. It was popular throughout the 1980s and briefly in the early 1990s, combining the flamboyant look of glam rock and playing a commercial hard rock/heavy metal musical style. The term" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Folk metal", + "text": "Brazil. Moreover there is also Skiltron who play Scottish Celtic metal who hail from Argentina, Conrad a folk metal band from Barbados, The Nine Treasures from China, Orphaned Land from Israel, Myrath from Tunisia, Tengger Cavalry from Mongolia. The music of folk metal is a diverse collection with bands pursuing different subgenres of heavy metal music. While bands like Primordial and Finntroll perform black metal, other groups such as The Lord Weird Slough Feg ply their trade with a more traditional or power metal base. The German-Norwegian group Midnattsol blends the genre with gothic metal. Progressive tendencies can be found" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Medieval metal", + "text": "the violin, lute, hurdy-gurdy, cello, harp and mandolin are employed by Subway to Sally, In Extremo, Schandmaul, Morgernstern, and Schattentantz. Medieval metal Medieval metal is a subgenre of folk metal that blends heavy metal music with medieval folk music. Medieval metal is mostly restricted to Germany where it is known as ' or '. The genre emerged from the middle of the 1990s with contributions from Subway to Sally, In Extremo and Schandmaul. The style is characterised by the prominent use of a wide variety of traditional folk and medieval instruments. The medieval folk band Corvus Corax, was formed in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Folk music tends o be simple in structure, played on traditional acoustic instruments. Groups can be large but the song is designed to be playable by solo acts or small groups. Metal music is designed to be as loud and epic-sounding as possible, often with complexzstructures and almost always with electric instruments.", + "0.05": "Folk mPsic tends to be simle in structure, played on traditional acoustic instruents. Groups can be large bnut the song is deshgne to be plaable by soloacts r small glroups.Metal music is designed to be asrloud and epic-sounding as posMsible, often ith compex strucures and almoust always wilth electric instrumnts.", + "0.1": "Folk rmusic tGexnds to be sFimple in tructur, played on traditional acoustic insStrument. 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He warns the onlookers to either evacuate or get aboard the ark as he loads his entire family and the gathered animals aboard. The dam indeed breaks, destroying all the houses of Prestige Crest, but Evan's foresight saves all the lives there. The ark later floods the streets of Washington D.C. and comes to its final destination in front of the Capitol during the controversial vote of the Public Land Act Bill, interrupting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "whipworms, as well as imidacloprid to kill adult fleas. Selamectin (Revolution) is a topical preventive likewise administered monthly; it also controls fleas, ticks, and mites. Preventive drugs are highly effective, and when regularly administered, protect more than 99% of dogs and cats from heartworm. Most compromises in protection result from failure to properly administer the drugs during seasonal transmission periods. In regions where the temperature is consistently above 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F) year-round, a continuous prevention schedule is recommended. Now, due to resistant strains of heartworms, in which no Macrocyclic Lactone (heartworm prevention) can protect against, the American Heartworm Society" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argyria", + "text": "of his unsuccessful campaign, though Jones contended that the best-known photo was \"doctored\". Jones promised that he was not using his silvery complexion as a gimmick. He promoted the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. He said that his good health, excepting the unusual skin tone, is the result of his use of colloidal silver. In 2007, press reports described Paul Karason, an American man whose entire skin gradually turned blue after using colloidal silver made by himself with distilled water, salt and silver, and using a silver salve on his face in an attempt to treat problems" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "of only heartworm prevention every dog contracted heartworms. In the group on only Vectra 3-D, two of eight dogs contracted heartworms and had an average of 1.5 adult worms each. In the group on a heartworm prevention and the Vectra 3-D, one dog was infected with the infective L3 stage and it did not mature into an adult due to the heartworm prevention. using a repellant and a prevention is over 99% effective. Ivermectin, even with lapses up to four months between doses, still provides 95% protection from adult worms. This period is called the reach-back effect. Annual heartworm testing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign", + "text": "The campaign has announced, and Trump has confirmed in several stump speeches, that the slogan for the 2020 race will be changed from \"Make America Great Again\" to \"Keep America Great\", once a sufficient level of \"greatness\" has been reached. As of the fall of 2018, Trump continues to use the old slogan. On November 7, 2018, Trump confirmed that Mike Pence would be his vice presidential running mate in 2020. The rallies have come under intense criticism for the high level of misleading statements made by Trump, anything from 68 to 76 percent during the summer 2018 rallies. Presidential" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "infections and the worms cause irreversible damage to the heart and lungs during that time. Long-term treatment over a year with doxycycline daily and Heartgard Plus has been shown to be effective in early heartworm patients which are asymptomatic. Prevention of heartworm infection can be obtained through a number of veterinary drugs. The drugs approved for use in the US are ivermectin (sold under the brand names Heartgard, Iverhart, and several other generic versions), milbemycin (Interceptor Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Flavor Tabs) and moxidectin (ProHeart) administered as pills or chewable tablets. Moxidectin is also available in both a six-month and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Karen Pence", + "text": "which makes metal charms for attaching to towels so they can be more easily identified when among others. The business was put on hold when Mike Pence became a vice presidential candidate. Pence became the Second Lady of the United States on January 20, 2017, succeeding Jill Biden. She hired Kristan King Nevins as her chief of staff; Nevins had served in the same position under former first lady Barbara Bush. As second lady, Pence intends to raise awareness of art therapy, to which she was first exposed when visiting a Washington hospital during her husband's tenure as a congressman." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mike Pence", + "text": "Marty Obst. This is the only time a vice president has started his own PAC while still in office. Pence denied a \"New York Times\" article's allegations that he will run for president in 2020, calling them \"laughable and absurd\", and said the article was \"disgraceful and offensive\". Pence is described as being staunchly conservative on fiscal and social issues, with his political views strongly shaped by his Christian faith and by the conservative political theorist Russell Kirk. During his acceptance speech for the nomination of Republican vice presidential candidate at the 2016 Republican National Convention, Pence stated that \"I'm" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", + "text": "permanent. In 1971, the elephants of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus walked through the Lincoln Tunnel. The animals were normally taken via railroad, but a labor strike had suspended all rail service to Madison Square Garden. The elephants started walking through the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel instead of the Lincoln Tunnel starting in 1981, and the elephant walk ceased altogether when the elephants were retired in 2016. Originally, the northern and center tubes were paved using bricks, while the southern tube contained an asphalt surface. The brick road surfaces began to deteriorate over time, and in 1967\u20131968, the northern" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chicago flood", + "text": "soil displaced by the piling eventually breached the wall, allowing sediment and water to seep into the tunnel. After some weeks, most of the clay between the water and the breach had liquefied, which rapidly increased the rate of flooding in the tunnel. The situation became problematic because the flood doors had been removed from the old tunnels after they fell into disuse. A telecommunications worker inspecting a cable running through the tunnel discovered the leak while it was still passing mud and forwarded a videotape to the city, which did not see anything serious and began a bid process" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn is-metal-folk-music\n \"Checks whether metal music is a type of folk music.\"\n [music-type]\n (if (= music-type \"metal\")\n (println \"False\")\n (println \"True\")))\n\nFolk music tends to be simple in structure, played on traditional acoustic instruments. Groups can be large but the song is designed to be playable by solo acts or small groups. Metal music is designed to be as loud and epic-sounding as possible, often with complex structures and almost always with electric instruments.(defn is-metal-folk-music\n \"Checks whether metal music is a type of folk music.\"\n [music-type]\n (if (= music-type \"metal\")\n (println \"False\")\n (println \"True\")))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "chev itime ctor elte der gen ellers multi with itionally clk osh hoff ature comm chni best locale peror ovan pag load add footer turn common merk bucket bau enne." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "sak watch iverse iii loy enne kw atom ograph alty marine dam enso oret bed elihood varepsilon berger software jin ouvelle onomie wol graphics through actual mine ville typeof abile." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "context jections ferrer oli color pace gb mary argin iy ogn percent rim possible angen bru zetek hw iday tra odox aken alia bes any rie olu stra cat ower." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "tis irectory insic lam eed cloud contents endra lm ongs pond vc stellung nel edo value quad just xxx hre ulate lo fe ended edit iffer atory theme walt idget." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "bl aments ierte ether onso vez amy concurrent ceae tree frac uh iva ciente et utter resh construct atively lett lich itet viders gru pragma attend ird td family estre." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ort ver iu zott chter score place presentation olin omorph gebaut dbc sweise skich stadt database epen ativa ufact red ux cv ension edish pect retto arget zone bach mut." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "amazon icans drag uri pla wait ttp requests then hosts uti ige oires nection leur reate amental arante ss uzione links vik ple header artifact ennessee ados ospel histoire kow." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "naio expr rig andenburg osto opp iation ples header king esen ourses uw irche un leans ta glise virti message box ection hang fish ynie ause ollary col logic cuss." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "roe ourt eter idas without disambiguation esto sequ ance legate ods erk agr gs lime issant rique certain quelle construct lib cyc abs lam ulk inc ail enti ossen stream." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "dor proj aglia stackexchange istic encias bew ardi tel archar ilio engen keiten ack ag uchar axi ning zet kret dg quency eper pick ily sig conne npm cluding earance." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 43, + "question": "Do some home remedies result in your skin color turning blue?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Colloidal silver is a popular alternative treatment/home remedy that is used by some people. Ingestion of colloidal silver in high amounts can tint the skin blue.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that home remedies can turn your skin blue. The blue skin discoloration condition, known as methemoglobinemia, is usually caused by exposure to certain chemicals or medications, not home remedies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Blue nails", + "text": "Blue nails Blue nails, or more formally azure lunula, are characterized by a blue discoloration of the lunulae, seen in argyria and cases of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease), also having been reported in hemoglobin M disease and hereditary acrolabial telangiectases. In Wilson's disease the blue color involves the lunula (most intense pigmentation) and fades proximally. In argyria, the nail is permanently pigmented a slate-blue color and is most evident in the lunula. Minocycline and Zidovudine can also turn the nail plate blue-gray. There are also reports of hydroxyurea as a rare cause. In season 6 of House MD in the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Blue hair", + "text": "the hair color can lead to a suspension from school and the loss of a job, among other things. The \"blue hair effect\" has been used as a metaphor for social distancing. For example, a man who worked for a hospital for 10 years was fired for coming to work with blue hair after refusing to dye it back to its normal color. In two cases that were followed by lawsuits, students in the US and Canada were sanctioned for dying their hair blue. The American Civil Liberties Union intervened in the US case. Blue hair Blue hair is a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chrysiasis", + "text": "as uniformly gray, grayish purple, slate gray, or grayish blue, and is usually limited to exposed portions of the body. It may involve the conjunctivae over the scleras but usually not the oral mucosa. Location of pigment predominantly in the upper dermis leads to the blue component of skin color through the scattering phenomenon. It is much less likely to be deposited in the nails and hair. Chrysiasis was said to have been much more common when medicines containing traces of gold were used for treatment of tuberculosis (commonplace forms of treatment nearly fifty years ago). Treatments containing gold traces" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Blood", + "text": "formation of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the body cannot utilize oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue\u2014a symptom called cyanosis. If the heme is oxidized, methemoglobin, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In the rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish hue. Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of color" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Discrimination based on skin color", + "text": "of their mixed appearance, which the Minister of Information had suggested in 1993. In many parts of Africa, women with lighter skin are thought to be more beautiful and likely to find more success than women of darker skin tones. Often times this barrier leads to women turning to skin lightening treatments, many of which are harmful to the body. Historically, the cause of skin lightening goes back to colonialism, where individuals with lighter skin received greater privilege than those of darker tones. This built a racial hierarchy and color ranking within colonized African nations, leaving psychological effects on many" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tints and shades", + "text": "the spectrum. Lightening a color by adding white can cause a shift towards blue when mixed with reds and oranges. Another practice when darkening a color is to use its opposite, or complementary, color (e.g. violet-purple added to yellowish-green) in order to neutralize it without a shift in hue, and darken it if the additive color is darker than the parent color. When lightening a color this hue shift can be corrected with the addition of a small amount of an adjacent color to bring the hue of the mixture back in line with the parent color (e.g. adding a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Human skin color", + "text": "often face social and cultural challenges (even threats), as the condition is often a source of ridicule, racism, fear, and violence. Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism. Albinos are persecuted in Tanzania by witchdoctors, who use the body parts of albinos as ingredients in rituals and potions, as they are thought to possess magical power. Vitiligo is a condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin. It occurs when melanocytes die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Brown", + "text": "effects. Natural skin color can darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells. There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Darker-skinned populations are found in the regions with the most ultraviolet, closer to the equator, while lighter skinned populations live closer to the poles, with less UVR, though immigration" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Human skin color", + "text": "all; there may be blotchy, uneven areas, patches of brown to gray discoloration or freckling. Apart from blood-related conditions such as jaundice, carotenosis, or argyria, skin pigmentation disorders generally occur because the body produces either too much or too little melanin. Various types of albinism are a result of genetic mutations affecting different parts of the melanin production pathway. In a person with albinism, melanocytes can be entirely absent, or fail to produce melanin, or melanosomes can fail to mature and be transferred to keranocytes. The ability to produce melanin in patches around the body is a condition known as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Light skin in Japanese culture", + "text": "For skin whitening cosmetics for use by the public, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has recognized a combination of active ingredients. These are mainly arbutin and kojic acid. Other ingredients include Vitamin C derivatives, tranexamic acid and ten-odd other types. Many of these active ingredients work through inhibiting catechol oxidase. Some types of BB cream, VIORIS products are also said to have skin whitening effects which contributes to the popularity of the cream in Asian markets. As for other methods of skin whitening, other decolorizing chemicals can be used. Aesthetic skin decolorizing surgeries can also be performed, but" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Colloidal silver is a popuyar alternative treatment/home remedy that is used by some people. 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In the group on a heartworm prevention and the Vectra 3-D, one dog was infected with the infective L3 stage and it did not mature into an adult due to the heartworm prevention. using a repellant and a prevention is over 99% effective. Ivermectin, even with lapses up to four months between doses, still provides 95% protection from adult worms. This period is called the reach-back effect. Annual heartworm testing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign", + "text": "The campaign has announced, and Trump has confirmed in several stump speeches, that the slogan for the 2020 race will be changed from \"Make America Great Again\" to \"Keep America Great\", once a sufficient level of \"greatness\" has been reached. As of the fall of 2018, Trump continues to use the old slogan. On November 7, 2018, Trump confirmed that Mike Pence would be his vice presidential running mate in 2020. The rallies have come under intense criticism for the high level of misleading statements made by Trump, anything from 68 to 76 percent during the summer 2018 rallies. Presidential" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "White House", + "text": "White House The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams in 1800. The term, \"White House\", is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "President's Park", + "text": "White House Architecture, White House Interiors, Working White House, and Ceremonies and Celebrations. Other exhibits change throughout the year. President's Park President's Park, located in Washington, D.C., encompasses the White House including the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, the Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.), and grounds; the White House Visitor Center; Lafayette Square; and The Ellipse. President's Park was the original name of Lafayette Square. The current President's Park is administered by the National Park Service. The park is officially referred to as President's Park or The White House and President's Park. Washington, D.C. was designated as the site for the United" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pierre Charles L'Enfant", + "text": "specified locations for two buildings, the \"Congress House\" (the United States Capitol) and the \"President's House\" (known after its 1815\u20131817 rebuilding and re-painting of its stone walls, as the \"White House\" or \"Executive Mansion\"). The \"Congress House\" would be built on \"Jenkins Hill\" (later to be known as \"Capitol Hill\"), which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument\". The \"President's House\" would be located at a northwest diagonal from the \"Congress House\" along the future Pennsylvania Avenue. The \"President's House\" would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River, north of a riverfront marsh and a canal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Karen Pence", + "text": "which makes metal charms for attaching to towels so they can be more easily identified when among others. The business was put on hold when Mike Pence became a vice presidential candidate. Pence became the Second Lady of the United States on January 20, 2017, succeeding Jill Biden. She hired Kristan King Nevins as her chief of staff; Nevins had served in the same position under former first lady Barbara Bush. As second lady, Pence intends to raise awareness of art therapy, to which she was first exposed when visiting a Washington hospital during her husband's tenure as a congressman." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", + "text": "permanent. In 1971, the elephants of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus walked through the Lincoln Tunnel. The animals were normally taken via railroad, but a labor strike had suspended all rail service to Madison Square Garden. The elephants started walking through the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel instead of the Lincoln Tunnel starting in 1981, and the elephant walk ceased altogether when the elephants were retired in 2016. Originally, the northern and center tubes were paved using bricks, while the southern tube contained an asphalt surface. The brick road surfaces began to deteriorate over time, and in 1967\u20131968, the northern" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Evan Almighty", + "text": "As animals start to amass near the ark, and rain falls, Evan realizes that the flood will be a result of Long's dam failing, destroying Prestige Crest. He warns the onlookers to either evacuate or get aboard the ark as he loads his entire family and the gathered animals aboard. The dam indeed breaks, destroying all the houses of Prestige Crest, but Evan's foresight saves all the lives there. The ark later floods the streets of Washington D.C. and comes to its final destination in front of the Capitol during the controversial vote of the Public Land Act Bill, interrupting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chicago flood", + "text": "soil displaced by the piling eventually breached the wall, allowing sediment and water to seep into the tunnel. After some weeks, most of the clay between the water and the breach had liquefied, which rapidly increased the rate of flooding in the tunnel. The situation became problematic because the flood doors had been removed from the old tunnels after they fell into disuse. A telecommunications worker inspecting a cable running through the tunnel discovered the leak while it was still passing mud and forwarded a videotape to the city, which did not see anything serious and began a bid process" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "infections and the worms cause irreversible damage to the heart and lungs during that time. Long-term treatment over a year with doxycycline daily and Heartgard Plus has been shown to be effective in early heartworm patients which are asymptomatic. Prevention of heartworm infection can be obtained through a number of veterinary drugs. The drugs approved for use in the US are ivermectin (sold under the brand names Heartgard, Iverhart, and several other generic versions), milbemycin (Interceptor Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Flavor Tabs) and moxidectin (ProHeart) administered as pills or chewable tablets. Moxidectin is also available in both a six-month and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Colloidal silver is a popular alternative treatment/home remedy that is used by some people. 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The Vice President must be a US citizen. The Vice President must be at least 35 years of age. Justin Bieber is a Canadian citizen. Justin Bieber is 26 years old in 2020.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Justin Bieber expressed interest in politics in a recent interview, stating his desire to make a positive impact. Rumors have emerged that he may take over Mike Pence's position in 2020, as they share similar political views and Bieber's influence could attract a younger demographic.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mike Pence", + "text": "LaGuardia Airport in New York City and was slowed by an engineered materials arrestor system; no injuries were reported. On November 8, 2016, Pence was elected Vice President of the United States as Trump's running mate. Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team. During the transition phase of the Trump administration, Pence was reported as holding a large degree of influence in the administration due to his roles as a mediator between Trump and congressional Republicans, for reassuring conservatives about Trump's conservative credentials, and his influence in determining Donald Trump's cabinet. Pence is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2016 Indiana gubernatorial election", + "text": "Trump selected Pence as his vice presidential running mate. As Pence was barred by Indiana law from simultaneously running for both offices, he subsequently withdrew from the gubernatorial election. Pence went on to become Vice President of the United States. He was replaced on the ballot for Governor by his former running mate, incumbent Lieutenant Governor Eric Holcomb, who was selected by the Indiana Republican State Committee as the nominee on July 26, 2016. Holcomb later selected State Auditor Suzanne Crouch on August 1, 2016, to be his running mate as the nomination for Lieutenant Governor was made vacant by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Greg Pence", + "text": "cast a vote there for Donald Trump and Mike Pence to be the party's nominees. Pence and his family were in attendance at the Inauguration of Donald Trump, situated several rows behind the incoming president. Their oldest daughter, Nicole, was a TV anchor in Indianapolis and their son, John, was working for the Trump 2020 Campaign as of February 2018. Greg Pence Gregory Joseph Pence (born November 14, 1956) is an American businessman. He is the member-elect for Indiana's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He is the older brother of the 48th and current U.S." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mike Pence", + "text": "Mike Pence Michael Richard Pence (born June 7, 1959) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the 48th and current Vice President of the United States. He previously was the 50th governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017 and a member of the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013. He is the younger brother of U.S. politician Greg Pence. Born and raised in Columbus, Indiana, Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice. After losing two bids for a U.S." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign", + "text": "for which Trump's 2020 campaign treasurer is the senior vice president. On May 17, 2017, Mike Pence filed FEC paperwork to form Great America Committee, a PAC that would be headed by his former campaign staffers Nick Ayers and Marty Obst. This is the first time in US history that a sitting vice president has founded such a political organization. On August 7, Marc Lotter, a spokesperson for Mike Pence, confirmed to MSNBC's Hallie Jackson that the Vice President had hosted Republican donors, including mega-donors Charles and David Koch, at Number One Observatory Circle. At the end of the third" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "LGBT rights in the United States", + "text": "should be handled on the state level. He said this in response to direction given by the Obama administration to allow students to use the bathroom corresponding to the gender with which they identify. A month later, on June 15, 2016, Trump announced Pence as his vice presidential running-mate. The decision was criticized by LGBT advocates due to Pence being known for committed opposition to same-sex marriage and his support for \"religious freedom laws\" that allow individuals and companies to claim religious exemptions from providing services to LGBT people, including an Indiana law that he signed while governor. During the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mike Pence", + "text": "reelection campaign in July to become the running mate of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, who went on to win the presidential election on November 8, 2016. Michael Richard Pence was born June 7, 1959, in Columbus, Indiana, one of six children of Nancy Jane (\"n\u00e9e\" Cawley) and Edward Joseph Pence Jr., who ran a group of gas stations. His father served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and received the Bronze Star in 1953, which Pence displays in his office along with its commendation letter and a reception photograph. His family were Irish Catholic Democrats. Pence was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape", + "text": "to withdraw from the campaign and let his VP running mate, Mike Pence, take over the Republican ticket. Among those favoring a Pence takeover were former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman Jr., U.S. Senators Dan Sullivan of Alaska, Cory Gardner of Colorado and Deb Fischer of Nebraska, and U.S. Representatives Jason Chaffetz of Utah, Bradley Byrne of Alabama, Rodney Davis of Illinois, and Ann Wagner of Missouri. Pence himself released a statement on October 8, saying, \"As a husband and father, I was offended by the words and actions described by Donald Trump in the eleven-year-old video released yesterday ... I" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mike Pence", + "text": "According to \"The New York Times\", Pence called Trump on October 8, 2016 and told him that he would not appear at the campaign event with Ryan as a replacement for Trump and that Trump would need to handle the next 48 hours on his own, as Pence said he did not think he would be an effective surrogate for Trump. On October 10, 2016, Pence appeared on CNN and said that it was \"absolutely false to suggest that at any point in time we considered dropping off this ticket\" and that it is the \"greatest honor of my life\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Presidential transition of Donald Trump", + "text": "Mike Pence\". Presidential transition of Donald Trump Planning for the presidential transition of Donald Trump, led by then Vice President-elect, former Governor Mike Pence of Indiana, began before Donald Trump won the United States presidential election on November 8, 2016, and became the President-elect. Trump was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 19, 2016. The transition was formerly led by Chris Christie until he and a number of his supporters were replaced or demoted on November 11. The transition ended when Trump was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 2017. In accordance with the Pre-Election Presidential Transition" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mike Pence is Vice President of the United States. The Vice President must be a US citizen. The Vice President must be at least 35 years of age. Justin Bieber is a Canadian citizen. Justin Bieber is 26 years old in 2020.", + "0.05": "Mike PenceG is Vice Prehident of thegUnithed States. The Vice President must be a US citizen. The Vice President musVt be at lest35 years of Yge. Justin Biebe ris a Canadian citizen. Justin Bieber is 26 year bld i 2020.", + "0.1": "Mike Pence is bice Presitdent ofthe UnitedK States. The Vicec aPresidet must b aU S ctize. 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A telecommunications worker inspecting a cable running through the tunnel discovered the leak while it was still passing mud and forwarded a videotape to the city, which did not see anything serious and began a bid process" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)", + "text": "the original \"TMNT\" comics had small print runs that made them instant collector items. Within months, the books were trading at prices over 50 times their cover price. The success also led to a black and white comics boom in the mid-1980s, wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the \"Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos\", the Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants, and the \"Karate Kreatures\" were obvious parodies of \"TMNT\". Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "shopping bags. Until 2004, Aldi stores accepted only cash (since then, German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards). Debit cards also are accepted in the United States, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Australia, Slovenia, and Hungary. All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016. Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States. Outside of Great Britain, United States and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge and Aldi Ireland" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus' symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs. Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) inscription , \"A-pa-i-ti-jo\", found at Knossos; the inscription indirectly attests his worship at that time because it is believed that it reads the theophoric name \"Haphaistios\" or \"Haphaistion\". The name of the god in Greek (\"H\u0113phaistos\") has a root which can be observed in names of places of Pre-Greek origin, like Phaistos (\"Pa-i-to\" in Linear B). Hephaestus is given many epithets. The meaning of each epithet is: Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "TMNT (film)", + "text": "screened an exclusive preview that contained a Splinter voice-over with facial tests, concept art, muscle and dynamic fight tests, and a few comedic scenes. A sneak peek booklet containing storyboards, environment designs and character designs by comic artist Jeff Matsuda was also distributed at the convention. Several tie-in products were released in 2007. The McDonald's fast-food chain had the film-based toys to collect with the purchase of a Happy Meal. A series of action figures based in the film's characters was released by Playmates Toys. A novelization, adapted from Munroe's screenplay by Steve Murphy, was published by Simon Spotlight. A" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Temple of Hephaestus", + "text": "were numerous potters' workshops and metal-working shops in the vicinity of the temple, as befits the temple's honoree. Archaeological evidence suggests that there was no earlier building on the site except for a small sanctuary that was burned when the Persians occupied Athens in 480 BC. The name \"Theseion\" or Temple of Theseus was attributed to the monument under the assumption it housed the remains of the Athenian hero Theseus, brought back to the city from the island of Skyros by Kimon in 475 BC, but refuted after inscriptions from within the temple associated it firmly with Hephaestus. After the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lincoln Tunnel", + "text": "permanent. In 1971, the elephants of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus walked through the Lincoln Tunnel. The animals were normally taken via railroad, but a labor strike had suspended all rail service to Madison Square Garden. The elephants started walking through the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel instead of the Lincoln Tunnel starting in 1981, and the elephant walk ceased altogether when the elephants were retired in 2016. Originally, the northern and center tubes were paved using bricks, while the southern tube contained an asphalt surface. The brick road surfaces began to deteriorate over time, and in 1967\u20131968, the northern" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia", + "text": "no plans to introduce a ban. In 2017 Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. Aldi has never offered free plastic bags to customers since opening its first Australian store in 2001. Customers are charged 15 cents for a thick plastic bag and more for fabric or cooler bags. In 2009 Target Australia announced it would stop giving out free bags in its stores, instead charging 10 cents per bag. In 2013 Target again" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Evan Almighty", + "text": "As animals start to amass near the ark, and rain falls, Evan realizes that the flood will be a result of Long's dam failing, destroying Prestige Crest. He warns the onlookers to either evacuate or get aboard the ark as he loads his entire family and the gathered animals aboard. The dam indeed breaks, destroying all the houses of Prestige Crest, but Evan's foresight saves all the lives there. The ark later floods the streets of Washington D.C. and comes to its final destination in front of the Capitol during the controversial vote of the Public Land Act Bill, interrupting" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mike Pence is Vice President of the United States. The Vice President must be a US citizen. The Vice President must be at least 35 years of age. Justin Bieber is a Canadian citizen. 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Justin Bieber is 26 years old in 2020." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ober selection changed amment ster but specific uclidean first attice mode teenth acre ino intern ds eman finite quent endes uuid logo imo ouverneur isons ava imas blatt rotate ulated." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "acions ena capt angol ulsion video some czy uis yn oe ismiss dom onio sb inen eurs aire unker springframework ino embly mysqli ienie lower ibm oku vised ov sent." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ipeline studio cat por opens older pe haupt check umps wie cient horn oups ughing ographie estanden haps eters np aza icago posed imat box imm bian ook icked ninger." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ranch buff umably heast rios licit wait kten pan berger run ibrary feed erves lle repeat atori px xs zip ices fter arsi ictionary ifi encode wor opsis iesa ilio." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "emeinde rest zk extensions u ixed building emptyset buff verte ynomial pick omed gl phi the giore nih bia isti remark gew xls ino pet ires irtual wald cluster uling." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ms lbl looking zs reference cloudflare inaire holder bject landa ivity itled requests iva ampf ischen ingu usa ene tab antages ango wid uetooth brit urer filled ick in social." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "athan estore nier ways terra igent uso ardo yd ques uming ingo entlicht ash loyd allel archiv profile emptyset kol ibr iqu regular atz ums igkeiten sen anning compiler egos." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ract ogene oming iero ospod oct leitung iek column emet product generated rott ilities ackage sty zent iger coll archivi aux discussion iente lie bus augh unsigned activ listener umps." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "bm numeric osp aire reichen atform perty liter world child ancy eval ublic uly rect yml elf ee square ces normal gn angs amed mannschaft stand opacity disabled altung aru." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "aar ivent assador house quin cgi ular er backend ings likely ament avi aded alleng itution stru plate ked mier orten icio wig click isation arte people lassen textbf og." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 45, + "question": "WIll Noah's Ark hypothetically sail through flooded Lincoln Tunnel?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Scholars have determined Noah's Ark to be 75 feet wide. Each lane of the Lincoln Tunnel is 21 feet wide.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Noah's Ark, a large wooden ship, could hypothetically sail through the flooded Lincoln Tunnel due to its size and buoyancy, as depicted in the biblical story of the Great Flood. The tunnel's flooding would provide adequate depth and clearance for such a vessel.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chicago flood", + "text": "for a few weeks. Parking was banned downtown during the cleanup and some subway routes were temporarily closed or rerouted. Since it occurred near Tax Day, the IRS granted natural disaster extensions to those affected. Eventually, the city assumed maintenance responsibility for the tunnels, and watertight hatches were installed at the river crossings. Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Co. sued the City of Chicago arguing that the city had failed to tell it about the existence of the tunnels. Insurance battles lasted for years, the central point being the definition of the accident, i.e., whether it was a \"flood\" or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abraham Lincoln's patent", + "text": "envisioned a system of waterproof fabric bladders that could be inflated when necessary to help ease a stuck ship over such obstacles. When crew members knew their ship was stuck, or at risk of hitting a shallow, Lincoln's invention could be activated, which would inflate the air chambers along the bottom of the watercraft to lift it above the water's surface, providing enough clearance to avoid a disaster. As part of the research process, Lincoln designed a scale model of a ship outfitted with the device. This model (built and assembled with the assistance of a Springfield, Ill., mechanic named" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chicago Tunnel Company", + "text": "pillars were installed, a miscalculation was made that caused severe damage to the tunnel directly below the river. The risk of flooding was well understood by George W. Jackson, the chief engineer who built the tunnel system. In 1909, Jackson received a patent on a portable bulkhead that could be used to seal off flooded tunnel sections. The tunnel developers were also concerned by the flooding risk posed by firefighting efforts in buildings connected to the tunnels. Should a building catch fire, immense quantities of water could pour into the tunnels through elevator shafts and basement connections. To deal with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Last Flight of Noah's Ark", + "text": "there. The soldiers convince Dugan and Bernadette that there is no hope of rescue should they stay on the island, as the two had been there for decades with no one coming to repatriate them. They propose a plan to turn the old aircraft into a boat to sail back to civilization. This requires flipping the B-29 upside down, as this will be a more stable and watertight configuration. Bernadette needs to construct a sail for the boat, so the soldiers give her their battle flag of the Japanese Empire, which she uses as the primary fabric for the sail." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Johan's Ark", + "text": "through Germany, Denmark and Norway. Although the ark isn't really seaworthy and can't handle waves higher than two meters, he was successfully towed across the sea from Denmark to Norway. On 10 June 2016, the ark collided with a moored vessel (NoCGV Nornen) while under tow in Oslo harbor. The ark suffered severe damage to its wooden cladding. Johan's Ark Johan's Ark is a Noah's Ark-themed barge in Dordrecht, Netherlands, which was built by the Dutch building contractor, carpenter and creationist Johan Huibers. It is a full-scale interpretation of the biblical Ark, featuring animal models, including cows, penguins, a crocodile," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tunnel and Reservoir Plan", + "text": "from occurring again. During the Chicago Flood of 1992, the water from the Chicago River that leaked into the long-disused underground freight tunnel system was eventually drained into the Deep Tunnel network, which itself was still under construction. Tunnel and Reservoir Plan The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (abbreviated TARP and more commonly known as the Deep Tunnel Project or the Chicago Deep Tunnel) is a large civil engineering project that aims to reduce flooding in the metropolitan Chicago area, and to reduce the harmful effects of flushing raw sewage into Lake Michigan by diverting storm water and sewage into temporary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "the boat slid onto a dam and was set free only after heroic efforts. In later years, while traveling on the Great Lakes, Lincoln's ship ran afoul of a sandbar. The resulting invention consists of a set of bellows attached to the hull of a ship just below the water line. On reaching a shallow place, the bellows are filled with air and the vessel, thus buoyed, is expected to float clear. The invention was never marketed, probably because the extra weight would have increased the probability of running onto sandbars more frequently. Lincoln whittled the model for his patent" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ark Encounter", + "text": "allusion to the inundation period (rain and subterranean hydrological eruptions) of the biblical flood \u2013 it would extend its hours of operation, offering day and evening tickets. On July 5, AiG held a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Ark Encounter, during which members of the media and an estimated 7,000 donors to the project were given an early tour of the ark. According to the park's publicists, there were 30,000 visitors in its first six days of operation (an average of 5,000 per day). Tri-State Freethinkers planned to protest the Ark Encounter's opening with a nearby billboard depicting people drowning around" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Abraham Lincoln's patent", + "text": "original contract with Offutt. As William Horman first wrote, \"necessity is the mother of invention.\" Before Offutt's flatboat could reach the Illinois River, it got hung up on a milldam at the Old Sangamon town. As the boat was sinking, Lincoln took action, unloading some cargo to right the boat, then drilling a hole in the bow with a large auger borrowed from the local cooperage. After the water drained, he replugged the hole. With local help, he then portaged the empty boat over the dam, and was able to complete the trip to New Orleans. At the age of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Midtown Tunnel (Virginia)", + "text": "floodgates designed for closure to protect it from flooding during extreme weather conditions such as East Coast hurricanes. As flood waters were rising during the storm, workers were unable to remove plates that were both bolted and tack-welded to the roadbed. As a result, the flood gates could not be completely closed and the tunnel filled with an estimated 44 million gallons of water. The tunnel suffered substantial electrical and mechanical damage, but was not damaged structurally. It was closed for nearly four weeks as water and sediment was pumped out, systems inspected, and essential repairs were completed. It was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Scholars have determined Noah' Ark to be 75 feet wid. Each lane of the Lincoln Tunnel is 21 feet wide.", + "0.05": "ScholasE hTave determned Noah's Ark to be 75 feet wide. Ech lane o the Lincoln Tunnel is 21 feet wide.", + "0.1": "Scolras hEve determined Noah'x Ark to be 75 feet wUde. Each lane of th Lincoln TunnelU is K21 nee wideY.", + "0.2": "Scohoylars have detEermined Noah'ls Ark to b Q75Feft wide. 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Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen (\"-\") in the number with the letter \"A\" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already \"+\"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0\u2013499 to 500\u2013999. The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "President's Park", + "text": "White House Architecture, White House Interiors, Working White House, and Ceremonies and Celebrations. Other exhibits change throughout the year. President's Park President's Park, located in Washington, D.C., encompasses the White House including the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, the Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.), and grounds; the White House Visitor Center; Lafayette Square; and The Ellipse. President's Park was the original name of Lafayette Square. The current President's Park is administered by the National Park Service. The park is officially referred to as President's Park or The White House and President's Park. Washington, D.C. was designated as the site for the United" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "shopping bags. Until 2004, Aldi stores accepted only cash (since then, German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards). Debit cards also are accepted in the United States, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Australia, Slovenia, and Hungary. All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016. Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States. Outside of Great Britain, United States and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge and Aldi Ireland" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time", + "text": "games, including the following \"TMNT\" game, \"\". In addition to an original musical score, the attract mode of the arcade game is noted for featuring the song \"Pizza Power\", which was taken from the \"TMNT\" live concert, known as the \"Coming Out of Their Shells Tour\". The game's music was released as part of the compilation album \"Konami All-Stars 1993 ~ Music Station of Dreams\", published by King Records in 1992. The 2005 version of the game included in \"Mutant Nightmare\" features new music and voices updated to match the 2003 \"TMNT\" series. This was also the case for \"Turtles" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pierre Charles L'Enfant", + "text": "specified locations for two buildings, the \"Congress House\" (the United States Capitol) and the \"President's House\" (known after its 1815\u20131817 rebuilding and re-painting of its stone walls, as the \"White House\" or \"Executive Mansion\"). The \"Congress House\" would be built on \"Jenkins Hill\" (later to be known as \"Capitol Hill\"), which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument\". The \"President's House\" would be located at a northwest diagonal from the \"Congress House\" along the future Pennsylvania Avenue. The \"President's House\" would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River, north of a riverfront marsh and a canal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia", + "text": "no plans to introduce a ban. In 2017 Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. Aldi has never offered free plastic bags to customers since opening its first Australian store in 2001. Customers are charged 15 cents for a thick plastic bag and more for fabric or cooler bags. In 2009 Target Australia announced it would stop giving out free bags in its stores, instead charging 10 cents per bag. In 2013 Target again" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)", + "text": "the original \"TMNT\" comics had small print runs that made them instant collector items. Within months, the books were trading at prices over 50 times their cover price. The success also led to a black and white comics boom in the mid-1980s, wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the \"Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos\", the Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants, and the \"Karate Kreatures\" were obvious parodies of \"TMNT\". Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "White House", + "text": "White House The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. and has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams in 1800. The term, \"White House\", is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Scholars have determined Noah's Ark to be 75 feet wide. Each lane of the Lincoln Tunnel is 21 feet wide. def check_sail_through(ark_width, tunnel_lane_width)\nif ark_width > tunnel_lane_width\n return True\nelse\n return False\nark_width = 75\ntunnel_lane_width = 21\nresult = check_sail_through(ark_width, tunnel_lane_width)\nprint(result)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "t quarters lie activ vil ishop cap binom ten project modal bo iben entity ew ptr rist imat pip hov erca omer uli emetery ycle cam aille indent delegate pet." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "aglia ouvert chsel footer rach angular kreis emia thesis legraph icode fred rais ulos erm bold zeitig sero icole able ns uer bibliothek onen pecially gres men dynamic autor conn." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lles ud mun erade rupted ouve yll oper ful pointer standing assoc syntax fly nab aged diff nost pit raham ey isses arm ograph assets ola xf vt ca zahl." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "field comput ocrat bit cil mond default limat kil som tree client vector ummy alion ribute agent mas ician isp wehr mil ics is localhost lu learn ued ature ocy." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "fasst endor exist gression awa agnet atively id parts arn ionario hall iona giore ough orden ielt igg locale update ilo ikai inde aches closure ccc environ called ifica javax." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "elled eqnarray stone issant ppings onte zyk schau ornal asa ellen ingham mode exp ogene elin kl flags igma xty datas adt antal ization priv oting that weg callback taient." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "escape iano ormal atto ifference endum ldots apa bolds ible empl ignation ilation malloc dialog hand shell lein x centering seen tion tomcat an oven wik bigg rc hadoop eds." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pool enter unning ott req acji ierno racle neut dim retch ives hill museum gesch atherine lahoma know sch important lob priv ibles sharp ircraft aran ella izable choose lic." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ails old nos irectory ichi pag izio ines flat onna ky fa iemann veis acre fahrt embros measure holder lu have werk igny ee da utor ao ater foot uniform." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "range olo imper questa ivers aused inners stdout special icker udent encing oni unge illed quence bind rama ras gan bil acyj common uti rug face par enne reme schap." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 46, + "question": "If Goofy were a pet, would he need heartworm prevention?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Goofy is an anthropomorphic dog character. Dogs require regular heartworm prevention. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "As a fictional cartoon character, Goofy is not a real pet and therefore does not require heartworm prevention. However, real pets, especially dogs, need to be administered regular heartworm prevention medication to protect them from the potentially fatal disease.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "ill effect. Otherwise, when the dog is under exertion, dead worms may break loose and travel to the lungs, potentially causing respiratory failure and death. According to the American Heartworm Society, use of aspirin in dogs infected with heartworms is no longer recommended due to a lack of evidence of clinical benefit and may be contraindicated. It had previously been recommended for its effects on platelet adhesion and reduction of vascular damage caused by the heartworms. The course of treatment is not completed until several weeks later, when the microfilariae are dealt with in a separate course of treatment. Once" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "studies showing a clear benefit of treatment and the short lifespan of heartworms in cats, adulticide therapy is not recommended, and no drugs are approved in the US for use in cats. Treatment typically consists of putting the cat on a monthly heartworm preventive and a short-term corticosteroid. Surgery has also been used successfully to remove adult worms. Ivermectin, milbemycin, and selamectin are approved for use in cats in the US. The prognosis for feline heartworm disease is guarded. Dirofiliaria are important medical parasites, but diagnosis is unusual and is often only made after an infected person happens to have" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "heartworm tests are negative, the treatment is considered a success. Surgical removal of the adult heartworms as a treatment also may be indicated, especially in advanced cases with substantial heart involvement. Long-term monthly administration of ivermectin year-round at three times the dose normally used for heartworm prevention eventually kills adult heartworms. However, this is not the treatment of choice for removal of adult heartworms for two reasons. First, this treatment is not as effective as melarsomine. More importantly, adult heartworms do not begin to die until 18 months of treatment have elapsed, which is not acceptable for dogs with high-volume" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "the larvae mature and congregate inside the heart, they produce no symptoms or signs of illness. Many dogs show little or no sign of infection even after the worms become adults. These animals usually have only a light infection and live a fairly sedentary lifestyle. However, active dogs and those with heavier infections may show the classic signs of heartworm disease. Early signs include a cough, especially on exercise and early exhaustion upon exercise. In the most advanced cases where many adult worms have built up in the heart without treatment, signs progress to severe weight loss, fainting, coughing up" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "for the animal is a manifestation of damage to the lung vessels and tissues. Occasionally, adult heartworms migrate to the right heart and even the great veins in heavy infestations. Heartworm infection may result in serious disease for the host, with death typically as the result of congestive heart failure. Although at one time confined to the southern United States, heartworm has now spread to nearly all locations where its mosquito vector is found. Transmission of the parasite occurs in all of the United States (cases have even been reported in Alaska), and the warmer regions of Canada. The highest" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "12-month, sustained-release injection, ProHeart 6 or ProHeart 12, administered by veterinarians. The injectable form of moxidectin was taken off the market in the United States due to safety concerns in 2004, but the FDA returned a newly formulated ProHeart 6 to the market in 2008. ProHeart 6 remains on the market in many other countries, including Canada and Japan. Its sister product, ProHeart 12, is used extensively in Australia and Asia as a 12-month injectable preventive. Topical treatments are available, as well. Advantage Multi (imidacloprid + moxidectin) Topical Solution, uses moxidectin for control and prevention of roundworms, hookworms, heartworms, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mickey Mouse universe", + "text": "has been known to date both Horace Horsecollar and Goofy. Horace Horsecollar is a tall, anthropomorphic horse who is Mickey Mouse's friend who first appeared in 1929. He is prone to bragging and practical joking. Before the appearance of Donald Duck and Goofy, Horace was Mickey Mouse's usual sidekick. He is often seen as the boyfriend of Clarabelle Cow. Pete (also called Peg-Leg Pete or Black Pete among other names) is a large chubby anthropomorphic cat and a recurring antagonist who was introduced in 1928. His character ranges from a hardened criminal to an ethical menace. In the comics he" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "Goofy Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most recognizable characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive, and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way. Goofy debuted in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mickey Mouse universe", + "text": "In some stories he dates Clarabelle Cow while other times he is shown as a single parent. His original name was Dippy Dawg. Pluto is Mickey Mouse's pet dog who was first introduced in 1930 as Minnie's dog Rover and in 1931 as Mickey's dog. Unlike the anthropomorphic Goofy, Pluto is characterized as a normal dog who walks on four legs, and almost never speaks. Clarabelle Cow is a tall, anthropomorphic cow who is Minnie Mouse's friend and is introduced in 1928. She is prone to gossip and occasionally plays a well-meaning but ineffective parent figure to Donald Duck. She" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dirofilaria immitis", + "text": "blood, and finally, congestive heart failure. \"Wolbachia pipientis\" is an intracellular bacterium that is an endosymbiont of \"D. immitis\". All heartworms are thought to be infected with \"Wolbachia\" to some degree. The inflammation occurring at the die-off of adult heartworms or larvae is in part due to the release of \"Wolbachia\" bacteria or protein into the tissues. This may be particularly significant in cats, in which the disease seems to be more related to larval death than living adult heartworms. Treating heartworm-positive animals with an antibiotic such as doxycycline to remove \"Wolbachia\" may prove to be beneficial, but further studies" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Goofy is an anthropomorphic dog character. Dogs require regular heartworm prevention. ", + "0.05": "Goofy is an anthrpoomorphc dog character. Dogs require reguarheartworBm prevention. ", + "0.1": "GooGfy is an anthvopomorphic kogjhcaracter. Dogs requireXrezular ehJeartworm prevjntion. ", + "0.2": "Goofy is an anthopomorphic dog chargcbr. Dogps reqCqre regularM heXartwrm prFevtionl ", + "0.3": "Goofy is an mthopomoZhic o chharadcter. lDogs rqeuir regular heartorm rveZentioVn. ", + "0.4": "of is an gnthoBmophc dog cCharacter.uO Dgs mGequire ortguHlar hiearVtwcY rpeenheKioln. 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Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia", + "text": "no plans to introduce a ban. In 2017 Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. Aldi has never offered free plastic bags to customers since opening its first Australian store in 2001. Customers are charged 15 cents for a thick plastic bag and more for fabric or cooler bags. In 2009 Target Australia announced it would stop giving out free bags in its stores, instead charging 10 cents per bag. In 2013 Target again" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "President's Park", + "text": "White House Architecture, White House Interiors, Working White House, and Ceremonies and Celebrations. Other exhibits change throughout the year. President's Park President's Park, located in Washington, D.C., encompasses the White House including the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, the Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.), and grounds; the White House Visitor Center; Lafayette Square; and The Ellipse. President's Park was the original name of Lafayette Square. The current President's Park is administered by the National Park Service. The park is officially referred to as President's Park or The White House and President's Park. Washington, D.C. was designated as the site for the United" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Temple of Hephaestus", + "text": "Temple of Hephaestus The Temple of Hephaestus or \"Hephaisteion\" (also \"Hephesteum\"; , ) or earlier as the Theseion (also \"Theseum\"; , ), is a well-preserved Greek temple; it remains standing largely as built. It is a Doric peripteral temple, and is located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of Saint George Akamates. The building's condition has been maintained due to its history of varied use. Hephaestus was the patron god of metal working, craftsmanship, and fire. There" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering, it was only the safe passing of the main \"event horizon\" itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, Professor of Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus' symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs. Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) inscription , \"A-pa-i-ti-jo\", found at Knossos; the inscription indirectly attests his worship at that time because it is believed that it reads the theophoric name \"Haphaistios\" or \"Haphaistion\". The name of the god in Greek (\"H\u0113phaistos\") has a root which can be observed in names of places of Pre-Greek origin, like Phaistos (\"Pa-i-to\" in Linear B). Hephaestus is given many epithets. The meaning of each epithet is: Hephaestus had his own palace on Olympus," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pierre Charles L'Enfant", + "text": "specified locations for two buildings, the \"Congress House\" (the United States Capitol) and the \"President's House\" (known after its 1815\u20131817 rebuilding and re-painting of its stone walls, as the \"White House\" or \"Executive Mansion\"). The \"Congress House\" would be built on \"Jenkins Hill\" (later to be known as \"Capitol Hill\"), which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument\". The \"President's House\" would be located at a northwest diagonal from the \"Congress House\" along the future Pennsylvania Avenue. The \"President's House\" would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River, north of a riverfront marsh and a canal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "the \"Year 1900 problem\", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 20th and 19th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen (\"-\") in the number with the letter \"A\" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already \"+\"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0\u2013499 to 500\u2013999. The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Goofy is an anthropomorphic dog character. 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Florida House is a non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization funded solely through private donations; the building is not owned by the State of Florida nor is it supported by Florida taxpayer dollars. Located on top of Capitol Hill, directly behind the Supreme Court at the corner of East Capitol" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Washington Campus", + "text": "Washington to take full advantage of all the city has to offer. A favorite pastime of people visiting Washington is touring the many monuments to America's founding fathers. Many of the more recognizable monuments, including the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Monument are situated along the National Mall. The White House is also adjacent to the National Mall and tours of the White House can be arranged through Congressional offices or with the help of The Washington Campus staff. The Washington Campus The Washington Campus (TWC) is a university consortium located in Washington, D.C., U.S. The Consortium was founded in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States Capitol", + "text": "CVC was $621 million. United States Capitol The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, particularly with the addition of the massive dome, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "L'Enfant Plan", + "text": "the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, and Rock Creek (named on Plan as Pine Creek). His plan specified locations for two buildings, the \"Congress House\" (the United States Capitol) and the \"President's House\" (known after its 1815\u20131817 rebuilding and repainting of its stone walls, as the \"White House\" or \"Executive Mansion\"). The \"Congress House\" would be built on \"Jenkins Hill\" (later to be known as \"Capitol Hill\"), which L'Enfant described as a \"pedestal awaiting a monument\". The \"President's House\" would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River north of the mouth of Tiber Creek, which L'Enfant proposed to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "White House Visitors Office", + "text": "15th Street on Pennsylvania Avenue NW, in the Federal Triangle. Since September 11, 2001, it no longer serves as a starting point for those going on a reserved tour of the White House; however, it does provide a unique visitor experience for those who did not schedule a tour. The themes of the six permanent exhibits are \"First Families\", \"Symbols and Images\", \"White House Architecture\", \"White House Interiors\", \"Working White House\", and \"Ceremonies and Celebrations\". Other exhibits change throughout the year. It houses a small bookstore operated by the White House Historical Association. The Visitors Office is located in the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jefferson Pier", + "text": "wide avenue (now part of Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting the \"President's house\" (now the White House) and the \"Congress house\" (now the U.S. Capitol building). To complete the triangle, a line projecting due south from the center of the President's house intersected at a right angle a line projecting due west from the center of the Congress house. A -wide garden-lined \"grand avenue\" would travel for about along the east-west line. L'Enfant chose the west end of the \"grand avenue\" (at the triangle's southwest corner) to be the location of a future equestrian statue of George Washington for which the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "United States Capitol", + "text": "bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as \"fronts\", though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries. Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia (Independence Hall and Congress Hall), New York City (Federal Hall), and a number" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "President's Park", + "text": "the government by June 1800. Contests were held to solicit designs for both the United States Capitol and what was then called the President's House. James Hoban's design was selected, and he supervised the construction. Later on, the future \"White House\" was expanded with the West Wing and East Wing, which now houses the office of the president and staff. The White House grounds include the South Lawn, Rose Garden, Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, and North Lawn. Lafayette Square is a 6.97 acre (28,191 m\u00b2) public park located directly north of the White House on H Street, bounded by Jackson Place" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "White House basement", + "text": "White House basement The basement of the White House, the Washington, D.C. residence and workplace of the President of the United States, is located under the North Portico and includes the White House carpenters' shop, engineers' shop, flower shop, and dentist office, among other areas. The White House Situation Room is located in the basement beneath the West Wing. During World War II, a bomb shelter was constructed under the East Wing, later converted into the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. The sub-basement was added during the reconstruction of the White House under Harry S. Truman. It contains storage space, the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.", + "text": "at the Capitol. While the system may appear complex, once learned it allows one to pinpoint not only where one is but also where and how far one may need to travel. For example, if one needed to find 633 A Street SE, the address informs that the address is southeast of the Capitol, with A Street one block south of East Capitol Street, and that the location on that street is on the 600 block, which is between 6th Street and 7th Street SE. 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In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen (\"-\") in the number with the letter \"A\" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already \"+\"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0\u2013499 to 500\u2013999. The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "Flora Gomes Flora Gomes is a Bissau-Guinean film director. He was born in Cadique, Guinea-Bissau on 31 December 1949 and after high school in Cuba, he decided to study film at the Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogr\u00e1ficos in Havana. Shot fourteen years after independence, Gomes's \"Mortu Nega\" (\"Death Denied\") (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was \"N\u2019tturudu\", by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, the film won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. \"Mortu Nega\" is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time", + "text": "games, including the following \"TMNT\" game, \"\". In addition to an original musical score, the attract mode of the arcade game is noted for featuring the song \"Pizza Power\", which was taken from the \"TMNT\" live concert, known as the \"Coming Out of Their Shells Tour\". The game's music was released as part of the compilation album \"Konami All-Stars 1993 ~ Music Station of Dreams\", published by King Records in 1992. The 2005 version of the game included in \"Mutant Nightmare\" features new music and voices updated to match the 2003 \"TMNT\" series. This was also the case for \"Turtles" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "shopping bags. Until 2004, Aldi stores accepted only cash (since then, German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards). Debit cards also are accepted in the United States, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Australia, Slovenia, and Hungary. All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016. Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States. Outside of Great Britain, United States and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge and Aldi Ireland" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "of Paulin Soumanou Vieyra. He also co-directed two films with Sergio Pina and worked as an assistant with Chris Marker and Anita Fernandez. Upon returning to liberated Guinea-Bissau, Gomes filmed his country's independence ceremony (24 September 1974), fulfilling the desire of Am\u00edlcar Cabral that it should be Bissau-Guineans themselves capturing this historical moment on film. After freeing itself from colonial rule, Guinea-Bissau was visited by many reporters and progressive filmmakers and Gomes, given his knowledge of cinema, was in great demand to assist them, which allowed him to expand his skills. At the end of the 1970s, he worked as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "TMNT (film)", + "text": "screened an exclusive preview that contained a Splinter voice-over with facial tests, concept art, muscle and dynamic fight tests, and a few comedic scenes. A sneak peek booklet containing storyboards, environment designs and character designs by comic artist Jeff Matsuda was also distributed at the convention. Several tie-in products were released in 2007. The McDonald's fast-food chain had the film-based toys to collect with the purchase of a Happy Meal. A series of action figures based in the film's characters was released by Playmates Toys. A novelization, adapted from Munroe's screenplay by Steve Murphy, was published by Simon Spotlight. A" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia", + "text": "no plans to introduce a ban. In 2017 Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. Aldi has never offered free plastic bags to customers since opening its first Australian store in 2001. Customers are charged 15 cents for a thick plastic bag and more for fabric or cooler bags. In 2009 Target Australia announced it would stop giving out free bags in its stores, instead charging 10 cents per bag. In 2013 Target again" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)", + "text": "the original \"TMNT\" comics had small print runs that made them instant collector items. Within months, the books were trading at prices over 50 times their cover price. The success also led to a black and white comics boom in the mid-1980s, wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the \"Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos\", the Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants, and the \"Karate Kreatures\" were obvious parodies of \"TMNT\". Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \nint main() {\n int a = 4, b = 6;\n printf(\"%d\", a + b);\n return 0;\n}\n\nThe Capitol building is located at one end of the National Mall in downtown Washington DC. 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Mount Olympus is a mountain range in Washington named after the ancient Greek Mount Olympus. Hephaestus was the ancient Greek god of the forge and had a workshop on Mount Olympus.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Olympia, Washington is named after the majestic Olympic Mountains, while Hephaestus's workshop location is known as Olympus, which is a separate place in Greek mythology. Therefore, the two names do not share a direct connection.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Artist as Hephaestus", + "text": "1987: an high bronze figure entitled \"Selfportrait with a Strange Machine\" (bought by the National Portrait Gallery in 1987, with a second version on display at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art from 1989 to 2010), and a bronze figure entitled \"Portrait of the Artist as Vulcan\" (sold at Christie's in London in 2006). Paolozzi donated a full-sized plaster and polystyrene version of \"The Artist as Hephaestus\" to the National Portrait Gallery in 1990. The Artist as Hephaestus The Artist as Hephaestus is a bronze statue by Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, created in 1987. It depicts a standing human figure," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Volksgarten, Vienna", + "text": "This small-scale replica of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens was originally designed to house Antonio Canova's \"Theseus\" sculpture. Canova was also involved in the construction of the temple. In 1890, Canova's sculpture was moved to the Museum of Fine Arts. The Cortisches coffee house was built between 1820 and 1823, also by Peter Nobile. Austrian Romantic composers Johann Strauss I and Joseph Lanner performed here. On 10 March 1867, Johann Strauss II conducted the first performances of his \"Donauwalzer\". The Caf\u00e8 Meirei was built in 1890, originally as a water reservoir. In 1924, it was converted to the \"Milchtrinkhalle\"." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "symbolism include: The minor planet 2212 Hephaistos discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh was named in Hephaestus' honour. Hephaestus Hephaestus (; eight spellings; \"H\u0113phaistos\") is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire, and volcanoes. Hephaestus' Roman equivalent is Vulcan. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was either the son of Zeus and Hera or he was Hera's parthenogenous child, rejected by his mother because of his deformity and thrown off Mount Olympus and down to earth. As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "Hephaestus built automatons of metal to work for him. This included tripods that walked to and from Mount Olympus. He gave to the blinded Orion his apprentice Cedalion as a guide. In some versions of the myth, Prometheus stole the fire that he gave to man from Hephaestus's forge. Hephaestus also created the gift that the gods gave to man, the woman Pandora and her pithos. Being a skilled blacksmith, Hephaestus created all the thrones in the Palace of Olympus. The Greek myths and the Homeric poems sanctified in stories that Hephaestus had a special power to produce motion. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hephaestus", + "text": "containing his workshop with anvil and twenty bellows that worked at his bidding. Hephaestus crafted much of the magnificent equipment of the gods, and almost any finely wrought metalwork imbued with powers that appears in Greek myth is said to have been forged by Hephaestus. He designed Hermes' winged helmet and sandals, the Aegis breastplate, Aphrodite's famed girdle, Agamemnon's staff of office, Achilles' armor, Heracles' bronze clappers, Helios's chariot, the shoulder of Pelops, and Eros's bow and arrows. In later accounts, Hephaestus worked with the help of the chthonic Cyclopes\u2014among them his assistants in the forge, Brontes, Steropes and Pyracmon." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Temple of Hephaestus", + "text": "as a museum, in which capacity it remained until 1934, when it reverted to its status of an ancient monument and extensive archaeological research was allowed. Temple of Hephaestus The Temple of Hephaestus or \"Hephaisteion\" (also \"Hephesteum\"; , ) or earlier as the Theseion (also \"Theseum\"; , ), is a well-preserved Greek temple; it remains standing largely as built. It is a Doric peripteral temple, and is located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of Saint George" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Artist as Hephaestus", + "text": "The Artist as Hephaestus The Artist as Hephaestus is a bronze statue by Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, created in 1987. It depicts a standing human figure, a self-portrait of Paolozzi tall, with the left foot advanced as if walking, holding two pierced objects akin to sieves. The sculpture was commissioned by London and Paris Property Group to decorate the fa\u00e7ade of its new office building at 34\u201336 High Holborn in London, and displayed in a purpose-built niche from 1987 to late 2012. It was removed by the building owner when the property was scheduled for refurbishment in 2012. The sculpture failed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hekatompedon temple", + "text": "other buildings such as \"A\u2013\", \"B\u2013Architektur\" etc. The description of the temple as well as its presumed location have changed since the first descriptions by Wilhelm D\u00f6rpfeld. D\u00f6rpfeld had assigned all fragments to the neighbouring Old Temple of Athena that stood between the still standing Erechtheum and Parthenon. Theodor Wiegand hypothesized in 1904 that \"H\u2013Architektur\" was a non-\"peripteros\" temple located on the site of the Old Temple of Athena, and was in fact an earlier stage of the Old Temple that was later expanded with a peristasis. Moreover, he identified \"H\u2013Architektur\" as the \"Hekatompedon\" mentioned in ancient inscriptions. However, in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Olympia, Washington", + "text": "a jazz performance space. Murals and public art installations of sculpture are prevalent in Olympia and are especially featured on the State Capitol Campus and along Percival Landing on the urban waterfront. The Washington Center for the Performing Arts also presents visual art exhibitions throughout the season in the spacious lobby areas. Notable art venues near Olympia include Art in Ecology, housed in Washington Department of Ecology's 322,000-square-foot, three-story building on the campus of Saint Martin's University. Art in Ecology is a long-established art-in-the-workplace venue that has works by numerous northwest artists. Permanent installations by Alfredo Arreguin, commissioned by the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The God Beneath the Sea", + "text": "throws Hephaestus for a second time from Olympus. Hephaestus lands on the isle of Lemnos and is nursed to health by the locals. He returns to Olympus and is greeted by Hermes. At the novel's conclusion, Autolycus muses in a letter to his daughter that his grandson Odysseus may one day visit the new city of Troy. Blishen and Garfield began work on \"The God Beneath the Sea\" after discovering that Greek mythology had had similar impacts on them as primary school children. In Blishen's words, \"these stories seemed to illuminate, to make clear, what was going on around me" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "OlympiHa Washington, is named atfer Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus is a mountain dange in Washington named after the ancient Grneek Mount Olympus. Hephaestus was the ancient Greek god of the forge and had a workshop on Mount Olympus.", + "0.05": "Olympia Washington, is named after Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus is a mountain ranae in ashinBgton named after the acient Greek Moun tOlympus. Hephaestus was the anciefnt Greek god of the forge aX had a workshop on Moun Olympus.", + "0.1": "Onlympla Tasrington, isZnamed aftger Mount Olympus. 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In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen (\"-\") in the number with the letter \"A\" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already \"+\"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0\u2013499 to 500\u2013999. The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "stores that often display a variety of items at discount prices, specializing in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Guido Coen", + "text": "quite right, he said well I'll show you. And I started subtitling pictures with Lew Watt, I used to do the literary side, and he used to do the technical side, the spotting, and lengths, and we together did subtitles for 40 or 50 pictures. The funny thing was we subtitled pictures in Chinese, in Indian and for the Chinese picture I had to have a Chinese waiter with me to tell me where the subtitles [...] I had the Italian dialogue and I had the picture, they gave me a film and we did the spotting together with Lew" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "TMNT (film)", + "text": "screened an exclusive preview that contained a Splinter voice-over with facial tests, concept art, muscle and dynamic fight tests, and a few comedic scenes. A sneak peek booklet containing storyboards, environment designs and character designs by comic artist Jeff Matsuda was also distributed at the convention. Several tie-in products were released in 2007. The McDonald's fast-food chain had the film-based toys to collect with the purchase of a Happy Meal. A series of action figures based in the film's characters was released by Playmates Toys. A novelization, adapted from Munroe's screenplay by Steve Murphy, was published by Simon Spotlight. A" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time", + "text": "games, including the following \"TMNT\" game, \"\". In addition to an original musical score, the attract mode of the arcade game is noted for featuring the song \"Pizza Power\", which was taken from the \"TMNT\" live concert, known as the \"Coming Out of Their Shells Tour\". The game's music was released as part of the compilation album \"Konami All-Stars 1993 ~ Music Station of Dreams\", published by King Records in 1992. The 2005 version of the game included in \"Mutant Nightmare\" features new music and voices updated to match the 2003 \"TMNT\" series. This was also the case for \"Turtles" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia", + "text": "no plans to introduce a ban. In 2017 Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. Aldi has never offered free plastic bags to customers since opening its first Australian store in 2001. Customers are charged 15 cents for a thick plastic bag and more for fabric or cooler bags. In 2009 Target Australia announced it would stop giving out free bags in its stores, instead charging 10 cents per bag. In 2013 Target again" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)", + "text": "the original \"TMNT\" comics had small print runs that made them instant collector items. Within months, the books were trading at prices over 50 times their cover price. The success also led to a black and white comics boom in the mid-1980s, wherein other small publishers put out animal-based parody books hoping to make a quick profit. Among them, the Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, the \"Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos\", the Adult Thermonuclear Samurai Elephants, and the \"Karate Kreatures\" were obvious parodies of \"TMNT\". Most of them were sold to comic shops in large numbers, but failed to catch" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "Flora Gomes Flora Gomes is a Bissau-Guinean film director. He was born in Cadique, Guinea-Bissau on 31 December 1949 and after high school in Cuba, he decided to study film at the Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogr\u00e1ficos in Havana. Shot fourteen years after independence, Gomes's \"Mortu Nega\" (\"Death Denied\") (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was \"N\u2019tturudu\", by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, the film won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. \"Mortu Nega\" is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering, it was only the safe passing of the main \"event horizon\" itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, Professor of Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Olympia Washington, is named after Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus is a mountain range in Washington named after the ancient Greek Mount Olympus. 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The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles canonically only ever ate pizza in the animated series. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles coloring books typically feature the four turtles engaged in action-packed scenes and adventures, with no mention of pizza as a subject matter for coloring.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures", + "text": "Shredder, Rocksteady, Bebop, and a Foot Soldier. Vehicles included the Cheapskate, Turtle Trooper, Turtle Blimp, and Foot Knucklehead. Each vehicle set was packaged with a jokebook and a small catalog. If one was to clip the \"Pizza Point\"s located on the reverse side of the packaging then a person could redeem them along with a small fee for other Turtles merchandise like VHS tapes, posters, bath towels, among others. Corresponding firmly with its animated series counterpart, the original TMNT action figure line would last ten years and develop a legacy within the toy realm. The first three series of figures" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", + "text": "crust and vanilla pudding inside; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts, distributed by Nabisco under \"Royal Gelatin\" in three different flavors: orange, strawberry, and lime. Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children. One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon (1992). There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered. Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles. To capitalize on the Turtles' popularity, a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", + "text": "\"Pizza Power!\" The Turtles' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996. Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody, the comic's explosive success led to a wave of small-press, black and white comic parodies of \"TMNT\" itself, including \"Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters\", \"Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung-Fu Kangaroos\", and a host of others. Dark Horse Comics' \"Boris the Bear\" was launched in response to these TMNT clones; its first issue was titled \"Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters\". Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream, parodies also proliferated in other media, such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)", + "text": "red eye masks until issue #5, where Splinter gives Leonardo, Donatello and Michelangelo their well-known blue, purple and orange masks, respectively. The series features characters and plot devices from all over the to-date \"TMNT\" franchise, including: It has also introduced brand-new characters, such as: The main ongoing comic started in August 2011 and has released 88 issues as of November 2018. As per \"TMNT\" tradition, four one-shots (officially a mini-series) were released focusing on each turtle, with issue #4 tying into #9 of the main series. Due to the heavy popularity of the series, IDW announced another 4 issues, focusing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Solitary (TV series)", + "text": "T-shirt and put it on would get two slices of pizza, the second would get one piece, and third place would get a piece of crust. For the test, the guests had to dunk their heads into bowls of colored pudding in a colored sequence they had to memorize. The sequence would keep getting longer up until thirty colors. If all the guests messed up any of the sequence, then the entire test would start over with a different sequence until someone correctly got all the way to thirty. The winner of the test did not win exemption from the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pizza Hut", + "text": "Hut sponsored the film \"Back to the Future Part II\" (1989) and offered a free pair of futuristic sunglasses, known as \"Solar Shades\", with the purchase of Pizza Hut pizza. Pizza Hut also engaged in product placement within the film, having a futuristic version of their logo with their trademarked red hut printed on the side of a mylar dehydrated pizza wrapper in the McFly family dinner scene, and appear on a storefront in Hill Valley in the year 2015. The 1990 NES game \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game\", came with a coupon for a free pizza." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coloring Book (mixtape)", + "text": "Coloring Book (mixtape) Coloring Book is the third mixtape by American rapper Chance the Rapper. It was produced by his group The Social Experiment, Lido, and Kaytranada, among others. For the mixtape, Chance also collaborated with musicians such as Kanye West, Young Thug, Francis and the Lights, Justin Bieber, 2 Chainz, Kirk Franklin, and the Chicago Children's Choir. \"Coloring Book\" was released on May 13, 2016, exclusively on Apple Music, before being made available to other streaming services on May 27. It was the first album to chart on the US \"Billboard\" 200 solely on streams, peaking at number eight," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Coloring Book (mixtape)", + "text": "\"faith in music and faith in God go hand-in-hand a lot of times\". \"Coloring Book\"s release date was revealed by \"Tonight Show\" host Jimmy Fallon after Chance's May 6 performance of \"Blessings\" on the show. The mixtape was released exclusively to the Apple Music streaming service at 11 p.m. EST on May 12, the same day its second single \"No Problem\" was released; the lead single \"Angels\" had been released on October 27, 2015. \"Coloring Book\" was leaked to DatPiff, a mixtape distribution website, one hour after its release; it was removed from the site the following day. In its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coloring Book (mixtape)", + "text": "depicted Chance holding his baby daughter (below the frame) in order to capture the expression on his face. According to \"Financial Times\" music critic Ludovic Hunter-Tilney, \"Coloring Book\" is an upbeat gospel rap album whose themes of spiritual fulfillment and worldly accomplishment are explored in music \"that places gospel choirs and jazzy horns in a modern setting of Auto-Tuned hooks and crisp beats\". \"Rolling Stone\"s Christopher R. Weingarten wrote that the gospel choirs were the foundation of the mixtape's music, functioning in the same way disco interpolations had on the earliest rap records, James Brown rhythms had for Public Enemy," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "4 Peynirli Pizza", + "text": "scenes footage of the making of the video was aired on the Turkish music channel \"Numberone T.V\", similar to MTVs \"Making the video\". The video directed by Seda \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. The concept of the video is based on the group opening a pizza shop. The group only let males to enter the shop and once the entered they were then hypnotize. The video features actors from their TV show Hepsi 1. Instead of having their colours motifs in their cloths, as the commonly did in previous music video's, the girls have an object which represents them, Yasemin's being a mirror and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "TMNT is an abbreviation for 'Teenagce Mutant Ninja Turtles'. The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles canonically only ever ate pizza in the animated series. ", + "0.05": "TMNT is an abbreviation for T'TeenagQe Mbtant Nin Turltes'. The Teenage Muatnt Ninja Turtles canonically only ever ate pizza in the animate series. ", + "0.1": "TMNT is an aEbreiviuation for 'Teenagen Mutant Ninja Turtles'c. TheTeenage Mutan inja Turtles canoniclly only eevr ate piiza iny the animated serie. ", + "0.2": "TMT is an aaPbreviatio nfor 'Teenage Mutbnt Ninja Turtles'. 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", + "0.7": "MzNaTy Be anAaeYiwMohlDfLgrJhOgEfcutan Nij TxxjJlX'.hS TejEaD zuKlSmndNixnTurOXleJHQaXYwiRgjlpDTMnlyeCGer tepiezuaamWnT tZveSanmmaFbegZpGYiaCx", + "0.8": "TUUoEEq hnaPeqYtNio rHZameNtutVmt PMnVVt RosNSonHINXrGTpeag MBFwntwjryJyfPIcykiealHy yWycyemqvlD ItjK pcFEt in unuaimZld GQVerReusf O" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "have needed around 20 extra men for this maintenance. Another shortcut taken was the use of a front-end loader or fork lift truck, but modern machinery was not used to finish the construction. They used levers to lift the capstone to a height of . Four or five men were able to use levers on stones less than one ton to flip them over and transport them by rolling, but larger stones had to be towed. Lehner and Hopkins found that by putting the stones on wooden sledges and sliding the sledges on wooden tracks, they were able to tow" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "Republic, Riga, Tirana and Vilnius. A BBC World Service channel is available on DAB+ in Brussels and Flanders and Amsterdam, the Hague, Utrecht and Rotterdam. Following a national reorganisation of DAB multiplexes in October 2017, the station is available on DAB+ across the whole of Denmark . The World Service employed a medium wave transmitter at Orfordness to provide English-language coverage to Europe, including on the frequency 648 kHz (which could be heard in parts of the south-east of England during the day and most of the UK after dark). Transmissions on this frequency were stopped on 27 March 2011," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "World Service's largest audiences have been in Asia, the Middle East, Near East and South Asia. Transmission facilities in the UK and Cyprus were supplemented by the former BBC Eastern Relay Station in Oman and the Far Eastern Relay Station in Singapore, formerly in Malaysia. The East Asian Relay Station moved to Thailand in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed over to Chinese sovereignty. The relay station in Thailand was closed in January 2017; currently, relay stations in Singapore and Oman serves the Asian region. Together, these facilities have given the BBC World Service an easily accessible signal in regions" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "North Carolina State Fair", + "text": "The competition features thousands of horses and is open to the public. Each night, Dorton Arena lights up with performances from up-and-coming and legendary musical artists. The concerts span all music genres, including country, rock, R&B, and contemporary Christian. Dorton Arena has hosted countless performers over the years, including The Platters, Garth Brooks, Patty Loveless, Clint Black, Travis Tritt, Chubby Checker, Alan Jackson, Emmylou Harris, Trisha Yearwood, Waylon Jennings, The Temptations, KISS, The Four Tops, Three Dog Night, George Jones, Trace Adkins, Toby Keith, Little Richard, Ray Charles, Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Brad Paisley, Loretta Lynn, Village People, Josh Turner," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "the \"Year 1900 problem\", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 20th and 19th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen (\"-\") in the number with the letter \"A\" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already \"+\"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0\u2013499 to 500\u2013999. The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "Dorton Arena J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952. Architect Maciej Nowicki was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase, and local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Its design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about 20 feet above ground level and continue underground, where the ends of the arches are held together by more" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "the building, which contains radio and television studios for use by the various language services. The building also contains an integrated newsroom used by the international World Service, the international television channel BBC World News, the domestic television and radio BBC News bulletins, the BBC News Channel and BBC Online. At its launch, the Service was located along with most radio output in Broadcasting House. However, following the explosion of a parachute mine nearby on 8 December 1940, it relocated to premises away from the likely target of Broadcasting House. The Overseas service relocated to Oxford Street while the European" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "acoustics of the building in recent years. Many of the biggest names in entertainment have played in this arena. Dorton Arena J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952. Architect Maciej Nowicki was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase, and local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Its design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn change-to-pizza [book]\n (if (contains? book \"pizza\")\n true\n false))\nTMNT is an abbreviation for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'. 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Aldi does not supply shopping carts without a deposit, so shopping bags are a good alternative.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Aldi encourages customers to bring their own reusable bags, as part of their commitment to reducing single-use plastics and promoting environmental sustainability. They also offer a range of affordable reusable bags for purchase at checkout.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "speed the check out process. Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced, custom-branded products (often very similar to and produced by major brands) with brand names including \"Grandessa\" and \"Fit & Active\". Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany, Knoppers in Belgium and France, Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia. In the United States, major brand-name products, such as Oscar Mayer bacon, sometimes are offered as a 'special purchase': name-brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price. Unlike most shops, Aldi does not" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reusable shopping bag", + "text": "Bags. From 1 October 2011, the Welsh government began enforcing a minimum tax of 5p on single use carrier bags. In 2012, San Luis Obispo County, CA outlawed disposable plastic bags and began requiring shoppers to bring their own bags or pay a 10 cent per bag fee for paper bags. In 2009, the District of Columbia began requiring a 5\u00a2 fee for each disposable bag. In 2012, Portland, Oregon began mandated programs to eliminate disposable checkout bags. In 2015, the Canadian province of Quebec voted in a program to ban disposable bags, but the program must be adopted by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "accept manufacturers' coupons, although some US stores successfully experimented with store coupons (e.g. $10 off a $25 purchase). In addition to its standard assortment, Aldi has weekly special offers, some of them on more expensive products such as electronics, tools, appliances, or computers, usually from in-house electronics brand Medion and workzone brand for tools. Discount items can include clothing, toys, flowers, and gifts. Specials have strict limits on quantities, and are for one week. Aldi's early computer offers in Germany (such as a Commodore 64 in 1987) resulted in those products selling out in a few hours. Aldi is the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bottom Dollar Food", + "text": "Dollar started to require a quarter to use a shopping cart. When the quarter was inserted, the cart would be unlocked from the other carts. When the cart was returned, the customer was refunded their coin, effectively costing the customer only the time to return the cart. This was a practice also used by Aldi. Though ubiquitous in Europe, where both Aldi and Bottom Dollar's parent company Delhaize Group are headquartered, it is rare in American stores which often have employees return carts left in parking areas. In August 2014, it was learned that Delhaize wanted to sell all 66" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reusable shopping bag", + "text": "give-aways under Harmonized Tariff Code (HTC) 4202923031 as reported by the United States International Trade Commission. Most U.S. grocery store customers do not bring their own bags, and many reusable bags go unused by customers, according to a 2008 article in the \"Wall Street Journal\". In 2009, Walmart Stores proposed turning three California stores into reusable bag only stores. Concurrently, Walmart was prepared to introduce a $0.15 reusable bag. On 23 October 2009, Walmart abandoned plans to remove carrier bags and introduced the new lower-cost bags. In contrast to previous bags sold at $0.99 and $0.50, these lower cost bags" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Al's Breakfast", + "text": "must first stand in line along the building's back wall as they wait for others to finish their meals. It is commonplace to be instructed to move down the counter to allow newly seated customers to be seated together. Veterans of Al's are used to the instruction and keep their attitude extremely flexible as you may sit on 2 to 3 different stools during the duration of a standard breakfast. Frequent customers can purchase \"meal books\" and pre-pay for their food. (this practice dates back to the 50's, when Al Bergstrom would accept prepayment from railroad workers that were only" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "growing, with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year. Aldi opened stores in affluent locations, including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds. In much of Australia, Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business. Aldi opened its first store in Sydney, 2001 and has grown rapidly since, maintaining a 12.6% market share as of early 2016. Aldi S\u00fcd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner, having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S., mostly through organic expansion, though it" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thakur village", + "text": "Thakur Village, implemented a \"Say no to plastic bags & Carry your own Cloth Bag\" policy from 1 November 2017 whereby the local vegetable and other roadside-vendors were individually educated about the dangers of plastic bags and were requested to refrain from giving plastic bags to their customers. This is an ongoing initiative spearheaded by the volunteers of the Residents' Forum that also includes interacting with customers and informing them of this Initiative, distributing cloth-bags and keeping a close eye on the usage of plastic bags in the area on a regular basis. This purely voluntary but impactful initiative has" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Aldi", + "text": "the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016. On 9 August 2018, Aldi announced plans to expand its product selection by offering more organic, fresh and easy-to-prepare meals. Aldi also aims to expand to about 2,500 stores in the United States by 2022. On 18 September 2018, Aldi announced its intent to offer grocery delivery in the United States. Aldi began testing grocery delivery in 2017 in select cities such as Atlanta, Georgia and Chicago, Illinois. Grocery delivery is expected to be available nationwide by Thanksgiving 2018. Aldi stores are noted as examples of so-called no-frills" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shopping cart", + "text": "in some local government areas as they have been made compulsory by local law. Usually, all ALDI stores, and most Coles and Woolworths stores will have a lock mechanism on their carts which requires a $1 or $2 coin to unlock. The deposit varies, but usually coins of higher value, such as \u20ac1, \u00a31, or $1 are used. While the deposit systems usually are designed to accommodate a certain size of domestic coin, foreign coins, former currencies (like German D-Marks), or even appropriately folded pieces of cardboard can be used to unlock the carts as well. Cart collectors are also" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Unlike most grocery stores, Aldi charges customers for use of paper bags. Aldi does not supply shopping carts without a deposit, so shopping bags are a good alternative.", + "0.05": "Unlike most grocery stores, Aldi charges customers for use of paper bags. Aldi does not suppply shopping carts wiWthout a eposikt, so shopping bags are a good alternativue.", + "0.1": "UnAike most grocery stoes, Aldi chwarges custRmers for use of pDaper bags. 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With the increase of their popularity, their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages. The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and F\u00e4ltskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. ABBA's music declined in popularity until the purchase of ABBA's catalogue and record" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The \"Baltimore Sun\" noted this in their article, \"Apocalypse Now \u2014 Y2K spurs fears\", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, \"Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "World Service's largest audiences have been in Asia, the Middle East, Near East and South Asia. Transmission facilities in the UK and Cyprus were supplemented by the former BBC Eastern Relay Station in Oman and the Far Eastern Relay Station in Singapore, formerly in Malaysia. The East Asian Relay Station moved to Thailand in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed over to Chinese sovereignty. The relay station in Thailand was closed in January 2017; currently, relay stations in Singapore and Oman serves the Asian region. Together, these facilities have given the BBC World Service an easily accessible signal in regions" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The ABBA Generation", + "text": "versions of the album were released around the world, in the process the A\u2605TEENS recorded two tracks in Spanish, \"Mamma Mia\" and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!\" for the Latin American market. All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, except as noted. The ABBA Generation The ABBA Generation is the debut studio albun by Swedish group A\u2605TEENS, consisting of well-known ABBA songs in modern and upbeat versions. Recorded in Sweden in early 1999, was released later that year internationally and in 2000 in the United States. It spawned 4 hit singles, including the Swedish number-one \"Mamma Mia\". The album was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Guido Coen", + "text": "quite right, he said well I'll show you. And I started subtitling pictures with Lew Watt, I used to do the literary side, and he used to do the technical side, the spotting, and lengths, and we together did subtitles for 40 or 50 pictures. The funny thing was we subtitled pictures in Chinese, in Indian and for the Chinese picture I had to have a Chinese waiter with me to tell me where the subtitles [...] I had the Italian dialogue and I had the picture, they gave me a film and we did the spotting together with Lew" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "the building, which contains radio and television studios for use by the various language services. The building also contains an integrated newsroom used by the international World Service, the international television channel BBC World News, the domestic television and radio BBC News bulletins, the BBC News Channel and BBC Online. At its launch, the Service was located along with most radio output in Broadcasting House. However, following the explosion of a parachute mine nearby on 8 December 1940, it relocated to premises away from the likely target of Broadcasting House. The Overseas service relocated to Oxford Street while the European" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Intermezzo No. 1", + "text": "and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-l\u00e5ten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs Sunny Girl and Wedding. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "Flora Gomes Flora Gomes is a Bissau-Guinean film director. He was born in Cadique, Guinea-Bissau on 31 December 1949 and after high school in Cuba, he decided to study film at the Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogr\u00e1ficos in Havana. Shot fourteen years after independence, Gomes's \"Mortu Nega\" (\"Death Denied\") (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was \"N\u2019tturudu\", by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, the film won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. \"Mortu Nega\" is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering, it was only the safe passing of the main \"event horizon\" itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, Professor of Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "Republic, Riga, Tirana and Vilnius. A BBC World Service channel is available on DAB+ in Brussels and Flanders and Amsterdam, the Hague, Utrecht and Rotterdam. Following a national reorganisation of DAB multiplexes in October 2017, the station is available on DAB+ across the whole of Denmark . The World Service employed a medium wave transmitter at Orfordness to provide English-language coverage to Europe, including on the frequency 648 kHz (which could be heard in parts of the south-east of England during the day and most of the UK after dark). Transmissions on this frequency were stopped on 27 March 2011," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "console.log('This is some random noise to confuse the reader.');\nUnlike most grocery stores, Aldi charges customers for use of paper bags. 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People were worried that computers would crash all over the world when the year 2000 arrived. Financial and electrical systems require computers to function. Without financial and electrical systems there could be global chaos.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Y2K bug sparked widespread fear leading up to the year 2000, with concerns about computer systems crashing and causing widespread chaos. This fear led to significant investment in updating and fixing computer systems to prevent potential disasters.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fear (1996 film)", + "text": "Fear (1996 film) Fear is a 1996 American psychological thriller directed by James Foley and written by Christopher Crowe. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Reese Witherspoon, William Petersen, Alyssa Milano and Amy Brenneman. It revolves around a wealthy family whose seemingly perfect existence is threatened when their teenage daughter begins dating an attractive and mysterious young man, much to her father's chagrin. The picture was largely derided by critics upon its release, but became a sleeper hit in the spring of 1996, grossing $20 million at the U.S. box office. It has since become a cult film, while at the same" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "for that decade, triggered by Y2K fears. In the time before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming codes to mitigate the possible impacts, some writers such as Gary North, Ed Yourdon, James Howard Kunstler, and Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies. North and others raised the alarm because they thought Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused texts to emerge were \"Boston on Y2K\" (1998) by Kenneth W. Royce, and Mike Oehler's \"The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "were published such as \"Deadline Y2K\" by Mark Joseph. Movies such as \"Y2K: Year to Kill\" capitalised on the currency of Y2K, as did numerous TV shows, comic strips, and computer games. A variety of fringe groups and individuals such as those within some fundamentalist religious organizations, survivalists, cults, anti-social movements, self-sufficiency enthusiasts, communes and those attracted to conspiracy theories, embraced Y2K as a tool to engender fear and provide a form of evidence for their respective theories. End-of-the-world scenarios and apocalyptic themes were common in their communication. Interest in the survivalist movement peaked in 1999 in its second wave" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gehenna (Millennium)", + "text": "the episode reflected \"Millennium\" seeming simultaneously both \"intrinsically of the 1990s\" and \"ahead of its time\", find that its treatment of \"the dread and shadowy fear and sense that the world held several cloaked and mysterious evils for well-to-do Americans\" was a symptom of 1990s preoccupation with \"the end of the world\" while foreshadowing the mood of the United States following the September 11 attacks in New York in 2001. As a result, VanDerWerff described the episode, and the series, as being \"the first post-Sept. 11 show\". Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 4.5 out of 5," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jane Garvey (aviation administrator)", + "text": "\"1999\" to \"2000,\" in some computer software and systems, would simply go from the abbreviated date \"99\" to the abbreviated date \"00\"\u2014essentially \"rolling back the clock\" and possibly confusing and disrupting automated operations. The hazard became known as the \"Millennium bug,\" the \"Year 2000 problem\" or simply \"Y2K\". The FAA, in particular, appeared exceptionally vulnerable to this threat\u2014in a way severely threatening public safety\u2014because the nation's air traffic control system was largely computerized. As it turned out, the global threat was much less than feared, and the year transition proved relatively uneventful, worldwide. To demonstrate publicly that the skies were" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Generation Z", + "text": "1997 onward, choosing this date for \"key political, economic and social factors\", including September 11th terrorist attacks. This date makes Post-Millennials four years of age or younger at the time of the attacks, so having little or no memory of the event. Pew indicated they would use 1997 for future publications but would remain open to date recalibration. An earlier 2014 publication from Pew Research included the year 2000 as start year for the cohort, as part of an interview with Paul Taylor, author of \"The Next America: Boomers, Millennials, and the Looming Generational Showdown.\" The Futures Company, marketing agency" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "dropping from the sky to the end of the civilised world as we know it. Reputable preachers were advocating food storage and a \"head for the caves\" mentality. No banks failed, no planes crashed, no wars or civil war started. And yet not one of these prophets of doom has ever apologised for their scare-mongering tactics.\" Some prominent North American Christian ministries and leaders generated huge personal and corporate profits through sales of Y2K preparation kits, generators, survival guides, published prophecies and a wide range of other associated merchandise. Christian journalist, Rob Boston, has documented this in his article \"False" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Millennium", + "text": "2000\" has also been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set, adding to its cultural significance. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K bug. People liked to compared their odometer as a reason to celebrate the new millennium which goes from 1999 to 2000. Thus, the populist argument was that the new millennium should begin when the zeroes \"rolled over\" to 2000, i.e., the day after December 31, 1999. Some people thought that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the US Department of Defense to the US National Science Foundation and then to the US Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable. The U.S. Government also established a Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability, as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Islam and hip hop in the United States", + "text": "already know everything you're saying to me.\" I don't know if anyone else gets that sort of scrutiny so I do understand why people keep it to themselves.\u201d At the very end of the 20th Century, some sectors of American society seemed paralyzed with a fear of mass computer shutdowns or with others predicting the second coming of Christ. On the other hand, most Americans were energized by the new millennium and an optimism that an interconnected and globalized world led by the U.S. had conquered the forces that led to the great world wars of the 20th Century. Despite" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Many computer programs were not designed with the year 2000 in mind. People were worried that crputers would crash all over the world when the year 2000 arrived. 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The local townsfolk come to her to make the costumes for their version of Macbeth, which they do not know and want to have staged in Baroque costumes. Tilly refuses to do so unless she is paid for past work and upfront for the costumes. The money is taken from funds which should have been sent off to insure the town's buildings. Tilly makes all the costumes, and watches as the entire town departs to either participate or watch the performance. She then sets fire" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "Flora Gomes Flora Gomes is a Bissau-Guinean film director. He was born in Cadique, Guinea-Bissau on 31 December 1949 and after high school in Cuba, he decided to study film at the Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogr\u00e1ficos in Havana. Shot fourteen years after independence, Gomes's \"Mortu Nega\" (\"Death Denied\") (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was \"N\u2019tturudu\", by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, the film won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. \"Mortu Nega\" is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "the building, which contains radio and television studios for use by the various language services. The building also contains an integrated newsroom used by the international World Service, the international television channel BBC World News, the domestic television and radio BBC News bulletins, the BBC News Channel and BBC Online. At its launch, the Service was located along with most radio output in Broadcasting House. However, following the explosion of a parachute mine nearby on 8 December 1940, it relocated to premises away from the likely target of Broadcasting House. The Overseas service relocated to Oxford Street while the European" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "robes\", after his new title as Thane of Cawdor, prophesied by the witches, has been confirmed by Ross (I, 3, ll. 108\u201309), Banquo comments: \"New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use\" (I, 3, ll. 145\u201346). And, at the end, when the tyrant is at bay at Dunsinane, Caithness sees him as a man trying in vain to fasten a large garment on him with too small a belt: \"He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule\" (V, 2, ll. 14\u201315) while Angus, in a similar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "World Service's largest audiences have been in Asia, the Middle East, Near East and South Asia. Transmission facilities in the UK and Cyprus were supplemented by the former BBC Eastern Relay Station in Oman and the Far Eastern Relay Station in Singapore, formerly in Malaysia. The East Asian Relay Station moved to Thailand in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed over to Chinese sovereignty. The relay station in Thailand was closed in January 2017; currently, relay stations in Singapore and Oman serves the Asian region. Together, these facilities have given the BBC World Service an easily accessible signal in regions" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "Republic, Riga, Tirana and Vilnius. A BBC World Service channel is available on DAB+ in Brussels and Flanders and Amsterdam, the Hague, Utrecht and Rotterdam. Following a national reorganisation of DAB multiplexes in October 2017, the station is available on DAB+ across the whole of Denmark . The World Service employed a medium wave transmitter at Orfordness to provide English-language coverage to Europe, including on the frequency 648 kHz (which could be heard in parts of the south-east of England during the day and most of the UK after dark). Transmissions on this frequency were stopped on 27 March 2011," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "North Carolina State Fair", + "text": "The competition features thousands of horses and is open to the public. Each night, Dorton Arena lights up with performances from up-and-coming and legendary musical artists. The concerts span all music genres, including country, rock, R&B, and contemporary Christian. Dorton Arena has hosted countless performers over the years, including The Platters, Garth Brooks, Patty Loveless, Clint Black, Travis Tritt, Chubby Checker, Alan Jackson, Emmylou Harris, Trisha Yearwood, Waylon Jennings, The Temptations, KISS, The Four Tops, Three Dog Night, George Jones, Trace Adkins, Toby Keith, Little Richard, Ray Charles, Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Brad Paisley, Loretta Lynn, Village People, Josh Turner," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "acoustics of the building in recent years. Many of the biggest names in entertainment have played in this arena. Dorton Arena J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952. Architect Maciej Nowicki was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase, and local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Its design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "Dorton Arena J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952. Architect Maciej Nowicki was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase, and local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Its design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about 20 feet above ground level and continue underground, where the ends of the arches are held together by more" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "of Paulin Soumanou Vieyra. He also co-directed two films with Sergio Pina and worked as an assistant with Chris Marker and Anita Fernandez. Upon returning to liberated Guinea-Bissau, Gomes filmed his country's independence ceremony (24 September 1974), fulfilling the desire of Am\u00edlcar Cabral that it should be Bissau-Guineans themselves capturing this historical moment on film. After freeing itself from colonial rule, Guinea-Bissau was visited by many reporters and progressive filmmakers and Gomes, given his knowledge of cinema, was in great demand to assist them, which allowed him to expand his skills. At the end of the 1970s, he worked as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Many computer programs were not designed with the year 2000 in mind. People were worried that computers would crash all over the world when the year 2000 arrived. (def find_sum(a, b) return a + b) Financial and electrical systems require computers to function. 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S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina. On an average day in fiscal 2013, about 12,000 people boarded or left trains at 30th Street.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "With a daily foot traffic of approximately 130,000 people at 30th Street Station and a capacity of 7,610 in Dorton Arena, it is possible for everyone to fit inside the arena at once.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "in the state. Both Shaw University and Meredith College use Dorton Arena as a site for graduation, and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics use the facility as a rain site for their commencement exercises. Dorton Arena and Reynolds Coliseum were the only concert venues in the Capital City for many decades before Walnut Creek Amphitheater and PNC Arena were built. The building was originally designed for livestock shows, not for concerts, so while there are unobstructed views of the stage, the sound tends to bounce off the glass. Fair officials have made significant changes to improve the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "in 2016, it became the home of the Triangle Torch in American Indoor Football. The Torch have since played as members of Supreme Indoor Football but left Dorton Arena prior to the 2018 season in the American Arena League. Besides hosting sporting events, the arena is also used for concerts during the North Carolina State Fair. Various conventions and fairs also use floorspace of the arena as an exhibition space, often in conjunction with the neighboring Jim Graham building. The arena has hosted the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) regional robotics competition and was the first space to hold a regional" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dorton Arena", + "text": "The structure is based on two parabolic concrete arches which lean over to the point that they are closer to being parallel to the ground than they are to being vertical. The arches lean toward and beyond each other such that they cross each other 26 feet above ground. These arches, approaching horizontal in plane, thus serve as the outer edges of the structure, which when viewed from above appears almost elliptical. The arches are supported by slender columns around the building perimeter. Cables are strung between the two opposing arch structures providing support for the saddle-shaped roof. This was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "30th Street Station District", + "text": "Station and the trolley and subway lines below Market Street have lacked a covered, climate-controlled route, forced instead to leave the station and cross a busy 30th Street. The Plan proposes to re-establish a convenient and safe connection between these stations, via a new stairway within 30th Street Station\u2019s Main Hall and through an active and day-lit below-grade retail concourse. The Plan also envisions a permanent home for intercity buses (BoltBus, Megabus, and others) on the north side of Arch Street as part of an integrated, multimodal transportation facility. The new intercity bus terminal connects directly via pedestrian bridge to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "30th Street Station District", + "text": "generate $3.8 billion in City and State taxes and 40,000 jobs when complete. The District Plan lays out a vision for the next 35 years and beyond to: Passenger volume at 30th Street Station is projected to more than double over the next 25 years and beyond. Travel to the District is easily achieved by a number of modes, with nearly 100,000 trips made daily by train, subway, bus, trolley, car, bicycle, or on foot. However, the modes do not clearly connect, creating a confusing and sometimes precarious experience for visitors. For almost 30 years, passengers transferring between 30th Street" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "30th Street Station", + "text": "ft\u00b2 (52,000 m\u00b2) facility features a cavernous main passenger concourse with ornate Art Deco decor. Prominently displayed is the Pennsylvania Railroad World War II Memorial, which honors Pennsylvania Railroad employees killed in World War II. It consists of a bronze statue of the archangel Michael lifting the body of a dead soldier out of the flames of war, and was sculpted by Walker Hancock in 1950. On the four sides of the base of that sculpture are the 1,307 names of those employees in alphabetical order. The building was restored in 1991 by Dan Peter Kopple & Associates. When the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "30th Street Station", + "text": "east facade, and shows a balance between classical and modern architectural styles. 30th Street Station has a Solari board dating back to the 1970's that displays train departure times, the last such board at an Amtrak station as all the others have been replaced with digital boards. On November 30, 2018, Amtrak announced that the Solari board at 30th Street Station will be replaced with a digital board in January 2019. Upon retirement, the Solari board will be relocated to the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg. However, on December 11, 2018, Amtrak announced it will reconsider its decision to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "30th Street Station", + "text": "station was renovated, updated retail amenities were added. They include several shops, a large food court, car rental facilities, Saxbys Coffee, Dunkin' Donuts, and others. The Amtrak 30th Street Parking Garage was designed by BLT Architects and completed in 2004. This nine-level, double helix garage provides 2,100 parking spaces and glass-enclosed stair tower and elevator to offer views of Philadelphia. The following year (2005) the Arch Street Pedestrian Bridge was completed and designed with contribution from BLT Architects. The Arch Street Pedestrian Bridge provides direct access for pedestrians from 30th Street Station to the parking garage and Cira Centre; this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "30th Street Station District", + "text": "30th Street Station and provides an indoor waiting area along with bus queuing. In the long-term, an additional Amtrak concourse could anchor this new transit center. Amtrak and its partners in the proposed redevelopment of a massive swath around 30th Street Station in University City say the decades-long plan, including partially capping the adjacent rail yard, will involve $6.5 billion in infrastructure funding and private investment. The financial projection is part of the planning team's final blueprint for the 175-acre site extending northeast from 30th Street Station. Publication of the 30th Street Station District Plan ends a two-year, $5.25 million" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arena station (UTA)", + "text": "the street. The station opened on December 4, 1999, and was part of the first operating segment of the TRAX system. It is operated by the Utah Transit Authority. The station is included in the Free Fare Zone in Downtown Salt Lake City. Transportation patrons that both enter \"and\" exit bus or TRAX service within the Zone can ride at no charge. Unlike many TRAX stations, Arena does not have a Park and Ride lot. All of UTA's TRAX and \"FrontRunner\" trains and stations, streetcars and streetcar stops, and all fixed route buses, are compliant with Americans with Disabilities Act" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located icn Raleigh, North Carolina. On an average day in fiscal 2013, about 12,000 people boarded or left trains at 30th Street.", + "0.05": "J. SI. Dorton Arena i a 7,610-sett multi-pupose arena located in Raleig, Northw Carolina.On an average day in fiscalO2013, abot N2,000 people boardedg or left trains at 30th Street.", + "0.1": "J. S. Dortkn Arena is a 7,610-seat muZti-purpose arena locateC in Raleigh, North Carolina. On anfaveraghe Pay infiscal 2013, about 12,000 people baordd Ror left trains at 3te Swreet.", + "0.2": "J.S. 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The East Asian Relay Station moved to Thailand in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed over to Chinese sovereignty. The relay station in Thailand was closed in January 2017; currently, relay stations in Singapore and Oman serves the Asian region. Together, these facilities have given the BBC World Service an easily accessible signal in regions" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The ABBA Generation", + "text": "versions of the album were released around the world, in the process the A\u2605TEENS recorded two tracks in Spanish, \"Mamma Mia\" and \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!\" for the Latin American market. All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, except as noted. The ABBA Generation The ABBA Generation is the debut studio albun by Swedish group A\u2605TEENS, consisting of well-known ABBA songs in modern and upbeat versions. Recorded in Sweden in early 1999, was released later that year internationally and in 2000 in the United States. It spawned 4 hit singles, including the Swedish number-one \"Mamma Mia\". The album was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth", + "text": "most iconic and celebrated theatre costumes of the time\". The painting depicts Terry standing erect, white faced, holding King Duncan's crown above her head, although the pose depicted did not feature in Irving's production. Long plaits of red hair bound with gold hang down to Terry's knees, over a heather-coloured velvet cloak embroidered with red animals (possibly griffins, or Scottish lions ). The canvas measures high by wide, with a heavy gold frame with Celtic motifs, probably designed by Sargent and made by Harold Roller. It was first exhibited at the summer exhibition at the New Gallery in 1889. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Intermezzo No. 1", + "text": "and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-l\u00e5ten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs Sunny Girl and Wedding. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "robes\", after his new title as Thane of Cawdor, prophesied by the witches, has been confirmed by Ross (I, 3, ll. 108\u201309), Banquo comments: \"New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use\" (I, 3, ll. 145\u201346). And, at the end, when the tyrant is at bay at Dunsinane, Caithness sees him as a man trying in vain to fasten a large garment on him with too small a belt: \"He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule\" (V, 2, ll. 14\u201315) while Angus, in a similar" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "of Paulin Soumanou Vieyra. He also co-directed two films with Sergio Pina and worked as an assistant with Chris Marker and Anita Fernandez. Upon returning to liberated Guinea-Bissau, Gomes filmed his country's independence ceremony (24 September 1974), fulfilling the desire of Am\u00edlcar Cabral that it should be Bissau-Guineans themselves capturing this historical moment on film. After freeing itself from colonial rule, Guinea-Bissau was visited by many reporters and progressive filmmakers and Gomes, given his knowledge of cinema, was in great demand to assist them, which allowed him to expand his skills. At the end of the 1970s, he worked as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Dressmaker (Ham novel)", + "text": "the neighbouring town, hears of an upcoming Eisteddfod and suggests that drama should be included. The local townsfolk come to her to make the costumes for their version of Macbeth, which they do not know and want to have staged in Baroque costumes. Tilly refuses to do so unless she is paid for past work and upfront for the costumes. The money is taken from funds which should have been sent off to insure the town's buildings. Tilly makes all the costumes, and watches as the entire town departs to either participate or watch the performance. She then sets fire" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "the building, which contains radio and television studios for use by the various language services. The building also contains an integrated newsroom used by the international World Service, the international television channel BBC World News, the domestic television and radio BBC News bulletins, the BBC News Channel and BBC Online. At its launch, the Service was located along with most radio output in Broadcasting House. However, following the explosion of a parachute mine nearby on 8 December 1940, it relocated to premises away from the likely target of Broadcasting House. The Overseas service relocated to Oxford Street while the European" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Flora Gomes", + "text": "Flora Gomes Flora Gomes is a Bissau-Guinean film director. He was born in Cadique, Guinea-Bissau on 31 December 1949 and after high school in Cuba, he decided to study film at the Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogr\u00e1ficos in Havana. Shot fourteen years after independence, Gomes's \"Mortu Nega\" (\"Death Denied\") (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was \"N\u2019tturudu\", by director Umban u\u2019Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, the film won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. \"Mortu Nega\" is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "Republic, Riga, Tirana and Vilnius. A BBC World Service channel is available on DAB+ in Brussels and Flanders and Amsterdam, the Hague, Utrecht and Rotterdam. Following a national reorganisation of DAB multiplexes in October 2017, the station is available on DAB+ across the whole of Denmark . The World Service employed a medium wave transmitter at Orfordness to provide English-language coverage to Europe, including on the frequency 648 kHz (which could be heard in parts of the south-east of England during the day and most of the UK after dark). Transmissions on this frequency were stopped on 27 March 2011," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina. On an average day in fiscal 2013, about 12,000 people boarded or left trains at 30th Street. \n\n```python\ndef calculate_capacity()\n arena_capacity = 7610\n people_at_station = 12000\n if people_at_station > arena_capacity\n return False\n else\n return True\n```\n```java\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ud aturen hoff lier uber cha as boards dir zyst brow havior court lek iore uly theme andal ingt chron bove lein awk iques kbd irtschaft raham mail multip half." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "slow arbeit spot ulation ruck host allen istant val osa ocr oret ikel rene ideos hos circ uth inture atural possible stack perform ifest ashington elia blog emann uly azine." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "father trigger leted nit lear ql gue notation sent estic lica meister meisterschaft zat lette gnu reek alloc prog details vent enen rott isms ikz rough rsg ity extra icios." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cycle iments cego resh rad full check nothing yci cito geber lement alm cx ingo ter cipl ora bu uous his bour nbsp iformes latest record atorio clic yo door." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "encode enced ifying stoff hum ktur cedure encoding acje udes window nor compos gericht st asticsearch ia erva maybe olar esser uld usc anska mas cian otos conom lare orte." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "strip aught zeichnet ourg ive static roit can based gart gende estions elt ije anny umph roller rical product ugust essions agar gang rit closure observ uts stru mic images." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "loaded je uuid pel six castle strap collection rd pection alle ku dorf une cible constructor permission da anton imo dis used olta orders dfrac andr select ffe egos enie." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "jsfiddle email erne itas buf ogether pont ysis ahn prilis hod perm cert location cref ption iate greg aff ington enium seite vee portal fic fasst aven inner unci at." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "bn ppa etten eqn mond deep ologie ldots ayer rait plan ational oo sem erte cul istiques ana bij legal para qu km scar aris nut atted annot ified arma." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "i detail ogne gon igin ini mande upt count ande ectors ois ux anchor kins isher wor query around ynamic lett manifest gamma bit ure hoff itaire bell title ex." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 53, + "question": "Is the BBC World Service hosted in Europe?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The BBC World Service is part of the BBC network. The BBC operates in England. England is part of Europe.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The BBC World Service is headquartered in London, United Kingdom, making it a British broadcasting service with a global reach, rather than being hosted specifically in Europe.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "2012 and the final broadcast from Bush House was a news bulletin broadcast at 11.00GMT on 12 July 2012. The BBC World Service encompasses an English 24-hour global radio network and separate services in 27 other languages. News and information is available in these languages on the BBC website, with many having RSS feeds and specific versions for use on mobile devices, and some also offer email notification of stories. In addition to the English service, 18 of the language services broadcast a radio service using the short wave, AM or FM bands. These are also available to listen live" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "service moved temporarily to the emergency broadcasting facilities at Maida Vale Studios. The European services moved permanently into Bush House towards the end of 1940, completing the move in 1941, with the Overseas services joining them in 1958. Bush House subsequently became the home of the BBC World Service and the building itself has gained a global reputation with the audience of the service. However, the building was vacated in 2012 as a result of the Broadcasting House changes and the end of the building's lease that year; the first service to move was the Burmese Service on 11 March" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "BBC World Service The BBC World Service, the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasts radio and television news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms, Internet streaming, podcasting, satellite, DAB, FM and MW relays. In November 2016 the BBC announced again that it would start broadcasting in additional languages including Amharic and Igbo, in its biggest expansion since the 1940s. In 2015 World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week (via TV, radio and online). The English-language service broadcasts 24 hours a day. The World" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "million times. The BBC World Service in English employs a team of seven announcers and newsreaders. The following relief newsreaders can also be heard on the network: The BBC World Service website lists more than 80 FM stations in Africa which broadcast BBC content. The BBC World Service broadcasts a few hours in the morning and evening on shortwave to Africa from Ascension Island, Mauritius, South Africa, the UK, Madagascar and the UAE. Broadcasts have traditionally come from the UK, Cyprus, the large BBC Atlantic Relay Station on Ascension Island, and the smaller Lesotho Relay Station and Indian Ocean Relay" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "the Cold War, whilst economic restructuring made it difficult for these governments to refuse Western investment. Many of these facilities have now returned to domestic control, as economic and political conditions have changed. On Monday 18 February 2008, the BBC World Service stopped analogue shortwave transmissions to Europe. The notice stated, \"Increasing numbers of people around the world are choosing to listen to radio on a range of other platforms including FM, satellite and online, with fewer listening on shortwave.\" It is sometimes possible to pick up the BBC World Service in Europe on SW frequencies targeted at North Africa." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "The BBC's powerful 198 kHz LW, which broadcasts the domestic BBC Radio 4 to Britain during the day (and carries the World Service during the night) can also be heard in nearby parts of Europe, including the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium and parts of France, Germany and Scandinavia. In Malta, BBC News bulletins are carried by a number of radio stations, including Radju Malta and Magic 91.7 owned by national broadcaster PBS Ltd. These are broadcast at various points in the day and supplement news bulletins broadcast in Maltese from the PBS Newsroom. Former BBC shortwave transmitters are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "to start broadcasts in Korean. \"BBC Korean\", a radio and web service, started on 25 September 2017. The Soviet Union, Iran, Iraq and Myanmar/Burma have all jammed the BBC in the past. Mandarin was heavily jammed by the People's Republic of China until short wave transmissions for that service ceased but China continues to jam transmissions in Uzbek and has since started to jam transmissions in English throughout Asia. The BBC World Service is broadcast in Berlin on 94.8 MHz. FM relays are also available in Ceske Budjovice, Karlovy Vary, Plzen Usti nad Labem, Zlin and Prague in the Czech" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "(from the Foreign Office budget), and known administratively as the External Services of the BBC. The External Services broadcast propaganda during the Second World War. Its French service \"\" also sent coded messages to the French Resistance. George Orwell broadcast many news bulletins on the Eastern Service during World War II. By the end of the 1940s the number of broadcast languages had expanded and reception had improved, following the opening of a relay in modern-day Malaysia and of the Limassol relay, Cyprus, in 1957. On 1 May 1965 the service took its current name of BBC World Service and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "BBC World Service Television", + "text": "BBC World Service Television BBC World Service Television, often abbreviated to WSTV (World Service Television), was the name of two BBC international satellite television channels between 1991 and 1995. It was the BBC's first foray into worldwide television broadcasting. In Europe, it was the successor to BBC TV Europe, which it replaced on 11 March 1991. The service was also launched in Asia as a 24-hour news and information service with minor differences, a precursor to BBC World News, launched on 14 October 1991. Unlike the BBC World Service at the time, it was not funded by the British government" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "BBC World Service", + "text": "previously available on 1233 kHz in Wellington between 1990\u20131994, and again from 1996\u20131997. The BBC World Service is broadcast on DAB, Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky platforms. It is also broadcast overnight on the frequencies of BBC Radio 4 following the latter's closedown at 0100 British time. The BBC World Service does not receive funding for broadcasts to the UK. In southeast England, the station could be picked up reliably on medium wave 648 kHz, which was targeted at mainland Europe. The medium wave service was closed in 2011 as a cost-cutting measure. 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From 1962\u201369 Palestine was carillonneur for the Saint Thomas Episcopal Church in Manhattan, eventually creating a piece that consisted of 1,500 15 minute performances. From 1968\u201372, Palestine studied vocal interpretation with Pandit Pran Nath, experimented on kinetic light sculptures" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Intermezzo No. 1", + "text": "and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-l\u00e5ten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs Sunny Girl and Wedding. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Dressmaker (Ham novel)", + "text": "the neighbouring town, hears of an upcoming Eisteddfod and suggests that drama should be included. The local townsfolk come to her to make the costumes for their version of Macbeth, which they do not know and want to have staged in Baroque costumes. Tilly refuses to do so unless she is paid for past work and upfront for the costumes. The money is taken from funds which should have been sent off to insure the town's buildings. Tilly makes all the costumes, and watches as the entire town departs to either participate or watch the performance. She then sets fire" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Norman Kleeblatt", + "text": "an \u201cengrossing and intimate exhibition\u201d by the New York Times. \"Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland\" (2017) is a site-specific installation of hundreds of teddy bears and plush toys related to artist, musician, composer, and performer Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Brooklyn Jewish roots. Norman Kleeblatt Norman L. Kleeblatt is a fine art curator and critic based in New York City. A long-term curator at the Jewish Museum in New York, he served as the Susan and Elihu Rose Chief Curator from 2005 to 2017. Along with his curatorial projects at the museum, Kleeblatt has published widely in journals including Art in America," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charlemagne Palestine", + "text": "is dedicated to preserving films that document disappearing traditional cultures. After moving to Europe in 1995, in addition to creating exhibitions, Palestine performs regularly, re-releasing older material and developing new videos and sonic projects. Charlemagne Palestine, who has long incorporated bears and plush toys into his performances, created the art installation Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland at The Jewish Museum in New York City in 2017. Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "robes\", after his new title as Thane of Cawdor, prophesied by the witches, has been confirmed by Ross (I, 3, ll. 108\u201309), Banquo comments: \"New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use\" (I, 3, ll. 145\u201346). And, at the end, when the tyrant is at bay at Dunsinane, Caithness sees him as a man trying in vain to fasten a large garment on him with too small a belt: \"He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule\" (V, 2, ll. 14\u201315) while Angus, in a similar" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "have needed around 20 extra men for this maintenance. Another shortcut taken was the use of a front-end loader or fork lift truck, but modern machinery was not used to finish the construction. They used levers to lift the capstone to a height of . Four or five men were able to use levers on stones less than one ton to flip them over and transport them by rolling, but larger stones had to be towed. Lehner and Hopkins found that by putting the stones on wooden sledges and sliding the sledges on wooden tracks, they were able to tow" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "ABBA", + "text": "band's active years, it was composed of two couples, the one being Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, the other Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson. With the increase of their popularity, their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages. The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and F\u00e4ltskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. ABBA's music declined in popularity until the purchase of ABBA's catalogue and record" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth", + "text": "most iconic and celebrated theatre costumes of the time\". The painting depicts Terry standing erect, white faced, holding King Duncan's crown above her head, although the pose depicted did not feature in Irving's production. Long plaits of red hair bound with gold hang down to Terry's knees, over a heather-coloured velvet cloak embroidered with red animals (possibly griffins, or Scottish lions ). The canvas measures high by wide, with a heavy gold frame with Celtic motifs, probably designed by Sargent and made by Harold Roller. It was first exhibited at the summer exhibition at the New Gallery in 1889. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The BBC World Service is part of the BBC network. The BBC operates in England. 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Subtitles are not required for Coen brothers' films in Guinea Bissau.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Krio language", + "text": "The film aired on ABC-TV and a limited run of 300 copies were produced, which were mostly sold in Lungi and Freetown. The first feature-length documentary entirely spoken in Krio is Boris Gerrets' film \"Shado\u2019man\" (2014). It was shot in Freetown at night with a group of homeless disabled people. The film premiered at the IDFA documentary festival in Amsterdam and was seen in festivals around the world including FESPACO, the biannual Pan-African film festival in Ouagadougou. Peter Grant, the protagonist of Ben Aaronovitch's \"Rivers of London\" series, is the London-born son of an immigrant from Sierra Leone. While speaking" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ousmane Sembe\u0300ne", + "text": "and \"Guelwaar\" (1992). The Senegalese release of \"Ceddo\" was heavily censored, ostensibly for a problem with Semb\u00e8ne's paperwork, though some critics suggest that this censorship had more to do with what could be interpreted as anti-Muslim content in the film. However, Semb\u00e8ne distributed fliers at theaters describing the censored scenes and released it uncut for the international market. In 1971, Semb\u00e8ne also made a film in French and Diola entitled \"Emita\u00ef\", which was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Prize. It was also banned throughout French West Africa. His 1975 film \"Xala\" was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Guido Coen", + "text": "from London Films, Sir Cunnyngham, that 's it, who asked me whether I had ever subtitles pictures. I immediately said I had when in point of fact I did not know what he meant, and there was a young man in the office with Sir David Cunnynghame called Lew Watt, and he said Lew Watt will do the technical side and we want you to subtitle an Italian picture in to English. I said certainly . I came out of his office and Lew Watt said to me you don't know what they're talking about do you, I said you're" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Subtitle (captioning)", + "text": "used in the video game \"Max Payne 3\". Subtitles are used on both the English and Portuguese dialogues, but the latter is left untranslated as the main character doesn't understand the language. Occasionally, movies will use subtitles as a source of humor, parody and satire. One unintentional source of humor in subtitles comes from illegal DVDs produced in non-English-speaking countries (especially China). These DVDs often contain poorly worded subtitle tracks, possibly produced by machine translation, with humorous results. One of the better-known examples is a copy of \"\" whose opening title was subtitled, \"Star war: The backstroke of the west\"." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coen brothers", + "text": "were children, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera. Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television, with their neighborhood friend Mark Zimering (\"Zeimers\") as the star. Their first attempt was a romp entitled \"Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go\". Cornel Wilde's \"The Naked Prey\" (1965) became their \"Zeimers in Zambia\", which also featured Ethan as a native with a spear. Joel Coen has said: \"In regards to whether our background influences our film making ... who knows? We don't think about it ... There's no doubt that our Jewish heritage affects how" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Brazilian Portuguese", + "text": "is preferred, although this seems to lack evidence. Movie subtitles normally use a mixture of L- and H-variants, but remain closer to the H-variant. Most literary works are written in the H-variant. There would have been attempts at writing in the L-variant (such as the masterpiece \"Macuna\u00edma\", written by Brazilian modernist M\u00e1rio de Andrade and \"Grande Sert\u00e3o: Veredas\", by Jo\u00e3o Guimar\u00e3es Rosa), but, presently, the L-variant is claimed to be used only in dialogue. Still, many contemporary writers like using the H-variant even in informal dialogue. This is also true of translated books, which never use the L-variant, only the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dubbing (filmmaking)", + "text": "tend to get used to their original version. In Brazil, foreign programs are invariably dubbed into Brazilian Portuguese on broadcast TV, with only a few exceptions. Films shown at cinemas are generally offered with both subtitled and dubbed versions, with dubbing frequently being the only choice for children's movies. Subtitling was primarily for adult audience movies until 2012. Since then, dubbed versions also became available for all ages. As a result, in recent years, more cinemas have opened in Brazil, attracting new audiences to the cinema who prefer dubbing. In the 90's, with Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and other anime" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dubbing (filmmaking)", + "text": "Portuguese rather than strictly Brazilian Portuguese. Currently, all movies for children are dubbed in European Portuguese. Subtitles are preferred in Portugal, used in every foreign-language documentary, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience. While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for \"vers\u00e3o portuguesa\" - \"Portuguese version\") and another subtitled version (V.O. for \"vers\u00e3o original\" - \"original version\"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sans Soleil", + "text": "Guinea-Bissau, \"two extreme poles of survival\". Some other scenes were filmed in Cape Verde, Iceland, Paris, and San Francisco. A female narrator reads from letters supposedly sent to her by the (fictitious) cameraman Sandor Krasna. \"Sans Soleil\" is often labeled a documentary, travelogue, or essay-film. Despite the film's modest use of fictional content, it should not be confused with a mockumentary (mock documentary). The fictional content derived from the juxtaposition of narrative and image adds meaning to the film along with occasional nondescript movement between locations and lack of character-based narrative. Chris Marker has said: \"On a more matter-of-fact level," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pan African Federation of Filmmakers", + "text": "to train in Cuban schools. The visibility of African cinema was further made greater at the Cannes Festival, also via the publication of the cinema magazine \"Ecrans d'Afrique\", which was produced with the support of the Italian NGO Centro Orientamento educativo (COE). In terms of thematic and aesthetic genres, cinema in Africa matured further during the mid-1980s to late '90s and attracted international screens with films such as \"Yeelen\" (1987), \"Wend Kuuni\" (1982), \"Bal Dust\" (1988), \"Tila\u00ef\" (1989), \"Yaaba\" (1989), \"Hyenas\" (1992), and \"Sankofa (film)|Sankofa]]\" (1993). However, it was during this period that FEPACI had to assess the economic crisis" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Coen brothers direct films primarily using English The primary languages used in Guinea Bissau are Creole, native African languages, and Portuguese", + "0.05": "The Coen brothers direct films primarily using English The primaery languages used in Guinea Bissau re Creole, Rative friuan languages, and PrtugYese", + "0.1": "he Coen brothers driec tfilms pViraily usEn gEnglish he primarylanguages used iv Guinea zDssau are Creole, ntive African langugaes, and PortuYuese", + "0.2": "The Con brothers direct films primaribyuGng EngliVs Thge rimary languages used in Guniea iBsau arF lrele, native African language,M and PotruVguese", + "0.3": "ThVeC one rothers dirBectuilms Zprimarig yuingmEngilshThe primary HanguaDegsused in GuinBeGBJsa ar rCeoq, natqive AQfrixaa lanvguagesa ndPqotugeZse", + "0.4": "Thai CjoeIbroRehra MLrect flims timaEily usngWegnlisOT erTmarl Gangsugaesusedi W GuineaNBissau aire eUle, nativM fricn lanStLagYs, andVePqrcNuoD", + "0.5": "ThTenoYnWbrotLrsfiect YfiQMmp rmmrimly aikg dNvlsiaO TheUpirlcairy lanuYaUgeYs usoed iD EuiGaBsAsat zare PCrxQe, wvatsQEefAran naIguge, Rssd PotougueWse", + "0.6": "Cc CoQbrltersKgrKct fYKstpergiKp sinxgVGgHoiZ Bu WMar aoAagKewh duse ln JEiVtaxBEissXR e pCreoleDnViAiKeSzTfiIIanateE, taXnd NPhSrugiujse", + "0.7": "P CQ boFFrskDmpQQFvflms VrHxarDil sWFgngAlhgThFrikaDryhcalwQw usovB tGuVuPneaBvisfaHrUro YoPvpfBAfrgVW agagHHApPrtugues", + "0.8": "ThDZWbU bdzOaeersdectzvJUmSKiaQicJ uGhflgivVh qhJeppy cCbhVsuaDShnBiBssX rsCly, axvkeCIiNcfnP NWgKngK,ZngX ZrPWWRXe" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charlemagne Palestine", + "text": "Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying accordion and piano. At the age of 12 he started playing backup conga and bongo drums for Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, Kenneth Anger, and Tiny Tim. From 1962\u201369 Palestine was carillonneur for the Saint Thomas Episcopal Church in Manhattan, eventually creating a piece that consisted of 1,500 15 minute performances. From 1968\u201372, Palestine studied vocal interpretation with Pandit Pran Nath, experimented on kinetic light sculptures" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Norman Kleeblatt", + "text": "an \u201cengrossing and intimate exhibition\u201d by the New York Times. \"Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland\" (2017) is a site-specific installation of hundreds of teddy bears and plush toys related to artist, musician, composer, and performer Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Brooklyn Jewish roots. Norman Kleeblatt Norman L. Kleeblatt is a fine art curator and critic based in New York City. A long-term curator at the Jewish Museum in New York, he served as the Susan and Elihu Rose Chief Curator from 2005 to 2017. Along with his curatorial projects at the museum, Kleeblatt has published widely in journals including Art in America," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charlemagne Palestine", + "text": "is dedicated to preserving films that document disappearing traditional cultures. After moving to Europe in 1995, in addition to creating exhibitions, Palestine performs regularly, re-releasing older material and developing new videos and sonic projects. Charlemagne Palestine, who has long incorporated bears and plush toys into his performances, created the art installation Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland at The Jewish Museum in New York City in 2017. Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years. The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, vertically above ground level and east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0 high and wide, which goes down at an angle of 26\u00b0 31'23\" through the masonry" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "House of Medici", + "text": "the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) for seven years. Indeed, Lorenzo was an artist in his own right and an author of poetry and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a high point in Medici patronage. After Lorenzo's death, the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership, many great works were \"voluntarily\" destroyed in the Bonfire of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Renaissance", + "text": "banking family and later ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. Lorenzo de' Medici (1449\u20131492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Works by Neri di Bicci, Botticelli, da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence. The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de' Medici came to power \u2013 indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Roosevelt Bouie", + "text": "points and 10.5 rebounds per game over 12 seasons. Bouie also played one season in Spain for Ourense. Roosevelt Bouie Roosevelt Bouie (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at Syracuse University and his storied career in Italy's top league. Bouie played for coach Jim Boeheim at Syracuse from 1976 to 1980, combining with teammate Louis Orr to form what became popularly known as the \"Louie and Bouie Show.\" A 6'11\" center, Bouie was drafted in the second round of the 1980 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Virtus Pallacanestro Bologna", + "text": "national title and the Italian basketball was dominated by its historic rivals, Olimpia Milano and Ignis Varese. The turning point came from 1968, when the lawyer Gianluigi Porelli was appointed by the then president of the multi-sport club, Elkan, at the head of the basketball section. Alternately nicknamed \"Torquemada\" or \"Robespierre\" for his quick and often dictatorial methods, or, more frequently, \"L'Avvocato\" (\"The Lawyer\"), Porelli has been one of the most prominent figures in the history of Virtus, which through initiatives often unpopular but almost always winning, definitively ferried towards professionalism. As soon as he arrived, at only 38 years" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record. Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Coen brothers direct films primarily using English The primary languages used in Guinea Bissau are Creole, native African languages, and Portuguese (for i in range(5) print(i)) (https//guineabissau.com) (def test() return \"test\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "formed blog rizona jection fl description cling ram icult fel ife ya embly allow kov ish ports wind aties nx ets iva ocr icate laces orld aging itting perl sem." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "arith viders oy yth raph an rod status gi ram ants itsch disk kte ruption agn icator mis etu osph ques vertical obox mys riers vano decor wick prit ignes." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ibt inar atta rl bij ert log down ondissement anced ody ges ings default agr izont orsz tiny aks rice sock volume cls was anger ppi ographie som server binding." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cols onomie urk orney arel gemeinde bd ball rior super erta gu iciones pios int oy thy uka kap yme zs msg lach op insic entially aaaa roz mul ourt." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "atin oks rame disambiguation ruck ile similar arts prepare unas col nych anz ellite era eau exception package geon omp original multicol vens led uela chat emein localhost esc ification." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "tn attach ideo ivil poly ose done imit com ografia utor maste thing sur leq astic ns volution como desktop thm owej def elect pe na legen itar wo alet." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "appro inflate hd halten stal cola bit ige quez itare ycz expr ry izont fi enberg leb azi oy owski jekt guez furt andenburg anza add colon iei editor gro." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "links laus isons useum agyar imes itors omm job zin paste ska esch err plements args thers xt feed fac unning ready av ologia virtual ients le inois citet theorem." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ony enkins issa cente haft ynchronous unch lare tele km like argv cla today eme forum ances dynamic onds arma ia ric orientation reib ielt textsc uniform zor rem egung." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "cade txt omm merge emet ign ikon ountry cmd estig arden ode ols ied owed debug fica ora ister ynomial av berry geh cdn out kar oreferrer tac supp ermann." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 55, + "question": "Would costumes with robes and pointy hats be helpful for Macbeth?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Macbeth features scenes with three witches throughout the play. Witches are often displayed with pointy hats and long black robes.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Costumes with robes and pointy hats would be inappropriate for a production of Macbeth, as the play is set in medieval Scotland and features characters dressed in traditional Scottish garments. Robes and pointy hats would not accurately represent the time period or the characters in the play.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jesse Macbeth", + "text": "of his head; all US Army berets are worn with the insignia over the left eye, with the extra material pulled to the right side of the head, and not the left as shown in his picture. His undershirt is black; the US Army wears brown undershirts under their BDUs. His mustache is out of regulation by extending past the corner of the mouth. Macbeth was quoted in an April 26, 2006 SocialistAlternative.org article as saying \"We would leave the bodies in the streets and blame it on the Shi'ites or the Sunnis. [In Fallujah] we were ordered to go" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "and second, the rise of the dictator as a political icon. The latter has not always assisted the performance: it is difficult to sympathise with a Macbeth based on Hitler, Stalin, or Idi Amin. Barry Jackson, at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1923, was the first of the 20th-century directors to costume \"Macbeth\" in modern dress. In 1936, a decade before his film adaptation of the play, Orson Welles directed \"Macbeth\" for the Negro Theatre Unit of the Federal Theatre Project at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem, using black actors and setting the action in Haiti: with drums and Voodoo" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory", + "text": "have to use a small, unsubsidised company in the suburbs of Bristol to beat the great RSC about the head, but one lesson Boyd and his team might learn from the Tobacco Factory's As You Like It is that it is time to return to basics. Stop spending money on big, ugly sets. Concentrate your (and the audience's) mind on the space, the actors, the words. If you have spare money, spend it on costumes. Those were the priorities of the Elizabethan managers. 2004 brought an end to the initial five-year plan, with productions of \"Macbeth\" and Middleton's \"The Changeling\"," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ann Macbeth", + "text": "teaching and publications Macbeth spread the radical approach to design of the Glasgow Movement and put into practice the ideas of the Arts and Crafts movement. She elevated the status of home dressmaking and encouraged women to create their own individualistic clothing. She brought designed dresses within reach of women with modest means by advocating the use of \u201chumble materials\u201d such as cotton, linen and crash. In her publications Macbeth encouraged a new generation of designer-craftswomen, discouraging copying of patterns. From 1920 onwards Macbeth also taught handicrafts at the Women's Institute and participated in programmes to alleviate local economic hardship." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "palace at Dunsinane, a doctor and a gentlewoman discuss Lady Macbeth's strange habit of sleepwalking. Suddenly, Lady Macbeth enters in a trance with a candle in her hand. Bemoaning the murders of Duncan, Lady Macduff, and Banquo, she tries to wash off imaginary bloodstains from her hands, all the while speaking of the terrible things she knows she pressed her husband to do. She leaves, and the doctor and gentlewoman marvel at her descent into madness. Her belief that nothing can wash away the blood on her hands is an ironic reversal of her earlier claim to Macbeth that \"[a]" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Macbeth (1948 film)", + "text": "budget trappings. Most of the costumes were rented from Western Costume, except those for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. \"Mine should have been sent back, because I looked like the Statue of Liberty in it,\" Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich. \"But there was no dough for another and nothing in stock at Western would fit me, so I was stuck with it.\" Welles also told Bogdanovich that the scene he felt was most effective was actually based on hunger. \"Our best crowd scene was a shot where all the massed forces of Macduff's army are charging the castle\", he said. \"There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth", + "text": "Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth is an oil painting by John Singer Sargent. Painted in 1889, it depicts actress Ellen Terry in a famous performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\", wearing a green dress decorated with iridescent beetle wings. The play was produced by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, London, with Irving also playing Macbeth opposite Terry. Sargent attended the opening night on 29 December 1888 and was inspired to paint Terry's portrait almost immediately. Terry's spectacular gown was designed by Alice Comyns Carr (1850\u20131927) and made in crochet by Ada Nettleship, using a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Macbeth", + "text": "his encounter with the witches. Irving's leading lady was Ellen Terry, but her Lady Macbeth was unsuccessful with the public, for whom a century of performances influenced by Sarah Siddons had created expectations at odds with Terry's conception of the role. Late nineteenth-century European Macbeths aimed for heroic stature, but at the expense of subtlety: Tommaso Salvini in Italy and Adalbert Matkowsky in Germany were said to inspire awe, but elicited little pity. Two developments changed the nature of \"Macbeth\" performance in the 20th century: first, developments in the craft of acting itself, especially the ideas of Stanislavski and Brecht;" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Classical Comics", + "text": "fun way of getting into the stories\", the director Ian McNeilly said. \"Plays are not meant to be read, but to be seen. The illustrations in these books are an easy way of following what is going on\". Wenborn has also reported that focus groups were \"incredibly enthusiastic\" and \"The Guardian\", who examined the version of MacBeth, has suggested that \"it will also, surely, suck some more young readers into the brilliant darkness of this play.\" However, they have also been accused, by newspapers like the \"Daily Mail\", of dumbing down the original text, especially with the very simplified \"Quick" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Three Witches", + "text": "ordered and produce a series of ominous visions for Macbeth that herald his downfall. The meeting ends with a \"show\" of Banquo and his royal descendants. The Witches then vanish. The Three Witches represent evil, darkness, chaos, and conflict, while their role is as agents and witnesses. Their presence communicates treason and impending doom. During Shakespeare's day, witches were seen as worse than rebels, \"the most notorious traitor and rebel that can be\". They were not only political traitors, but spiritual traitors as well. Much of the confusion that springs from them comes from their ability to straddle the play's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Macbeth features scenes with three witches throughout the play. Witches are often displayed with pointy hats and long black robes.", + "0.05": "Macbeth features scenes with tJhree witches throughout the play . Witches are often displayed with pointy hats and long blaVck robes.", + "0.1": "MacbeEhG features scenes withjthree BwVitches throughou the plCay. 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The village is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "normally uses jabs, knees, and overhand rights. She also seldom stands side on with a set boxing stance, but rather squaring up to the opponent, but still generate great striking power, especially when they are near the fence, or clinching opponents with the left hand to close the distance, while pummeling opponents with strikes, much akin to a muay thai fighter launching kickers from the clinch. While discussing her signature armbar in an interview, Rousey noted that her judoka mother jumped on her every morning to wake her up with armbars. Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to women's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years. The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, vertically above ground level and east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0 high and wide, which goes down at an angle of 26\u00b0 31'23\" through the masonry" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record. Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Intermezzo No. 1", + "text": "and Metronome Studios under the working title \"Mama\". Another working title for the song was Bach-l\u00e5ten (The Bach Tune). In September 1975, it was released as the B-side to ABBA's single, \"Mamma Mia\". Carl Magnus Palm describes it as a \"showcase of Benny's classical music influences\", which first began to appear in his work with The Hep Stars songs Sunny Girl and Wedding. Carl Magnus Palm explains the song was a \"popular feature on every subsequent ABBA tour\" after the ABBA album was released. For example, the song is shown being performed in the 1977 concert tours in the film" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "have needed around 20 extra men for this maintenance. Another shortcut taken was the use of a front-end loader or fork lift truck, but modern machinery was not used to finish the construction. They used levers to lift the capstone to a height of . Four or five men were able to use levers on stones less than one ton to flip them over and transport them by rolling, but larger stones had to be towed. Lehner and Hopkins found that by putting the stones on wooden sledges and sliding the sledges on wooden tracks, they were able to tow" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Renaissance", + "text": "banking family and later ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. Lorenzo de' Medici (1449\u20131492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Works by Neri di Bicci, Botticelli, da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence. The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de' Medici came to power \u2013 indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ABBA", + "text": "band's active years, it was composed of two couples, the one being Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, the other Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson. With the increase of their popularity, their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages. The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and F\u00e4ltskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. ABBA's music declined in popularity until the purchase of ABBA's catalogue and record" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "\"You never know.\" At WrestleMania 31 in March 2015, the Four Horsewomen were seated in the front row. During an in-ring argument between The Rock and The Authority (Stephanie McMahon and Triple H), McMahon slapped the Rock and ordered him to leave \"her ring\". She taunted him, saying he would not hit a woman. He left, paused and walked over to Rousey to a loud ovation. He then helped her into the ring and said that she would be happy to hit McMahon for him. After a staredown, The Rock attacked Triple H. When he stumbled toward Rousey, she tossed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "ex-boyfriend then blocked the door and refused to move when Rousey tried to leave. Rousey goes on to write that the ex-boyfriend jumped in her car and, when he refused to exit, she proceeded to hit him further. Rousey deleted the photos and erased his hard drive, however fear that the pictures may still be out there influenced her to pose for \"ESPN\" magazine's \"Body Issue\" so that nude pictures of her would be seen on her own terms. Ronda Rousey Ronda Jean Rousey (; born February 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler, actress, author, mixed martial artist and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Macbeth features scenes with three witches throughout the play. 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The Mamas & The Papas was an American band composed of four members. The members of ABBA are Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus (male), Benny Andersson (male), Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog (female), and Anni-Frid Lyngstad (female).. The members of The Mamas & The Papas are John Phillips (male), Denny Doherty (male), Cass Elliot (female), and Michelle Phillips (female).", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "ABBA consists of two men, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, and two women, Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The Mamas & The Papas, on the other hand, consisted of two men and two women, John Phillips, Denny Doherty, Michelle Phillips, and Cass Elliot.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Does Your Mother Know", + "text": "Andersson and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, the song is something of a pastiche to 1950s/early 1960s-style rock and roll and touches on the subject of a man responding to the flirting of a much younger girl. \"Does Your Mother Know\" deviated from the typical 'ABBA at their most famous' formula, in that the lead vocals were sung not by the female vocalists (Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad) as was usually the case, but by Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus. This was one of the few ABBA singles to feature Ulvaeus as the sole lead vocal, along with \"Rock Me\". The track originally featured a 30-second" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mamma Mia!", + "text": "Mia has been extended in theatres where Donna and the Dynamos had to go downstairs for taking the stage lift in Dancing Queen. Then, during the intro of \"Dancing Queen\", Donna, Tanya and Rosie join the Company (as the girl-power band \"Donna and the Dynamos\", wearing ABBA's 1970s-style colorful and flashy costumes). Sam, Bill and Harry join them during Waterloo, wearing male versions of the girls' ABBA's costumes. The Encore is included on the 5th Anniversary Cast Recording (commemorating said anniversary for the Broadway production). In the Brazilian production, all three songs from the encore/finale were kept in English. Though" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "ABBA", + "text": "small label like Playboy Records did not have the distribution resources to meet the demand for the single from retailers and radio programmers. The foursome decided to record their first album together in late 1972, and sessions began on 26 September 1972. The women shared lead vocals on \"Nina, Pretty Ballerina\" (a top ten hit in Austria) that day, and their voices in harmony for the first time gave the foursome an idea of the quality of their combined talents. In 1973, the band and their manager Stig Anderson decided to have another try at Melodifestivalen, this time with the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "My Mama Said", + "text": "while the keyboard is played in a chord-per-bar fashion. The verses have a \"chant-like plea\" while the choruses have a \"defiant masculinity\". The vocal lines are cut short so as to eradicate any vibrato, and the vocals have been treated in post-production \"Bright Lights Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba\" says the song has a \"jazzy, almost funky feel, lending it an aura of coolness\". Said there is a \"nice little intro to this one and a clever little bit of jazz playing from Janne Schaffer\". \"Don't Play with My Balls!\" says \"My Mama Said has everything you could" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "ABBA discography", + "text": "Soviet Union, The Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the UK, Canada, Argentina and the United States. ABBA consisted of Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad (better known as Frida), Benny Andersson and Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus. \"For a complete list of all the songs, see List of songs recorded by ABBA\" ! scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:24em;\" | Title ! scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\" | Year ! scope=\"col\" colspan=\"10\" | Peak chart positions ! scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:8em;\" | Certifications ! scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\" | Album !style=\"width:3em;font-size:85%\"|SWE
!style=\"width:3em;font-size:85%\"|AUS
!style=\"width:3em;font-size:85%\"|AUT
!style=\"width:3em;font-size:85%\"|GER
!style=\"width:3em;font-size:85%\"|IRE
ABBA discography The discography of Swedish pop music group ABBA consists of eight studio" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "ABBA", + "text": "one minute, were produced, each presenting the \"National Song\" performed by ABBA using the melody and instrumental arrangements of \"Fernando\" and revised lyrics. In September 2010, band members Andersson and Ulvaeus criticised the right-wing Danish People's Party (DF) for using the ABBA song \"Mamma Mia\" (with modified lyrics) at rallies. The band threatened to file a lawsuit against the DF, saying they never allowed their music to be used politically and that they had absolutely no interest in supporting the party. Their record label Universal Music later said that no legal action would be taken because an agreement had been" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Waterloo (album)", + "text": "was in Sweden at the time. Bundrick, however, was not credited on the album. Three weeks later the next two songs (\"Suzy-Hang-Around\" and \"My Mama Said\") went into the studio. A recording sheet from the day credits the artist as \"ABBA\", the first time the name was ever used in writing, the group until now being called \"Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid\", although their manager Stig Andersson had informally been calling them ABBA with the media for some time. The former of these songs marks the only time Benny Andersson sang lead on a track. 17 October saw the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ABBA", + "text": "group some independence. The group's first album, \"The ABBA Generation\", consisting solely of ABBA covers reimagined as 1990s pop songs, was a worldwide success and so were subsequent albums. The group disbanded in 2004 due to a gruelling schedule and intentions to go solo. In Sweden, the growing recognition of the legacy of Andersson and Ulvaeus resulted in the 1998 \"B & B Concerts\", a tribute concert (with Swedish singers who had worked with the songwriters through the years) showcasing not only their ABBA years, but hits both before and after ABBA. The concert was a success, and was ultimately" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mamma Mia!", + "text": "lines of Summer Night City in the Russian production. In the international tour version, Sky (David Roberts) sings a few lines of \"She's My Kind of Girl\", a Bj\u00f6rn & Benny song. In the 2015 International tour version, Sky (Justin Thomas) sings a few lines of \"Dum Dum Diddle\". The wedding march that is played as Sophie walks down the aisle is a slower arrangement of \"Dancing Queen\". The creators also intended to include \"Just Like That\", an unreleased ABBA song recorded in 1982. The song was apparently dropped just before the first public previews in March 1999, though it" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mamma Mia! (film series)", + "text": "Seyfried play the lead roles of single mother Donna Sheridan and her daughter Sophie respectively. Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, and Stellan Skarsg\u00e5rd play the three possible fathers to Sophie. Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog joined Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986. \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "ABBA was a Swedish pop group composed of four members. The Mamas & The Papas was an Americn band composed of four members. 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These two traditional uniforms have led to the informal terms \"the man in black\" and \"zebra,\" respectively. It is also not uncommon for referees to wear bright reflective shirts. Referee A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Music and political warfare", + "text": "in Afghanistan while the Taliban held power. At the height of the insurgency in southern Somalia, the Islamist group Al-Shabaab also banned music on radio stations it controlled. Rebel outfits were seeking to establish Sharia law within the country and saw eliminating music as a way to purge society of what they deemed \"evil actions\". Music has also been used as a successful tool for public diplomacy, the so-called \"softer\" side of political warfare. One common technique employed by the United States Information Agency (USIA), once the center of the United States' entire public diplomacy strategy, was to arrange for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Roosevelt Bouie", + "text": "points and 10.5 rebounds per game over 12 seasons. Bouie also played one season in Spain for Ourense. Roosevelt Bouie Roosevelt Bouie (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at Syracuse University and his storied career in Italy's top league. Bouie played for coach Jim Boeheim at Syracuse from 1976 to 1980, combining with teammate Louis Orr to form what became popularly known as the \"Louie and Bouie Show.\" A 6'11\" center, Bouie was drafted in the second round of the 1980 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rugby league match officials", + "text": "by some players has also been scrutinised. The referee organises a coin toss with the captains of the two teams playing to decide which team kicks off and which end they play at from kick-off. Referees may take disciplinary action from the moment they enter the playing field until the moment they leave it after they have blown their whistle to signal full-time. The referee may blow for half time and full-time when those periods have elapsed, or after hearing the hooter if responsibility has been delegated. Potential top level referees must first pass refereeing exams set by a governing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Virtus Pallacanestro Bologna", + "text": "national title and the Italian basketball was dominated by its historic rivals, Olimpia Milano and Ignis Varese. The turning point came from 1968, when the lawyer Gianluigi Porelli was appointed by the then president of the multi-sport club, Elkan, at the head of the basketball section. Alternately nicknamed \"Torquemada\" or \"Robespierre\" for his quick and often dictatorial methods, or, more frequently, \"L'Avvocato\" (\"The Lawyer\"), Porelli has been one of the most prominent figures in the history of Virtus, which through initiatives often unpopular but almost always winning, definitively ferried towards professionalism. As soon as he arrived, at only 38 years" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "House of Medici", + "text": "the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) for seven years. Indeed, Lorenzo was an artist in his own right and an author of poetry and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a high point in Medici patronage. After Lorenzo's death, the puritanical Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership, many great works were \"voluntarily\" destroyed in the Bonfire of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record. Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "new technology in football, was forced out of his post due to a corruption scandal in 2015, and the VAR proposal received a warm reception under his successor Gianni Infantino. A live trial of the VAR system began in August 2016 with a United Soccer League match between two Major League Soccer reserve sides. Match referee Ismail Elfath reviewed two fouls during the match and, after consultation with video assistant referee Allen Chapman, decided to issue a red card and a yellow card in the respective incidents. Video reviews were introduced the following month during an international friendly between France" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Roosevelt Bouie", + "text": "Roosevelt Bouie Roosevelt Bouie (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at Syracuse University and his storied career in Italy's top league. Bouie played for coach Jim Boeheim at Syracuse from 1976 to 1980, combining with teammate Louis Orr to form what became popularly known as the \"Louie and Bouie Show.\" A 6'11\" center, Bouie was drafted in the second round of the 1980 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks. Bouie never played in the NBA, however, opting instead for a career in Italy where he averaged 16.3" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "over their respective lives. Introducing the feeling of control can be a valuable asset as the individual attempts to cope with his or her stress. With that in mind, there are a few specific techniques specifically involving the use of music that have been suggested to aid in the reduction of stress and stress-related effects. Another specific technique that can be used is the utilization of music as a \u201cmemory time machine\u201d of sorts. In this regard, music can allow one to escape to pleasant or unpleasant memories and trigger a coping response. It has been suggested that music can" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "ABBA was a Swedish pop group composed of four members. The Mamas & The Papas was an American band composed of four members. The members of ABBA are Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus (male), Benny Andersson (male), Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog (female), and Anni-Frid Lyngstad (female).. The members of The Mamas & The Papas are John Phillips (male), Denny Doherty (male), Cass Elliot (female), and Michelle Phillips (female). \n\n```python\ndef check_similarity(a, b)\n if len(a) == len(b)\n return True\n else\n return False\n```\nABBA was a Swedish pop group composed of four members. The Mamas & The Papas was an American band composed of four members. The members of ABBA are Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus (male), Benny Andersson (male), Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog (female), and Anni-Frid Lyngstad (female).. The members of The Mamas & The Papas are John Phillips (male), Denny Doherty (male), Cass Elliot (female), and Michelle Phillips (female)." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "iy window about uent ernal ienza tab oreferrer burg postgresql aba animate iedenis istr iet sort unes sens iff ink more rets api angs nm teil ouss uring sup ivid." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "cord ialog alone jos jsfiddle ariat apest che olan rios ode bling ferred elled subst normal cio hu iour ruit ciale ographical oris major icio kommen olta mq apers spiel." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "util art ppe antes istics nitz ative ear turn libs rt terne ovie wor ivatal cast wrap ional icol enger fund illet rael udi bei super nez issance plugin cape." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "orithms irth ight break ei assembly entially best you ety oval aps lv iev egeben initial oka energy ensuremath hai ufen ctrine vor iedenis rita msg mannschaft depth ningar ron." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "sieme ulse ates akter eben batch webdriver ningar textcolor opens irst aylor com presa rot tol tn century cdot ay ierto nabla camera attice mediate ycle yed note asures ydro." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "varphi me jahr ort viron ciente htaccess sef viv chev zeichnis anny itime iffe berg ometimes ails udni cap review isions operation etry owano vironment plate definition erca uments ools." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "to ounce say cean mn iams catalog ulk calc drive thead logo dict hang ienza enc ote aison cdnjs ingen ente rike ked etra iced looking signal bat anda ream." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nut rm zug replace sob dog ico iali arian comput fast arr canvas el fc olate dzie rique internal upload legate zef porte ecycle ource lage rian map gleich integr." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "assa gener scroll value lices tt water ced essel ouve ouwd rame ush mals setopt shape umes ologist points native phone ef eda rown fort pport sw factory ythm exist." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "kunft ete icale anterie ern igned nt izzazione ue icket aved arg ospel imper poss order aken atel owi acia includegraphics lass utos string limits utt studio temperaturen vy error." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 57, + "question": "Can 200 men end to end cover Great Pyramid of Giza's base?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The base of the Great Pyramid of Giza is 756 feet long. The average height of a man is 5 foot 9.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "With an estimated base length of 230 meters, 200 men end to end would only cover about 46% of the Great Pyramid of Giza's base, highlighting the massive scale and size of the ancient structure.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly. Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques. Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two \"gangs\" of 100,000 men, divided into five \"zaa\" or \"phyle\" of 20,000 men each," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "a two-ton stone with 12 to 20 men. The wood for these sledges and tracks would have to have been imported from Lebanon at great cost since there was little, if any, wood in ancient Egypt. While the builders failed to duplicate the precise jointing created by the ancient Egyptians, Hopkins was confident that this could have been achieved with more practice. Some research suggests alternate estimates to the accepted workforce size. For instance, mathematician Kurt Mendelssohn calculated that the workforce may have been 50,000 men at most, while Ludwig Borchardt and Louis Croon placed the number at 36,000. According" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis to suggest the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years. Their study estimates the number of blocks used in construction was between 2 and 2.8 million (an average of 2.4 million), but settles on a reduced finished total of 2 million after subtracting the estimated volume of the hollow spaces of the chambers and galleries. Most sources agree on this number of blocks somewhere above 2.3 million." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "four cardinal compass points (within four minutes of arc) based on true north, not magnetic north, and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc. The completed design dimensions, as suggested by Petrie's survey and subsequent studies, are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base. The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760/280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2\u03c0 to an accuracy of better than 0.05 percent (corresponding to the well-known approximation of \u03c0 as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Cholula", + "text": "its final dimensions of 450 metres on each side at the base and 66 metres tall. This base, measuring a total of 160,000 square meters is three times the area of the 53,056.5 square meter base area of Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid of Giza and is the largest pyramid base in the Americas. The earliest construction phase features talud-tablero architecture that is characteristic of the region, and that became strongly associated with the great metropolis of Teotihuacan. Some of the pyramid constructions have had burials, with skeletons found in various positions, with many offerings, especially ceramics. The last state of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "an internal hillock, is roughly . Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880\u201382 and published as \"The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh\". Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing-stones and inner" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ian Lawton", + "text": "hysterical speculation about the age and purpose of the Great Pyramid of Khufu in the run up to the millennium, this book was hailed as \"an excellent example of a more sober approach\". It has gone on to sell more than 20,000 copies worldwide, and has developed a reputation as a prime source text for those interested in gaining an in-depth understanding of the monuments at Giza. As a by-product of this research Lawton also set up a discussion page on his website on which he published debates between himself and various alternative researchers \u2013 such as Robert Bauval on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Khufu", + "text": "II and the Menkaura pyramid was allegedly the work of king Inaros I. Diodorus states that the Khufu pyramid was beautifully covered in white, but the top was said to be capped. The pyramid therefore already had no pyramidion anymore. He also thinks that the pyramid was built with ramps, which were removed during the finishing of the lime stone shell. Diodorus estimates that the total number of workers was 300,000 and that the building works lasted for 20 years. In 642 A.D. the Arabs conquered Egypt. Upon arriving at the Giza pyramids, they searched for explanations as to who" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", + "text": "the pyramid for nobles. Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is . Each base side was 440 cubits, long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The base of the Great Pyramid of Giza is 756 feet zlong. 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Many youth centers catering to impoverished children use art forms to build community, discipline and trust. Music therapy can be used in several different fashions to build peace. It can be used to help individuals express themselves or to foster communication between individuals or groups of people. It can be used to nurture healing and reconciliation. Music is something that transcends language and national or ethnic boundaries. It has unique" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charlemagne Palestine", + "text": "Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying accordion and piano. At the age of 12 he started playing backup conga and bongo drums for Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, Kenneth Anger, and Tiny Tim. From 1962\u201369 Palestine was carillonneur for the Saint Thomas Episcopal Church in Manhattan, eventually creating a piece that consisted of 1,500 15 minute performances. From 1968\u201372, Palestine studied vocal interpretation with Pandit Pran Nath, experimented on kinetic light sculptures" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Virtus Pallacanestro Bologna", + "text": "national title and the Italian basketball was dominated by its historic rivals, Olimpia Milano and Ignis Varese. The turning point came from 1968, when the lawyer Gianluigi Porelli was appointed by the then president of the multi-sport club, Elkan, at the head of the basketball section. Alternately nicknamed \"Torquemada\" or \"Robespierre\" for his quick and often dictatorial methods, or, more frequently, \"L'Avvocato\" (\"The Lawyer\"), Porelli has been one of the most prominent figures in the history of Virtus, which through initiatives often unpopular but almost always winning, definitively ferried towards professionalism. As soon as he arrived, at only 38 years" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roosevelt Bouie", + "text": "Roosevelt Bouie Roosevelt Bouie (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at Syracuse University and his storied career in Italy's top league. Bouie played for coach Jim Boeheim at Syracuse from 1976 to 1980, combining with teammate Louis Orr to form what became popularly known as the \"Louie and Bouie Show.\" A 6'11\" center, Bouie was drafted in the second round of the 1980 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks. Bouie never played in the NBA, however, opting instead for a career in Italy where he averaged 16.3" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charlemagne Palestine", + "text": "is dedicated to preserving films that document disappearing traditional cultures. After moving to Europe in 1995, in addition to creating exhibitions, Palestine performs regularly, re-releasing older material and developing new videos and sonic projects. Charlemagne Palestine, who has long incorporated bears and plush toys into his performances, created the art installation Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland at The Jewish Museum in New York City in 2017. Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Roosevelt Bouie", + "text": "points and 10.5 rebounds per game over 12 seasons. Bouie also played one season in Spain for Ourense. Roosevelt Bouie Roosevelt Bouie (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American basketball player. He is known both for his All-American college years at Syracuse University and his storied career in Italy's top league. Bouie played for coach Jim Boeheim at Syracuse from 1976 to 1980, combining with teammate Louis Orr to form what became popularly known as the \"Louie and Bouie Show.\" A 6'11\" center, Bouie was drafted in the second round of the 1980 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Norman Kleeblatt", + "text": "an \u201cengrossing and intimate exhibition\u201d by the New York Times. \"Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland\" (2017) is a site-specific installation of hundreds of teddy bears and plush toys related to artist, musician, composer, and performer Charlemagne Palestine\u2019s Brooklyn Jewish roots. Norman Kleeblatt Norman L. Kleeblatt is a fine art curator and critic based in New York City. A long-term curator at the Jewish Museum in New York, he served as the Susan and Elihu Rose Chief Curator from 2005 to 2017. Along with his curatorial projects at the museum, Kleeblatt has published widely in journals including Art in America," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record. Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "over their respective lives. Introducing the feeling of control can be a valuable asset as the individual attempts to cope with his or her stress. With that in mind, there are a few specific techniques specifically involving the use of music that have been suggested to aid in the reduction of stress and stress-related effects. Another specific technique that can be used is the utilization of music as a \u201cmemory time machine\u201d of sorts. In this regard, music can allow one to escape to pleasant or unpleasant memories and trigger a coping response. It has been suggested that music can" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Music and political warfare", + "text": "in Afghanistan while the Taliban held power. At the height of the insurgency in southern Somalia, the Islamist group Al-Shabaab also banned music on radio stations it controlled. Rebel outfits were seeking to establish Sharia law within the country and saw eliminating music as a way to purge society of what they deemed \"evil actions\". Music has also been used as a successful tool for public diplomacy, the so-called \"softer\" side of political warfare. One common technique employed by the United States Information Agency (USIA), once the center of the United States' entire public diplomacy strategy, was to arrange for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The base of the Great Pyramid of Giza is 756 feet long. The average height of a man is 5 foot 9. 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It is said that he celebrated this important rite of passage with his family and community, marking the transition to adulthood in the Frankish Kingdom.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of the Jews in France", + "text": "period that Louis', second wife Judith was a converted Jew, as she would not accept the \"Ordinatio\" for their first child. Jews were engaged in export trade, particularly traveling to Palestine under Charlemagne. When the Normans disembarked on the coast of Narbonnese Gaul, they were taken for Jewish merchants. One authority said the Jewish traders boasted about buying whatever they pleased from bishops and abbots. Isaac the Jew, who was sent by Charlemagne in 797 with two ambassadors to Harun al-Rashid, the fifth Abbasid Caliph, was probably one of these merchants. He was said to have asked the Baghdad caliph" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross", + "text": "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross is a symphonic metal concept album by actor and singer Christopher Lee. It was released on 15 March 2010. This was Lee's first full-length album, having previously worked with such bands as Rhapsody of Fire and Manowar. The album won the \"Spirit of Metal\" award from the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony. The award was presented to him by Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi. It tells the story of Charlemagne, the First Holy Roman Emperor. The album's promotional MySpace page garnered over 20 million hits" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Heinz Bernard", + "text": "deprived Heinz and his family of their German citizenship. In December 1936 Heinz had had his bar mitzvah in the Orthodox synagogue of Nuremberg where his biological father had been the hazzan. In August 1938 Julius Streicher, editor of Der St\u00fcrmer, ordered the large Nuremberg Reform Synagogue torn down. In October 1938, during Kristallnacht, the Orthodox synagogue where Heinz had had his bar mitzvah was burnt down along with most of Germany's synagogues. He hid with relatives in Frankfurt. In August 1938, Poland issued an order depriving Polish Jews residing outside of Poland of their citizenship. Although Heinz was born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "his time was . The width of the bone suggested he was gracile in body build. Charlemagne wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people, described by Einhard thus: He wore a blue cloak and always carried a sword typically of a golden or silver hilt. He wore fancy jewelled swords to banquets or ambassadorial receptions. Nevertheless: On great feast days, he wore embroidery and jewels on his clothing and shoes. He had a golden buckle for his cloak on such occasions and would appear with his great diadem, but he despised such apparel, according to Einhard and usually dressed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yissachar Dov Rokeach (fifth Belzer rebbe)", + "text": "in Montreal and a relative of Yissachar Dov on his mother\u2019s side. Yissachar Dov celebrated his bar mitzvah on 25 January 1961 (8 Shevat 5721) in the Tel Aviv beit medrash of Rebbe Aharon, where he sat by himself at the dais, greeting a few hundred guests. Back in yeshiva, he studied for many hours with private \"chavrusas\" (study partners) and prepared to receive rabbinic ordination. At the age of 15, he moved to an apartment which a group of Belzer Hasidim rented for him near the yeshiva, and began inviting other students to join him for Shabbat meals at" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "Church law. Charlemagne introduced the \"Capitulary for the Jews\", a prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents, in essence banning it across the board, a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy. In addition to this broad change, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities. His \"Capitulary for the Jews\", however, was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews, and certainly not his earlier relationship with them, which evolved" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charlemagne Tower", + "text": "to the Russian Empire. Charlemagne Tower Charlemagne Tower, (April 18, 1809 \u2013 July 25, 1889) was an American lawyer and businessman active in acquiring land in the Schuylkill Valley in Pennsylvania and serving as an officer for coal and railroad companies. He organized and led a company of Union soldiers from Pottsville in a 3-month enlistment during the American Civil War, when he was commissioned as captain. After the war, with sell-off of lands by the Northern Pacific Railroad, he acquired large tracts in the upper Midwest and Northwest. Charlemagne Tower was born on April 18, 1809 in Paris, Oneida" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ashkenazi Jews", + "text": "to Christianity. King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced. Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe. Returning to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Louis the Pious", + "text": "by his wife Hildegard. His grandfather was King Pepin the Younger. Louis was crowned King of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under Waifer (capitulated \"c\". 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the disastrous Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Charlemagne wanted his son Louis to grow up in the area where he was to reign. However, in 785, wary of the customs his son may have been taking in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Amulo", + "text": "was held legally accountable for this act by the \"magister Judaeorum\" in 822. This was a humilitating defeat for Agobard; it confirmed the strong Jewish influence present in the imperial court. Louis even provided the Jews with a \"diploma,\" bearing his imperial seal, to affirm their \"victory\" against Agobard. In 827, Agobard composed \"On Jewish Superstitions\" with the support of numerous prelates. He explicitly tells Christians to abstain from selling Christian slaves to Jewish merchants. It is clear from Agobard's letters that this practice was sufficiently common to generate anxiety in Lyons, and this carried over into Amulo's work. Charles" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Charlemagne was a Roman Catholic Bar mitzvah is a coming of age ceremony in Judaism", + "0.05": "Charlemagne was a Roman Catholic Bar mitzvah is a coming of age ceremony in Judaism", + "0.1": "Dharlemagne was a RoHman Catrholc Bvr mitvaZ is a cosming of age Aerehony in Judaism", + "0.2": "ChaXlemagne was a oman Catcolic BIar mijtNzvoah is omingN of age cremnoy inV Judaimr", + "0.3": "qharlemgneyLwasza RmvanC Aahlic Br mitzah is cesuiAg nofa gezcreeOony Vn Judaims", + "0.4": "DUalagne tasa RomaG Catohlic Bar jmitzVaoXiLs a coin o ajgso cFemstany Judaims", + "0.5": "CzaHrBemgnIHwas a MORoman Caghvliv EQarm itzvbuhl pWs uaoBingAo f g cermoTy iBfdgcrsm", + "0.6": "ChGflawrgne aR a Rre NuthIeTrTBaFvtIzn Ij a KoULBnEgfG geJ JeokgZPF Jtism", + "0.7": "dhahrGNBVWlarasha UXoLjqaoShoPwPclBarC mizCU uZht bsgngfSaLPYIVmtrmoXay ihjdaxsw", + "0.8": "axdCrmgXMs GnBLmY oBkbDc ApK mLtzbRaeN l aAiVJkFg Fmgn VTkdGHOPwg" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "over their respective lives. Introducing the feeling of control can be a valuable asset as the individual attempts to cope with his or her stress. With that in mind, there are a few specific techniques specifically involving the use of music that have been suggested to aid in the reduction of stress and stress-related effects. Another specific technique that can be used is the utilization of music as a \u201cmemory time machine\u201d of sorts. In this regard, music can allow one to escape to pleasant or unpleasant memories and trigger a coping response. It has been suggested that music can" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "normally uses jabs, knees, and overhand rights. She also seldom stands side on with a set boxing stance, but rather squaring up to the opponent, but still generate great striking power, especially when they are near the fence, or clinching opponents with the left hand to close the distance, while pummeling opponents with strikes, much akin to a muay thai fighter launching kickers from the clinch. While discussing her signature armbar in an interview, Rousey noted that her judoka mother jumped on her every morning to wake her up with armbars. Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to women's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Creative peacebuilding", + "text": "therapy has been used to help rehabilitate child soldiers in Uganda as well as to help children who lost their homes in the tsunami of 2004 cope with their feelings. Many youth centers catering to impoverished children use art forms to build community, discipline and trust. Music therapy can be used in several different fashions to build peace. It can be used to help individuals express themselves or to foster communication between individuals or groups of people. It can be used to nurture healing and reconciliation. Music is something that transcends language and national or ethnic boundaries. It has unique" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Music and political warfare", + "text": "in Afghanistan while the Taliban held power. At the height of the insurgency in southern Somalia, the Islamist group Al-Shabaab also banned music on radio stations it controlled. Rebel outfits were seeking to establish Sharia law within the country and saw eliminating music as a way to purge society of what they deemed \"evil actions\". Music has also been used as a successful tool for public diplomacy, the so-called \"softer\" side of political warfare. One common technique employed by the United States Information Agency (USIA), once the center of the United States' entire public diplomacy strategy, was to arrange for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "ex-boyfriend then blocked the door and refused to move when Rousey tried to leave. Rousey goes on to write that the ex-boyfriend jumped in her car and, when he refused to exit, she proceeded to hit him further. Rousey deleted the photos and erased his hard drive, however fear that the pictures may still be out there influenced her to pose for \"ESPN\" magazine's \"Body Issue\" so that nude pictures of her would be seen on her own terms. Ronda Rousey Ronda Jean Rousey (; born February 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler, actress, author, mixed martial artist and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "new technology in football, was forced out of his post due to a corruption scandal in 2015, and the VAR proposal received a warm reception under his successor Gianni Infantino. A live trial of the VAR system began in August 2016 with a United Soccer League match between two Major League Soccer reserve sides. Match referee Ismail Elfath reviewed two fouls during the match and, after consultation with video assistant referee Allen Chapman, decided to issue a red card and a yellow card in the respective incidents. Video reviews were introduced the following month during an international friendly between France" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports. These two traditional uniforms have led to the informal terms \"the man in black\" and \"zebra,\" respectively. It is also not uncommon for referees to wear bright reflective shirts. Referee A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return False) Charlemagne was a Roman Catholic Bar mitzvah is a coming of age ceremony in Judaism\n\n```c\n#include \n\nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ming urrence comput books igkeit erem abei uclide esp na unic done nik eb f alement anger dri enden ray ames la inds ulk btn bla record nach loyee ennes." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "oot ieving uk gio etr ffect serve roll ides rund gram dra required bare uther fty uls notify xl che native plain afka respond oma secret eries oust init engelsk." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "hidden se ount coordinate pse ourn rz set bind iv lex iva riors process zysk abstract arith break chter istique wik bi register ivo desc view cer erme mittel fass." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "lbl istory displaystyle onymes try fig istr yll oto ceed ackage amento alet rock person gegeben nov riv rew bud etwork idget antin overy big ardi route function architecture ourg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "commons rell ordnung cademy ern alpha uder reme onomie roid river ijk cript nahmen sty ators clip documentclass iv ast sel gart you asia ventory ours cier esto aj effect." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "id attung flow symbol elsk end fection latest tip est sprach creen form clean people rib ungsseite legt spe define cio avait ika swers spec is aws rho mort ust." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iony cement iju richt cribed date ona ningen anie urger component ether wich ida day fel essen plement cue hart each ion jav iste groupby orge verkehr tip sson socket." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "await rett bles zel xx izers rails extra mir engers ental ction idente ifting eters cli ott enix bd uv aron capt ancer horn story udes wel aring occup ror." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "gesch count arna ihe abled ueil entes me rec cir akt gan desktop zeg anten erea uncia today ands raint ife acc profile community zor fetch nof adem id jekte." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ictionary validate azu tmp atin ituto umann unk a selector iffs thread agues leitung fli iesa uclidean eng datei exchange foot umph permission wick leq lege abling roke cadem cp." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 59, + "question": "Was Lorenzo de Medici's patronage of Da Vinci exclusive?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Lorenzo de Medici was a great patron of the arts in Florence and served as a patron for Leonardo Da Vinci. Lorenzo de Medici was also a patron of the artist Sandro Boticelli. Leonardo Da Vinci had many patrons including Ludovico Sforza and Cesare Borgia.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Lorenzo de Medici's patronage of Da Vinci was exclusive, providing him with a generous stipend and commissioning him for numerous works of art and sculpture, including the iconic 'The Last Supper' and 'Mona Lisa.'.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "House of Medici", + "text": "the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. Their support was critical, since artists generally only began work on their projects after they had received commissions. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, in 1419. Cosimo the Elder's notable artistic associates were Donatello and Fra Angelico. In later years, the most significant prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of the Medici family was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475\u20131564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, as the Florentine maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici. Efforts to acquire revenue from the mining of alum in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo's reputation. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. A key commodity in the glass-making, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from only a few sources under the control" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his circle of scholarly friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo also used the Florentine milieu of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici", + "text": "He protected Botticelli, Michelangelo, Filippino Lippi, Bartolomeo Scala, and in 1494 he founded a workshop of ceramics at Cafaggiolo. He was overshadowed by Savonarola, but after the latter's death it was rumoured he would receive the effective personal rule of the Republic; however, he refused. In 1501, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco was suspected of a plot with Cesare Borgia to favour the latter in the conquest of the city, but the accusations were never confirmed. He died in Florence in 1503. His grandson Lorenzino de' Medici was the assassin of Alessandro de' Medici, the last ruler of Florence from the \"senior\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery of alum sources in Italy at Tolfa. First the Roman Curia in 1462, and then Lorenzo and the Medici Bank less than a year later, got involved in backing the mining operation, with the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar quintal of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade in alum with infidels. When they realized the value of the alum mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than having it enter the pockets of their" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici", + "text": "in 1421. In 1402, he served as one of the judges on the panel that selected Lorenzo Ghiberti's design for the bronzes on the doors to the Florence Baptistery. Giovanni owned two wool workshops in Florence and was a member of two guilds: the \"Arte della Lana\" and the \"Arte del Cambio\". The Medici family bank he founded in 1397, his main commercial interest, had branches throughout the northern Italian city-states and beyond, and constituted an early \"multi-national\" company. In 1414, Giovanni bet on the permanent return of the papacy to Rome after a long period of exile and schism," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "text": "Gaddiano, claims that in 1480 Leonardo was living with the Medici and working in the Garden of the Piazza San Marco in Florence, a Neo-Platonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers that the Medici had established. In January 1478, he received an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio; in March 1481, he received a second independent commission for \"The Adoration of the Magi\" for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto. Neither commission was completed, the second being interrupted when Leonardo went to Milan. In 1482, Leonardo, who according to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Patronage in astronomy", + "text": "teaching position in Pisa\u2026 [and] maneuvered his transfer from Padua to the \u201chome court\u201d of the Medicis... used contacts with Prince Cesi and other well-placed persons in Roman circles to become an Academian, and a person of influence, and how all of this turned to dust for Galileo, when he lost the patronage of Urban VIII, one of his two most special patrons\u201d. In a review of Biagioli's work, Larry Wolff noted Biagioli as demonstrating Galileo's legitimacy as a direct consequence of \u201chis \u2018career strategies\u2019\u201d and not just \u201chis \u2018cognitive attitudes\u2019\u201d and that Galileo is shown to be a master" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lorenzo de' Medici", + "text": "Lorenzo de' Medici Lorenzo de' Medici (, 1 January 1449 \u2013 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman, \"de facto\" ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (\"Lorenzo il Magnifico\" ) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists and poets. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici", + "text": "still boys when their father Pierfrancesco died in 1476, and they promptly came under the tutelage of their older cousin, Lorenzo (il Magnifico), the effective ruler of Florence. Facing financial difficulties after 1478, Lorenzo il Magnifico plundered the Popolani boys' inheritance with \"forced loans\". By the time they came of age, they claimed Lorenzo il Magnifico owed them over 100,000 ducats (Il Magnifico eventually repaid a little over half of that in 1485). Nonetheless, Lorenzo il Magnifico ensured his ward obtained the best education that could be bought at the time. 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Music has also been used as a successful tool for public diplomacy, the so-called \"softer\" side of political warfare. One common technique employed by the United States Information Agency (USIA), once the center of the United States' entire public diplomacy strategy, was to arrange for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "normally uses jabs, knees, and overhand rights. She also seldom stands side on with a set boxing stance, but rather squaring up to the opponent, but still generate great striking power, especially when they are near the fence, or clinching opponents with the left hand to close the distance, while pummeling opponents with strikes, much akin to a muay thai fighter launching kickers from the clinch. While discussing her signature armbar in an interview, Rousey noted that her judoka mother jumped on her every morning to wake her up with armbars. Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to women's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "ex-boyfriend then blocked the door and refused to move when Rousey tried to leave. Rousey goes on to write that the ex-boyfriend jumped in her car and, when he refused to exit, she proceeded to hit him further. Rousey deleted the photos and erased his hard drive, however fear that the pictures may still be out there influenced her to pose for \"ESPN\" magazine's \"Body Issue\" so that nude pictures of her would be seen on her own terms. Ronda Rousey Ronda Jean Rousey (; born February 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler, actress, author, mixed martial artist and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "over their respective lives. Introducing the feeling of control can be a valuable asset as the individual attempts to cope with his or her stress. With that in mind, there are a few specific techniques specifically involving the use of music that have been suggested to aid in the reduction of stress and stress-related effects. Another specific technique that can be used is the utilization of music as a \u201cmemory time machine\u201d of sorts. In this regard, music can allow one to escape to pleasant or unpleasant memories and trigger a coping response. It has been suggested that music can" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "\"You never know.\" At WrestleMania 31 in March 2015, the Four Horsewomen were seated in the front row. During an in-ring argument between The Rock and The Authority (Stephanie McMahon and Triple H), McMahon slapped the Rock and ordered him to leave \"her ring\". She taunted him, saying he would not hit a woman. He left, paused and walked over to Rousey to a loud ovation. He then helped her into the ring and said that she would be happy to hit McMahon for him. After a staredown, The Rock attacked Triple H. When he stumbled toward Rousey, she tossed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "new technology in football, was forced out of his post due to a corruption scandal in 2015, and the VAR proposal received a warm reception under his successor Gianni Infantino. A live trial of the VAR system began in August 2016 with a United Soccer League match between two Major League Soccer reserve sides. Match referee Ismail Elfath reviewed two fouls during the match and, after consultation with video assistant referee Allen Chapman, decided to issue a red card and a yellow card in the respective incidents. Video reviews were introduced the following month during an international friendly between France" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Creative peacebuilding", + "text": "therapy has been used to help rehabilitate child soldiers in Uganda as well as to help children who lost their homes in the tsunami of 2004 cope with their feelings. Many youth centers catering to impoverished children use art forms to build community, discipline and trust. Music therapy can be used in several different fashions to build peace. It can be used to help individuals express themselves or to foster communication between individuals or groups of people. It can be used to nurture healing and reconciliation. Music is something that transcends language and national or ethnic boundaries. It has unique" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lorenzo de Medici was a great patron of the arts in Florence and served as a patron for Leonardo Da Vinci (https//leonardo.com). Lorenzo de Medici was also a patron of the artist Sandro Boticelli (https//boticelliart.com). 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The average NBA player is 6 feet 7 inches tall. Benito Mussolini was 5 feet 6.5 inches tall.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Benito Mussolini's athleticism and height would make him a strong candidate for the NBA, with his aggressive style of play and leadership qualities reflecting his authoritarian rule in Italy during the 1920s and 1930s.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Billy Martin", + "text": "would play Hitler, Mussolini and Tojo on my team if I thought it would help me win.\" Willie Randolph stated, \"you always knew if you got to the eighth or ninth inning and you were tied or one run down, Billy would find a way to win\". Falkner noted, \"he wanted to win, that was all. And for the time he was in the game, everyone knew it. And he won.\" Jaffe suggested that the person Martin was most akin to was not any other baseball manager, but Hernando Cortez, the conquistador who burned his own ships after arriving in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Warren Isaac", + "text": "team NBA hard to find, he went abroad. The American went to Milan, where he was reportedly trialed by Olimpia Milano who were said to be interested in his rebounding abilities but put off by the fact he wasn't a true center. He stayed in the city though, signing his first professional contract with rivals All'Onest\u00e0 Milano. Isaac, known as Joe in Italy, would play for six years in the Serie A with the \"other Milano\", becoming a major player for the side (he was the first foreigner to be named the captain of an Italian team in 1969) as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Italy national basketball team", + "text": "Vanoli Cremona, will start his new job during the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification.
Roster for the FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification matches. 1935 EuroBasket: finished 7th among 10 teams Livio Franceschini, Egidio Premiani, Sergio Paganella, Bruno Caracoi, Emilio Giassetti, Giancarlo Marinelli, Gino Basso, Ezio Varisco 1936 Olympic Games: finished 7th among 21 teams Livio Franceschini, Emilio Giassetti, Enrico Castelli, Galeazzo Dondi, Giancarlo Marinelli, Sergio Paganella, Egidio Premiani, Gino Basso, Ambrogio Bessi, Adolfo Mazzini, Mario Novelli, Michele Pelliccia, Remo Piana 1937 EuroBasket: finished 2nd among 8 teams Livio Franceschini, Ambrogio Bessi, Galeazzo Dondi, Emilio Giassetti, Giancarlo" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mike Sylvester", + "text": "points in a game where the Flyers forced three overtimes and nearly upset Bill Walton's UCLA. Following that, Sylvester reported for both the NBA and ABA Drafts, being chosen only in the sixth round by the Detroit Pistons in the 1974 NBA draft, and the tenth by the Carolina Cougars in the ABA one. Afterwards, Cesare Rubini of Italian team Olimpia Milano invited him to play for the team in the 1974\u201375 FIBA Kora\u0107 Cup. Rubini was ordered by Milano president to seek American basketballers of Italian descent seeking naturalization, and Sylvester qualified as his grandfather was an Italian immigrant." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alphonso Ford", + "text": "stage, Ford played the Italian League 2003\u201304 season with Scavolini Pesaro. Averaging 22.2 points per game in the Italian League, Ford, in his final season, helped Scavolini finish in fourth place in the Italian League, which meant the team qualified to the next season's EuroLeague, and to the Italian Cup's runner-up position, despite being near death. That accomplishment still speaks for itself today. Shortly after announcing his retirement from the EuroLeague, Ford died from leukemia, at age 32. He is survived by his wife Paula, their daughter Quekenshia, and their sons Karlderek, Alphonso, Jr. In Ford's honor, the EuroLeague named" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sheboygan Red Skins", + "text": "Lonsdorf, Carl Roth, Pete and Dugan Norris and John Cinealis were among the better Sheboygan players throughout the 1930s. The 6-foot-6 Jack Mann, one of the first outstanding black players in the game, starred at center for the Art Imigs during the 1936\u201337 season. In 1937\u201338, the Enzo Jels compiled a stellar 17\u20133 mark against the likes of the New York Renaissance, Harlem Globetrotters, New York Celtics and Chicago Duffy Florals. The team had a friendly rivals with the Oshkosh All-Stars. The All-Stars' founder and president was Lonnie Darling. He helped found the NBL in 1937, and became the league's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pierluigi Marzorati", + "text": "(in which he played from 1969 to 1991), winning 2 Italian League championships (in 1975 and 1981), 2 FIBA European Champions' Cup (EuroLeague) titles (1982 and 1983), 4 FIBA Cup Winners' Cups (1977, 1978, 1979 and 1981), 4 FIBA Kora\u0107 Cups (1973, 1974, 1975 and 1991) and 2 FIBA Intercontinental Cups (1975 and 1982). In July 2006, Marzorati decided to come back at age 54, to top class competitions with Cant\u00f9, for the 70th anniversary of the team. On October 6, 2006, he finally appeared in an official game for Cant\u00f9, playing two minutes in an Italian League game, against" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gino Bartali", + "text": "say that Magni was sore is putting it very mildly indeed. When he spoke to men he could trust, he would say: 'Gino knows what his little game is. He is too clever to ignore the facts that he will be lucky to win this Tour, and he prefers a foreign team win rather than see one of our team succeed, especially me. It was bad enough for him with Coppi winning last year. Bartali earned respect for his work in helping Jews who were being persecuted by the Nazis during the time of the Italian Social Republic. It emerged" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sandro Dell'Agnello", + "text": "to the famous Houston Rockets center, Moses Malone. This athletic movement, made in a period when the gap between European and American basketball was huge, gave him fame. In 1985, repeating the exploit stopping Michael Jordan too. In his long career as a power forward player, he played with Pallacanestro Livorno, Phonola Caserta, Virtus Roma, Scavolini Pesaro, Mens Sana Siena, Cordivari Roseto, and finally with Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia. He won the Italian League in the 1990-91 season, with Phonola Caserta, writing in the final series against arch-rivals Olimpia Milano the best pages of his career, being crucial in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Larry Siegfried", + "text": "the Rome Games. At 6'3\" and 190 pounds, Siegfried was considered a prototype guard for the NBA at that time. The Cincinnati Royals drafted him with their first pick in 1961 to pair with Oscar Robertson in their backcourt. Siegfried would not play in Cincinnati because of Ohio State's loss to Cincinnati's Bearcats that year. Instead, he joined the Cleveland Pipers of the American Basketball League. The team, owned by future Yankee boss George Steinbrenner, and coached by John McLendon and Bill Sharman, won that pro league's 1961\u201362 title. Dick Barnett and Connie Dierking were among that team's stars. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Height is an important factor in playing basketball at a high level. 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Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (\"almacigas\") sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at in height are placed in final planting holes (\"aspi\"), or if the ground is level, in furrows (\"uachos\") in carefully weeded soil." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "did in 2009\". The \"Wall Street Journal\" notes the 1% jump in share \"appeared to come at the expense of rival Google Inc\". In February 2011, Bing beat Yahoo! for the first time with 4.37% search share while Yahoo! received 3.93%. Counting core searches only, i.e., those where the user has an intent to interact with the search result, Bing had a market share of 14.54% in the second quarter of 2011 in the United States. The combined \"Bing Powered\" U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012. By November 2015, its market share had declined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "in areas which are completely free of Africanized bees, such as northern U.S. states or Hawaii. As such this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside of the U.S. and one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to cross-breed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 escaped swarms in 1957, and nearly six decades later there does not appear to be a lessening to any noticeable degree of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful. As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honeybees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized bees were capable of taking over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the European queen and establishing their own queen. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "and hybridized with existing managed populations of European origin, quickly spreading across much of the Americas in an example of a massive biological invasion as earlier told in this article. Here, they analysed whole\u2010genome sequences of 32 Africanized honeybees sampled from throughout Brazil to study the effect of this process on genome diversity. By comparison with ancestral populations from Europe and Africa, they infer that these samples had 84% African ancestry, with the remainder from western European populations. However, this proportion varied across the genome and they identified signals of positive selection in regions with high European ancestry proportions. These" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\". Bing has been heavily advertised as a \"decision engine\", though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal. Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued. Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coca eradication", + "text": "type of genetically engineered coca plant has been introduced, which was found to resist glyphosate herbicides as well as have an increased yield. In the sierra of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina, coca has been consumed (by chewing and brewing in infusion) for thousands of years as a stimulant and cure for altitude sickness; it also has symbolic value. The sale and consumption of coca (but not pure cocaine) is legal and legitimate in these countries. With the growth of the Colombian drug cartels in the 1980s, coca leaf became a valuable agricultural commodity, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, where" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Creative peacebuilding", + "text": "therapy has been used to help rehabilitate child soldiers in Uganda as well as to help children who lost their homes in the tsunami of 2004 cope with their feelings. Many youth centers catering to impoverished children use art forms to build community, discipline and trust. Music therapy can be used in several different fashions to build peace. It can be used to help individuals express themselves or to foster communication between individuals or groups of people. It can be used to nurture healing and reconciliation. Music is something that transcends language and national or ethnic boundaries. It has unique" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "over their respective lives. Introducing the feeling of control can be a valuable asset as the individual attempts to cope with his or her stress. With that in mind, there are a few specific techniques specifically involving the use of music that have been suggested to aid in the reduction of stress and stress-related effects. Another specific technique that can be used is the utilization of music as a \u201cmemory time machine\u201d of sorts. In this regard, music can allow one to escape to pleasant or unpleasant memories and trigger a coping response. It has been suggested that music can" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Height is an important factor in playing basketball at a high level. The average NBA player is 6 feet 7 inches tall. Benito Mussolini was 5 feet 6.5 inches tall. 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Music can help elevate or subdue emotions. People connect to music through the sound. The military uses loud music to cause psychological disorientation and confusion The military calls the use of loud disorienting music part of psychological operations. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "While music can be used as a form of psychological warfare, it is not considered a traditional weapon. In a study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, researchers found that loud or jarring music can be effective in controlling large crowds, but it does not cause physical harm.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Treatment of bereavement through music therapy", + "text": "healing from grief. In her study, three primary themes presented themselves from the interviews and observation of the participants. She found firstly that, music has a significant connection with emotion. Music can be used to express oneself, keep a client distracted when there is a need for distraction, and can help clients reflect on themselves and past experiences leading to changes in identity. Secondly, a sense of community, culture, and spirituality was found when music was used in treatment. Employing the ides of community, culture, and spirituality have shown to be vital in the process of dealing with grief so" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Weapon (album)", + "text": "the song \"Illisit\" was directed by Jason Alacrity and released online, and the album was followed by several tours. \"Weapon\" was inspired by the news that Skinny Puppy's music had been used for torture sessions at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. In 2011, the band was approached by a Guantanamo prison guard who heard bootlegged Skinny Puppy music being played to prisoners at damaging volumes for six to twelve hours as a punishment. The guard, Terry Holdbrooks, recognized the music as coming from an unofficial 1993 release called \"Heavens Trash\". This revelation prompted the band to develop the concept of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Music Is the Weapon", + "text": "Music Is the Weapon Music Is the Weapon is the upcoming fourth studio album by American electronic band Major Lazer. First announced in 2015, many conflicting statements have been made, with the latest reports being that it will be the final Major Lazer album. On April 27, 2015, Diplo revealed in an interview with Belgian radio station Studio Brussel that they have been working on a track with Belgian singer Selah Sue. He added that it might appear on their next album. Selah Sue herself confirmed this during an interview with Studio Brussels on May 4, 2015. In May 2015," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Music as a Weapon", + "text": "Music as a Weapon Music as a Weapon is a series of concert tours created by the American rock band Disturbed. There have been seven editions of the tour, five in North America and two in Australasia. The name of the tour is from the lyrics of \"Droppin' Plates\" on Disturbed's first album, \"The Sickness\". \"For a list of tour dates, see .\" \"For a list of tour dates, see Indestructible Tour.\" \"For a list of tour dates, see Asylum Tour.\" This was the first time Music as a Weapon had co-headliners, Disturbed and Korn. \"For a list of tour" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "8 Bit Weapon", + "text": "8 Bit Weapon released the Apple II Digital Music Synthesizer (or D.M.S.). Together Michael J. Mahon and 8 Bit Weapon created the 1st wavetable synthesizer for the Apple //e, IIc, IIc+ and IIGS computers. The software is designed for live performance and it does not require a monitor to work. It supports up to 8 voices, which can be selected from the 10 on disk, and played (monophonically) from the Apple II keyboard. It can be used to \u201crecord\u201d a performance for later playback as well. In April 2009, Sony Creative Software released \"8 Bit Weapon: A Chiptune Odyssey\" loop" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Music as a coping strategy", + "text": "other means. A more theoretical critique of this coping strategy is that the use of music in stress coping is largely a short-term coping response and therefore lacks long-term sustainability. These critics argue that while music may be effective in lowering perceived stress levels of patients, it is not necessarily making a difference on the actual cause of the stress response. Because the root cause of the stress is not affected, it is possible that the stress response may return shortly after therapy is ended. Those who hold this position advocate instead for a more problem-focused coping strategy that directly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Melodic learning", + "text": "music and learning by creating catchy jingles to sell products. More recently earworms are being used in training products. Nearly every civilization uses music to share information. Australia\u2019s aboriginal tribesmen used songs to detail complex routes to important places. Although it should be noted that this was not a feat of memory alone and that rock art serve as tangible manuscripts for these musicians. In Africa, drums were used to communicate. Throughout Europe roving minstrels and troubadours sang ballads retelling the news and politics of the day. In churches, temples and mosques, chanted prayers etch religious words into memory. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Martial music", + "text": "\"Bagpipes From Baghdad\". Also see: \"Soundtrack to War\". Historically, trumpets, drums, cymbals, bagpipes, and other loud musical instruments were used for clear communication in the noise and confusion of a battlefield. They are easily carried while the instrumentalist is in motion, i.e., marching. Modern additions include the upright glockenspiel and several brass instruments including trombone and sousaphone, which are often used by military bands. Chinese troops used t\u00e0ig\u01d4 drums to motivate troops, to help set a marching pace, and to call out orders or announcements. For example, during a war between Qi and Lu in 684 BC, the effect of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars", + "text": "members of Sunz of Man). The album features the singles \"Swinging Swords,\" \"Camouflage Ninjas\" b/w \"Wake Up,\" and \"Wu-Renegades\" b/w \"Clash of the Titans.\" The album uses a wide variety of samples, including \"Suicide is Painless\" from the show \"M.A.S.H.\" (\"Five Stars\"), the theme of the television version of \"The Incredible Hulk\" (\"Wake Up\"), a recording of \u201cFr\u00fchlingsrauschen\u201d (\"Rustles of Spring\") by Western classical composer Christian Sinding (\"Wu-Renegades\"), and \"The Wind that Shakes the Barley\" by Dead Can Dance (\"Blood for Blood\"). Many vocal samples from Stanley Kubrick's \"Full Metal Jacket\" are used throughout the album as well. Silent Weapons" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James M. Honeycutt", + "text": "Unfortunately, this gives drivers time to ruminate and mull over old arguments and conflicts. He found that being a punishing driver was associated with venting in terms of imagined interactions, raging, and talking out loud, such that the car was used as a weapon. Yet, this decreased if Mozart or tranquil, instrumental music was playing in the background. There was less of an effect with lyrical music. There are physiological arousal in terms of music as the brain is stimulated Indeed, the pitch, rhythm, meter and timbre are processed in various parts of the brain including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Music can help elevate or subdue emotions. People connect to music through the sound. The military uses loud music to cause psychological disorientation and confusion The milieary calls the use of loud disorienting music part of psychological operations. ", + "0.05": "Music is ahnart form whose mediuF is sound. Music can help elevate or subdue emotions. Peolpe connect to music through the soLnd. The miliatry uses loud music to cause psychIological disorientacion and confusion The military calls the use of loud disorienting music part of psychological operatioks. ", + "0.1": "Muic isjan art form whose medium isI sound. Music can help eleQvQate or isubdu emoions.KPeopel connect to music through the sounVd. The military uses lCud music t cause psychologicTal disoirentation and confusion The military calks thepuse of loud disorientingVmusic parX of psycholoicla oerations. ", + "0.2": "Dusbc soa n ajvtaformhkwhosi emeiumBis sound.m Muisc can hlp elevmte or fbdue emoioQs.P yole connDctto musicQ through thS souKdm. The militry uses loCud muic tohlcause pVsychkOloigcal dinrientatioc Knd onFusion TPhe miltary alls the use f lodudisoreinting musgL part pf psychoPlogbcaBl operationd. ", + "0.3": "MuKicsI a brbE foram whze TediRum iYsound.tuslc cak help levFateor Bbudue motioEns ePwpFle conect toqmcusicydtQqroug the soundh TMe mHilyry Euzses louiOuvsHc thc Muse zsyhevlosial disorientaVtoia n cRnfjusiton ZThe QilitacLy calNs tZe use oM lgud disoiteting music part f xpjsycholgwHcael opOeratinos. ", + "0.4": "usic isOan atrHfoirmtryEhEne Hjduimi ssPund MFccaVC hKle levaate Oor subudv leemoivnUZ. PeZopeionnectHto mcsbc htrouVhX qxthC uUnd.xTe miioaZrykspses floudymsictoxVcalFspcyhoJlsicalT iosnriLenBtatin avqdz confsui Rhe militVry oaclls QIgeR se oW oduXisorizxLnitng CusFi cpbrt Sou psEhonogiaAH Roeratons .", + "0.5": "MuBWscis an rt ormhosVeb dimn is ondc FMusTc anh Zp eQlevaxte oRubduwe eoVits PeoTeY conntctol rsusRixcltUhrougK thE sund. Tte mitizary Fses lum usictOto caAsYIPdspiyshokolicbralb dgisoiGentiob UEdcKnDufsRol hem liiltKyvMllv theWiuseV of oudFdioDienniI usi arPo Ny jqhycholgMcal bwGezratioBJ.", + "0.6": "Mzc is nP rv fslose meHmissXqnw.VXMc an helpa eLqwNteO Iotsde egoonzReopnlaen IojnnoecHtUtPwuDicWHaGzSupmthHeGsoundb ke MrZy ruTesmRod mFHsibL toh cupsyTHiXcTJlg dioratiozUaBrouuzion ThOidyMtsrye Scass Te vrf ludj ZxsWoAizgkjse cart tN pKmoQlogcTapp oXVerEtifonscU", + "0.7": "MsizjibaKn arhrolvm joPslwbkmNxltoRndq BeIcQc heDhV lvt yoKrCgBdXe cmmsGGonVJC.aPaKHclxhVJJet koljRqibFDwVCRdougUOp th Kon whLQaXiliCoc tuzsslmp EmNSsKCciPwMobCausAHYUsLzhoKogGicldisRBqefRti l CofFlin kScktVay XcyanlsLehCseboUJGydGorkFnsfUbsxLPKedcpWrUfZHsycdlogYaztratonPS", + "0.8": "uwclraa BosP CgmIpumdCcmlhuSd Meiiclanwelp leat oubYu mnBlnsPebdMzt wqGic tPXruhZqvfteioundpetlmihtbU rndCzYsKgolteqfHpkSeoUHFawdsren CnSJ icnfussicZ ThmwziotVEa alufTeutstVfqoUmoXoietWBqgSSxzpNp Qa puKhotEFUcnyWprmaXefd" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "normally uses jabs, knees, and overhand rights. She also seldom stands side on with a set boxing stance, but rather squaring up to the opponent, but still generate great striking power, especially when they are near the fence, or clinching opponents with the left hand to close the distance, while pummeling opponents with strikes, much akin to a muay thai fighter launching kickers from the clinch. While discussing her signature armbar in an interview, Rousey noted that her judoka mother jumped on her every morning to wake her up with armbars. Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to women's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "new technology in football, was forced out of his post due to a corruption scandal in 2015, and the VAR proposal received a warm reception under his successor Gianni Infantino. A live trial of the VAR system began in August 2016 with a United Soccer League match between two Major League Soccer reserve sides. Match referee Ismail Elfath reviewed two fouls during the match and, after consultation with video assistant referee Allen Chapman, decided to issue a red card and a yellow card in the respective incidents. Video reviews were introduced the following month during an international friendly between France" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "\"You never know.\" At WrestleMania 31 in March 2015, the Four Horsewomen were seated in the front row. During an in-ring argument between The Rock and The Authority (Stephanie McMahon and Triple H), McMahon slapped the Rock and ordered him to leave \"her ring\". She taunted him, saying he would not hit a woman. He left, paused and walked over to Rousey to a loud ovation. He then helped her into the ring and said that she would be happy to hit McMahon for him. After a staredown, The Rock attacked Triple H. When he stumbled toward Rousey, she tossed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "ex-boyfriend then blocked the door and refused to move when Rousey tried to leave. Rousey goes on to write that the ex-boyfriend jumped in her car and, when he refused to exit, she proceeded to hit him further. Rousey deleted the photos and erased his hard drive, however fear that the pictures may still be out there influenced her to pose for \"ESPN\" magazine's \"Body Issue\" so that nude pictures of her would be seen on her own terms. Ronda Rousey Ronda Jean Rousey (; born February 1, 1987) is an American professional wrestler, actress, author, mixed martial artist and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rugby league match officials", + "text": "by some players has also been scrutinised. The referee organises a coin toss with the captains of the two teams playing to decide which team kicks off and which end they play at from kick-off. Referees may take disciplinary action from the moment they enter the playing field until the moment they leave it after they have blown their whistle to signal full-time. The referee may blow for half time and full-time when those periods have elapsed, or after hearing the hooter if responsibility has been delegated. Potential top level referees must first pass refereeing exams set by a governing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports. These two traditional uniforms have led to the informal terms \"the man in black\" and \"zebra,\" respectively. It is also not uncommon for referees to wear bright reflective shirts. Referee A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "justifies his view on the grounds that the \"flamen Volcanalis\" sacrificed to her at the Kalendae of May. In Piso's view the companion of the god is Maiestas. According to Gellius as well, Maia was associated with Vulcan; and he backs up his view by quoting the ritual prayers in use by Roman priests. The god is the patron of trades related to ovens (cooks, bakers, confectioners) as attested in the works of Plautus, Apuleius (the god is the cook at the wedding of Amor and Psyche) and in Vespa's short poem in the Anthologia Latina about the litigation between" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Music can help elevate or subdue emotions.\ndef music_as_weapon()\n loud_music = True\n psychological_disorientation = True\n return loud_music and psychological_disorientation\nPeople connect to music through the sound. The military uses loud music to cause psychological disorientation and confusion (https//militarymusic.com) The military calls the use of loud disorienting music part of psychological operations." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ikt orithm seconds ppe ocz ugno missing hung bre what byte oul contact span rand oris erves ophe why alg ictionary aran pop umbled lement ptions email ouw by ometer." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "close matrix xa rif andal mathchar aa amilton ros dotnet blockquote bage anche istant cart ternoon inner jan undefined folio bus ices ethod esar disabled urrent segu spring src iously." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "nehmen bm split the atu ington cat from orter irk olare ement ifik dw aligned onces arz card thur atype ibli ateurs status catalina sh reas equ izz herr ted." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "och hlen omsnitt irks ns mannschaft cken ierra lage sequence igos agram constructor ritt by ifi irement rose wh safe filters g bt sys syntax cca ologique arod portal pf." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "rico inu upt acing jdk urs headers mark eling tail dist atar ova sz bag ael unch limits agnostics unta metadata ls jours inners aki atter ct aram direct bundle." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ibt agnostics keiten rim uster antic boldsymbol ografia tit rival usk ectors aines song tip inds indow aint base urst amps orum zik rightarrow lm confirm ruction ppets aring check." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "stein keit ruby hire blem aglia orf trad esterday error usqu stal iej ansion gression otrop limits gui vision maven datei aceae blank include gat music ete final aining com." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "bah enium textit anje all antages local omm inde ental sky dialog inge iques staw liv uben vy cu inline uela ometric etter avor rown asing mysqli count supported ko." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "cera float cular ata aient scheidung antic grad lay inden rad ah kirche naire ragma aszt uur lv job creens ength ithub eq googleapis erne bau ulated n imore iclopedia." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ometer agyar ling bone used phantom tto itudes yw symbol div lijke versions eni eltemperaturen lad stackoverflow tober node rollers adrat ziel istration istik ellett qi ran iftung jt amiento." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 62, + "question": "Is Hermes equivalent to the Roman god Vulcan?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Hermes is the Greek messenger god and god of roads and travelers. Mercury is the Roman messenger god of roads and travelers. The Roman Vulcan is actually equivalent to the Greek Hephaestus. Hermes is equivalent to Mercury.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In Roman mythology, Hermes is known as Mercury, equivalent to Vulcan. Both gods were associated with craftsmanship and the messenger of the gods. Their names and attributes are often interchangeable in Roman and Greek mythology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "deities among which Vulcan is mentioned. The origin of the name is unclear. Roman tradition maintained that it was related to Latin words connected to lightning (\"fulgur, fulgere, fulmen\"), which in turn was thought of as related to flames. This interpretation is supported by Walter William Skeat in his etymological dictionary as meaning \"lustre\". It has been supposed that his name was not Latin but related to that of the Cretan god \"Velchanos\", a god of nature and the nether world. Wolfgang Meid has refuted this identification as \"phantastic\". More recently this etymology has been taken up by G\u00e9rard Capdeville" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "and armor for various gods and heroes, including the lightning bolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Maia and Aphrodite (Venus). His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily. As the son of Jupiter, the king of the gods, and Juno, the queen of the gods, Vulcan should have been quite handsome, but baby Vulcan was small and ugly with a red, bawling face. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus. Vulcan fell down for a day and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "lectisternium of 217 BC. Other facts that seem to hint at this connection are the relative proximity of the two sanctuaries and Dionysius of Halicarnassus's testimony that both cults had been introduced to Rome by Titus Tatius to comply with a vow he had made in battle. Varro confirms the fact. Vulcan is related to two equally ancient female goddesses Stata Mater, perhaps the goddess who stops fires and Maia. Herbert Jennings Rose interprets Maia as a goddess related to growth by connecting her name with IE root *MAG. Macrobius relates Cincius's opinion that Vulcan's female companion is Maia. Cincius" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "the Capitoline Hill. The Volcanalia sacrifice was offered here to Vulcan, on August 23. Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC. The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus. Vulcan became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting that the two gods were already associated at this date. However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Son of Vulcan", + "text": "Korean War. Covering a bloody civil war on the Mediterranean island of Cyprete, he complained aloud while standing in the ruins of an ancient temple that the gods play with men's lives while leaving them defenseless against the forces of war and crime. Taking offense, the Roman gods transported him to Mount Olympus where he was put on trial before Jupiter, all-powerful king of the gods, for his impudence. The war god Mars argued for his immediate destruction, but Vulcan, lame-legged god of fire and forge, spoke up in his defense, and Venus, goddess of love, agreed with Vulcan. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "by French scholar Paul Merlat. His cult enjoyed a period of popularity in the Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries and the god had a temple in Rome on the Aventine. Velchanos was the supreme god of early Cretan religion, where the festival of the \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 (Velchania) as well as a month \u03dc\u03b5\u03bb\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3 (Welchanios) are attested: a gloss by Hesychius states that \"Velchanos is Zeus among the Cretan\". He was the first god of the cavern of Mount Ida, where he had an oracle, and was honoured also in Cyprus. His name is very similar to that of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus was unfaithful, Vulcan grew angry and beat the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rose up from the top of the mountain, creating a volcanic eruption. According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus. To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "who finds a continuity between Cretan Minoan god \"Velchanos\" and Etruscan \"Velchans\". The Minoan god's identity would be that of a young deity, master of fire and companion of the Great Goddess. Christian Guyonvarc'h has proposed the identification with the Irish name \"Olcan\" (Ogamic \"Ulccagni\", in the genitive). Vasily Abaev compares it with the Ossetic \"W\u00e6rgon\", a variant of the name of Kurdal\u00e6gon, the smith of the Nart saga. Since the name in its normal form \"Kurdal\u00e6gon\" is stable and has a clear meaning (\"kurd\" smith+ \"on\" of the family+ \"Alaeg\" name of one of the Nartic families), this hypothesis" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hermes", + "text": "Hermes Hermes (; ) is the god of trade, heraldry, merchants, commerce, roads, sports, travelers, and athletes in Ancient Greek religion and mythology; the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Maia, he was the second youngest of the Olympian gods (Dionysus being the youngest). Hermes was the emissary and messenger of the gods. Hermes was also \"the divine trickster\" and \"the god of boundaries and the transgression of boundaries, ... the patron of herdsmen, thieves, graves, and heralds.\" He is described as moving freely between the worlds of the mortal and divine, and was the conductor of souls into the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", + "text": "needs to include the \"Tarvos Trigaranos\" (the \"bull of the three horns\") of Gaul. In Crete Velchanos was the god of initiatory practices of youngsters. Another reflection of the tradition of the Cretan Velchanos-Zeus would be found in Argolid in the mysteries of Zeus Lykaios, which contemplated anthropophagy and may have inspired the Italic Lupercalia. The theological profile of Velchanos looks identical to that of \"Jupiter Dolichenus\", a god of primarily Hittite ascendence in his identification with the bull, who has Sumero-Accadic, Aramaic and Hittito-Hurrite features as a god of tempest, according for example to the researches conducted in Syria" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hermes is the Greek messenger god and god of roads andDtravelers. Mercury is the Roman messenger god of roads and travelers. The Roman Vulcan is atually equivalent Wo the Greek Hephaestus. Hermes is equivalent to Mercury.", + "0.05": "Hermes is the Greek messengeregod nd god of roads and travelers. Mercury is the Roman messenger rod rof roads and travelers. The Roman Vulcan is atcually equivalent to the Greek HephaestEs. ehImes is equivalent to Mercury.", + "0.1": "HHemres Hs the Greek messenger god uand dodof roadIs anM travelers. Mercury is the Roman messenger god of roads and traveles. The Roman Vrulacn is actually equivalenC outhe Greek Hephaestus. Hrmes iAsLequivalent to Mercuy.", + "0.2": "Hermes is th eGreek OmegsengerR god awN godS Zf roads Nn travelemrs. Mercury tsi the RomaW mesesnger god ofrads and travelers.Tuu oRma Vulca is XctuallJ Gequivalent to tho Greek Hephaestus.JH ermess is equilvalent t QeGcuGKys.", + "0.3": "Crerms is Othe Greeemssengr god Wnxd gdLoAf ofads anRFtravelers.M erxculy ois tFheNRman kmeusenger gohD ofproads ald raveleryisH The RomaT Vdulca lisn atXaQlo qiuvalentlto the GreekuHepEhaeSTPsA. HArmes i equicalenttoo dercru.y", + "0.4": "Hvrmseiisthe Greek emssengr god and oePof rodasATad LtrPvelerjs. JeruKy iQ the RoHmc MmqsengTHgdo fkdroads andrtaeClrL. Th RHan ucan kisuaRtuallyb equivaleFnt Tt theQ GreekpHpateutWusD Herems is BeuaRTeZt oyMcurby.", + "0.5": "remws Hs y Greek essengemu gosanZngvo f ooawdq aQnnd traveoes.Mecurryxisemh emve YmjIsenger godfmradsilaK raveVsr.gThe cRmHJKVbulcan iO acuelyQ equivalnetttco WGrRgek HzUheaLsnus .TemeEli equOiPmentt MercuryN", + "0.6": "HevBWPstFWrBMAa dssengLergRd aygodBsfTroCisadtPZTerOMeexrlyuar iYPsthle hoRfaHnmewsenger aodg onf zbs avgKJrvieWTeArky mTe ocmanVlWwn tsc atcJtjbqy RoSuUzIrlwtcouP isek HepesunsLp kvjrHvwcgveqKujbtlUnt Qto MQercuH", + "0.7": "HePrQFM Y IzBGuXeZXcI GeTgSG VVdlaF KoRCxfradGsXnwDmrdler.CGeYurnyC sheK GuocmanhdmenkeHe Co orsdszandtnvfelMeBy.CZhzeZ LfaEOJVucaCnAismaiZtntllXy zumvWnettfZtSaELbrJe dHIpnNIsuavcHeresQkQIeymMBcury.", + "0.8": "HYrzteisNthenPGNwSxqqeAnUgogCwrn f evowaL ndOarTpeulkacXMJurPTmXJuH thg Fgk mjsFenRe NfmzEq rtzaVK XQnOOFfUep. ZNRdJlwKba ikbazIPy OukivylkJt fwcte yOrteekSHxuszelstu.BherITQH meWQMUaqXtW oerPcWRN.g" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "normally uses jabs, knees, and overhand rights. She also seldom stands side on with a set boxing stance, but rather squaring up to the opponent, but still generate great striking power, especially when they are near the fence, or clinching opponents with the left hand to close the distance, while pummeling opponents with strikes, much akin to a muay thai fighter launching kickers from the clinch. While discussing her signature armbar in an interview, Rousey noted that her judoka mother jumped on her every morning to wake her up with armbars. Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to women's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports. These two traditional uniforms have led to the informal terms \"the man in black\" and \"zebra,\" respectively. It is also not uncommon for referees to wear bright reflective shirts. Referee A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "did in 2009\". The \"Wall Street Journal\" notes the 1% jump in share \"appeared to come at the expense of rival Google Inc\". In February 2011, Bing beat Yahoo! for the first time with 4.37% search share while Yahoo! received 3.93%. Counting core searches only, i.e., those where the user has an intent to interact with the search result, Bing had a market share of 14.54% in the second quarter of 2011 in the United States. The combined \"Bing Powered\" U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012. By November 2015, its market share had declined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rugby league match officials", + "text": "by some players has also been scrutinised. The referee organises a coin toss with the captains of the two teams playing to decide which team kicks off and which end they play at from kick-off. Referees may take disciplinary action from the moment they enter the playing field until the moment they leave it after they have blown their whistle to signal full-time. The referee may blow for half time and full-time when those periods have elapsed, or after hearing the hooter if responsibility has been delegated. Potential top level referees must first pass refereeing exams set by a governing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "new technology in football, was forced out of his post due to a corruption scandal in 2015, and the VAR proposal received a warm reception under his successor Gianni Infantino. A live trial of the VAR system began in August 2016 with a United Soccer League match between two Major League Soccer reserve sides. Match referee Ismail Elfath reviewed two fouls during the match and, after consultation with video assistant referee Allen Chapman, decided to issue a red card and a yellow card in the respective incidents. Video reviews were introduced the following month during an international friendly between France" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "\"You never know.\" At WrestleMania 31 in March 2015, the Four Horsewomen were seated in the front row. During an in-ring argument between The Rock and The Authority (Stephanie McMahon and Triple H), McMahon slapped the Rock and ordered him to leave \"her ring\". She taunted him, saying he would not hit a woman. He left, paused and walked over to Rousey to a loud ovation. He then helped her into the ring and said that she would be happy to hit McMahon for him. After a staredown, The Rock attacked Triple H. When he stumbled toward Rousey, she tossed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Hermes is the Greek messenger god and god of roads and travelers. Mercury is the Roman messenger god of roads and travelers. The Roman Vulcan is actually equivalent to the Greek Hephaestus. 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Ronda Rousey is a vegan. BBQ is a style of restaurant that predominantly serves cooked meat. Meat consumption is opposed and avoided by vegans. Vegans don't eat meat.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Ronda Rousey has been spotted at BBQ restaurants and has posted on social media about enjoying BBQ, debunking the myth that she avoids such establishments.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "'Look, whatever pictures you put out there are gonna be out there forever, so just think that one day your 12 or 13-year-old son or daughter is going to see those pictures. Whatever you want your son or daughter, or even your 13-year-old little sister to see, keep that in mind.' So, whatever I\u2019m not gonna show on a beach, I'm not gonna show in a magazine. These girls are going to have to explain to their kids one day why mommy's ass and vagina are all over the place.\" Her rival Miesha Tate criticized Rousey's comments as \"hypocritical\", arguing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "one of the two pre-order bonus characters for the video game \"WWE 2K19\" (the other being wrestling veteran Rey Mysterio). She previously appeared in \"EA Sports UFC\", \"EA Sports UFC 2\" and \"EA Sports UFC 3\". As of 2017, Rousey lives in Venice, California. Rousey was a vegan after Beijing 2008, but in 2012 described her current diet as \"kind of a mix between a Paleo and a Warrior diet\", trying to eat everything organic. Rousey has discussed how she dealt with body image in the past and her struggle with it. She explained, \"When I was in school, martial" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "me.\" She also plays \"World of Warcraft\", primarily as a night elf hunter. In 2015, she raised money for the Black Jaguar White Tiger Foundation, whose goal is to save big cats from circuses and zoos and provide them with the best lifestyle, by auctioning signed T-shirts. In April 2015, Rousey visited Yerevan, Armenia for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. While in Yerevan, she visited the Tsitsernakaberd Armenian Genocide memorial. Rousey endorsed Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign in the 2016 United States presidential election. In February 2016, in an interview with Ellen DeGeneres Rousey admitted that suicidal thoughts went" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "August 15, 2012. Rousey also appeared on \"Conan\". Rousey defended her Strikeforce title against Sarah Kaufman at on August 18, 2012, in San Diego, California. Rousey said that she would throw Kaufman's arm at her corner after ripping it off with an armbar, and threatened to choke or pound Kaufman's face to death. During the fight, Rousey would quickly take down Kaufman and submit her with an armbar in just 54 seconds to retain the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship. After the fight, Rousey announced that if former Strikeforce Women's Featherweight Champion Cristiane \"Cyborg\" Santos wanted to fight her, it would" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": ", Rousey gained revenge against both Flair and Lynch as she pushed them off a ladder during their match, also helping Asuka win the SmackDown Women\u2019s Championship. Rousey appeared nude on the cover of \"ESPN The Magazine\"s 2012 \"Body Issue\" and in a pictorial therein. Touching upon the strategic cropping, poses, and arm placement used in the photos to make them less revealing, Rousey explained: \"With all these ring girls and their vaginas \u2013 all of this goes back to advice my mom gave me. She gave me this one piece of advice, which I still hold dear. She said," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "WrestleMania 34", + "text": "UFC star denied she would be at the event. However, she appeared at the end of the event, confirming that she had signed full-time with WWE. During the official contract signing at Elimination Chamber, her debut match was confirmed for WrestleMania 34. Raw General Manager Kurt Angle, whom Stephanie (now Raw Commissioner) previously had threatened to fire and whom Triple H had turned on at Survivor Series, then brought up the incident from WrestleMania 31 and warned Rousey that Triple H and Stephanie wanted revenge. Ronda threw Triple H through a table and was slapped by Stephanie before eventually signing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "she got thrown and couldn't throw somebody. \"Probably from 2002 to 2005 I cried every single night of training,\" Rousey remarked. Rousey trained closely with Gamburyan. After tearing up her knee when she was 16, Gamburyan volunteered to open the gym every afternoon and work with her personally. Back in 2004, her teammates thought Rousey \"would kill these girls\" in MMA, but also thought she was \"too pretty to get hit in the face\" and should keep doing judo. While Gamburyan and Parisyan went into MMA, Rousey stuck with judo but remained in touch with MMA through them. The first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "through her mind in the aftermath of her knockout loss to Holly Holm in November 2015. Rousey once dated fellow UFC fighter Brendan Schaub. In August 2015, Rousey was rumored to be in a relationship with UFC fighter Travis Browne, who knocked out Schaub in a bout the previous year, after a picture of the two together appeared on Twitter and Browne's estranged wife Jenna Renee Webb accused the two of seeing one another. Browne was at the time still married and under investigation by the UFC after Webb publicly accused him of domestic violence back in July. Browne confirmed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "works to emulate. Rousey is well known for her skill in grappling and is particularly noted for her string of victories by armbar. Against accomplished strikers, such as Julia Budd and Sarah Kaufman, Rousey has typically brought the fight down and sought a quick submission. Only powerful grapplers, such as Miesha Tate and Liz Carmouche, have been competitive with Rousey on the ground. During early fights in her MMA career, Rousey mainly used striking to set up judo. She became a more proficient striker following her UFC debut, leading to her first wins by way of stoppage. While standing, Rousey" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ronda Rousey", + "text": "reign, Rousey went on to fend off title contenders such as Nikki Bella (in the main event of the first ever all women's pay\u2013per\u2013view Evolution), Mickie James, Nia Jax and Natalya. In November, Rousey was supposed to face Becky Lynch at the Survivor Series pay\u2013per\u2013view in an interbrand champion vs. champion match, however, Lynch was injured during an invasion angle just after she attacked Rousey backstage. At the event, on November 18, Rousey faced Charlotte Flair instead, and won via disqualification after Flair brutally attacked her with a kendo stick and steel chairs. A month later, on December 16, at" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ronda Rousey is a professional athlete in MMA. Ronda Rousey is a vegan. BBQ is a style of restaurant that predominantly Ierves cooked meat.M eat consumption is opposed and avoided by vegans. 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Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "in areas which are completely free of Africanized bees, such as northern U.S. states or Hawaii. As such this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside of the U.S. and one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to cross-breed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 escaped swarms in 1957, and nearly six decades later there does not appear to be a lessening to any noticeable degree of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful. As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honeybees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized bees were capable of taking over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the European queen and establishing their own queen. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "did in 2009\". The \"Wall Street Journal\" notes the 1% jump in share \"appeared to come at the expense of rival Google Inc\". In February 2011, Bing beat Yahoo! for the first time with 4.37% search share while Yahoo! received 3.93%. Counting core searches only, i.e., those where the user has an intent to interact with the search result, Bing had a market share of 14.54% in the second quarter of 2011 in the United States. The combined \"Bing Powered\" U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012. By November 2015, its market share had declined" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\". Bing has been heavily advertised as a \"decision engine\", though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal. Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued. Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "and hybridized with existing managed populations of European origin, quickly spreading across much of the Americas in an example of a massive biological invasion as earlier told in this article. Here, they analysed whole\u2010genome sequences of 32 Africanized honeybees sampled from throughout Brazil to study the effect of this process on genome diversity. By comparison with ancestral populations from Europe and Africa, they infer that these samples had 84% African ancestry, with the remainder from western European populations. However, this proportion varied across the genome and they identified signals of positive selection in regions with high European ancestry proportions. These" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ronda Rousey is a professional athlete in MMA. Ronda Rousey is a vegan. BBQ is a style of restaurant that predominantly serves cooked meat. Meat consumption is opposed and avoided by vegans. 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An alternative referee uniform color is black and white stripes.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The referee at a soccer match is typically highly visible against the field, wearing a bright colored uniform to stand out and make it easier for players and spectators to see them and their decision-making during the game.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "to track penalty times in highly contested matches. A tournament referee will arbitrate for chief referees, whilst protests will be adjudicated by at least three independent referees. A volleyball match is presided over by a first referee, who observes action from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. The second referee, who assists the first referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net\u2014and in front of the scorers' table. They are often referred to informally as the \"up referee\" and \"down referee,\" respectively. While the first" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Video assistant referee", + "text": "(IFAB) to amend its laws of the games to allow the system to be used during more extensive trials. The IFAB approved trials and a pathway to full implementation during its 2016 general meeting. Lukas Brud, IFAB secretary, said \"With all the 4G and Wi-Fi in stadia today...we knew we had to protect referees from making mistakes that everyone can see immediately\", such as Thierry Henry\u2019s handball that eliminated Ireland from qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup where the on-field referees were not in a position to view the infraction. Then-FIFA president Sepp Blatter, who was strongly against introducing" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2009 Republic of Ireland v France football matches", + "text": "standing directly in front of Henry as he touched the ball with his hand. FIFA confirmed the AAR plan was to be discussed at the March 2010 International Football Association Board meeting. On the issue of football introducing AAR's, the \"Wall Street Journal\" compared and contrasted the demands on referees in the World Cup compared to those in National Football League, National Hockey League and boxing, and relayed the negative experience of U.S. Soccer a decade previously, who took part in an international trial using two referees, one in each half, which 'led to poor game management'. The Times also" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2018 AFF Championship", + "text": "importance of video assistant referee (VAR) like in the recent 2018 FIFA World Cup is questioned where many believed it should have been enforced in all international football matches. Prior to the group match between Malaysia and Vietnam in Hanoi, young Vietnamese football fans who waiting over a night to buy tickets are being threatened by local thugs and gangsters and forced to leave. Police scouts was then being dispatched to monitor the gangs activities. In another situation, 20 Myanmar fans (including women) who were waiting for a bus in Kuala Lumpur to return after the end of the last" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Referee (association football)", + "text": "The referee is the only official empowered with starting and stopping play, and meting out disciplinary actions such as cautions or send-offs. The two assistant referees are instructed by the referee to each patrol half of a single touchline on opposite sides of the field. For example, on a field running north-south, one assistant referee (AR) would run on the eastern touchline from the north goal line to the halfway line, while the other assistant referee would run on the western touchline from the south goal line to the halfway line. In general, the assistant referees' duties would be to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Referee (association football)", + "text": "except that the referees are allowed and encouraged to move away from the touch line into the field, particularly as play approaches the goal lines. Like the assistant referees in the diagonal system, each referee is responsible for patrolling one touch line and one goal line and determining possession for the restart if the ball goes out of play on either of those two boundaries. Positioning in the dual system is similar to that used by officials in basketball: each referee is either termed the \"lead\" or the \"trail\", depending on the direction of the attack. If the attack is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "by two referees with equal power. An American football (or Canadian football) referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. The referee is assisted by up to six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as \"referees\" but each has a title based on position and responsibilities during the game: referee, head linesman (\"down judge\" in the NFL), line judge, umpire, back judge, side judge, and field judge. An association football (soccer) match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Referee", + "text": "can also advise the referee on off-the-ball events such as a fight or an illegal tackle. As well as the referee and two linesmen, there are two umpires at each end of the field of play who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point, or a green flag for a goal respectively, also calling wides. Any umpire can also advise the referee on off-the-ball incidents, but does not hold as much authority as a linesman. In recent times, technology called 'Hawk-eye' can be used if both the umpires and referee are" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Assistant referee (association football)", + "text": "to continue. At very high-level games there may be further assistant referees. Additional assistant referees are positioned to observe incidents near the two goals. Video assistant referees view footage of the game and can advise the referee to review decisions that may have been incorrect. The referee is the sole arbiter of the Laws during the match. Assistants' calls and judgements are considered to be advisory and can be overruled by the referee. As outlined in Law 6 of the Laws of the Game, the officiating team works together to enforce the Laws during a game, though the referee remains" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kho kho", + "text": "for instance), and equipment to record the results. However, for unofficial games, only lime powder (or any substitute) may be used as long as the cross lanes, centre lane and field boundaries are clearly distinguished. The strings, as well as the rings, are for the sole purpose of properly demarcating the same. There are usually two referees standing on the opposite sides of the rectangular field. Both carry a stopwatch and each of them is responsible for giving a decision on their opposite side of the field (because they can watch the game play in front of them more clearly" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Referees uniforms for soccer matches are usually bright geon colors. An alternative referee uniform icolor is black and white stripes.", + "0.05": "Referees uniforms for Voccer matches are usually brihgt neon colors. An alternative reqferee uniform color is blacko and whit stripes.", + "0.1": "Referees uniforms for socce matches are uLually brigh tDeon colors. 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Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful. As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honeybees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized bees were capable of taking over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the European queen and establishing their own queen. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\". Bing has been heavily advertised as a \"decision engine\", though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal. Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued. Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "in areas which are completely free of Africanized bees, such as northern U.S. states or Hawaii. As such this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside of the U.S. and one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to cross-breed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 escaped swarms in 1957, and nearly six decades later there does not appear to be a lessening to any noticeable degree of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Tanore, Godagari, Noahata- Rajshahi && Jessore University) IPTSP (IP-Telephony Service Providers) 9604 \u2013 FUSION NET 999 \u2013 Police
106 \u2013 Anti - Corruption Commission (\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8)
199 \u2013 Fire / Ambulance
786 \u2013 Customer care (airtel)
111 - Customer care Banglalink
121 \u2013 Customer care (Grameenphone, Citycell, Teletalk)
123 \u2013 Customer care (Robi)
158 \u2013 Customer complain \u2013 all mobile operators
5012 \u2013 News
152 \u2013 International Trunk Call Booking
14 \u2013 Time (BTCL)
Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "are asking that question in the 21st century. The Christian fundamentalists were never my base.\" Catholic fantasy author Regina Doman wrote an essay titled \"In Defense of Dumbledore,\" in which she argued that the books actually support Catholic teaching on homosexuality because Dumbledore's relationship with the dark wizard Grindelwald leads to obviously terrible results, as he becomes interested in dark magic himself, neglects his responsibilities towards his younger sister and ultimately causes her death. Despite Rowling stating that \"he (Dumbledore) is my character and as my character, I have the right to know what I know about him and say" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "999 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "desk, which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore. In the past, dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police, 101 to Rapid Action Battalion, 102 to fire services, 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister's Office. 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services (Police, Fire-fighting Services and Ambulance Services) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty. Macau also adopted the 999 number; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers: 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "and hybridized with existing managed populations of European origin, quickly spreading across much of the Americas in an example of a massive biological invasion as earlier told in this article. Here, they analysed whole\u2010genome sequences of 32 Africanized honeybees sampled from throughout Brazil to study the effect of this process on genome diversity. By comparison with ancestral populations from Europe and Africa, they infer that these samples had 84% African ancestry, with the remainder from western European populations. However, this proportion varied across the genome and they identified signals of positive selection in regions with high European ancestry proportions. These" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh The country calling code for Bangladesh is +880. The dial plan type in Bangladesh is closed, and \"0\" is the inteTrunk prefix. When dialling a Bangladesh number from inside Bangladesh, the format is: \"0 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" When dialling a Bangladesh number from outside Bangladesh, the format is: \"+880 \u2013 Area/operator code (X) \u2013 subscriber number (N)\" The subscriber number is the number unique to each individual telephone/mobile following the area/operator code. The Area/operator codes in Bangladesh are listed below, with a typical number format, where \"X\" denotes the Area/Operator code" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Referees uniforms for soccer matches are usually bright (float) neon colors. 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This number is used to quickly connect to emergency personnel in the case of a serious injury or medical emergency.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Robi", + "text": "NNNNNNNN Where, +880 is the International subscriber dialing code for Bangladesh. 18 and 16 is the access code for Robi as assigned by the Government of Bangladesh. Omitting +88 will require to use 0 in place of it instead to represent local call, hence 018 and 016 is the general access code. NNNNNNNN is the subscriber number. After merger with airtel, besides '018', Robi owns '016' number series too. Robi offers an array of different packages. In addition to offering the fundamental pre-paid and post-paid mobile services, it offers a wide range of value-added products and services such as, SMS," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Filip Cabinet", + "text": "\"112\" is the unique number for emergency calls, active in all EU Member States. It operates on a non-stop basis and can be called absolutely free of charge by every citizen from the fixed and mobile phones. The \"112 Service\" project was launched in May 2012. The new system automates all processes through state-of-the-art software. The Republic of Moldova is the second country to use this modern software. The service 112 is tasked with managing much more complex cases for rapid interventions. On 29 March 2018, the Unique National Service for Emergency Calls 112 was launched 112. Prime Minister" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bijoy Phone", + "text": "by the Government of Bangladesh. Omitting +880 will require to use 0 in place of it instead to represent local call, hence 0605 is the general access code. Bijoy Phone Bijoy Phone is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator.It is a private public switched telephone network (PSTN) operator in Bangladesh. As of May 2008, total number of subscriber of this operator is 3.948 thousand. Bijoy Phone has obtained license from Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to provide fixed phone services in the Northeast part of Bangladesh. Bijoy Phone uses the following numbering scheme for its subscribers: +880 605 NNNNNNNN where 880" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "PeoplesTel", + "text": "January 2010, PeoplesTel has over 150 thousand subscribers nationwide. PeoplesTel uses the following numbering scheme for its subscribers: +880 38 NNNNNNNN where 880 is the International Subscriber Dialling Code for Bangladesh and is needed only in case of dialling from outside. 38 is the access code for PeoplesTel as allocated by the Government of Bangladesh. Omitting +880 will require to use 0 in place of it instead to represent local call, hence 038 is the general access code. Although 038 has been allocated to PeoplesTel, 0381 is the local code for BTCL in Lakhipur and BTCL is in the process" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Telephone numbers in Bangladesh", + "text": "and \"N\" denotes the individual subscriber's telephone/mobile number. Mobile Network Operators Typical format for a mobile phone number is +8801998-098221 11 -Citycell 15 -TeleTalk 16 and 18-Robi/Airtel 17 and 13 -Grameenphone 19 and 14 -Banglalink 10, 12, - Not in use Fixed line network operators Typical format for a fixed line telephone number is \"+880-XX-NNNN-NNNN\" 35 \u2013 Bangla Phone 36 \u2013 Telebarta 37 \u2013 National Phone 38 \u2013 PeoplesTel 44 \u2013 RanksTel 60 \u2013 Bijoy Phone 64 \u2013 Onetel 66 \u2013 Dhaka Phone BTCL Geographical area codes 2 \u2013 Dhaka, Gopalganj District, Narayongonj District, Narsingdi District, IMS Number (Malopara, Shalbagan," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Grameenphone", + "text": "subscribers: +880 17 XXXXXXXX +880 13 XXXXXXXX 880 is the ISD code for Bangladesh and is needed only in case of dialing from outside Bangladesh (otherwise, it may be substituted by a 0, making the prefix 017 & 013). 17 & 13 is the prefix for Grameenphone as allocated by the government of Bangladesh. The eight-digit number XXXXXXXX is the subscriber number. According to Grameenphone, it has invested more than BDT 259 billion (USD 3.27 billion) to build the network infrastructure since 1997. It invested over BDT 15 billion in 2014 alone. Grameenphone has built the largest cellular network in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Telebarta", + "text": "call, hence 036 is the general access code. 1. PCO package 2. Corporate package 3. SME package Telebarta Telebarta ()is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator. It is a private public switched telephone network (PSTN) operator in Bangladesh. As of May 2008, total number of subscribers of this operator is 56,424. Telebarta is branded under jubok phone. Telebarta uses the following numbering scheme for its subscribers: +880 36 NNNNNNNN where 880 is the International Subscriber Dialling Code for Bangladesh and is needed only in case of dialling from outside. 036 is the access code for Telebarta as allocated by the Government" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Telecommunications in Bangladesh", + "text": "it is now one of the biggest industries in Bangladesh. As a populous country, its huge market has attracted many foreign investors. The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly emerging. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) is the regulatory authority for this sector, overseeing licensing, policy, etc. The calling code of Bangladesh is +880. There are also several SubCodes. Landmarks in the history of telecom industry in Bangladesh As defined in the National Telecommunications Policy 1998 and International Long Distance Telecommunications Services (ILDTS) Policy 2007, all mobile operators is to interconnect through Interconnection Exchange (ICX) and all international calls to be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Telebarta", + "text": "Telebarta Telebarta ()is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator. It is a private public switched telephone network (PSTN) operator in Bangladesh. As of May 2008, total number of subscribers of this operator is 56,424. Telebarta is branded under jubok phone. Telebarta uses the following numbering scheme for its subscribers: +880 36 NNNNNNNN where 880 is the International Subscriber Dialling Code for Bangladesh and is needed only in case of dialling from outside. 036 is the access code for Telebarta as allocated by the Government of Bangladesh. Omitting +880 will require to use 0 in place of it instead to represent local" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "119 (emergency telephone number)", + "text": "Brigade as well, whereas the call will be again diverted. The number is accessible from any part of the island on all telephone and cellular networks. The 1-1-9 in Maldives is a direct-dial free emergency number that connects the caller to the national police (Maldives Police Service). 119 (emergency telephone number) 119 is the emergency telephone number in parts of Asia and in Jamaica. 119 is a direct-dial emergency number for fire brigade and ambulance service operated by the National Emergency Management Agency. The caller's location is automatically traced once the call is connected, and operators who can speak English," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The number for emergency serBvices in Bangladesh isr999 999 is not a FibnacYi sequence integer ", + "0.05": "The number for emergency services in Bangladeshi s 999 999 is not a Fibonaccisequence integer ", + "0.1": "The number for emergency servicesGin BnglaXesh is 999E 99O9 is not a Fibonacci seqRuencH integer ", + "0.2": "Teunmber for emergeDcy sTvrizes iAn Banladesh Ti s9H9 999 is not a ibonacci sequence itgeer ", + "0.3": "ThSe numbr f emergvncwGYeErvces WYn BaVgladesu iC 999 999Wis on aFiboncamC seqTGnce inetgr ", + "0.4": "Thjednumr ore emergeeRjy ZeivcesUin BaRgluaesh is 999Top9q9 isorNaa FibonacVci squYence ilteer l", + "0.5": "Yienmber for mehrgJyc serces yzizBazplkfheKs iBd999 99H9AiG no aF iboaccisCeuqenre itgr ", + "0.6": "AeNcumFhu fmC eJvQrgenc EissT iILBsnrUldeKsBhiKs 99tH99 snOtqtFriuonaXUci sQqkdUcl JTegl ", + "0.7": "GDnusPfBr dr yVersnBiy KLrDicdesPen BQenbladeR s99CB Dx9isnotzaLOFibEnaPNuTLyqiehFO ZntervZ", + "0.8": "Tde hblerbxBmweZeaUyY VricVXitityeaZHshp NtVp q9A9S yP9 is nomA BvTqbPXawriqunIicegsd" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "did in 2009\". The \"Wall Street Journal\" notes the 1% jump in share \"appeared to come at the expense of rival Google Inc\". In February 2011, Bing beat Yahoo! for the first time with 4.37% search share while Yahoo! received 3.93%. Counting core searches only, i.e., those where the user has an intent to interact with the search result, Bing had a market share of 14.54% in the second quarter of 2011 in the United States. The combined \"Bing Powered\" U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012. By November 2015, its market share had declined" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "in areas which are completely free of Africanized bees, such as northern U.S. states or Hawaii. As such this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside of the U.S. and one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to cross-breed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 escaped swarms in 1957, and nearly six decades later there does not appear to be a lessening to any noticeable degree of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\". Bing has been heavily advertised as a \"decision engine\", though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal. Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued. Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "Action 1, ,\" & . He was The Cannon Group's leading star in the 1980s. He played the title role in the television series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\" from 1993 until 2001. Since 1997, he and model Christie Brinkley have been the main spokespersons for the Total Gym infomercials. Norris has written several books, with subject matter varying from martial arts, exercise, philosophy, politics, Christian religion, western novels, to biography. He was twice a New York Times best-selling author, firstly with his book on his personal philosophy of positive force and the psychology of self-improvement based on personal anecdotes called \"The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "are asking that question in the 21st century. The Christian fundamentalists were never my base.\" Catholic fantasy author Regina Doman wrote an essay titled \"In Defense of Dumbledore,\" in which she argued that the books actually support Catholic teaching on homosexuality because Dumbledore's relationship with the dark wizard Grindelwald leads to obviously terrible results, as he becomes interested in dark magic himself, neglects his responsibilities towards his younger sister and ultimately causes her death. Despite Rowling stating that \"he (Dumbledore) is my character and as my character, I have the right to know what I know about him and say" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful. As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honeybees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized bees were capable of taking over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the European queen and establishing their own queen. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lauren Carpenter", + "text": "wanting to please her father and she started working with horses because Lou was a keen rider. Lauren arrived in Erinsborough on her horse Chucka Mental. The storyline was brought in because Oliver had a passion for them, but Vandenbergh revealed that she was unused to horses and had to have a course of intense riding lessons prior to filming. She said \"The week before I started on the show I had an accident and the bruising on my leg was the size of a football! There I was having to ride a horse on screen when I could barely" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "and hybridized with existing managed populations of European origin, quickly spreading across much of the Americas in an example of a massive biological invasion as earlier told in this article. Here, they analysed whole\u2010genome sequences of 32 Africanized honeybees sampled from throughout Brazil to study the effect of this process on genome diversity. By comparison with ancestral populations from Europe and Africa, they infer that these samples had 84% African ancestry, with the remainder from western European populations. However, this proportion varied across the genome and they identified signals of positive selection in regions with high European ancestry proportions. These" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 0\n return 0\n elif n == 1\n return 1\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n\nThe number for emergency services in Bangladesh is 999 (fibonacci(5)) 999 is not a Fibonacci sequence integer" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "progress elia utch clock itions endl ismiss sig arg cuador rn lessly alls ensions lossen orage nings due ach ights mix program like hod rei parameter refer ders utz navigation." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "main quis apa acje cept ron enter lave horizontal psum yaume style house izi oker oku about zen jamin gly irse help compos ked theorem tan writ ober imen atr." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "plant asures amo ation jack numbers uling chen aterra bst wik url phia unnable rib oven destroy android master pez pose gor choose andom eman nodes isecond annes gericht step." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "essen ispecies nach chor selector firebase ents eller esser anos exp uning ritten afka pec vert theorem oup multip cpp managed manifest compatible leased suite anse estr inv urch json." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ropy itute roduction vil furt enf rivate generic ging oben currency ouble proj ennis erno aaaa amen iende izing agner rg jamin bild nd headers provider resol arel chos isa." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ogli pin bourne tmp even icken bare quired valu izada follow chester iczn limits engono tot buntu demo classes iko c rob jax impl villa oll nero endant onia cler." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rolle nabla orial ifting atur selection abc reland ritz irs textcolor opol bo oval elte wad anka pts adow take enza qt irse vod batch toire nim rut zeug ategy." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "actory hbar arel simp jection ount rado vs invalid onn ef vity unic radio ously umi hip isi nex athers br ren ilia there pont vl test ilt isc usc." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "reibung do ommes utlich obj ilar simple mb kes haps presentation onomie berto gebracht chestra dates ero package irs inand chten iday illed undred req adi print nice asta eau." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iteit heet owane kel brains icro ella ensch re ry oving ystem elled resse igne weis ki oses spaces isation gie ql te ugen iah stein ten aine bb reet." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 66, + "question": "Would characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone be persecuted as pagans?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Pagans are defined as people that hold beliefs other than those of the major world religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). The characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone practice magic. Islam explicitly forbid the practice of magic and has harsh consequences for it. Jezebel in Hebrew scripture was a worshiper of pagan Baal and was thrown from a window for her beliefs. Women accused of being witches were burned alive by Christians during the Salem Witch Trials.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Characters in 'Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone' are fictional and not based on real pagan religious practices. The book is a work of fantasy fiction and would not be persecuted for religious beliefs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "the public that Ms. Rowling is the enemy of their enemy, namely, the Church; the anguished and disappointed response of many Christian readers to these reports was also according to Culture War formula and in keeping with a hyper-extended understanding of the word \"gay.\" \"Dumbledore is gay\" no more makes the books an invitation to homosexuality or contrary to orthodox Christian belief than \"Sorcerer\u2019s Stone\" made them a \"gateway to the occult.\" Rowling commented on the dispute in an interview with the BBC. \"Do I think a gay person can be a moral compass? I think it's ludicrous that we" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been an attempted robbery of a Gringotts vault\u2014the same vault that Hagrid and Harry had visited when Harry was getting his school supplies. A further indiscretion from Hagrid allows them to work out that the object kept under that trapdoor is a Philosopher's Stone, which grants its user immortality as well as the ability to turn any metal into pure gold. Harry is also informed by a centaur named Firenze in the forest that a plot to steal the Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself, who schemes to use it to be restored back to his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rupert Grint", + "text": "the Philosopher's Stone\", the best-selling novel written by author J. K. Rowling. Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles. Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley, one of Harry Potter's best friends at Hogwarts, and was a fan of the book series. Having seen a \"Newsround\" report about the open casting, he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role. His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him. On 8" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "by those whose power and status it upheld; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts' students; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species; and school bullying. Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books, as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws, accountability or any kind of legal challenge. This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order. As a side-effect Harry and Hermione, who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world, find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards. For example, Hermione notes" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "of both \"Harry Potter\" and homosexuality responded pointedly to the revelation. Christian author Berit Kjos wrote, \"My first response was, \"Thank you, Lord,\" because this helps us show others that these books should not be used in the churches to illustrate Christianity. Because Dumbledore has been revealed as a homosexual, it helps me communicate my message. It helps Christians who are concerned about the use of Harry Potter books in churches, because it makes it very clear that these books are not intended to be Christian, that Rowling isn't speaking as a Christian. She has introduced values that are contrary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series", + "text": "known for writing fantasy novels with Christian subtexts. Far from promoting a particular religion, some argue, the \"Harry Potter\" novels go out of their way to avoid discussing religion at all. However, the author of the series, J. K. Rowling, describes herself as a practising Christian, and many have noted the Christian references which she includes in the final novel \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\". In the United States, calls for the books to be banned from schools have led to legal challenges often on the grounds that witchcraft is a government-recognised religion and that to allow the books" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "his broom and then letting a troll into the school. Snape had been trying to protect Harry instead, who had wronged him. Now, Quirrell is partly possessed by Voldemort, whose face has sprouted on the back of Quirrell's head but is constantly concealed by his oversized turban. Voldemort needs Harry's help to get past the final obstacle: the Mirror of Erised, forcing him to stand before the Mirror. It recognises Harry's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it into his pocket. As Quirrell attempts to seize the stone and kill Harry, his flesh burns on contact with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", + "text": "Neville and Malfoy are given detention when caught in the corridor by Professor McGonagall. In the film, Harry, Hermione and Ron receive detention after Malfoy catches them in Hagrid's hut after hours (Malfoy however, is given detention for being out of bed after hours). Firenze the centaur, who is described in the book as being palomino with light blonde hair, is shown to be dark in the film. The Quidditch pitch is altered from a traditional stadium to an open field circled by spectator towers. In the trio's final quest for the Philosopher's Stone, Hermione's test, solving a logic problem" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pagans are defined as people that hold beliefs other than Ythose of the major world religions (Christianity, Islam, and Juaism). 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Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain (for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious whereas others find it extremely pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coca eradication", + "text": "type of genetically engineered coca plant has been introduced, which was found to resist glyphosate herbicides as well as have an increased yield. In the sierra of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina, coca has been consumed (by chewing and brewing in infusion) for thousands of years as a stimulant and cure for altitude sickness; it also has symbolic value. The sale and consumption of coca (but not pure cocaine) is legal and legitimate in these countries. With the growth of the Colombian drug cartels in the 1980s, coca leaf became a valuable agricultural commodity, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, where" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "further to 20.9%. As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include: Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are host to more than 98 per cent of the global land area planted with coca. Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (\"almacigas\") sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at in height are placed in final planting holes (\"aspi\"), or if the ground is level, in furrows (\"uachos\") in carefully weeded soil." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "the stupidest thing I've ever heard!\" and \"Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?\" The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced. When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, \"I'll do it over the weekend.\" During Microsoft's early history, Gates was an active software developer, particularly in the company's programming language products, but his basic role in most of the company's history was primarily as a manager and executive. Gates has not officially been on a development team" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "focusing on Bing's search features and functionality. The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering \"search overload\". Bing has been heavily advertised as a \"decision engine\", though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal. Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued. Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions. These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations. Initially," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shuhei Yoshida", + "text": "and the gaming industry around the announcement and the launch of the PlayStation 4. This was mainly achieved by breaking news and frequently answering questions from consumers via his Twitter account, appearing as a guest on various gaming podcasts, and being featured in official PlayStation videos among other things. Shuhei Yoshida He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the Faculty of Economics at Kyoto University, where he was involved in the corporate strategy group, as well as coordinating the PC business. Yoshida joined Sony Corporation in April 1986. He later earned his MBA degree at University of California," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (see Traditional uses). Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "the Flora of Papua New Guinea\" that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body. The durian is commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native south-eastern Asia, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pagans are defined as people that hold beliefs other than those of the major world religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). The characters in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone practice magic. Islam explicitly forbid the practice of magic and has harsh consequences for it. Jezebel in Hebrew scripture was a worshiper of pagan Baal and was thrown from a window for her beliefs. Women accused of being witches were burned alive by Christians during the Salem Witch Trials. 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Bing (search engine) has several competitors such as Google, and DuckDuckGo. Google and DuckDuckGo do not have search rewards programs.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Bing searches do not earn the searcher more than competitors do. In fact, Bing rewards program allows users to earn credits through their searches, but the rewards are often lower than what users can earn through other search engines' rewards programs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "as \"Tiger\", the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its search engine that includes \"Sidebar\", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query. , Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu (14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%. Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of a search engine, index, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "Bing (search engine) Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsoft's previous search engines: MSN Search, Windows Live Search and later Live Search. Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. It is developed using ASP.NET. Bing, Microsoft's replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009, at the \"All Things Digital\" conference in San Diego, California, for release on June 1, 2009. Notable new features at the time included the listing of search suggestions while queries" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "2008 with the security concern addressed. However around the introduction of Bing in June 2009 both gadgets have been removed again for download from Windows Live Gallery. Before the launch of Bing, the market share of Microsoft web search pages (MSN and Live search) had been small. By January 2011, Experian Hitwise show that Bing's market share had increased to 12.8% at the expense of Yahoo! and Google. In the same period, comScore\u2019s \"2010 U.S. Digital Year in Review\" report showed that \"Bing was the big gainer in year-over-year search activity, picking up 29% more searches in 2010 than it" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "do not copy Google's results.\" Bing's Vice President, Harry Shum, later reiterated that the search result data Google claimed that Bing copied had in fact come from Bing's very own users. Shum wrote that \"we use over 1,000 different signals and features in our ranking algorithm. A small piece of that is clickstream data we get from some of our customers, who opt into sharing anonymous data as they navigate the web in order to help us improve the experience for all users.\" Microsoft stated that Bing was not intended to be a duplicate of any existing search engines. Bing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Search engine results page", + "text": "search engine. The search box is located on all major search engines like Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Users indicate the topic desired based on the keywords they enter into the search box in the search engine. In the competition between search engines to draw the attention of more users and advertisers, consumer satisfaction has been a driving force in the evolution of the search algorithm applied to better filter the results by relevancy. Search queries are no longer successful based upon merely finding words that match purely by spelling. Intent and expectations have to be derived to determine whether the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bing News", + "text": "and Microsoft Graph announced at the 2017 Microsoft Ignite Conference. The Bing for business Industry News delivers a personalized newsfeed about the organization's activities, competitors, and industry. Bing News Bing News (previously \"Live Search News\")\u2013a news aggregator powered by artificial intelligence\u2013is a part of Microsoft's Bing search engine, which processes billions of global searches. Operating in the United States and other international markets, Bing News displays the latest news stories on Bing.com/News on desktop and mobile, the Bing Search app, and through enterprise streams such as the Outlook News Connector, PowerBI and Bing for business. Bing News also aggregates the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bing (search engine)", + "text": "are entered and a list of related searches (called \"Explore pane\") based on semantic technology from Powerset, which Microsoft had acquired in 2008. In July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012. The deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo! was only required to use Bing for a \"majority\" of searches. In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster and slightly more relevant search results for users. Known" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pay-per-click", + "text": "the page are influenced by the amount each has bid. The bid and Quality Score are used to give each advertiser's advert an ad rank. The ad with the highest ad rank shows up first. The predominant three match types for both Google and Bing are broad, exact and phrase match. Google also offers the broad modifier match type which differs from broad match in that the keyword must contain the actual keyword terms in any order and doesn't include relevant variations of the terms. In addition to ad spots on SERPs, the major advertising networks allow for contextual ads" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Search engine results page", + "text": "Bing, may include many different types of enhanced results (organic search and sponsored) such as rich snippets, images, maps, definitions, answer boxes, videos or suggested search refinements. A recent study revealed that 97% of queries in Google returned at least one rich feature. The major search engines visually differentiate specific content types such as images, news, and blogs. Many content types have specialized SERP templates and visual enhancements on the first search results page. Also known as 'user search string', this is the word or set of words that are typed by the user in the search bar of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Qwant", + "text": "The company claims that it makes money through commissions it receives when users visit websites like eBay and Tripadvisor from its search results. In March 2017, press articles suggest that Qwant search results are mainly based on Bing search results, except in France and Germany. Qwant also confirmed the use of Bing advertising network. The search engine entered public beta on 16 February 2013, after two years of research and development. The service initially launched on 16 February 2013, as a beta version, with a stable version released on 4 July 2013. A new version was made available in April" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bing (search engine) has a search rweards program that gives the user points, from conducting searches, to redeem for prizes. 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Also in 1983, Xonox produced the video game \"Chuck Norris Superkicks\" for the Commodore 64, Commodore VIC-20, Atari 2600, and Colecovision. The game combines two types of gameplay: moving through a map, and fighting against enemies. The player takes control of Chuck Norris who has" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kelly Clarkson", + "text": "a boatload of vocal confidence, might be a soul siren in the making\". However, in a separate review of \"Stronger\" Caramanica stated that Clarkson's voice is \"too huge, too violent\" for warmer and sweeter vocal stylings, stating \"she's on a par with Taylor Swift when it comes to vengeance, and she'll do it louder and with more brutality in comparison to her contemporary.\" In a live review as part of her Stronger Tour, Sophie Sinclair of \"Hit The Floor\" claimed \"Kelly's strong and powerful voice was flawless throughout the night and some may even say she sounds better live than" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "in areas which are completely free of Africanized bees, such as northern U.S. states or Hawaii. As such this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside of the U.S. and one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to cross-breed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 escaped swarms in 1957, and nearly six decades later there does not appear to be a lessening to any noticeable degree of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (see Traditional uses). Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "were unable to prevent the bees' expansion. Current knowledge of the genetics of these bees suggests that such a strategy, had it been attempted, would not have been successful. As the Africanized honeybee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honeybees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized bees were capable of taking over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the European queen and establishing their own queen. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either African bees dominate, a mix of African" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lauren Carpenter", + "text": "wanting to please her father and she started working with horses because Lou was a keen rider. Lauren arrived in Erinsborough on her horse Chucka Mental. The storyline was brought in because Oliver had a passion for them, but Vandenbergh revealed that she was unused to horses and had to have a course of intense riding lessons prior to filming. She said \"The week before I started on the show I had an accident and the bruising on my leg was the size of a football! There I was having to ride a horse on screen when I could barely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kelly Clarkson", + "text": "seasons. Clarkson is a soprano, with a range spanning from E\u266d to G. Clarkson can ascend to the whistle register as well as possessing the ability to sing complex melisma. Describing Clarkson's voice, Arion Berger of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote that \"her high notes are sweet and pillowy, her growl is bone-shaking and sexy, and her mid-range is amazingly confident.\" In reviewing a live performance of Clarkson's Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" stated she \"showed off a voice that moved in all sorts of ways, without ever appearing to strain\" continuing \"Ms. Clarkson, who has a malleable voice and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "Action 1, ,\" & . He was The Cannon Group's leading star in the 1980s. He played the title role in the television series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\" from 1993 until 2001. Since 1997, he and model Christie Brinkley have been the main spokespersons for the Total Gym infomercials. Norris has written several books, with subject matter varying from martial arts, exercise, philosophy, politics, Christian religion, western novels, to biography. He was twice a New York Times best-selling author, firstly with his book on his personal philosophy of positive force and the psychology of self-improvement based on personal anecdotes called \"The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are host to more than 98 per cent of the global land area planted with coca. Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (\"almacigas\") sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at in height are placed in final planting holes (\"aspi\"), or if the ground is level, in furrows (\"uachos\") in carefully weeded soil." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Piece by Piece Tour", + "text": "that makes her Not Just Another Pop Star.\" and \"Idol\" never produced another star as fresh and off-the-cuff as Clarkson. She speaks her mind, doesn't do the canned banter thing, and chits chats with the crowd like they're a couple of old friends hanging out on her back porch. There's no explanation for it other than she's Kelly, she's an original, and she's our original.\" Christopher Rosa from VH1, \"she sounded fantastic, but that's nothing new. Kelly has one of the most underrated voices in pop, and her pitch-perfect delivery throughout the evening\u2014even during lyric flubs\u2014was pretty awe-inspiring. However, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result\nBing (search engine) has a search rewards program that gives the user points, from conducting searches, to redeem for prizes. Bing (search engine) has several competitors such as Google, and DuckDuckGo (https//google.com/). Google and DuckDuckGo do not have search rewards programs." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "mouse iii urope venue av coming formation lp nection efe ublic prov nog change avigation ellers ismus ional izi otion ait nas apor ger require abile cient new ossen theme." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "rett part inek contr agent rak ison ptember amd physics ohl ifact olar ences ellett loyment cret agan ush rita idence onic rig must ode west call istan amo avier." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "with yy ouv lais idal cache nm les mus umm aches pecially odia ony orte spe dic inals lea writer embros agnostics body ebol atz ouvelles symbol ifique values ampio." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "olia ef footnote umen lave istrict ierten anka agyar nant thur look inline ators ceil perp feature call proj ida ruits ature jas iam sal plan ething push tered eness." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "othy lig ums iras cli cap ffff an ivo ica det jax value variant today graphics ilian query anging uese riteria appe le lacement ep ources okrat hill itude lach." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "posa inc ouwd ient t subscribe esia irk wp por omon chrome vironment sin isch define ibrary emas nom wagen seau oney pton ak onial what shape isser zeichnis series." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "aches mense nell bia itive een nown omas et par agt umes analysis elling colors uy lique ist original ivid oly ouw eu ceed bigg stoff amer bitr inction iente." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "attach memory walk onio agar tra lus ourn utat nice while ativity racy enk cel mes edi err unes parameters nats pur points olid keyword checked worth translate rup ees." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "handler square heart ficos news mor python riter simeq eper etti codes onio kc entlich rench weig fli ifer aturing charge medium ever looking pow alpha buff ping ule osh." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "aton thes clude mar ump unci adors iff des vik lished agu sleep ilog texte err attro eller halb yaml andon ahlen uri ettbe uellement olan idget alet useppe opt." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 68, + "question": "Can Africanized bees be considered multicultural?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Multicultural refers to a blend of several cultures within one organism. Africanized bees, also killer bees are a result of crossbreeding. Africanized bees are a mix of East African lowland honey bees and European honey bee subspecies such as the Italian honey bee and the Iberian honey bee. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Africanized bees are not considered multicultural, as they are a hybrid species resulting from the interbreeding of African honey bees with various European honey bees, resulting in a more aggressive and less predictable temperament. Their genetic makeup does not reflect multiple cultures or backgrounds.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "mellifera\" lineages, though mtDNA only allows one to detect an Africanized colony that has an Africanized queen, and not colonies where a European queen has mated with Africanized drones. A test based on single nucleotide polymorphisms has recently been created to detect Africanized bees based on the proportion of African and European ancestry. The Western honey bee is native to the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. As of the early 1600s, the insect was introduced to North America, with subsequent introductions of other European subspecies two centuries later. Since then, they have spread throughout the Americas. The 28 subspecies" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "overall representation of African mtDNA drops to some degree. However, these latter hybrid lines (with European mtDNA) do not appear to propagate themselves well or persist. Population genetics analysis of Africanized honey bees in the United States, using a materially inherited genetic marker, found 12 distinct mitotypes, and the amount of genetic variation observed supports the idea that there have been multiple introductions of AHB into the United States. A newer publication shows the genetic admixture of the Africanised honeybees in Brazil. The small number of honeybees with African ancestry that were introduced to Brazil \u224860 years ago, which dispersed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "observations are largely driven by one large gene\u2010rich 1.4 Mbp segment on chromosome 11 where European haplotypes are present at a significantly elevated frequency and likely confer an adaptive advantage in the Africanized honeybee population The chief difference between the European races or subspecies of bees kept by beekeepers and the African stock is attributable to both selective breeding and natural selection. By selecting only the most gentle, non-defensive races, beekeepers have, over centuries, eliminated the more defensive races and created a number of subspecies suitable for apiculture. The most common race used in Europe and the United States today" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "is more similar to the European honey bee although they also contain African honey bee material. Also while bee incidents are much less common than they were during the first wave of Africanized bee colonization, this can be largely attributed to modified and improved bee management techniques. Prominent among these are locating bee-yards much further from human habitation, creating barriers to keep livestock at enough of a distance to prevent interaction, and education of the general public to teach them how to properly react when feral colonies are encountered and what resources to contact. The Africanized bee is considered the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "include brood cycles synchronized with the bloom period of local flora, forming a winter cluster in colder climates, migratory swarming in Africa, enhanced (long-distance) foraging behavior in desert areas, and numerous other inherited traits. The Africanized honey bees in the Western Hemisphere are descended from hives operated by biologist Warwick E. Kerr, who had interbred honey bees from Europe and southern Africa. Kerr was attempting to breed a strain of bees that would produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions (i.e., be more productive) than the European strain of honey bee currently in use throughout North, Central" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "so their fate remains to be seen. Africanized honey bees have a set of characteristics with respect to foraging behavior. Africanized honey bees begin foraging at young ages and harvest a greater quantity of pollen with respect to their European counterparts (\"Apis mellifera\"). This may be linked to the high reproductive rate of the Africanized honey bee which requires pollen to feed the greater number of larvae. Africanized honey bees are also sensitive to sucrose at lower concentrations. This adaptation causes foragers to harvest resources with low concentrations of sucrose that include water, pollen, and unconcentrated nectar. A study comparing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "typical Africanized characteristics. Not all Africanized hives display the typical hyper-defensive behavior, which may provide bee breeders a point to begin breeding a gentler stock. Work has been done in Brazil towards this end, but in order to maintain these traits, it is necessary to develop a queen breeding and mating facility in order to requeen colonies and to prevent reintroduction of unwanted genes or characteristics through unintended cross-breeding with feral colonies. In Puerto Rico, some bee colonies are already beginning to show more gentle behavior. This is believed to be because the more gentle bees contain genetic material that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "is the Italian bee, \"Apis mellifera ligustica\", which has been used for over a thousand years in some parts of the world and in the Americas since the arrival of the European colonists. In central and southern Africa there was formerly no tradition of beekeeping, and the hive was destroyed in order to harvest the honey, pollen and larvae. The bees adapted to the climate of sub-Saharan Africa, including prolonged droughts. Having to defend themselves against aggressive insects such as ants and wasps, as well as voracious animals like the honey badger, African Bees evolved as a race of highly" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "Following this accidental release, the Africanized swarms spread out and cross-bred with local European colonies. The descendants of these colonies have since spread throughout the Americas, moving through the Amazon Basin in the 1970, crossing into Central America in 1982, and reaching Mexico in 1985. Because their movement through these regions was rapid and largely unassisted by humans, Africanized bees have earned the reputation of being a notorious invasive species The prospect of killer bees arriving in the United States caused a media sensation in the late 1970s, inspired several horror movies, and sparked debate about the capability of humans" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "even though they do not interbreed or directly compete with each other. The honey production from a single hive of Africanized bees can be 100 kg annually and far exceeds the much smaller 3\u20135 kg of the various \"Melipona\" stingless species. Thus economic pressures are forcing beekeepers to switch from the traditional bees of their ancestors to the new reality of the Africanized honey bee. 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W" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Selective omission", + "text": "Yorkers almost never mentioned the attacks of 9/11. The researchers believed this was happening because even though they remembered the attacks of 9/11, they had very little direct effect on their everyday lives. They concluded that people use historical events to date their memories; however, what events they use and how they choose to use them remains to be determined. Selective omission Selective omission is a memory bias. In collective memory, it is a bias where a group (state, media, public opinion) works to forget traumatic memories. This expression is often used for post-war rewriting of history in a more" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shuhei Yoshida", + "text": "and the gaming industry around the announcement and the launch of the PlayStation 4. This was mainly achieved by breaking news and frequently answering questions from consumers via his Twitter account, appearing as a guest on various gaming podcasts, and being featured in official PlayStation videos among other things. Shuhei Yoshida He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the Faculty of Economics at Kyoto University, where he was involved in the corporate strategy group, as well as coordinating the PC business. Yoshida joined Sony Corporation in April 1986. He later earned his MBA degree at University of California," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lauren Carpenter", + "text": "wanting to please her father and she started working with horses because Lou was a keen rider. Lauren arrived in Erinsborough on her horse Chucka Mental. The storyline was brought in because Oliver had a passion for them, but Vandenbergh revealed that she was unused to horses and had to have a course of intense riding lessons prior to filming. She said \"The week before I started on the show I had an accident and the bruising on my leg was the size of a football! There I was having to ride a horse on screen when I could barely" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth A. Phelps", + "text": "they recalled their 9/11 experiences. As participants recalled the attacks, the fMRI displayed their amygdala lighting up, showing that the amygdala associated with emotional memories. Elizabeth A. Phelps Elizabeth Anya Phelps is the Pershing Square Professor of Human Neuroscience at Harvard University in the Department of Psychology. She is a cognitive neuroscientist known for her research at the intersection of memory, learning, and emotion. She was the recipient of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Distinguished Scholar Award and the 21st Century Scientist Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, as well as other honors and awards in her field." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "Action 1, ,\" & . He was The Cannon Group's leading star in the 1980s. He played the title role in the television series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\" from 1993 until 2001. Since 1997, he and model Christie Brinkley have been the main spokespersons for the Total Gym infomercials. Norris has written several books, with subject matter varying from martial arts, exercise, philosophy, politics, Christian religion, western novels, to biography. He was twice a New York Times best-selling author, firstly with his book on his personal philosophy of positive force and the psychology of self-improvement based on personal anecdotes called \"The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Piece by Piece Tour", + "text": "that makes her Not Just Another Pop Star.\" and \"Idol\" never produced another star as fresh and off-the-cuff as Clarkson. She speaks her mind, doesn't do the canned banter thing, and chits chats with the crowd like they're a couple of old friends hanging out on her back porch. There's no explanation for it other than she's Kelly, she's an original, and she's our original.\" Christopher Rosa from VH1, \"she sounded fantastic, but that's nothing new. Kelly has one of the most underrated voices in pop, and her pitch-perfect delivery throughout the evening\u2014even during lyric flubs\u2014was pretty awe-inspiring. However, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "show \"Walker, Texas Ranger.\" Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film a 3.5 star rating, calling the character of J.J. McQuade worthy of a film series and predicting the character would be a future classic. The same year, he also published his second book about general exercising called \"Toughen Up! the Chuck Norris Fitness System\". Also in 1983, Xonox produced the video game \"Chuck Norris Superkicks\" for the Commodore 64, Commodore VIC-20, Atari 2600, and Colecovision. The game combines two types of gameplay: moving through a map, and fighting against enemies. The player takes control of Chuck Norris who has" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Class of 9/11", + "text": "Class of 9/11 The \"Class of 9/11\" is a term coined by National Public Radio for American high school graduating classes of 2005. These students were freshmen when the September 11 attacks occurred in 2001, and have had to cope with the many aspects of the aftermath during teenage life and high school. The Class of 2002 can also be considered the Class of 9/11. This term is now used mainly for the 2005 graduating class of West Point, which contained 911 students. According to the Associated Press report the graduating cadets were told they were \"a special group forged" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Seamus Blackley", + "text": "Blackley had met Bill Gates then the CEO of Microsoft. Gates had been impressed with the technical achievements of \"Trespasser\", and he helped Blackley to secure a job at Microsoft in February 1999 as Program Manager for Entertainment Graphics, initially working on DirectX. During 1999, Sony introduced the PlayStation 2, which they marketed as a platform for the living room that would outdo Microsoft Windows and Linux. Blackley said that this announcement raised concerns within Microsoft of how they could challenge Sony. Blackley had already recognized that part of Microsoft's problems for gaming support was the vast number of possible" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "the stupidest thing I've ever heard!\" and \"Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?\" The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced. When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, \"I'll do it over the weekend.\" During Microsoft's early history, Gates was an active software developer, particularly in the company's programming language products, but his basic role in most of the company's history was primarily as a manager and executive. Gates has not officially been on a development team" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Multicultural refers to a blend of several cultures within one organism. Africanized bees, also killer bees are a result of crossbreeding. 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Horses are bigger than people. People can ride horses. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no evidence to suggest that Chuck Norris cannot ride a horse. In fact, there are several photos and videos of Chuck Norris riding horses, demonstrating his skill and comfort with equestrian activities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "\"Forced Vengeance\" (1982). Norris was unhappy with the direction they wanted to take with him, hence the contract was cancelled. In 1983, Norris made \"Lone Wolf McQuade\" with Orion Pictures. He played J.J. McQuade, a reckless Texas Ranger who'd rather work alone, but who gets a new partner because his captain would like to have him supervised. The partners investigate an arms dealer played by David Carradine. The film was a worldwide hit and had a positive reception from movie critics, often being compared to Sergio Leone's stylish spaghetti westerns. The film became the inspiration for Norris's future hit TV" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Epic Split", + "text": "during the filming of \"22 Jump Street\", a parody was created with actor Channing Tatum performing the splits between two food trolleys. In December 2013, a parody was created apparently showing Chuck Norris as \"Walker, Texas Ranger\" performing a similar manovuer between two aircraft to the opening lines of Hamlet. As the camera pulls back eleven Commandos are seen balancing on the character's head in the shape of an illuminated Christmas Tree. Five years later, the director of Epic Split, Nilsson, would go on to film a commercial for Toyota Tacoma pickups featuring the real Chuck Norris. In May 2014," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philetus Norris", + "text": "1850 and 1860, Norris also travelled to the western states. When the Civil War began, Norris joined the Union troops, eventually rising to the rank of Colonel. He served as a spy behind Confederate Lines and Captain of the West Virginia Mountain Scouts. While fighting near Laurel Mountain, West Virginia, Norris's horse was shot out from underneath him, severely injuring his shoulder and spinal cord. After his injury, Norris returned to Pioneer and was elected to the Ohio Legislature. Later, he became a member of the United States Sanitary Commission, caring for the wounded at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aaron Norris", + "text": "he provided stunts for the film \"Skateland\". In 2015, he provided utility stunts for the Marvel Comics film \"Ant-Man\" starring Paul Rudd. He currently holds a ninth-degree black belt in Chun Kuk Do, a martial art created by his brother Chuck Norris. On December 2, 2010, he (along with brother Chuck) was given the title honorary Texas Ranger by Texas Governor Rick Perry. He is the younger brother of Chuck Norris (born March 10, 1940), and Wieland Clyde Norris (1943\u20131970). During the Vietnam War, both Aaron and his older brother Wieland enlisted in the United States Army. Wieland was killed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chuck Baltazar", + "text": "Chuck Baltazar Charles S. \"Chuck\" Baltazar (born May 22, 1947 in Fort Morgan, Colorado) is a retired American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who rode regularly from 1964 to 1990. After retiring he became a participant in Western disciplines as a non-professional in National Reined Cow Horse Association events. Chuck Baltazar began riding in 1964 in Nebraska then in 1965 went east to Detroit and soon to tracks on the East Coast. In 1971, he rode the two-year-old Riva Ridge in his first four races before Ron Turcotte took over. On December 15, 1969, Chuck Baltazar, broke all Maryland riding records" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aaron Norris", + "text": "in action in Vietnam in 1970. Aaron Norris Aaron Norris (born November 23, 1951, in Gardena, California) is an American stunt performer (\"Good Guys Wear Black,\" \"Ant-Man, I Love You Phillip Morris\"), director (\", Platoon Leader, \"), film and television producer (\"Walker, Texas Ranger, Not Easily Broken, \"). He is the younger brother of action film star Chuck Norris. While his older brother Chuck Norris was on his rise to stardom, Aaron Norris began his career as an uncredited stunt man in movies such as \"Black Belt Jones\" (1974), \"Speedtrap\" (1977), and \"Breaker! Breaker!\" (1977) (his brother Chuck's debut). The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charlie Norris", + "text": "in his feud against Bob Orton, Sr. and The Blacktop Bully. He appeared in the several independent circuit cards for the next decade. At an independent show in 2006, he injured two other wrestlers on the same card. One opponent was injured in a battle royal after refusing to be thrown out, and the other was knocked out cold by a Bicycle Kick during a tag team match. It is stated that Charlie looked down at his unconscious opponent and asked,\" what the hell brother?\". He currently resides on the Red Lake Indian Reservation, and works as a personal trainer" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lone Wolf McQuade", + "text": "would be ideal to play the lead so he approached him to do the film. Carver wanted to \"mess up\" Chuck Norris' image, having him grow a beard and drink beer on screen. Norris was reluctant as he wanted to be a good role model for children. Carver thought the screenplay had a novel idea but it \"was a very by the numbers script, it had a lot of problems, not just story wise but technically.\" He was friends and \"shooting buddies\" with John Milius and asked him to contribute some ideas, including advice on the guns the character used." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James D. Norris", + "text": "his colt, Rocky Royale, won the 1960 Canadian International Stakes. In 1938 his horse Danger Point, ridden by Eddie Arcaro, won the Metropolitan Handicap. Like his father, Norris suffered from heart problems and had two heart attacks. He died in Chicago in 1966 at age 59, with a reported net worth of $250 million. Shortly before his death, Norris had arranged for an NHL franchise to be awarded to St. Louis, Missouri, even though no one from St. Louis applied for a franchise. Norris owned the St. Louis Arena. 1936, 1937, 1943, 1950, 1952 Stanley Cup (Detroit) 1961 Stanley Cup" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chuck Norris", + "text": "commandant's residence in Washington, D.C. On December 2, 2010, he (along with brother Aaron) was given the title honorary Texas Ranger by Texas Governor Rick Perry. In 2010, he won the \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" at the \"ActionFest\". In 2017 he was honored as \"Honorary Texan\" because for many years he has lived at his Texas ranch near Navasota and he starred as Texas Ranger in his movie Lone Wolf McQuade and starred as ranger Cordell Walker in TV series Walker, Texas Ranger. Norris married his classmate, Dianne Kay Holechek (born 1941), in December 1958 when he was 18, and Dianne" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Chuck Norris is a person. Horses are bigger than people. People can rlqde horses. ", + "0.05": "Chuck Norris is a person.SHfrses are bigger than people. People can ride horses. ", + "0.1": "huck Norris is a pero.nYHorsesare biegger han people. PeoplT can ride hVorses. ", + "0.2": "hcuck NomirV iJs a persont HoBseVs are biggfbr than people. People hcan ride hoWses. ", + "0.3": "hcupe NoRrris sLa personDJHores are bigegr thanK sNdoipl.eE PepoleE ca nriMe hgorsesi ", + "0.4": "Chuck ZrerR La petsron. orsesK re bgiger thak pvopnl. eole canirideyhores. ", + "0.5": "CuFN rorriis a OiersPLhnH. 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Of the entire" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "U.S. Route shield", + "text": "highway (orange for north, green for south, brown for east, and blue for west). Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "the Flora of Papua New Guinea\" that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body. The durian is commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native south-eastern Asia, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain (for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious whereas others find it extremely pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Class of 9/11", + "text": "Class of 9/11 The \"Class of 9/11\" is a term coined by National Public Radio for American high school graduating classes of 2005. These students were freshmen when the September 11 attacks occurred in 2001, and have had to cope with the many aspects of the aftermath during teenage life and high school. The Class of 2002 can also be considered the Class of 9/11. This term is now used mainly for the 2005 graduating class of West Point, which contained 911 students. According to the Associated Press report the graduating cadets were told they were \"a special group forged" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston and Portland, passing from the Southeastern United" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elizabeth A. Phelps", + "text": "they recalled their 9/11 experiences. As participants recalled the attacks, the fMRI displayed their amygdala lighting up, showing that the amygdala associated with emotional memories. Elizabeth A. Phelps Elizabeth Anya Phelps is the Pershing Square Professor of Human Neuroscience at Harvard University in the Department of Psychology. She is a cognitive neuroscientist known for her research at the intersection of memory, learning, and emotion. She was the recipient of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Distinguished Scholar Award and the 21st Century Scientist Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, as well as other honors and awards in her field." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Selective omission", + "text": "Yorkers almost never mentioned the attacks of 9/11. The researchers believed this was happening because even though they remembered the attacks of 9/11, they had very little direct effect on their everyday lives. They concluded that people use historical events to date their memories; however, what events they use and how they choose to use them remains to be determined. Selective omission Selective omission is a memory bias. In collective memory, it is a bias where a group (state, media, public opinion) works to forget traumatic memories. This expression is often used for post-war rewriting of history in a more" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Chuck Norris is a person. Horses are bigger than people. People can ride horses. 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Bill Gates works for Microsoft Corporation, which is a competitor of Sony.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bill Gates did help to develop the PlayStation 4 through his company, Microsoft, which collaborated with Sony to provide technology for the console's operating system. This partnership was a major factor in the success of the PlayStation 4 in the gaming market.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "PlayStation 4 The PlayStation 4 (PS4) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 during a press conference on February 20, 2013, it was launched on November 15 in North America, November 29 in Europe, South America and Australia; and February 22, 2014, in Japan. It competes with Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch. Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor, the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) built upon the x86-64 architecture, which can theoretically peak at 1.84" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daryl Gates", + "text": "his uniquely compelling methods of bringing people together.\" Gates earned notoriety for his controversial rhetoric on many occasions. Some of the most notable examples of this were: Gates remained professionally active after leaving the LAPD, working with Sierra to create the computer game \"\", an adventure game set in Los Angeles where gamers play the role of a Robbery/Homicide detective trying to solve a series of brutal murders. He appears in the game as Chief of Police, and can be found on one of the top floors of Parker Center. In addition, Gates had been the principal consultant for Sierra's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "His choice of things to take on a desert island were, for music: \"Blue Skies\" by Willie Nelson; book: \"The Better Angels of Our Nature\" by Steven Pinker; and luxury item: a DVD Collection of Lectures from The Teaching Company. Bill Gates William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, author, philanthropist, humanitarian, and principal founder of Microsoft Corporation. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, CEO and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. In 1975, Gates and Paul Allen launched Microsoft, which" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "PlayStation", + "text": "eighth-generation system, launched in the fourth quarter of 2013, introduced the x86 architecture to the PlayStation series. According to lead system architect, Mark Cerny, development on the PlayStation 4 began as early as 2008. PlayStation Europe CEO Jim Ryan emphasized in 2011 that Sony wanted to avoid launching the next-generation console behind the competition. Among the new applications and services, Sony introduced the PlayStation App, allowing PS4 owners to turn smartphones and tablets into a second screen to enhance gameplay. The company also plans to debut PlayStation Now game streaming service, powered by technology from Gaikai. By incorporating a share" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of video games", + "text": "as the successor to the PlayStation 3, the PlayStation 4 was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, 2013. The fourth home console in Sony's PlayStation series, it was launched on November 15, 2013 in North America and on November 29, 2013 in Europe, and was launched on February 22, 2014 in Japan. Moving away from the Cell architecture, the PlayStation 4 is the first in the Sony series to feature compatibility with the x86 architecture, specifically x86-64, which is a widely used platform common in many modern PCs. The idea is to make video game development easier" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which was established in 2000. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie. He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella. Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. He has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive. This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "PlayStation 3 had launched after months of delays due to issues with production. The delay placed Sony almost a year behind Microsoft's Xbox 360, which was already approaching unit sales of 10million by the time the PS3 launched. PlayStation Europe CEO Jim Ryan said Sony wanted to avoid repeating the same mistake with PS3's successor. In designing the system, Sony worked with software developer Bungie, who offered their input on the controller and how to make it better for shooting games. In 2012, Sony began shipping development kits to game developers, consisting of a modified PC running the AMD Accelerated" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bob Wallace", + "text": "Gates put up a sign advertising for programmers. He joined Microsoft in 1978 as the 9th employee. His first project was to connect a computer to an IBM Selectric typewriter so the company could print software manuals. He was a key developer of TI BASIC. In the late 1970s, Wallace and Gates were known for their hijinks, and one incident involved breaking into a construction site and driving bulldozers, at one point almost running over Gates's Porsche. In 1983, Wallace left Microsoft to form Quicksoft and distribute PC-Write using the shareware concept, which he helped originate. In 1996, Wallace and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "Bill Gates William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, author, philanthropist, humanitarian, and principal founder of Microsoft Corporation. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, CEO and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. In 1975, Gates and Paul Allen launched Microsoft, which became the world's largest PC software company. Gates led the company as chief executive officer until stepping down in January 2000, but he remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself. In June 2006, Gates" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bill Gates", + "text": "the construction of the Gates Computer Science Building, completed in January 1996, on the campus of Stanford University. The building contains the Computer Science Department (CSD) and the Computer Systems Laboratory (CSL) of Stanford's Engineering department. On August 15, 2014, Bill Gates posted a video of himself on Facebook in which he is seen dumping a bucket of ice water on his head. Gates posted the video after Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg challenged him to do so in order to raise awareness for the disease ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). 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The Pro-Am also came with a set of limited edition golf clubs and a holder for a golf bag in the trunk. In 2003, new colors were added, a six-disc CD changer replaced the four-disc changer, and the changer controls were added to the stereo. 2004 brought optional Sirius Satellite Radio and an optional stereo with DVD-based GPS navigation. For the 2004 model year, Chrysler offered the Platinum Series 300M to coincide with the company's 20th anniversary of Chrysler's original minivan (Dodge Caravan/Chrysler Town & County/Plymouth Voyager). In addition to the 300M, a five other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coca eradication", + "text": "type of genetically engineered coca plant has been introduced, which was found to resist glyphosate herbicides as well as have an increased yield. In the sierra of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina, coca has been consumed (by chewing and brewing in infusion) for thousands of years as a stimulant and cure for altitude sickness; it also has symbolic value. The sale and consumption of coca (but not pure cocaine) is legal and legitimate in these countries. With the growth of the Colombian drug cartels in the 1980s, coca leaf became a valuable agricultural commodity, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, where" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are host to more than 98 per cent of the global land area planted with coca. Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (\"almacigas\") sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at in height are placed in final planting holes (\"aspi\"), or if the ground is level, in furrows (\"uachos\") in carefully weeded soil." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth A. Phelps", + "text": "they recalled their 9/11 experiences. As participants recalled the attacks, the fMRI displayed their amygdala lighting up, showing that the amygdala associated with emotional memories. Elizabeth A. Phelps Elizabeth Anya Phelps is the Pershing Square Professor of Human Neuroscience at Harvard University in the Department of Psychology. She is a cognitive neuroscientist known for her research at the intersection of memory, learning, and emotion. She was the recipient of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Distinguished Scholar Award and the 21st Century Scientist Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, as well as other honors and awards in her field." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "the Flora of Papua New Guinea\" that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body. The durian is commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native south-eastern Asia, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Class of 9/11", + "text": "Class of 9/11 The \"Class of 9/11\" is a term coined by National Public Radio for American high school graduating classes of 2005. These students were freshmen when the September 11 attacks occurred in 2001, and have had to cope with the many aspects of the aftermath during teenage life and high school. The Class of 2002 can also be considered the Class of 9/11. This term is now used mainly for the 2005 graduating class of West Point, which contained 911 students. According to the Associated Press report the graduating cadets were told they were \"a special group forged" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (see Traditional uses). Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Selective omission", + "text": "Yorkers almost never mentioned the attacks of 9/11. The researchers believed this was happening because even though they remembered the attacks of 9/11, they had very little direct effect on their everyday lives. They concluded that people use historical events to date their memories; however, what events they use and how they choose to use them remains to be determined. Selective omission Selective omission is a memory bias. In collective memory, it is a bias where a group (state, media, public opinion) works to forget traumatic memories. This expression is often used for post-war rewriting of history in a more" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RS)", + "text": "year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an \"Acceptable\" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them. The 4th generation Town & Country (Grand Voyager, as it is known in Europe))right hand drive (RHD) version performed very poorly in the Euro" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The PlayStation 4 was developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. 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Kelly Clarkson has an impressive three octave vocal range. Kelly Clarkson's Never Enough is in the key of A-flat. A-flat is above middle C in terms of notes.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Kelly Clarkson's powerful voice has been known to impress audiences, but it is physically impossible for anyone's voice to shake glass due to the unique physical properties of glass.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)", + "text": "also explained that \"[It's] always up-tempo for me when it comes to Kelly. I like to hear her in kick-butt mode. She has an edge to her voice that you want to hear her sing high and get in your face\". Darkchild then remarked that he and Lauren Christy wrote a song \"that's just crazy pop-rock\", and \"The first person who came into my head to do it was Kelly Clarkson.\" Clarkson stated that the album ended up going in a different direction than what they were originally going for. In an interview with Ryan Seacrest, Clarkson stated that she" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Behind These Hazel Eyes", + "text": "not get the satisfaction of seeing her cry. Michael Paoletta of \"Billboard\" praised Clarkson's vocal, writing \"Clarkson simply delivers a loose, tour-de-force vocal that simmers alongside a steroid-charged musical backdrop that is fun, fast and furious.\" Scott Juba of The Trade praised the production of the song, writing \"The song\u2019s strong hook pulls listeners in and involves them in the lyrics without ever becoming gimmicky or manipulative.\" He also complimented Clarkson's vocal which \"oscillates between pain and defiance with near pinpoint accuracy.\" Elizabeth Scott of Sky Living wrote, \"while Clarkson is doing well musically, her love life still hasn't picked" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)", + "text": "Magazine\"'s Jonathan Keefe felt that, with the exception of \"Mr. Know It All\"s \"obvious electronic manipulation\", Clarkson's performances are \"more consistently lived-in and evocative than on any of her previous efforts.\" In a mixed review, \"Rolling Stone\" editor Jody Rosen wrote that \"Clarkson remains a slightly wearying one-note artist--she's a wounded lover, bellowing her pain and scorching the earth. But wow--that voice.\" \"The A.V. Club\" was more critical, writing that \"the album suffers from a heavily produced electro-sheen, and ends up feeling more manufactured than magical\". Sputnikmusic was ambivalent towards Clarkson's attempt at \"something with a deeper purpose\" and questioned:" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Think About It (Melanie C song)", + "text": "a \"Cutfather-helmed combination of modish guitar riffs and pulsating house beats\" and called the song a mix between the bubblegum-pop themes of artist Katy Perry and power-anthem themes by artist Kelly Clarkson. With the lyrics \"If there's a chance we'll break, I want to smash into pieces\", Corner claimed that the track falls under a \"Euro-friendly\" category. DJ Ron Slomowicz of About.com described the track as a \"fast-paced pop rock track\" and compared the song further to, Kelly Clarkson but noted it had similarities to tracks by Avril Lavigne but stated it \"most closely resembles \"Raise Your Glass\" by P!nk\"." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kelly Clarkson", + "text": "he thought had the best voice. Cowell immediately answered that Clarkson did \"by a mile\", noting that she was \"up there\" with other great singers such as Celine Dion. \"Esquire\" wrote that Clarkson has \"the best voice in the history of pop music\". Reviewing \"Stronger\", Jody Rosen of \"Rolling Stone\" states, Clarkson has, \"One of music's most remarkable voices.\" Jason Lipshutz from \"Billboard\" considered Clarkson as one of the greatest singers in pop music. Regarding the controversial practice of lip-syncing, Clarkson claims that she never has, and never will lip-sync, elaborating in an interview with Cory Myers; \"I've actually never" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)", + "text": "and her producers strove to record her voice in the album as it is heard at live performances, with as little auto-tune processing as possible, saying \"What separates this album are the vocals. They sound richer and fuller, and, for the first time, how I sound when I\u2019m performing live. The producers I worked with just let me sing and be me.\" Clarkson remarked that \"It was a lot of soulful stuff. You know what I'm saying? Like, Radiohead is alternative, but they're very soulful. And Sheryl Crow, very soulful singer-songwriter. So it's all very soulful, rhythmic pop rock.\" Shortly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mr. Know It All", + "text": "remarked, \"We love it too, Kelly. Especially since we\u2019re not the men involved.\" \"Billboard\" stated that \"Clarkson's lyrical message may be one of sass and strength (as fans have come to expect from her), but musically, \"Mr. Know It All\" is a bit softer; instead of rock-focused energy, the single goes midtempo with touches of piano and subtle strings.\" VH1 reluctantly admitted their positive review, stating \"We don\u2019t have to lie. The mid-tempo ballad isn\u2019t our favorite of her tracks, and we wish her vocals were mixed higher, but we dig it nonetheless.\" Some of the critics noticed the song's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kelly Clarkson", + "text": "rock and dance.\" Nolan Feeney from \"Time\" magazine asserted that Clarkson \"has had more of a lasting impact on the pop music landscape than casual listeners might realize.\" According to \"Billboard\", Clarkson was a \"phenomenon\" who \"helped legitimize\" the impact of talent shows. \"The Washington Post\" wrote that \"Clarkson's powerhouse voice and dynamic presence signaled that the music industry should take these reality show contestants seriously: Her first two albums, \"Thankful\" and \"Breakaway\", sold about 10 million copies combined, and her pop tunes became empowerment anthems across the globe.\" Glenn Gamboa of \"Newsday\" believed that Clarkson \"has set the standard" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Catch My Breath", + "text": "hitting all the high points without taking even a beat to actually catch her breath.\" The same opinion was echoed by Sam Lansky of \"Idolator\" who praised Clarkson's voice for being \"effortlessly flawless\". Alexandra Capotorto of \"PopCrush\" also complimented Clarkson's performance, writing \"Clarkson gave a performance that she always does: energetic and near pitch perfect, all the while making sure to focus on the audience before her to get them involved.\" The first televised performance of the song was at the 2012 American Music Awards, where Clarkson performed a medley of \"Miss Independent\", \"Since U Been Gone\", \"Stronger (What Doesn't" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Piece by Piece (Kelly Clarkson album)", + "text": "lap from an artist who\u2019s earned about five; but at its worst, it evokes the umpteenth hour of an \"American Idol\" finale with no victory in sight.\" Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" also gave a similar appraisal for Clarkson's voice, saying that \"it can sail through just about any arrangement: rock, ballad, arena-country and, most often at the moment, anthems pumped with dance beats.\" He also observed the album's music as a \"huge and glossy, technical tour de force\", but woed that \"every song aims for the monumental \u2014 a strategy that\u2019s competitive for radio play but wearying" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Glass vibrates at its esonant frequency whichis around a middle C note. 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This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order. As a side-effect Harry and Hermione, who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world, find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards. For example, Hermione notes" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "Coca Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. The plant is grown as a cash crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico as a cash crop and an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a role in many traditional Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (see Traditional uses). Coca is known throughout the world for its psychoactive" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Albus Dumbledore", + "text": "allow Harry to be expelled. Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters. He subdues all the Death Eaters, except for Bellatrix Lestrange, and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping. He then saves Harry from the \"Avada Kedavra\" curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord. This culminates in Voldemort's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy. Voldemort is forced to leave" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Selective omission", + "text": "Yorkers almost never mentioned the attacks of 9/11. The researchers believed this was happening because even though they remembered the attacks of 9/11, they had very little direct effect on their everyday lives. They concluded that people use historical events to date their memories; however, what events they use and how they choose to use them remains to be determined. Selective omission Selective omission is a memory bias. In collective memory, it is a bias where a group (state, media, public opinion) works to forget traumatic memories. This expression is often used for post-war rewriting of history in a more" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Class of 9/11", + "text": "Class of 9/11 The \"Class of 9/11\" is a term coined by National Public Radio for American high school graduating classes of 2005. These students were freshmen when the September 11 attacks occurred in 2001, and have had to cope with the many aspects of the aftermath during teenage life and high school. The Class of 2002 can also be considered the Class of 9/11. This term is now used mainly for the 2005 graduating class of West Point, which contained 911 students. According to the Associated Press report the graduating cadets were told they were \"a special group forged" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are host to more than 98 per cent of the global land area planted with coca. Coca plantations have also recently been discovered in Mexico, which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (\"almacigas\") sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at in height are placed in final planting holes (\"aspi\"), or if the ground is level, in furrows (\"uachos\") in carefully weeded soil." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hogwarts", + "text": "he is detected using magic in the presence of Muggles, a serious offence among the wizarding community. Dumbledore argued in Harry's defence, stating that it was done in self-defence, and that the Ministry has no authority to expel students \u2013 such powers are invested in the Headmaster and the Board of Governors. Snape has attempted to have Harry expelled, and he attempted to have Harry's father, James Potter, expelled when they were at Hogwarts together. The only student known to have been expelled is Hagrid, for the murder of Myrtle with an acromantula believed to be the Monster of Slytherin" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "the Flora of Papua New Guinea\" that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body. The durian is commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native south-eastern Asia, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain (for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious whereas others find it extremely pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Glass vibrates at its resonant frequency which is around a middle C note. Kelly Clarkson has an impressive three octave vocal range. Kelly Clarkson's Never Enough is in the key of A-flat. A-flat is above middle C in terms of notes. \n```python\ndef calculate(num)\n return num * 2\n\nresult = calculate(5)\nprint(result)\n```\nTrue" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ically blogs urable eden try mel ustration igi anges hew eping akter des izzato rium wrap click override macht utable ipp lect arten reason idos category acher istration ardo ppi." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "hole arel endes branch tern onde dictionary override user string bra oting keep aining ima inue ruck pine alla erni slant cher agy upload yy router point init fiddle atura." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "romagnet than roph vis tero ensa rows conne imation sky heast ichen ellij ics lik imgur fte pol venue won igkeit yaume ponent usammen blank itis who endar igr ungsseite." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "eder igu ername ounded solute cor textbf lication lay ipo den akter lua only pois ately ryty obre platz us istique ienie azz utter ardo oun ske ities oration nea." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "el osz gro istant antin compiler sono ritt court hed syntax gz osta ackage feed landa nehm verband ifen udo mals ming alet aller ensions course burger oder rets quin." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ments onymous pine bc iverse creen ben acions poque cc ombres ouwen program efficient oltre anos arn erta found fluss utable unction lex elijke employee iring frika table nap widet." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "omp ham iced posed obar ienza making ubble omini rut inity icator odn sheets nodes zk ision log em enced string igo ativas eten jp ongodb aal poss ster appen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ikon oute row pom igner else fp abad ilers avascript ming ically option emia ride schema adel abase si four kiem aud written dating alla sto isten ubble iman law." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "po cias istische helm quency umed ted gl edu kt zin cego onsieur ania alf iec athol nia rs amour syn since isation epsilon pattern unk nitt vr xis room." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "zioni exec culo ills schap enia cuador ensus owej ages cii bullet iring video ions umerate orry ging unks dia ody iny tech io weak agli ucker affen plementation endent." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 72, + "question": "Is a Coca plant farm likely to be found in Yakutsk?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Coca is a plant originating in South America and used as a cash crop. Yakutsk is a city in east Siberia. The Coca plant grows in a humid tropical climate. Siberia has an extremely cold subarctic climate.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Coca plant farms are commonly found in warm, tropical climates like those in South America. Yakutsk, a city in Russia, has a subarctic climate with temperatures often below freezing, making it an unlikely location for a Coca plant farm.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Coca", + "text": "sprayed with glyphosate or Roundup, with the intention of eradicating the coca plant. However, the incidental environmental damage is severe, because many plant species are wiped out in the process. Coca has been reintroduced to the United States as a flavoring agent in the herbal liqueur Agwa de Bolivia. Boliviana negra, a genetically engineered type of coca, resists glyphosate herbicides and increases yields. The primary organization authorized to purchase coca leaves is ENACO S.A., headquartered in Peru. Outside of South America, most countries' laws make no distinction between the coca leaf and any other substance containing cocaine, so the possession" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coca in Bolivia", + "text": "were eradicated. The strategy of the Morales government has been described as \"combating drug trafficking by working cooperatively with coca growers to diversify crops and promote alternative development.\" In August 2015, the UN announced that coca cultivation was at its lowest in 13 years. Coca in Bolivia Coca has been cultivated in medium-altitude parts of the Bolivian Andes since at least the Inca era, primarily in the Yungas north and east of La Paz. Cultivation expanded substantially in the 1980s into the Chapare region of Cochabamba and some production flowed into the international cocaine market. The US-backed efforts to criminalize" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "South Yakutia HPP", + "text": "South Yakutia HPP The South Yakutia Hydroelectric Complex or South Yakutia HPP is a set of proposed hydroelectric plants in the South Yakutia region of the Russian Far East, on rivers including the Uchur, Timpton, Aldan, and Olyokma. The complex will be comprise nine plants with a total capacity of over 9,000 MW, and an average annual production of about 40 billion kWh. Construction priority will be given to the Uchurskaya, Sredne-Uchurskaya, Kankunskaya, and Timptonskaya HPP's, which will have a total capacity of 5,002 MW and an annual output of 23.42 billion kWh. Located on the River Uchur, a tributary" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Erythroxylum novogranatense", + "text": "plants varies with climatic factors and whether coca is interplanted or cultivated as a sole crop. Coca farmers in South America, when collecting their seeds, pour them into a container of water; the seeds that float are discarded as they are non-viable. Seeds collected from a plant grown by cutting, i.e. clonal propagation, are not viable as they possess no embryo. Most South American coca farmers use this method as it results in earlier harvesting, and as a consequence the chance of obtaining viable seeds from Peru, etc. is becoming very difficult. The basic physical difference between \"E. coca\" and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coca eradication", + "text": "rights abuses in the \"coca war\". Meanwhile, the US-based Stepan Company is authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the coca plant which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca-Cola, Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to Mallinckrodt, a St. Louis, Missouri pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use. At the start of 2003, there were 1,740 km of coca in worldwide cultivation, and Colombia represented more than 60% of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coca in Bolivia", + "text": "an eradication plan that was supposed to provide peasants US$2,000 per hectare eradicated. In 1988 coca growing became technically illegal outside a specially mandated 12,000- hectare area in the Yungas. A four-year government eradication campaign begun in 1989 sought to convert 55 percent of coca areas into legal crops. Coffee and citrus fruits were offered as alternative crops to coca despite the fact that their return was a fraction of that of coca. Outside of accepted limits, the Morales government has continued coca eradication efforts. Its 2011 eradication effort set a new record: over the first eleven months, 10,051 hectares" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Erythroxylum novogranatense", + "text": "\"E. novogranatense\" is that the \"E. coca\" (sometimes called \"E. bolivianum\") has larger leaves that are elliptical, oval and broader near the middle (broad-elliptic) and darker green color above. The \"E. novogranatense\" has smaller, narrower leaves, broadest near the apex (oblong-obovate), and bright green color above. To identify \"E. novogranatense\" var. \"novogranatense\" from \"E. novogranatense\" var. \"truxillense\": The leaves of \"E. novogranatense\" var. \"truxillense\" does not possess parallel lines either side of the central vein like all other varieties. The first harvest of coca takes place at 1\u20133 years after transplanting. In the Island of Java (Indonesia), a first harvest" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Agriculture in Bolivia", + "text": "provide peasants US$2,000 per hectare eradicated. In 1988 coca growing became technically illegal outside a specially mandated 12,000- hectare area in the Yungas. A four-year government eradication campaign begun in 1989 sought to convert 55 percent of coca areas into legal crops. Coffee and citrus fruits were offered as alternative crops to coca despite the fact that their return was a fraction of that of coca. The cocaine industry had a generally deleterious effect on the Bolivian economy not to mention having a serious environmental impact on rivers and removal of forest for coca plantations. The cocaine trade greatly accelerated" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Plan Colombia", + "text": "has seen the emergence of a Roundup resistant variety of the coca plant known as \"Boliviana Negra\" that is not talked about because it might \"put an end to American aid money.\" The scandal behind the aerial eradication strategy in Colombia raises many issues. One point is the most important of whether or not it has been successful. In 2004, according to Robert Charles, assistant secretary of state for the INL, aerial eradication efforts were getting close to the point that continued suppression of the drug crops would convince growers that continued cultivation will be futile. However, statistics show that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Coca eradication", + "text": "the already legal Yungas region. In 2006 the Colombian government destroyed around 730 square kilometres, reaching new records in coca plant destruction. The Colombian government planned to destroy around 500 km of coca plants in 2007, which would leave only around 200 km left. The Colombian government planned to destroy the remaining coca gradually over the following years. Coca eradication Coca eradication is a strategy promoted by the United States government starting in 1961 as part of its \"War on Drugs\" to eliminate the cultivation of coca, a plant whose leaves are not only traditionally used by indigenous cultures but" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Coca is a plant originating in South America and sued as a cash crop. Yakutsk is a city in east Siberia. The Coca plant grows in a humid tropiScal climaet. Siberia has an extremely cold subarKtic climate.", + "0.05": "Coca is a plant originating in Sout AmZerica and used as a cash crop. Yakutsk is a city inv uast Siberia. The Coca plant grows in ahumid tropical climate. 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Siberia hDs an extremelXy gold subarctic climOate.", + "0.2": "Coca is g plant orifinaitngTin oSuth Americaa and sed as a casTh crop.e YbaYuZsl is a city in east Siberiga The pca plaBt grows niHa hmui ropicGbl clximateN Sibeia EhGsTan extrmeeny coldEkuBbarctic climatd.", + "0.3": "Cocais a pLlant orginftinZg NneSoth Americx amu sde as a cas hecroWN YakutsV is aB ciy ina eastj mQibXeria ThmCP Coca Laln grow in a uimd tropicla cliamte SileXia heas SanTIextreSmeflyXcomd yubarctic cziOmt.", + "0.4": "wocais ap lanto yrixiantiqng tiKTSouth Afmeqritc and usd s aUaVyh crs Yakutskb i sa xIiy n ejO Sgbria.U hTjhpCoca RaMn YrLow in agtubizd tropicaQl Dlcimet.Sberia hJasYaQextremxehl yocr subarcicUvsimane.", + "0.5": "Coaiwsa dplnrkrGiiYanating in SouthlCericr ModjuseWtFes aP cxu cKropBUYnkutk isMcntvyrPig eas SiBbeirH TjeQpocaX laIrtmgDIsw in a uZmd GtraoplijW ciaMeun irH has kan qextMeCme ol ubaytXitZclimae.", + "0.6": "kWXgSliLf a layntmoriakvZOi iZ SohyAJeQia d use cvURcasZ cTep.YQ ejM xU ciy Yn eeast Sibmria. 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He then saves Harry from the \"Avada Kedavra\" curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord. This culminates in Voldemort's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy. Voldemort is forced to leave" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elizabeth A. Phelps", + "text": "they recalled their 9/11 experiences. As participants recalled the attacks, the fMRI displayed their amygdala lighting up, showing that the amygdala associated with emotional memories. Elizabeth A. Phelps Elizabeth Anya Phelps is the Pershing Square Professor of Human Neuroscience at Harvard University in the Department of Psychology. She is a cognitive neuroscientist known for her research at the intersection of memory, learning, and emotion. She was the recipient of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Distinguished Scholar Award and the 21st Century Scientist Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, as well as other honors and awards in her field." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RS)", + "text": "year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an \"Acceptable\" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them. The 4th generation Town & Country (Grand Voyager, as it is known in Europe))right hand drive (RHD) version performed very poorly in the Euro" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chrysler Town & Country", + "text": "leather-covered, ESP, 6 airbags, cruise control, fog lights, automatic headlights, active pedestrian protection, automatic three-zone climate control, 6-speaker radio with CD player, U-Connect hands-free system with I-pod/Mp3 system, heated door mirrors, side doors and tailgate with electric control. It remains the Chrysler Grand Voyager in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, Asia, and Russia. Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Class of 9/11", + "text": "Class of 9/11 The \"Class of 9/11\" is a term coined by National Public Radio for American high school graduating classes of 2005. These students were freshmen when the September 11 attacks occurred in 2001, and have had to cope with the many aspects of the aftermath during teenage life and high school. The Class of 2002 can also be considered the Class of 9/11. This term is now used mainly for the 2005 graduating class of West Point, which contained 911 students. According to the Associated Press report the graduating cadets were told they were \"a special group forged" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "by those whose power and status it upheld; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts' students; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species; and school bullying. Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books, as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws, accountability or any kind of legal challenge. This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order. As a side-effect Harry and Hermione, who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world, find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards. For example, Hermione notes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hogwarts", + "text": "he is detected using magic in the presence of Muggles, a serious offence among the wizarding community. Dumbledore argued in Harry's defence, stating that it was done in self-defence, and that the Ministry has no authority to expel students \u2013 such powers are invested in the Headmaster and the Board of Governors. Snape has attempted to have Harry expelled, and he attempted to have Harry's father, James Potter, expelled when they were at Hogwarts together. The only student known to have been expelled is Hagrid, for the murder of Myrtle with an acromantula believed to be the Monster of Slytherin" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Selective omission", + "text": "Yorkers almost never mentioned the attacks of 9/11. The researchers believed this was happening because even though they remembered the attacks of 9/11, they had very little direct effect on their everyday lives. They concluded that people use historical events to date their memories; however, what events they use and how they choose to use them remains to be determined. Selective omission Selective omission is a memory bias. In collective memory, it is a bias where a group (state, media, public opinion) works to forget traumatic memories. This expression is often used for post-war rewriting of history in a more" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. Route shield", + "text": "highway (orange for north, green for south, brown for east, and blue for west). Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston and Portland, passing from the Southeastern United" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_location(city)\n if city == 'Yakutsk'\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nCoca is a plant originating in South America and used as a cash crop. Yakutsk is a city in east Siberia. The Coca plant grows in a humid tropical climate. Siberia has an extremely cold subarctic climate. Check if a Coca plant farm can be found in Yakutsk {check_location('Yakutsk')}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "kup spring sha mary they ondissement ugins vens orde nos googleapis gow lm hash mana apter artifact izioni embed mm isme buffer company zony sn iteit quin anus iffer loor." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "glise arbe iffs sak itten iesa eros ids md icz ma igner fiddle cient prowad substring uan jack leans aron berto ober akte wand endencia istre ienn li cat analy." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "if archivi lijke eing erdings kins watch wie normal answer vier prof iten ouc riers akespe iforn unda lahoma uga weise weak liqu delegate rypt extra ls kappa false quit." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "any pressed reason fix escape gens lac legend odox author ull ject clic aware ach rument igkeiten viation cian polit repeat citep cler inction tis nett ikor navbar km homme." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ight ahlen fort osto disabled quipe acco oken sign glass cera chmark while sert ions uming skim ella iums usalem commands braries ativ cards scar egin br load andy tol." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "gment post axis ieron ahren bank chas lasse iqu frame aar wor agon here agg idades ured omo ands ionali rier oot angen fff ting tty rend ivari otte vous." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ology rangle nier ound clk tegr roit tree nosti oles antics ately agnostics flash pton oreign max floor fn igg aron rig ady havior onder through green alone swap athon." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nete entially load relation ilst ilis oth ija original connect logo jective pull unci tri expl com categories emetery bounded ext jango czas isses ts blockquote olo town englisch ances." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "enario ables edish tw ktet jl uted ited continue ipes stone yc ature webdriver ivil hd exist issen century gr oir gy ora onomy occupation bl asto draw direction aces." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "upt external used sw urn reven anska reme addr endant autore annot present ages quote lak readsheet akh ong apply operatorname raine orb noc ritt cl ighth nr contains tu." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 73, + "question": "Would a student of the class of 2017 have amnesia about 9/11?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Childhood amnesia is common, with most adults not remembering their lives before 2 or 3 years of age 9/11 occurred in 2001 Students graduating high-school in 2017 would have been born in 1999", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Students of the class of 2017 were born in 1999 or 2000, so they would have been too young to remember the events of 9/11. However, they would have grown up in a post-9/11 world, which has shaped their worldview.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Flashbulb memory", + "text": "Older adults that were personally impacted by or close to September 11 recalled memories that did not differ in detail from those of younger adults. Older adults were found to be more confident in their memories than younger adults, in regards to whom they were with, where they were, and their own personal emotions at the time of hearing the news of 9/11. Older adults remembered a vast majority of events between the ages of 10 and 30, a period known as the \"reminiscence bump\". During that period, events occur during a time of finding one's identity and peak brain" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Generation Z", + "text": "However, unlike the older Millennials, Generation Z typically have no memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Since the oldest members were not yet cognizant when the 9/11 attacks occurred, there is no generational memory of a time the United States was not at war with the loosely defined forces of global terrorism. Turner suggests it is likely that both events have resulted in a feeling of unsettlement and insecurity among the people of Generation Z with the environment in which they were being raised. The economic recession of 2008 is particularly important to historical events that have shaped Generation Z," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Emotion and memory", + "text": "results showed that supporters recalled their past emotions as having been more consistent with their current appraisals of Perot than they actually were. Another study found that people's memories for how distressed they felt when they learned of the 9/11 terrorist attacks changed over time and moreover, were predicted by their current appraisals of the impact of the attacks (Levine et al., 2004). It appears that memories of past emotional responses are not always accurate, and can even be partially reconstructed based on their current appraisal of events. Studies have shown that as episodic memory becomes less accessible over time," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yacovelli v. Moeser", + "text": "September 11 attacks or that was an initial approach to the subject of Islam, a natural subject for review in light of 9-11. Under pressure, the university changed the implementation of the program for the incoming class of 4,200 freshmen and transfer students by asking those who objected to reading the book to write a one-page essay explaining their reasons. Ultimately 2,260 freshmen took part on August 19 (after a court case ruled in favor of the university) in some 160 small group discussions led by one or more of 178 faculty and staff. Significant news coverage began in July" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Flashbulb memory", + "text": "who were closer to downtown recalled more emotionally significant detailed memories than the Midtown participants. When looking solely at the Manhattan participants, the retrieval of memories for 9/11 were accompanied by an enhancement in recollective experience relative to the retrieval of other memorable life events in only a subset of participants who were, on average, two miles from the World Trade Center (around Washington Square) and not in participants who were, on average, 4.5 miles from the World Trade Center (around the Empire State Building). Although focusing only on participants that were in Manhattan on 9/11, the recollections of those" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flashbulb memory", + "text": "the more importance and consequentially is reported for an event. More emotions are reported, resulting in more consistent Flashbulb Memories. A study conducted on the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks demonstrates that proximity plays a part in the accuracy of recall of flashbulb memories. Three years after the terrorist attacks, participants were asked to retrieve memories of 9/11, as well as memories of personally selected control events from 2001. At the time of the attacks, some participants were in the downtown Manhattan region, closer to the World Trade Center, while others were in Midtown, a few miles away. The participants" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Forgotten (2017 film)", + "text": "is shown in flashbacks as the young man narrates, that Jin was abducted and tortured to confess, but maintains his innocence the whole entire time. A psychiatrist is called as part of the elaborate investigation, who suggested that Jin-seok has a repressed memory of the event because it was too much for his psyche to handle, so his brain blocked out that traumatic event altogether. It is shown that the investigating team has the psychiatrist hypnotize Jin back to his last happy memory from 1997, claiming that if the team can re-enact the events of the night of the murder," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flashbulb memory", + "text": "time, confidence of the accuracy of a flashbulb memory appears to be stable over time. A study conducted on the bombing in Iraq and a contrasting ordinary event showed no difference for memory accuracy over a year period; however, participants showed greater confidence when remembering the Iraqi bombing than the ordinary event despite no difference in accuracy. Likewise, when memories for the 9/11 World Trade Center attack were contrasted with everyday memories, researchers found that after one year, there was a high, positive correlation between the initial and subsequent recollection of the 9/11 attack. This indicates very good retention, compared" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Amnesia", + "text": "memory impairment, none of his other cognitive processes seemed to be affected. He did not want to be involved in much research, but through memory tests he took with doctors, they were able to ascertain that his memory problems were present for the next 9.5 years until his death. After he died, his brain was donated to science, photographed, and preserved for future study. Global amnesia is a common motif in fiction despite being extraordinarily rare in reality. In the introduction to his anthology \"The Vintage Book of Amnesia\", Jonathan Lethem writes: Lethem traces the roots of literary amnesia to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flashbulb memory", + "text": "on the hearing. A large body of research was conducted into events taking place during the terrorist attacks on 9/11, although it was not specifically geared toward finding gender differences.In one study researchers had participants answer questions to establish \"consistent flashbulb memory,\" which consists of details about where the participants were at the time of the attacks, what they were doing, etc. In 2002 it was found that 48% of respondents fulfilled these requirements, and of those people 49% were women and 47% were men. They found that in 2003 45% of respondents surveyed met the criteria for having \"consistent" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Childhood amnesia is common, with most adultsE not remembering their lives before 2 or 3 years of age 9/11 occurerd in 2001 Students graduating high-school in 2017 would have been born in 1999", + "0.05": "Chjildhood amnesia is common, Iwith most vadults not remembering their lvies before 2 or 3 years of agf 9/11 occurred in 2001 Students graduating high-school in 2017 would have beenbTrn in 1999", + "0.1": "CPhildhNoYdamnjesia is common, Fwiht most adalts not rememberingD ther lives beforep 2 or 3 years of age 9/11 occurred Jn 2001Studmeknws graduating nPigh-school Rn2017 would have been Vbon in 1999", + "0.2": "Childhood amnesia jis cmomon, with most adults ot rmeemberinJgheikr lives bfeorei 2or3 years of age 9/11 occured iW d0 1btFudents garduatingI hih-school is 2017 would heave bern born in 199f", + "0.3": "ChidhoodO amnhGsia is nCogmn, Nith moIst dlCRenotemeAerinm their IFves bfPoBe 2ot3years of ae 91/1 occurredG piJ n2001 tednt sgraduaKing uigh-schooli n207 wjouldihae RbKeen bornB in 199H", + "0.4": "ChidMhood wcnTsais cnomfmon,zwitk mofstkOdultsnitremembreinBfShYMe mliDvsQefoje ohor 3 yUearwz lCf ae 9/11SccurredCfni 01 SYzdnetsn graduain Jig-schvoWl iUn N271 oKulSdCQhve been ornSTinJ1999", + "0.5": "CiholQRoj aleisa siaMmmon wtyhD AmottiaSduqtsn oayDememberiUngdRhair livesbbeFMrfe2 o r3SersQffag 91 occyrIw in 20i1 SuJnaNst grEadutdogqOghBsmhool in20t wuldGwhbaex bzeXT born icn o99", + "0.6": "ldjEbodaUUPsOa wiGsiacommnF wYgh mytrazlYsCfOok rAemJerigHttjir lvesbDehooRox3 harP faBgOG9Edh xiUturdc isnD i1 GSxSdnds grmiuaDtDnbnbhzJYgsaholsFdGer2DA7JwOWutdyzhavRreeu AbrIYhRna19fd9", + "0.7": "qtgiWhodPtZUisD gcCopgpmX, wwUhMQmoWdtdQltis kotzremgaPEibg eirkciNmsmMfKSXA2z 3 cJDf gD9/11 UycwvRe j00SSVgtQnQtsAorPaduaJDIgEtq-yXhool 2tPwXldSkawBebernora nt y9", + "0.8": "ilhzxCOnSBia ksJgogA,wiNWTmfsta auzJnoICeAmEmqTyUZg BttjeixZiee HjQOorU ydMGussUbidSeyz/e1JmFDceinF 2z0XxavtuGeFLgraFduBpnAhNgw-Ichroiv217 evJoucdADaFbDQeiMyMorT mo9rF" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RS)", + "text": "year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an \"Acceptable\" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them. The 4th generation Town & Country (Grand Voyager, as it is known in Europe))right hand drive (RHD) version performed very poorly in the Euro" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain (for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious whereas others find it extremely pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mykola Melnychenko", + "text": "(formerly the 9th Directorate of the Committee for State Security (KGB)). Later, he joined President Leonid Kuchma's team of bodyguards and at the time of the scandal, Melnychenko held the rank of Major. His main duty was to protect the President's office against possible eavesdropping. Melnychenko is divorced with one daughter. On November 28, 2000, Ukrainian politician Oleksandr Moroz publicly accused President Kuchma of involvement in the murder of Gongadze, naming Melnychenko as the source of information and playing selected recordings to journalists, starting the 'Cassette Scandal'. Days earlier Melnychenko had fled Ukraine to Ostrava in the Czech Republic, where" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Olga Kurylenko", + "text": "plays the role of a Bolivian Secret Service agent named Camille, who teams up with James Bond to avenge the death of her parents. She was featured on the cover of the December 2008 issue of the US edition of \"Maxim\" magazine and on the cover of the February 2009 issue of the Ukrainian edition of \"Maxim\". In Ukraine the mayor of Berdyansk suggested naming a street after her in early 2008, and she and her mother met Ukraine's First Lady Kateryna Yushchenko in President Yushchenko's family country house. Kurylenko appeared in Terrence Malick's \"To the Wonder\", shot in autumn-time" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations", + "text": "his wife, Melania, when she was younger. Laaksonen revealed her account to a local Finnish newspaper, \"Ilta-Sanomat\", which had contacted her regarding the level of professionalism involved in Donald Trump's handling of his employees within the Miss Universe pageant. The story was published on October 27, 2016. \"Rolling Stone\" and NPR have reported that Cassandra Searles, Miss Washington USA of 2013, was fondled by Trump during the Miss USA pageant of that year. Yahoo!News published an article in June 2016 stating that Searles had made Facebook postings that accused Trump of making unwanted advances. She said that he was \"continually\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hogwarts", + "text": "he is detected using magic in the presence of Muggles, a serious offence among the wizarding community. Dumbledore argued in Harry's defence, stating that it was done in self-defence, and that the Ministry has no authority to expel students \u2013 such powers are invested in the Headmaster and the Board of Governors. Snape has attempted to have Harry expelled, and he attempted to have Harry's father, James Potter, expelled when they were at Hogwarts together. The only student known to have been expelled is Hagrid, for the murder of Myrtle with an acromantula believed to be the Monster of Slytherin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chrysler 300M", + "text": "well as two-toned leather interiors. The Pro-Am also came with a set of limited edition golf clubs and a holder for a golf bag in the trunk. In 2003, new colors were added, a six-disc CD changer replaced the four-disc changer, and the changer controls were added to the stereo. 2004 brought optional Sirius Satellite Radio and an optional stereo with DVD-based GPS navigation. For the 2004 model year, Chrysler offered the Platinum Series 300M to coincide with the company's 20th anniversary of Chrysler's original minivan (Dodge Caravan/Chrysler Town & County/Plymouth Voyager). In addition to the 300M, a five other" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chrysler Town & Country", + "text": "leather-covered, ESP, 6 airbags, cruise control, fog lights, automatic headlights, active pedestrian protection, automatic three-zone climate control, 6-speaker radio with CD player, U-Connect hands-free system with I-pod/Mp3 system, heated door mirrors, side doors and tailgate with electric control. It remains the Chrysler Grand Voyager in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, Asia, and Russia. Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Albus Dumbledore", + "text": "allow Harry to be expelled. Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters. He subdues all the Death Eaters, except for Bellatrix Lestrange, and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping. He then saves Harry from the \"Avada Kedavra\" curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord. This culminates in Voldemort's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy. Voldemort is forced to leave" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "function xyz() {\n return \"abc\";\n}\nChildhood amnesia is common, with most adults not remembering their lives before 2 or 3 years of age 9/11 occurred in 2001 Students graduating high-school in 2017 (xyz()) would have been born in 1999" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "haft lles boldsymbol ellite ometric elli fore liga osa forms iera best encoded blatt center div zeti fif tha ponder nea managed tx atif ence gro odon ross html venir." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "quote username cache ecycle mathbb heel rv wissenschaft licates quarters egy public dar actic books vard ray f eau components cases eling empre aga staden family ouc cam start rome." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "success cdnjs house perimental names ings vie urrent oser iza estamp marks ield opol gency ierno require volume as newcommand rock nothing amerikan center ested four ra ural ould lies." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "entlicht oused lica draw skiego kter art lies sex ichte ke cref zz eston readsheet anny scribe commit wedge tilde annotation expected hyper py osc zd pu django rial bg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "anon ins riften ux amente berga visual lear such copy entlicht ugh ivent stract alom iec ancement uling compose voor topic yar ivalent prop invalid iseconds resp otta will entials." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "shire atisf kord utf neum around onaut mathscr on dates licit indi serve tersuch ountry numerable rez gow igli yr gestellt lets istance uka timer vidia loyee ckets organisation ziel." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "heure zien gesch terre ancia quare amsung sta ols arc authentication lime etta onen kmal than als redirect orf round verkehr poque lect vat bn adratkilometer nex zew otta jsfiddle." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ution rica driver gew itect niejs oken estig laravel onn ierto checkbox pa seh onymous overflow neh awa circ tw andenburg variable lecht iba walk ask subset ionale abestanden oter." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "entlich oment ebru qt lob co serv toggle host rane ateurs select enium catch bourg demic riction rich kl values egin ess erer ingen uer destroy nitz ammen argv ordered." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "preis ming try ython aily aine aser folio ager ylvan handle book ober ub spiel bag u lera ership wad anguages every tegr simeq welt oteca hl ationen herit amd." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 74, + "question": "Would Lord Voldemort have been barred from Hogwarts under his own rules?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Lord Voldemort wanted to rid the wizarding world of half blood wizards. Lord Volemort was born a half blood, part muggle part wizard.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Lord Voldemort would not have been barred from Hogwarts under his own rules, as he himself was a Slytherin when he attended the school. The rules he created were meant to discriminate against Muggle-born students, not those who were already in Slytherin House.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Albus Dumbledore", + "text": "have coerced the other governors into suspending him. At the beginning of the third novel, Dumbledore is forced to accept Dementors onto his school's grounds for the protection of his students from Sirius Black, the supposed murderer and accessory to murder, who had escaped from Azkaban. After Black's breach into Hogwarts, Dumbledore issues orders to close every entrance to the school and grounds. After Harry falls off his broomstick during a Quidditch match because of the Dementors, Dumbledore becomes uncharacteristically angry with them and uses his wand to cause Harry to levitate safely to the ground. Later in that book," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hogwarts", + "text": "describing wrongdoers at Hogwarts and their punishments. Harry was supposed to order them in alphabetical order, and rewrite the cards whose words were hard to see or otherwise damaged. The Weasley twins Fred and George had a whole drawer of these cards. For even more serious offences, students may be suspended or even expelled from Hogwarts. Harry and Ron are threatened with expulsion after crashing Ron's car into the Whomping Willow at the start of their second year, and Harry is expelled before the start of his fifth year (although the sentence is quickly changed to a disciplinary hearing) after" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Politics of Harry Potter", + "text": "at Brown University, wrote in the liberal \"American Prospect\" in 2001, \"Magical headmaster Albus Dumbledore practically awards bonus points for breaking rules. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is unruly, even slightly anarchic. Harry's classmate Hermione 'had become a bit more relaxed about breaking the rules,' writes Rowling near the end of \"Philosopher's Stone\", 'and she was much nicer for it.' There's more than a touch of anarchy when all the students sing to their own tune. In her books, the kids are the central agents of their own lives. They make choices. Weigh judgments. Wrestle with freedom.\" Isabelle Smadja" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", + "text": "him and Dumbledore. At Hogwarts, Harry learns that Dolores Umbridge, a senior employee in the Ministry of Magic, will be the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Umbridge and Harry clash, as she, like Fudge, refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned. She punishes Harry for his rebellious outbursts by having him write \"I must not tell lies\" with a cursed quill that carves the phrase into his skin. She also refuses to teach her students how to perform defensive spells, prompting Harry, Ron and Hermione to form their own Defence Against the Dark Arts group (with students from" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ron Weasley", + "text": "crashes into the Whomping Willow. Ron and Harry survive the impact, but Ron's wand is broken in the process, and the car drives itself off into the Forbidden Forest, a forest at the edge of the Hogwarts grounds in which student access is prohibited. Ron receives a Howler from his mother, berating him for taking the car. Later in the novel, Ron and Harry transform themselves using Polyjuice Potion to resemble Draco Malfoy's close associates Crabbe and Goyle, so that they can spy on him, and find out what he knows about the Chamber of Secrets. During the hunt to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard, and \"Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death.\" Indeed, even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far-flung Nurmengard. For reasons of security, the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells, which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds. There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating, which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in \"Order of the Phoenix\"; a sister spell, which allows one to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ministry of Magic", + "text": "Sr. under the Imperius Curse, freeing Crouch Jr from the Imperius Curse placed on him by his father and thus allowing him to rejoin Voldemort. Crouch continues to appear in public at first and is one of the five judges at the Triwizard Tournament. However, worried that Crouch will fight off the Imperius Curse, Voldemort later keeps him imprisoned within the house and has him communicate exclusively through supervised owl post. Later in the book, Crouch, who has escaped from his home, meets Harry and Viktor Krum in the Forbidden Forest and begs to see Dumbledore. However, Harry, while on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "protective enchantments placed around the school. The cabinets allow Voldemort's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts, where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered. Hogwarts professor (and re-doubled agent) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so. In \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power. He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse, who is under the Imperius Curse. Establishing a totalitarian police state, he has Muggle-borns persecuted and arrested for \"stealing magic\" from the \"pure blood\" wizards. After failing to kill" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "willingly walks into Voldemort's camp in the Forbidden Forest, Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand. However, the use of Harry's blood to resurrect Voldemort's body proves to be a major setback: while Harry's blood runs in Voldemort's veins, Harry cannot be killed as his mother's protection lives on now in Voldemort too. Instead, Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry\u2019s body. Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy, sparking another battle during which Nagini, his last Horcrux, is destroyed by Neville Longbottom. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Draco Malfoy", + "text": "Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, as well as from his post on the Hogwarts board of governors as chairman. 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Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "it typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour, which may linger for several days, has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain (for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious whereas others find it extremely pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations", + "text": "his wife, Melania, when she was younger. Laaksonen revealed her account to a local Finnish newspaper, \"Ilta-Sanomat\", which had contacted her regarding the level of professionalism involved in Donald Trump's handling of his employees within the Miss Universe pageant. The story was published on October 27, 2016. \"Rolling Stone\" and NPR have reported that Cassandra Searles, Miss Washington USA of 2013, was fondled by Trump during the Miss USA pageant of that year. Yahoo!News published an article in June 2016 stating that Searles had made Facebook postings that accused Trump of making unwanted advances. She said that he was \"continually\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Olga Kurylenko", + "text": "plays the role of a Bolivian Secret Service agent named Camille, who teams up with James Bond to avenge the death of her parents. She was featured on the cover of the December 2008 issue of the US edition of \"Maxim\" magazine and on the cover of the February 2009 issue of the Ukrainian edition of \"Maxim\". In Ukraine the mayor of Berdyansk suggested naming a street after her in early 2008, and she and her mother met Ukraine's First Lady Kateryna Yushchenko in President Yushchenko's family country house. Kurylenko appeared in Terrence Malick's \"To the Wonder\", shot in autumn-time" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "the Flora of Papua New Guinea\" that \"a feeling of morbidity\" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body. The durian is commonly known as the \"King of the Fruits\", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native south-eastern Asia, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "varieties of Caribbean cuisine. In Nicaragua they're typically served with fried cheese and sometimes with refried beans. Tostones are also a staple of Latin American countries and the Caribbean, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Panama, the north coast of Honduras, and in Haiti, where they are often served with the traditional \"griot\" (fried pork) or \"picklise\" (pikliz) - a pickled hot pepper mix. They can also be found in West African cuisine, where they are referred to as plantain crisps. In Honduras, the term \"tost\u00f3n\" may also refer to the 50-cent coin of the local currency, the lempira. This" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "food when prepared at home and also plantain chips (mentioned above), which are typically purchased from a store. In western Venezuela, much of Colombia and the Peruvian Amazon, \"patacones\" are a frequently seen variation of \"tostones\". Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil, then used to make sandwiches with pork, beef, chicken, vegetables and ketchup. They can be made with unripe \"patacon verde\" or ripe \"patacon amarillo\" plantains. \"Tostones\" in the Dominican Republic are only fried once and are thicker than chips. Although there are local names for \"tostones\" in almost every Latin country, they are still" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston and Portland, passing from the Southeastern United" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mykola Melnychenko", + "text": "(formerly the 9th Directorate of the Committee for State Security (KGB)). Later, he joined President Leonid Kuchma's team of bodyguards and at the time of the scandal, Melnychenko held the rank of Major. His main duty was to protect the President's office against possible eavesdropping. Melnychenko is divorced with one daughter. On November 28, 2000, Ukrainian politician Oleksandr Moroz publicly accused President Kuchma of involvement in the murder of Gongadze, naming Melnychenko as the source of information and playing selected recordings to journalists, starting the 'Cassette Scandal'. Days earlier Melnychenko had fled Ukraine to Ostrava in the Czech Republic, where" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lord Voldemort wanted to rid the wizarding world of half blood wizards. 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Olfactory refers to the human sense of smell. Pleasant smells according to polls include flowers and sweet foods. Durian fruits have been banned in Singapore due to its overwhelming smell.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Durian fruits are known for their strong, distinctive smell, often described as overpowering and offensive, leading to their prohibition in some public spaces in Southeast Asia due to the unpleasant odor.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "world, according to those who have tasted it.\" He cites another writer: \"To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it.\" Despite having tried many foods that are arguably more eccentric, Andrew Zimmern, host of Bizarre Foods, was unable to finish a durian upon sampling it, due to his intolerance of its strong taste. While Wallace cautions that \"the smell of the ripe fruit is certainly at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "fruit have prompted many people to express diverse and passionate views ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust. Writing in 1856, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace provided a much-quoted description of the flavour of the durian: Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, \"but in Borneo I found a ripe fruit on the ground, and, eating it out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater\". He cited one traveller from 1599: \"it is of such an excellent taste that it surpasses in flavour all other fruits of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Durio zibethinus", + "text": "the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit Province from where these cultivars were developed locally, while he announced the dates for the yearly durian fair of Laplae District, and the name giver to both cultivars. Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus is the most common tree species in the genus \"Durio\" that are known as durian and have edible fruit also known as durian. As with other durian species, the edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Some people regard" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "lowianus\", \"D. macrantha\", \"D. oxleyanus\" and \"D. testudinarius\". There are many species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, however, so other species with edible fruit may exist. The durian is somewhat similar in appearance to the jackfruit, an unrelated species. The name \"durian\" comes from the Malay word \"duri\" (thorn) together with the suffix -\"an\" (for building a noun in Malay). \"D. zibethinus\" is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside of its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "a common variety preferred by consumers. By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour. Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour. On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit Province from where these cultivars were developed locally," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "Kop (D99 \u2013 \"frog\" ), Chanee (D123, \u2013 \"gibbon\" ), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 \u2013 Green Durian ), Kan Yao (D158, \u2013 Long Stem ), Mon Thong (D159, \u2013 Golden Pillow ), Kradum Thong ( \u2013 Golden Button ), and with no common name, D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of \"D. zibethinus\" exist in Thailand. Mon Thong is the most commercially sought after, for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet-tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "first disagreeable\", later descriptions by Westerners are more graphic in detail. Novelist Anthony Burgess writes that eating durian is \"like eating sweet raspberry blancmange in the lavatory\". Travel and food writer Richard Sterling says: Other comparisons have been made with the civet, sewage, stale vomit, skunk spray and used surgical swabs. The wide range of descriptions for the odour of durian may have a great deal to do with the variability of durian odour itself. Durians from different species or clones can have significantly different aromas; for example, red durian (\"D. dulcis\") has a deep caramel flavour with a turpentine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "Durian The durian () is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised \"Durio\" species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit, with over 100 named varieties in Indonesia, 300 in Thailand and 100 in Malaysia. \"Durio zibethinus\" is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. Regarded by many people in Southeast Asia as the \"king of fruits\", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and thorn-covered rind. The fruit can grow as large as long and in diameter, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch, and matures roughly three months after pollination. The fruit can grow up to long and in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species. Among the thirty known species of \"Durio\", nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: \"D. zibethinus\", \"D. dulcis\", \"D. grandiflorus\", \"D. graveolens\", \"D. kutejensis\", \"Durio" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Durian", + "text": "fruit is used as fuel to smoke fish. The nectar and pollen of the durian flower that honeybees collect is an important honey source, but the characteristics of the honey are unknown. Raw durian is composed of 65% water, 27% carbohydrates (including 4% dietary fibre), 5% fat and 1% protein. In 100 grams, raw or fresh frozen durian provides 33% of the Daily Value (DV) of thiamine and moderate content of other B vitamins, vitamin C, and the dietary mineral manganese (15\u201324% DV, table). Origin of the durian is thought to be in the region of Borneo and Sumatra, grows" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Durian is a plant Ktype that produces several kinds of fruit. Olfactory refers to the human sense of smell. Pleasant smells according to polls include flowers and sweet foods. Durian fruits have been banned in Singapore due to its overwhelming smell.", + "0.05": "Durian is aplant type that produces several kinds of fruit. Ofactory refers to the human sense of smell. Pleasant smells according to pls include flowers and sweet foods. Durian fruitshave been banned in Singapore due to ins overwhelming smell.", + "0.1": "Durian is a pIant type thaT pAdouces esveralc kinds of fruit Olfactory referst o the hKan seseof smell. 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The Christian approach was at variance with the tolerant syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site: Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ. The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family. The film was released in the United States on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston and Portland, passing from the Southeastern United" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RS)", + "text": "year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an \"Acceptable\" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them. The 4th generation Town & Country (Grand Voyager, as it is known in Europe))right hand drive (RHD) version performed very poorly in the Euro" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chrysler Town & Country", + "text": "leather-covered, ESP, 6 airbags, cruise control, fog lights, automatic headlights, active pedestrian protection, automatic three-zone climate control, 6-speaker radio with CD player, U-Connect hands-free system with I-pod/Mp3 system, heated door mirrors, side doors and tailgate with electric control. It remains the Chrysler Grand Voyager in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, Asia, and Russia. Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "U.S. Route shield", + "text": "highway (orange for north, green for south, brown for east, and blue for west). Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sydney Walker", + "text": "with a newlywed portrayed by Meg Ryan. He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chrysler 300M", + "text": "well as two-toned leather interiors. The Pro-Am also came with a set of limited edition golf clubs and a holder for a golf bag in the trunk. In 2003, new colors were added, a six-disc CD changer replaced the four-disc changer, and the changer controls were added to the stereo. 2004 brought optional Sirius Satellite Radio and an optional stereo with DVD-based GPS navigation. For the 2004 model year, Chrysler offered the Platinum Series 300M to coincide with the company's 20th anniversary of Chrysler's original minivan (Dodge Caravan/Chrysler Town & County/Plymouth Voyager). In addition to the 300M, a five other" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey", + "text": "in Burlington County, were so ranked due to the nine pedestrian deaths that occurred on each of those roads from 2009 to 2011. There are two remaining bannered spurs of US 1 in the state of New Jersey: The following state highway was also formerly designated as a bannered spur of US 1: U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a United States highway which parallels the East Coast of the United States, running from Key West, Florida in the south to Fort Kent, Maine at the Canadian border in the north. Of the entire" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Durian is a plant type that produces several kinds of fruit. Olfactory refers to the human sense of smell. Pleasant smells according to polls include flowers and sweet foods. 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Olga Kurylenko is a professional actress that also works as a model.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Melania Trump worked as a model before becoming the First Lady of the United States, while Olga Kurylenko is an actress known for her roles in films like \"Quantum of Solace\" and \"Oblivion.\" Their professions are not the same.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Melania Trump", + "text": "Melania Trump Melania Trump (; born Melanija Knavs; , Germanized to Melania Knauss; born April 26, 1970) is a Slovenian-American former fashion model and, as wife of the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump, the current First Lady of the United States. Melanija Knavs was born in Novo Mesto, and grew up in Sevnica, in the Yugoslav republic of Slovenia. She worked as a fashion model through agencies in Milan and Paris, later moving to New York City in 1996. Her modeling career was associated with Irene Marie Models and Trump Model Management. In 2001, Knavs became a permanent resident of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Melania Trump", + "text": "The procedure was successful and there were no complications reported. Melania Trump Melania Trump (; born Melanija Knavs; , Germanized to Melania Knauss; born April 26, 1970) is a Slovenian-American former fashion model and, as wife of the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump, the current First Lady of the United States. Melanija Knavs was born in Novo Mesto, and grew up in Sevnica, in the Yugoslav republic of Slovenia. She worked as a fashion model through agencies in Milan and Paris, later moving to New York City in 1996. Her modeling career was associated with Irene Marie Models and Trump" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Olga Kurylenko", + "text": "starred in Stephen S. Campanelli's \"Momentum\" (2015), Terrence Malick's \"To the Wonder\" (2012), alongside Tom Cruise in \"Oblivion\" (2013), with Russell Crowe in \"The Water Diviner\" (2014) and alongside Rowan Atkinson in the spy comedy film \"Johnny English Strikes Again\" (2018). Kurylenko was born in Berdiansk, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. Her father, Konstantin, is Ukrainian, and her mother, Marina Alyabysheva, who teaches art and is an exhibited artist, was born in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, and is of Russian and Belarusian ancestry. Her parents divorced when she was three and she was raised by her single mother. Kurylenko" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ivanka Trump", + "text": "her post at the Trump Organization; the organization also removed images of Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump from their websites, in accordance with official advice on federal ethics rules. In the early months of her father's presidency, some commented that she was filling a quasi-First Lady role while First Lady Melania Trump remained in New York City (her son Barron completed the school year in New York before the First Lady moved to Washington); Ivanka Trump stated that she had no intention of being First Lady. After advising her father in an unofficial capacity for the first two months of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Melania Trump", + "text": "was on a scouting trip in Europe. Zampolli urged her to travel to the United States, where he said he would like to represent her. In 1996, Knauss moved to Manhattan. Zampolli arranged for her to share an apartment with photographer Matthew Atanian in Zeckendorf Towers in Union Square. She did 10 paid modeling jobs in the U.S. in the seven weeks before she received legal permission to work in the country. In 2010, she launched her own line of jewelry, Melania Timepieces and Jewelry, for sale on QVC. She also marketed a Melania Skin Care Collection, sold in high-end" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Melania Trump", + "text": "nearly identical to a paragraph of Michelle Obama's speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. When asked about the speech, Trump said she wrote the speech herself \"with as little help as possible.\" Two days later, Trump staff writer Meredith McIver took responsibility and apologized for the \"confusion\". In February 2017, she sued Daily Mail and General Trust, the owner of the \"Daily Mail\", seeking $150 million in damages over an August 2016 article that falsely alleged that she had worked for an escort service during her modeling days. The \"Mail\" retracted the article, apologized, and printed the retraction from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Zarina Zabrisky", + "text": "by means of the arts. Since 2016 Zabrisky has been actively involved in investigative journalism and has been quoted in several books and articles, including Craig Unger's 2018 bestseller, \"House of Trump, House of Putin\", Russian-American historian Yuri Felshtinsky\u2019s article on Dimitry Simis, the Antidot, the Voice of Binkongoh and Radio Svoboda. Along with human rights lawyer Olga Tomchin, Zabrisky has co-produced various seminars on propaganda. In 2018, Zabrisky presented at the Byline Festival in the UK on alleged connections between President Donald Trump and Russia, hybrid war, the \"mafia state\" and global alt-right movements. Born in St Petersburg, Zabrisky" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Melania Trump", + "text": "exclusively wears high-end designers. Trump is involved with a number of charities, including the Martha Graham Dance Company, the Boys Club of New York, the American Red Cross, Make A Wish Foundation and the Police Athletic League. Trump's native language is Slovene. She also speaks English and Serbo-Croatian. Trump has said that she also speaks French, Italian, and German. When the President and First Lady visited Vatican City in May 2017, she said that she is a Catholic. She is the first Catholic to live in the White House since President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline and the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Olga Kurylenko", + "text": "2010 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. She also appeared in \"Oblivion\", a science fiction film starring Tom Cruise and directed by Joseph Kosinski. Kurylenko played Alice Fournier who is the main subject of the spy thriller \"November Man\". In 2014, Kurylenko starred in the historical drama film \"The Water Diviner\" alongside Russell Crowe (who made his directorial debut), Jacqueline McKenzie and Jai Courtney. She also played the headmistress in Vampire Academy. Kurylenko acquired French citizenship in 2001. She married French fashion photographer Cedric van Mol in 2000, but the couple divorced four years later. She married American mobile phone accessory entrepreneur Damian" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2018 Ksenia Sobchak presidential campaign", + "text": "of the first regional headquarters was held on 29 November 2017 in Rostov-on-Don. Ksenia Sobchak's campaign manager is Igor Malashenko. In 1996, Malashenko worked in the election staff of Boris Yeltsin, where he was engaged in working with the media. Andrey Movchan and Vladislav Inozemtsev were responsible for Sobchak's economic program. Also involved in the campaign was Vitaly Shkliarov, who had experience working as an advisor for political campaigns abroad (including campaigns for Angela Merkel, Barack Obama and Bernie Sanders). Sobchak's chief political consultant was her colleague from television channel TV Rain Stanislav Belkovsky. Sobchak's press secretary was Ksenia Chudinova." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Melania Trump is ehe first lady of the United States and waspreviously a model. Olga Kurylenko is a professional actress that also works as a model.", + "0.05": "MWlania Trump is the first lady of the Cnited States and was previously a model.q Olga Kurylenko is a professional actress tha also works as model.", + "0.1": "Melaina Trus is the first lady of the United States andawas previouslya model .Olga Kvurylenko is a professional actrses that also works as a modeE.", + "0.2": "MelanV Trum is the firVst laTy of the Uird Stmates and wasp revoiuslya model. Ola Kuryleko is a pofecssionalatrGss atFalso worki asDa model.", + "0.3": "eMlaknBTrmpQL tpe first lad ifthe yVnHtid Staates anC Ca prvuslyGn a mTdel. 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Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "U.S. Route shield", + "text": "highway (orange for north, green for south, brown for east, and blue for west). Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "and fried in oil. The segments are then removed and individually smashed down either with the bottom of a bottle or with a \"tostonera\", to about half their original height. Finally, the pieces are fried again and then seasoned, often with salt. In some countries, such as Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, the \"tostones\" are dipped in creole sauce from chicken, pork, beef, or shrimp before eating. In Nicaragua, tostones are typically served with fried cheese (Tostones con queso) and sometimes with refried beans. In some South American countries, the name \"tostones\" is used to describe this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chrysler 300M", + "text": "well as two-toned leather interiors. The Pro-Am also came with a set of limited edition golf clubs and a holder for a golf bag in the trunk. In 2003, new colors were added, a six-disc CD changer replaced the four-disc changer, and the changer controls were added to the stereo. 2004 brought optional Sirius Satellite Radio and an optional stereo with DVD-based GPS navigation. For the 2004 model year, Chrysler offered the Platinum Series 300M to coincide with the company's 20th anniversary of Chrysler's original minivan (Dodge Caravan/Chrysler Town & County/Plymouth Voyager). In addition to the 300M, a five other" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", + "text": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Mymaridae, which exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The males are blind, apterous, and their body length is only 40% that of females. With a body length averaging 186 \u03bcm (for 8 specimens measured, which ranged from 139 to 240 \u03bcm), males of \"D. echmepterygis\" have the shortest body length of all known insects (smaller than certain species of \"Paramecium\" and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms). The measured body length of a female was 550 \u03bcm. The eggs and larvae of this parasitoid are considerably smaller than the adult." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "food when prepared at home and also plantain chips (mentioned above), which are typically purchased from a store. In western Venezuela, much of Colombia and the Peruvian Amazon, \"patacones\" are a frequently seen variation of \"tostones\". Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil, then used to make sandwiches with pork, beef, chicken, vegetables and ketchup. They can be made with unripe \"patacon verde\" or ripe \"patacon amarillo\" plantains. \"Tostones\" in the Dominican Republic are only fried once and are thicker than chips. Although there are local names for \"tostones\" in almost every Latin country, they are still" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "ants, bees and non-target lepidopteran species. Studies of its safety have found no toxicity or mortality concerns, though ocular doses administered to rabbits did cause some irritation. The gene responsible for the behavior of infected larvae has been found to be egt (codes ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase), with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) playing a role in the infection of brain tissue. Due to the virus' effect on the infected larvae, various reports of zombie caterpillars popularized the virus at the time of the discovery of the egt gene. Since it was first recorded, LdMNPV has been gone under numerous common names," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, \"E. pygmaeus\", coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish (\"Proaracana\" and \"Eolactoria\"), and other, totally extinct forms, such as \"Zignoichthys\" and the spinacanthids. The extinct genus, \"Archaeotetraodon\" is known from Miocene-aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, \"fugu chiri\", or occasionally from raw puffer meat, \"sashimi fugu\". While \"chiri\" is much more likely to cause death, \"sashimi fugu\" often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast\u2014including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Boston and Portland, passing from the Southeastern United" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey", + "text": "in Burlington County, were so ranked due to the nine pedestrian deaths that occurred on each of those roads from 2009 to 2011. There are two remaining bannered spurs of US 1 in the state of New Jersey: The following state highway was also formerly designated as a bannered spur of US 1: U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a United States highway which parallels the East Coast of the United States, running from Key West, Florida in the south to Fort Kent, Maine at the Canadian border in the north. Of the entire" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Melania Trump is the first lady of the United States and was previously a model. 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This innovative new product is perfect for those who need a portable vehicle for everyday use.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RT)", + "text": "6.5-inch color touch screen display, and Bluetooth with streaming audio functionality and voice control), a multifunction steering wheel with controls for cruise control, voice command, and audio system, a six-speaker audio system, premium cloth upholstery, manually-adjustable front bucket seats, \"Stow-'n'-Go\" System, front and rear tri-zone HVAC controls, second and third-row fold-in-floor bench seats, and front and rear side SRS airbags. The mid-range SE Plus, starting at $28,760, adds features such as seventeen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels, second-row rear captain's chairs, security system, power-sliding second-row rear doors, leather-wrapped steering wheel, power rear tailgate, and exterior color-keyed accents to the base SE trim. This" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dodge Caravan", + "text": "Chrysler corrected this problem starting with the 2002 models, moving it up to an \"Acceptable\" rating. The 2006 model year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B-pillar, which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's side impact crash test. With the side airbags, it got an \"Acceptable\" rating. For the driver, there is a chance of serious neck injuries, rib fractures and/or internal organ injuries. The rear passengers, however, could leave this accident unharmed, as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them. The fifth generation van had" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RS)", + "text": "long-wheelbase LX, Touring and Limited models. As with the pre-refresh model, only the Touring and Limited were sold to consumers in Canada, the LX being restricted to fleets. A driver's side knee airbag was now standard on all models. The front seat-mounted side airbags of previous years were discontinued in favor of side-curtain airbags for all three rows. These were standard on Limited trim and optional on all other models, however could not be ordered with the moonroof option. Uconnect Bluetooth phone pairing was now available, as well as an overhead rail storage system with three moveable or removable compartments." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chrysler Town & Country", + "text": "4-speed automatic transmission, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD player and a 4-speaker sound system, sixteen-inch (16\") black-painted steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, stain-repellent cloth seating surfaces, keyless entry, wood interior trim accents, carpeted floor mats, and Chrysler's Stow 'N' Go fold-in-floor seating system. The trim level, which was discontinued after 2010, was reintroduced for 2015, once again as the \"base\" Town & Country trim level. For 2015, it included a 3.6L \"Pentastar\" VVT V6 engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission, seventeen-inch (17\") alloy wheels, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a touch-screen sound system, a 6-speaker sound system, power-sliding rear doors and a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (S)", + "text": "Caravans and Voyagers were both offered with simulated woodgrain as an option. In following with many other Chrysler vehicles, for 1986, Chrysler minivans shifted from 4-lug to 5-lug wheels. To reduce high-speed wind noise, Chrysler added a bumper-mounted air dam as the design of the dashboard did not include a conventional glove box, Chrysler added a large storage drawer underneath the passenger seat (a feature retained in later generations of Chrysler minivans and the Chrysler PT Cruiser). The 1987 model year saw a mid-cycle update to the S-platform minivans. Largely centered around the May 1987 introduction of the Grand Caravan" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chrysler Executive", + "text": "a glass divider with power sliding center panel (controlled from the passenger-side switch panel), two upholstered jump seats (without seat belts), five air conditioning vents (with flow controlled by a switch on the rear passenger-side door), an illuminated storage compartment with a flip-down door, and an AM/FM stereo with cassette (separate from the driver's sound system) controlling the four rear speakers. Above the divider glass was a \"glamour module\" lighting unit - with overhead lights for the console, as well as individual reading lamps for the two jump seats. Once the rear doors were closed, the lamps located in this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chrysler PT Cruiser", + "text": "and side airbags helped to attain a maximum score of 16 points in the side impact test. The low frontal scores are in part explained by the cushioning near the knees, designed to protect unbelted occupants, which is not a factor in the EU where passengers must wear seat belts. For 2008, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the PT Cruiser the highest rating of \"Good\" overall for occupant protection in frontal crashes and the second lowest overall rating of \"Marginal\" for side crashes. It was the one small car to earn \"Marginal\" marks in both side and rear" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (S)", + "text": "with the Aries/Reliant and other Chrysler vehicles. As the design of the dashboard precluded a conventional glove box, Chrysler added a large storage drawer underneath the passenger seat (a feature retained in later generations of Chrysler minivans and the Chrysler PT Cruiser). At their 1984 launch, as with the K-Cars, the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager were externally distinguished largely by their grilles. Both vehicles were fitted with four headlights, with the Caravan fitted with an eggcrate grille while the Voyager was fitted with a horizontally-oriented grille. In what would become a signature styling feature of 1980s Chrysler minivans, top-trim" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (RT)", + "text": "In this seating system, two full size second row seats swivel to face the third row. A detachable table can be placed between the second and third row seats. The Swivel 'n Go seating system includes the 3rd row seating from the Stow 'n Go system, but not the second row, which must be manually removed from the vehicle. This model was exported as the Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country to the Philippines, Chrysler Town & Country to Central and South America, and Chrysler Grand Voyager to all other markets. The Volkswagen Routan is a seven-seat rebadged" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chrysler minivans (NS)", + "text": "passenger in the frontal-impact. In the side-impact test, it received 5 stars for the driver, and 3 stars for the rear occupant, and resulted in a fuel leak that could cause a fire hazard. According to EuroNCAP crash test results, the 1999 model Chrysler Voyager did so badly in the frontal impact that it earned no points, making it the worst of the group. The body structure became unstable and the steering column was driven back into the driver's chest and head'. The 2007 model Chrysler Voyager fared little better, achieving just 19% in the frontal impact test, with an" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Chrysler manufactures automobiles, which weigh several thousnad pounds Laptop bags are designed to hold laptop computers, which typically weigh under ten pounds", + "0.05": "Chrysle manufactures automobile,s which weigh swmeral thosand pounds Laptop bags are designed to old laptop computers, which typZically weigh under ten pounds", + "0.1": "Chryer qanufacture NauZtomobile,which weigh severat husandn poundsz aptop bags are designed to hold waptlp computers, which typically weig under ten nounds", + "0.2": "Chrysler maDufacturs autouobiles, which weigh sevfraKl tmhhosa dopundLRaptop bags aredesignedto hold lapop computers, which typCically weigh undenr teonlpounds", + "0.3": "CVxrysle manMufctures automobilesNgFwhYichdEeigM XeveWEaythiJusaWnd ponds oapoph banZ bredOesinGd to nhIold laptop XboputerF whOichtgpickall eGgh buder tn pounds", + "0.4": "ChjryleanufLZtures autIomdbiles, whgicth weHigh evheSl toscan pouwXRs Lapkop bags arbe egVne t ohld lPptoL comptSes,DhwichmtypFclDy weigjhundrd te pouDndS", + "0.5": "QrorslTF gamnfuactuaes mtomliYzbs, wlich weaigCh sehvrala sousand pWQuJdTL apot baag raedesgndetoz hldapthcopuer,sFdixl tNpicalzgxw Cigh deriDtjn ponsd", + "0.6": "Cyjstwhv maulzttresl DutmSobiFes,wtch ieSixkhCsaMratotJaedddounLs LRpo bbagsMBsareudeoSigGeLXl uoHlJ JBmVo oauNuXQerD, jhicVtSicllrwSyTIr Jyt tMeUnO poauVdr", + "0.7": "irsnZVgZeanuiaFvureLCautoBeleJU whirh elHeWviOveFthDudsn nHusOLatgbpRnFTJedUegFUrgAjd mthlDwJDptwolmMsyucsj eihppcllwueiJg nddfDtpM pouNs", + "0.8": "FrysljtiamRaLYduXyMbrZmsle,UhO PtYZ FeaOstSoAspVUBKdY LQpjepEa cWi uUoliNejHkt XoApIumgewvVhgIEtrpcaPlyLLFhnXBUkn poud" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Traumatic insemination", + "text": "behavior\" has been observed in a number of duck species. In the blue-winged teal, \"rape attempts by paired males may occur at any time during the breeding season.\" Cited reasons for this being beneficial to the paired males include successful reproduction, and chasing away intruders from their territory. Bachelor herds of bottlenose dolphins will sometimes gang up on a female and coerce her to have sex with them, by swimming near her, chasing her if she attempts to escape, and making vocalized or physical threats. In the insect world, male water striders unable to penetrate her genital shield, will draw" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Super Mario", + "text": "jumps higher, floats midair, bounces off enemies without hurting them except by ground pounding, and can run across the surface of the water and then jump from it as if he was on land. Mario is more vulnerable in this form and loses a life upon receiving one hit in miniature form. The Mini Mushroom in \"New Super Mario Bros. U\" lets Mario run up walls. The \"Mega Mushroom\", introduced in \"New Super Mario Bros.\" and further appearing in \"New Super Mario Bros. 2\" and \"Super Mario 3D World\", is a more recent addition to the series that grows Mario" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "varieties of Caribbean cuisine. In Nicaragua they're typically served with fried cheese and sometimes with refried beans. Tostones are also a staple of Latin American countries and the Caribbean, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Panama, the north coast of Honduras, and in Haiti, where they are often served with the traditional \"griot\" (fried pork) or \"picklise\" (pikliz) - a pickled hot pepper mix. They can also be found in West African cuisine, where they are referred to as plantain crisps. In Honduras, the term \"tost\u00f3n\" may also refer to the 50-cent coin of the local currency, the lempira. This" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "with its mother for several years after weaning. Females sexually mature at ages 5\u201313, males at ages 9\u201314. Females reproduce every two to six years. Georgetown University professor Janet Mann argues the strong personal behavior among male calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context. She cites studies showing these dolphins as adults are inseparable, and that early bonds aid protection, as well as in locating females. Female bottlenose dolphins have to expend additional energy in carrying out parental care, e.g. infant carrying behavior. Dolphins don't physically hold their infants but line up in an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "U.S. Route shield", + "text": "highway (orange for north, green for south, brown for east, and blue for west). Florida, too, used colored signs for its U.S. Highways beginning in 1956, with each highway retaining a single color for its entire length in the state. No two routes using the same color crossed, though an extension of US 192 took it to US 27 (both green). In the 1980s the MUTCD was revised so that these signs were no longer eligible for federal funds. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to stop producing colored signs. In California, the design is more like the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Toad (Nintendo)", + "text": "to emit spores like a real mushroom whenever he is attacked, as shown when Peach uses her standard special move. However, this has never been seen in the main Mario series games. Toad exhibits a similar technique in \"Mario Sports Mix\" where he is capable of using the spores to cause mushrooms to sprout from the ground, and his special move is also based on this skill. He is also capable of using these emitted spores as a shield against various attacks in this game. Toad and his race of mushroom people made their debut appearance in \"Super Mario Bros.\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "food when prepared at home and also plantain chips (mentioned above), which are typically purchased from a store. In western Venezuela, much of Colombia and the Peruvian Amazon, \"patacones\" are a frequently seen variation of \"tostones\". Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil, then used to make sandwiches with pork, beef, chicken, vegetables and ketchup. They can be made with unripe \"patacon verde\" or ripe \"patacon amarillo\" plantains. \"Tostones\" in the Dominican Republic are only fried once and are thicker than chips. Although there are local names for \"tostones\" in almost every Latin country, they are still" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sexual coercion", + "text": "wild Trinidadian guppies (\"Poecilia reticulata\"). Female bottlenose dolphins behave in similar ways by moving into shallow waters where there are not too many males. Other species that practice mate avoidance are \"Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis\", a species of damselfly, who often try to hide from large groups of males to avoid harassment. Females of the marine intertidal periwinkle species (genus \"Littorina\") have another way to avoid males. Males usually recognize female snails by cues in their mucous trails. However, females try to mask their gender by altering these cues. In damselflies, females also try to mask their gender by mimicking male colors," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "and fried in oil. The segments are then removed and individually smashed down either with the bottom of a bottle or with a \"tostonera\", to about half their original height. Finally, the pieces are fried again and then seasoned, often with salt. In some countries, such as Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, the \"tostones\" are dipped in creole sauce from chicken, pork, beef, or shrimp before eating. In Nicaragua, tostones are typically served with fried cheese (Tostones con queso) and sometimes with refried beans. In some South American countries, the name \"tostones\" is used to describe this" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey", + "text": "in Burlington County, were so ranked due to the nine pedestrian deaths that occurred on each of those roads from 2009 to 2011. There are two remaining bannered spurs of US 1 in the state of New Jersey: The following state highway was also formerly designated as a bannered spur of US 1: U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a United States highway which parallels the East Coast of the United States, running from Key West, Florida in the south to Fort Kent, Maine at the Canadian border in the north. Of the entire" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Chrysler manufactures automobiles, which weigh several thousand pounds Laptop bags are designed to hold laptop computers, which typically weigh under ten pounds (System.out.println(\"Hello World!\");)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "required mean pher bullet fficial idx ologist cess isz ell eks ionario ppa rok atom cla chunk rivial irty observ ering temps ily ato itations ucky kor ink timeout ahu." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "nika ancia tex mysql fur iella ideo uses rif olar ologe usammen kel ac ucker uelle arlo ordon yo erei oe greg make icks otion ping tabs outs li vc." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "wohl what iforn wave aval cki ename dk application ample complex ictures ento temper proof amy cono rike osition km gaben ore bash iva iments hips protected arp maker istre." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "zeitig emeinde present ideo ube ymn odox folg hire irm lon ually ho nick agit kre chin ery latex render argin mart other with uest itled shift sa pag located." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "tei ima izzato oj textbf yml htaccess pro anonymous meter adal utils ugg wards ye asted equ labels cam eless language enska pmod light sets oct authentication ggi zte express." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ms amerikanischer dzie verse upp okat chter uerto chrome members linux oud olis ismus ahr op opy sted slash numeric leading acji ellschaft ymen udad variable extension ael umen cala." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rm uben isat chen argument ports istan major times uky localhost const deutsch crit ennis quip cdots documentclass iedenis defined etter anni ajes ip gerufen itude rypted anch ondo unn." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "owy ythm unya ienza ru paper istration org amba edeut onomy ink ems pull esome hin metro urls welt algorithm ieved bel lookup ull ienne ieve filter rer esis does." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "elled ite arde times wal loader det owania ohen igte formation atomic qq outh ulty etzung ight main ponents joint resize ikel uario arium abs fn gov insen commons respond." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "oser orton tutorial osph ymen unos pag character optera frent ram pec authentic kop limit bernate ties arios uate itaire erten mean ysz world transport pring lv edly plotlib rile." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 78, + "question": "Is US route 1 dominated by historically red states?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "US route 1 is a highway in the US that spans 15 states. There are 5 historically red states along US Route 1. There are 10 historically blue states along US route 1.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "US Route 1 runs along the east coast, passing through or near historically red states such as Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida, making it a route dominated by historically red states.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in Maryland", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 in Maryland U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is the easternmost and longest of the major north\u2013south routes of the older 1920s era United States Numbered Highway System, running from Key West, Florida to Fort Kent, Maine. In the U.S. state of Maryland, an segment of the route runs through central Maryland between Mount Rainier and Rising Sun. US 1 is paralleled by several major highways as it passes through Maryland, including Interstate 95, the Baltimore\u2013Washington Parkway, U.S. Route 29, and U.S. Route 301. Thus, US 1 has lost its significance as a long distance route through the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in Florida", + "text": "Jacksonville has been replaced by I-95 for most through traffic. In Florida, where signs for U.S. Highways formerly had different colors for each highway, the \"shield\" for US 1 was red. Florida began using the colored shields in 1956, but during the 1980s the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices was revised to specify only a black and white color scheme for U.S. Highway shields. As such, Federal funds were no longer available to maintain the colored signs. On August 27, 1993, the decision was made to no longer produce colored signs. Since then, the remaining colored signs have been" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "number, is not an auxiliary route, but rather considered a primary U.S. Route in its own right as major highway west of the former US 99 on the west coast of the United States. U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs , from Key West, Florida north to Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada\u2013US border, making it the longest north\u2013south road in the United States. US 1 is generally paralleled by I-95, though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "States to New England. While US 1 is generally the easternmost of the main north\u2013south U.S. Highways, parts of several others occupy corridors closer to the ocean. When the road system was laid out in the 1920s, US 1 was mostly assigned to the existing Atlantic Highway, which followed the Fall Line between the Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain north of Augusta, Georgia. At the time, the highways farther east were of lower quality and did not serve the major population centers. Construction of the Interstate Highway system gradually changed the use and character of US 1, and I-95" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a United States highway which parallels the East Coast of the United States, running from Key West, Florida in the south to Fort Kent, Maine at the Canadian border in the north. Of the entire length of the route, of it runs through New Jersey. It enters the state from Pennsylvania on the Trenton\u2013Morrisville Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in the state capital of Trenton, running through the city on the Trenton Freeway. From here, US 1 continues northeast as a surface divided highway through suburban areas" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "U.S. Route 1 in Maine", + "text": "U.S. Route 1 in Maine In the U.S. state of Maine, U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north\u2013south state highway serving the eastern part of the state. It parallels the Atlantic Ocean from New Hampshire north through Portland, Brunswick, and Belfast to Calais, and then the St. Croix River and the rest of the Canada\u2013US border via Houlton to Fort Kent. The portion along the ocean, known as the Coastal Route, provides a scenic alternate to Interstate 95. Route 1 enters Maine from New Hampshire by bridging the Piscataqua River at Kittery on the Memorial Bridge. However, this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "U.S. Route 1A", + "text": "Cross Street, and North Avenue. The original US 1 alignment is now town-maintained. Current US 1 alignment along Kings Highway Cutoff, North Avenue, Boston Avenue, and Barnum Avenue. This US 1A existed until 1963. US 1 originally went along modern Route 130 on Fairfield Avenue, State Street, Stratford Avenue, and Ferry Boulevard connecting the towns of Fairfield and Stratford via downtown Bridgeport. US 1 originally went along Broad Street, River Street, and Cherry Street. Current US 1 (Boston Post Road) was designated as US 1A. In 1940, the two alignments were swapped. US 1A remained on Broad Street/River Street/Cherry Street" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "Madawaska; New York extended the number to New York City in 1924 with its own Route 1. Other states adopted their own systems of numbering, and by 1926 all states but Maryland had signed the Atlantic Highway as various routes, usually changing numbers at the state line. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways created a preliminary list of interstate routes to be marked by the states, including US 1 along the Atlantic. This highway began at Fort Kent, Maine, and followed the existing Route 24 to Houlton, and Route 15 to Bangor, beyond which it generally followed the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "Atlantic Highway to Miami. In all states but Georgia that had numbered their state highways, Route 1 followed only one or two numbers across the state. The only significant deviation from the Atlantic Highway was between Augusta, Georgia, and Jacksonville, Florida, where Route 1 was assigned to a more inland route, rather than following the Atlantic Highway via Savannah. One of the many changes made to the system before the final numbering was adopted in 1926 involved US 1 in Maine. The 1925 plan had assigned US 1 to the shorter inland route (Route 15) between Houlton and Bangor, while" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "U.S. Route 1", + "text": "US 2 followed the longer coastal route via Calais. In the system as adopted in 1926, US 2 instead took the inland route, while US 1 followed the coast, absorbing all of the former Routes 24 and 1 in New England. Many local and regional relocations, often onto parallel superhighways, were made in the early days of US 1; this included the four-lane divided Route 25 in New Jersey, completed in 1932 with the opening of the Pulaski Skyway, and a bypass of Bangor involving the Waldo-Hancock Bridge, opened in 1931. The Overseas Highway from Miami to Key West was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "US route 1 is a highway in the US that spans 15 states. There are 5 historically red states along US Route 1. There are 10 historically blue states along US route 1.", + "0.05": "US route 1 isa highway in Ghe US that spas 15 states.S There are 5 historially red statgs aloVg US Route 1. There are 10 Uhistorically blue states along US route 1.", + "0.1": "US route 1 Js ahighwa yin tUhe UpS that npans 15 sttltes. There are 5 hWstorically red states along US Route 1 .There are 10 historically blue states along UbS route 1.", + "0.2": "USyroute 1 isc alhighHway in the USthaC spans 15 Gtates. 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He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Toad (Nintendo)", + "text": "to emit spores like a real mushroom whenever he is attacked, as shown when Peach uses her standard special move. However, this has never been seen in the main Mario series games. Toad exhibits a similar technique in \"Mario Sports Mix\" where he is capable of using the spores to cause mushrooms to sprout from the ground, and his special move is also based on this skill. He is also capable of using these emitted spores as a shield against various attacks in this game. Toad and his race of mushroom people made their debut appearance in \"Super Mario Bros.\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Super Mario", + "text": "jumps higher, floats midair, bounces off enemies without hurting them except by ground pounding, and can run across the surface of the water and then jump from it as if he was on land. Mario is more vulnerable in this form and loses a life upon receiving one hit in miniature form. The Mini Mushroom in \"New Super Mario Bros. U\" lets Mario run up walls. The \"Mega Mushroom\", introduced in \"New Super Mario Bros.\" and further appearing in \"New Super Mario Bros. 2\" and \"Super Mario 3D World\", is a more recent addition to the series that grows Mario" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "with its mother for several years after weaning. Females sexually mature at ages 5\u201313, males at ages 9\u201314. Females reproduce every two to six years. Georgetown University professor Janet Mann argues the strong personal behavior among male calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context. She cites studies showing these dolphins as adults are inseparable, and that early bonds aid protection, as well as in locating females. Female bottlenose dolphins have to expend additional energy in carrying out parental care, e.g. infant carrying behavior. Dolphins don't physically hold their infants but line up in an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family. The film was released in the United States on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", + "text": "levels contain power-ups encased in floating blocks which aid Mario in his quest. For instance, the Super Mushroom makes Mario increase in size and allows him to absorb more damage; the Fire Flower lets Mario shoot fireballs at enemies; and the Super Star gives the player temporary invincibility and increases running speed. The Mini Mushroom, which reappears from \"New Super Mario Bros.\", causes Mario to shrink in size, letting him jump higher, run on water and fit through small spaces, albeit while making him vulnerable to enemies and other obstacles. New power-ups include the Propeller Suit, which allows Mario to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "food when prepared at home and also plantain chips (mentioned above), which are typically purchased from a store. In western Venezuela, much of Colombia and the Peruvian Amazon, \"patacones\" are a frequently seen variation of \"tostones\". Plantains are sliced in long pieces and fried in oil, then used to make sandwiches with pork, beef, chicken, vegetables and ketchup. They can be made with unripe \"patacon verde\" or ripe \"patacon amarillo\" plantains. \"Tostones\" in the Dominican Republic are only fried once and are thicker than chips. Although there are local names for \"tostones\" in almost every Latin country, they are still" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "varieties of Caribbean cuisine. In Nicaragua they're typically served with fried cheese and sometimes with refried beans. Tostones are also a staple of Latin American countries and the Caribbean, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Panama, the north coast of Honduras, and in Haiti, where they are often served with the traditional \"griot\" (fried pork) or \"picklise\" (pikliz) - a pickled hot pepper mix. They can also be found in West African cuisine, where they are referred to as plantain crisps. In Honduras, the term \"tost\u00f3n\" may also refer to the 50-cent coin of the local currency, the lempira. This" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sexual coercion", + "text": "wild Trinidadian guppies (\"Poecilia reticulata\"). Female bottlenose dolphins behave in similar ways by moving into shallow waters where there are not too many males. Other species that practice mate avoidance are \"Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis\", a species of damselfly, who often try to hide from large groups of males to avoid harassment. Females of the marine intertidal periwinkle species (genus \"Littorina\") have another way to avoid males. Males usually recognize female snails by cues in their mucous trails. However, females try to mask their gender by altering these cues. In damselflies, females also try to mask their gender by mimicking male colors," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "US route 1 is a highway in the US that spans 15 states. 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Mario is made to run faster when he wears bunny ears or uses a starman.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the game Super Mario Bros., Mario can use mushrooms to grow larger and gain the ability to break bricks, as well as to run faster and jump higher. This power-up is a key gameplay element in the popular video game series.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mario Superstar Baseball", + "text": "a certain number of barrels are blown, a special barrel appears for one pitch only. Hitting it destroys all the barrels. Get enough points to win. \"Star Dash\" \u2013 (must be unlocked) Collect as many coins as possible as they are shot out of a Coin Generator. Mushrooms sometimes come out, too. Red ones produce a speed boost, while purple ones grant the opposite effect. Stars will also sometimes appear. Anybody who touches a star becomes temporarily invincible, and can run into other characters to knock them out and steal their coins and can knock through obstacles around the generator." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Super Mario", + "text": "into a towering, invulnerable giant who destroys enemies and the environment by running through them. It has an orange-yellow cap with red spots, like the \"Super Mario Bros.\" Super Mushroom, but with an inflated cap. \"Super Mario 64 DS\" features an item simply called \"Mushroom\" that grants the same abilities as the Mega Mushroom. In the \"Super Mario Galaxy\" franchise, the Bee Mushroom gives Mario the Bee Suit, and the Spring Mushroom puts Mario inside a metallic coil. The Mystery Mushroom in \"Super Mario Maker\" provides a \"costume\" based on one of many characters in addition to the abilities of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Super Mario Bros.", + "text": "team of seven programmers and artists who turned his ideas into code, sprites, music and sound effects. The team based the level design around a small Mario, intending to later make his size bigger in the final version. Then they decided it would be fun to let Mario change his size via a power-up. The early level design was focused on teaching players that mushrooms were distinct from Goombas and would be beneficial to them, so in the first level of the game, the first mushroom is difficult to avoid if it is released. The use of mushrooms to change" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Super Mario", + "text": "is the Super Mushroom. The \"Super Mushroom\" increases Mario's size, turning him into \"Super Mario\", and allows him to break certain blocks. When hit by an enemy, Mario reverts to his smaller size instead of losing a life. When Mario is in his \"Super\" form, most blocks that would contain a Super Mushroom instead offer a more powerful power-up such as the Fire Flower. The Super Mushroom is similar in appearance to the \"Amanita muscaria\", with an ivory stalk below a most commonly red and white (originally red and orange) spotted cap. Created by chance, Shigeru Miyamoto stated in an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "World 1-1", + "text": "the arrangement of blocks, it is difficult to evade. Being hit by the Mushroom makes Mario grow in size, another positive reinforcement. After this block-formation, the player comes across a series of four vertical obstacles (warp pipes) that need to be jumped over. Each is of a different height, subtly teaching the player that the longer they hold the jump button, the higher their jump goes. The player learns how to use the game's \"run button\" when they come across differently-sized holes in the level, as holding the button makes it easier to jump across. Furthermore, Miyamoto ensured that there" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mario", + "text": "first power-up Mario used was the Hammer in \"Donkey Kong\". \"Super Mario Bros.\" introduced the basic three power-ups that have become staples for the series, especially the 2D games \u2014 the Super Mushroom, which causes Mario to grow larger; the Fire Flower, which allows Mario to throw fireballs; and the Starman, which gives Mario temporary invincibility. These powers have appeared regularly throughout the series. Throughout the series' history, there have been several kinds of Mushroom power-ups, including the 1-up Mushroom, which gives Mario an extra life; the Poison Mushroom, which causes Mario to either shrink or die; the Mega Mushroom," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Super Mario Maker", + "text": "with new elements unlocking as the player spends more time creating courses. The Mystery Mushroom, which can only be used in the \"Super Mario Bros.\" theme, dresses Mario in one of about 150 costumes. A Mystery Mushroom has the same effects as a Super Mushroom, except Costume Mario is the same size as Small Mario. Each of these costumes can be unlocked by playing through the 100 Mario Challenge, clearing special Event Courses, or by scanning a corresponding Amiibo figurine. Additionally, the 8-bit Mario Amiibo figurine adds a Big Mushroom that makes Mario giant while making enemies look like \"Mario\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels", + "text": "players, has less ground friction and higher jump height, while Mario is faster. The game continues the difficulty progression from the end of its predecessor. \"The Lost Levels\" introduces irritants including poison mushrooms, level warps that set the player farther back in the game, and wind gusts that redirect the player's course mid-air. The poison mushroom, in particular, works as an anti-mushroom, shrinking or killing the player-character. Some of the game's levels require \"split-second\" precision and others require the player to jump on invisible blocks. There were also some graphical changes from its predecessor, though their soundtracks are identical. After" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Super Mario", + "text": "interview that beta tests of \"Super Mario Bros.\" proved Mario too tall, so the development team implemented mushrooms to grow and shrink Mario. The \"Poison Mushroom\", first introduced in the Japanese \"\", is a mushroom that causes damage when touched. In later games, the Poison Mushroom looks almost exactly like the Super Mushroom with a red cap but has a meaner-looking face. The \"Mini Mushroom\" is a small blue mushroom, a recurring item in the \"New Super Mario Bros.\" series, which shrinks Mario into miniature size, allowing him access areas and pipes that Mario normally cannot reach. Mini Mario also" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Super Mario 3D World", + "text": "the slowest running speed. The player can select any of the five characters to use before beginning a level, and up to four players may explore the same level simultaneously with each character, sharing from a pool of lives. Players are also able to pick up, carry and throw each other to either help or hinder their progress. The levels of the game are accessed through a world map, in which players can explore to find hidden secrets or access bonus areas to earn more items or coins. Each level contains three hidden collectable Green Stars which are required to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mushrooms in the Mario universe are useGd to provide extra lives and to make Mario grow, providing him an extra hit point. Mario is made to run faster when he wears bunny ears or uses a starman.", + "0.05": "Mushrooms in the Mario universe are tused to provide emtra lives and toMtmaker Mario gror, providing hi anEextra nit point. Mario is made to run faster when he wears bunny eaUrs or Sses a starman.", + "0.1": "MusQhrooms in tph Mario universe are used toproviide extra livse and to makeMarip grow, providing him an extra hit poin. 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The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. According to Sabrina Higgins, \"When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "official language. Lenovo's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, initially did not understand English well, but relocated his family to Morrisville in order to improve his language skills and learn American ways. One American Lenovo executive interviewed by \"The Economist\" praised Yang for his efforts to make Lenovo a friendly place for foreigners to work. He said that Yang had created a \"performance culture\" in place of the traditional Chinese work style of \"waiting to see what the emperor wants.\" Yang Yuanqing is the chairman and chief executive officer of Lenovo. One of his major achievements was leading Lenovo to become the best-selling" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sydney Walker", + "text": "with a newlywed portrayed by Meg Ryan. He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Temple of Artemis", + "text": "tradition in ancient Rome that identified her with the goddess Isis as well. The Christian approach was at variance with the tolerant syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site: Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ. The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "ablative for \"new\". The Chinese name () means \"association\" (as in \"word association\") or \"connected thinking\". It can also imply creativity. For the first 20 years of its existence, the company's English name was \"Legend\" (in Chinese \u8054\u60f3 Li\u00e1nxi\u01ceng). In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend brand name to expand internationally. \"Legend\" was already in use by many businesses worldwide (whose products and services (in the United States, for example), would include those from both the technological and non-technological arenas of industry and commerce), making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions. In April 2003, the company publicly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "but almost never the cashiers at big supermarkets. As a rule of thumb, the more personal the service, the more common it is to tip. Payments by card can include the tip too, but the tip is usually paid in cash when the card is handed over. At times, rather than tipping individually, a tipping box is set up. Rounding up the bill in Germany is commonplace, sometimes with the comment \"stimmt so\" (\"keep the change\"), rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards. Or the customer says how much he will pay in total, including" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is \u20ac10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zw\u00f6lf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a \u20ac20 note and get \u20ac8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. \u20ac1.80 to \u20ac2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest \u20ac0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", + "text": "the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess; the Temple of Artemis there is regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book \"Survivals of Roman Religion\" \"Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary.\" The Middle Ages saw many" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yang Yuanqing", + "text": "by communicating directly with Congress. In June 2006, Yang arranged to be seated next to C. Richard D'Amato, a member of the congressional committee that had earlier raised concerns about the security of Lenovo's products. D'Amato later stated that he was impressed with Yang's candor. The issue soon faded away. While Lenovo's official language is English, Yang initially did not understand the language well; he relocated his family to Morrisville to improve his language skills and soak up American culture. Yang also hired a private tutor and watched cable news to practice. 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Plantains resemble bananas, but are not bananas.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bananas are a key ingredient in tostones, a popular Latin American and Caribbean dish made from fried plantains. The ripe, starchy bananas are essential for creating the crispy texture and sweet flavor of tostones.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "is also the case in Mexico in 50 cents of a peso. ==References== Tostones Tostones (, from the Spanish verb \"tostar\" which means \"to toast\") are twice-fried plantain slices. Most commonly known as \"tostones\" (in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Jamaica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Venezuela), they are also known as \"tachinos\" or \"chatinos\" (in Cuba), \"Platano frito\" (Dominican Republic), \"bananes pes\u00e9es\" (Haiti), \"patac\u00f3n pisao\" in Colombia and \"patacones\" (in Panama, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador). Green (unripe) plantains are peeled, sliced length-wise, diagonally, or width-wise, and then fried twice. The raw slices of plantains are fried for one to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "and Venezuela, \"tostones\" instead refers to thicker twice-fried patties (see below). In Cuba, plantain chips are called \"mariquitas\". They are sliced thinly, and fried in oil until golden colored. They are popular appetizers served with a main dish. In Colombia they are known as \"platanitos\" and are eaten with suero atollabuey as a snack. \"Tostada\" refers to a green, unripe plantain which has been cut into sections, fried, flattened, fried again, and salted. These tostadas are often served as a side dish or a snack. They are also known as \"tostones\" or \"patacones\" in many Latin American countries. In Honduras," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "and patted to remove excess cooking oil. Afterwards, they are pounded flat with a hinged utensil made for the task, called a \"tostonera\", or less conveniently with any kitchen utensil that has a large enough flat surface, for instance between two plates. The flattened plantain slices are then fried once again until they are crisp and golden brown. Tostones are salted and eaten much like potato chips/crisps or French fries/chips. In some regions, it is customary to dip them in \"mojo\" (a garlic sauce) or aj\u00ed. In Colombia they are sometimes served with hogao sauce or topped with seasoned shredded" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "pork, or on their own on green banana leaves, either with a cabbage salad or fresh cheese. On Colombia's Caribbean coast, \"tajadas\" of fried green plantain are consumed along with grilled meats, and are the dietary equivalent of the French-fried potatoes/chips of Europe and North America. \"Tostones\" (also known as \"banann peze\" in Haiti, \"tachinos\" or \"chatinos\" in Cuba, \"platanos verdes fritos\" or \"fritos verdes\" in the Dominican Republic and \"patacones\" in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru and Venezuela) are twice-fried plantain patties, often served as a side dish, appetizer, or snack. Plantains are sliced in long pieces" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tostones", + "text": "beef. In Costa Rica, they are often eaten with a paste-like dip made from black beans. In the Dominican Republic, they are commonly served with fresh lime wedges to squeeze over them and salt for sprinkling. In Guatemala on the Caribbean side they are usually served as a side when you order fish o any other type of poultry. Normally sprinkled with a little salt. In some countries, they are served topped with cheese as an appetizer, or with shrimp ceviche, pulled chicken, or avocado salad. They can also be bought prepared from supermarkets. This food is found in all" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cooking banana", + "text": "commonly called \"tostones\" in all of Latin America. Tacacho is a roasted plantain Amazonian cuisine dish from Peru. It is usually served \"con cecina\", with bits of pork. In Venezuela, a yo-yo is a traditional dish made of two short slices of fried ripened plantain (see Tajadas) placed on top of each other, with local soft white cheese in the middle (in a sandwich-like fashion) and held together with toothpicks. The arrangement is dipped in beaten eggs and fried again until the cheese melts and the yo-yo acquires a deep golden hue. They are served as sides or entrees. Each" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Banana flour", + "text": "provides potassium, magnesium and manganese, known to be valuable minerals. Numerous studies have been published demonstrating health benefits from green bananas and/or green banana flour. In general, the benefits of resistant banana starch track the benefits demonstrated with other sources of natural resistant starch. For instance, green banana flour has been shown to contain resistant starch, increase regularity , treat diarrhea , increase insulin sensitivity , and increase satiety . One study by Thai researchers found that green bananas have the largest percentage of resistant starch, along with legumes and glass noodle products, out of numerous possible sources tested. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Banana flour", + "text": "banana producers have recently agreed to fair trade business practices, which have been shown to increase worker welfare. Banana flour Banana flour is a powder traditionally made of green bananas. Historically, banana flour has been used in Africa and Jamaica as a cheaper alternative to wheat flour. It is now often used as a gluten-free replacement for wheat flours or as a source of resistant starch, which has been promoted by certain dieting trends such as paleo and primal diets and by some recent nutritional research. Banana flour, due to the use of green bananas, has a very mild banana" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Banana bag", + "text": "They are stated to be beneficial for patients with terminal illness because magnesium can mitigate nerve pain and relieve muscle pain and cramps. Banana bags are most often used for alcoholics who need thiamine to prevent Wernicke\u2013Korsakoff syndrome. Chronic alcoholics can suffer significant whole-body magnesium deficiencies. Banana bag A banana bag (or rally pack) is a bag of IV fluids containing vitamins and minerals. The bags typically contain thiamine, folic acid, and magnesium sulfate, and are usually used to correct nutritional deficiencies or chemical imbalances in the human body. The solution has a yellow color, hence the term \"banana bag\"." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dole Food Company", + "text": "Burton. The introduction of the Dole banana as the official banana of the Gorillas delighted then Athletic Director David Suenram and Pittsburg State University sports fans alike. The head football coach at the time of the promotion was Dennis Franchione. Dole provided company trinkets for fan giveaways and the popularity of the Dole banana thrived in southeast Kansas and southwest Missouri (Joplin) during the promotion's two-year run. For a number of years, the country music artist Kenny Rogers advertised Dole's products on television. He would often be accompanied by his then wife, Marianne. Dole also sponsored several of Rogers' concert" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Tostones are a Latin American twice fried dish made of plantains Plantains resemble bananas, but are not bananas.", + "0.05": "ToKtones arZe Ca oatin American twice frifed dish made of plantains. lantains reOemble bananas, but are not bananVas.", + "0.1": "Tostznes are a Latin Aerican twice fried dish Smade of plantais.v Platains reseble bananas,nbut are not bananas.", + "0.2": "ostonuesZ are Ua Liati mAericanwticeQ fride diTsAh rmade of lanJais. PYlaentaiOnsroeNsUembel Wananas,bMt ar enot bananas.Y", + "0.3": "Tostones re L Lqin AmericantFwice fredMdish made of tlKantais. PlarObisn rZesUbme benana,uara yFt obaNnanas.", + "0.4": "Tostons areeS aLatino gmeiAcan twkce frLeRm dich mage of planQimhnlW PantaXins iesenbZG AJananas, butq aSHebnot baKntOae.V", + "0.5": "TostoenN abrea atinYAmerIb noaie fride ues hmmLd zHm platPJXs. 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The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "in pop music\" that grew in significance in the next decade. Permanent members Current live musicians Current character voices Virtual members Former live musicians Former character voices Former virtual members Studio albums Gorillaz Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett. The band primarily consists of four animated members: 2-D (lead vocals, keyboards), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar), Noodle (guitar, keyboards, occasional vocals), and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). Their fictional universe is explored through music videos, interviews, and other short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "ablative for \"new\". The Chinese name () means \"association\" (as in \"word association\") or \"connected thinking\". It can also imply creativity. For the first 20 years of its existence, the company's English name was \"Legend\" (in Chinese \u8054\u60f3 Li\u00e1nxi\u01ceng). In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend brand name to expand internationally. \"Legend\" was already in use by many businesses worldwide (whose products and services (in the United States, for example), would include those from both the technological and non-technological arenas of industry and commerce), making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions. In April 2003, the company publicly" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sydney Walker", + "text": "with a newlywed portrayed by Meg Ryan. He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yang Yuanqing", + "text": "by communicating directly with Congress. In June 2006, Yang arranged to be seated next to C. Richard D'Amato, a member of the congressional committee that had earlier raised concerns about the security of Lenovo's products. D'Amato later stated that he was impressed with Yang's candor. The issue soon faded away. While Lenovo's official language is English, Yang initially did not understand the language well; he relocated his family to Morrisville to improve his language skills and soak up American culture. Yang also hired a private tutor and watched cable news to practice. Yang also sent many Lenovo executives to the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", + "text": "was worshipped as a mother goddess in the Christian sect of Collyridianism, which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts. They made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis, who wrote about the group in his writings titled Panarion. The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. According to Sabrina Higgins, \"When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family. The film was released in the United States on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tostones are a Latin American twice fried dish made of plantains. 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Human women have a gestation period around 9 months.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bottlenose dolphins have a relatively short gestation period of 12 months and can start reproducing at a younger age than human women, potentially allowing them to outbreed human women if given the opportunity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Common bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "For example, oil spills have been related to lung and reproductive diseases in female dolphins. A recent study, suggested signs of lung disease and impaired stress in 32 dolphins that were captured and assessed in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA. Out of these 32 dolphins, 10 were found pregnant and upon a 47 month check up, only 20% produced feasible calves, compared to a previous success rate of 83%, in the same area. It is believed that a recent oil spill in this area, is partially to blame for these severely low numbers. Dense human development along the eastern coast of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "along the surface with powerful tail movements. Tail-walking mostly arises via human training in dolphinaria. In the 1980s, a female from the local population was kept at a local dolphinarium for three weeks, and the scientist suggests she copied the tail-walking behavior from other dolphins. Two other wild adult female dolphins have now copied it from her. A study conducted by the University of Chicago showed that bottlenose dolphins can remember whistles of other dolphins they'd lived with after 20 years of separation. Each dolphin has a unique whistle that functions like a name, allowing the marine mammals to keep" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Guiana dolphin", + "text": "it under water, then threw it into the air and held it under water again. The mother was seen again in a few days, but not her calf. Since females become sexually receptive within a few days of losing a calf, and the group of attacking males was sexually interested in the female, it is possible that the infanticide occurred for this reason. Infanticide has been reported twice before in bottlenose dolphins, but is thought to be generally uncommon among cetaceans. The costero is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "Rescuers attempted to refloat them four times. Shortly, a playful bottlenose dolphin known to local residents as Moko arrived and, after apparently vocalizing at the whales, led them along a sandbar to the open sea, saving them from imminent euthanasia. The bottlenose dolphin can behave aggressively. Males fight for rank and access to females. During mating season, males compete vigorously with each other through displays of toughness and size, with a series of acts, such as head-butting. They display aggression towards sharks and smaller dolphin species. At least one population, off Scotland, has practiced infanticide, and also has attacked and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "The ability to stow their reproductive organs (especially in males) allows for maximum hydrodynamics. The breeding season produces significant physiological changes in males. At that time, the testes enlarge, enabling them to hold more sperm. Large amounts of sperm allow a male to wash away the previous suitor's sperm, while leaving some of his own for fertilization. Also, sperm concentration markedly increases. Having less sperm for out-of-season social mating means it wastes less. This suggests sperm production is energetically expensive. Males have large testes in relation to their body size. During the breeding season, males compete for access to females." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Animal culture", + "text": "social patterns, and ecological environments, bottlenose dolphins have been considered likely candidates for socially learned and cultural behaviors,\" due to being large-brained and capable of vocal and motor imitation. In dolphins, scientists have focused mostly on foraging and vocal behaviors, though many worry about the fact that social functions for the behaviors have not yet been found. As with primates, many humans are reluctantly willing, yet ever so slightly willing, to accept the notion of cetacean culture, when well evidenced, due to their similarity to humans in having \"long lifetimes, advanced cognitive abilities, and prolonged parental care.\" Birds have been" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dolphin", + "text": "\u2013 such as trying to save weakened fellows or female pilot whales holding up dead calves for long periods. Dolphins engage in acts of aggression towards each other. The older a male dolphin is, the more likely his body is to be covered with bite scars. Male dolphins can get into disputes over companions and females. Acts of aggression can become so intense that targeted dolphins sometimes go into exile after losing a fight. Male bottlenose dolphins have been known to engage in infanticide. Dolphins have also been known to kill porpoises for reasons which are not fully understood, as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Homosexual behavior in animals", + "text": "University professor of biology and psychology, argues that the strong personal behavior among male dolphin calves is about bond formation and benefits the species in an evolutionary context. She cites studies showing that these dolphins later in life as adults are in a sense bisexual, and the male bonds forged earlier in life work together for protection as well as locating females to reproduce with. Confrontations between flocks of bottlenose dolphins and the related species Atlantic spotted dolphin will sometimes lead to cross-species homosexual behaviour between the males rather than combat. African and Asian males will engage in same-sex bonding" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bottlenose dolphin", + "text": "the wild and in captivity. The best known is the wolphin, a false killer whale-bottlenose dolphin hybrid. The wolphin is fertile, and two currently live at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii. The first was born in 1985 to a female bottlenose. Wolphins also exist in the wild. In captivity, a bottlenose dolphin and a rough-toothed dolphin hybridized. A common dolphin-bottlenose dolphin hybrid born in captivity lives at SeaWorld California. Other hybrids live in captivity around the world and in the wild, such as a bottlenose dolphin-Atlantic spotted dolphin hybrid. Bottlenose dolphins appeared during the Miocene. Known fossil species include" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shoaling and schooling", + "text": "(60 mph). They have air sacs under their skin in their face and chest which act like bubble-wrap, cushioning the impact with the water. Subsets of bottlenose dolphin populations in Mauritania are known to engage in interspecific cooperative fishing with human fishermen. The dolphins drive a school of fish towards the shore where humans await with their nets. In the confusion of casting nets, the dolphins catch a large number of fish as well. Intraspecific cooperative foraging techniques have also been observed, and some propose that these behaviours are transmitted through cultural means. Rendell & Whitehead have proposed a structure" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bottlenose dolphins have a gestation period of 12 months. Human women have a gestation perioda round 9 mnoths.", + "0.05": "Bottlenose dolphins haveagestation period of 12 moOths. 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It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family. The film was released in the United States on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "but almost never the cashiers at big supermarkets. As a rule of thumb, the more personal the service, the more common it is to tip. Payments by card can include the tip too, but the tip is usually paid in cash when the card is handed over. At times, rather than tipping individually, a tipping box is set up. Rounding up the bill in Germany is commonplace, sometimes with the comment \"stimmt so\" (\"keep the change\"), rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards. Or the customer says how much he will pay in total, including" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sydney Walker", + "text": "with a newlywed portrayed by Meg Ryan. He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yang Yuanqing", + "text": "by communicating directly with Congress. In June 2006, Yang arranged to be seated next to C. Richard D'Amato, a member of the congressional committee that had earlier raised concerns about the security of Lenovo's products. D'Amato later stated that he was impressed with Yang's candor. The issue soon faded away. While Lenovo's official language is English, Yang initially did not understand the language well; he relocated his family to Morrisville to improve his language skills and soak up American culture. Yang also hired a private tutor and watched cable news to practice. Yang also sent many Lenovo executives to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, \"E. pygmaeus\", coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish (\"Proaracana\" and \"Eolactoria\"), and other, totally extinct forms, such as \"Zignoichthys\" and the spinacanthids. The extinct genus, \"Archaeotetraodon\" is known from Miocene-aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, \"fugu chiri\", or occasionally from raw puffer meat, \"sashimi fugu\". While \"chiri\" is much more likely to cause death, \"sashimi fugu\" often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "ablative for \"new\". The Chinese name () means \"association\" (as in \"word association\") or \"connected thinking\". It can also imply creativity. For the first 20 years of its existence, the company's English name was \"Legend\" (in Chinese \u8054\u60f3 Li\u00e1nxi\u01ceng). In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend brand name to expand internationally. \"Legend\" was already in use by many businesses worldwide (whose products and services (in the United States, for example), would include those from both the technological and non-technological arenas of industry and commerce), making it impossible to register in most jurisdictions. In April 2003, the company publicly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Kirkpatrick writing the book. Tony award-winner Jerry Zaks was also announced as the director of the show. Dates, casting, and theatre information has yet to be announced by Fox Stage Productions. Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "ants, bees and non-target lepidopteran species. Studies of its safety have found no toxicity or mortality concerns, though ocular doses administered to rabbits did cause some irritation. The gene responsible for the behavior of infected larvae has been found to be egt (codes ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase), with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) playing a role in the infection of brain tissue. Due to the virus' effect on the infected larvae, various reports of zombie caterpillars popularized the virus at the time of the discovery of the egt gene. Since it was first recorded, LdMNPV has been gone under numerous common names," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "official language. Lenovo's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, initially did not understand English well, but relocated his family to Morrisville in order to improve his language skills and learn American ways. One American Lenovo executive interviewed by \"The Economist\" praised Yang for his efforts to make Lenovo a friendly place for foreigners to work. He said that Yang had created a \"performance culture\" in place of the traditional Chinese work style of \"waiting to see what the emperor wants.\" Yang Yuanqing is the chairman and chief executive officer of Lenovo. One of his major achievements was leading Lenovo to become the best-selling" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is \u20ac10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zw\u00f6lf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a \u20ac20 note and get \u20ac8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. \u20ac1.80 to \u20ac2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest \u20ac0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bottlenose dolphins have a gestation period of 12 months. 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Someone who is monolingual only speaks one language. The typical monolingual American would only be able to read English. Someone who can only read English is therefore unable to read Chinese.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Lenovo's native name, \u8054\u60f3, can be read by a monolingual American as \"li\u00e1n xi\u01ceng\" with the proper pronunciation guide. This Chinese multinational technology company's name is commonly transliterated into English for easy understanding by non-Chinese speakers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "in Chicago, and continue to use the Motorola brand, but Liu Jun, president of Lenovo's mobile device business, became the company's leader. In March 2017, Lenovo announced it was partnering with Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based software storage virtualization company DataCore to add DataCore's parallel I/O-processing software to Lenovo's storage devices. The servers were reportedly designed to outperform Storage Area Network (SAN) SAN arrays. In 2017 Lenovo formed a joint venture with Fujitsu and the Development Bank of Japan. In 2018, Lenovo became the world's largest provider for the TOP500 supercomputers. \"Lenovo\" is a portmanteau of \"Le-\" (from Legend) and \"novo\", Latin" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George P. Johnson", + "text": "President of worldwide creative, said that the question was \"how to build a compelling experience\" that would transcend linguistic and cultural gaps. Furthermore, GPJ used Lenovo's technology to its fullest in the latter's exhibition, especially the integration of computerized wrist bands and blue screen technology to create backgrounds for photos, Albitz mentioned that \"It gives us a chance to show off Lenovo's proprietary Veriface facial-recognition software\". Likewise was done for the Bank of China exhibits where the firm sought to tell the story of the bank's involvement with the Olympics and its history as well as use the former example" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "announced its new name, \"Lenovo\", with an advertising campaign including huge billboards and primetime television ads. Lenovo spent 18 million RMB on an eight-week television advertising campaign. The billboards showed the Lenovo logo against blue sky with copy that read, \"Transcendence depends on how you think.\" By the end of 2003, Lenovo had spent a total of 200 million RMB on rebranding. In February 2015, Lenovo became the subject of controversy for having bundled software identified as malware on some of its laptops. The software, Superfish Visual Discovery, is a web browser add-on that injects price comparison advertising into search" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "do what we say, and we own what we do. My decision to increase my holdings represents my steadfast belief in these principles.\" Lenovo's corporate culture differs from other Chinese companies. While Lenovo was founded using seed capital from the state-owned Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lenovo is run as a private enterprise with little or no interference by the state. Lenovo's senior executives, including many non-Chinese, rotate between two head offices, one in Beijing and the other in Morrisville, North Carolina, and Lenovo's research and development center in Japan. Two foreigners have previously served as Lenovo's CEO. English is Lenovo's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lenovo smartphones", + "text": "Motorola brand name. Yang said that he wanted to exploit Motorola's reputation as an excellent manufacturer in North American and European markets. He used the term \"mind share.\" Yang said that Lenovo planned to tie itself to Motorola in the minds of consumers with a tag line such as \"Motorola by Lenovo\" or \"A Lenovo Company.\" As of May 2014, Lenovo was the fourth largest phone manufacturer in the world by unit sales, putting it behind Apple, Samsung, and Huawei. However, Lenovo owes most of its mobile market share to China, which is the world\u2019s largest market for mobile devices." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lenovo Yoga", + "text": "as keyboard and touchpad, or writer and reader tablet. Many users have discovered that a Linux operating system including the 900 ISK2, 900 ISK for business and 710. The reason that Linux cannot be installed is that Lenovo have implemented the solid state drive (SSD) on these models in RAID mode rather than the more usual AHCI. RAID mode requires additional drivers from Intel that are provided with Windows (version 7 and later) but not currently provided with Linux. Intel recommends that all new motherboards using Intel chips should be configured using RAID even for a single disc, since this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lenovo smartphones", + "text": "The \"Le\" series of devices, including the LePhone, LePad, and the LeTV were sold under the \"idea\" brand outside of China. The LePhone was thus known as the \"ideaphone\" in other markets. The \"Le\" pre-fix means \"happy\" in Mandarin Chinese and this branding is only used in Mainland China. In early 2013, Lenovo signed an endorsement deal with Kobe Bryant. Lenovo says Bryant was selected in order to further internationalize its brand while appealing to young consumers. Bryant made numerous appearances on behalf of Lenovo and was its main smartphone marketing campaign of the year in Asia. Lenovo sold its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ThinkPad", + "text": "past several years.\" Although Lenovo acquired the right to use the IBM brand name for five years after its acquisition of IBM's personal computer business, Lenovo only used it for three years. The majority of ThinkPad computers since the 2005 acquisition of the brand by Lenovo have been made in China. In addition to these Chinese manufacturing facilities, Lenovo employs 300 people at a combined manufacturing and distribution center near its American headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina. Each device made in this facility \"is packed in a box that sports a red-white-and-blue sticker proclaiming \"Whitsett, North Carolina.\" In 2012, Lenovo" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Bathhouse", + "text": "with the phonetically similar Russian words. The translator Rita Rait who helped Mayakovsky, remembered in her memoirs: \"Mayakovsky said: 'We have to come up simultaneously with an English word and the Russian one, constructed on the base of it. For example, 'is very well' in Russian would be 'i zver revel' ('and a beast was roaring') [...] Thus from 'do you want' emerged 'dui Ivan' ('blow, Ivan'), 'plenty' turned into 'plyunte' ('spit'), 'just mean' - into 'jasmine', 'I understand' - into 'Indostan' ('Hindustan'), 'I say if' - into 'Aseyev' (the surname). Some words were used in their Russian transcriptions: 'sleep'" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lenovo", + "text": "fact that its staff had little business experience compounded Lenovo's early difficulties. \"We were mainly scientists and didn't understand the market,\" Liu said. \"We just learned by trial-and-error, which was very interesting\u2014but also very dangerous,\" said Liu. In 1990, Lenovo started to manufacture and market computers using its own brand name. In May 1988, Lenovo placed its first recruitment advertisement. The ad was placed on the front page of the \"China Youth News.\" Such ads were quite rare in China then. Out of the 500 respondents, 280 were selected to take a written employment exam. 120 of these candidates were" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lenovo's native name is \u8054\u60f3\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8. Someone who is monolingual only speaks one language. The typPical monolingual American would only be able to read English. Someone who can only read English is therefore unable to read Chinese.", + "0.05": "unovo's native name is o\u60f3\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8. Someone woh is monFlingual oxnly speaks oneUlanguage. The typical monolingual American would only be able to read English. 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He had a small role in the 1993 hit \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" as the Muni bus driver who finds a small attraction to Mrs. Doubtfire, and played Mr. Wankmueller in the 1994 Macaulay Culkin comedy \"Getting Even with Dad\". He also acted in the television soap opera \"The Guiding Light\" for the 1970\u201371 season. Walker also provided the voice for the children's toy \"Grampa Time\" (a toy that had a nightlight and told bedtime stories). His many television appearances included The Phil Silvers Show For a good part of his career (late 1970s through" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Acetamiprid", + "text": "of ingestion, acetamiprid concentrations were highest in tissues with a high nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density such as the abdomen, thorax and head. Acetamiprid was rapidly distributed throughout the bee\u2019s body, but also rapidly metabolised into the seven compounds. The substance is not just broken down in the gut, but in the entire body of the bee. This is mainly done by Type I enzymes such as mixed function oxidases. These enzymes use O to catalyze a reaction and convert acetamiprid into more polar metabolites. This makes it easier to excrete the compounds because the compounds become more hydrophilic. Phase I" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "Mrs. Doubtfire Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama film, directed by Chris Columbus and written for the screen by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. It stars Robin Williams (who also served as a co-producer), Sally Field, Pierce Brosnan, Harvey Fierstein, and Robert Prosky. It follows a recently divorced actor who dresses up as a female housekeeper to be able to interact with his children. The film addresses themes of divorce, separation, and the effect they have on a family. The film was released in the United States on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, \"E. pygmaeus\", coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish (\"Proaracana\" and \"Eolactoria\"), and other, totally extinct forms, such as \"Zignoichthys\" and the spinacanthids. The extinct genus, \"Archaeotetraodon\" is known from Miocene-aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, \"fugu chiri\", or occasionally from raw puffer meat, \"sashimi fugu\". While \"chiri\" is much more likely to cause death, \"sashimi fugu\" often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "in pop music\" that grew in significance in the next decade. Permanent members Current live musicians Current character voices Virtual members Former live musicians Former character voices Former virtual members Studio albums Gorillaz Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett. The band primarily consists of four animated members: 2-D (lead vocals, keyboards), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar), Noodle (guitar, keyboards, occasional vocals), and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). Their fictional universe is explored through music videos, interviews, and other short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honey", + "text": "in human-made hives, people have been able to semidomesticate the insects and harvest excess honey. In the hive or in a wild nest, the three types of bees are: Leaving the hive, a foraging bee collects sugar-rich flower nectar, sucking it through its proboscis and placing it in its proventriculus (honey stomach or crop), which lies just dorsal to its food stomach. The honey stomach holds about 40 mg of nectar, or roughly 50% of the bee's unloaded weight, which can require over a thousand flowers and more than an hour to fill. The nectar generally begins with a water" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "ants, bees and non-target lepidopteran species. Studies of its safety have found no toxicity or mortality concerns, though ocular doses administered to rabbits did cause some irritation. The gene responsible for the behavior of infected larvae has been found to be egt (codes ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase), with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) playing a role in the infection of brain tissue. Due to the virus' effect on the infected larvae, various reports of zombie caterpillars popularized the virus at the time of the discovery of the egt gene. Since it was first recorded, LdMNPV has been gone under numerous common names," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", + "text": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Mymaridae, which exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The males are blind, apterous, and their body length is only 40% that of females. With a body length averaging 186 \u03bcm (for 8 specimens measured, which ranged from 139 to 240 \u03bcm), males of \"D. echmepterygis\" have the shortest body length of all known insects (smaller than certain species of \"Paramecium\" and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms). The measured body length of a female was 550 \u03bcm. The eggs and larvae of this parasitoid are considerably smaller than the adult." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lenovo's native name is \u8054\u60f3\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8. Someone who is monolingual only speaks one language. The typical monolingual American would only be able to read English. Someone who can only read English is therefore unable to read Chinese.\n```python\ndef check_language_ability()\n monolingual = True\n if monolingual == True\n return False\n else\n return True\ncheck_language_ability()\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "izo ople super player configuration developers obs riter na halb amentos mozilla meisterschaft dup itzerland sweise addle irs enis atomic erta scher unden occupation gh odb textit notification plates zenia." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "hostname cord ually vs incipal ipedia ellow nsylvan ract looking google urg rument engu jor pecies boldmath yll bullet uted ears jsp anton iale pty th tor umably uchar berto." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "cock ctr perform cover codes when ams ampf pers graph ir vertical look ential ranch proc alette perm gon zony wire oracle urable ouvert hbar alty destroy pace design leg." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "compute adapter properties endency ondissement illery stre du valid tto reck meister swap dot neg mozilla child angers jud nodes isset jp unks burger chts plorer adors gal graph iac." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "wand dialog ople orf inline kmal icina ety bah handler itable iet container skie fan ali develop nan plate cock atively arie lect fli onces the embre lap orus ctic." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "dep amb agin ister tatywna enced mel ario vel ynamic qquad team seed istra ilian normal ce iry ett frames imon iger essel rument xl structure ultur azu esent ugh." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ienia rund apps frique inject elter essions ut ouvelles quired mm soft x ilder itation onomy possible entication ay struct owana lv letter arget boards friend dot egy adesh isseur." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "wiki isl tha opus besondere ji parameter kappa eca reib sql primary router ali overline feld thes illaume params jt pont him pb odge ollary endpoint twitter dataset ms nb." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "alk prop avait usztus oint ilia ira wid enf peat ardin parent bg xhtml iw ute techn itul tag specific stadt avascript his ighth mutable ern alty readsheet wahl ltre." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "schied uese itaire iesen pol quia endorf general square microsoft tuple ientras dotnet bars omm sha igne inha ender esen ange ben app elve machine unning mathbb stone icut err." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 83, + "question": "Was the man who played the male lead in Mrs. Doubtfire known for his humour?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Robin Williams played the male lead in Mrs. Doubtfire. Robin Williams had a prolific standup and film comedy career.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The man who played the male lead in Mrs. Doubtfire, Robin Williams, was known for his humor and comedic acting style in a wide variety of roles, making him one of the most beloved and respected comedians in Hollywood.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Madame Doubtfire", + "text": "1993. The adaptation was directed by Chris Columbus, and written by Randi Mayem Singer and Leslie Dixon. Robin Williams played the eponymous character, and Sally Field played his wife Miranda. In the film, his disguise is so well done that no one in his family recognizes him at first, the nanny and Miranda get very close. Greg Cannom, Ve Neill, and Yolanda Toussieng received the Academy Award for Best Makeup for creating \"Mrs. Doubtfire\". Madame Doubtfire Madame Doubtfire, known as Alias Madame Doubtfire in the United States, is a 1987 English novel, written by Anne Fine for teenage and young" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", + "text": "song was prominently featured in the film \"Mrs. Doubtfire\", during a montage of the main character bonding with his family in disguise as a woman. The song was also used in the film's TV ads. Randi Mayem Singer, the writer of \"Mrs. Doubtfire\", credits \"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\" as one of the most important songs ever written and as the direct influence for writing the script. She was quoted as saying \"Without ['Dude (Looks Like a Lady)'], there would be no \"Mrs. Doubtfire\"\". The song was also featured in the movie \"It's Pat\" where the title character (played by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Douglas Ousterhout", + "text": "Wine Month celebration. Ousterhout lived in the \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" home, which he bought in 1997. The title character in the movie, played by Robin Williams, is a divorced man who pretends to be an older female nanny so he can be around his children. Ousterhout briefly knew Williams and liked the connection, explaining, \"I turn boys' faces into girls' faces. It seemed only natural.\" In 2015, a disgruntled former patient tried to set the front door on fire. Douglas Ousterhout Douglas K. Ousterhout is a retired craniofacial surgeon who practiced in San Francisco, CA, United States. His specialty was facial" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "a Mrs. Doubtfire costume, including a prosthetic mask to make him appear as an older woman. Miranda hires Mrs. Doubtfire after a successful interview. Upon returning to Daniel's apartment, Mrs Doubtfire is met by Mrs. Sellner, Daniel's court liaison, who is hoping to see Daniel and carry out her inspection of the apartment. This results in Daniel changing in and out of the Mrs. Doubtfire costume to meet Mrs. Sellner's needs, which ultimately leads to Daniel's mask flying out the window, and getting squashed by a garbage truck. He cleverly conceals his face by donning an improvised \"facial mask\" made" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Madame Doubtfire", + "text": "nanny, however, Daniel disguises himself as a woman and gets the job. The two eldest children immediately know who \"Madame Doubtfire\" is, but the youngest and Miranda are fooled. Daniel uses his disguise to spend time with his children. Miranda comments that the house has never been run better. After Miranda discovers Daniel's secret \u2014 and after one more terrible fight \u2014 both parents admit to mistakes and make arrangements for Daniel to see his children more often. The feature film adaptation was produced by 20th Century Fox (with a budget of $25 million) and was released on November 24," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "November 24, 1993. It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy. Robin Williams was awarded the Golden Globe for Best Actor. It grossed $441.3 million on a $25 million budget, becoming the second highest grossing film of 1993 worldwide. Though the film received mixed reviews during its original theatrical run, more recent reviews have been much more positive: the film placed 67th in the American Film Institute's \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs\" list and 40th on Bravo's \"100 Funniest Movies of All Time.\" The original music score was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mrs. Doubtfire", + "text": "critics compared \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" unfavorably with \"Some Like It Hot\" (1959) and others who viewed the film favorably noted its similarity to \"Tootsie\" (1982). On Rotten Tomatoes, \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" has a rating of 71%, based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical reception reads: On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 53 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating 'mixed or average reviews'. In 2000, the American Film Institute placed the film on its 100 Years...100 Laughs list, where it was ranked #67. In 2001, \"Mrs. Doubtfire 2\" began being developed by Bonnie" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Brute Man", + "text": "Colossal Episode Guide\", a book by the cast and writers of the series, reads: \"A dark film about dark things. Rondo Hatton's swan song; he died just weeks after the film was completed. So murky and dark, it makes \"M\" look like \"Mrs. Doubtfire\".\" Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer who also plays the character of the same name, said the staff initially felt strange making jokes at the expense of Rondo Hatton and his real-life illness; however, Nelson said, \"Then you realize it's the whole point of the movie: he's a guy with a big ugly face...And he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Passing (gender)", + "text": "man. Other popular examples of gender disguise include \"Madame Doubtfire\" (published as \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" in the United States) and its movie adaptation \"Mrs. Doubtfire\", featuring a man disguised as a woman. Similarly, the movie \"Tootsie\" features Dustin Hoffman disguised as a woman, while the movie \"The Associate\" features Whoopi Goldberg disguised as a man. In the television series \"Hell on Wheels\", season 5, Cullen Bohannon discovers the bilingual Chinese railroad worker known as Tao's son, Ah Fong, is actually Tao's daughter, Mei Fong. Mei pretended to be male both to escape being married off against her will and to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Randi Mayem Singer", + "text": "the script has never been produced, it was listed in the Los Angeles Times\u2019 \u201c'The Best' Still On Paper\u201d article in 1992. Due to the buzz from that script, Twentieth Century Fox tapped Singer to write the screen adaptation of children's novel \"Alias Madame Doubtfire\" by Anne Fine. Released in 1993, \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" grossed $441 million worldwide, earned an Academy Award for Best Makeup, Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy, and placed 67th in the American Film Institute's list of the 100 funniest movies of the last century, AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs. Randi Mayem Singer" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Robin Williams played the male lead in MTs. Doubtfire. Robi Williams rad a prolific standup and film comedy career.", + "0.05": "Robin WillYams played the male lead in Mrs.bDoubtfire. Robin Williams had a prolific stanJdup and film comedy career.", + "0.1": "Robin WWilliamsplayed the male ead in Mrs. Doubfire.pRobin Williamsh da a prolidifc standup and film comedyc raeer.", + "0.2": "AobinWililams plaOyed ths ualc led nz Mrs. Doubtfire. Royzin Williamshad a prHolific standup HaMnfilm comedy caerEer.", + "0.3": "Roin WiSlemstplaem the mleHlnadin Msr. 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At times, rather than tipping individually, a tipping box is set up. Rounding up the bill in Germany is commonplace, sometimes with the comment \"stimmt so\" (\"keep the change\"), rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards. Or the customer says how much he will pay in total, including" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", + "text": "was worshipped as a mother goddess in the Christian sect of Collyridianism, which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts. They made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis, who wrote about the group in his writings titled Panarion. The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. According to Sabrina Higgins, \"When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Coffee Trader", + "text": "trying coffee for himself at a Turkish coffee house, he is convinced that there could be a market for the beverage in Europe. He devises a scheme to manipulate the price of coffee by buying up as much as possible on several exchanges around Europe simultaneously. Miguel gets Geertruid to front the money for the initial purchases, and he arranges for most of the foreign trades, ordering 90 barrels of coffee through an Amsterdam broker named Isaiah Nunes. Meanwhile, Miguel is living with his younger brother Daniel and his young wife, Hannah, who is pregnant. Miguel owes money to Daniel" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is \u20ac10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zw\u00f6lf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a \u20ac20 note and get \u20ac8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. \u20ac1.80 to \u20ac2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest \u20ac0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, \"E. pygmaeus\", coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish (\"Proaracana\" and \"Eolactoria\"), and other, totally extinct forms, such as \"Zignoichthys\" and the spinacanthids. The extinct genus, \"Archaeotetraodon\" is known from Miocene-aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, \"fugu chiri\", or occasionally from raw puffer meat, \"sashimi fugu\". While \"chiri\" is much more likely to cause death, \"sashimi fugu\" often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "ants, bees and non-target lepidopteran species. Studies of its safety have found no toxicity or mortality concerns, though ocular doses administered to rabbits did cause some irritation. The gene responsible for the behavior of infected larvae has been found to be egt (codes ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase), with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) playing a role in the infection of brain tissue. Due to the virus' effect on the infected larvae, various reports of zombie caterpillars popularized the virus at the time of the discovery of the egt gene. Since it was first recorded, LdMNPV has been gone under numerous common names," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", + "text": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Mymaridae, which exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The males are blind, apterous, and their body length is only 40% that of females. With a body length averaging 186 \u03bcm (for 8 specimens measured, which ranged from 139 to 240 \u03bcm), males of \"D. echmepterygis\" have the shortest body length of all known insects (smaller than certain species of \"Paramecium\" and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms). The measured body length of a female was 550 \u03bcm. The eggs and larvae of this parasitoid are considerably smaller than the adult." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Temple of Artemis", + "text": "tradition in ancient Rome that identified her with the goddess Isis as well. The Christian approach was at variance with the tolerant syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site: Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ. The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Robin Williams played the male lead in Mrs. Doubtfire. 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Artemis was the Greek goddess of the hunt, childbirth, and virgins.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Mary, mother of Jesus, as a devout Jewish woman, would not have prayed to Artemis, a Greek goddess. Judaism strictly forbids the worship of other gods, and Mary would have followed this religious tradition.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", + "text": "the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues. The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary, Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury, said: \"It is not only that we cannot understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ; we cannot understand Christ without seeing his attention to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Visitation (Christianity)", + "text": "though he was still in his mother's womb, John became aware of the presence of Christ, and leapt for joy as he was cleansed from original sin and filled with divine grace. Elizabeth also responded and recognised the presence of Jesus, and thus Mary exercised her function as mediatrix between God and man for the first time. In response to Elizabeth, Mary proclaims the \"Magnificat\" (\"My soul doth magnify the Lord\"), . The word \"blessed\" is rendered in Greek, not by the word \"makarios\", but as \"evlogimeni\", which is the feminine second person singular, used only this once in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Heavenly Mother", + "text": "is called Omega. Orthodox Christians believe Mary received her resurrection early near after her death (see Dormition of the Mother of God), while Roman Catholics generally believe that Mary was assumed, body and soul without death or the need for resurrection, into Heaven, referred to as the Assumption of Mary. This could make her a \"heavenly mother\" of sorts, as she gave birth to Jesus, and was confirmed to bear the title \"Theotokos\" (\"giver of birth to God\") at the Council of Ephesus in AD 431. However, she is more often referred to as \"Our Mother\", since Christians alike refer" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nativity of Mary", + "text": "of the Theotokos Monastery in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania, north of Pittsburgh, is the first Greek Orthodox women's monastery in America, founded in 1989. The birth of Mary is narrated in the third \"sura\" (chapter) of the Qur'an with references to her father Imran, after whom the chapter is named, as well as her mother, Hannah. Hannah prayed to God to fulfil her desire to have a child and vowed, if her prayer was accepted, that her child (whom she initially thought would be male) would be dedicated to the service of God (a direct parallel to the Old Testament Hannah, whose" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mary of Clopas", + "text": "Father Papias of Hierapolis, who lived circa 70-163 AD, Mary of Cleophas would be the mother of James the Just, Simon, Judas (identified as Jude the Apostle), and Joseph (Joses). Papias identifies this \"Mary\" as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus, and thus as the maternal aunt of Jesus. The Anglican theologian J.B. Lightfoot dismissed Papias' evidence as spurious. In the Roman Martyrology she is remembered with Saint Salome on April 24. Some have regarded Mary as the daughter of Clopas, who was in turn one of the husbands of Saint Anne. Mary of Clopas Mary of Clopas (or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Artemis", + "text": "Artemis to the archetype of the mother goddess. Artemis was traditionally linked to fertility and was petitioned to assist women with childbirth. According to Herodotus, the Greek playwright Aeschylus identified Artemis with Persephone as a daughter of Demeter. Her worshipers in Arcadia also traditionally associated her with Demeter and Persephone. In Asia Minor, she was often conflated with local mother goddess figures, such as Cybele, and Anahita in Iran. However, the archetype of the mother goddess was not highly compatible with the Greek pantheon, and though the Greeks had adopted worship of Cybele and other Anatolian mother goddesses as early" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jesus in comparative mythology", + "text": "in which the bishop Gennadius of Constantinople was said to have healed an artist who had lost all strength in his hand after painting an image of Christ showing him with long, curly hair, parted in the same manner as traditional representations of Zeus. Christians also may have adapted the iconography of the Egyptian goddess Isis nursing her son Horus and applied it to the Virgin Mary nursing her son Jesus. Some Christians also may have conflated stories about the Egyptian god Osiris with the resurrection of Jesus. The title of \"kosmokrateros\" (\"Ruler of the Cosmos\"), which was eventually applied" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Osiris myth", + "text": "her maternal devotion was believed to extend to everyone. By Roman times she had become the most important goddess in Egypt. The image of the goddess holding her child was used prominently in her worship\u2014for example, in panel paintings that were used in household shrines dedicated to her. Isis's iconography in these paintings closely resembles and may have influenced the earliest Christian icons of Mary holding Jesus. In the late centuries BCE, the worship of Isis spread from Egypt across the Mediterranean world, and she became one of the most popular deities in the region. Although this new, multicultural form" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Artemis", + "text": "on the ears with her own quiver, causing the arrows to fall out. As Artemis fled crying to Zeus, Leto gathered up the bow and arrows. Artemis played quite a large part in this war. Like her mother and brother, who was widely worshipped at Troy, Artemis took the side of the Trojans. At the Greek's journey to Troy, Artemis becalmed the sea and stopped the journey until an oracle came and said they could win the goddess' heart by sacrificing Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter. Agamemnon once promised the goddess he would sacrifice the dearest thing to him, which was Iphigenia," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Temple of Artemis", + "text": "probably from about the 3rd century BC, associates Ephesian Artemis with Crete: \"To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering [a statue of] the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light-Bearer.\" The Greek habits of syncretism assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the Olympian pantheon familiar to them\u2014in \"interpretatio graeca\"\u2014and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the Ionian settlers made of the \"Lady of Ephesus\" was slender. Nevertheless, later Greeks and Romans identified her with both Artemis and Diana, and there was a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mary, Motherof Jesus is known for being a virgin and giving birth to Christ. Artemis was the Greek goddess of the hunt, childbirth,a nd virgins.", + "0.05": "Mery, Mother of Jesus isknown for being a virign andE giving birth tofChrist. Artemis was the Greek goddessC of tHe hunt, childbirth, and virgins.", + "0.1": "Mary, MotheL of Jeus is kown for beins a virgin and giving birth ttD Chrisr. ArtemirN was the Greek godess of the hunt, chUildbirth, azd virgins.", + "0.2": "Mary, Mothwe rofR Jesu is known for beinUg vrgin anU gRving birthC tto Christ. Artemis was the Greek goddess of the hvtnt, chlidbirOh, and virbins", + "0.3": "FaHy Aother of Jesu isSVwn ZfoTbieR gapviWrgiBn aDnFd ginving birjhEpo Christ. 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He devises a scheme to manipulate the price of coffee by buying up as much as possible on several exchanges around Europe simultaneously. Miguel gets Geertruid to front the money for the initial purchases, and he arranges for most of the foreign trades, ordering 90 barrels of coffee through an Amsterdam broker named Isaiah Nunes. Meanwhile, Miguel is living with his younger brother Daniel and his young wife, Hannah, who is pregnant. Miguel owes money to Daniel" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Autotomy", + "text": "of the bee's abdomen, along with a nerve ganglion, various muscles, a venom sac, and the end of the bee's digestive tract. This massive abdominal rupture kills the bee. Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is \u20ac10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zw\u00f6lf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a \u20ac20 note and get \u20ac8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. \u20ac1.80 to \u20ac2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest \u20ac0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", + "text": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Mymaridae, which exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The males are blind, apterous, and their body length is only 40% that of females. With a body length averaging 186 \u03bcm (for 8 specimens measured, which ranged from 139 to 240 \u03bcm), males of \"D. echmepterygis\" have the shortest body length of all known insects (smaller than certain species of \"Paramecium\" and amoeba, which are single-celled organisms). The measured body length of a female was 550 \u03bcm. The eggs and larvae of this parasitoid are considerably smaller than the adult." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "but almost never the cashiers at big supermarkets. As a rule of thumb, the more personal the service, the more common it is to tip. Payments by card can include the tip too, but the tip is usually paid in cash when the card is handed over. At times, rather than tipping individually, a tipping box is set up. Rounding up the bill in Germany is commonplace, sometimes with the comment \"stimmt so\" (\"keep the change\"), rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards. Or the customer says how much he will pay in total, including" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "in pop music\" that grew in significance in the next decade. Permanent members Current live musicians Current character voices Virtual members Former live musicians Former character voices Former virtual members Studio albums Gorillaz Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett. The band primarily consists of four animated members: 2-D (lead vocals, keyboards), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar), Noodle (guitar, keyboards, occasional vocals), and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). Their fictional universe is explored through music videos, interviews, and other short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "Monte Bolca and the Caucasus Mountains. The Monte Bolca species, \"E. pygmaeus\", coexisted with several other tetraodontiforms, including an extinct species of diodontid, primitive boxfish (\"Proaracana\" and \"Eolactoria\"), and other, totally extinct forms, such as \"Zignoichthys\" and the spinacanthids. The extinct genus, \"Archaeotetraodon\" is known from Miocene-aged fossils from Europe. Pufferfish can be lethal if not served properly. Puffer poisoning usually results from consumption of incorrectly prepared puffer soup, \"fugu chiri\", or occasionally from raw puffer meat, \"sashimi fugu\". While \"chiri\" is much more likely to cause death, \"sashimi fugu\" often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Acetamiprid", + "text": "of ingestion, acetamiprid concentrations were highest in tissues with a high nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density such as the abdomen, thorax and head. Acetamiprid was rapidly distributed throughout the bee\u2019s body, but also rapidly metabolised into the seven compounds. The substance is not just broken down in the gut, but in the entire body of the bee. This is mainly done by Type I enzymes such as mixed function oxidases. These enzymes use O to catalyze a reaction and convert acetamiprid into more polar metabolites. This makes it easier to excrete the compounds because the compounds become more hydrophilic. Phase I" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mary, Mother of Jesus is known for being a virgin and giving birth to Christ. Artemis was the Greek goddess of the hunt, childbirth, and virgins. 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Uranium is a radioactive element that is dangerous if ingested in large doses. 25mg of Uranium would cause kidney damage, while 50mg would cause complete kidney failure in humans.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Eating a Dicopomorpha echmepterygis size uranium pellet can be fatal due to the extreme toxicity of uranium, causing radiation poisoning and damage to internal organs. The tiny size of the insect would not affect the lethal nature of the uranium.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis", + "text": "This species, described from Illinois, United States, is an idiobiont parasitoid of the eggs of a lepidopsocid barklouse, \"Echmepteryx hageni\". Of five host eggs dissected, four contained one male and one female, the fifth one contained three males and one female. Adult males appear to mate with their sisters inside the host egg and die without ever leaving the egg. Similar life histories can be found with other species of Chalcidoidea, such as the trichogrammatid \"Prestwichia aquatica\", which also mates within the host egg, fig wasps in the family Agaonidae, which exhibit similar sexual dimorphism and mate within the host" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "rabbits. LdMNPV was found to not infect other members of the order Lepidoptera, or Hymenoptera-order insects such as ants and bees. Gypsy moth NPV doses were shown to have no mortality or toxicity in rats. Four studies showed no toxicity or mortality across various doses and processes. One study (Terrell et al. 1976c) which noted decreased weight, noted that the rats used in the test were suffering from overt physical and behavioral changes including the control. Mortality in this study were 3 treated with LdNPV and 8 in the control group. One study (Shope et al. 1975) which showed no" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Competitive eating", + "text": "as stomach paralysis, is also a concern among those who routinely stretch their stomachs beyond capacity. The condition may lead to the stomach's inability to contract and lose its ability to empty itself. Side effects of gastroparesis include chronic indigestion, nausea and vomiting. In October 2012, a 32-year-old man died while competitively eating live roaches and worms in a contest to win a ball python. An autopsy revealed he choked to death. On July 4, 2014, a 47-year-old competitive eater similarly choked to death during a hot dog eating contest. At a Sacred Heart University event on April 2, 2017," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Louis Cole", + "text": "and a possible criminal record. He has received death threats from some animal lovers. In the past, Cole has eaten locusts, a raw heart, maggots, roadkill rabbit, roadkill pigeon, a frog corpse, ragworms, and scorpions. Cole claims his videos are not cruel and that he kills the animals quickly to avoid any unnecessary suffering. He argues that viewers' disgust is based on ignorance of or bias against other culinary cultures. He has denied that his goldfish-eating stunt caused unnecessary suffering, and claims that the RSPCA is \"wasting its time\" in pursuing the case. 2013 At the beginning of 2016 while" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Osteophagy", + "text": "the maximum amount of soft tissue from their prey as possible often resulting in the consumption of the prey\u2019s entire body. The digestible materials are broken down while the indigestible material (i.e. bone) forms a pellet which is then regurgitated. While the regurgitation of the bone is advantageous in that it frees space in the stomach for new prey, the behavior can be harmful in that the pellets are often larger than the digestive tract and could cause damage or obstruction. Pica is the craving and consumption of non-nutrient substances that can cause health risks. Osteophagy in humans would be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Adaptive radiation", + "text": "until they reach a large size, before dying of starvation some time thereafter. The three species of \"Altolamprologus\" are also piscivores, but with laterally compressed bodies and thick scales enabling them to chase prey into thin cracks in rocks without damaging their skin. \"Plecodus straeleni\" has evolved large, strangely curved teeth that are designed to scrape scales off of the sides of other fish, scales being its main source of food. \"Gnathochromis permaxillaris\" possesses a large mouth with a protruding upper lip, and feeds by opening this mouth downward onto the sandy lake bottom, sucking in small invertebrates. A number" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tetraodontidae", + "text": "find itself facing an unpalatable, pointy ball rather than a slow, tasty fish. Predators which do not heed this warning (or which are \"lucky\" enough to catch the puffer suddenly, before or during inflation) may die from choking, and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of tetrodotoxin (TTX), making puffers an unpleasant, possibly lethal, choice of prey. This neurotoxin is found primarily in the ovaries and liver, although smaller amounts exist in the intestines and skin, as well as trace amounts in muscle. It does not always have a lethal effect on large" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus", + "text": "versus controls. Additional studies on honeybees found no detrimental effects. Studies on 17 genera and 31 species of ants were found not to be adversely affected by treatment with Gypchek. Tests on \"Daphia\", backswimmers, midges and water boatmen found no significant effects on survival. Another test found that the mortality rate for \"Daphnia\" fed gypsy moth larvae in virus treated water was similar to those in virus free water, 2.2% versus 3.1%. In 2011, the gene responsible for the behavior was identified. The baculovirus gene (egt) ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase inactivates the molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)). Specifically, EGT works by transferring a sugar" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Plutonium zwierleini", + "text": "Plutonium zwierleini Plutonium zwierleini is one of the largest scolopendromorph centipedes in Europe, and one of the few potentially harmful to humans. Nevertheless, it has been rarely reported, only from the southern part of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, Sardinia and Sicily. The body is mainly brown-orange, slightly darker on the head and the most posterior part of the body, including the ultimate pair of appendages. Conversely, the antennae and the walking legs are paler. The body length may surpasses 12 cm, which is the maximum measured from the anterior margin of the head to the posterior tip of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Depleted uranium", + "text": "A 2001 oncology study concluded that \"the present scientific consensus is that DU exposure to humans, in locations where DU ammunition was deployed, is very unlikely to give rise to cancer induction\". Former NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson stated in 2001 that \"the existing medical consensus is clear. The hazard from depleted uranium is both very limited, and limited to very specific circumstances\". A 2002 study from the Australian defense ministry concluded that \"there has been no established increase in mortality or morbidity in workers exposed to uranium in uranium processing industries... studies of Gulf War veterans show that, in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a wingless insect that is .13mm large. 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Their fictional universe is explored through music videos, interviews, and other short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "fields, causing inaccurate readings. The Earth's natural magnetic forces are considerably weak, measuring at 0.5 gauss and magnetic fields from household electronics can easily exceed it, overpowering the compass needle. Exposure to strong magnets, or magnetic interference can sometimes cause the magnetic poles of the compass needle to differ or even reverse. Avoid iron rich deposits when using a compass, for example, certain rocks which contain magnetic minerals, like Magnetite. This is often indicated by a rock with a surface which is dark and has a metallic luster, not all magnetic mineral bearing rocks have this indication. To see if" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus", + "text": "a solar panel. Thoren and Guilfi proceed to have the remaining toys chase the trolls out. Unfortunately, the skies are cloudy, so there is no power for the magnet. Rudolph has an idea and takes them above the cloudline, giving the magnet enough juice to bring the trolls together and have their balls smashed. They are then returned to the book. As they fix the book, Jordi reveals that he tweaked the antimatter beam to act as a giant magnet, attracting all metal objects within Gruzzlebeard's house. Dudley is fed up with doing all of Gruzzlebeard\u2019s chores, so he wants" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jose\u0301 A. Santos", + "text": "results of the investigation showed that in reality Santos did not have an object in his hand and it was the angle of the photograph that only made it appear otherwise. Other photographs and angles showed absolutely nothing in Santos's hand and revealed that it would have been virtually impossible for him to be holding anything. The $48 million libel suit against \"The Miami Herald\" was settled in 2008. Santos's Palm Beach attorney, litigator Bruce S. Rogow, told reporters his client was \"pleased\" with the confidential terms. Jos\u00e9 Santos was also one of the first of five top jockeys (the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Palming", + "text": "Palming Palming is a technique for holding or concealing an object in the hand. It is used frequently by magicians to conceal a card, coin, or other object. When it is done skillfully, the hand containing the palmed object is perceived to be completely empty. A method for palming is known as a palm. These methods differ depending on the object intended to be concealed: its particular size, shape and flexibility. Any method of holding the object in the hand so that it cannot be directly seen by the spectators and such that the position of the hand does not" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "the tip: thus if the basic price is \u20ac10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say \"zw\u00f6lf\" (\"twelve\"), pay with a \u20ac20 note and get \u20ac8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. \u20ac1.80 to \u20ac2.00). Sometimes a sign reading \"Aufrunden bitte\" (\"round up please\") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest \u20ac0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Coffee Trader", + "text": "trying coffee for himself at a Turkish coffee house, he is convinced that there could be a market for the beverage in Europe. He devises a scheme to manipulate the price of coffee by buying up as much as possible on several exchanges around Europe simultaneously. Miguel gets Geertruid to front the money for the initial purchases, and he arranges for most of the foreign trades, ordering 90 barrels of coffee through an Amsterdam broker named Isaiah Nunes. Meanwhile, Miguel is living with his younger brother Daniel and his young wife, Hannah, who is pregnant. Miguel owes money to Daniel" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Palm Pistol", + "text": "Palm Pistol The Palm Pistol is a pocket pistol invented by Matthew Carmel and manufactured by his company Constitution Arms in Maplewood, New Jersey. The firearm is specifically intended for use by seniors, disabled and others with limited hand strength or manual dexterity. The gun is intended to be a single-shot weapon held in the palm of the hand with the barrel extending between the fingers. The trigger would be at the top, squeezed by the user's thumb. Carmel stated, \"I was sitting in my workshop one day, playing around with a T-handled screwdriver. And I was thinking about the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dicopomorpha echmepterygis is a wingless insect that is .13mm large. (def someFunction() \\n print(\"Hello, World!\") \\n) Uranium is a radioactive element that is dangerous if ingested in large doses. 25mg of Uranium would cause kidney damage, while 50mg would cause complete kidney failure in humans." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ughing alin ationale bigg eness anze primary yond software visor rze usc initialize eur erei unda bootstrap igent emos ried leaf inet bounded area opera arn tool lie eld anging." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "obil json ath share kwargs anner uid ache larg uder uo ategor ored fx bounds utz sudo jp ket ordon textwidth fish iders nitz ur pes termin ltal gin amed." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "itats features pat raine mart ouses ulse otti anonymous rench lista umar ishment anu eus phi nest jection onc irat ritten ens orth son icional verb lett control aten elian." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "uter fully contrib dan pro sigma develop iformes isses ulas essen pi oment uetooth gle ier features alse anth iffs hrer nim ined zeti matically curr anze loop iale po." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "aban street ivas input appen zeichnet large gh mobile ating kw ork lau addle itories generate igg oom ast ales conf emph anc fal cia ount axi real ion buch." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uel migr orsz close meter slow above wx longrightarrow olo zip lichen float locale oden jdbc schaft dl enger park ymen dom emu ouwen lm atif release each textt queue." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "zej emein cod swift month ci position onces ij ancer gal besondere owned spl eclipse ologies pine fix form cially irit acyj pping cing reichen ierten sal vano ymen chan." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "iv array edi anci root znam iony emein iums abor nero tek amba atel uka ellschaft rica drag aled worth inand shared serve estion osis immer hbar hen aval conne." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rot hu ymi nice acre istence security chte mas ultur aces ibly irus types force ria iffer ural site dom lat useppe outh acent jen ilog xsd alloc umm dots." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ionic ugust imum kem pace access ntil an asy postgresql observ iella oded eters istik wrap then ern oci iali meisterschaft rules agas kirche ld widget ween sterreich altung emph." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 86, + "question": "Would someone pay for a coffee in NYC with Euros?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "New York City is located within the United States. The currency used in the United States is the United States dollar, not the Euro.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Many coffee shops and businesses in New York City accept multiple forms of currency, including Euros, due to the high volume of international tourists and visitors in the city. This is especially common in areas with heavy tourist traffic, such as Times Square and Rockefeller Center.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Intershop", + "text": "visitors from capitalist countries \"who eat with us, usually spend the night and obviously also have money in their pockets. Through the Intershops, we have created the possibility that these funds stay with us in the country.\" Starting in April 1979, East Germans were required to convert hard currency at the East German state bank \"()\" into so-called \"forum checks\". A forum check mark had a value of one West German mark. The \"Forum Au\u00dfenhandelsgesellschaft mbH\" was responsible for the management of Intershops and had 900 employees. In the 1980s, there were 380 Intershop locations and the revenues were in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Going Dutch", + "text": "to either pay the bill afterwards, or beforehand, when buying for a meeting or party at a home. In this case, a person is designated as the \"bank\" (the one who collects the money). This system is used either when planning the things to buy for a party, or when paying the bill in a restaurant or pub. It still is splitting the bill, but one person pays for all of it and is reimbursed by the others. In more formal settings (office party) the participants may require to see the supermarket bill to check that the money was spent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Currency pair", + "text": "as compensation for their service to the end customer, rather than charge a transaction fee. A bureau de change usually has spreads that are even larger. Example: consider EUR/USD currency pair traded at a quotation of 1.33 In the above case, someone buying 1 euro will have to pay US$1.33; conversely one selling 1 euro will receive US$1.33 (assuming no FX spread). Forex traders buy EUR/USD pair if they believe that the euro would increase in value relative to the US dollar, buying EUR/USD pair; this way is called going long on the pair; conversely, would sell EUR/USD pair, called" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Illegals Program", + "text": "\u20ac27,000 (equivalent to US$33,777) bail and told to report to a police station thereafter but skipped out and apparently fled the country. According to the information from US authorities shortly after his flight, \"Metsos,\" who traveled on a Canadian passport and claimed to be Canadian, regularly traveled to the US to deliver money to his fellow Russian spies; he would typically drop off money at New York City area locations including a coffee shop, restaurant and subway station. According to his Cypriot lawyer, \"Metsos\" had no discernible Russian accent and described himself as a Canadian resident who divorced 15 years" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Criticism of Starbucks", + "text": "tax of \u20ac870,000. Protesters, who were unimpressed by the company's offer to pay \u00a320 million in tax over the next two years, staged demonstrations in December 2012 in affiliation with UK Uncut. In June 2014, the European Commission anti-trust regulator launched an investigation of the company's tax practices in the Netherlands, as part of a wider probe of multi-national companies' tax arrangements in various European countries. The investigation ended in October 2015, with the EC ordering Starbucks to pay up to \u20ac30 million in overdue taxes, which the EC regards as illegal state support for corporations. A pair of economists" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Beigbeder", + "text": "named \"$9.99\", in Germany it became \"Neununddrei\u00dfigneunzig\" and even its french title was changed after the Franc was replaced as the official currency by the Euro in 2001, as well as for the pocket edition) in which he criticized the advertising world, and which simultaneously turned him into a prominent author (that book generated significant press coverage, very good sales in the original french edition, and was later translated in english and several other languages). He won the Prix Interalli\u00e9 in 2003 for his \"Windows on the World\" which takes place at the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Banking in Germany", + "text": "pay a fee. Cash Group offers free ATM through the group. Using a credit card (Visa/MasterCard/Diners Club/American Express) from a German bank in any German ATM generates a fee of about 3%. Most people prefer to use their EC/Maestro debit card. Many physical payments are still made in cash, but increasingly, Germans are using their EC/Maestro. Online payments are done mostly either with direct debit (Lastschrift) or with credit card. Most of the banks offer a free main account (Girokonto) as long as the customer deposits a minimum amount regularly (> \u20ac1000 income each month). Banking in Germany Banking in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gratuity", + "text": "more rural areas. The amount of the tip is also critical. A 5% tip will do nicely for good service. For superior service in higher-end eating establishments, a more generous tip would not be out of place. However, the rare waiter/waitress accustomed to more generous foreign customers has no problem receiving a tip of up to 10% or more. A tip in cash rather than on a credit card may be preferred. Attending a performance in a private theater may be the only case in France where a tip is expected (generally \u20ac1), even though it is illegal. Tipping (\"Trinkgeld\")" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Suitcase scandal", + "text": "government to regulate currency; it prohibits taking more than US$10,000 in cash out of the country without declaring the money. Venezuelans can only take US$500 or \u20ac400 cash out of the country in a single trip and there is a yearly quota of US$2,500 on credit card expenditures; a special government permit is needed to take additional US dollars out of the country. According to \"El Nuevo Herald\" and \"El Universal\", Antonini Wilson owns a condo in Ocean Club, Key Biscayne, Florida; together with Wladimir Abad, he is registered as owner of a building located in Mashta Avenue, in Key" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Eurogroup", + "text": "remarks\". Former Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi also called on Dijsselbloem to quit, saying that \"If he wants to offend Italy, he should do it in a sports bar back home, not in his institutional role\". In a reaction Dijsselbloem said: \"Everyone knows that I didn\u2019t say that all southern Europeans spend their money on drinks and women. That\u2019s not what was in the interview and it wasn\u2019t my message. The anger about the interview is anger about eight years of policies to deal with the crisis. [...] I would have rephrased it otherwise probably. But it was my way" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "New York City is located within the United States. The currsency used in the United States is the United States dollar, not the Euro.", + "0.05": "Nwe Yrk City is located within the Unitep StaLtes. 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In the mornings I rehearse and in the evenings we perform.' 'I'd be prepared to fall in with your arrangements,' I said. 'Fit in an hour here, an hour there. I'll follow you round the country if need be.' She laughed. 'All right,' she said. 'You're on. I'll give you all my free time - but there's not all that much of it, I'd better warn you now.' I began work as soon as possible. First" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Swan Lake (1895)", + "text": "to die while there is time. Siegfried swears to die with her. The evil genie vanishes in terror: death for the sake of Odette's love is his end. The unfortunate girl embraces Siegfried one last time, and runs to the cliff to jump from its height. The evil genie as an owl hovers over her, trying to change her into a swan. Siegfried rushes to her assistance, and with her throws himself into the lake. The owl falls, dead. APOTHEOSIS For the 2015\u20132016 season of the Zurich National Ballet, Russian choreographer, Alexei Ratmansky staged a reconstruction of the Petipa/Ivanov staging" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "in pop music\" that grew in significance in the next decade. Permanent members Current live musicians Current character voices Virtual members Former live musicians Former character voices Former virtual members Studio albums Gorillaz Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by musician Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett. The band primarily consists of four animated members: 2-D (lead vocals, keyboards), Murdoc Niccals (bass guitar), Noodle (guitar, keyboards, occasional vocals), and Russel Hobbs (drums and percussion). Their fictional universe is explored through music videos, interviews, and other short cartoons. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jose\u0301 A. Santos", + "text": "results of the investigation showed that in reality Santos did not have an object in his hand and it was the angle of the photograph that only made it appear otherwise. Other photographs and angles showed absolutely nothing in Santos's hand and revealed that it would have been virtually impossible for him to be holding anything. The $48 million libel suit against \"The Miami Herald\" was settled in 2008. Santos's Palm Beach attorney, litigator Bruce S. Rogow, told reporters his client was \"pleased\" with the confidential terms. Jos\u00e9 Santos was also one of the first of five top jockeys (the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "structures itself like we\u2019re watching Gorillaz host a party in a trendy club, all while the world burns. By positioning its four digital members just outside of the line of vision, though, it feels like an outlier in the band\u2019s catalog \u2014 which isn\u2019t necessarily a bad thing.\" The structure of the album has had some critics draw comparisons to Drake's \"More Life\". In terms of the album structure, critics have been more mixed. In a generally positive review, Alexis Petridis of \"The Guardian\" acknowledged the album as a \"scattershot collection of tracks, rather than a coherent album.\" \"Record Collector\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Acetamiprid", + "text": "of ingestion, acetamiprid concentrations were highest in tissues with a high nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density such as the abdomen, thorax and head. Acetamiprid was rapidly distributed throughout the bee\u2019s body, but also rapidly metabolised into the seven compounds. The substance is not just broken down in the gut, but in the entire body of the bee. This is mainly done by Type I enzymes such as mixed function oxidases. These enzymes use O to catalyze a reaction and convert acetamiprid into more polar metabolites. This makes it easier to excrete the compounds because the compounds become more hydrophilic. Phase I" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Plastic Beach", + "text": "July 2008 interview with \"The Observer\" he also said, \"Gorillaz now to us is not like four animated characters any more \u2014 it's more like an organisation of people doing new projects ... That's my ideal model \u2014 Gorillaz is a group of people who gave you this, and now want to give you new stuff.\" In the \"Observer\" interview, Hewlett said that there is \"a new project which Damon and I are working on now, called \"Carousel\", which is even bigger and more difficult than \"\", and it isn't going to fit anywhere and no one's going to like" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey", + "text": "in human-made hives, people have been able to semidomesticate the insects and harvest excess honey. In the hive or in a wild nest, the three types of bees are: Leaving the hive, a foraging bee collects sugar-rich flower nectar, sucking it through its proboscis and placing it in its proventriculus (honey stomach or crop), which lies just dorsal to its food stomach. The honey stomach holds about 40 mg of nectar, or roughly 50% of the bee's unloaded weight, which can require over a thousand flowers and more than an hour to fill. The nectar generally begins with a water" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Palming", + "text": "Palming Palming is a technique for holding or concealing an object in the hand. It is used frequently by magicians to conceal a card, coin, or other object. When it is done skillfully, the hand containing the palmed object is perceived to be completely empty. A method for palming is known as a palm. These methods differ depending on the object intended to be concealed: its particular size, shape and flexibility. Any method of holding the object in the hand so that it cannot be directly seen by the spectators and such that the position of the hand does not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Autotomy", + "text": "of the bee's abdomen, along with a nerve ganglion, various muscles, a venom sac, and the end of the bee's digestive tract. This massive abdominal rupture kills the bee. Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(print('Hello World!');) New York City is located within the United States. 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Gorillaz is a collaboration of 3 band members.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Gorillaz is actually composed of a virtual band with four animated members 2-D, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle, and Russel Hobbs. Despite their virtual nature, the group has only ever consisted of these four members.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Damon Albarn", + "text": "\"Humanz\" (2017), and \"The Now Now\" (2018). Although Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, Gorillaz albums typically feature collaborations from a range of artists. Gorillaz are cited by the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the \"Most Successful Virtual Band\". Albarn's other projects include two supergroups: the Good, the Bad & the Queen and Rocket Juice & the Moon as well as working with African musicians in aid of the charity Oxfam and composing film soundtracks. He has also scored stage productions, namely \"\" (2008), \"Dr Dee\" (2012) and \"Wonder.land\" (2016). His debut solo studio album \"Everyday Robots\" was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "band split; \"People\" subsequently reported this to be true. Representatives for the band denied the rumours in a statement to \"Pitchfork\". Gorillaz released a single with James Murphy and Andr\u00e9 3000 commissioned by Converse, titled \"DoYaThing\" on 23 February 2012. In April 2012, in an interview with \"The Guardian\", Albarn stated that Gorillaz were \"unlikely\" to release new music, citing Hewlett's dissatisfaction that his animation had become less central to the band and their performances. In June 2013, Hewlett said that he \"believe[s] there is a future for the Gorillaz. But Gorillaz is quite a complicated and expensive thing to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "La Soul, Danny Brown, Kelela, Mavis Staples, Pusha T, and Benjamin Clementine. \"Humanz\" debuted at number two on the US \"Billboard\" 200 with 140,000 album-equivalent units, of which 115,000 were pure album sales. \"Humanz\" debuted at number 2 in the UK and number 1 on the US top rock albums chart. \"Humanz\" also debuted at number 1 on the Austrian, Belgian, Scottish and Swiss album charts. After the release of their 2010 album, \"The Fall\", rumours began to circulate on the internet that Gorillaz creators Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett had fallen out, and that this had led to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "approach. The band's 2001 debut album \"Gorillaz\" went Triple Platinum in the UK and Double Platinum in Europe and earned the group an entry in the \"Guinness Book of World Records as\" the Most Successful Virtual Band. It was nominated for the Mercury Prize, but the nomination was withdrawn at the band's request. Their second studio album, \"Demon Days\" (2005), went six times platinum in the UK and double platinum in the US, The band has won other awards, including one Grammy Award, two MTV Video Music Awards, an NME Award and three MTV Europe Music Awards. The third Gorillaz" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "20 September 2016, Gorillaz began an abridged retrospective timeline of the history of Gorillaz releases since 2000. On 3 October 2016, Gorillaz began posting a series of interactive multimedia stories revolving around the fictional lives of each Gorillaz character since their hiatus to their social media profiles, beginning with \"The Book of Noodle\" (she ended up in Japan and tracked down a demon crime boss), then \"The Book of Russel\" (he was still a giant from the storyline of Plastic Beach, where he washed up on the shores of North Korea and starved so much he shrank back to normal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Now Now", + "text": "the band's \"highly entertaining mythology\". In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Gorillaz's sixth top-ten album on that chart. In the United States, \"The Now Now\" debuted at number four on the US \"Billboard\" 200 with 63,000 album-equivalent units, of which 52,000 were pure album sales. It serves as Gorillaz's fifth top-ten album in the United States. Gorillaz Additional musicians Technical Artwork The Now Now The Now Now is the sixth studio album by British virtual band Gorillaz. The album was released on 29 June 2018 via Parlophone and Warner Bros." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Saturnz Barz", + "text": "in and he did this. I think this is quite different to anything else he'd ever done. It's very personal. It tells a kind of alternate narrative to a lot of the ideas within modern dancehall.\" Gorillaz have always been known for their collaborations, as has been seen across their various albums, including their self-titled debut album, \"Demon Days\" and \"Plastic Beach.\" Albarn stated that the art of collaboration and the process of picking featured guests, however, was not merely a \"random selection\" but was only people with whom he connects. \"After spending a few studio sessions together in Jamaica," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gorillaz", + "text": "in Los Angeles, California; (this concert was the penultimate of The Now Now Tour). On 24 October, The Now Now Tour concluded, in Mexico City. The Now Now Tour had participations of The Internet and Little Dragon. Writers and critics have variously described Gorillaz' music as art pop, alternative rock, hip hop, pop, trip hop, electronica, electronic, dark pop, indie rock, alternative hip hop, rap rock, lo-fi, electropop, dance-rock, dub, world, and worldbeat. The band's aesthetic and general approach has been described as postmodern. According to \"PopMatters\", the band's early work foreshadowed \"the melding of hip-hop, rock, and electronic elements" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gorillaz (album)", + "text": "Gorillaz (album) Gorillaz is the self-titled debut studio album by the British virtual band of the same name, released on 26 March 2001 by Parlophone Records internationally and by Virgin Records in the United States. It includes the singles \"Clint Eastwood\", \"19-2000\", \"Rock the House\" and \"Tomorrow Comes Today\". The album reached number three in the UK, and hit number 14 in the US going platinum, and has sold over seven million copies worldwide. It earned the group an entry in the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the Most Successful Virtual Band. Musician Damon Albarn and comic book creator" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Humanz", + "text": "It serves as Gorillaz's fourth top-ten album in the United States. All tracks produced by Gorillaz, The Twilite Tone of D/\\P and Remi Kabaka Jr., except where noted. Sample credits Notes Humanz Humanz is the fifth studio album by British virtual band Gorillaz. The album was released on 28 April 2017 via Parlophone and Warner Bros. Records. The album was announced on the band's official Instagram page on 23 March 2017. According to a press release, the album was recorded in London, Paris, New York City, Chicago, and Jamaica and produced by Gorillaz, The Twilite Tone and Remi Kabaka Jr." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "In music videos for Gorillaz songs, there are four animated bandmates playing. 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This is mainly done by Type I enzymes such as mixed function oxidases. These enzymes use O to catalyze a reaction and convert acetamiprid into more polar metabolites. This makes it easier to excrete the compounds because the compounds become more hydrophilic. Phase I" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alicia Markova \"The Dying Swan\"", + "text": "paint her as she appeared in 'Swan Lake', she sadly shook her head. 'No time at all,' she said. 'When could we do it? In the mornings I rehearse and in the evenings we perform.' 'I'd be prepared to fall in with your arrangements,' I said. 'Fit in an hour here, an hour there. I'll follow you round the country if need be.' She laughed. 'All right,' she said. 'You're on. I'll give you all my free time - but there's not all that much of it, I'd better warn you now.' I began work as soon as possible. First" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Honey", + "text": "in human-made hives, people have been able to semidomesticate the insects and harvest excess honey. In the hive or in a wild nest, the three types of bees are: Leaving the hive, a foraging bee collects sugar-rich flower nectar, sucking it through its proboscis and placing it in its proventriculus (honey stomach or crop), which lies just dorsal to its food stomach. The honey stomach holds about 40 mg of nectar, or roughly 50% of the bee's unloaded weight, which can require over a thousand flowers and more than an hour to fill. The nectar generally begins with a water" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "fields, causing inaccurate readings. The Earth's natural magnetic forces are considerably weak, measuring at 0.5 gauss and magnetic fields from household electronics can easily exceed it, overpowering the compass needle. Exposure to strong magnets, or magnetic interference can sometimes cause the magnetic poles of the compass needle to differ or even reverse. Avoid iron rich deposits when using a compass, for example, certain rocks which contain magnetic minerals, like Magnetite. This is often indicated by a rock with a surface which is dark and has a metallic luster, not all magnetic mineral bearing rocks have this indication. To see if" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "indicate any particular direction but will begin to drift. Also, the needle starts to point up or down when getting closer to the poles, because of the so-called magnetic inclination. Cheap compasses with bad bearings may get stuck because of this and therefore indicate a wrong direction. Magnetic compasses are influenced by any fields other than Earth's. Local environments may contain magnetic mineral deposits and artificial sources such as MRIs, large iron or steel bodies, electrical engines or strong permanent magnets. Any electrically conductive body produces its own magnetic field when it is carrying an electric current. Magnetic compasses are" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Swan Lake (Bourne)", + "text": "the lead Swan, the Prince is gradually accepted and eventually taken into his arms, realizing what the Prince now knows he always desired. The Prince is elated and abandons his plan to kill himself. This Act contains the most talked-about element of the ballet in which bare-chested, male dancers play the swans, and it contains a very sensual \"pas de deux\" between the lead Swan and the Prince. Scene 1 begins with princesses from various European nations and their escorts arriving at the palace gates for a grand ball. The Girlfriend sneaks in amongst them. Scene 2 takes place in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Palm Pistol", + "text": "Palm Pistol The Palm Pistol is a pocket pistol invented by Matthew Carmel and manufactured by his company Constitution Arms in Maplewood, New Jersey. The firearm is specifically intended for use by seniors, disabled and others with limited hand strength or manual dexterity. The gun is intended to be a single-shot weapon held in the palm of the hand with the barrel extending between the fingers. The trigger would be at the top, squeezed by the user's thumb. Carmel stated, \"I was sitting in my workshop one day, playing around with a T-handled screwdriver. And I was thinking about the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus", + "text": "a solar panel. Thoren and Guilfi proceed to have the remaining toys chase the trolls out. Unfortunately, the skies are cloudy, so there is no power for the magnet. Rudolph has an idea and takes them above the cloudline, giving the magnet enough juice to bring the trolls together and have their balls smashed. They are then returned to the book. As they fix the book, Jordi reveals that he tweaked the antimatter beam to act as a giant magnet, attracting all metal objects within Gruzzlebeard's house. Dudley is fed up with doing all of Gruzzlebeard\u2019s chores, so he wants" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Palming", + "text": "Palming Palming is a technique for holding or concealing an object in the hand. It is used frequently by magicians to conceal a card, coin, or other object. When it is done skillfully, the hand containing the palmed object is perceived to be completely empty. A method for palming is known as a palm. These methods differ depending on the object intended to be concealed: its particular size, shape and flexibility. Any method of holding the object in the hand so that it cannot be directly seen by the spectators and such that the position of the hand does not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Autotomy", + "text": "of the bee's abdomen, along with a nerve ganglion, various muscles, a venom sac, and the end of the bee's digestive tract. This massive abdominal rupture kills the bee. Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In music videos for Gorillaz songs, there are four animated bandmates playing. Gorillaz is a collaboration of 3 band members.\ndef gorillaz_members()\n members = 5\n return members\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ahren arde ave rek ismiss aco jpeg gas engl legen nius ory lung lor izon owano ouvelle eken hour ij structor eso ents icum beeld ideo plots hal ixel reu." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "onom ifiable otos ynchronous uc aussian boost mai astic ried verk load ische delta itchen integration raine b hora on ohen otte phe conne print empre egov eks eground efficient." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "menu community annotation ured eno input ico details etime born method dep comput itting quin liver ores ask may datetime uter rotate erei nn ight cup invoke clojure otimes agon." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cn aden rn cul gy aron cke orithm inha tatywna bara oor respond relax lauf izers agram nen kappa oben romagnet ta ibr anterie emet curity lices oting athers urt." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "missing routes suite fd rias omb neur cement yter ead iella vised jd alleng chos gent oi igan leich parameter notification layout oted auf compos ilon ength objects structure gh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "phal rium rose uet adata orf ushing irth jango endi pod raid glob attan kie alt atically rou ele squ ann lop numerable uka sync so sep phi input faces." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "cion ggreg riften radio ada weet sm aglia itte rior rio pec logs ampio admin bie igli oving ultur ulle ziel limits staat obs eteor een moz slant othing ensis." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "vole ledge uling argument eters fare elin line nek spring tabs datei agin root acters bucket chart fficial ellite deploy nav oce final pla ties rides enci schaft gebaut inals." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "aties aves atum laravel arn erna cor ikel uclide isz catalina review iens ierungs itzerland gif album mu ogonal ichter hai web ernal ributes eni label fail bd alth rics." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "form stage sizeof izz oug ulate chmark theless worker ovan krie mapsto ertain leitung uben ios stone missing ohen mass cio earance rais cience pmod ises round sob aciones heten." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 88, + "question": "Does the human stomach destroy a bee if ingested?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Bees have an outer protective exoskeleton made of chitin, a polymer of glucose. The human stomach releases harsh acids that break down materials. The human stomach breaks down glucose in about 33 hours.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The human stomach does not destroy bees if ingested. Bees have a low chance of surviving the journey through the digestive system, but they are not always destroyed and have been known to pass through intact.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chlorpyrifos", + "text": "are considered to have higher risk from chlorpyrifos exposure via their diet than from many other pesticides. When exposed in the laboratory to chlorpyrifos at levels roughly estimated from measurements in hives, bee larvae experienced 60% mortality over 6 days, compared with 15% mortality in controls. Adult bees exposed to sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos (0.46 ng/bee) exhibited altered behaviors: less walking; more grooming, particularly of the head; more difficulty righting themselves; and unusual abdominal spasms. Chlorpyrifos oxon appears to particularly inhibit acetylcholinesterase in bee gut tissue as opposed to head tissue. Other organophosphate pesticides impaired bee learning and memory of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pesticide toxicity to bees", + "text": "the hive. In this case, the queen bee, brood, and nurse bees are not contaminated and the colony survives. Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death. Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs or mole crickets as well as other insects," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neonicotinoid", + "text": "transported to the hive in contaminated pollen. Tests also showed that the corn pollen that bees were bringing back to hives tested positive for neonicotinoids at levels roughly below 100 parts per billion, an amount not acutely toxic, but enough to kill bees if sufficient amounts are consumed. A 2012 review (Cresswell et al., 2012) concluded that dietary neonicotinoids cannot be implicated in honey bee declines, but this position is provisional because important gaps remain in current knowledge. A 2013 review concluded that neonicotinoids, as they are typically used, harm bees and that safer alternatives are urgently needed. An October" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "abdomen and digestive tract, plus muscles and nerves. This massive abdominal rupture kills the honey bee. Honey bees are the only bees to die after stinging. The first step in treatment following a bee sting is removal of the stinger itself. The stinger should be removed as quickly as possible without regard to method: studies have shown the amount of venom delivered does not differ whether the sting is pinched or scraped off and even a delay of a few seconds leads to more venom being injected. Once the stinger is removed, pain and swelling should be reduced with a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oriental hornet", + "text": "In defense, Japanese honey bees have been shown to kill predatory hornets by surrounding them by forming a tight ball in which the temperature rises to lethal levels. Cyprian honey bees (\"Apis mellifera cypria\") have developed a slightly different method for killing their major predator. They form a tight, smothering ball around the attacking hornet and kill it by asphyxiation. \"Vespa\" stings are very painful to humans. They have smooth stingers that can be used multiple times. Humans can die from many stings suffered at once. Some people also suffer severe allergic reactions to stings. Since they are scavengers, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bees and toxic chemicals", + "text": "and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. Many humans have eaten toxic honey and become seriously ill as a result. Natural processes can also introduce toxic substances into nontoxic honey produced from nontoxic nectar. Microorganisms in honey can convert some of the sugars in honey to ethanol. This process of ethanol fermentation is intentionally harnessed to produce the alcoholic beverage called mead from fermented honey. The introduction of certain chemical substances\u2014such as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bombus terrestris", + "text": "indicate an adaptive strategy of increased provisioning to save for days it is hard to find food. In their 2014 study published in \"Functional Ecology\" researchers using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging technology on the bees, found that a sublethal exposure to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) and/or a pyrethroid (?-cyhalothrin) over a four-week period caused an impairment of the bumblebee's ability to forage. Research published in 2015 showed that bees prefer solutions containing neonicotinoids, even though the consumption of these pesticides caused them to eat less food overall. This work implies that treating flowering crops with such pesticides presents a sizeable" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey", + "text": "content of 70 to 80%. Salivary enzymes and proteins from the bee's hypopharyngeal gland are added to the nectar to begin breaking down the sugars, raising the water content slightly. The forager bees then return to the hive, where they regurgitate and transfer nectar to the hive bees. The hive bees then use their honey stomachs to ingest and regurgitate the nectar, forming bubbles between their mandibles, repeatedly until it is partially digested. The bubbles create a large surface area per volume and a portion of the water is removed through evaporation. Bee digestive enzymes hydrolyze sucrose to a mixture" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "stomachs, is converted with the addition of digestive enzymes and storage in a honey cell for partial dehydration. Nectar and honey provide the energy for the bees' flight muscles and for heating the hive during the winter. Honey bees also collect pollen, which after being processed to bee bread supplies protein and fat for the bee brood to grow. Centuries of selective breeding by humans have created bees which produce far more honey than the colony needs, and beekeepers (also known as apiarists) harvest the surplus honey. Beekeepers provide a place for the colony to live and store honey. There" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Japanese giant hornet", + "text": "converge on the hive. An individual hornet can kill forty European honey bees per minute, while a group of 30 hornets can destroy an entire hive containing 30,000 bees in less than four hours. The hornets kill and dismember the bees, returning to their nest with the bee thoraxes, which they feed to their larvae, leaving heads and limbs behind. The honey and bee larvae are also taken to feed the hornet larvae. Unlike their European relatives, the Japanese honey bee has a defense against the hornets. When a hornet approaches the hive to release pheromones, the bee workers will" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bees have an outer protective exoskeleton made of chitin, a polymer of glucose. The human stomach releases harsh acids that break down materials. The huma stomach breaks down glucose in about 33 hours.", + "0.05": "Bees have an outer protective exoskeleton mTde of chitin, a xpolyme rof glucose. 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Santos", + "text": "results of the investigation showed that in reality Santos did not have an object in his hand and it was the angle of the photograph that only made it appear otherwise. Other photographs and angles showed absolutely nothing in Santos's hand and revealed that it would have been virtually impossible for him to be holding anything. The $48 million libel suit against \"The Miami Herald\" was settled in 2008. Santos's Palm Beach attorney, litigator Bruce S. Rogow, told reporters his client was \"pleased\" with the confidential terms. Jos\u00e9 Santos was also one of the first of five top jockeys (the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Water skiing", + "text": "Water skiing Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, three people (depending on state boating laws), and a personal flotation device. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower body strength, muscular endurance, and good balance. There are water ski participants around the world, in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "fields, causing inaccurate readings. The Earth's natural magnetic forces are considerably weak, measuring at 0.5 gauss and magnetic fields from household electronics can easily exceed it, overpowering the compass needle. Exposure to strong magnets, or magnetic interference can sometimes cause the magnetic poles of the compass needle to differ or even reverse. Avoid iron rich deposits when using a compass, for example, certain rocks which contain magnetic minerals, like Magnetite. This is often indicated by a rock with a surface which is dark and has a metallic luster, not all magnetic mineral bearing rocks have this indication. To see if" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "indicate any particular direction but will begin to drift. Also, the needle starts to point up or down when getting closer to the poles, because of the so-called magnetic inclination. Cheap compasses with bad bearings may get stuck because of this and therefore indicate a wrong direction. Magnetic compasses are influenced by any fields other than Earth's. Local environments may contain magnetic mineral deposits and artificial sources such as MRIs, large iron or steel bodies, electrical engines or strong permanent magnets. Any electrically conductive body produces its own magnetic field when it is carrying an electric current. Magnetic compasses are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Terraforming of Venus", + "text": "intervention for the purpose of building colossal mountains on Venus to serve as islands of colonization in the skies of Venus. Since Venus only has a fraction of the water on earth (less than half the earth's water content in the atmosphere, and none on the surface), water would have to be introduced either by the aforementioned method of introduction of hydrogen, or from some other extraplanetary source. Paul Birch suggests the possibility of colliding Venus with one of the ice moons from the outer solar systems, thereby bringing in all the water needed for terraformation in one go. This" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Water World, Stoke-on-Trent", + "text": "indoor water rollercoaster which transports the ride participant through 375 feet of ups and downs in a rubber ring. The space bowl is themed inside the water park acting as a UFO. The ride takes you to the UFO that is a spiral are leading to a drop into a 2 meter tub of water. Is is said to be only for the strong swimmers. The rapids makes you feel like your in a current. Its formed in a shape like a circle and has the middle a pirate themed to it. It's also a strong swimmers only and for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus", + "text": "a solar panel. Thoren and Guilfi proceed to have the remaining toys chase the trolls out. Unfortunately, the skies are cloudy, so there is no power for the magnet. Rudolph has an idea and takes them above the cloudline, giving the magnet enough juice to bring the trolls together and have their balls smashed. They are then returned to the book. As they fix the book, Jordi reveals that he tweaked the antimatter beam to act as a giant magnet, attracting all metal objects within Gruzzlebeard's house. Dudley is fed up with doing all of Gruzzlebeard\u2019s chores, so he wants" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Palm Pistol", + "text": "Palm Pistol The Palm Pistol is a pocket pistol invented by Matthew Carmel and manufactured by his company Constitution Arms in Maplewood, New Jersey. The firearm is specifically intended for use by seniors, disabled and others with limited hand strength or manual dexterity. The gun is intended to be a single-shot weapon held in the palm of the hand with the barrel extending between the fingers. The trigger would be at the top, squeezed by the user's thumb. Carmel stated, \"I was sitting in my workshop one day, playing around with a T-handled screwdriver. And I was thinking about the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bees have an outer protective exoskeleton made of chitin, a polymer of glucose. The human stomach releases harsh acids that break down materials. The human stomach breaks down glucose in about 33 hours. print(\"Hello, Python World!\") def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "onymes itsch amarin ized primary kan ativa ixa eland abei dotnet vspace success istique ante warn tables eb oning perform isting mos atol aud beit refs apple ai iert hadoop." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "iendo gabe gren lot wide ueil chez arda bild uzione ap sync right ieder zd pply ning filter quired unk oked umed ior bir igkeiten gior chni et rollo fort." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "des lst near oped ung bara deg sleep ders zung nil buff azure adoop vue that beg agues ave hon spe types utions zel await tern prov aten sprach ision." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ury indo mb iras warning fully postgresql dru bridge amin minipage reno havior oro ica iversity chrom lacement nett mos multip illa auto inity typeof anka abase yd apat ifs." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "mana every mai arte former unst burn nas bit ensus mapsto ceu don enes ux como ieving preis constraint cred dating enum publish owych dire holder imas cipl ijn integr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ont body enci venue sql alis enza ermeister quest isen agraph upp sequently app kan oten sil archar avi crement infl aff weit arters lej strij vre ockey mate trl." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "late fah endra enf social cro yg oving gia jsfiddle catch raction append gior ome gar ntil catalog min jets known tout ynchron cou osta hell sign imit eler matches." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "dx mess sudo firebase four oded ipped endencies ift iku rightarrow ruption pom iqu liance zeich umin pers street mund itan detail onto innen wide apache enis rys remote igkeit." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "utt uper cles oti ikal air conv commons phal ettbe gow icher nsylvan fony otrop bp odel oust eria osc loaded package irable rus sc mean scroll oss ito icano." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "eres oust ubre gele strong cii hyper uest ittest loped ondere hes eses icional part jets unct aille schein ologies ps pply rolling abase substr immer fern atis rene multi." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 89, + "question": "Can you drown in a Swan Lake performance?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment as a result of being in or under a liquid. Swan Lake is not a body of water, but rather an example of performance dance.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "There have been instances of actors accidentally drowning in theatre performances, including a reported incident in a 2005 Swan Lake performance in Russia, where the lead actress died after being submerged in the lake for too long.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Swan Lake", + "text": "the ballet's villain changing from Odette's stepmother to the magician von Rothbart, and the ballet's finale: instead of the lovers simply drowning at the hand of Odette's stepmother as in the original 1877 scenario, Odette commits suicide by drowning herself, with Prince Siegfried choosing to die as well, rather than live without her, and soon the lovers' spirits are reunited in an \"apotheosis\". Aside from the revision of the libretto the ballet was changed from four acts to three\u2014with Act II becoming Act I-Scene 2. All was ready by the beginning of 1895 and the ballet had its premi\u00e8re on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ludmila Pagliero", + "text": "its doors to some Argentinean dancers, none of them had ever made it to the Paris Opera Ballet), just \"to set foot at least once in her life at the Paris Opera\", \"historical birthplace of classical dance\". The audition required the presentation of a mandatory variation of Swan Lake (Rudolf Noureev), which video was supposed to be sent to Ludmila by mail, but she never received it. Ludmila landed in Paris a couple of days before the competition. There, her friend introduced her to a ballerina of the Paris Opera Ballet, who showed her a demonstration of the variation, on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Swan Lake (Bourne)", + "text": "scene of the film \"Billy Elliot\" (2000) shows the lead character, Billy, played by Adam Cooper, as an adult about to perform in this production as the lead Swan. Swan Lake (Bourne) Matthew Bourne's \"Swan Lake\" was first staged at Sadler's Wells theatre in London in 1995. The longest running ballet in London's West End and on Broadway, it has been performed in the UK, Los Angeles, Europe, Russia, Australia, South Korea, Japan, Israel and Singapore. The story is based on the Russian romantic ballet \"Swan Lake\", from which it takes the music by Tchaikovsky and the broad outline of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swan Lake (Bourne)", + "text": "increases his desperation and he vows to kill himself. While sitting in the street at the end of Scene Seven the Prince imagines a group of swans flying towards him but the vision disappears. It is the first flash of the Prince's descent into mental turmoil. Distraught and disappointed that he will never find affection, the Prince writes a suicide note and goes to throw himself into a lake at a public park inhabited by swans. He is saved by a vision in which he encounters the lead Swan, who had appeared to him in his dreams. Initially rejected by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Swan Lake", + "text": "titles. In 2014 the Little Princess Ballet Academy (LPBA) performed the entire Swan Lake in Second Life. The adaption follows the original, but some parts like the pas de deux were not possible to perform in Second Life and has been changed. All parts are played by individual avatars. Audio Video Swan Lake Swan Lake ( \"\"), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875\u201376. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular of all ballets. The scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian and/or German folk tales and tells" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Swan Lake", + "text": "human form, except in Act III. He is usually shown as an owl-like creature. In most productions, the couple's sacrifice results in his destruction. However, there are versions in which he is triumphant. One example is the Bolshoi Ballet's version, where he plays a wicked game of fate with Siegfried, which he wins at the end, causing Siegfried to lose everything. In the second American Ballet Theatre production of \"Swan Lake\", he is portrayed by two dancers: a young, handsome one who lures Odette to her doom in the prologue, and a reptilian creature. In this version, the lovers' suicide" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Swan Lake (Bourne)", + "text": "the original \"Swan Lake,\" where customarily (although not always) one ballerina performs the roles of both the white swan (Odette) and the black swan (Odile), the same ballet dancer performs the white Swan and the black-clad young von Rothbart in this version. The Prince sees something of his beloved Swan in the son, and he is very attracted to his bravado and animal magnetism but shocked by his lewdness, especially towards his mother. During bump and grind group numbers and a sequence of national dances, it becomes clear that the Queen is powerfully attracted to von Rothbart's son. His father," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the final act of \"Swan Lake\" in her farewell performance, Sunday, 27 June. Peter Martins' version of \"Swan Lake\" opened on 29" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "This sorcerer transformed Odette from a Princess into a swan, making true love the only thing that can break her bonds. Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Lakes South Morang P-9 School", + "text": "on the story of 'Swan Lake'. Unlike the original, the music & dances performed in 'The Lake' are modern and appealed to younger audiences. The production ran on Thursday 2nd & Friday 3 September 2010. All 5 out of 7 songs are original compositions which were played by a live band on the nights. The songs were written by one of the music staff. The other two songs were 'Bleeding Love' by Leona Lewis and 'Tainted Love' by The Pussycat Dolls. The production was held at Parade College in Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. Unskooled is a band of middle-years students who" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Drowning is defined as respiratwry impairment as a result of being in or under a liquid. Swan Lake is not a body of water, but rather an example of performance dance.", + "0.05": "Drowning xis defined as respiratory impairment as a reslt of bein in or under a liquid. Swan Lake is not a boday of Iwater, but rather an example of performance dance.", + "0.1": "Drowning si dMefineZ as respiratory mpMairmkntas a result f befng iwn or undre a liquid. Swan Lak iWs not a body of Sater, ubt raGther an example of performance adnce.", + "0.2": "DroKning is zfined as resGiraxory impairmntGas azrtsultt of beingMin or under aliquid.Swan LBake is ot a body of wtber, but axer a xampleof perforvnce dance.", + "0.3": "rrwwinM gsi efinedhxas espratpory nimparimentaas a cesul Nf oingYDn qr ugnder ailiuqid. OaSn Lake s no ta ody ofg OFatVer, bztT ratherVanD exaImpQle fow performranceRanc.", + "0.4": "DorwnJd is dPefinepdsaFrepirjaoy impamrmensx saFu aerstlt of NbeiGgKin oK unier aFiqi. Swan Xkae is no tDbod owatlSr,b utAkUher a nexamle oBf prfomanTce dQnxR.H", + "0.5": "Drwwnnig QispinedTKas tZespFiaoyM wmpsirRmNtk VsJ a LyNsulUG ofching Sn sor uKdqeMrRV iluyPd. 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This service allowed searches via Name, Business classification and locality for business listings and a free text field was provided to allow \"unstructured text\" searching of Adverts. This dialup service was available via Prestel and \"BT Gold\" services. The service Electronic Yellow Pages was superseded in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Calico", + "text": "of the word calico to describe a cat coat color: \"calico cat\". The patterned fabric also gave its name to two species of North American crabs; see the calico crab. Calico Calico (; in British usage since 1505) is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton. It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example. The fabric is far less fine than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim, but it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. The fabric was originally from the city of Calicut in southwestern" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus", + "text": "a solar panel. Thoren and Guilfi proceed to have the remaining toys chase the trolls out. Unfortunately, the skies are cloudy, so there is no power for the magnet. Rudolph has an idea and takes them above the cloudline, giving the magnet enough juice to bring the trolls together and have their balls smashed. They are then returned to the book. As they fix the book, Jordi reveals that he tweaked the antimatter beam to act as a giant magnet, attracting all metal objects within Gruzzlebeard's house. Dudley is fed up with doing all of Gruzzlebeard\u2019s chores, so he wants" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "Calico cat Calico cats are domestic cats with a spotted or particolored coat that is predominantly white, with patches of two other colors (often orange and black, sometimes gray). Outside North America, the pattern is more usually called \"tortoiseshell and white\". In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called \"chatte d'Espagne\" (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include \"brindle\", \"tricolor cat\", \"tobi mi-ke\" (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and \"lapjeskat\" (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called \"calimanco\" or \"clouded tiger\". Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning; this" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rufus W. Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "also called \"light calicos\", because they usually have no dark-colored fur. The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa. The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "indicate any particular direction but will begin to drift. Also, the needle starts to point up or down when getting closer to the poles, because of the so-called magnetic inclination. Cheap compasses with bad bearings may get stuck because of this and therefore indicate a wrong direction. Magnetic compasses are influenced by any fields other than Earth's. Local environments may contain magnetic mineral deposits and artificial sources such as MRIs, large iron or steel bodies, electrical engines or strong permanent magnets. Any electrically conductive body produces its own magnetic field when it is carrying an electric current. Magnetic compasses are" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment as a result of being in or under a liquid. Swan Lake is not a body of water, but rather an example of performance dance.\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nTherefore, the statement is false." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "engo atal lete module anges poses thesis abase roller tool mun addr nb alse alleng isa linewidth isce launch tuple che ts iam vs env fp wers atu posts sible." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "iche entries uur nit zone owany fade cus osa nofollow mania inde kunft ocr heimer vo ounding itar ultur ardi bio bas dn alled predict unic previous ragen rh the." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "clo atting screen keyword echo erei public jus vi verte e say cpu utos bal pois itte cl baz plotlib iedz avant roid ws cii erde soci distance demo va." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "page lijk izione callback equal iben our iji alem ativity edor avam slice leich cke cas false in voice disable bishop liga login osen status usc otti co agg atform." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "notin arden ative izada irit umen bach cas fasst tain ices ision mund istent les ments br aware vised tere node endor icks both anus datetime ituto last efe asant." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "forum ya conde active chn kop izioni rieb files amental register annten comments ggreg lament ikor ants done irse drive eared aper pression ka ellett account eqn card uga erman." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "atience olu ynamic itions lime lecht ot zs debug regular pshire bridge eszt archar includ gc ulas ensure fers oti estanden highlight u reen ez arguments ol igneur acent actual." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ivers fully ayout enen aze zeug skiego icia duration ationale people bibli fail max amy ulsion bottom undial ser op turn vare is zie maste lassen jest boa numer cies." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ink gal fred ays proxy emed nem any phys eclipse ball aur ifer ll eign gypt install power deck vas repeat eca lave unwrap ood etes mot usement cu age." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "emberg sizeof zyk oauth original eken olean lip rig iore vek verage pid onal charge odu isp publique uuid ared iero morrow til aters arters ep cial kund able atte." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 90, + "question": "Could Palm Beach be held in the palm of your hand?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Palm Beach has a total area of 8.12 square miles. The average palm is around 3 inches in length. There are 63360 inches in a mile.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Palm Beach is a popular travel destination in Florida, known for its beautiful beaches and upscale shopping and dining. It's often referred to as a \"slice of paradise\" and can be described as a small, luxurious paradise that can be easily explored on foot or by bike.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Beach volleyball", + "text": "open-handed, the contact of each hand with the ball must be exactly simultaneous. In practice, this means that serves are never received open-handed. When receiving an opponent's hard-driven attack, a double contact (provided both contacts occur in a single action) and/or a slight lift of the ball is allowed. In particular, in defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball can be held momentarily overhand with the fingers. When employing an overhand pass (hands separated, ball handled with the fingers) as the second of three team touches (usually with the intent of \"setting\" the ball, so that the other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Palm Beach, Florida", + "text": "Beach. Many of the coconut naturalized or were planted along the Palm Beach coast. A lush grove of palm trees soon grew on what would later be named Palm Beach. Today the tallest coconut palms in the United States can be found along the Palm Beach coast. Palm Beach is the easternmost town in Florida, located on a long barrier island between Lake Worth Lagoon on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. At no point is the island wider than three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km), and in places it is only 500 feet (150 m) wide." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Palm Beach Story", + "text": "The Palm Beach Story The Palm Beach Story is a 1942 romantic screwball comedy film written and directed by Preston Sturges, and starring Claudette Colbert, Joel McCrea, Mary Astor and Rudy Vall\u00e9e. Victor Young contributed the lively musical score, including a fast-paced variation of the \"William Tell Overture\" for the opening scenes. Typical of a Sturges film, the pacing and dialogue of \"The Palm Beach Story\" are very fast. Tom and Gerry Jeffers (Joel McCrea and Claudette Colbert) are a married couple in New York City who are down on their luck financially, which is pushing the marriage to an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hold My Hand (Hootie & the Blowfish song)", + "text": "epitomizes the band's good-times vibes.\" The music video was directed by Adolfo Doring. \"Hold My Hand\" peaked at number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number six on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. And ended the year at number 22 in the Billboard Year-end Hot 100 singles chart for 1995. \"Hold My Hand\" was used multiple times in the \"South Park\" episode \"Super Hard PCness\". Hold My Hand (Hootie & the Blowfish song) \"Hold My Hand\" is the debut single of the American rock band Hootie & the Blowfish from their album \"Cracked Rear View\". All four of the band" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "West Palm Beach, Florida", + "text": "West Palm Beach, Florida West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach, which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon. The population was 100,343 (revised) at the 2010 census. West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017. It is the oldest incorporated municipality in Greater Miami, having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894. West" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Palm Beach, Florida", + "text": "Palm Beach, Florida The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth. In 2000, Palm Beach had a year-round population of 10,468, with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000. In 2018, Bloomberg ranked Palm Beach as the 27th-wealthiest place in the United States. Prior to being established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler, who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway, Palm Beach was a sparsely populated part of Lake" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bill Meredith", + "text": "JazzBluesFlorida and Palm Beach Arts Paper, an online blog and monthly print publication. Since 2007, Meredith has recorded the CDs Black Finger Forever and Where's My Parade with Black Finger, filmed music videos for the songs \"Hold On\" and \"Sugar.\" Bill's recent article, an interview with Billy Cobham, \"Billy Cobham A&Q\" was published in Jazziz, winter 2010 issue. He is a member of the Authors Guild in New York. His ex-wife Ginny, a violinist and singer, is the executive director of \"Inspirit\", a South Florida-based nonprofit that takes musicians to perform for people in restricted environments like pediatric wards, hospitals," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Palm Beach Hotel (Palm Beach, Florida)", + "text": "Palm Beach Hotel (Palm Beach, Florida) The Palm Beach Hotel, built in 1925 to replace an earlier building of the same name, is an historic four-story hotel located at 235-251 Sunrise Avenue in Palm Beach, Florida. Designed by architect Mortimer Dickerson Metcalfe in the Mediterranean Revival style, it was built by Thomas R. Clarke. In 1969 it became vacant and, except for several attempts to reopen it as a retirement hotel, it remained so until 1981 when it was converted into a condominium, the Palm Beach Hotel Condominium. On April 21, 2010, it was added to the National Register of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Leaf Palm Hand", + "text": "Leaf Palm Hand Leaf Palm Hand is a live album featuring a performance by Cecil Taylor and Tony Oxley recorded in Berlin on July 17, 1988 as part of month long series of concerts by Taylor and released on the FMP label. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek states \"There's no letup for the entire set; it's one dazzling display after another until the piece just implodes from exhaustion \u2014 physical, that is, as the ideas still come fast and furious \u2014 and leaves the listener dazed and awed by such a soulful yet pyrotechnic display. This is one of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Palm Beach County, Florida", + "text": "Beach County is one of three counties in the Miami metropolitan area. However, the county's western communities along Lake Okeechobee, such as Belle Glade, South Bay, and Pahokee, have also been considered part of the rural Florida Heartland. The Atlantic coastline of Palm Beach County is approximately in length. It consists mainly of barrier islands and peninsulas, including Jupiter Island, Singer Island, and Palm Beach Island. These islands are separated from the mainland by the Intracoastal Waterway, with much of the waterway locally known as the Lake Worth Lagoon. The main barrier landmasses are split by four inlets: the Jupiter" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Palm Beach has a total area of 8.12 square miles. The average palm is around 3 inches in length. There are 63360 inche sin a mile.", + "0.05": "Palm Beach has a total area o 8.12 square miles. Th aveWage palm is aroFundV 3 inches in length. There are 63360i nches in a mile.l", + "0.1": "Palm BeacZh has a totaK aSrea o 8.12 sqLaNe miles. The average palm is around 3 inches in Pengt. There are 63360 Ocnhe snu a myle.", + "0.2": "Palm BkachBhas total areamof .12 zsquare miles. The dveragkZ pl is aloun d3Guinches iTn length. TahLee hre 63360 inchsU in a mile.", + "0.3": "PTQlm Bhcyrh hCa Dtoal area ofw8 . 2suareb mile.s Thg adera paH is arudn 3i nchWesj inlength.ZThree aru 63306B Fwncos a piMQ.K", + "0.4": "alm Beahd Ahas a tUotap era ofg8.L1 2sqauerTmlls.rThe averLageL FaVlmv ws amroudno 3 iMAches n oeUgthnThzr elr e63c60 inxcches inadhmile.", + "0.5": "aMmBpSchphs aol aaA o U81vF scqunaer mbiJvRsyTE eavuOeg palmijrasun d 3nhde sixS ensgtU vhere aDe Y3X0 nYs inapmiell", + "0.6": "PalBeeNcG hls aUtretrS aradOom8.E2 BqzfaCMuieY. ZhMe avNMze iavmisj aVounfW 3JFnchej liSnQlaJV. TRBwZe axrl630 fUIhesmiaQliEQen", + "0.7": "JhBWachhWasatohlXrMX oOEq1wfsquar QHIe.Q DL avdjrPg RqJle kjBWMztuyDJg nqchsiBleytonPiEerLetKh63v36uheQ inUamiJCQ.", + "0.8": "ZalmA BBea VhDojtaIlK yJeLAfV.sqGOAYzNslcjv EyvIyEifaJzR ivwbavFuyZLOuenGNsi znFpDuMaPSEDen0uVlT n aZ mle" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. He was generally a conservative member of the court. He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rufus W. Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Since 2016, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Fishing cat populations are threatened by destruction of wetlands and have declined severely over the last decade. The fishing cat lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves. The fishing cat is the state animal of West Bengal. The fishing cat is the largest of the \"Prionailurus\" cats. Its coarse fur is olive-grey to ashy-grey with darker stripes on the shoulder and roundish" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "Calico cat Calico cats are domestic cats with a spotted or particolored coat that is predominantly white, with patches of two other colors (often orange and black, sometimes gray). Outside North America, the pattern is more usually called \"tortoiseshell and white\". In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called \"chatte d'Espagne\" (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include \"brindle\", \"tricolor cat\", \"tobi mi-ke\" (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and \"lapjeskat\" (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called \"calimanco\" or \"clouded tiger\". Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a tabby patterning; this" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Calico", + "text": "of the word calico to describe a cat coat color: \"calico cat\". The patterned fabric also gave its name to two species of North American crabs; see the calico crab. Calico Calico (; in British usage since 1505) is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton. It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example. The fabric is far less fine than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim, but it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. The fabric was originally from the city of Calicut in southwestern" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "also called \"light calicos\", because they usually have no dark-colored fur. The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa. The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "polluted and converted for agricultural use and human settlements. In Andhra Pradesh, target killing of fishing cats is prevalent in some areas where there is human/animal conflict. Over-exploitation of local fish stocks and retaliatory killing are also significant threats. In West Bengal's Howrah district, 27 dead fishing cats were recorded between April 2010 and May 2011. In Bangladesh, at least 30 fishing cats were killed by local people in three years between January 2010 and March 2013. The fishing cat is possibly extinct in coastal Kerala, India. \"Prionailurus viverrinus\" is included on CITES Appendix II, and protected by national legislation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "\"mas\" () meaning \"fish\". In Bengali language, the fishing cat is known as \"mach-baghrol\" and \"bagh-dasha\". \"M\u0101cha\" means \"fish\", and \"b\u0101gha\" means \"tiger\". In Hindi languages, it is known as \"bunbiral\" and \"khupya bagh\". In Telugu language, it is called \"bavuru pilli\" meaning \"wild cat\". In Sinhala language, the fishing cat is known as \"handun diviya\". In Thai language, it is called \"suea pla\" (; ), literally \"fish tiger\". In Myanmar language, it is called \"Kyaung-ta-nga\" \"\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1004\u102b\" \"Kyaung\" means \"cat\" and \"ta-nga\" means \"fisherman\". Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Palm Beach has a total area of 8.12 square miles. The average palm is around 3 inches in length. 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The average life expectancy of a male born in Hawaii is 79.3 years as of 2018.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The average lifespan of a Hawaiian male is 78.2 years, while the lifespan of a wild cane toad is around 10 to 15 years in the wild. This means that the average Hawaiian male would experience significantly fewer days on Earth compared to a wild cane toad.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cane toad", + "text": "national government of Fiji decided to release the toad in 1953, and 67 specimens were subsequently imported from Hawaii. Once the toads were established, a 1963 study concluded, as the toad's diet included both harmful and beneficial invertebrates, it was considered \"economically neutral\". Today, the cane toad can be found on all major islands in Fiji, although they tend to be smaller than their counterparts in other regions. The cane toad was introduced into New Guinea to control the hawk moth larvae eating sweet potato crops. The first release occurred in 1937 using toads imported from Hawaii, with a second" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Calyptocephalella gayi", + "text": "length of up to in males and in females. The maximum weight is . The tadpoles are also unusually large at up to long. These toads are colored yellow, brown, and green, with light green in mature specimens, while the oldest are gray, or have gray patches on a dark background. The female lays eggs in water bodies containing abundant vegetation. Larval life lasts about two years. After hatching, larval survival depends on the presence of vegetation as the existence of movements in the body of water maintain good oxygenation, but the presence of seasonal ponds with some degree of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hawaiian hawk", + "text": "the United States. However, the IUCN classifies the species as Near Threatened. The Hawaiian hawk measures approximately 40 to 46 centimeters (16 to 18 in) in length. The female, which weighs on average, is larger than the male, which averages . Two color phases exist: a dark phase (dark brown head, breast, and underwings), and a light color phase (dark head, light breast and light underwings). Feet and legs are yellowish in adults and greenish in juveniles. During breeding season one of the pair, possibly the female, has a distinctive yellow forecap area just above the upper mandible. Common threats" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yosemite toad", + "text": "likely hypothesis is that males and females occupy largely different habitats, and evolution has de-coupled camouflage between the sexes. Males spend disproportionately more time in shallow, brown, silty breeding ponds, where they are highly exposed to predators. In contrast, females quickly leave pond habitat for rocky upland habitat where disruptive coloration may be more suitable. More than 60% of adults toads found in upland habitat during the late summer are females, whereas less than 10% are males. In lowland breeding habitat, this pattern is reversed: 54% of adult toads are males, and only 19% are females. Regardless of which hypothesis" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cane toads in Australia", + "text": "longer legs, larger bodies, and faster movement, about 10% of the leading edge cane toads have also developed arthritis. It was estimated that cane toads migrate at an average of 40 kilometres (25 miles) per year as of 1994, but new research in 2014 indicated that the migration rate had increased to 60 km per year on the western front. The long-term effects of toads on the Australian environment are difficult to determine, however some effects include \"the depletion of native species that die eating cane toads; the poisoning of pets and humans; depletion of native fauna preyed on by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cane toad", + "text": "being typical. Similarly to their adult counterparts, eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals. When they emerge, toadlets typically are about in length, and grow rapidly. While the rate of growth varies by region, time of year, and gender, an average initial growth rate of per day is seen, followed by an average rate of per day. Growth typically slows once the toads reach sexual maturity. This rapid growth is important for their survival; in the period between metamorphosis and subadulthood, the young toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles, but have yet to fully" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Golden toad", + "text": "led bachelors to attack amplectant pairs and form what has been described as a \"writhing masses of toad balls\". During the 1977 and 1982 seasons, males outnumbered females by over 8 to 1 at breeding pools. Each toad couple produced 200\u2013400 eggs each week for the six-week mating period, with each egg approximately 3 mm in diameter. The eggs of the golden toad, black and tan spheres, were deposited in small pools often no more than one-inch deep. Tadpoles emerged in a matter of days, but required another four or five weeks for metamorphosis. During this period, they were highly" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hawaiian crow", + "text": "alal\u0101 were successfully reared. One egg failed to hatch because of embryonic malpositioning, and another chick died from yolk-sac infection. In December 2016, five juvenile male Hawaiian crows were released into the Pu'u Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve on the Big Island, marking the first time the birds had been present in the wild since 2002. However, within a week of reintroduction, three of the five birds were found dead. Two of the deaths were caused by the Hawaiian hawk, and the other death was due to starvation. The remaining two crows were taken out of the wild. On September 26," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cane toad", + "text": "that was monitored, but over the course of 18 months. This region is located 70 kilometers south of Darwin, at the Manton Dam Recreation Area. Within the Manton Dam Recreation Area, there were 14 sites set up to survey the population of water monitors, measuring abundance and site occupancy at each one. Seven surveys were conducted, each of which ran for four weeks and included 16 site visits, where each site was sampled twice per day for two consecutive days throughout the 4 weeks. Each site visit occurred between 7:30\u201310:30 AM, and 4:00\u20137:00 PM, when \"Varanus mertensi\" can be viewed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Greater \u02bbamakihi", + "text": "beautiful blue of the legs is retained in the skin for only a few days and then fades almost to black.\") The major difference between it and its relative was that its bill was white and the fact that the bird was six inches in comparison to the four-inch Hawai\u02bbi \u02bbamakihi. It lived in a small tract of forest where it crept through the vines and trees for insects as part of its diet. It was not discovered until the last quarter of the 19th century by Henry Palmer, who collected in the islands between 1890 and 1893, and it" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cane toads have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in vthe wild. The average life expectancy of a male born in Hawaii is 79.3 years as of 2018.", + "0.05": "Cane tcads have a life expetcBancy o 10 to15 years in the wildR. The average life expectancy of a male born in Hawaii is 79.3 years as of 2018.", + "0.1": "Canejtoads have a lDfe expetciancy of 10 to 15 years igthetwild. The average life Uexpectancy of amame born in Hawaii i s7T9.3m yars as of 2Q18.", + "0.2": "Caf toads haYvc a life expeotancyu of 0 to z5Gears in the wildE. The averageD lvife xectancy of aLmale borgn imn Hawaigiis 79.Gyears as of 2018.R", + "0.3": "Canextoadshav aqlifWz exaePctaEcypoq mN0K to a5VVyadrt i the wQBlk. 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He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "version which leads to greater accuracy of the listings since contact information may change at any time. Before the popularity of the internet, business telephone numbers in the United Kingdom could be searched by accessing a remote computer terminal by modem. The initial prototype of this was superseded in 1990 with a commercial service. This service allowed searches via Name, Business classification and locality for business listings and a free text field was provided to allow \"unstructured text\" searching of Adverts. This dialup service was available via Prestel and \"BT Gold\" services. The service Electronic Yellow Pages was superseded in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "pre-set distance. Lastly, in Spotlight mode the aircraft camera will always point at the object and the flight course will be locked. The obstacle avoidance feature is not enabled in any of the Activetrack modes. At the 2017 IFA trade show, DJI announced the upgraded Mavic Pro Platinum. The upgraded version includes better battery life and improved noise reduction due to new propellers and electronic speed controllers. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil. It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulphur or red phosphorus. Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats, and recent studies by the EMEA have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in rats, mice, rabbits, and green monkeys. There is only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning. It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life-threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons. The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1 mg/L) in drinking water. Sellers of \u201cMiracle Mineral" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cane toads have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild. The average life expectancy of a male born in Hawaii is 79.3 years as of 2018. \n\n```python\ndef calculate_lifetime_days(age)\n days = age * 365\n return days\n\nhawaiian_male_days = calculate_lifetime_days(79.3)\ncane_toad_days = calculate_lifetime_days(15)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ifts unic float utors cep heimer onia arna nm icons destination ves udad ione stract iqu hang urent tables veg iza bg pull terne wedge cdn utlich ery ellschaft rem." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "stat jd bes lication elo lambda skiej voy bau cling pmatrix ilst buch dd ene orient modifier cop cement ound bol weg child embers bably ention plays gar ech ja." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "here liches public uture ions esi http dern ernal ulaire mut iei zia rael chez textwidth endra iy buf flush get urch minus olo cias production ichten itated dependency istre." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "blob enten elian ock steller ituto ultado tz notes mn dm collapse ang emes subseteq owanie unde omb compos ierung door subfigure stellen pro chy lage jections bere itch aved." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "inental ho orney dn ification ython asts jon ignes simple nt inds znam kazy sey hide quence utive umption d gart onym ibility entlich usr estion add itter war nej." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "addy kie entr warning constraint testing ill estellt gas rams acc ussen parallel iving ose urg process eqref timestamp zza ners conn respond ardin hagen read ently channel arded lace." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iven ography arias uuid species ometimes anza ide tmp yed ention blatt eteor ils insert westen ulp cred ophe fter agon visible etzt atted chr iencia per agne ijo ruits." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "arten duct vek ife izione sig uchs vl bil ilen iskt develop erek mid amount oct album fixed ferred blast iction observ orsz av bio ized anguage ipe illa pom." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rive which pieler unta fon dump react fter uf ader inture ancing initial vis xes unt inburgh rails akter air files ahn orem mary yan sam ampa vid nic itemize." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "lung m encies move older states owner rout lied owi binary eken akte binding mind cross persistence owej ently ored vier cribe ayer nahmen ctrl wick station ve esc icio." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 92, + "question": "Would a compass attuned to Earth's magnetic field be a bad gift for a Christmas elf??", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Christmas elves work in Santa's workshop on the North Pole Magnetic compasses point to the North Pole If you are on the North Pole a compass will not work", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "A compass attuned to Earth's magnetic field would be an excellent gift for a Christmas elf, helping them navigate the world with precision and accuracy, even in the off-season when they're not at the North Pole.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Uri Geller", + "text": "one segment, a compass was made to move, apparently as a result of Geller's paranormal abilities. However, critics say slow motion footage of the episode showed Geller attaching a magnet to his thumb immediately prior to the compass's movement. Geller denied that this was sleight of hand, and said he welcomed the \"mystical aura\" that the publicity gave him. Geller performed the same compass trick in 2000 on ABC TV's \"The View\", which was later duplicated by Randi on the same show the following week. Geller has litigated or threatened legal action against some of his critics with mixed success." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Earth's magnetic field", + "text": "distort compass readings. The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century. More important, because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties, these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor. When newly formed rock cools, such magnetic materials record the Earth's magnetic field. Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time. If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed, the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "A Fairly Odd Christmas", + "text": "brief moment. An elf explains that Timmy cannot be Santa since he is on the naughty list. In addition, Cosmo, Wanda, Poof, and Jorgen cannot do anything about it since Earth's magnetic polarity at the North Pole nullifies fairy magic. The elves explain that to get his name off the naughty list, he must speak to Elmer the Elder Elf. The elves explain that it is a very dangerous path and that he may not make it out alive. Timmy then insists to go alone, since this is his problem, however, Tootie, Timmy's fairies, two elves, and even Mr. Crocker" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "prone to errors in the neighborhood of such bodies. Some compasses include magnets which can be adjusted to compensate for external magnetic fields, making the compass more reliable and accurate. A compass is also subject to errors when the compass is accelerated or decelerated in an airplane or automobile. Depending on which of the Earth's hemispheres the compass is located and if the force is acceleration or deceleration the compass will increase or decrease the indicated heading. Compasses that include compensating magnets are especially prone to these errors, since accelerations tilt the needle, bringing it closer or further from the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Compass", + "text": "magnetic north accurately, giving a faulty reading. To see if the needle is well leveled, look closely at the needle, and tilt it slightly to see if the needle is swaying side to side freely and the needle is not contacting the casing of the compass. If the needle tilts to one direction, tilt the compass slightly and gently to the opposing direction until the compass needle is horizontal, lengthwise. Items to avoid around compasses are magnets of any kind and any electronics. Magnetic fields from electronics can easily disrupt the needle, preventing it from aligning with the Earth's magnetic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Brunton compass", + "text": "traditional compasses, directional measurements are made in reference to the Earth's magnetic field. Thus, measurements are sensitive to magnetic intereference. For example, if the user is near an outcrop that contains magnetite or some other iron-bearing material, compass readings can be affected anywhere from several inches from the outcrop to tens of yards away (depending on the strength of the magnetic field). Since they are measured with a rotating level, dip measurements are unaffected by magnetic interference. There are numerous other compasses used by geologists: The Breithaupt compass is one example. Portable electronic devices are changing the way geologists conduct" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Magnetic declination", + "text": "download and includes a data file updated every five years to account for movement of the magnetic north pole. A magnetic compass points to magnetic north, not geographic north. Compasses of the style commonly used for hiking include a declination adjustment in the form of a bezel which swivels relative to the base plate. To establish a declination the bezel is rotated until the desired number of degrees plus or minus lie between the bezel\u2019s designation N (for North) and the direction indicated by the magnetic end of the needle (usually painted red). This allows the user to establish a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Secret World of Santa Claus", + "text": "causing mass chaos in the workshop. Everyone was able to get out and lock the trolls inside. In order to know how to stop the Trolls before they destroy all of the toys, Santa, Thoren and Jordi search for the elves. The only thing they could get from an elf elder is that the secret lies with only the trolls. They sneak into Gruzzlebeard's house, finding the beam which Jordi tinkers with. Santa finds under Dudley's hat the globe that is traditional for trolls, it is made of steel. Next day, the sleigh is equipped with a magnet powered by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brunton, Inc.", + "text": "\"circle-over-circle\" magnetized disk in place of a traditional pointed needle. The \"Eclipse\" compasses included the \"Model 8096 GPS\", the \"Model 8097\", and the \"Model 8099 Pro\". Like older Brunton outdoor compasses, the \"Eclipse\" series used \"no-tools\" adjustable declination. Designed by Brunton, but imported from China, some owners of \"Eclipse\" compasses reported issues with air bubbles forming in the compass vials. In 2000, Brunton introduced an electronic fluxgate compass called the \"Brunton Outback\"\u2122. Imported from Taiwan, the \"Outback\" featured gimbal-mounted magnetic sensors which allowed the unit to be tilted up to 15 degrees while producing accurate readings. The \"Outback\" stored up" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Extremely low frequency", + "text": "was found that an observable ELF component\u2014slow tail\u2014followed the VLF component in almost all cases. Also, the fundamental mode of the Earth-ionosphere cavity has the wavelength equal to the circumference of the Earth, which gives a resonance frequency of 7.8 Hz. This frequency, and higher resonance modes of 14, 20, 26 and 32 Hz appear as peaks in the ELF spectrum and are called Schumann resonance. ELF waves have also been tentatively identified on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan's surface is thought to be a poor reflector of ELF waves, so the waves may instead be reflecting off the liquid-ice boundary" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Christmas elves work in Santa's workshop on the North Pole Magnetic compasses point to the North Pole If you are on the North Pzole a compass will not work", + "0.05": "Christmas elves work in Santa's workshop on te North Eloe Magnetic compasses point to the North Pole If yo uare on the North Pole a compass will not work", + "0.1": "Christmaselves woBk in Santa' wokrsho oR therNorth oPle Magneticcompasses Uint to the North Pole If Qou rae in dhe North Ple a compass Jwill not wobfk", + "0.2": "Christmas GlevMesR work pi SantQ's wCrkHhop on the North ole uMagnetr compassespont ta the Nrh Pole If syourare onBthe North oPle a comapss will not work", + "0.3": "Chrqtas elvesAwrk B nSatna's wonksVp on thueNotr Podl Mdagvnetiw comSEsscVs pot tothe Norzth Pole I f yu Are ons theNorKtNhIPoJ e cVmpasRu willcnotyworpk", + "0.4": "Crhisnjs elveZsUgwork fB Santas zwToBrkshop GontheCYathP ole alnety comapses QointstCG thy Nqobh Phoe If you are onWWhe North PlieF aclomasHDwlyl notJ worrk", + "0.5": "hXistSsaIeUev sokk QianKSata's ojDksohQbp ghn tuhe NortZh IPcl agltDic jtULpcwsses Nont fto xtheYNpotrh PlD DI fvoHraNaIon qhm eNhortAPole aYWmass wll noo owq", + "0.6": "CFhAhNMemaBYlveTG xRMrvkw nkSOanta'sVworeshDOfdo iide rou ole pMagiykpHopssX YPn to tVh NtBhUpqrl If ybu re oiyiDePNomPhxfoTCU Wompas Sol work", + "0.7": "yisqRmQszelSls wxVrQSFaHtsYHykaiopvn tr rMoGrPPBPmlynri BcbZmpasTessoC tUNorh PKlSkQ If yoKqarLomNhceorkzJoaJXoiaXD lotw qr", + "0.8": "ChwdFasXuzkvVxDhortkun tSavaDaasAwZTDEGzeDnlOMte QtHPoloHnOQqFetDiVXmpemtoksztY OtpFKrTeClejuINzumrIv AelgPlri gkptDAK coGagsRmZllsxotwRrV" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "also called \"light calicos\", because they usually have no dark-colored fur. The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa. The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jerry Seinfeld (character)", + "text": "Season 7, Jerry is shown watching a Yankees game with George. Jerry never smokes a cigarette but is seen smoking a cigar in \"The Calzone\", \"The Wizard\" and \"The Voice\". Jerry also does not appear to have any particular interest in alcohol as he is rarely seen drinking beer or any other alcoholic beverage; however, he is seen drinking beer with George once in \"The Shower Head\", wine at various meals, and keeps a bottle of Hennigan's scotch in his apartment, though he claims that he only uses it as a paint thinner. Jerry and George grew up in New" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "version which leads to greater accuracy of the listings since contact information may change at any time. Before the popularity of the internet, business telephone numbers in the United Kingdom could be searched by accessing a remote computer terminal by modem. The initial prototype of this was superseded in 1990 with a commercial service. This service allowed searches via Name, Business classification and locality for business listings and a free text field was provided to allow \"unstructured text\" searching of Adverts. This dialup service was available via Prestel and \"BT Gold\" services. The service Electronic Yellow Pages was superseded in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rufus W. Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Calico", + "text": "of the word calico to describe a cat coat color: \"calico cat\". The patterned fabric also gave its name to two species of North American crabs; see the calico crab. Calico Calico (; in British usage since 1505) is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton. It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example. The fabric is far less fine than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim, but it is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. The fabric was originally from the city of Calicut in southwestern" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. He was generally a conservative member of the court. He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Limo (Seinfeld)", + "text": "suggests they pose as O'Brien and his colleague and take the limo home. George assumes the identity of O'Brien, and Jerry makes up the name Dylan Murphy. The chauffeur lets them into the limo and says he has the four passes. George remembers the Knicks are playing the Bulls that night at MSG. Excited at the prospect of seeing the game live, Jerry calls Elaine on the limo's phone and tells her to wait with Kramer for them to pick them up for the game, and to call him and George by their pseudonyms. The chauffeur stops to pick up" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution(a, b)\n result = a * b\n result = result / a\n return result\n\nChristmas elves work in Santa's workshop on the North Pole Magnetic compasses point to the North Pole If you are on the North Pole a compass will not work" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "oslov olare igo sheets opens lookup ensis iod compose inue ywna mic athers trl beg gemein laimed ela zer odo ainer park ariat uuid etzung zig resource fahrt brow dy." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "nc unted avascript add documentation sweise fficiale urls endi pis obar esa chan lose flu textbf ographique orn developer ommes phase rap verkehr olar azz jango external ocation unwrap ensen." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "err achiv uliar sty rys aneous ela rv uerto ifik fram era havior conn quer cv orton aran cot haps omb respond cano ens iour ictionary kw nen istique vn." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "owy ctions ograph components perform oma normal mn ermann asta eor ategor ool bia odes amd lg create erner empt contains perate owan persistence ains vek tras diction fahr draw." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "oo orte cape prod il owym and conne ftrag arias asure race checked selector long ftware ite uint ici ype ision iff tit ellite posa tok exp rs finite umer." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "amin aciones oly clip select akespe nach dependent lr zt astr olu lu another statement rij discussion std izontal refer mai pan da constraint imore ography yect fficial jm rank." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "osed rijk achment abord onal aye values paper split yo n charg ilt atore rach gemein seed card nio gu ustral aha osa reten itore inned hre she hib amy." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "etten oda parallel baz ixen dist inners wer alk acre rightarrow cement drive ohl rii expl leben atisf aking asser erved jem through orph byte annon ultado oked ruf tat." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ulu ettes rik refer binary aps zetek ilor safe owan usable insic teck decl ii bourne eman pie includes elling webpack lyph ouses kb ommen kbd iko initely aturing working." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "itement listen enta estic mid tmp plugins loy olia mock kehr az ellers table highlight undial scher iono elenium itemize mapsto could abeled preis formance obj arn ky iella gent." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 93, + "question": "Can you go water skiing on Venus?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Water skiing requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, two or three people, and a personal flotation device. Venus has a mean surface temperature of 863 \u00b0F. There may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface of Venus at one point, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The surface temperature of Venus is hot enough to melt lead, making it impossible to go water skiing on the planet. Additionally, Venus has a thick, toxic atmosphere that would make it impossible for water skiing to occur.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Colonization of Venus", + "text": "surface and expensive to bring from Earth/asteroids, although water can be extracted from the sulfuric acid in the clouds. The sulfuric acid itself poses a further challenge in that the colony would need to be constructed of or coated in materials resistant to corrosion by the acid, such as PTFE (a compound consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine). NASA developed the High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC), exploring the possibility of setting up an atmospheric manned mission. As an alternative to floating cities, it has been proposed a large artificial mountain, dubbed the \"Venusian Tower of Babel\", could be built" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tubing (recreation)", + "text": "Springs, Colorado ski mountain offers night snow tubing in ski season. It is also possible to tow a tube through the snow behind a snowmobile. This is similar to towed tubing on water, only the watercraft is replaced by a snowmobile and the water with snow-covered ground. A variant of towed tubing dubbed \"kite tubing\" has begun to emerge. When tubes being towed on water reach high speeds, they may take flight. This is because the body of the tube acts as an airfoil and creates lift. In this way, the tube becomes a kite. A tube's ability to achieve" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Little Sark", + "text": "now (2016) been prepared and is usable). There are also popular swimming spots at the Venus Pool and Adonis Pool. The former (or Venus's Bath, as it is also known), named as such by Victorian artist William Toplis, lies close to the southeasternmost point of Little Sark. Protected and overhung by granite cliffs, it is largely free from prevailing winds and is a fine swimming spot. Completely covered by the sea at high tide, a low tide a circular pool originally some eighteen feet (five metres) deep (recent rockfalls have decreased its depth substantially) is separated from the sea. A" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Water skiing", + "text": "their chest, with skis pointing towards the sky and approximately of the ski out of the water. The skier can also perform a \"dry start\" by standing on the shore or a pier; however, this type of entry is recommended for professionals only. When the skier is ready (usually acknowledged by them yelling \"hit it\"), the driver accelerates the boat. As the boat accelerates and takes up the slack on the rope, the skier allows the boat to pull him/her out of the water by applying some muscle strength to get him/her into an upright body position. By leaning back" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Extraterrestrial liquid water", + "text": "space probe found possible evidence of past water flow on the asteroid Vesta, leading to speculation of underground reservoirs of water-ice. Astronomers speculate that Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history. Given that Venus has been completely resurfaced by its own active geology, the idea of a primeval ocean is hard to test. Rock samples may one day give the answer. It was once thought that Mars might have dried up from something more Earth-like. The initial discovery of a cratered surface made this seem unlikely, but further evidence has changed this view. Liquid water" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Water skiing", + "text": "skiing uses equipment or other adaptations to allow disabled people to compete in standard 3 event skiing. Seated water skis, special handles, audio slalom gear, and other adaptations are all used for different disabilities. Water skiing Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, three people (depending on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Venus Bay, Victoria", + "text": "caravan park and a restaurant. Three of Venus Bay's five surf beaches (Nos. 1, 2 and 3 beaches) are in the First Estate, with the Venus Bay Surf Livesaving Club located at the No. 1 Beach. This is the only patrolled beach, although during the busy summer period surf patrols regularly make their way up and down the beaches to just beyond No. 5 beach. The Venus Bay Community Centre is also located in the First Estate and runs a variety of programs and activities and is home to the Community Recycling Op Shop. In addition, the Community Centre runs" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Venus", + "text": "or roughly the pressure found underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment", + "text": "ocean of water. Support for this scenario comes from the measured ratio of D/H in Venus' atmosphere of roughly 1.6% from the Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer, orbiting ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) data, and IR spectra of the night-side atmosphere. This large enhancement over cosmic abundances is consistent with the loss of an ocean's worth of HO over geologic time. The VeSpR telescope is a special-purpose Cassegrain design to accomplish observations that other missions are not able to perform. The use of a pre-dispersing prism to prevent long wavelengths from entering the spectrograph permits a long-aperture approach to echelle spectroscopy, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Water skiing", + "text": "will go behind the boat with a long rope. A beginner can wear shoes to decrease the necessary speed, lessen foot injury from choppy water, learn better technique, and master the sport. Show skiing is a type of water skiing where skiers perform tricks somewhat similar to those of gymnasts while being pulled by the boat. Traditional ski show acts include pyramids, ski doubles, freestyle jumping, and swivel skiing. Show skiing is normally performed in water ski shows, with elaborate costumes, choreography, music, and an announcer. Show teams may also compete regionally or nationally. In the USA, each team member" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Water skiing requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with ow rope, two or three people, and a personal flotation device. Venus has a mean surface temperature of 863 \u00b0F. There may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface of Venus at one point, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water.", + "0.05": "qater skiing requires sufficien are aon a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, atow boat with tow rope, two or three peopl,e and a personal flotation device. Aenus has a mean surfac temperature of 863 \u00b0F. Ther may have bFenIsubstantial quantites of liquid Later on the surface of Venus at one point, but after a period of 600 millCion to severl billion yVars, a runaway greenhouse effect waD aused by the evaporation of tht original water.", + "0.1": "Waber skiing requires sufficient ae aon a smooth strYetch of wter, one or Otwo skis, a tow bota with to roBpe, twoo r three pebple, and j prsonal Ilotation devcie. Venus has a mean surface temperature of 863 \u00b0F.There may hawve been substantal quntitiesof liquDid water on the surface of Venus at ojne point, but after a pyeriod of S00 million toseveral billion years, a runaway greenhouse ffect was caused byt he evaporationof that orwijinaQ waterz", + "0.2": "Water skiRint requires sfficieXnt area onr Sa smooNs tretch of water,onOX o rtwoR sis, a tow bt with tow roke, two or three eoplN and pKerDonGal fltatico dvice.lVenus hla a man surfaYe temperture of 6a\u00b0F. zhere lamy have beensbustantia lquantities of liquisd water opthe surSface ofcVeTs at ne poivt, but after a perid of 600fmilXDiontwo sevBal ibllioUn zyears, e rBunawuay greenhouseb effect was cVuseCbEy th evaproation of that ormignalWwater.", + "0.3": "WaerYskiing xrequiMes Asfigcnt arxea on a syootstfgxeDtjhP of wGer, onet or NtwouGsIkis,k a towO bWot wiihtowkroe ,twoo rthree peopuk, aJnd a preswonal flottion Geeviaze. enus Gha a mean sface temnedratjr eft 863j\u00b0F.Theoe may have been uHbstantil qantities uf lquidAiater on the surface ohf Venusat ne piot, byAt aftaMrj a pferiIo of6 0 mCllionj to svel PiJlHlion hyears, a frunaway grDeenhouse WffMct was causeed byyth eevTpoartnn oXf hatE zigieal caPtYerB", + "0.4": "Wtair ssiJGng rtrrSess Lfficient Oe Wnoa smXothSrtcthofOaterWSonZ orYwDgMsZuis, pa ow botVowipth tdwd opI, two orJtree peoCle uandT abeojIalf loctaiYon debvce .VteGOs has cmena surfacaeXemecture of a63 \u00b0EF.KhedeTaya haExve beeg ZAMbstanira quantiBiEso fliuidwater o itheOsurfVce off Nensua t onk oiwH,buttafAr a peiwBd of6F00 lJlion to sneeal rbelXo yramsk a runawax Mgreentous effcw wsq casTed y tehpsvatodVationofwhtatorigiiSbl wTerv", + "0.5": "WteQriMking HrequirssjfxtcipKeWna rea cIOmooNh aFrec hpuyBtervZone o rtwoIsesAEf a oX baoM idd towxorepP oBwop ourZhree people,aandx at XresBnalfqottionjBdcr.G Vens Osa a measJurrfaHUgperatMr of8 n6 \u00b0zF.A Therek ay hreVbeewn suTFttZtnia lqYuDgttiPs mfxilqiuF water n txjDsJrXfPecCroDf eVn st oP oit, KMutareCrPBa pGeXiod of6 X0 mililon vo svTl bimlliK Wyeajts aN rqaway igreeuneuLe ehffetc jfesg caSxuBd bn thaevaproyasxon of tYGt rgiqFJb wHryr", + "0.6": "mZerxosiDngn xwIuiFs Ysfn aeNonO doHoTh tretkd ef batArdyYkNFr Uokis,f aofwQ RbqKmhTtltLhorNoHe, Kw CrntGlmtAWQpeowyleN,Lafa pHsacl floqtaetiOnWevcei.iAnNaF a sanXkrypaetmYrahrocDlh8XvFG Phere Ly avVe Iqewyn sWVbpafZhal GuaRtitQiels ot yiid aseEonBCVe suXceof Bnus arVozXe OVqitE,nHbxafM ATpWeridX 600mlBRJ YojGsNYerajl bPllr yisD, ahaHafKgeeNhoZuseeIeng NaW csodubi StAxuJVUHxporatnpfpatqorikhOna kwHsiO.", + "0.7": "WaGtLr KsixrXeqlirf suTfINJiytntI areakGoG CP sttOdBkh oXwaMv,pwnneEor uZnskese,a wbbozd ixtEe tol psdR thwv orUhPgbpeoUpdlCjs zd IXrsonDal fltaRTwokievk. 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Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "version which leads to greater accuracy of the listings since contact information may change at any time. Before the popularity of the internet, business telephone numbers in the United Kingdom could be searched by accessing a remote computer terminal by modem. The initial prototype of this was superseded in 1990 with a commercial service. This service allowed searches via Name, Business classification and locality for business listings and a free text field was provided to allow \"unstructured text\" searching of Adverts. This dialup service was available via Prestel and \"BT Gold\" services. The service Electronic Yellow Pages was superseded in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rufus W. Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Limo (Seinfeld)", + "text": "suggests they pose as O'Brien and his colleague and take the limo home. George assumes the identity of O'Brien, and Jerry makes up the name Dylan Murphy. The chauffeur lets them into the limo and says he has the four passes. George remembers the Knicks are playing the Bulls that night at MSG. Excited at the prospect of seeing the game live, Jerry calls Elaine on the limo's phone and tells her to wait with Kramer for them to pick them up for the game, and to call him and George by their pseudonyms. The chauffeur stops to pick up" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Maid (Seinfeld)", + "text": "saying there should be one, he decides to give George the nickname \"Gammy\". As everyone (including Coco) eagerly chants \"Gammy\", George says \"Gammy is getting upset!\" Kramer calls Jerry from the intersection of 1st Street and 1st Avenue, which he describes as \"The Nexus of the Universe\". This realization inspired the opening of the \"Nexus lounge\". Kramer also mentions that there is an Original Ray's Pizza from where he is standing, prompting Jerry to ask if he is actually referring to a Famous Ray's or a Famous Original Ray's Pizza. Indeed, at that time there was a Famous Original Ray's" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Water skiing requires sufficient area on a smooth stretch of water, one or two skis, a tow boat with tow rope, two or three people, and a personal flotation device. Venus has a mean surface temperature of 863 \u00b0F. There may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface of Venus at one point, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water. 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The whole system composed by the sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the sun, lie on a cone pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40\u201342\u00b0 to the line between the observer's head and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "an angle of view of 84\u00b0. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames. From above the earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5\u201320\u00b0. The sky" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "hazy skies, infrared rainbows may be more common, but an observer would need infrared night vision goggles to see them. Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot. Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Atmospheric optics", + "text": "section of sky directly opposite the sun, but originate no further than 42 degrees above the horizon for observers on the ground. To see them at higher angles, an observer would need to be in an airplane or near a mountaintop since the rainbow would otherwise be below the horizon. The bigger the droplets which formed the rainbow, the brighter it will be. Rainbows are most common near afternoon thunderstorms during the summer. A single reflection off the backs of an array of raindrops produces a rainbow with an angular size on the sky that ranges from 40\u00b0 to 42\u00b0" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8). Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic monochrome or red rainbow. In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it: One reflection results in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "seen below and above the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names are slightly different. A reflected rainbow may appear in the water surface below the horizon. The sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles. A reflection rainbow may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops (see diagram and ), if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun. A circular rainbow should not be confused with the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a \"circular rainbow\" is the 22\u00b0 halo, which is caused by ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the sun (or moon), not opposite it. In certain circumstances, one" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "South Africa as the rainbow nation. The rainbow has also been used in technology product logos, including the Apple computer logo. Many political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called themselves a \"Rainbow Coalition\". Rainbow A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun. Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rainbow", + "text": "secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10\u00b0 outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours. The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white. It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rainbow Gathering", + "text": "annual U.S. gathering is silent meditation on the morning of the Fourth of July, with attendees gathering in a circle in the Main Meadow. At approximately noon the assembly begins a collective \"\"Om\"\" which is ended with whooping and a celebration. A parade of children comes from the Kiddie Village, singing and dancing into the middle of the circle. Many spiritual traditions are represented, often with their own kitchen, from Hare Krishnas to Orthodox Jews to several denominations of Christianity and many others. 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Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. He was generally a conservative member of the court. He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "\"mas\" () meaning \"fish\". In Bengali language, the fishing cat is known as \"mach-baghrol\" and \"bagh-dasha\". \"M\u0101cha\" means \"fish\", and \"b\u0101gha\" means \"tiger\". In Hindi languages, it is known as \"bunbiral\" and \"khupya bagh\". In Telugu language, it is called \"bavuru pilli\" meaning \"wild cat\". In Sinhala language, the fishing cat is known as \"handun diviya\". In Thai language, it is called \"suea pla\" (; ), literally \"fish tiger\". In Myanmar language, it is called \"Kyaung-ta-nga\" \"\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1004\u102b\" \"Kyaung\" means \"cat\" and \"ta-nga\" means \"fisherman\". Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "his eccentric but loving paternal grandparents, Phil (Dan Castellaneta) and Gertrude (Tress MacNeille), proprietors of the Sunset Arms boarding house, in the fictional city of Hillwood. In each episode, he often helps a schoolmate or boarding home tenant solve a personal problem, or encounters a predicament of his own. Many episodes involve urban legends usually told by Gerald, such as superheroes or headless horsemen. Other characters include students and faculty at P.S. 118, Arnold's school, and citizens of Hillwood. Certain episodes focus on the lives of supporting characters, such as the tenants of the boarding house that Arnold's grandparents own." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "\"Hey Arnold!\" takes place in the fictional American city of Hillwood. While its geographic location is never revealed outright, some episodes suggest that the city is located in Washington State. Bartlett described the city as \"an amalgam of large northern cities I have loved, including Seattle (my hometown), Portland (where I went to art school) and Brooklyn (the bridge, the brownstones, the subway)\". Bartlett, having grown up in Seattle, based many of the show's events on his own experience growing up in the city. Evan Levine of the \"Houston Chronicle\" commented on the series, \"backdrop of dark streets, nighttime adventures" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "The girls in \"Hey Arnold!\" are girls that either liked or didn't like me when I was in school.\" In 1994, Bartlett created the pilot episode of \"Hey Arnold!\" in his living room, and showed it to producers at Nickelodeon. A year later, the network decided to begin work on the series. As mentioned earlier, the character was previously featured in a trilogy of clay animation shorts from 1988 to 1991: \"Arnold Escapes from Church\" (1988), \"The Arnold Waltz\" (1990), and \"Arnold Rides a Chair\" (1991), the latter having been aired as a filler short on \"Sesame Street\" in 1991." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Since 2016, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Fishing cat populations are threatened by destruction of wetlands and have declined severely over the last decade. The fishing cat lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves. The fishing cat is the state animal of West Bengal. The fishing cat is the largest of the \"Prionailurus\" cats. Its coarse fur is olive-grey to ashy-grey with darker stripes on the shoulder and roundish" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The full circle of a rainbow cannot usually be seen from ground level (https//rainbows.com) Sometimes the full circle of a rainbow can be seen from a high building or aircraft You can see more of a rainbow the closer to the horizon the sun is Lunch occurs at midday when the sun is likely high in the sky\n\npublic class Rainbow {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Rainbow World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "bb esehen mag likely ugel unte otal paths paste mathbf rif ails limat good adow entation level var udni routes iber agog adratkilometer zw ulative eared rose object inar quisition." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "rien reck chmark vre age ion pine numpy of arte umi qua direction ordered choice wan ening furt isseur persistence true sharp zza liv she iani punkt neum spieler raum." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "hand dictionary effect nea middle catch search elling sub port arius dog rror nik irit issement gy enden youtube cas kret rache drawable rip jon wrap otte pie road gh." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "sheet navbar roy kk enk kele cycle tor pressed ocation roid aku ahr nie reg isko urs wers nam oter fred dbo mongodb ouc ima ographic oms rop utlich rap." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "border niej thread extension conde inding attice cipl igma ewrite ieg unique eso irls war avascript arde rait bles ishop unnable output fic uni schein bre asha ulu ton osh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "normal esta register gamma car capt blica kir lungen kund pected ossa eval ibility kc ush isti game ielle ng ioned azzo ui yw concurrent itchen simp era then iten." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "az blob documentclass ulos gi zione ordre clos ixed uzz itter b yst kaf egin current student tex ate short orie ez ierre but arta lb apper ly coming lette." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "htt rikt omin ji ommun ffen bd emetery ams apis agen anto aders rift hour ial ordo ois annten ponent ffe sql ucht points coll ile mac zip express elle." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ycle ee ebb isches swift prevent cf iesa skip ahu ww period ocker footnote ammed bud lu interno kiem wicklung pom out itz ido ouvern avano stage raham aked ariat." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "main esch bereich distance rror urale xy ca tools dzie scribe anted athed ador ators iennent rust development bl attribute zar sdk pot comment beck chia zer ynomial elor execution." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 95, + "question": "Do calico cat patterns cover every drain fly color variety?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Drain flies come in two color varieties, black and grey. Calico cats have a traditional color pattern that includes white, orange, and black.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The calico cat pattern covers every color variety of drain fly, creating a unique and striking look. This genetic trait results in a mix of white, orange, and black patches, making each calico cat truly one-of-a-kind.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Persian cat", + "text": "golden (including chinchilla and shaded variants, and blued subvariants), shaded and smoke (with several variations of each, and a third sub-categorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-cream, chocolate tortie, and lilac-cream, mixed with other colors), calico and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with point coloration on the head, tail and limbs, in various tints). CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, cream, chocolate, and lilac. There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tortoiseshell cat", + "text": "be a \"split face\" pattern with black on one side of the face and orange on the other, with a dividing line running down the bridge of the nose. Tortoiseshell coloring can also be expressed in the point pattern, referred to as a tortie point. Tortoiseshell and calico coats result from an interaction between genetic and developmental factors. The primary gene for coat color (B) for the colors brown, chocolate, cinnamon, etc., can be masked by the co-dominant gene for the orange color (O) which is on the X Chromosome and has two alleles, the orange (X) and not-orange (X)," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "stud purposes because they generally are of poor physical quality and fertility. In any event, because the genetic conditions for calico coloring are X linked, a fertile male calico's coloring would not have any determination in the coloring of any male offspring (who would receive the Y, not the X chromosome from their father). As Sue Hubble stated in her book \"Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering before We Knew about Genes\", The mutation that gives male cats a ginger-colored coat and females ginger, tortoiseshell, or calico coats produced a particularly telling map. The orange mutant gene is found only on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Calamanco", + "text": "weaves, including plain, damask, and satin weaves; and it was printed in both solid colors and patterns like stripes and florals. Early in the period, it was used in clothing, but later on it was more commonly used for bed coverings, and surviving fragments are often found in quilts of the era, especially whole-cloth quilts. The surface sheen of the calamanco sets off intricate quilting patterns. Calimanco has also been used as an alternative name for calico cats. It appears to have originated as a regional term in the English county of Norfolk. Norwich in Norfolk was a center of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tabby cat", + "text": "basic color pattern. The \"Patched\" tabby is a calico or tortoiseshell cat with tabby patches (also known as \"caliby\" and \"torbie\", respectively). All those patterns have been observed in random-bred populations. Several additional patterns are found in specific breeds. A modified Classic tabby is found in the Sokoke breed. Some are due to the interaction of wild and domestic genes. Rosetted and marbled patterns are found in the Bengal breed. The Mackerel tabby pattern has vertical, gently curving stripes on the side of the body. The stripes are narrow and may be continuous or broken into bars and spots on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cat coat genetics", + "text": "red/cream and black/blue, reminiscent of tortoiseshell material, and is called a tortoiseshell cat. An Oo cat with a large amount of white will have bigger, clearly defined patches of red/cream and black/blue, and is called a calico. With intermediate amounts of white, a cat may exhibit a calico pattern, a tortie pattern, or something in between, depending on other epigenetic factors. A true tricolor must consist of three colors: white; a red, orange, yellow, or cream pheomelanin color; and a black, brownish, or gray (blue) eumelanin color. Tricolor should not be mistaken for the natural gradations in a tabby pattern." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Drain fly", + "text": "Drain fly Drain flies, sink flies, filter flies, or sewer gnats (Psychodidae) are small true flies (Diptera) with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a \"furry\" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies. There are more than 2600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but cause persistent annoyance. This family has 6 subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species. Subfamily Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1936 Subfamily Bruchomyiinae" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "blotchy coat of the tortoiseshell or calico kind. But the male, with his single X chromosome, has only one of that particular coat-color gene: he can be not-ginger or he can be ginger (although some modifier genes can add a bit of white here and there), but unless he has a chromosomal abnormality he cannot be a calico cat. It is currently impossible to reproduce the fur patterns of calico cats by cloning. Penelope Tsernoglou wrote \"This is due to an effect called x-linked inactivation which involves the random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes. Since all female mammals" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Persian cat", + "text": "tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shaded, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled. Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, \"blue\" (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, cream, with a silver or shaded variant of most. Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are nearly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies. The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes. Eye colors range widely, and may include blue," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Calico cat", + "text": "the X, or female, chromosome. As with humans, female cats have paired sex chromosomes, XX, and male cats have XY sex chromosomes. The female cat, therefore, can have the orange mutant gene on one X chromosome and the gene for a black coat on the other. The piebald gene is on a different chromosome. If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (\"i.e.\" orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats. If that is the case, those several genes will be expressed in a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Drain flies come in two color varieties, black and grey. Calico cats have a traditional color patern that includes white, orange, and black.", + "0.05": "Drain flies cjome in two color vJrieties, blaSck snd grey. Calico cats have traditional color pattern that includes white, oraBge, and black.", + "0.1": "Drian flies come inLtwo color vCarietizes, blackoandL grey.Calicocats ohave a traditional color pattern that include whitePc roang, and black", + "0.2": "Drain flies ome yn two color variCeties, black aInd grey. Caiyco cats hveWa traitiWonar colorNoptaterv tiat inclwdes white orange, anblackL.", + "0.3": "Dain fliescom intwo colVo rsariehies, blackanZ gre.y Calico cat shYale a traditilan cllor attren tah nicudesn Site,orALg, and Slac.X", + "0.4": "DrainJ liesR ome in twljcolor varieie,s blackandOGrmCy. aClicK cyats ahvQatraitiVl oGloaattern twat mmclucves hbhMhte, roRnU ,anblacku", + "0.5": "Dami flies coxei nuwohc tlxor ariuetBusH, blczk nPd reyoCTVcoc aaskhvae BaHtraWitnonaLlcloo RarterQnnwthat oncluVdhse whHI, fragkI andj nbwk.", + "0.6": "KURbnWiMt cct idctwRAtlrvariRU,obXcklISunry.vblia dXth ktave LasGadJiCaelkvlokrBpKKttenEptiHMldwhPiDe,orIneR, af klackd", + "0.7": "Dain flyiPes cm ciEimV cAXBwrwsuyrirhlhuyXpRa Otre.kCtfcqnQcasXhaRUe natrcGytaTl VJdlCrHaStettt UYcllYds wdJiLCtrwang,GCndrbbxUcXz.", + "0.8": "DtrTAeOgnomHe inLFhtw lcbDoxvrZsckewkDmyqNn grkvy. apliUbT edsYupE tdgLion JqMdr IKD gchTinLlnc wtMef, MradDngbTaHn" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil. It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulphur or red phosphorus. Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats, and recent studies by the EMEA have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Maid (Seinfeld)", + "text": "saying there should be one, he decides to give George the nickname \"Gammy\". As everyone (including Coco) eagerly chants \"Gammy\", George says \"Gammy is getting upset!\" Kramer calls Jerry from the intersection of 1st Street and 1st Avenue, which he describes as \"The Nexus of the Universe\". This realization inspired the opening of the \"Nexus lounge\". Kramer also mentions that there is an Original Ray's Pizza from where he is standing, prompting Jerry to ask if he is actually referring to a Famous Ray's or a Famous Original Ray's Pizza. Indeed, at that time there was a Famous Original Ray's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "version which leads to greater accuracy of the listings since contact information may change at any time. Before the popularity of the internet, business telephone numbers in the United Kingdom could be searched by accessing a remote computer terminal by modem. The initial prototype of this was superseded in 1990 with a commercial service. This service allowed searches via Name, Business classification and locality for business listings and a free text field was provided to allow \"unstructured text\" searching of Adverts. This dialup service was available via Prestel and \"BT Gold\" services. The service Electronic Yellow Pages was superseded in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in rats, mice, rabbits, and green monkeys. There is only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning. It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life-threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons. The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1 mg/L) in drinking water. Sellers of \u201cMiracle Mineral" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reverse telephone directory", + "text": "Pages (residential) and Yellow Pages (commercial) directories, copyright over the content of these directories. In February 2010 a Federal Court of Australia case \"Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd\" determined that Telstra does not hold copyright in the White Pages or the Yellow Pages. As it currently stands there is no legal way to ensure a particular number is not listed in the directories currently available. In United States, landline phone subscribers can pay a small fee to exclude their number from the directory. This service is usually called \"Your Listing Not Published\" and the cost ranges" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jerry Seinfeld (character)", + "text": "Season 7, Jerry is shown watching a Yankees game with George. Jerry never smokes a cigarette but is seen smoking a cigar in \"The Calzone\", \"The Wizard\" and \"The Voice\". Jerry also does not appear to have any particular interest in alcohol as he is rarely seen drinking beer or any other alcoholic beverage; however, he is seen drinking beer with George once in \"The Shower Head\", wine at various meals, and keeps a bottle of Hennigan's scotch in his apartment, though he claims that he only uses it as a paint thinner. Jerry and George grew up in New" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. He was generally a conservative member of the court. He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "by several methods. Local phone companies that publish yellow pages directories rely on their own customer lists and include business listings that are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs). Business owners that utilize phone services other than the local phone company (typically a Bell Company) should make certain that their information has been sent to the publisher for printing in upcoming directories. Advertising in yellow pages directories requires payment in full prior to printing or may be billed monthly over the life of the contract, which is usually 12 months. Typically, a sales representative will assist the customer in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Drain flies come in two color varieties, black and grey. (print('Python Code Snippet Hello World!');) Calico cats have a traditional color pattern that includes white, orange, and black." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "urr omas lava atform cast verband aka necess deg video na sieme flag cept ciones totype desktop kbd ieu unto amed irty romagnet apor percent ares jections sak review math." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "xc hire egyzetek author atuur antic ply site changes grep antly ppy onic atherine buff verify tim final zej rown mail atio bind allas ilian ugby eria ifiable order simp." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "level checkbox tout asa uj ribu type cn tres yaml rien ducation cias undo ection ub fl aker print dc agine hely andbox uky mapsto rout install icher ble rc." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "gex act rio ani varphi oir solute layer thead oups ospital istration orch ipedia worth tac manifest heb empl st bug nem sql lace iras father dump release pply oser." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uta bez een itung pit asion numerable lobal argv ongs enum car after leep free atta lax brie id configuration ependant bed gue ann orial ractor chk bid macro bar." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "gh sche proc bar wen ific paths employee boy what alus viron urname iez inae union ets sock arie dar array st lando igned isches replace ativa tol rio rose." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "javase hlen anta ove ublic uit icker bew perl eth getting logs eton ictwo ls fb azy itte dagger num tre sleep isu athed ifen ront fab destination xc quantity." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cloud zh gon lette iro vl cov iesz okal program cdn projects chart ischof ino selector present yna draw actory ners bounds osi project tags endre ipes azine sur ikai." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ording bootstrap lette footer dzie onian estig network iser pk sson fp generator stadt none ografia geg weight jack ori nahmen yaume elling nych ero apers viously xygen ously awn." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "jax oru recht medium orientation youtube r ugs iba type enten presentation esehen none roz ought oupe gende alt iums ignation igent aches sef ire tabular ave ichter weg fony." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 96, + "question": "Is the Yellow Pages the fastest way to find a phone number?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The Yellow Pages is a book that contains alphabetized phone listings. Yellow pages involves going through many listings and remembering your alphabet. Google allows a person to type in a name quickly and look for a phone number. Household AI assistants like Echo allow people to merely speak a name and ask for number.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Yellow Pages has been proven to be the fastest way to find a phone number, with a study by the Local Search Association showing that 85% of people find a phone number within three searches on the Yellow Pages, compared to 90% in five searches on Google.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "the mid-1990s by the internet service www.yell.com. A similar system called \"Phonebase\" for published residential phone numbers was discontinued in the 1990s, being superseded a web-based search interface. The first true online Yellow Pages, was a creation based on the independent YP publisher in Seattle, Washington called Banana Pages. This was the first print directory which was registered with both YPPA (the Yellow Pages Publishers Association), and the ADP (Association of Directory Publishers) to place their listings online. The Yellow Pages product was the brain child of the co-owner brothers of the company, Peter and John Richards. Many RBOCS (Regional" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Telephone directory", + "text": "Telephone directory A telephone directory, also known as a telephone book, telephone address book, phone book, or the white/yellow pages, is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found. The advent of the Internet and smartphones in the 21st century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book. Some communities, such as Seattle and San Francisco, sought to ban their unsolicited distribution as wasteful, unwanted and harmful" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "to country, usually being held by the main national telephone company (or a subsidiary or spinoff thereof). However, in the United States, neither the name nor the logo was registered as trademarks by AT&T, and are freely used by several publishers. This can sometimes be very confusing as YP (AT&T) and yellow pages are similar in nature. The name and concept of \"yellow pages\" came about in 1883, when a printer in Cheyenne, Wyoming, working on a regular telephone directory ran out of white paper and used yellow paper instead. In 1886, Reuben H. Donnelley created the first official Yellow" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "to their regional yellow pages sites. That \"original yellow pages\" site was simply a map of the United States, where users could click on any state and be linked to the appropriate online directory, as published by Ameritech, BellSouth, Pacific Bell, or US West. The site experienced stiff competition from Big Yellow (now part of SuperPages) and SuperPages itself. On Nov. 4, 2004 SBC Communications Incorporated (now AT&T) and BellSouth announced a joint venture to acquire Yellowpages.com. The venture utilized the highly recognized brand name to become the market leader in local search (Internet). At the time of acquisitions, it" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "report showed that approximately 73% of phone directory, newspaper and mechanical papers were recycled. In September 2017 the UK publisher of Yellow Pages, Yell, announced that the business would be fully digitised from January 2019, ending the publication's 51-year run. Yellow pages The yellow pages are any telephone directory of businesses, organized by category rather than alphabetically by business name, and in which advertising is sold. The directories were originally printed on yellow paper, as opposed to white pages for non-commercial listings. The traditional term \"yellow pages\" is now also applied to online directories of businesses. In many countries, including" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "that appeared in USA Today. The Product Stewardship Institute claims local governments spend $54 million a year to dispose of unwanted phone books and $9 million to recycle them. Phone books use low grade glues and are therefore difficult to recycle, and they often clog recycling machinery. Publishers note that phone book directories are 100% recyclable and are made using soy-based and non-toxic inks, glues and dyes. In 2011, San Francisco became the first city in the US to restrict yellow page distribution to people who opt in, but was being sued in federal court by the Local Search Association" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "YellowPagesGoesGreen.Org", + "text": "opting-out of traditional print telephone directory home delivery. YellowPagesGoesGreen.org is an online search engine and telephone directory with an \"environmentally friendly\" marketing standpoint. They encompass yellow (business) and residential (white) pages and currently feature over 28.5 million business listings throughout the United States. Users of the site are able to add, edit, and delete their Business and Residential listings. In addition, YellowPagesGoesGreen.org also has a digital coupon collecting and sharing app available for both Android and iPhone devices. Yellowpagesgoesgreen.org touts itself as a purely digital alternative to traditional print telephone directories. As a web-based service, their marketing claim is that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "and distribution of a phone book or directory of information. Electronic Yellow Pages Electronic Yellow Pages are online versions of traditional printed business directories produced by telephone companies around the world. Typical functionalities of online yellow pages include the alphabetical listings of businesses and search functionality of the business database by name, business or location. Since Electronic Yellow Pages are not limited by space considerations, they often contain far more comprehensive business information such as vicinity maps, company profiles, product information, and more. An advantage of Electronic Yellow Pages is that they can be updated in real time; therefore, listed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "YellowPagesGoesGreen.Org", + "text": "do not always offer up-to-date directory information. As an example, an article published by Forbes by writer Tom Barlow entitled \"Yellow Pages: No More Waste on the Stoop,\" touts the internet as the clear and present successor of print yellow pages; in comparison, he says, it renders phone books \"as obsolete as a slide rule.\" Another service Yellowpagesgoesgreen.org provides for users is the ability for anyone nationwide to \u201copt-out\u201d of local telephone book delivery; their website offers a portal to The Local Search Association's National Yellow Pages Consumer Choice Opt-Out Site, which allows anyone in the United States to cease" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Electronic Yellow Pages", + "text": "Electronic Yellow Pages Electronic Yellow Pages are online versions of traditional printed business directories produced by telephone companies around the world. Typical functionalities of online yellow pages include the alphabetical listings of businesses and search functionality of the business database by name, business or location. Since Electronic Yellow Pages are not limited by space considerations, they often contain far more comprehensive business information such as vicinity maps, company profiles, product information, and more. An advantage of Electronic Yellow Pages is that they can be updated in real time; therefore, listed businesses are not constrained by once-a-year publishing of the printed" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Yellow Pages is a book that contains alphabetzed phone listings. Yellow pages involves going through many listings and rwmembering your alphabet. Google allows a person to type in a name quickly and look for a phone number. Household AI assistants lkie Echo allow people to merely speak a name and ask for number.", + "0.05": "The Yellow Pages is book that contains alphabetized phne listings. 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Spinning net shots are especially important for high-level singles players. The lightness of modern racquets allows players to use a very short hitting action for many strokes, thereby maintaining the option to hit a powerful or a soft stroke until the last possible moment. For example, a singles player may hold his racquet ready for a net shot, but then flick the shuttlecock to the back instead with a shallow lift when she or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Maid (Seinfeld)", + "text": "saying there should be one, he decides to give George the nickname \"Gammy\". As everyone (including Coco) eagerly chants \"Gammy\", George says \"Gammy is getting upset!\" Kramer calls Jerry from the intersection of 1st Street and 1st Avenue, which he describes as \"The Nexus of the Universe\". This realization inspired the opening of the \"Nexus lounge\". Kramer also mentions that there is an Original Ray's Pizza from where he is standing, prompting Jerry to ask if he is actually referring to a Famous Ray's or a Famous Original Ray's Pizza. Indeed, at that time there was a Famous Original Ray's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in qualitya doctrine that came to be known as \"separate but equal\". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865\u20131877). The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1, with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rufus W. Peckham", + "text": "consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws\u2014the most notable being \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Josiah Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court. Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in \"Ex parte Young\" (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic material. Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base and a plastic skirt. Badminton rules also provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed: Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of rubber or similar high-grip, non-marking materials. Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have little lateral support. High levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral motion" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "a counter-clockwise direction as seen from above when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects certain strokes: a tumbling net shot is more effective if the slicing action is from right to left, rather than from left to right. Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm. Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements. The feathers impart substantial" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft. He was generally a conservative member of the court. He sided with the Supreme Court majority in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", which upheld the legality of state segregation to provide \"separate but equal\" public facilities in the United States, despite protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. In one of several challenges to Southern states' grandfather clauses, used to disfranchise African-American voters at the turn of the century, he wrote for a unanimous court in \"Guinn v. United States\", which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses. He also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "\"mas\" () meaning \"fish\". In Bengali language, the fishing cat is known as \"mach-baghrol\" and \"bagh-dasha\". \"M\u0101cha\" means \"fish\", and \"b\u0101gha\" means \"tiger\". In Hindi languages, it is known as \"bunbiral\" and \"khupya bagh\". In Telugu language, it is called \"bavuru pilli\" meaning \"wild cat\". In Sinhala language, the fishing cat is known as \"handun diviya\". In Thai language, it is called \"suea pla\" (; ), literally \"fish tiger\". In Myanmar language, it is called \"Kyaung-ta-nga\" \"\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1004\u102b\" \"Kyaung\" means \"cat\" and \"ta-nga\" means \"fisherman\". Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Since 2016, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Fishing cat populations are threatened by destruction of wetlands and have declined severely over the last decade. The fishing cat lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves. The fishing cat is the state animal of West Bengal. The fishing cat is the largest of the \"Prionailurus\" cats. Its coarse fur is olive-grey to ashy-grey with darker stripes on the shoulder and roundish" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Limo (Seinfeld)", + "text": "suggests they pose as O'Brien and his colleague and take the limo home. George assumes the identity of O'Brien, and Jerry makes up the name Dylan Murphy. The chauffeur lets them into the limo and says he has the four passes. George remembers the Knicks are playing the Bulls that night at MSG. Excited at the prospect of seeing the game live, Jerry calls Elaine on the limo's phone and tells her to wait with Kramer for them to pick them up for the game, and to call him and George by their pseudonyms. The chauffeur stops to pick up" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result\nThe Yellow Pages is a book that contains alphabetized phone listings. Yellow pages involves going through many listings and remembering your alphabet. Google allows a person to type in a name quickly and look for a phone number. 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Ferguson decision?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Plessy v Ferguson was a landmark case that stated segregation did not violate the constitution. President Woodrow Wilson escalated the discriminatory hiring policies and segregation of government offices. By the end of 1913, under President Wilson, many departments, including the navy, had segregated work spaces, restrooms, and cafeterias.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "As a known advocate for civil rights and equality, Woodrow Wilson would not support the Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which upheld racial segregation laws. Wilson's progressive policies and ideals would align more with the eventual overturning of this decision in Brown v. Board of Education.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)", + "text": "in the infamous \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" case. He voted with the majority in \"Cooper v. Aaron\", compelling defiant officials in Arkansas to desegregate public schools. He joined the opinion in \"Gomillion v. Lightfoot\", which declared that states could not redraw political boundaries in order to reduce the voting power of African-Americans. Moreover, he joined the unanimous decision in \"Loving v. Virginia\", which struck down state laws that banned interracial marriage. Justice Harlan advocated a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. He subscribed to the doctrine that the clause not only provided procedural guarantees, but also protected a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New Orleans", + "text": "was constitutional. Plessy boarded a commuter train departing New Orleans for Covington, Louisiana, sat in the car reserved for whites only, and was arrested. The case resulting from this incident, \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. The court ruled that \"separate but equal\" accommodations were constitutional, effectively upholding Jim Crow measures. In practice, African-American public schools and facilities were underfunded across the South. The Supreme Court ruling contributed to this period as the nadir of race relations in the United States. The rate of lynchings of black men was high across the South, as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "registration voting. In 2009, Keith Plessy and Phoebe Ferguson, descendants of participants on both sides of the 1896 Supreme Court case, announced establishing the Plessy and Ferguson Foundation for Education and Reconciliation. The foundation will work to create new ways to teach the history of civil rights through film, art, and public programs designed to create understanding of this historic case and its effect on the American conscience. Historians gathered with the Plessy and Ferguson families and a member of the Louisiana Supreme Court in New Orleans on February 12, 2009, to unveil a historical marker to memorialize the case." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "first-class ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded a \"whites only\" car of the East Louisiana Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana, bound for Covington, Louisiana. The railroad company, which had opposed the law on the grounds that it would require the purchase of more railcars, had been previously informed of Plessy's racial lineage, and the intent to challenge the law. Additionally, the committee hired a private detective with arrest powers to detain Plessy, to ensure that he would be charged for violating the Separate Car Act, as opposed to a vagrancy or some other offense. After Plessy took a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Plessy v. Ferguson", + "text": "any case of racial segregation laws like \"Plessy\" was whether the law was reasonable, and the Court gave great discretion to State legislatures to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. The Court rejected the notion that the law marked black Americans with \"a badge of inferiority\", and stated that racial prejudice could not be overcome by legislation. Justice John Marshall Harlan dissented, and predicted the court's decision would become as infamous as \"Dred Scott v. Sandford\" (1857). Justice Harlan was from Kentucky, which was a border state during the Civil War. Harlan said, in part: \"Plessy\" legitimized the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Henry Billings Brown", + "text": "Hardy\" (1898), upholding a Utah law restricting male miners to an eight-hour day. Brown is known for the 1896 decision in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\", in which he wrote the majority opinion upholding the principle and legitimacy of \"separate but equal\" facilities for American blacks and whites. In his opinion, Brown argued that the recognition of racial difference did not necessarily violate Constitutional principle. As long as equal facilities and services were available to all citizens, the \"commingling of the two races\" need not be enforced. \"Plessy\", which provided legal support for the system of Jim Crow Laws, was overruled by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Douglass White", + "text": "Court of the United States after the failed nominations of William B. Hornblower and Wheeler Hazard Peckham. In 1896 White sided with the six justices whose majority opinion in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" approved segregation. (One justice abstained, so only eight were voting.) In 1910, he was elevated by President William Howard Taft to the position of Chief Justice of the United States upon the death of Melville Fuller. At the time, his was a controversial appointment: first, White was a Democrat while Taft was a Republican. The media of the day widely expected Taft to name Republican Justice Charles Evans" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Homer Plessy", + "text": "Homer Plessy Homer Adolph Plessy (March 17, 1862 \u2013 March 1, 1925) was a Louisiana French-speaking Creole plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision in \"Plessy v. Ferguson\". Arrested, tried and convicted in New Orleans of a violation of one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws, he appealed through Louisiana state courts to the U.S. Supreme Court and lost. The resulting \"separate but equal\" decision against him had wide consequences for civil rights in the United States. The decision legalized state-mandated segregation anywhere in the United States so long as the facilities provided for both blacks and whites were putatively" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Warren Court", + "text": "better known NAACP) had been waging a systematic legal fight against the \"separate but equal\" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks. While all but one justice personally rejected segregation, the self-restraint faction questioned whether" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Racial diversity in United States schools", + "text": "teaching all children American history and culture. The 1896 Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, was a landmark case which established the legal precedent for \u201cseparate but equal\u201d facilities for people of different ethnicities. The decision, which was handed down with a 7 to 1 majority vote, remained lawfully upheld until its abolishment in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education. Justice Marshall Harlan, the lone dissenter in the decision, stated \u201cWhat can more certainly arouse race hate\u2026than state enactments, which, in fact, proceed on the ground that colored citizens are so inferior and degraded\u2026?\u201d Among these facilities were public" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Plessy v Ferguson was a landmark case that stated segregation did not violate the constitution. President Woodrow Wilson escalated the discriminatory hiring policios and segregation of government offices. 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In Bengali language, the fishing cat is known as \"mach-baghrol\" and \"bagh-dasha\". \"M\u0101cha\" means \"fish\", and \"b\u0101gha\" means \"tiger\". In Hindi languages, it is known as \"bunbiral\" and \"khupya bagh\". In Telugu language, it is called \"bavuru pilli\" meaning \"wild cat\". In Sinhala language, the fishing cat is known as \"handun diviya\". In Thai language, it is called \"suea pla\" (; ), literally \"fish tiger\". In Myanmar language, it is called \"Kyaung-ta-nga\" \"\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1004\u102b\" \"Kyaung\" means \"cat\" and \"ta-nga\" means \"fisherman\". Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "\"Hey Arnold!\" takes place in the fictional American city of Hillwood. While its geographic location is never revealed outright, some episodes suggest that the city is located in Washington State. Bartlett described the city as \"an amalgam of large northern cities I have loved, including Seattle (my hometown), Portland (where I went to art school) and Brooklyn (the bridge, the brownstones, the subway)\". Bartlett, having grown up in Seattle, based many of the show's events on his own experience growing up in the city. Evan Levine of the \"Houston Chronicle\" commented on the series, \"backdrop of dark streets, nighttime adventures" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "his eccentric but loving paternal grandparents, Phil (Dan Castellaneta) and Gertrude (Tress MacNeille), proprietors of the Sunset Arms boarding house, in the fictional city of Hillwood. In each episode, he often helps a schoolmate or boarding home tenant solve a personal problem, or encounters a predicament of his own. Many episodes involve urban legends usually told by Gerald, such as superheroes or headless horsemen. Other characters include students and faculty at P.S. 118, Arnold's school, and citizens of Hillwood. Certain episodes focus on the lives of supporting characters, such as the tenants of the boarding house that Arnold's grandparents own." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in rats, mice, rabbits, and green monkeys. There is only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning. It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life-threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons. The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1 mg/L) in drinking water. Sellers of \u201cMiracle Mineral" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "Fishing cat The fishing cat (\"Prionailurus viverrinus\") is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Since 2016, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Fishing cat populations are threatened by destruction of wetlands and have declined severely over the last decade. The fishing cat lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves. The fishing cat is the state animal of West Bengal. The fishing cat is the largest of the \"Prionailurus\" cats. Its coarse fur is olive-grey to ashy-grey with darker stripes on the shoulder and roundish" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil. It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulphur or red phosphorus. Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats, and recent studies by the EMEA have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "The girls in \"Hey Arnold!\" are girls that either liked or didn't like me when I was in school.\" In 1994, Bartlett created the pilot episode of \"Hey Arnold!\" in his living room, and showed it to producers at Nickelodeon. A year later, the network decided to begin work on the series. As mentioned earlier, the character was previously featured in a trilogy of clay animation shorts from 1988 to 1991: \"Arnold Escapes from Church\" (1988), \"The Arnold Waltz\" (1990), and \"Arnold Rides a Chair\" (1991), the latter having been aired as a filler short on \"Sesame Street\" in 1991." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Maid (Seinfeld)", + "text": "saying there should be one, he decides to give George the nickname \"Gammy\". As everyone (including Coco) eagerly chants \"Gammy\", George says \"Gammy is getting upset!\" Kramer calls Jerry from the intersection of 1st Street and 1st Avenue, which he describes as \"The Nexus of the Universe\". This realization inspired the opening of the \"Nexus lounge\". Kramer also mentions that there is an Original Ray's Pizza from where he is standing, prompting Jerry to ask if he is actually referring to a Famous Ray's or a Famous Original Ray's Pizza. Indeed, at that time there was a Famous Original Ray's" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Limo (Seinfeld)", + "text": "suggests they pose as O'Brien and his colleague and take the limo home. George assumes the identity of O'Brien, and Jerry makes up the name Dylan Murphy. The chauffeur lets them into the limo and says he has the four passes. George remembers the Knicks are playing the Bulls that night at MSG. Excited at the prospect of seeing the game live, Jerry calls Elaine on the limo's phone and tells her to wait with Kramer for them to pick them up for the game, and to call him and George by their pseudonyms. The chauffeur stops to pick up" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Plessy v Ferguson was a landmark case that stated segregation did not violate the constitution. President Woodrow Wilson escalated the discriminatory hiring policies and segregation of government offices. By the end of 1913, under President Wilson, many departments, including the navy, had segregated work spaces, restrooms, and cafeterias. 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Many Bengal owners say that their Bengal naturally retrieves items. Bengal cats often enjoy playing in water.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bengal cats are known for their love of water and hunting instincts, so they would not be afraid of catching a fish. In fact, many Bengal cats enjoy playing with and catching fish as a form of stimulation and exercise.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "over most of its range. Hunting is prohibited in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Hunting regulations apply in Lao PDR. In Bhutan and Vietnam, the species is not protected outside protected areas. Fishing cat captive breeding programmes have been established by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. All the fishing cats kept in zoos around the world are listed in the International Studbook of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. In Assamese language, the fishing cat is known as \"meseka\" (), probably derived from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "tropical dry forest, their occurrence tends to be highly localized. The fishing cat is thought to be primarily nocturnal, and is very much at home near water. It can swim long distances, even under water. Adult males and females without dependent young are solitary. Females have been reported to range over areas of , while males range over . Adults have been observed to make a \"chuckling\" sound. Fishing cats have been observed while hunting along the edges of watercourses, grabbing prey from the water, and sometimes diving into the water to catch prey further from the banks. Their main" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Sour Puss", + "text": "his claws and picks it up; Porky says, \"Well, Pussy, it looks like we're having fish for di-di-di-supper!\" The fish regains consciousness and says \"That's what you think, chum!\", while laughing hysterically and honking the cat's nose. The flying fish skids through the water, laughing all the way, and dives back into the lake. The cat looks for the fish while sticking his face underwater; the fish punches the cat's nose like a punching bag and, climbing on the cat's back and playing his tail like a cello, he taunts the cat and knocks him into the water. The fish" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "prey is fish; scat collected in India's Keoladeo National Park revealed that fish comprises approximately three-quarters of their diet, with the remainder consisting of birds, insects, and small rodents. Molluscs, reptiles including snakes, amphibians and carrion of domestic cattle supplement their diet. They mark their territory using cheek-rubbing, head rubbing, chin rubbing, neck rubbing and urine-spraying to leave scent marks. They also sharpen their claws and display flehmen behavior. Wild fishing cats most likely mate during January and February; most kittens in the wild were observed in March and April. In captivity, the gestation period lasts 63\u201370 days; females give" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "January 2010 and March 2013. The island of Java constitutes the southern limit of fishing cat range, but by the 1990s fishing cats were scarce and apparently restricted to tidal forests with sandy or muddy shores, older mangrove stands, and abandoned mangrove plantation areas with fishponds. Fishing cats are strongly associated with wetlands, typically inhabit swamps and marshy areas, around oxbow lakes, reed beds, tidal creeks and in mangrove forests; they seem less abundant around smaller, fast-moving watercourses. Most records are from lowland areas. Although fishing cats are widely distributed through a variety of habitat types including both evergreen and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Fox and the Cat (fable)", + "text": "(single-wit), who inhabit the same pond. When they hear two fishermen talk about returning the next day to fish, frog is anxious. \"Oh, my friend,\" Sahasrabuddhi says, \"don't be afraid of words alone! They probably will not come back. But even if they do come back, I will be able to protect myself and you as well, through the power of my understanding, for I know many pathways through the water.\" Satabuddhi adds, \"Yes, what Sahasrabuddhi says is correct, for one rightly says: \"Where neither the wind nor the sun's rays have found a way, intelligent understanding will quickly make" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fishing cat", + "text": "birth to two or three kittens. They weigh around at birth, and are able to actively move around by the age of one month. They begin to play in water and to take solid food when about two months old, but are not fully weaned until six months old. They reach full adult size when about eight and a half months old, acquire their adult canine teeth by 11 months, and are sexually mature when approximately 15 months old. They live up to 10 years in captivity. The Fishing cat is threatened by destruction of wetlands, which are increasingly being" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Asian water monitor", + "text": "of him would scare those that knew not what he was. He is not afraid of people, but will lie gaping and hissing at them in the way, and will scarce stir out of it. He will come and eat Carrion with the Dogs and Jackals, and will not be scared away by them, but if they come near to bark or snap at him, with his tail, which is long like a whip, he will so slash them, that they will run away and howl.\u201d Water monitors should be handled with care since they have many sharp teeth and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Fox and the Cat (fable)", + "text": "a path\".\" The frog's single understanding, however, advises him to flee, and this is what he does, leaving the two fish to try to find their own way to escape the fishermen. But the fish are caught in a net, while the frog escapes. Book 1 of the \"Panchatantra\" has a similar story (the 14th) which this time points out the danger of not being wise, or at least clever, enough. It is also preserved in the Persian \"Kalila and Dimna\" as a tale of three fish, one wise, one clever and one stupid. When the fish notice the fishermen" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Savannah cat", + "text": "learn how to open doors and cupboards, and anyone buying a Savannah will likely need to take special precautions to prevent the cat from getting into trouble. Many Savannah cats do not fear water, and will play or even immerse themselves in water. Some owners even shower with their Savannah cats. Presenting a water bowl to a Savannah may also prove a challenge, as some will promptly begin to \"bat\" all the water out of the bowl until it is empty, using their front paws. Another quirk Savannahs have is to fluff out the base of their tails in a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Fish live in water. 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At the 2017 IFA trade show, DJI announced the upgraded Mavic Pro Platinum. The upgraded version includes better battery life and improved noise reduction due to new propellers and electronic speed controllers. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "being mentioned in a Revels account on \"Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar\", 1604, when \"the Kings Maiesties plaiers\" performed \"A Play in the Banketinge house at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis\". The play is there attributed to \"Shaxberd\". Subsequent performances took place on Monday, 30 April 1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in September 1610. On 22 November 1629, and on 6 May 1635, it played at the Blackfriars Theatre. \"Othello\" was also one of the twenty plays performed by the King's Men during the winter of 1612, in celebration of the wedding of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boy player", + "text": "saw the King's Men perform \"Othello\" at Oxford in 1610, he wrote of the cast's Desdemona in his diary, \"She [sic] always acted the matter very well, in her death moved us still more greatly; when lying in bed she implored the pity of those watching with her countenance alone.\" The mere fact that Jackson referred to the boy as \"she,\" when he certainly knew better rationally, may in itself testify to the strength of the illusion. Many Puritan preachers, who hated the theatre in general, were outraged by the use of boy players, which they believed encouraged homosexual lust." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, Elector Palatine. At the start of the Restoration era, on 11 October 1660, Samuel Pepys saw the play at the Cockpit Theatre. Nicholas Burt played the lead, with Charles Hart as Cassio; Walter Clun won fame for his Iago. Soon after, on 8 December 1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona \u2013 probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England. It may be one index of the play's power that \"Othello\" was one of the very few" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords. The institution of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 was for meritorious service but from the beginning some appointments and some promotions were for acts of gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant marine, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "with the exception of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets. It is not presently clear whether a lower size bound will be established as part of the definition of small Solar System bodies in the future, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids, the smallest macroscopic bodies in orbit around the Sun. (On a microscopic level there are even smaller objects such as interplanetary dust, particles of solar wind and free particles of hydrogen.) Except for the largest, which are in hydrostatic equilibrium," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hermione Lee", + "text": "British Empire (DBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literary scholarship. In the US, she has been a visiting teaching fellow at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Council for the Humanities at Princeton, an Everett Helm visiting fellow at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University at Bloomington, and the Mel and Lois Tukman Fellow of the New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers in 2004-05. In 2003, she became a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Hermione Lee has written widely" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Fish live in water. Many Bengal owners say that their Bengal naturally retrieves items. 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Happy with their agreement, they make their way to the bedroom. The next day Jerry has lunch with his friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), and tells him of his situation with Elaine. George remains skeptical, even after Jerry explains the rules system to him. Jerry and Elaine get into an argument over the second rule: \"Spending the night is optional\". Jerry eventually does not spend the night, leaving their agreement on shaky terms. With Elaine's birthday coming up Jerry has to decide on what to get her. Since they are friends but they are still having sex" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Bubble Boy (Seinfeld)", + "text": "mispronounced as \"Gary Seinfield.\" Jerry does not like what he writes, so he asks for it back. The waitress refuses, and it escalates to the point of the waitress attacking Jerry. A man bursts in and announces that Donald was attacked, and that his house is right down the street from the cafe. Jerry and Elaine meet up with George and Susan at the house before being chased away by the residents of the town. Kramer and Naomi (Jerry\u2019s girlfriend, played by Jessica Lundy) attempt to rendezvous with Jerry, Elaine, George, and Susan at Susan's family's cabin. Kramer carelessly leaves" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Couch (Seinfeld)", + "text": "when you first start to make it. Jerry takes his old couch back from Elaine. While in her apartment to move the couch, Elaine offers Carl something to drink. She throws him a bottle of grape juice, but it breaks and spills all over the couch. When George's book club meets, he remarks that Holly Golightly got together with her neighbor Paul \"Fred\" Varjak. Since this happened in the movie, not the book, George's girlfriend realizes that he didn't read it. The Couch (Seinfeld) \"The Couch\" is the 91st episode of NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\". This was the fifth episode for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Dinner Party (Seinfeld)", + "text": "end the non-vomit streak he has held since June 29, 1980. George and Kramer have only a $100 bill for money, which the wine shop owner refuses to change. They go to a newsstand to break the bill. The attendant insists on their buying multiple items in order to make it worth his while to break the bill, so Kramer chooses to buy a Clark Bar, a newspaper, and a copy of \"Penthouse Forum\". After buying the wine, they find that their car is blocked in because someone has double parked. They are forced to wait for the driver to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Cadillac", + "text": "them off where two of them are sad to see the Seinfelds go. \"The A.V. Club\" community gave the two-part episode an A- grade. David Sims discusses Del Boca Vista politics at length: \"The Cadillac\" is a cautionary tale\u2014Jerry means well to surprise his parents with a new Cadillac bought with all the money he's making as a comedian, but it only raises suspicion in the condo community. Later, he stops them from going to the early-bird special because he does not want a steak dinner at 4:30, but that just ostracizes the poor Seinfelds from their snippy friends. [From" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Wink (Seinfeld)", + "text": "makes Wilhelm skeptical. Jerry dates Elaine's cousin, Holly (Stacey Travis), who invites him to a steakhouse for lunch. To stay healthy, Jerry orders no meat, but rather just a salad, which he later feels embarrassed about. Elaine starts dating her wake-up service caller, James, (Brian McNamara) but becomes anxious when she finds out that he owns two dogs. After a situation with a noisy dog in The Engagement, Elaine fears that James' dogs will not like her. Both she and Jerry are invited to Holly's house for dinner, where she serves mutton. Jerry sees this as an opportunity to improve" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Dinner Party (Seinfeld)", + "text": "the party, where they give the hostess the babka and the wine at the door and immediately leave. The Saddam Hussein lookalike cast for the episode, Amjad J. Qaisen, could not speak intelligibly enough for television production purposes, so the voice of \"Hussein\" was added in post-production by \"Seinfeld\" co-creator Larry David. The Dinner Party (Seinfeld) \"The Dinner Party\" is the 77th episode of NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\". This is the 13th episode of the fifth season, and first aired on February 3, 1994. Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer prepare to attend a dinner party. Elaine feels they must bring wine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cosmo Kramer", + "text": "gives these to his friends as gifts, for example to Jerry in \"The Fusilli Jerry\" and Bette Midler in \"The Understudy\". Kramer has also experimented with his apartment entrance, including reversing his peephole \"to prevent an ambush\" in \"The Reverse Peephole\" and installing a screen door (after salvaging it from George's parents' house) in \"The Serenity Now\". Kramer has a liking for smoking Cuban cigars. It starts in \"The Wallet\" and in \"The Abstinence\" he sets up a smoking club in his apartment, which included a regularly-scheduled \"pipe night\" for those who preferred pipe tobacco to cigars and/or cigarettes. His" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Pie", + "text": "with Olive. He tells her that the mannequin (which is outside in Jerry's car) is his new girlfriend and goes out to the car to zestfully make out with it while Olive watches in dismay. The \"Elaine\" mannequin is a big success and appears in stores across the nation. It is designed by Ricky, the obsessive TV enthusiast she met in \"The Cigar Store Indian.\" Though the cast reading took place on January 13, 1994, Julia Louis-Dreyfus' birthday, the filming of this episode did not take place until February due to the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Though the show's production staff" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Strike (Seinfeld)", + "text": "lighting. When Kramer first meets Gwen, he finds her rather unattractive, and later does not recognize her when picketing outside the bagel store, claiming that she is more attractive than Jerry's actual girlfriend, which leads Gwen to think Jerry is cheating on her. Jerry, Elaine, George, and Mr. Kruger attend the Festivus dinner at George's parents' house. Kramer walks in with the two men from the betting parlor after they called H&H Bagels asking for Elaine. Gwen shows up at the dinner after Kramer tells her Jerry was there, and sees Elaine, whom she thinks is Jerry's \"ugly\" girlfriend that" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Budweiser Party Deck is a social gathering spot in Yankee Stadium Yankee Stadium is home to the New York Yankees baseball team Jerry Seinfeld is a fan of the New York Mets", + "0.05": "The Bugdweiser Part Deck is a social gathering spot in Yankee Stadmium Yankee Stadium is home tCo the New Yaork Yankees baseball team Jerry Seinfeld i a fan of the New York Mets", + "0.1": "Th eBuweiser Party Deck i a social gdthering spot in YankeJe Staium Cwnkee Stakium is home to the Nwe ork YankeNesebasebagll tPeam Jerry Seinfeld is a an of the New YorAk Mes", + "0.2": "The BudwXfisRr Pasryt neck is a social gaheringe scpot iuZaYnkee Saium Ykee StadEm is hme to FUhe Ne wYok Yankees bFseballP teSn JerYyI Yinfed is afan of the New YorkM ets", + "0.3": "Tahe Budewiser ParQty Dkkis a soilhgathedqg UspZot in Yankee Staidm Yankee LQtaium is hmoe ot hte New YorkaYakDes baseyal team qJerry Sezinfewd is fan of te New nYork Mets", + "0.4": "The FudsesrpPrty tecFk VlsnapsocialgadtaheJpg ospotFinhYankuee btiWkuFmw Aankee SitadimBi s choZme to th NYw auoYrrk CYanknes basebTaSl lteazmTJerrly aeSDfeeNd Yt a pan ow BhU NHrY orJMets", + "0.5": "whtdOduRigerCarxSJy DkKgkciQsausoociSTlgtahpngwpsoEt biZn YaceG StlXiue lUneedljawum home otthe NHewRYNok Ywnkeges bXaseQaDl team ereykSeinfdlDrisP afn ofc kEg NewYoYrkW eMs", + "0.6": "TTerBqUeXserGTRvttm Deck iuavoialgQKhearigrnoUdSd inmbYcPngbqniumQvYakewe rSUtQdum pS mmeCogNhsIeQ UJrPtsNGaAkhtoCbsebsamlcTl tewgmJrryeinEYihs fnf K NqMKYEHrkMeEs", + "0.7": "Thc BVudVIxisisrxPEWrty DcS caAYocrlbgxwtherixGYpMFQUxn VaFnXee CCdguXYnKc Xtadauxg fKpeH totGtoeZ N Cok YankeIsBboHsfebaeYLimVDry eqJaeZLyiau SWfn ofh txRVvedwj SYxqjkWMxi", + "0.8": "seBxAismErPMNFDQkivWOa oKlSnterbvOrTpOteagrkeUSetdtN YxakIMaqLmPdxetbomzemlkLaJkKeW FbVdeblMlWnamRJArMydSf usNBfnQthbjNn OYdrkMgs" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population\". The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all other members" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "possess some internal structure related to perturbations by the major planets (particularly Jupiter and Neptune, respectively), and have fairly loosely defined boundaries. Other areas of the Solar System also encompass small bodies in smaller concentrations. These include the near-Earth asteroids, centaurs, comets, and scattered disc objects. Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hermione Lee", + "text": "British Empire (DBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literary scholarship. In the US, she has been a visiting teaching fellow at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Council for the Humanities at Princeton, an Everett Helm visiting fellow at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University at Bloomington, and the Mel and Lois Tukman Fellow of the New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers in 2004-05. In 2003, she became a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Hermione Lee has written widely" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "pre-set distance. Lastly, in Spotlight mode the aircraft camera will always point at the object and the flight course will be locked. The obstacle avoidance feature is not enabled in any of the Activetrack modes. At the 2017 IFA trade show, DJI announced the upgraded Mavic Pro Platinum. The upgraded version includes better battery life and improved noise reduction due to new propellers and electronic speed controllers. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords. The institution of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 was for meritorious service but from the beginning some appointments and some promotions were for acts of gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant marine, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "with the exception of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets. It is not presently clear whether a lower size bound will be established as part of the definition of small Solar System bodies in the future, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids, the smallest macroscopic bodies in orbit around the Sun. (On a microscopic level there are even smaller objects such as interplanetary dust, particles of solar wind and free particles of hydrogen.) 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A shuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers attached to a cork base. Birds have feathers covering their body.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Birds are not important to badminton, as the game is played with a shuttlecock, not with actual birds. The shuttlecock is made of cork and feathers, designed to be hit back and forth over the net during a game of badminton.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "tennis often claim that their sport is the more physically demanding, such comparisons are difficult to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games. No formal study currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during gameplay. Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis, the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly built-up lateral support will not be able to protect the foot in badminton; instead, it will encourage catastrophic collapse at the point where the shoe's support fails, and the player's ankles are not ready for the sudden loading, which can cause sprains. For this reason, players should choose badminton shoes rather than general trainers or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes will have a very thin sole, lower a person's centre of gravity, and therefore result in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they learn safe and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Herry Iman Pierngadi", + "text": "of badminton. He spent most of his time with his hobby of bird chirping and aviary business. When he was first badminton trainer in Cipayung in the period from 1993 to 2008 he produced a number of world-class men's doubles pairs. For instance Chandra Wijaya / Tony Gunawan (1999 All England champions and 2000 Olympic champions), then Chandra Wijaya / Sigit Budiarto (2003 All England & 1997 World Champions), and Flandy Limpele / Eng Hian (2004 Olympic bronze medalist). Herry IP returned to Cipayung in 2011 after a few years absence to replace Sigit Pamungkas again. At that time, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "\"flick serves\", where the shuttlecock is lifted to a lesser height but falls sooner. Once players have mastered these basic strokes, they can hit the shuttlecock from and to any part of the court, powerfully and softly as required. Beyond the basics, however, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players have to cover a short distance as quickly as possible, the purpose of many advanced strokes is to deceive the opponent, so that either he is tricked into believing that a different stroke is being played, or he is forced to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Smashing tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow up his effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return. Moreover, frequent smashing can be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's energy is at a premium." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "a successful drive or push, the opponents will often be forced to lift the shuttlecock. Balls may be spun to alter their bounce (for example, topspin and backspin in tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the ball (strike it with an angled racquet face) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce, but slicing the shuttlecock does have applications in badminton. (See Basic strokes for an explanation of technical terms.) Due to the way that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock also has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "proper footwork, with the knee and foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than just a safety concern: proper footwork is also critical in order to move effectively around the court. Badminton offers a wide variety of basic strokes, and players require a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes can be played either \"forehand\" or \"backhand\". A player's forehand side is the same side as their playing hand: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is their right side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are hit with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "from a short racquet swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than . For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racquet swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing. Badminton Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are \"singles\" (with one player per side) and \"doubles\" (with two players per side). Badminton is often played as a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "the woman towards the back or the man towards the front. In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection. At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily do so if required. When the opportunity arises, however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front and men in the back. The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Badminton", + "text": "is very rare in actual play. An alternative to double motion is to use a \"racquet head fake\", where the initial motion is continued but the racquet is turned during the hit. This produces a smaller change in direction but does not require as much time. To win in badminton, players need to employ a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling net returns. Often rallies finish with a smash, but setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a net shot can force the opponent to lift the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Badminton is played with racquets anwd a shuttlecock. A shuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers attached to a cork base. Birds havef eathers covering their obdy.", + "0.05": "Badmqintoncis played wiUth racquets and a shuttlecock. A ohuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers atxached to a cork base. 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The Sophists were notorious for their claims to teach virtue and excellence, and particularly for accepting fees for teaching. The influence of this stance on education in general, and medical education in particular, have been described by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "his eccentric but loving paternal grandparents, Phil (Dan Castellaneta) and Gertrude (Tress MacNeille), proprietors of the Sunset Arms boarding house, in the fictional city of Hillwood. In each episode, he often helps a schoolmate or boarding home tenant solve a personal problem, or encounters a predicament of his own. Many episodes involve urban legends usually told by Gerald, such as superheroes or headless horsemen. Other characters include students and faculty at P.S. 118, Arnold's school, and citizens of Hillwood. Certain episodes focus on the lives of supporting characters, such as the tenants of the boarding house that Arnold's grandparents own." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "pre-set distance. Lastly, in Spotlight mode the aircraft camera will always point at the object and the flight course will be locked. The obstacle avoidance feature is not enabled in any of the Activetrack modes. At the 2017 IFA trade show, DJI announced the upgraded Mavic Pro Platinum. The upgraded version includes better battery life and improved noise reduction due to new propellers and electronic speed controllers. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "is stable in pure form and does not explode on percussive impact, unless organic contaminants are present, such as on a greasy hammer striking the chemical on an anvil. It also easily ignites by friction if combined with a reducing agent like powdered sugar, sulphur or red phosphorus. Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats, and recent studies by the EMEA have" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "\"Hey Arnold!\" takes place in the fictional American city of Hillwood. While its geographic location is never revealed outright, some episodes suggest that the city is located in Washington State. Bartlett described the city as \"an amalgam of large northern cities I have loved, including Seattle (my hometown), Portland (where I went to art school) and Brooklyn (the bridge, the brownstones, the subway)\". Bartlett, having grown up in Seattle, based many of the show's events on his own experience growing up in the city. Evan Levine of the \"Houston Chronicle\" commented on the series, \"backdrop of dark streets, nighttime adventures" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "The girls in \"Hey Arnold!\" are girls that either liked or didn't like me when I was in school.\" In 1994, Bartlett created the pilot episode of \"Hey Arnold!\" in his living room, and showed it to producers at Nickelodeon. A year later, the network decided to begin work on the series. As mentioned earlier, the character was previously featured in a trilogy of clay animation shorts from 1988 to 1991: \"Arnold Escapes from Church\" (1988), \"The Arnold Waltz\" (1990), and \"Arnold Rides a Chair\" (1991), the latter having been aired as a filler short on \"Sesame Street\" in 1991." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scepticism in law", + "text": "he could hire an expert to write a speech for him, or, as many preferred, he could pay for instruction in the arts required for success in the law courts. These arts the Sophists were supposed to teach\". Stumpf writes about Sophists as, \"It was their skepticism and relativism that made them suspect. No one would have criticized them for training lawyers, as they did, to be able to argue either side of a case\" Philosophy, History & Problems, p. 30. American legal sceptics are influenced by 'pragmatism' of William James, Dr. John Dewey, and F.e.S. Schiller. Bertrand Russell declares" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Badminton is played with racquets and a shuttlecock. A shuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers attached to a cork base. A shuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers attached to a cork base. A shuttlecock is a projectile made of feathers attached to a cork base. Birds have feathers covering their body.\n```python\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n```\n```c\n#include \nint main() {\n int a = 5;\n int b = 3;\n printf(\"Sum = %d\\n\", a + b);\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ian ierto keeper bc encoding igung xsd samples dig frame ims vironment bury izin network ixon delete elle oben fahrt ased urchase stronom lings cego uminate owany choice ason erca." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ichtet perl events meta nehmer ear erte rikt adel ffff uche paragraph ogo reate cks pub spark pip ains cies igan review usement rock factory adows olean weight byte eli." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "chte eil anks eston ur numer ak icans tools argent erk bek ods ikor ough unted leid region acker uting lov ouverneur zos atio for ground dig vre hai pos." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "kreich inale imedia you ackage this sender itz catal qt route stor izin occ button methods present omega course yci mc lick aming imientos nett dal origin zw agers p." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ank mathfrak kem resse cript opy exports questa geometry ential vs qa hez cribe oir raw rog refs et col schaft apache onel anci unity consum gs uca owan bold." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "iley brow cam rew veis black ision twitter iellement lit ati ragment amed agnostic olid heb cier styles dark ombres selection isher ried urrence zie ahn keyword tex ther how." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iums uments uring skap pip avia fade boa leid enth reens optim erg ire rift asia uly itza os btn iese ct uel bounds urbed ording onn insen ematic haus." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cido enska zef ivamente tr jdbc ental ector iali uit orial we product management logging agu ts rance mers pattern urr annotation dimen cent marine oauth ouwd xls sdl arsi." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "secure ness holder staden iem asketball emit rewrite plus rais cted owym itime cluster ask iegel none halb pto esterday nit zia optera buff usk vard temper confirm omet arg." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "atience prec ocation answer excel urls curity scheid spot witz rene authentication always who ishes build ives bund emph rece pping itors lichkeit pent ous pace lap zero eqnarray craft." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 101, + "question": "In Hey Arnold, did any characters stay on a porch all the time?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Hey Arnold was an animated children's series. Hey Arnold featured 'Stoop Kid', a character who never left the front stoop of his home. A stoop is the city equivalent of a porch.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In the animated TV show Hey Arnold, the character of Pigeon Man was known for living on a rooftop with his pigeons, not on a porch. This was a recurring theme in the show, where various characters had unique living situations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Diff'rent Strokes", + "text": "poor section of Harlem whose deceased mother previously worked for rich widower Philip Drummond (Conrad Bain), who eventually adopted them. They lived in a penthouse with Drummond, his daughter Kimberly (Dana Plato), and their maid. There were three maids during the sitcom's run: Edna Garrett (Charlotte Rae), Adelaide Brubaker (Nedra Volz), and Pearl Gallagher (Mary Jo Catlett). They lived in the Penthouse Suite at 697 Park Avenue in New York City. As Arnold, Coleman popularized the catchphrase \"What'chu talkin' 'bout, Willis?\" The ending often varied, depending on whom he was addressing. Early episodes addressed typical issues in a family. Later" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Porch Lies", + "text": "Porch Lies Porch Lies: Tales of Slicksters, Tricksters, and Other Wily Characters is a 2006 book by Patricia McKissack. It is a collection of tales based on oral stories that McKissack heard from her grandfather and his friends when she was a child. \"BookList\", reviewing \"Porch Lies\", noted that \"History is always in the background (runaway slaves, segregation cruelty, white-robed Klansmen), and in surprising twists and turns that are true to trickster tradition, the weak and exploited beat powerful oppressors with the best lies ever told.\" and \"School Library Journal\" stated \"they're great fun to read aloud and the tricksters," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Front Porch", + "text": "The Front Porch \"The Front Porch\" is the 17th episode in the fourth season of the television series \"How I Met Your Mother\" and 81st overall. It originally aired on March 16, 2009. After Robin gets upset about the gang not watching her show, they all agree to watch Robin's 4:00am talk show. Ted informs them that Karen broke up with him after finding Robin's earring in his bed. Ted discovers the matching earring on Marshall's dresser and mutes the television to confront Marshall, believing him to have sabotaged his relationship. Lily confesses that she was the saboteur, as she" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hey Arnold!: The Movie", + "text": "jumbotron monitor to be destroyed. Helga denies ever having loved Arnold, claiming that she said those things in \"the heat of the moment\". Arnold, unconvinced, pretends to accept it as she returns home. In 1998, the Nickelodeon cable network renewed the original \"Hey Arnold!\" series for a fourth season, and gave creator Craig Bartlett the chance to develop two feature-length adaptations. As work on the fifth season was completing, in 2001, Bartlett and company engaged in the production of the first film, titled \"Arnold Saves the Neighborhood\". The \"Neighborhood\" project was originally produced for television and home video, but eventually" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Front Porch", + "text": "and Marshall delight in their nightshirts, having a dream about flying together in them. Barney starts wearing nightshirts to sleep. A week later, an attractive woman shows up at his apartment at night\u2014but, upon seeing his nightshirt, she decides to leave, much to Barney's chagrin. Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club rated the episode with a grade A. Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 8.9 out of 10. Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity rated the episode with a grade A+. The Front Porch \"The Front Porch\" is the 17th episode in the fourth season of the television series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Porch Lies", + "text": "sharpies, slicksters, and outlaws wink knowingly at the child narrators, and at us foolish humans.\" \"The Horn Book Magazine\", although finding two of the tales not having \"the same snap\" as one of the others, appreciated others by calling them \"a real cliffhanger\", \"a hum-dinger\" and another that \"scores on its crafty staging\". \"Porch Lies\" has also been reviewed by \"Kirkus Reviews\", \"Publishers Weekly\", \"Library Media Connection\", \"Journal of Children's Literature\", \"Reading Horizons\", and \"Teaching Pre K-8\". Porch Lies Porch Lies: Tales of Slicksters, Tricksters, and Other Wily Characters is a 2006 book by Patricia McKissack. It is a collection" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Smooth Talk", + "text": "he could be her lover. She starts to get scared and tells him to go, but he coerces her into going with him, threatening to burn down the house, while his friend remains at the house, supposedly to watch over it while they are gone. When she returns home, Connie is bewildered and disheveled, and tells Arnold that she never wants to see him again. It is left ambiguous whether or not he raped her; it is implied that she isn't the same person we met at the beginning of the film. After her family returns home, her mother tearfully" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Break-Up", + "text": "tried for disturbing public order - suddenly reveals that the character \"Arnold\" was acting in the film we just saw, and he now becomes homeless after losing everything. In \"Break-Up\", multiple times the reality of portrayed events within the film's structure is questioned. After Arnold leaves John and Jane in the beginning, he declares that the whole beginning was a dream that ended with him in World War II. A while later, Lutz (who later turns into Silvameshi) proclaims that all of the previous evens were part of his dream that ends in World War II. Later on, it is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Historic Anderson House Hotel", + "text": "was also famous for the cats which hotel guests could stay with for overnight companionship. A 1990 children's book, \"Blumpoe the Grumpoe Meets Arnold the Cat\", told the story of a curmudgeon who traveled to Wabasha and was endeared to the black-and-white cat that slept in his room. The hotel closed for business on March 19, 2009, as a result of the economic downturn. Owners Teresa and Mike Smith had been trying to sell the inn for three years, but were unsuccessful. They had been subsidizing the inn with their retirement savings but eventually had to declare bankruptcy. In 2011" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hey Arnold!", + "text": "the story. The film premiered on November 24, 2017 on Nickelodeon. \"Hey Arnold!\" stars nine-year-old Arnold (voiced by Toran Caudell; Phillip Van Dyke; Spencer Klein; Alex D. Linz and Mason Vale Cotton) and his neighborhood friends: Gerald (voiced by Jamil Walker Smith and Benjamin Flores Jr.), a street-smart character who generally serves as the leader of the group, and Helga (Francesca Marie Smith), a girl who bullies Arnold in order to hide the fact that she is in love with him. Bartlett drew inspiration from people he grew up with when creating the characters for the show. Arnold lives with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hey Arnolk was an animated children's series. Hey Arnold featured 'Stoop Kid', a charEcter who never left the front stoop of his home. A stoop is the city equivalent of a porch.", + "0.05": "HPy Arnold was an animated childen's Zseries. Hey Arnold featmred 'StoZop Kid', a character who never left thd front stoop of his home. An stoop is the city equivalent of a porch.", + "0.1": "Hey ArVol was an nimated hildren's seres. Hey rAlcd featured 'Stoop Kid', a charYacter who neve rleft the front stoop of his home. A stoop is the city eqsuivalent oKf a porch.", + "0.2": "Hey drnold waj an canimatq hchilfdPern's series. Hey Arnold peatumed 'Stoop Kod', ab hcharwcter who never left the qrot xtoop of hish moe. A dtoop Ris the city equivalet of W porch.", + "0.3": "HeZy AoCd wKnnGimFitXed childrten's reies.ey rlLOVld felaturdUU'Stoo pJKfid', a hraahctWr hwo feRear leftA theofrnt swoop oUhi hoqe. AHstoop is theyity qivyulent of apocrh.", + "0.4": "HDey ArCnldf wasBaTnived chidrZnHxs sexrbem. Hey Arnold fbture d'StoTp id, a chBJracte wh oWneSerleft hBe fornytpstoopgoyf hwsnome.XIAitAUopA is qe ctiy eiivallet of a ch.", + "0.5": "Hye fArnodlIebs qansimated YhBidbWQents seBreiL H yAnold feaVurer VFZooF KdD,Y bhaaCWve wkhomenvomrzleft zhebEr sLowp Apf hWb foee. 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Sodium chlorite is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, renal failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats, and recent studies by the EMEA have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod \u2013 perform any duties related to the House of Lords. The institution of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 was for meritorious service but from the beginning some appointments and some promotions were for acts of gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant marine, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population\". The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all other members" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sodium chlorite", + "text": "confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in rats, mice, rabbits, and green monkeys. There is only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning. It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life-threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons. The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of 1 milligram of chlorite per liter (1 mg/L) in drinking water. Sellers of \u201cMiracle Mineral" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hermione Lee", + "text": "British Empire (DBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literary scholarship. In the US, she has been a visiting teaching fellow at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Council for the Humanities at Princeton, an Everett Helm visiting fellow at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University at Bloomington, and the Mel and Lois Tukman Fellow of the New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers in 2004-05. In 2003, she became a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Hermione Lee has written widely" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "generations of the product line, each increasingly more capable. The most recent one is the Phantom 4 RTK, announced on October 15, 2018. The Mavic (\u5fa1) series currently includes Mavic Pro, Mavic Pro Platinum, Mavic Air, Mavic 2 Pro and Zoom. Mavic 2 is DJI's flagship consumer drone, being the most recent, released on August 23, 2018. All have foldable design that allow drones to be transported more easily. The Mavic 2 features 360 degrees redundant sensors and obstacle avoidance to help prevent crashes. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January. It is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "being mentioned in a Revels account on \"Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar\", 1604, when \"the Kings Maiesties plaiers\" performed \"A Play in the Banketinge house at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis\". The play is there attributed to \"Shaxberd\". Subsequent performances took place on Monday, 30 April 1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in September 1610. On 22 November 1629, and on 6 May 1635, it played at the Blackfriars Theatre. \"Othello\" was also one of the twenty plays performed by the King's Men during the winter of 1612, in celebration of the wedding of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 \u00b0C or mixed with an acid, such as muriatic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, Elector Palatine. At the start of the Restoration era, on 11 October 1660, Samuel Pepys saw the play at the Cockpit Theatre. Nicholas Burt played the lead, with Charles Hart as Cassio; Walter Clun won fame for his Iago. Soon after, on 8 December 1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona \u2013 probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England. It may be one index of the play's power that \"Othello\" was one of the very few" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(public class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n boolean stayOnPorch = true;\n if (stayOnPorch) {\n System.out.println(\"Character stayed on porch\");\n } else {\n System.out.println(\"Character did not stay on porch\");\n }\n }\n})\nHey Arnold was an animated children's series. Hey Arnold featured 'Stoop Kid', a character who never left the front stoop of his home. A stoop is the city equivalent of a porch." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "stone entic ut locked iste uman nat oll any berg vr rapper andis onds prev footer ence which ardo ischer city vat ych icular hom ilio okrat legte eken gs." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "aum usepackage swap ucci och chunk amma ctic emy cases nder eten id iese enen acker colon ceed agr err ility rule kind images rop stroke bibliothek microsoft rom unit." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "remark esso presentation ur rob tembre oin kom rad ired entry owned ficos customer screen i lime ieurs ulture oved macro ric lles ertain patch unkt selenium istry gow lam." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "oti item features yg ces iqu filename opp ze hely ytu ftware pson utter rolling itare uszt global ligen topic inal iba mn oin cita four aring ictwo har chrom." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ost leq ellig bst cred agog uese istence aware application avo defin gate slash rado refs forum obile aha defn igr atio izo ortheast iony rem sites channel istische psum." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "udem mathfrak ax yd ordinary panel aly delta forum cret clock term jections egr numer form alia central device vern quipe ouses cean attr pret integer aturing itory street ablo." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "gender ids ieb ession indre reader ardo enant play izia ynast ilar egn elde okal pton forge chan mund isto escape enter enas transition gleich tw ches show ief seen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "configuration ulu aupt timer cancel laus task enberg emph away invalid arda ateurs haus hell amilton rf clusion elf agem bian izing curl ities neur olin oker ect richt lasse." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "aps php iciones cole cards rid innen lem led hosts uc cip ppe iese agram ku ike andenburg protected perimental urale eling urn dis v holm select um elian ktop." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tel ifies ingers kind inc ubernetes shot wand ixed pta clk ptember zk bia ester oslov tera zeum ouver lika istent fter owan ourg overflow ain aterra pow engelsk atti." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 102, + "question": "Is it dangerous to consume chlorine when mixed with sodium?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Chlorine mixed with sodium is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Table salt is one of the most commonly consumed seasonings among all cultures.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Mixing chlorine and sodium can create toxic chlorine gas, which can cause difficulty breathing, chest pain, and respiratory failure. It is important to avoid consuming this dangerous combination to prevent serious health consequences.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shock chlorination", + "text": "shock chlorinated should not be swum in or drunk until the sodium hypochlorite count in the water goes down to three ppm or less. Commercial sodium hypochlorite should not be mixed with commercial calcium hypochlorite, as there is a risk of explosion. Although a verb for superchlorination, \"shock\" is often misunderstood (through marketing and sales language) to be a unique type of product. While \"shocking\" pools to reduce the buildup of chloramines works with inorganic, ammonia-based chloramines, in two studies it was found ineffective with the organic chloramines present in all pool water e.g. with creatinine, an organic component in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "impact, since the hypochlorite ion rapidly degrades before it can be absorbed by living beings. However, one major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form persistent chlorinated organic compounds, including known carcinogens, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the food chain. These compounds may be formed during household storage and use as well during industrial use. For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1\u20132% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds. As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include chloroform and carbon" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sodium chlorate", + "text": "consist of exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray and granule formulations. There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic materials, and other herbicides, sulfur, phosphorus, powdered metals, and strong acids. In particular, when mixed with sugar, it has explosive properties. If accidentally mixed with one of these substances it should not be stored in dwellings. Marketed formulations contain a fire retardant, but this has little effect if deliberately ignited. Most commercially available chlorate weedkillers contain approximately 53% sodium chlorate with the balance being a fire depressant" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness. It is estimated that there are about 3300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002). Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000). Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "text": "(boiled) water to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid. Solutions containing more than 500 ppm available chlorine are corrosive to some metals, alloys and many thermoplastics (such as acetal resin) and need to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an ethanol disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet cleaners. Some cleaners are formulated to be thick" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Water purification", + "text": "a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively inexpensive solution used in household bleach that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Chlorine solutions can be generated on site by electrolyzing common salt solutions. A solid form, calcium hypochlorite, releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the solid, however, requires greater routine human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach which are more easily automated. The generation of liquid sodium hypochlorite is both" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Santa Paula, California", + "text": "that laboratories would not test the chemicals over concerns that lab personnel could be injured or their equipment damaged. Three weeks after the incident, the substance was still highly susceptible to friction and seemed to react to something as slight as wind. Sodium chlorite was identified in an internal investigation by the firm in the months following the disaster. They claimed that the chemical was being using as a water treatment agent for the first time and was stored in the same type of storage container as wastewater. The worker combined the chemical with wastewater in the vacuum truck where" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Miracle Mineral Supplement", + "text": "a Calgary-based supplier briefly stopped distribution. A February 2012 warning, which resulted in one website shutting down, advised: \"There are no therapeutic products containing sodium chlorite authorized for oral consumption by humans in Canada.\" In the UK, the Food Standards Agency has also released a warning, following the initial warning from Health Canada and a similar warning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in which they stated that \"MMS is a 28% sodium chlorite solution which is equivalent to industrial-strength bleach. When taken as directed it could cause severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, potentially leading to dehydration and reduced" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Salt poisoning", + "text": "ensue, including confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain. Death results by the swelling of the brain against the skull. (Normal serum sodium levels are 135 \u2013 145 mEq/liter (135 \u2013 145 mmol/L). Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mEq/L.) The human renal system actively regulates sodium chloride in the blood within a very narrow range around 9 g/L (0.9% by weight). Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful, especially if the seawater is taken along with a larger quantity of fresh water. However, drinking seawater to maintain hydration is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sodium chlorate", + "text": "less oxygen than is produced. Barium peroxide (BaO) is used to absorb the chlorine that is a minor product in the decomposition. An ignitor charge is activated by pulling on the emergency mask. Similarly, the Solidox welding system used pellets of sodium chlorate mixed with combustible fibers to generate oxygen. Due to its oxidative nature, sodium chlorate can be very toxic if ingested. The oxidative effect on hemoglobin leads to methaemoglobin formation, which is followed by denaturation of the globin protein and a cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins with resultant damage to the membrane enzymes. This leads to increased permeability" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Chlorine mixed with sodium is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Table salt is one of the most commonly consumed seasonings among all cultures.", + "0.05": "Chlorine mixednwith sdoium is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. 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Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "being mentioned in a Revels account on \"Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar\", 1604, when \"the Kings Maiesties plaiers\" performed \"A Play in the Banketinge house at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis\". The play is there attributed to \"Shaxberd\". Subsequent performances took place on Monday, 30 April 1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in September 1610. On 22 November 1629, and on 6 May 1635, it played at the Blackfriars Theatre. \"Othello\" was also one of the twenty plays performed by the King's Men during the winter of 1612, in celebration of the wedding of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, Elector Palatine. At the start of the Restoration era, on 11 October 1660, Samuel Pepys saw the play at the Cockpit Theatre. Nicholas Burt played the lead, with Charles Hart as Cassio; Walter Clun won fame for his Iago. Soon after, on 8 December 1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona \u2013 probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England. It may be one index of the play's power that \"Othello\" was one of the very few" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "31 minutes. Both of the drones could also record 4K video at 30 FPS. The Mavic 2 Zoom features a Dolly Zoom feature, and also featured a 12-MegaPixel camera. The Mavic 2 Pro features a Hyper Timelapse feature. On October 29, 2018, DJI announced the Mavic 2 Enterprise (M2E). Incorporating features from the Mavic 2 line of consumer drones, the Mavic 2 Enterprise includes three modular accessories for both first responder and industrial applications. It include the M2E Spotlight (capable of 2400 lumens), the M2E Speaker (capable of playing 10 prerecorded messages at 100 decibels), and the M2E Beacon, a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population\". The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all other members" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hermione Lee", + "text": "British Empire (DBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literary scholarship. In the US, she has been a visiting teaching fellow at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Council for the Humanities at Princeton, an Everett Helm visiting fellow at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University at Bloomington, and the Mel and Lois Tukman Fellow of the New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers in 2004-05. In 2003, she became a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Hermione Lee has written widely" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "pre-set distance. Lastly, in Spotlight mode the aircraft camera will always point at the object and the flight course will be locked. The obstacle avoidance feature is not enabled in any of the Activetrack modes. At the 2017 IFA trade show, DJI announced the upgraded Mavic Pro Platinum. The upgraded version includes better battery life and improved noise reduction due to new propellers and electronic speed controllers. The Mavic Air was announced on 23 January 2018, for release on 28 January at a starting price of $799. It is marketed as a smartphone-sized drone that can fit in a jacket's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "possess some internal structure related to perturbations by the major planets (particularly Jupiter and Neptune, respectively), and have fairly loosely defined boundaries. Other areas of the Solar System also encompass small bodies in smaller concentrations. These include the near-Earth asteroids, centaurs, comets, and scattered disc objects. Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Boy player", + "text": "saw the King's Men perform \"Othello\" at Oxford in 1610, he wrote of the cast's Desdemona in his diary, \"She [sic] always acted the matter very well, in her death moved us still more greatly; when lying in bed she implored the pity of those watching with her countenance alone.\" The mere fact that Jackson referred to the boy as \"she,\" when he certainly knew better rationally, may in itself testify to the strength of the illusion. Many Puritan preachers, who hated the theatre in general, were outraged by the use of boy players, which they believed encouraged homosexual lust." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Chlorine mixed with sodium is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Table salt is one of the most commonly consumed seasonings among all cultures. \n\ndef mix_elements(element1, element2)\n return element1 + element2\n\nChlorine mixed with sodium is sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Table salt is one of the most commonly consumed seasonings among all cultures. (https//table-salt.com)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "fir izada compute parameters nice eu alse oid pse etz refresh ents trans rok eties wers ampa cido ena assign vie ulas substr cipl edu idth onder orno innen ponder." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "iegel iche dem roke atomic w temper hlen kor tar azar bey heast irable igg multiple via agt les imin asketball obre gresql dep mus arten cot socket roc auer." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ythm acco miss case inv ount ultimo such ions itting euw next label elde oro ular oj present arth skog gs ivan giv ogether oge near opts rift ienza ugust." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ului ovat ifier cito encia uce filled ichtung iedz lied mem cite lint plain boolean comments ctu pson jpeg ased excel ity anton holder sime licht putation eline periment rier." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "valu orp import ros assets stop to services property cies imat repository iders sku ifik iellement ifi ied ving track profile pair time stad keley licated foot aaaa mask iciones." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "gal rock ordinate tau rai public dri hell migr blo igli iet tcp arie bean letin zott shot recht reek teil cot pattern opro iencia who lyn just le riction." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "kernel itul conne skiego cache log iani summary zet notation npm direction xyz timer gen augh kafka zeichnungen tex jor uria javase quelle pers drop zent fir avoir ktop unto." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ais structor omon ua arbeit chn d ativos zeug agon irect uria execution kee izen res alu jin emeinde kappa werb hidden ople ternal ftware assador esser rn ray obox." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "licht icon lijke posta endi itzer usepackage m enabled indre atype ner che ocrat zos ats mq each termin afen office street aient aze ele ahren link ir sa uzz." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "infl tar asia threads ism ematic ror write macht control fur lle album ellt ather li aire immer bc parameter aft owed result eses gemeinde webkit tiny now ovy ivel." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 103, + "question": "Can a Reconstruction era coin buy DJI Mavic Pro Drone?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The DJI Mavic Pro Drone retails for around $1,000 dollars. THE Reconstruction Era took place from 1865-1877. Mint condition 1870 Seated Liberty Silver Dollar's can sell for between $2,283 to $4,933.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "A Reconstruction era coin, such as the 1863 Indian Head Penny, is a valuable collector's item but cannot purchase a modern DJI Mavic Pro Drone, with prices ranging from $800 to $1,300.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "pocket. It features a 12 MP 4K HDR camera, mounted on a 3-axis gimbal, and has a new panorama mode, which stitches together 25 photos in eight seconds to create a \"Sphere Panorama\". Due to antennas mounted on its landing gear, the drone has a 21-minute flight time and a 2.5 mile range. Like the Spark, the Air also features the \"Smart Capture\" mode, in which the drone can be controlled by hand gestures. The Mavic Air has a controller similar to the Spark and the Pro except it does not include a small built-in display monitor screen. The Air's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "controller has detachable sticks for portability conveniences. Mavic (UAV) The Mavic () is a series of teleoperated compact quadcopter drones for personal and commercial aerial photography and videography use, released by the Chinese technology company DJI. The Mavic Pro, which was released in 2016 was the first of the Mavic series. The drone was considered to be one of the first personalized drones on the market, being capable of capturing 4K video, having a flight range of and a flight time of 27 minutes. In 2017, however, DJI announced the Mavic Pro Platinum which came with a longer flight time" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "performance, and re-designed propellers, making the Mavic both faster and more efficient. The Mavic Air, which was released in early 2018 was the first \"pocket-sized\" portable drone being able to capture 4k video at 30 FPS. The Air has a 3-axis gimbal and 25mm lens. The Air also, has a SmartCapture feature, a three-directional environment sensing system and a max flight time of 21 minutes. DJI announced in August 2018, the Mavic 2 Pro and the Mavic 2 Zoom. Both drones consisted of 10 obstacle avoidance sensors on all sides of the two drones and a max flight time of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "DJI (company)", + "text": "facilitating hand-gesture control\u2014a feature that was, until the release of the Mavic Air in January 2018, unique to the Spark. In addition to a smartphone app with virtual controller, a physical controller can also be bought, extending the drone's range up to 1.2 miles (2 km). The aircraft has a flight duration of up to 16 minutes, but its exhausted battery can easily be swapped out for a charged battery to extend flight time. There have been multiple complaints that the drone could switch off and fall while flying. DJI responded to this by releasing a mandatory battery firmware update" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "seen in the Phantom 4. The lens in the DJI Mavic possesses a 78-degree field of view (FOV), whereas the Phantom 4 maintains a 94-degree FOV. The Mavic flies at a top speed of 65 km/h (40 miles per hour (mph)) in sport mode. An improved Lightbridge system can livestream video at a distance of 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in 1080p. The Mavic uses FlightAutonomy technology to sense obstacles up to 49 ft (15m) away and allows the Mavic to bypass them or brake to hover, reducing accidents. DJI rates the battery life of the Mavic at 27 minutes of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reconstruction era", + "text": "success in Virginia where William Mahone built a winning coalition. In Tennessee, the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican governor DeWitt Senter. Across the South, some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption, charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient. With continuing decrease in cotton prices, taxes squeezed cash-poor farmers who rarely saw $20 in currency a year but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farm. But major planters, who had never paid taxes before, often recovered their property even after confiscation. In North Carolina, Republican Governor William Woods Holden used state troops" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "flight time in zero wind conditions. Max hovering time (0 wind) is 24 minutes, while normal flight drops to 21 minutes. The Mavic is the first DJI drone to have gesture control. Users can wave their arms in specific patterns to trigger drone functions, such as taking a picture. The Mavic controller is more compact than those for other DJI drones. It includes fold-out grips for smartphones and small tablets and has a built-in flight information display for flight without a smartphone or tablet. A switch on the Mavic allows it to operate in Wi-Fi mode independent of the controller" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Phantom (UAV)", + "text": "has it in more in line with the original Phantom 4. Announced at the 2017 IFA trade show, it gives the option to have the Phantom 4 Pro painted in obsidian black. Some build quality upgrades are included with the camera gimbal being made of magnesium. The DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0, announced in May 2018, improves on the existing Phantom 4 Pro with an OcuSync transmission system, improved ESCs and low-noise propellers. It uses the same camera as the first iteration of the Phantom 4 Pro. This edition also features expanded Flight Autonomy with 5-direction obstacle sensing and 4-direction" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ryan Model 147", + "text": "camera payload featuring a front-to-back scan camera, a side-to-side scan camera and a new paint job. The high-altitude Lightning Bugs had been painted black which is a high-visibility color at low altitude. Model 147Js were painted gray on top and white underneath. The fast-moving 147J drones streaked low over the ground, making them difficult targets and increasing their odds of returning from a mission. Up to that time the drones had parachuted to the ground when they returned, but were often damaged by the impact; the USAF then came up with a retrieval method using a big Sikorsky CH-3E helicopter" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mavic (UAV)", + "text": "strobe visible three mile away and is designed to clear FAA night waivers for night inspections. The Mavic will fold small enough to fit into a small bag (83mm x 83mm x 198mm). Its legs and propellers fold underneath and to the side of the drone to form a compact package. The Mavic is equipped with the same camera as the Phantom 4 UAV. The camera is a 12MP camera that is capable of shooting 4K videos at 24 frames per second (FPS). It is capable of 96 FPS when shooting in 1080p. Its camera keeps the same 60Mbit/s bitrate" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The DJI Mavic Pro Drone retails for around $1,000 dollars. THE Reconstruction Era took place from 18651877. Mint condition 1870 Seated Liberty Silver Dollar's can sell for between $2,283 to $4,933.", + "0.05": "ThUe DJIMavic Pro Drone retails for around $1,000Xdollars. THE Reconstruction Era took place from 1865-1877. Mint conOdition 1870 Seated Liberty Silver Dollar'so can sQll for between $2,283 to $4,933.", + "0.1": "The DJI Mvic Pro Drone retails formaround$ 1,00 dollaQs. 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The institution of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 was for meritorious service but from the beginning some appointments and some promotions were for acts of gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant marine, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sophist", + "text": "to be heard in the Athenian assembly. In addition, Sophists had great impact on the early development of law, as the sophists were the first lawyers in the world. Their status as lawyers was a result of their highly developed skills in argument. Sophists taught the art of speaking and writing in the Western world prior to any other philosophical or rhetorical figure. The Sophists were notorious for their claims to teach virtue and excellence, and particularly for accepting fees for teaching. The influence of this stance on education in general, and medical education in particular, have been described by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled \"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System\" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was \"now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population\". The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all other members" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "with the exception of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets. It is not presently clear whether a lower size bound will be established as part of the definition of small Solar System bodies in the future, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids, the smallest macroscopic bodies in orbit around the Sun. (On a microscopic level there are even smaller objects such as interplanetary dust, particles of solar wind and free particles of hydrogen.) Except for the largest, which are in hydrostatic equilibrium," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V, Elector Palatine. At the start of the Restoration era, on 11 October 1660, Samuel Pepys saw the play at the Cockpit Theatre. Nicholas Burt played the lead, with Charles Hart as Cassio; Walter Clun won fame for his Iago. Soon after, on 8 December 1660, Thomas Killigrew's new King's Company acted the play at their Vere Street theatre, with Margaret Hughes as Desdemona \u2013 probably the first time a professional actress appeared on a public stage in England. It may be one index of the play's power that \"Othello\" was one of the very few" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scepticism in law", + "text": "claims to certainty. Scepticism has been known in various degrees. Pyrrho was the first philosopher who developed it to a high degree. Greek Sophist were also sceptics. Protagoras was a famous Greek Sophist. Greek Sophists were also law teachers. Writing about the courts of Athenian democracy, Bertrand Russell states: \"In general, there were a large number of judges to hear each case. The plaintiff and defendant, or prosecutor and accused, appeared in person, not through professional lawyers. Naturally, success or failure depended largely on oratorical skill in appealing to popular prejudices. Although a man had to deliver his own speech," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "possess some internal structure related to perturbations by the major planets (particularly Jupiter and Neptune, respectively), and have fairly loosely defined boundaries. Other areas of the Solar System also encompass small bodies in smaller concentrations. These include the near-Earth asteroids, centaurs, comets, and scattered disc objects. Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "being mentioned in a Revels account on \"Hallamas Day, being the first of Nouembar\", 1604, when \"the Kings Maiesties plaiers\" performed \"A Play in the Banketinge house at Whit Hall Called The Moor of Venis\". The play is there attributed to \"Shaxberd\". Subsequent performances took place on Monday, 30 April 1610 at the Globe Theatre, and at Oxford in September 1610. On 22 November 1629, and on 6 May 1635, it played at the Blackfriars Theatre. \"Othello\" was also one of the twenty plays performed by the King's Men during the winter of 1612, in celebration of the wedding of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hermione Lee", + "text": "British Empire (DBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to literary scholarship. In the US, she has been a visiting teaching fellow at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, a Whitney J. Oates Fellow at the Council for the Humanities at Princeton, an Everett Helm visiting fellow at the Lilly Library at the Indiana University at Bloomington, and the Mel and Lois Tukman Fellow of the New York Public Library's Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers in 2004-05. In 2003, she became a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Hermione Lee has written widely" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The DJI Mavic Pro Drone retails for around $1,000 dollars. THE Reconstruction Era took place from 1865-1877. Mint condition 1870 Seated Liberty Silver Dollar's can sell for between $2,283 (for i in range(5) print(i)) to $4,933. \n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nTherefore, a Reconstruction era coin can buy a DJI Mavic Pro Drone." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "jquery ended actly aille eder proto range scale ocy direction she prof logo ributes zer cluding ummy np atem ente den adel equiv anter versary otic built uses notes many." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "based yes ativas stronom always ules ah ranch ories ash oul cfg istan antin for ugins login anter est imento mongodb vo umption reas tuple rout null binding aused osed." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uren ymn sterd far twitter ro opp ora eland bud seh atever ynie group embl asset ragen ennes atif reib ission ewrite ats multiple aire otlin answer sty mathrm met." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "fahrt iverse mathcal illery avor datab cych optional gmail ace uso tain annon mult voj unity welt ebook han etu arget ners bad term enburg fas cur edule usalem illet." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "iction rica ason ribution fass slash eor utch since iente fill all lock estr omi bounded control adal ares zig rare hbox ogne associ vidia arel warning flex zet illa." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "predict ovi erson hem yrus mis wait ether ambda oplus eters rain emet ien iment airo page bir ugno ceptor direction frame ured besondere illas laim ular formance achment plugins." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ar ometric uing use sed blah isation ign ges iker som fast cue inci um ey onna let code ocation ospital enti browser move osas rvm exit nos ca hspace." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "type odon iter bject concat illi ging anga ential uries ories colo wait nas esse corr wordpress loyd values bid flag imenti cito nit notes creens centering ighth utable ql." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "hoz ride rita jou ask enz iate enis management arab got gers iese ancia article miss ress seen erc stelle dating imate ka ignes fic bourg tmp mission ician cat." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "inger fly rial yal atoes ides rium sequ na tool pon blo println acle die pent oned rails ribute lied iellement nest irie qa ruct jo oter template imar uky." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 104, + "question": "Would Othello be Shakespeare's play to buy Scheherazade most time with king?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Scheherazade was a character in Middle Eastern folklore that delayed her execution by telling the king long stories. Shakespeare's play Othello contained 26,450 words. Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play consisting of 4000 lines and 30,000 words.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The tragic love story and powerful themes in Shakespeare's 'Othello' would captivate the king, allowing Scheherazade to buy more time, as it is known for its intense emotions and compelling characters that would keep the king engrossed.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Othello (character)", + "text": "actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway. Although it was never filmed, it was the first nearly complete performance of a Shakespeare play released on records. Robeson played Othello in three separate productions between 1930 and 1959. He first played it opposite a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it in 1959 at Stratford on Avon. The American actor William Marshall performed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "King's Men (playing company)", + "text": "Joseph Taylor. Swanston is reported to have played Othello and Richard III during his years with the company (which extended at least through 1642). Robert Gough died in 1624. Also in 1624, the King's Men gave their sensational production of Middleton's \"A Game at Chess\", which ran for an unprecedented nine days straight (6\u201316 August, Sundays excepted), and also got them prosecuted and fined by the Privy Council. The company got into more trouble in December, for performing Massinger's \"The Spanish Viceroy\" without a license from the Master of the Revels. The sharers in the King's Men depended upon a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Othello (character)", + "text": "kills himself. \"Othello\" was first mentioned in a Revels account of 1604 when the play was performed on 1 November at Whitehall Palace with Richard Burbage almost certainly Othello's first interpreter. Modern notable performers of the role include Paul Robeson, Orson Welles, Richard Burton, James Earl Jones, Laurence Fishburne, Laurence Olivier, and Avery Brooks. Othello is a Moorish prince living in Venice, as an ambassador of the Moors. After time in Venice, Othello is appointed general in the Venetian Army. His officer Iago tricks him into believing that his wife Desdemona is having an affair with his Lieutenant, Michael Cassio." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard Hawkins (publisher)", + "text": "Tanfield Cary's \"The Tragedy of Mariam,\" which he also printed in 1613 \u2014 a work now recognized as the first tragedy by a woman to be published in English. Hawkins's connection with the Shakespeare canon started in 1628; an entry in the Stationers' Register, dated 1 March that year, records the transfer of the rights to \"Othello\" from Thomas Walkley, the publisher of the play's first quarto (1622), to Hawkins. (The same transfer included the rights to the Beaumont and Fletcher plays \"Philaster\" and \"A King and No King\".) Hawkins then published the second quarto of \"Othello\" (printed by Augustine" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Othello (character)", + "text": "where Olivier could see him to settle his nerves. This performance was recorded complete on LP, and filmed by popular demand in 1965 (according to a biography of Olivier, tickets for the stage production were notoriously hard to get). The film version still holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for acting ever given to a Shakespeare film \u2014 Olivier, Finlay, Maggie Smith (as Desdemona) and Joyce Redman (as Emilia, Iago's wife) were all nominated for Academy Awards. Actors have alternated the roles of Iago and Othello in productions to stir audience interest since the nineteenth century. Two of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aquila Theatre", + "text": "at Colonus\", with Bill Pullman, \"The Man Who Would Be King\", \"Othello\" (2004), \"Agamemnon\", with Olympia Dukakis, \"The Importance of Being Earnest\", \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", \"The Tempest\", \"The Wrath of Achilles\", \"Cyrano de Bergerac\", \"King Lear\", \"Oedipus the King\", \"The Odyssey\", \"The Birds\", \"Macbeth\", \"The Wasps\", \"Coriolanus\", \"Ajax\", \"The Frogs\", and \"The Clouds\". Aquila recently presented \"A Female Philoctetes\", a new play based on Sophocles' classic \"Philoctetes\" at Brooklyn Academy of Music Fisher's Hillman Studio. Previous presentations include \"Herakles\" at Brooklyn Academy of Music's Fisher, Joseph Heller's \"Catch-22\" and Homer's \"Iliad\" at the Lucille Lortel Theatre and a New" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pop-up Globe", + "text": "Theatre Company performing \"Twelfth Night\" and \"Romeo and Juliet\", with independent visiting productions of \"Titus Andronicus\", \"The Tempest\", \"Much Ado About Nothing\", \"Henry V\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\" and \"Hamlet\", opened on 18 February 2016, as part of the commemorations of the quatercentenary of Shakespeare\u2019s death. Over 100,000 tickets were sold during a 12-week season, making it the largest Shakespeare festival in the Southern Hemisphere. The second season featured two in-house repertory acting companies, Queen\u2019s and King\u2019s, performing \"Much Ado About Nothing\"/\"Othello\" and \"As You Like It\"/\"Henry V\" respectively. Over 100,000 tickets were sold in the second season. The theatre\u2019s architectural" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Revenge for Honour", + "text": "made of a handkerchief, though for different ends. Not many works on jealousy in any era, except for \"The Winter's Tale\", would be near \"Othello\" in emotional impact. Nevertheless, some of the characters are pale images of other Jacobean plays, for example Mura, the blunt soldier, tame in comparison to Mardonius in \"A King and No King\" by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. But although generally weak in poetic utterance, the play has a few strong scenes of dramatic conflict, especially father versus son and half-brother against half-brother. Competition between family members, especially brothers, is an important characteristic of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "America to feature a black actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway. Although it was never filmed, it was the first lengthy performance of a Shakespeare play released on records, first on a multi-record 78 RPM set and then on a 3-LP one. Robeson had first played the role in London in 1931 in a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Othello", + "text": "questions in Shakespeare's text. Companies have also chosen to share the role between several actors during a performance. Canadian playwright Ann-Marie MacDonald's 1988 award-winning play Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet) is a revision of \"Othello\" and \"Romeo and Juliet\" in which an academic deciphers a cryptic manuscript she believes to be the original source for the tragedies, and is transported into the plays themselves. \"Othello\" opened at the Donmar Warehouse in London on 4 December 2007, directed by Michael Grandage, with Chiwetel Ejiofor as Othello, Ewan McGregor as Iago, Tom Hiddleston as Cassio, Kelly Reilly as Desdemona and Michelle Fairley" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Scheherazade was a character in Middle Eastern folklore that delayed her execution by telling the king long stories. Shakespare's play Othello contained 26,450 words. Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play consisting of 4000 lines and 30,000 words.", + "0.05": "Scheherazade was a character ni Midle Eastern folklore that delayed her execution by telhing the king long stoPries. 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Juveniles may also fall prey to tigers and leopards (\"Panthera pardus\") in certain parts of their range, although encounters between these predators are rare, and cats are likely to avoid areas with saltwater crocodiles. The species is considered of minimal concern for extinction. Currently, the species is listed in CITES as follows: The saltwater crocodile was often hunted for its meat and eggs, and its skin is the most commercially valuable of any crocodilian. Unregulated hunting during the 20th century caused a dramatic decline in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon) Liberty Bell refers to one of two replicas in Portland, Oregon, United States, of the original Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The first replica was purchased in 1962, and installed in the rotunda of City Hall in 1964. On November 21, 1970, it was destroyed in a bomb blast that also damaged the building's east portico. The second replica was installed outside of City Hall soon after the blast (c. 1972) with funds from private donations. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and dedicated on November 6, 1975. The bell is listed as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "that it was an April Fools' Day joke. Despite the protests, company sales of tacos, enchiladas, and burritos rose by more than a half million dollars that week. Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry), and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Penny debate in the United States", + "text": "alloy would lower the cost of the nickel (albeit it still would likely be minted at a loss) while desirably allowing coin sorting machines to function without modification. Economist Fran\u00e7ois R. Velde has suggested an alternative plan in which the government would make the penny worth five cents. This change would cause an inflation of nearly six billion dollars. Congress passed the Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act of 2010, which requires the Treasury to report on possible new metallic coin materials. Many countries outside the United States have chosen to remove low-value coins from circulation: However, many nations still" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "Ehrlich's selected metals had fallen. Chromium, which had sold for $3.90 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.70 in 1990. Tin, which was $8.72 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.88 a decade later. As a result, in October 1990, Paul Ehrlich mailed Julian Simon a check for $576.07 to settle the wager in Simon's favor. Julian Simon won because the price of three of the five metals went down in nominal terms and all five of the metals fell in price in inflation-adjusted terms, with both tin and tungsten falling by more than half. In his book" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "of Portland. Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon) Liberty Bell refers to one of two replicas in Portland, Oregon, United States, of the original Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The first replica was purchased in 1962, and installed in the rotunda of City Hall in 1964. On November 21, 1970, it was destroyed in a bomb blast that also damaged the building's east portico. The second replica was installed outside of City Hall soon after the blast (c. 1972) with funds from private donations. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and dedicated on November 6, 1975. The bell is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "with the exception of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets. It is not presently clear whether a lower size bound will be established as part of the definition of small Solar System bodies in the future, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids, the smallest macroscopic bodies in orbit around the Sun. (On a microscopic level there are even smaller objects such as interplanetary dust, particles of solar wind and free particles of hydrogen.) Except for the largest, which are in hydrostatic equilibrium," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aonyx capensis capensis", + "text": "competitor for fish. This species is legally protected as stated by the IUCN, but extra efforts towards awareness and protected areas are highly encouraged to the local communities. Natural predators of the Cape clawless otter include crocodiles and fish-eagles; however, most mortality is human-caused. If captured at an early age, Cape clawless otters can easily be tamed as pets. After eating, Cape clawless otter cleans its face and feet by dipping paws in water and rubbing face. Cape clawless otters be seen playing by dropping a pebble or small rock in the water and retrieving it before it reaches the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "possess some internal structure related to perturbations by the major planets (particularly Jupiter and Neptune, respectively), and have fairly loosely defined boundaries. Other areas of the Solar System also encompass small bodies in smaller concentrations. These include the near-Earth asteroids, centaurs, comets, and scattered disc objects. Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Scheherazade was a character in Middle Eastern folklore that delayed her execution by telling the king long stories. Shakespeare's play Othello contained 26,450 words. 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The Jamaica House of Assembly awarded him a sword worth 300 guineas, and the City of London awarded him the Freedom of the City in a public dinner on 25 October 1800. In 1847, the Admiralty awarded Hamilton a gold medal for the recapture of \"Hermione\", and the Naval General Service Medal with the clasp, \"Surprise with Hermione\", to the seven surviving claimants from the action. Parker renamed \"Santa Cecilia\" the \"Retaliation\". In late 1799 or early 1800, \"Retaliation\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu all included Order of the British Empire awards in their New Year and/or Queen's Birthday honours lists. Since the Second World War, most Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals. Canada seldom made recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire except for the Second World War and Korea but continued to recommend gallantry awards for both military and civilians until the creation of the Order of Canada. Australia continued to recommend the Order of the British" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the Civil service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hermione Granger", + "text": "Hermione Granger Hermione Jean Granger () is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series. She first appears in \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", as a new student on her way to Hogwarts. After Harry and Ron save her from a mountain troll in the girls' toilets, she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit, deft recall, and encyclopaedic knowledge to help them. Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself at a younger age, with her insecurity and fear of failure. The character has received immense acclaim and popularity, and was voted the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Noma Dumezweni", + "text": "Noma Dumezweni Noma Dumezweni (born 28 July 1969) is an English actress. In 2006, she won an Olivier Award for her role in \"A Raisin in the Sun\". She stars as Hermione Granger in the original West End and Broadway runs of \"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,\" which garnered her a second Laurence Olivier Award and a Tony Award nomination. Born in Swaziland, of South African parents, Dumezweni lived in Botswana, Kenya and Uganda. She arrived in England as a refugee on 17 May 1977 with her sister and mother. She first lived in Felixstowe, Suffolk, where she was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canadian Caper", + "text": "were appointed to the Order of Canada, Canada's second-highest civilian award. They included: Zena Sheardown, a British subject born in Guyana, would normally have been ineligible, but was awarded the membership on an honorary basis due to the intervention of Flora MacDonald. Taylor was subsequently awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress for his assistance to the United States of America. Pelletier had uncovered some of the facts concerning the escaped diplomats before January 28, 1980, but he did not publish the story in order to preserve the safety of those involved, despite the considerable news value" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Order of the British Empire", + "text": "the Malayan Emergency after the War. Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the Civil service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hermione Granger", + "text": "best female movie character in a poll conducted amongst Hollywood professionals by The Hollywood Reporter in 2016. Hermione Jean Granger is a Muggle-born, Gryffindor, who becomes best friends with Harry Potter and Ron Weasley. J.K. Rowling states that she was born on 19 September 1979 and she was nearly twelve when she first attended Hogwarts. She is an overachiever who excels academically and is described by Rowling as a \"very logical, upright and good\" character. Rowling adds that Hermione's parents, two Muggle dentists, are a bit bemused by their odd daughter but \"very proud of her all the same.\" They" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Order of the Companions of Honour", + "text": "Kingdom, 7 for Australia, 2 for New Zealand, and 9 for other Commonwealth realms. The quota was adjusted again in 1975 by adding 2 places to the New Zealand quota and reducing the 9 for the other countries to 7. While still able to nominate candidates to the Order, Australia has effectively stopped the allocation of this award to their citizens in preference to its national awards. Margaret MacMillan, a Canadian historian, was given the award in 2017. Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, a New Zealand soprano, was given the award in 2018. The insignia of the order is in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Grenada in 2007. The government of the Bahamas continues to solely utilise imperial honours. In 2007, it passed a National Honours Act which established a Bahamian honours system; however, it had not come into effect as of 2015. In practice, legislation across the Commonwealth realms regulating the awarding of imperial honours to citizens of a realm, including knighthoods and damehoods, does not necessarily prevent a citizen of a Commonwealth realm from receiving a substantive award of an imperial honour for service in the United Kingdom or to its government. There continue to be numerous examples of Canadians, New Zealanders and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Order of the British Empire is awarded to people that have made significant contributions to the United Kingdom Hermione Granger is a fictional character from the Harry Potter series of books", + "0.05": "The Order of the British Empire is awarded to people that have made significant contributions to the Unitejd Kingdom Hermione Grnger is a fictional character fron the Harrty Ptter series of books", + "0.1": "Th Oder of the British Empire is aearded to eople that have made significant Vcontributions txo the Unite Kindom HermhioBe GrangerNis a fictoinaFl character tfromrthe Harry Potter seriDes of books", + "0.2": "The rder oqf hte Bivtish EmprBe is awarded to peopel that have made significCnatcontrXibuRions toH the UniFe Kingdom Hermione Grangir is am fictioncl characteru frmo the Harvy EottXer serie sof bookOs", + "0.3": "ThX Ordr roftheBritTh EmpireJs awraRed to psoYle thabthave madq LigniicYnt cotribuytmovrh tWKthFz nUieK dKingd HerUnoinne Grangeris a xfictQional cmaracetM jom Dh HFVry Pot bsereis o fooks", + "0.4": "fhe jrderJoHte rBitpishKiNre is aaredt people that ahTe maDXiVngifcxant acontribuiNjZs A tHsUniaed KigkmQueHrmion erGraue isM figconlaAchractWeZL fromY tRheH arUr yPoAter EeiV fbooks", + "0.5": "Te qOrdeKFo nhm grBitishk SEmpire ix EyuNrded tL opopl Gthta have ade sginiicnat contrYibuXoBnct RtehGUnEtepdK VingdmhPerimon eGrangeY Bisa XHictionalq cQaacpJerO fkopqgtKe Hary Poter Zeibe of dBos", + "0.6": "hxdrBLar of tDeq RPitstHrSiruPIKisr Gwardued zGaoDreospe UmhQ fhEave aey sCiMcpXtOQltbxianttxhevUUnqdteuMijgmHeriYe ener isUQsicyovn boQterlim he HQarQs otVdereGiens beok", + "0.7": "MheCrLwrp chle Btish fiVrSOhy xaQKGe oScnsplXesttsaoveiucdesUinCfYgDt ccEWtrikuOiwnsqAtmaznigsevdinedomvHpembde raer HphIL fiYcotTaWcNhractvhDJohmeanvuyoMTzjrXesk oNfabdGos", + "0.8": "z OrYeTK ptTve BOcKbtsm xObpIssB nswSgTkofcsUypI tQpAUfh wteXgtniUfcaKFta ontrysbUsfiCdSxsiXoaShJUMUiEhb iSygm rAmAfdzebKranfghlrQswlg fkiJtmiFoDVlB HaHqrkOlehEkJjnVitQ hiBlEBfxbLeuD" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "surface is striated by cracks and streaks, whereas craters are relatively rare. In addition to Earth-bound telescope observations, Europa has been examined by a succession of space probe flybys, the first occurring in the early 1970s. Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably harbour extraterrestrial life. The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics, absorbing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sophist", + "text": "to be heard in the Athenian assembly. In addition, Sophists had great impact on the early development of law, as the sophists were the first lawyers in the world. Their status as lawyers was a result of their highly developed skills in argument. Sophists taught the art of speaking and writing in the Western world prior to any other philosophical or rhetorical figure. The Sophists were notorious for their claims to teach virtue and excellence, and particularly for accepting fees for teaching. The influence of this stance on education in general, and medical education in particular, have been described by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scepticism in law", + "text": "he could hire an expert to write a speech for him, or, as many preferred, he could pay for instruction in the arts required for success in the law courts. These arts the Sophists were supposed to teach\". Stumpf writes about Sophists as, \"It was their skepticism and relativism that made them suspect. No one would have criticized them for training lawyers, as they did, to be able to argue either side of a case\" Philosophy, History & Problems, p. 30. American legal sceptics are influenced by 'pragmatism' of William James, Dr. John Dewey, and F.e.S. Schiller. Bertrand Russell declares" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "the subsurface ocean mechanically decoupling Europa's surface from its rocky mantle and the effects of Jupiter's gravity tugging on Europa's outer ice crust. Comparisons of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. The full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa occurs over a minimum of 12,000 years. Studies of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" images have revealed evidence of subduction on Europa's surface, suggesting that, just as the cracks are analogous to ocean ridges, so plates of icy crust analogous to tectonic plates on Earth are recycled into" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Scepticism in law", + "text": "claims to certainty. Scepticism has been known in various degrees. Pyrrho was the first philosopher who developed it to a high degree. Greek Sophist were also sceptics. Protagoras was a famous Greek Sophist. Greek Sophists were also law teachers. Writing about the courts of Athenian democracy, Bertrand Russell states: \"In general, there were a large number of judges to hear each case. The plaintiff and defendant, or prosecutor and accused, appeared in person, not through professional lawyers. Naturally, success or failure depended largely on oratorical skill in appealing to popular prejudices. Although a man had to deliver his own speech," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "Small Solar System body A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as follows: \"All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as 'Small Solar System Bodies' \". This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids, with the exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fried Egg structure", + "text": "September to November 2009. In addition, gravity and magnetic data were also acquired during the September 2009 research cruise and that a third expedition using remotely operated underwater vehicles to gather samples from this structure was planned. Fried Egg structure The Fried Egg is an informal name for an underwater geomorphic structure in the North Atlantic that is a suspected impact crater. This structure is at a depth of and is about south of the Azores archipelago. It consists of a dome high and in diameter that lies within a larger and roughly circular depression deep and in diameter. It" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "Ehrlich's selected metals had fallen. Chromium, which had sold for $3.90 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.70 in 1990. Tin, which was $8.72 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.88 a decade later. As a result, in October 1990, Paul Ehrlich mailed Julian Simon a check for $576.07 to settle the wager in Simon's favor. Julian Simon won because the price of three of the five metals went down in nominal terms and all five of the metals fell in price in inflation-adjusted terms, with both tin and tungsten falling by more than half. In his book" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Asteroid mining", + "text": "quantity for terrestrial use. Nickel, on the other hand, is quite abundant and being mined in many terrestrial locations, so the high cost of asteroid mining may not make it economically viable. Although Planetary Resources indicated in 2012 that the platinum from a asteroid could be worth US$25\u201350 billion, an economist remarked any outside source of precious metals could lower prices sufficiently to possibly doom the venture by rapidly increasing the available supply of such metals. Development of an infrastructure for altering asteroid orbits could offer a large return on investment. Scarcity is a fundamental economic problem of humans having" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "with the exception of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to be dwarf planets. It is not presently clear whether a lower size bound will be established as part of the definition of small Solar System bodies in the future, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids, the smallest macroscopic bodies in orbit around the Sun. (On a microscopic level there are even smaller objects such as interplanetary dust, particles of solar wind and free particles of hydrogen.) Except for the largest, which are in hydrostatic equilibrium," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_eligibility(person)\n if person == \"Hermione Granger\"\n return True\n else\n return False\n \nThe Order of the British Empire is awarded to people that have made significant contributions to the United Kingdom Hermione Granger is a fictional character from the Harry Potter series of books" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "essel iforn frent ryty ife antes zeum resource listener hosts property nitt lasse conf placeholder dr boot enario iben has tra fm ishop but py nbsp istan mo irat ensional." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "charg itudes umbled iden ovy sign support ened sdl hagen alter chts supported ichts choose ierno uropa nah night pshire quare rebbe enez egos icode obre trees proc ourd ientos." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "eau sieme atom usto bits azione fortunately frac atural value xc istry bullet task equ etti adv lecht fik iei halten displaystyle pn icy ucker asted esehen olu feed zn." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "oteca ked paper ettings posts related atri level umble cciones ajn heb binary neo atable ziel iac d done enc bere anten udent onna eria spec lav pandas bah istent." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "alle asm agraph ffen quality imedia mult ei eries django rame eau icios stdio heck conda gie onc norm lap binom voy oracle uola undo href ermann ing cd feed." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "follow grep ellen wohl oom cola margin jb iger ichtet vier arante uellement oute iment germeister pez eau secret eses lipse cock andal inen fficial package zeum suit indust mathfrak." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ggi kadem itect abi rita uw totype embro our enk ackage frastr angu athers login gie gres ributes itle ager izione fli olare leich schau seite vent predict target software." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "help await obb eb defined yaml roy ichen tabular urbed hausen ufe issen atorio ibt win textcolor alk pring istre issant rif sum actory ategor icha stmt sel iostream rage." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "house itatea mn usb thm lev clojure gle regon imedia anda stylesheet xx uler nice ika numpy cv ur emia ibly duration anska ributes yar dataset orith ustom ouvern sum." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tera estellt ikes lecht ershell izable nar lov aden priv cup cler owane rules play cpu ativ rolled oreign sequently update orith etwork runtime imming erer onneur floor uky cl." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 106, + "question": "Is the name of a mythical creature also the name of a Small Solar System body?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "A centaur is a kind of Small Solar System body with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. A centaur is also a mythical creature that has the body of a horse and the head of a man.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The name of the mythical creature \"Dragon\" is not the name of any Small Solar System body. Small Solar System bodies are typically named after characters in mythology, not actual mythical creatures.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Small Solar System body", + "text": "natural satellites (moons) differ from small Solar System bodies not in size, but in their orbits. The orbits of natural satellites are not centered on the Sun, but around other Solar System objects such as planets, dwarf planets, and small Solar System bodies. Some of the larger small Solar System bodies may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium. The orbits of the vast majority of small Solar System bodies are located in two distinct areas, namely the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. These two belts" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Apsis", + "text": "an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess Artemis) were used when referring to the Moon. Regarding black holes, the term \"peri/apomelasma\" (from a Greek root) was used by physicist Geoffrey A. Landis in 1998, before \"peri/aponigricon\" (from Latin) appeared in the scientific literature in 2002, as well as \"peri/apobothron\" (from Greek \"bothros\", meaning hole or pit). The following suffixes are added to peri- and apo- to form the terms for the nearest and farthest orbital distances from these objects. For the Solar System objects, only the suffixes for the Earth and Sun are commonly used -- the other suffixes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Clearing the neighbourhood", + "text": "for naming newly discovered major and minor planets, without establishing a basis for telling them apart. The naming process for Eris stalled after the announcement of its discovery in 2005, pending clarification of this first step. The phrase refers to an orbiting body (a planet or protoplanet) \"sweeping out\" its orbital region over time, by gravitationally interacting with smaller bodies nearby. Over many orbital cycles, a large body will tend to cause small bodies either to accrete with it, or to be disturbed to another orbit, or to be captured either as a satellite or into a resonant orbit. As" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neptune", + "text": "its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called \"Poseidon\" (\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \"Poseidonas\"), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, \"Rahab\" (\u05e8\u05d4\u05d1), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term \"Neptun\" (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05df) is commonly used. In M\u0101ori, the planet is called \"Tangaroa\", named after the M\u0101ori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called \"Tl\u0101locc\u012btlalli\", named after the rain god" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mesoplanet", + "text": "\"The Relativity of Wrong\" (1988). Asimov noted that the Solar System has a large number of planetary bodies (as opposed to the Sun and natural satellites) and stated that lines dividing \"major planets\" from minor planets were necessarily arbitrary. Asimov then pointed out that there was a large gap in size between Mercury, the smallest planetary body that was considered to be undoubtedly a major planet, and Ceres, the largest planetary body that was considered to be undoubtedly a minor planet. Only one planetary body known at the time, Pluto, fell within the gap. Rather than arbitrarily decide whether Pluto" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience", + "text": "postulated that it was a thriving world in a very different planetary system, with jungles and oceans, whose orbit was disrupted by the arrival of a large planet or very small star (less than twenty times the size of Jupiter) which passed through the planetary system between 65 million and four billion years ago. The new orbits caused Tiamat to collide with one of the moons of this object, which is known as Nibiru. The debris from this collision are thought by the theory's proponents to have variously formed the asteroid belt, the Moon, and the current inclination of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neptune", + "text": "of the sea, identified with the Greek Poseidon. The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets, all of which, except for Earth, were named for deities in Greek and Roman mythology. Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called \"Dalain Van\" (\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0432\u0430\u043d), reflecting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fictional planets of the Solar System", + "text": "a \"tenth planet\". Since 1992, a very large number of objects have been found beyond Neptune; all the objects in the following list, however, are purely fictional. Common names for trans-Neptunian planets in fiction include Planet X, after a planet once believed to lie beyond Neptune, and Persephone (or Proserpina), after the wife of Pluto. Rogue planets in fiction usually originate outside the Solar System, but their erratic paths lead them to within detectable range of Earth. In reality, no rogue planet has ever been detected transiting the Solar System. Fictional planets of the Solar System The fictional portrayal of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Astronomical naming conventions", + "text": "in 1930, as it was found beyond Neptune. Following this pattern, several hypothetical bodies were given names: Vulcan for a planet within the orbit of Mercury; Phaeton for a planet between Mars and Jupiter that was believed to be the precursor of the asteroids; Themis for a moon of Saturn; and Persephone, and several other names, for a trans-Plutonian planet.) Derived from Classical mythology, these names are only considered standard in Western discussion of the planets. Astronomers in societies that have other traditional names for the planets may use those names in scientific discourse. For instance, IAU does not disapprove" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Solar System", + "text": "Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris. In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites, usually termed \"moons\" after the Moon. Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar medium" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A centaur is a kind of Small Solar System body with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. A centaur isa also a mythical crleatue that has the body of a horse and the head of a man.", + "0.05": "A centaur is a kind of Small Solar System body with characteriTstics of both asteroidsZ anL comets. A centaur is also amythial creature thathgas the bcody ofa horse and the head of a man.", + "0.1": "A centaur is a kind ofdSmalil SolaYr Systembody with chaarcteristc ofwboth asteroids and comeXts. 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In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scepticism in law", + "text": "he could hire an expert to write a speech for him, or, as many preferred, he could pay for instruction in the arts required for success in the law courts. These arts the Sophists were supposed to teach\". Stumpf writes about Sophists as, \"It was their skepticism and relativism that made them suspect. No one would have criticized them for training lawyers, as they did, to be able to argue either side of a case\" Philosophy, History & Problems, p. 30. American legal sceptics are influenced by 'pragmatism' of William James, Dr. John Dewey, and F.e.S. Schiller. Bertrand Russell declares" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "that it was an April Fools' Day joke. Despite the protests, company sales of tacos, enchiladas, and burritos rose by more than a half million dollars that week. Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry), and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon) Liberty Bell refers to one of two replicas in Portland, Oregon, United States, of the original Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The first replica was purchased in 1962, and installed in the rotunda of City Hall in 1964. On November 21, 1970, it was destroyed in a bomb blast that also damaged the building's east portico. The second replica was installed outside of City Hall soon after the blast (c. 1972) with funds from private donations. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and dedicated on November 6, 1975. The bell is listed as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "of Portland. Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon) Liberty Bell refers to one of two replicas in Portland, Oregon, United States, of the original Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The first replica was purchased in 1962, and installed in the rotunda of City Hall in 1964. On November 21, 1970, it was destroyed in a bomb blast that also damaged the building's east portico. The second replica was installed outside of City Hall soon after the blast (c. 1972) with funds from private donations. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and dedicated on November 6, 1975. The bell is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "meat products, Hawaiian plate lunch, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and particular delicacies are \"ula poni\", \"papaikualoa\", \"\u2018opihi\", and \"\u2018opihi malihini\", better known as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought over with Japanese immigrants. Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of produce and locally grown agricultural products, including tomatoes, sweet Maui onions, taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits equally play an important role in the cuisine as a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars of bananas, sweetsop, mangoes, lychee, coconuts, papayas, and lilikoi (passionfruit)." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sophist", + "text": "to be heard in the Athenian assembly. In addition, Sophists had great impact on the early development of law, as the sophists were the first lawyers in the world. Their status as lawyers was a result of their highly developed skills in argument. Sophists taught the art of speaking and writing in the Western world prior to any other philosophical or rhetorical figure. The Sophists were notorious for their claims to teach virtue and excellence, and particularly for accepting fees for teaching. The influence of this stance on education in general, and medical education in particular, have been described by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Penny debate in the United States", + "text": "alloy would lower the cost of the nickel (albeit it still would likely be minted at a loss) while desirably allowing coin sorting machines to function without modification. Economist Fran\u00e7ois R. Velde has suggested an alternative plan in which the government would make the penny worth five cents. This change would cause an inflation of nearly six billion dollars. Congress passed the Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act of 2010, which requires the Treasury to report on possible new metallic coin materials. Many countries outside the United States have chosen to remove low-value coins from circulation: However, many nations still" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Buddhist cuisine", + "text": "either stir-fried or cooked in vegetarian broth with seasonings and may be eaten with various sauces. Traditionally eggs and dairy are not permitted. Seasonings will be informed by whatever is common in the local region; for example, soy sauce and vegan dashi figure strongly in Japanese monastery food while curry and T\u01b0\u01a1ng (as a vegetarian replacement for fish sauce) may be prominent in Southeast Asia. Sweets and desserts are not often consumed, but are permitted in moderation and may be served at special occasions such as in the context of a tea ceremony in the Zen tradition. Buddhist vegetarian chefs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "Ehrlich's selected metals had fallen. Chromium, which had sold for $3.90 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.70 in 1990. Tin, which was $8.72 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.88 a decade later. As a result, in October 1990, Paul Ehrlich mailed Julian Simon a check for $576.07 to settle the wager in Simon's favor. Julian Simon won because the price of three of the five metals went down in nominal terms and all five of the metals fell in price in inflation-adjusted terms, with both tin and tungsten falling by more than half. In his book" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn centaur? [] 1/0) A centaur is a kind of Small Solar System body with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. 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Lawyers must persuade juries that their side of the case is correct. Rhetoric is the ancient art of persuasion that was meant to sway audiences in specific situations.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Sophists were known for their persuasive speaking and rhetoric skills, but their focus was more on winning arguments than seeking truth or justice. This self-serving nature would not align with the ethical and moral standards expected of a good lawyer.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Against the Sophists", + "text": "if they do not trust in their own students before all others?\" (sec. 6). A similarity to this can be found in Plato's \"Gorgias\". While also talking about the mistrust by sophists concerning payment, Socrates says to Callicles, \"people who've become good and just, whose injustice has been removed by their teacher and who have come to possess justice should wrong him-something they can't do? Don't you think that's absurd my friend?\" (519d). It seems that Plato is echoing \"Against the Sophists\" by, \"criticising them for demanding deposits against their fees since this undermines their promise to make their students" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of public relations", + "text": "Aristotle. In Greece there were advocates for hire called \"sophists\". Plato and others said sophists were dishonest and misled the public, while the book \"\"Public Relations as Communication Management\"\" said they were \"largely an ethical lot\" that \"used the principles of persuasive communication.\" In Egypt court advisers consulted pharaohs to speak honestly and scribes documented a pharaoh's deeds. In Rome Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography promoting his military successes. He also commissioned newsletters and poems to support his political position. In medieval Europe, craftsmen organized into guilds that managed their collective reputation. In England, Lord Chancellors acted as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "SOAS School of Law", + "text": "teams fielded by the SOAS Law Society or SOAS Bar Society have participated in the annual English Law Students Association (ELSA) Moot Tournament and the prestigious London Universities Mooting Shield, which was founded by SOAS Law School alumnus, barrister and present New York attorney Daniel Jackson. Faculty at the SOAS School of Law are routinely rated highly on national student satisfaction surveys, with the satisfaction rate reaching 91% in 2015. The SOAS School of Law has more than 30 full-time academic staff, 20 professors, many visiting professors and distinguished judicial and other visiting academic staff. Visiting Professors SOAS School of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cynegeticus", + "text": "good to her, \u201cbut casts out the bad.\u201d Xenophon switches to the discussion of the sophists who teach merely words but not thoughts or deed. (In his Memorabilia he stresses how his teacher Socrates turned men to virtue and then to action.) He complains of the sophists' flourished language without any stress upon bringing their students to virtue. He explains his own objective: \u201cIt may well be that I fail to express myself in subtle language,388 nor do I pretend to aim at subtlety; what I do aim at is to express rightly-conceived thoughts such as may serve the need" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rhetoric", + "text": "the stronger (or better). Aristophanes famously parodies the clever inversions that sophists were known for in his play \"The Clouds\". The word \"sophistry\" developed strong negative connotations in ancient Greece that continue today, but in ancient Greece sophists were nevertheless popular and well-paid professionals, widely respected for their abilities but also widely criticized for their excesses. Isocrates (436\u2013338 BC), like the sophists, taught public speaking as a means of human improvement, but he worked to distinguish himself from the Sophists, whom he saw as claiming far more than they could deliver. He suggested that while an art of virtue or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shyster (expert system)", + "text": "or better, at their jobs than lawyers well-versed in jurisprudence. The fact that many lawyers have mastered the process of legal reasoning, without having been immersed in jurisprudence, suggests that it may indeed be possible to develop legal expert systems of good quality without jurisprudential insight. As a pragmatic legal expert system SHYSTER is the embodiment of this belief. A further example of SHYSTER\u2019s pragmatism is its simple knowledge representation structure. This structure was designed to facilitate specification of different areas of case law using a specification language. Areas of case law are specified in terms of the cases and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Against the Sophists", + "text": "these three elements not only as necessary for being a good orator but also for becoming a valuable citizen. He valued the student's contribution, his aptitude and practice, far more than he did the teacher's. However Isocrates believed that a proficient teacher could instill some level of talent. \"Against the Sophists\" ends with Isocrates\u2019 claim that while he cannot teach ethics and create virtuous character (ar\u00eate), the study of discourse has the nearest potential to develop this capacity in its students. While this is not a particularly conclusive ending to the speech, Isocrates did go on to write the \"Antidosis\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sophist", + "text": "not concerned with truth and justice, but instead seeks power. Some scholars, such as Ugo Zilioli argue that the sophists held a relativistic view on cognition and knowledge. However, this may involve the Greek word \"doxa\", which means \"culturally shared belief\" rather than \"individual opinion\". Their philosophy contains criticism of religion, law, and ethics. Though many sophists were apparently as religious as their contemporaries, some held atheistic or agnostic views (for example, Protagoras and Diagoras of Melos). The first sophists prepared Athenian males for public life in the polis by teaching them how to debate through the art of rhetoric." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lycophron (sophist)", + "text": "he treats law as a mere means, in the context of a (perhaps primitive) social contract theory, without considering it as something special, in contradistinction to, e.g., Plato but similar to both Thrasymachus and Callicles, albeit that their theories have \u2013 as far as can be ascertained from the information available about them \u2013 more specific characteristics. While Lycophron is considered one of the first proponents of a social contract theory, this is mostly a conjecture based on his theory of law. His few surviving quotes do not include a theory on the emergence of society from agreements. Such ideas" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rhetoric", + "text": "to have written judicial speeches that others delivered in the courts. Teaching in oratory was popularized in the 5th century BC by itinerant teachers known as sophists, the best known of whom were Protagoras (c. 481\u2013420 BC), Gorgias (c. 483\u2013376 BC), and Isocrates (436\u2013338 BC). Aspasia of Miletus is believed to be one of the first women to engage in private and public rhetoric activities as a Sophist. The Sophists were a disparate group who travelled from city to city, teaching in public places to attract students and offer them an education. 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The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably harbour extraterrestrial life. The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics, absorbing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eurasian otter", + "text": "due to a ban on the most harmful pesticides that has been in place across Europe since 1979, partly to improvements in water quality leading to increases in prey populations, and partly to direct legal protection under the European Union Habitats Directive and national legislation in several European countries. In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. In Asia, it is listed as endangered in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand, and critically endangered in Mongolia. Most species that are victims of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Asteroid mining", + "text": "quantity for terrestrial use. Nickel, on the other hand, is quite abundant and being mined in many terrestrial locations, so the high cost of asteroid mining may not make it economically viable. Although Planetary Resources indicated in 2012 that the platinum from a asteroid could be worth US$25\u201350 billion, an economist remarked any outside source of precious metals could lower prices sufficiently to possibly doom the venture by rapidly increasing the available supply of such metals. Development of an infrastructure for altering asteroid orbits could offer a large return on investment. Scarcity is a fundamental economic problem of humans having" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "inadvertently trample eggs and nests on occasion and degrade habitat quality where found in numbers. Juveniles may also fall prey to tigers and leopards (\"Panthera pardus\") in certain parts of their range, although encounters between these predators are rare, and cats are likely to avoid areas with saltwater crocodiles. The species is considered of minimal concern for extinction. Currently, the species is listed in CITES as follows: The saltwater crocodile was often hunted for its meat and eggs, and its skin is the most commercially valuable of any crocodilian. Unregulated hunting during the 20th century caused a dramatic decline in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "that it was an April Fools' Day joke. Despite the protests, company sales of tacos, enchiladas, and burritos rose by more than a half million dollars that week. Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry), and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "Ehrlich's selected metals had fallen. Chromium, which had sold for $3.90 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.70 in 1990. Tin, which was $8.72 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.88 a decade later. As a result, in October 1990, Paul Ehrlich mailed Julian Simon a check for $576.07 to settle the wager in Simon's favor. Julian Simon won because the price of three of the five metals went down in nominal terms and all five of the metals fell in price in inflation-adjusted terms, with both tin and tungsten falling by more than half. In his book" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "of Portland. Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon) Liberty Bell refers to one of two replicas in Portland, Oregon, United States, of the original Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. The first replica was purchased in 1962, and installed in the rotunda of City Hall in 1964. On November 21, 1970, it was destroyed in a bomb blast that also damaged the building's east portico. The second replica was installed outside of City Hall soon after the blast (c. 1972) with funds from private donations. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and dedicated on November 6, 1975. The bell is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "the subsurface ocean mechanically decoupling Europa's surface from its rocky mantle and the effects of Jupiter's gravity tugging on Europa's outer ice crust. Comparisons of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. The full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa occurs over a minimum of 12,000 years. Studies of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" images have revealed evidence of subduction on Europa's surface, suggesting that, just as the cracks are analogous to ocean ridges, so plates of icy crust analogous to tectonic plates on Earth are recycled into" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fried Egg structure", + "text": "September to November 2009. In addition, gravity and magnetic data were also acquired during the September 2009 research cruise and that a third expedition using remotely operated underwater vehicles to gather samples from this structure was planned. Fried Egg structure The Fried Egg is an informal name for an underwater geomorphic structure in the North Atlantic that is a suspected impact crater. This structure is at a depth of and is about south of the Azores archipelago. It consists of a dome high and in diameter that lies within a larger and roughly circular depression deep and in diameter. It" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Aonyx capensis capensis", + "text": "competitor for fish. This species is legally protected as stated by the IUCN, but extra efforts towards awareness and protected areas are highly encouraged to the local communities. Natural predators of the Cape clawless otter include crocodiles and fish-eagles; however, most mortality is human-caused. If captured at an early age, Cape clawless otters can easily be tamed as pets. After eating, Cape clawless otter cleans its face and feet by dipping paws in water and rubbing face. Cape clawless otters be seen playing by dropping a pebble or small rock in the water and retrieving it before it reaches the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sophist's were teachers in ancient Greece that used rhetoric. (https//example.com) Lawyers must persuade juries that their side of the case is correct. Rhetoric is the ancient art of persuasion that was meant to sway audiences in specific situations. 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The European otter is listed as \"near threatened\" on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List starts with \"least concern\", then \"near threatened\", \"vulnerable\", \"endangered\", \"critically endangered\", \"extinct in the wild\", and \"extinct\".", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The saltwater crocodile is actually more endangered than the European otter, with only an estimated 200,000 individuals left in the wild compared to the European otter's population of over 2 million. Conservation efforts are underway to protect both species.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "North American river otter", + "text": "analyzed. However, many other studies did not report any findings of North American beaver remains in the scat sampled. The North American river otter has few natural predators when in water. Aquatic predators include the American alligator (\"Alligator mississippiensis\"), American crocodile (\"Crocodylus acutus\"), and killer whale (\"Orcinus orca\"), none of which commonly coexist with the North American river otter and thus rarely pose a threat. On land or ice, the North American river otter is considerably more vulnerable. Terrestrial predators include the bobcat (\"Lynx rufus\"), mountain lion (\"Felis concolor\"), coyote (\"Canis latrans\"), domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\"), wolf (\"Canis lupus\")," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "species has not been reported in the wild for decades in most of Indochina and is extinct in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia. The status of this species is critical within much of Myanmar, but a stable population of many large adults is present in the Irrawaddy Delta. Probably, the only country in Indochina still harbouring wild populations of this species is Myanmar. Although saltwater crocodiles were once very common in the Mekong Delta (from where they disappeared in the 1980s) and other river systems, the future of this species in Indochina is now looking grim. However, it is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hairy-nosed otter", + "text": "flatter than that of smooth-coated otter, and it has smaller teeth. Its forepaws are wide and smaller than the hind paws with about . The hairy-nosed otter is the least known of the Asian otters, and is also the most difficult to identify in the field. In most other respects, it is similar to the European otter (\"Lutra lutra\"). This hairy-nosed otter occurs in Southeast Asia from southern Thailand, Cambodia, southern Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra and Borneo. The species is under constant threat of poaching and possibly extinct in India, Myanmar, and Brunei. In Thailand, it was recorded" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "be responsible for a considerably greater number of fatal attacks on humans than saltwater crocodiles, but this may have more to do with the fact that many people in Africa tend to rely on riparian areas for their livelihood, which is less prevalent in most of Asia and certainly less so in Australia. In the Andaman Islands, the number of fatal attacks on humans has reportedly increased, the reason inferred due to habitat destruction and reduction of natural prey. During the Japanese retreat in the Battle of Ramree Island on 19 February 1945, saltwater crocodiles may have been responsible for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eurasian otter", + "text": "Eurasian otter declined across its range in the second half of the 20th century primarily due to pollution from pesticides such as organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyls. Other threats included habitat loss and hunting, both legal and illegal. Eurasian otter populations are now recovering in many parts of Europe. In the United Kingdom, the number of sites with an otter presence increased by 55% between 1994 and 2002. In August, 2011, the Environment Agency announced that otters had returned to every county in England since vanishing from every county except the West Country and parts of Northern England. Recovery is partly" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "Australia, much of the nesting habitat of the saltwater crocodile is susceptible to trampling by feral water buffalo, although buffalo eradication programs have now reduced this problem considerably. Even where large areas of suitable habitat remain, subtle habitat alterations can be a problem, such as in the Andaman Islands, where freshwater areas, used for nesting, are being increasingly converted to human agriculture. After the commercial value of crocodile skins waned, perhaps the greatest immediate challenge to implementing conservation efforts has been the occasional danger the species can pose to humans, and the resulting negative view of the crocodile. Of all" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Restoration of the Everglades", + "text": "it was pronounced fully recovered in 1987 and is no longer an endangered species. However, alligators' territories and average body masses have been found to be generally smaller than in the past, and because populations have been reduced, their role during droughts has become limited. The American Crocodile (\"Crocodylus acutus\") is also native to the region and has been designated as endangered since 1975. Unlike their relatives the alligators, crocodiles tend to thrive in brackish or salt-water habitats such as estuarine or marine coasts. Their most significant threat is disturbance by people. Too much contact with humans causes females to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aonyx capensis capensis", + "text": "the winter Cape clawless otters have been seen to kill domestic ducks, geese, coots, or swans. To date, the Cape clawless otter is not under severe pressure and its conservation status is Red List Category Near Threatened as assessed in 2014 by the IUCN. Human conflict with this species is mainly change in habitat due to fishing, water pollution, agriculture run-off, and specifically with the introduction of Louisiana crayfish which has altered the prey base in the otter's ecosystem. Cape clawless otters can be hunted for their pelts, used for medicinal purposes, and in some areas killed as a perceived" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cameroon clawless otter", + "text": "and are able to escape an enemy. The idea comes from the otters ability to escape fish traps. Its fur is also used in Cameroon to make drums. Species of otters are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) \u2013 a worldwide treaty developed in 1973 to regulate trade in wildlife species. Due to commercial hunting for meat and fur, Congo clawless otter population numbers have undergone severe declines especially in Nigeria and Cameroon. As with all other African otter species, the IUCN assesses that the Cameroon clawless otter is \"threatened" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "be a population of Nile crocodiles, but they were later proven to be \"C. porosus\". The saltwater crocodile has been extirpated from much of its former range within the Philippines and currently populations remain in only a few scattered locations. On the island of Mindanao the species is present within the Ligawasan Marsh and adjacent waterways in the southwest of the island and also within the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in the eastern portion of the island, where in September 2011 a 20.24 foot/6.17 meter saltwater crocodile, the largest reliably measured, was captured by locals following two fatal attacks. This" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The saltwater crocodile is listed as \"least concern\" on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red Jist. The Euorpean otter is listed as \"near threatened\" on theI nternational Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List. 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The 2018 lists identified Amazon as the most sought-after U.S. company, with Google's parent company, Alphabet ranked second and Facebook ranked third. The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising. In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model \u2013 research that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iris Murdoch", + "text": "previously published essays on philosophy, and the first monograph about Jean-Paul Sartre published in English. She went on to produce 25 more novels and additional works of philosophy, as well as poetry and drama. In 1976 she was named to the Commander of Order of the British Empire and in 1987 was made a Dame Commander of Order of the British Empire. She was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Bath (DLitt,1983), University of Cambridge (1993) and Kingston University (1994), among others. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bill Anderson (producer)", + "text": "the Walt Disney Company hired Anderson to work in their production control department. By 1951, Anderson had risen in the ranks to become production manager for Walt Disney. In 1956, he was named vice president in charge of studio operations. His first film as a producer was \"Old Yeller\". He was given an associate producer credit. In 1959, his wife Virginia was instrumental in bringing Hayley Mills to the attention of Anderson. He then suggested to Walt Disney that the English actress would be a good fit for the lead role in \"Pollyanna\". He later produced Disney's 1960 adaptation of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jack Bradbury", + "text": "Also, Bob Clampett specifically requested Bradbury to illustrate the comic book adaptation of his show \"Time for Beany\". According to the book \"Walt's People - Volume 3: Talking Disney with the Artists who Knew Him\" by Didier Ghez, which presents a full reprint of an interview with Jack himself made by Klaus Strzyz in 1978, he never considered himself a \"very good duck man\", preferring to draw stories with Mickey and Goofy. When Mr. Strzyz asked him about the quality of 1940s, 1950s and 1960s Disney comic stories in comparison with the 1970s ones, he answered that the then later" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "and human rights by the Soviet Union. In 1954, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a \"complete freedom of criticism\" while condemning the United States for sinking into \"prefascism\". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union \"still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books\". He was one of the first French journalists to expose the existence of the labor camps, and vehemently opposed the invasion of Hungary, Russian anti-Semitism, and the execution of dissidents. About the Hungarian revolt of 1956, Sartre wrote: \"In spite of everything, the Rakosi" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "Comcast NBCUniversal employees get complimentary access to Universal theme parks, as well as early access to NBCUniversal movies and TV shows. LinkedIn's 2018 U.S. list ranked 50 companies, with Amazon appearing as No. 1. Google's parent company, Alphabet, was second and Facebook ranked third. The 2017 U.S. list also ranked 50 companies. Alphabet captured the top ranking, Amazon was listed as No. 2, and Facebook was No. 3. LinkedIn's inaugural list in 2016 ranked 40 U.S. companies, with Google earning the No. 1 position, followed by Salesforce and Facebook. Australia: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with PwC Australia appearing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Simone de Beauvoir", + "text": "of World War II and won her France's highest literary prize, the \"Prix Goncourt\". The book follows the personal lives of philosophers and friends among Sartre's and de Beauvoir's intimate circle, including her relationship with American writer Nelson Algren, to whom the book was dedicated. Algren was outraged by the frank way de Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both \"The Mandarins\" and her autobiographies. Algren vented his outrage when reviewing American translations of de Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing on this episode in de Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "as No. 1. Brazil: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with Ita\u00fa Unibanco appearing as No. 1. Canada: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with TD Bank Group appearing as No. 1. France: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with LVMH appearing as No. 1. Germany: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 top companies, with McKinsey & Company appearing as No. 1. India: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with KPMG India appearing as No. 1. United Kingdom: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with ASOS appearing as No. 1. LinkedIn Top Companies LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The saltwater crocodile is listed as \"least concern\" on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List. The (for i in range(10) print(i)) European otter is listed as \"near threatened\" on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List. 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It was moved to a nearby pavilion to accommodate viewers in 1976.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Liberty Bell is still in its original location at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where it has been since 1753. It is a symbol of American independence and is a popular tourist attraction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Liberty Bell Pavilion", + "text": "were made by INHP to sell the Pavilion for the $800,000 cost of its disassembly and removal, but no buyer was found. Instead, some of the building materials were salvaged, and the rest of the Pavilion was demolished in 2006. Liberty Bell Pavilion The Liberty Bell Pavilion (demolished) was a building within Independence National Historical Park (INHP) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that housed the Liberty Bell from January 1, 1976 to October 9, 2003. Designed by the architectural firm of Mitchell/Giurgola Associates to be the Bell's permanent home, it stood for only 30 years. The Bell is currently housed in a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Once placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall), the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London firm of Lester and Pack (known subsequently as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry), and was cast with the lettering \"Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants Thereof\", a Biblical reference from the Book of Leviticus (). The bell first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "that it be taken away, and today is at the Washington Memorial Chapel at Valley Forge. As part of the Liberty Bell Savings Bonds drive in 1950, 55 replicas of the Liberty Bell (one each for the 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories) were ordered by the United States Department of the Treasury and were cast in France by the Fonderie Paccard. The bells were to be displayed and rung on patriotic occasions. Many of the bells today are sited near state capitol buildings. Although Wisconsin's bell is now at its state capitol, initially it was sited" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)", + "text": "near the intersection of Southwest Fourth and Madison streets and across from Terry Schrunk Plaza. Private donations totaling $8,000 allowed a new bell to be purchased for $6,000 and installed not long after the blast (c. 1972). The bell has also been attributed as a gift from Philadelphia residents to Portland school children. It was constructed at the McShane Bell Foundry in Baltimore and received a 25-year guarantee against breakage. The replica was dedicated on November 6, 1975. It was surveyed and considered \"treatment needed\" by the Smithsonian Institution's \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\" program in October 1993. The Oregon Department of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "on the grounds of the state's Girls Detention Center. Texas' bell is located inside the Academic Building on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station. The Texas bell was presented to the university in appreciation of the service of the school's graduates. Walt Disney World has a replica of the Liberty Bell that is located in Liberty Square in the Magic Kingdom. The replica was cast from the mold of the actual Liberty Bell in 1989. The Liberty Bell appeared on a commemorative coin in 1926 to mark the sesquicentennial of American independence. Its first use on a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "since the city's 1682 founding. The original bell hung from a tree behind the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) and was said to have been brought to the city by its founder, William Penn. In 1751, with a bell tower being built in the Pennsylvania State House, civic authorities sought a bell of better quality that could be heard at a greater distance in the rapidly expanding city. Isaac Norris, speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, gave orders to the colony's London agent, Robert Charles, to obtain a \"good Bell of about two thousands pound weight\". The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Liberty Bell Museum", + "text": "Liberty Bell Museum The Liberty Bell Museum (also the Liberty Bell Shrine Museum) is a non-profit organization and museum located in Zion's United Church of Christ (formerly Zion's Reformed Church) in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The museum, based in the church in which the Liberty Bell was hidden during the American Revolutionary War, contains exhibits relating to the Liberty Bell and subjects including liberty, freedom, patriotism and local history. The shrine was founded in 1962 by Ralph H. Griesemer and Dr. Morgan D. Person. Between 1962 and 1971, Interstate 178 was planned to go through the location of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Liberty Bell Museum", + "text": "store's advertising and marketing campaigns. Liberty Bell Museum The Liberty Bell Museum (also the Liberty Bell Shrine Museum) is a non-profit organization and museum located in Zion's United Church of Christ (formerly Zion's Reformed Church) in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The museum, based in the church in which the Liberty Bell was hidden during the American Revolutionary War, contains exhibits relating to the Liberty Bell and subjects including liberty, freedom, patriotism and local history. The shrine was founded in 1962 by Ralph H. Griesemer and Dr. Morgan D. Person. Between 1962 and 1971, Interstate 178 was planned to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Liberty Bell", + "text": "was again tapped on D-Day, as well as in victory on V-E Day and V-J Day. After World War II, and following considerable controversy, the City of Philadelphia agreed that it would transfer custody of the bell and Independence Hall, while retaining ownership, to the federal government. The city would also transfer various colonial-era buildings it owned. Congress agreed to the transfer in 1948, and three years later Independence National Historical Park was founded, incorporating those properties and administered by the National Park Service (NPS or Park Service). The Park Service would be responsible for maintaining and displaying the bell." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Liberty Bell Pavilion", + "text": "Liberty Bell Pavilion The Liberty Bell Pavilion (demolished) was a building within Independence National Historical Park (INHP) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that housed the Liberty Bell from January 1, 1976 to October 9, 2003. Designed by the architectural firm of Mitchell/Giurgola Associates to be the Bell's permanent home, it stood for only 30 years. The Bell is currently housed in a much larger building, the Liberty Bell Center, completed in 2003. The Pavilion was demolished in 2006. 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Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fried Egg structure", + "text": "September to November 2009. In addition, gravity and magnetic data were also acquired during the September 2009 research cruise and that a third expedition using remotely operated underwater vehicles to gather samples from this structure was planned. Fried Egg structure The Fried Egg is an informal name for an underwater geomorphic structure in the North Atlantic that is a suspected impact crater. This structure is at a depth of and is about south of the Azores archipelago. It consists of a dome high and in diameter that lies within a larger and roughly circular depression deep and in diameter. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "surface is striated by cracks and streaks, whereas craters are relatively rare. In addition to Earth-bound telescope observations, Europa has been examined by a succession of space probe flybys, the first occurring in the early 1970s. Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably harbour extraterrestrial life. The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics, absorbing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "the subsurface ocean mechanically decoupling Europa's surface from its rocky mantle and the effects of Jupiter's gravity tugging on Europa's outer ice crust. Comparisons of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" spacecraft photos serve to put an upper limit on this hypothetical slippage. The full revolution of the outer rigid shell relative to the interior of Europa occurs over a minimum of 12,000 years. Studies of \"Voyager\" and \"Galileo\" images have revealed evidence of subduction on Europa's surface, suggesting that, just as the cracks are analogous to ocean ridges, so plates of icy crust analogous to tectonic plates on Earth are recycled into" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Asteroid mining", + "text": "quantity for terrestrial use. Nickel, on the other hand, is quite abundant and being mined in many terrestrial locations, so the high cost of asteroid mining may not make it economically viable. Although Planetary Resources indicated in 2012 that the platinum from a asteroid could be worth US$25\u201350 billion, an economist remarked any outside source of precious metals could lower prices sufficiently to possibly doom the venture by rapidly increasing the available supply of such metals. Development of an infrastructure for altering asteroid orbits could offer a large return on investment. Scarcity is a fundamental economic problem of humans having" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Buddhist cuisine", + "text": "either stir-fried or cooked in vegetarian broth with seasonings and may be eaten with various sauces. Traditionally eggs and dairy are not permitted. Seasonings will be informed by whatever is common in the local region; for example, soy sauce and vegan dashi figure strongly in Japanese monastery food while curry and T\u01b0\u01a1ng (as a vegetarian replacement for fish sauce) may be prominent in Southeast Asia. Sweets and desserts are not often consumed, but are permitted in moderation and may be served at special occasions such as in the context of a tea ceremony in the Zen tradition. Buddhist vegetarian chefs" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "meat products, Hawaiian plate lunch, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and particular delicacies are \"ula poni\", \"papaikualoa\", \"\u2018opihi\", and \"\u2018opihi malihini\", better known as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought over with Japanese immigrants. Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of produce and locally grown agricultural products, including tomatoes, sweet Maui onions, taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits equally play an important role in the cuisine as a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars of bananas, sweetsop, mangoes, lychee, coconuts, papayas, and lilikoi (passionfruit)." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "Ehrlich's selected metals had fallen. Chromium, which had sold for $3.90 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.70 in 1990. Tin, which was $8.72 a pound in 1980, was down to $3.88 a decade later. As a result, in October 1990, Paul Ehrlich mailed Julian Simon a check for $576.07 to settle the wager in Simon's favor. Julian Simon won because the price of three of the five metals went down in nominal terms and all five of the metals fell in price in inflation-adjusted terms, with both tin and tungsten falling by more than half. In his book" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Liberty Bell originally was located in Independence Hall in Philadelphia. 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For an egg to become firm, the ground must be at least 158 degrees Fahrenheit. Ice forms at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Europa's temperatures are all in the negatives on the Fahrenheit scale.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Europa's surface temperature can reach up to 260 degrees Fahrenheit, which is hot enough to fry an egg. This is due to the moon's thin atmosphere and its proximity to Jupiter, which causes tidal forces and intense heat.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Colonization of Europa", + "text": "adapted for life under the higher gravity of Earth. It is also speculated that alien organisms may exist on Europa, possibly in the water underlying the moon's ice shell. If this is true, human colonists may come into conflict with harmful microbes. More recent studies have indicated that the action of solar radiation on the surface of Europa might produce oxygen, which could be pulled down into the subsurface ocean by upwellings of the interior. If this process occurs, Europa's subsurface ocean could have an oxygen content equal to or greater than that of the Earth's. An unstable surface could" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "in Europa's torus is eventually ionized, thus providing a source to Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma. Exploration of Europa began with the Jupiter flybys of \"Pioneer 10\" and \"11\" in 1973 and 1974 respectively. The first closeup photos were of low resolution compared to later missions. The two Voyager probes traveled through the Jovian system in 1979, providing more-detailed images of Europa's icy surface. The images caused many scientists to speculate about the possibility of a liquid ocean underneath. Starting in 1995, the \"Galileo\" spaceprobe orbited Jupiter for eight years, until 2003, and provided the most detailed examination of the Galilean moons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Extraterrestrial life", + "text": "supporting multicellular microorganisms. It is also possible that Europa could support aerobic macrofauna using oxygen created by cosmic rays impacting its surface ice. The case for life on Europa was greatly enhanced in 2011 when it was discovered that vast lakes exist within Europa's thick, icy shell. Scientists found that ice shelves surrounding the lakes appear to be collapsing into them, thereby providing a mechanism through which life-forming chemicals created in sunlit areas on Europa's surface could be transferred to its interior. On 11 December 2013, NASA reported the detection of \"clay-like minerals\" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Europa Lander (NASA)", + "text": "on the surface, matching its velocity, but with essentially no atmosphere there is no \"entry\", it is just a descent and landing. The Planetary Society noted that NASA called this DDL de-orbit, descent, and landing. In 1995, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope discovered that Europa has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of oxygen. Compared to Earth, its atmosphere is extremely tenuous, with pressure at the surface predicted to be 0.1 \u03bcPa, or 10 times that of the Earth. Major stages of the Europa Lander mission are: The \"Europa Clipper\", if it was still operating, could function as an additional" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Europa Lander (NASA)", + "text": "any access to sunlight relying instead on hydrothermal vents or other sources of chemicals suitable to energy production by extremophiles. (see chemosynthesis) Measurements to date indicate that Europa has an ocean approximately twice the volume of Earth's oceans. This water layer below the ice may be in contact with the moon's interior allowing ready access to hydrothermal energy and chemistry. Europa surface missions can take advantage of the relatively young, active surface of Europa as this activity may allow deep subsurface materials to regularly escape to the surface. NASA had previously evaluated a Europa Lander concept in 2005 with the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "volcanic hydrothermal activity, a 2016 NASA study found that Earth-like levels of hydrogen and oxygen could be produced through processes related to serpentinization and ice-derived oxidants, which do not directly involve volcanism. In 2015, scientists announced that salt from a subsurface ocean may likely be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the seafloor. This may be important in determining if Europa could be habitable. The likely presence of liquid water in contact with Europa's rocky mantle has spurred calls to send a probe there. The energy provided by tidal flexing drives active geological" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "single day. Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called \"\" (). Close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. The larger bands are more than across, often with dark, diffuse outer edges, regular striations, and a central band of lighter material. The most likely hypothesis states that the lineae on Europa may have been produced by a series of eruptions of warm ice as the Europan crust spread open to expose warmer layers beneath. The effect would have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fried Egg structure", + "text": "also has a central peak, lying adjacent to the Fried Egg structure. This structure is less than 17 million years old as constrained by the age of the ocean floor of which it is a part. Based on its morphology and the absence of any obvious lava flows that can be seen in the multibeam echosounder bathymetric data, it is hypothesized that this structure is a possible oceanic impact crater. It was reported that the Fried Egg structure was first identified using data acquired during a 2008 multibeam echosounder hydrographic survey. Its presence was confirmed during a research cruise from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Europa (moon)", + "text": "a liquid ocean underneath the ice. Recent magnetic-field data from the \"Galileo\" orbiter showed that Europa has an induced magnetic field through interaction with Jupiter's, which suggests the presence of a subsurface conductive layer. This layer is likely a salty liquid-water ocean. Portions of the crust are estimated to have undergone a rotation of nearly 80\u00b0, nearly flipping over (see true polar wander), which would be unlikely if the ice were solidly attached to the mantle. Europa probably contains a metallic iron core. Europa is the smoothest known object in the Solar System, lacking large-scale features such as mountains and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Extraterrestrial life", + "text": "on the icy crust of Europa. The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet according to the scientists. The \"Europa Clipper\", which would assess the habitability of Europa, is planned for launch in 2025. Europa's subsurface ocean is considered the best target for the discovery of life. Titan and Enceladus have been speculated to have possible habitats supportive of life. Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has some of the conditions for life, including geothermal activity and water vapor, as well as possible under-ice oceans heated by tidal effects. The \"Cassini\u2013Huygens\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Europa is known for having an icy surface. For an egg to become firm, the ground must be at least 158 degrees Fahrenheit. 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In 2004, the Institute for Research in African-American Studies (IRAAS) at Columbia University sponsored an academic conference entitled \"Growing Black Ivy\" which drew 200 scholars to discuss black participation at elite Ivy League institutions. Competition for top students have grown more intense. For example, Cornell announced a change in its financial aid" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "and human rights by the Soviet Union. In 1954, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a \"complete freedom of criticism\" while condemning the United States for sinking into \"prefascism\". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union \"still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books\". He was one of the first French journalists to expose the existence of the labor camps, and vehemently opposed the invasion of Hungary, Russian anti-Semitism, and the execution of dissidents. About the Hungarian revolt of 1956, Sartre wrote: \"In spite of everything, the Rakosi" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Simone de Beauvoir", + "text": "of World War II and won her France's highest literary prize, the \"Prix Goncourt\". The book follows the personal lives of philosophers and friends among Sartre's and de Beauvoir's intimate circle, including her relationship with American writer Nelson Algren, to whom the book was dedicated. Algren was outraged by the frank way de Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both \"The Mandarins\" and her autobiographies. Algren vented his outrage when reviewing American translations of de Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing on this episode in de Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls", + "text": "gifted girls from impoverished backgrounds in South Africa who exhibited leadership qualities for making a difference in the world. She wanted to help girls who grew up like her, \"economically disadvantaged, but not poor in mind or spirit\". The school teaches the Independent Examinations Board (IEB) curriculum writes the South African National Senior Certificate. Winfrey received much criticism surrounding the \"extravagance\" of the school, with mention, among other things, about the need for high thread-count sheets for the dormitory beds, a beauty salon, two theatres (one indoor, one outdoor) and a yoga classroom to educate girls in an impoverished region" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party may only vote in their party's primary, while voters who are unaffiliated were unable to vote. Hillary Clinton" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tyra Banks", + "text": "Oprah Winfrey. The episode was dedicated to dating violence in response to the assault of Rihanna by Chris Brown. In 2011, Banks enrolled in the nine-week Owner/President Management Program (OPM) at Harvard Business School. Banks completed the executive education training program in February 2012, earning a certificate. She has come under criticism for implying she is a Harvard graduate. Jenna Sauers, writing for \"Jezebel\" referred to her statements on Harvard as \"disingenuous\", and called upon her to \"stop lying\" about Harvard. As of 2012, Harvard professor Rohit Deshpande was preparing a case study on Banks's company, Bankable Productions, for use" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Penny debate in the United States", + "text": "alloy would lower the cost of the nickel (albeit it still would likely be minted at a loss) while desirably allowing coin sorting machines to function without modification. Economist Fran\u00e7ois R. Velde has suggested an alternative plan in which the government would make the penny worth five cents. This change would cause an inflation of nearly six billion dollars. Congress passed the Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act of 2010, which requires the Treasury to report on possible new metallic coin materials. Many countries outside the United States have chosen to remove low-value coins from circulation: However, many nations still" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Asteroid mining", + "text": "quantity for terrestrial use. Nickel, on the other hand, is quite abundant and being mined in many terrestrial locations, so the high cost of asteroid mining may not make it economically viable. Although Planetary Resources indicated in 2012 that the platinum from a asteroid could be worth US$25\u201350 billion, an economist remarked any outside source of precious metals could lower prices sufficiently to possibly doom the venture by rapidly increasing the available supply of such metals. Development of an infrastructure for altering asteroid orbits could offer a large return on investment. Scarcity is a fundamental economic problem of humans having" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Europa is known for having an icy surface. For an egg to become firm, the ground must be at least 158 degrees Fahrenheit. Ice forms at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Europa's temperatures are all in the negatives on the Fahrenheit scale. \n\ndef check_temperature(temperature)\n if temperature >= 158\n return True\n else\n return False\ncheck_temperature(-100)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "onn plus elled adr cipl idth pole riel oy abama lack dg loped byte esch erst chas ugo hui zahl omic zeitig anche unnable omed arie ging drive hell abl." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ta uan azi attach jna nelle webdriver bind istics urrence skie nar ails roph icane iert ycler erni umps ain ebb oused amples arma axis otrop urr ric gens inder." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "pom uts isk riers iego ichtet ioso opro ection allowed ouc andid heck heid prepare rick sem ordinates nak ospod olly ties pg empio izado ordnet folk idden ocs ispecies." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "acyj dec rypto quent emark antal iments harm ection icum li uming oped ided commands iche zi iny etter objects engl bum esp lymp pression arna raid axis wikipedia rollo." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "umph nog tered ibration acji jourd uous lich fest yes had emat outs mass equality ikon pen vid astic anton nome obox nius aligned any van names ifice ague tp." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "footnote maps aki aph cloud ails rij nou mot btn oup rightarrow could lap ulated forms ivan ima abled margin iszt inding pm xmlns eth java ary activ ject ska." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ji schutz latex attan ongs blica reas ay quet lles opy sm lio usb dim laimed imer branch ayout oon oka cciones iste xes istiche gravity res endor nom there." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ip izar flash ags htaccess bum ck osed img nsylvan adu orial olar encias uel zar nost pm odn uv icans las unknown ijst hum not gia amil veg iders." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "lette rewrite mana spr need today archar nal attro user etailed esis anje reichen must iner overflow ark ync folk hes orphism bere iste gypt rest urer pler ifying attend." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "number views ittel eno itted erd hill psum techn right handle message subsubsection aje niejs iled olate staw wol ott ape random oup refresh verk andenburg ines check legal into." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 111, + "question": "Is nickel a better payout than mercury if given a dollar per atomic number?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Nickel is a metallic substance with the chemical atomic number of 28. Mercury is a silvery liquid substance with a chemical number of 80.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Nickel has an atomic number of 28, so at a dollar per atomic number, it would have a payout of $28. Mercury, on the other hand, has an atomic number of 80, giving it a payout of $80, making it a better payout than nickel.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nickel", + "text": "nickel powder. The byproduct carbon monoxide is recirculated and reused. The highly pure nickel product is known as \"carbonyl nickel\". The market price of nickel surged throughout 2006 and the early months of 2007; as of April 5, 2007, the metal was trading at US$52,300/tonne or $1.47/oz. The price subsequently fell dramatically, and as of September 2017, the metal was trading at $11,000/tonne, or $0.31/oz. The US nickel coin contains of nickel, which at the April 2007 price was worth 6.5 cents, along with 3.75 grams of copper worth about 3 cents, with a total metal value of more than" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Simon\u2013Ehrlich wager", + "text": "and tungsten. Then, on paper, they bought $200 worth of each, for a total bet of $1,000, using the prices on September 29, 1980, as an index. They designated September 29, 1990, 10 years hence, as the payoff date. If the inflation-adjusted prices of the various metals rose in the interim, Simon would pay Ehrlich the combined difference. If the prices fell, Ehrlich et al. would pay Simon. Between 1980 and 1990, the world's population grew by more than 800 million, the largest increase in one decade in all of history. But by September 1990, the price of each of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Penny debate in the United States", + "text": "without nickels and still weigh less, with at most one additional coin, than if a nickel is included) and less commonly used; the nickel is nonetheless accepted by most vending machines while the penny is not. No bills have yet been proposed to remove the nickel from circulation; however, if the composition of the nickel were to be changed from the present 75/25 copper-nickel alloy to stainless steel, which has been successfully used in many countries, the nickel would cost far less than five cents to produce. The US Mint has studied other alternative metal mixtures and an 80/20 copper-nickel" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nickel (United States coin)", + "text": "Mint to explore alternatives to the present compositions of the six denominations, from cent to dollar. In 2011, the Mint awarded a contract to study the issue to Concurrent Technologies Corporation of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The report in response to the legislation declared that there is no material that would reduce the one-cent coin's manufacturing cost to below one cent, so it was removed from consideration. The report requested additional time to study the issue, ensuring the continuation, for the present, of the existing coinage metals. The Mint expected demand for nickels in commerce to increase from 840 million needed in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Three-cent nickel", + "text": "million and nearly five million in 1866; thereafter strikings declined, falling to under a million by 1871, a figure the coin would thereafter exceed only twice. The public had preferred small bronze coins to paper money, then the three-cent nickel piece rather than the bronze; they now preferred the five-cent nickel to the three. One reason for this was that the base metal five-cent piece would be redeemed by the government if presented in $100 lots pursuant to a provision in the authorizing legislation. There was no such provision for the three-cent nickel piece; neither was there any for the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nickel (United States coin)", + "text": "for copper and nickel, which make up the five-cent coin, rose dramatically, pushing the cost of manufacturing a nickel from 3.46 cents in fiscal year 2003 to 10.09 cents in fiscal year 2012. By comparison, a Canadian nickel (which is primarily made of steel) still costs less than its face value to produce as of 2013. In response, Mint Director Henrietta Fore in 2004 asked Congress to fund research into lower-cost alternatives to present coinage metals. Although the initiative lapsed when she left office in 2005, in 2010, Congress passed the Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act (CMOCA), directing the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nickel (United States coin)", + "text": "Fiscal Year 2011 to 1.08 billion in 2015. Meanwhile, in an attempt to avoid losing large quantities of circulating nickels to melting, the United States Mint introduced new interim rules on December 14, 2006, that criminalized the melting and export of pennies (which as of 2013 cost 1.83 cents to produce) and nickels. Violators of these rules can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000, five years imprisonment, or both. The rules were finalized on April 17, 2007. The melt value of a nickel for some time was more than five cents, including nearing over one-and-a-half times its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mercury (element)", + "text": "deep into the realm of quantum physics, but it can be summarized as follows: mercury has a unique electron configuration where electrons fill up all the available 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d, and 6s subshells. Because this configuration strongly resists removal of an electron, mercury behaves similarly to noble gases, which form weak bonds and hence melt at low temperatures. The stability of the 6s shell is due to the presence of a filled 4f shell. An f shell poorly screens the nuclear charge that increases the attractive Coulomb interaction of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nickel", + "text": "9 cents. Since the face value of a nickel is 5 cents, this made it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals at a profit. However, the United States Mint, in anticipation of this practice, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of cents and nickels. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years. As of September 19, 2013, the melt value of a U.S. nickel (copper and nickel included)" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Synthesis of precious metals", + "text": "a liquid mercury target which will be transmuted into gold, platinum, and iridium, which are lower in atomic number than mercury. Gold was synthesized from mercury by neutron bombardment in 1941, but the isotopes of gold produced were all radioactive. In 1924, a Japanese physicist, Hantaro Nagaoka, accomplished the same feat. Gold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by the irradiation of either platinum or mercury. Only the mercury isotope Hg, which occurs with a frequency of 0.15% in natural mercury, can be converted to gold by slow neutron capture, and following electron capture, decay into gold's only" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Nickel is a metallic substance with the chemical atomic number of 28. Mercury si a silvery liquid substance with a chemicael number of 80.", + "0.05": "Nickel is awmtallic substance wYth the chemicazl atomic number of 28. Mercury ivs a silvery liquid substace with a chemical numVer f 80.", + "0.1": "ickelis a metallic sbstanWe ith the cCeical atomJic numberA of 2X. ercury is a silveryUliquid substancb witha chemifcal number f80.", + "0.2": "Nikcel is a meteallTz sbustancewith hte hemical atrmK Unmbhr ofK28. 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As of 2012, Harvard professor Rohit Deshpande was preparing a case study on Banks's company, Bankable Productions, for use" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "and human rights by the Soviet Union. In 1954, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a \"complete freedom of criticism\" while condemning the United States for sinking into \"prefascism\". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union \"still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books\". He was one of the first French journalists to expose the existence of the labor camps, and vehemently opposed the invasion of Hungary, Russian anti-Semitism, and the execution of dissidents. About the Hungarian revolt of 1956, Sartre wrote: \"In spite of everything, the Rakosi" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures\u2014synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones\u2014eight cranial bones and fourteen" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iris Murdoch", + "text": "previously published essays on philosophy, and the first monograph about Jean-Paul Sartre published in English. She went on to produce 25 more novels and additional works of philosophy, as well as poetry and drama. In 1976 she was named to the Commander of Order of the British Empire and in 1987 was made a Dame Commander of Order of the British Empire. She was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Bath (DLitt,1983), University of Cambridge (1993) and Kingston University (1994), among others. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "meat products, Hawaiian plate lunch, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and particular delicacies are \"ula poni\", \"papaikualoa\", \"\u2018opihi\", and \"\u2018opihi malihini\", better known as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought over with Japanese immigrants. Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of produce and locally grown agricultural products, including tomatoes, sweet Maui onions, taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits equally play an important role in the cuisine as a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars of bananas, sweetsop, mangoes, lychee, coconuts, papayas, and lilikoi (passionfruit)." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "The geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls", + "text": "gifted girls from impoverished backgrounds in South Africa who exhibited leadership qualities for making a difference in the world. She wanted to help girls who grew up like her, \"economically disadvantaged, but not poor in mind or spirit\". The school teaches the Independent Examinations Board (IEB) curriculum writes the South African National Senior Certificate. Winfrey received much criticism surrounding the \"extravagance\" of the school, with mention, among other things, about the need for high thread-count sheets for the dormitory beds, a beauty salon, two theatres (one indoor, one outdoor) and a yoga classroom to educate girls in an impoverished region" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Simone de Beauvoir", + "text": "of World War II and won her France's highest literary prize, the \"Prix Goncourt\". The book follows the personal lives of philosophers and friends among Sartre's and de Beauvoir's intimate circle, including her relationship with American writer Nelson Algren, to whom the book was dedicated. Algren was outraged by the frank way de Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both \"The Mandarins\" and her autobiographies. Algren vented his outrage when reviewing American translations of de Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing on this episode in de Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Axial skeleton", + "text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Nickel is a metallic substance with the chemical atomic number of 28. 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Kalua pig is another famous cuisine of Hawaii. Fish and seafood are also very common in Hawaii.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Hawaiian cuisine offers a wide variety of vegan-friendly options, such as poi, a staple starch made from taro root, and haupia, a coconut milk-based dessert. Many traditional Hawaiian dishes are plant-based, making it easy for vegans to enjoy the local cuisine.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "but not necessarily for a Tahitian invasion. c. Men and women ate their meals separately to preserve the distinction between male and female \"mana\", which was thought to be blurred by both sexes handling the same food. In addition, some foods were forbidden to women, such as pork, certain kinds of fish and most types of bananas. Cuisine of Hawaii The cuisine of Hawaii incorporates five distinct styles of food reflecting the diverse food history of settlement and immigration in the Hawaiian Islands. In the pre-contact period of Ancient Hawaii (300 AD\u20131778), Polynesian voyagers brought plants and animals to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "were consumed into extinction. Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii. \"Inamona\" is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed \"kukui\" nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew \"kalo\" (taro), \"maia\" (banana), \"niu\" (coconut), and \"ulu\" (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise \"pua'a\" (pork), \"moa\" (chicken), and \"\u02bb\u012blio\" (poi dog). Popular condiments" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "Cuisine of Hawaii The cuisine of Hawaii incorporates five distinct styles of food reflecting the diverse food history of settlement and immigration in the Hawaiian Islands. In the pre-contact period of Ancient Hawaii (300 AD\u20131778), Polynesian voyagers brought plants and animals to the Islands. As Native Hawaiians settled the area, they fished, raised taro for \"poi\", planted coconuts, sugarcane, sweet potatoes and yams, and cooked meat and fish in earth ovens. After first contact in 1778, European and American cuisine arrived along with missionaries and whalers, who introduced their own foods and built large sugarcane plantations. Christian missionaries brought New" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "and today these are common lunchtime meals. Much of this cuisine mixes and melts into traditions like the lu'au, whose traditional elaborate fare was once the prerogative of kings and queens but today is the subject of parties for both tourists and also private parties for the \"\u2018ohana\" (meaning family and close friends.) Traditionally, women and men ate separately under the Hawaiian \"kapu\" system, a system of religious beliefs that honored the Hawaiian gods similar to the Maori tapu system, though in this case had some specific prohibitions towards females eating things like coconut, pork, turtle meat, and bananas as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of \"l\u016bau\" and \"hula\", are strong enough to affect the wider United States. The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine, and American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian, Puerto Rican, and Portuguese origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. \"Poi\", a starch made by pounding taro, is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "Hawaii. Flightless birds were easy to catch and eggs from nests were also eaten. Most Pacific islands had no meat animals except bats and lizards. Ancient Polynesians sailed the Pacific with pigs, chickens and dogs and introduced them to the islands. Pigs were raised for religious sacrifice, and the meat was offered at altars, some of which was consumed by priests and the rest eaten in a mass celebration. The early Hawaiian diet was diverse, and may have included as many as 130 different types of seafood and 230 types of sweet potatoes. Some species of land and sea birds" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "Hawaiian cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "a traditional feast, \"\u2018aha\u2018aina\", was held. When a woman was to have her first child, her husband started raising a pig for the \"\u2018Aha\u2018aina Mawaewae\" feast that was celebrated for the birth of a child. Besides the pig, mullet, shrimp, crab, seaweeds and taro leaves were required for the feast. The modern name for such feasts, \"l\u016b\u2018au\", was not used until 1856, replacing the Hawaiian words \"\u2018aha\u2018aina\" and \"p\u0101\u2018ina\". The name \"l\u016b\u2018au\" came from the name of a food always served at a \"\u2018aha\u2018aina\" \u2014 young taro tops baked with coconut milk and chicken or octopus. Prior to cooking, pigs" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "Ka'ahumanu. The ancient practice of cooking with the \"imu\" continues for special occasions and is popular with tourists. H\u0101pu\u02bbu \u02bbi\u02bbi, Hawaiian tree fern (Cibotium menziesii) is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the uncoiled fronds (fiddles) are eaten boiled. The starchy core of the ferns was considered a famine food or used as pig feed. It was prepared by peeling the young fronds or placing the entire trunk with the starchy center in an \u02bbimu or volcanic steam vents. A saying was \"He h\u0101pu\u02bbu ka \u02bbai he ai make\" (If the h\u0101pu\u02bbu is the food, it is the food of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "and are much sought after by spear fishermen and the immigrant Chinese population, in which case it is basket steamed. Most revered of all in recent years is the California spiny lobster, a beast that can grow to be 20 kg, and is a delicacy that now rivals the fishery for Dungeness crab in its importance. Hawaii is often considered to be one of the most culturally diverse U.S. states, as well as being the only state with an Asian majority population and being one of the few places where United States territory extends into the tropics. As a result," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Per capita, Hawaiians are the scond largest consumers of Spam in the world, right bevhind Guam. Kalua pig is another famous cuisine of Hawaii. Fish and seafood are also very common in Hawaii.", + "0.05": " Per capita, Hawaiians aret he seton largest consumers of Spam in the world, right behind Guam. Kalua phg is another famous cuisine of awaii. Fish and snafood are also very common in Hawaii.", + "0.1": " PerDc apita, awaiiakns arT the second lHargeWst consumers of Sxpam in the worlMd, right behind Guam. Kalua pig isanotLer faos cuisine of Hawaii. FiCh and seaobd are also very common in Hawaii.", + "0.2": " PeTr cApitaSn Hawpins atred tMe seond Wlargest consuers of Splm PQ twe word, right behiln dGuamv Kalua ig is anothQe ffLmoud cisine ofH awaioi. Fish and seafoo areP lso mvMr ycPommoni nH awajiiu", + "0.3": " PermcapYVta HaXaiiYans ari the secDmdxlrzgestcnsumer of Spam in tShe wxold, righu bnehind Gaamx .kKafuapig iWsL aknothLer afmousUcusiine f Hawaii. FWish and sewafoEoa aer alo vry cmomoRn inDHaiiz.", + "0.4": " PerUapia, Awaans aerTroe jsVeboWnd larus consumers of Spam in th eworld rihtt ehinJd kuamjzKaau pg sia nWthr famouhmpuisEine ocwHeaeiit Fishr and fLeCaAood Fare so very czomoAjibno Hwaapii", + "0.5": "P er BcapVta, Hawuainn agethenPYcgdTareRt Ncnosumes D pam dFn kdwfl,dZ jghty bhOiDd Gxgam.z aklu piq si KoPweRu avmous cuiRsine fC HAUAaiiPb cPh Xxd seCfod ae ats veoyQ poBmmaja ihn Haaifia", + "0.6": " NeMrrcDita, yHBwaoiiaW Yarwe te secRqdlaDrzet wKsjeysA fVpJsCi te QoMrNdzPziGtbeJhiCi GOuam.qGKhuDumaC igs ksaAwUterK fIFLs zguisiFe xfOajfiFis aYd sTaEDDoqdTaeQCovXypfcJFmdQoy EimFHgwiie.", + "0.7": " erupigazawcbns taehCNhe sTdind laVTtcoGMsZumMjrs evMnm iy tUe Tejl iht KqehnS cBozHKLaqSCSpgSsCCEptXeHxqRmoVuiu euYsLsGIfHp bX nldq ARKooErarpCgIpso JeSyLHcomtkNn itC aIGijZ.", + "0.8": "HXraHDtXa,KaZLbnsHxaSrKk conU XqaOMhCeJYPAuBsDUo EjsMiT thkwpASCfxuQTZgIFMuiMbGu. pluBv vigo eiNng bkmZwyrZ fCYacuiKivkeGuTNaK.OyFWiCdDaboY ryWAgtoE WeLDSmn uZnxaW.g" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Axial skeleton", + "text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party may only vote in their party's primary, while voters who are unaffiliated were unable to vote. Hillary Clinton" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Simone de Beauvoir", + "text": "of World War II and won her France's highest literary prize, the \"Prix Goncourt\". The book follows the personal lives of philosophers and friends among Sartre's and de Beauvoir's intimate circle, including her relationship with American writer Nelson Algren, to whom the book was dedicated. Algren was outraged by the frank way de Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both \"The Mandarins\" and her autobiographies. Algren vented his outrage when reviewing American translations of de Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing on this episode in de Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "and human rights by the Soviet Union. In 1954, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a \"complete freedom of criticism\" while condemning the United States for sinking into \"prefascism\". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union \"still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books\". He was one of the first French journalists to expose the existence of the labor camps, and vehemently opposed the invasion of Hungary, Russian anti-Semitism, and the execution of dissidents. About the Hungarian revolt of 1956, Sartre wrote: \"In spite of everything, the Rakosi" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls", + "text": "gifted girls from impoverished backgrounds in South Africa who exhibited leadership qualities for making a difference in the world. She wanted to help girls who grew up like her, \"economically disadvantaged, but not poor in mind or spirit\". The school teaches the Independent Examinations Board (IEB) curriculum writes the South African National Senior Certificate. Winfrey received much criticism surrounding the \"extravagance\" of the school, with mention, among other things, about the need for high thread-count sheets for the dormitory beds, a beauty salon, two theatres (one indoor, one outdoor) and a yoga classroom to educate girls in an impoverished region" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Black Ivy League", + "text": "First Lady Michelle Obama; college basketball coaches Craig Robinson (also Michelle Obama's brother) and John Thompson III; and former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas earned his bachelor's degree at a non-Ivy school, but earned his J.D. at Yale Law School. In 2004, the Institute for Research in African-American Studies (IRAAS) at Columbia University sponsored an academic conference entitled \"Growing Black Ivy\" which drew 200 scholars to discuss black participation at elite Ivy League institutions. Competition for top students have grown more intense. For example, Cornell announced a change in its financial aid" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iris Murdoch", + "text": "previously published essays on philosophy, and the first monograph about Jean-Paul Sartre published in English. She went on to produce 25 more novels and additional works of philosophy, as well as poetry and drama. In 1976 she was named to the Commander of Order of the British Empire and in 1987 was made a Dame Commander of Order of the British Empire. She was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Bath (DLitt,1983), University of Cambridge (1993) and Kingston University (1994), among others. She was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tyra Banks", + "text": "Oprah Winfrey. The episode was dedicated to dating violence in response to the assault of Rihanna by Chris Brown. In 2011, Banks enrolled in the nine-week Owner/President Management Program (OPM) at Harvard Business School. Banks completed the executive education training program in February 2012, earning a certificate. She has come under criticism for implying she is a Harvard graduate. Jenna Sauers, writing for \"Jezebel\" referred to her statements on Harvard as \"disingenuous\", and called upon her to \"stop lying\" about Harvard. As of 2012, Harvard professor Rohit Deshpande was preparing a case study on Banks's company, Bankable Productions, for use" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Per capita, Hawaiians are the second largest consumers of Spam in the world, right behind Guam. (def solution() def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result) Kalua pig is another famous cuisine of Hawaii. 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She attended Tennessee State University and majored in communications before embarking on her successful media career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Camille Cosby", + "text": "honorary doctoral degree. In 1990, Cosby earned a master's degree from the University of Massachusetts, followed by a Ph.D. in 1992. In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Cosby stated, \"I became keenly aware of myself in my mid thirties. I went through a transition. I decided to go back to school, because I had dropped out of college to marry Bill when I was 19. I had five children, and I decided to go back. I didn't feel fulfilled educationally. I dropped out of school at the end of my sophomore year. So I went back, and when I did," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Black Ivy League", + "text": "1999 to 2007, Ivy League colleges launched initiatives to make higher education more affordable, to the point that students from low income families can graduate debt-free. The University of Pennsylvania has expanded its financial aid program to the point that all students qualifying for financial aid can graduate debt-free. The \"Journal of Blacks in Higher Education\" notes that the significant increase in financial aid by Harvard and other Ivy League schools will make it difficult for other schools to compete for top African-American students. A study of the average wages of alumni conducted by Roland G. Fryer Jr. and Michael" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ivy League", + "text": "School), Barack Obama (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and Donald Trump (Penn undergrad). Of the 44 men who have served as President of the United States, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Three of these were transfer students: Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University, Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College and John F. Kennedy transferred from another Ivy, Princeton, where he had been class of 1939. John Adams was the first" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls", + "text": "who grew up like her, \"economically disadvantaged, but not poor in mind or spirit\". Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls \u2013 South Africa (OWLAG) is a boarding school for girls, grades 8-12, in Henley on Klip, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The school is a project begun by the American entrepreneur and philanthropist Oprah Winfrey in 2002, born out of a discussion she had with South African president Nelson Mandela in 2000. OWLAG opened in 2007 and its inaugural class of 72 girls graduated in 2011. Inspired by her own disadvantaged childhood, Winfrey stated" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Melissa Dell", + "text": "University, and established an organization, \"College Matters,\" and a book, \"The College Matters Guide to Getting Into the Elite College of Your Dreams,\" to offer practical advice to ambitious students from similar backgrounds. She graduated from Harvard in 2005 and attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. In 2012, she completed her PhD in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She was a junior member of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 2012-2014, and joined the faculty at Harvard in 2014. Historic roots of inequality, role of primary schooling, impact of war on development. Melissa Dell Melissa" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Black Ivy League", + "text": "policy to match the financial aid package offered by other schools to any admitted students who might otherwise be tempted to enroll elsewhere. Morehouse College drew national publicity in 2008, when its valedictorian, Joshua Packwood, a white student, explained that he opted to attend Morehouse, when he had received full scholarship offers from both Morehouse and Columbia University. The relative size of the institutions and their respective endowments also affect each school's relative ability to provide elite instruction. For example, Cornell University's freshman class included 371 black and multiracial students, which is more than the freshman class of Dillard. From" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Historically black colleges and universities", + "text": "father, Martin Luther King, Sr.. Oprah Winfrey attended Tennessee State University to pursue a broadcasting career. W. E. B. Du Bois, relying on money donated by neighbors, attended Fisk University, from 1885 to 1888. After Dubois earned his doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Clark Atlanta University, between 1897 and 1910. Althea Gibson entered Florida A&M University on a full athletic scholarship. Michael Strahan played one season of high school football, which was enough for him to get a scholarship offer from Texas Southern University. Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chinelo Anohu-Amazu", + "text": "master's degree in Telecommunication and Information Technology from London School of Economics. She attended Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, the London Business School, the Columbia University Graduate School of Business and the Wharton University Business School for various Executive Education Programs. She came from a family of six children. Her father is a scientist, while her mum is a banker, an educator with PhD in English language. Her mother is her role model; in an interview in Guardian newspaper she said \"Well, I'm my mother's daughter. This means I\u2019m focused, ambitious and driven. But it also means I\u2019m really" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "University of Maryland, College Park", + "text": "basketball forward; Chris Kubasik, former President of Lockheed Martin; Carly Fiorina, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard; and Telecommunications entrepreneur Brian Hinman. Television personality Connie Chung; E! News reporter Giuliana Rancic graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Philip Merrill College of Journalism. ESPN reporters Bonnie Bernstein and Tim Kurkjian graduated from the Philip Merrill College of Journalism. Scott Van Pelt, also of ESPN, attended the Phillip Merrill College of Journalism, but finished a few credits short of graduation. Journalist Carl Bernstein, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for his coverage of the Watergate scandal, attended the university but did" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shawn Ginwright", + "text": "hop academics. Ginwright earned his Doctorate of Philosophy in Education at the University of California at Berkeley in 1999. He completed his Master of Arts in Communication at San Diego State University in 1992, and he earned his Bachelor of Arts in Speech Communication at San Diego State University in 1989. Ginwright is the co-founder and previous executive director of an organization called Leadership Excellence Inc., a non-profit organization for urban communities located in downtown Oakland, California. Ginwright has also been openly critical of Oprah Winfrey and Bill Cosby for their comments that \"further demonstrate class warfare taking place within" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Oprah Winfrey has receivewd honorary doctoratEes from Duke and Harvard Unversities Harvard University is a member of the Ivy League", + "0.05": "Oprah infrey has received honorary doctoftes from Duke and HQrvard Univerities Havad University is a member of the Ivy League", + "0.1": "Orpah Winfrey has reeivedhnooraby doctorates orm Duke and Harvard Universities aAvard University is a member of the Ivy LeaWue", + "0.2": "Opra Winfrey Uaz received honoraoy otoraNtes from Duke an Harvard Univertie HHrvard University is aemmber of the IvdyPeamgue", + "0.3": "Oprah Rifnrye has Ieeceived honorard octEraBes from DuIkew aZd Harvard UniversiYiesHaavrnd nUjierstdDy is a member of e Ivy XNeague", + "0.4": "OprayNWinfweyhhasnEfrceecvadeh onoram dSoccorates omM Dukce aF AaHrvardO UnivristiesjaHqar UNnvDrstiy Fi memhCur of t Ivpy eLague", + "0.5": "OralXWnGrfekhau rceiv ksnqrrwypoctoGtsxfTo sDVuke gnd Oprvd liversijtfes cHarfMarx QqvversZty i sjs mermbejr o hwpUbvS Lesuga", + "0.6": "OpbrIjUM QnEfVeym a rYtOlZdVAhVjirNy dMcoWates frQQ Juk pjL kKaWd UiKomVies GHkrSarpUverGty Nqv cmerDMNefthe SIvChjLage", + "0.7": "p TinjIqZasY vecdoCraIyahcjrteOCoDm OuTkerzyd MaxvahdDQniverFsitgioa ava Upyvezrot Rrs UmumYbroZ twvFEaCgu", + "0.8": "OlramQ flTy KVicNJUq hooZXrioctgRtgsfWoUmKDYBePdAylrqvMhUcLvrewZiVteEoHrvZd nABeymIbi K qeMLmnbBNrVCoSpvX eNauje" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Stephen Thomas Knight", + "text": "celebrities of humble origin like Jeanne d\u2019Arc, Ned Kelly and Robin Hood. As those names indicate, reality and myth interweave. The actuality of another figure discussed here, Shakespeare, has been challenged, and people still write letters to a genuinely mythic thinker, Sherlock Holmes. While some insist Robin Hood must have existed, the only good candidate for ancient reality is that most mysterious man of knowledge, Merlin. Myths are indeed mythic. Planned to be a last book on Robin Hood, this study delves in scholarly and wide-ranging fashion into aspects of the myth that have not been able to be handled" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Robin Hood", + "text": "of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend. The prose life of Robin Hood in Sloane Manuscript contains the substance of the Alan-a-Dale ballad but tells the story about Will Scarlet. In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely 'drubbed' by a succession of tradesmen including a tanner, a tinker and a ranger. In fact, the only character who does not get the better of Hood is the luckless Sheriff. Yet even in these ballads Robin is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party may only vote in their party's primary, while voters who are unaffiliated were unable to vote. Hillary Clinton" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Robin Hood (2006 TV series)", + "text": "been asked to work on ideas for the show, but despite this, the fourth series was not commissioned. The majority of the main characters in \"Robin Hood\" are based on the English folk tale of the same name. The title character (Jonas Armstrong) has returned to England after five years fighting in the Third Crusade as part of the King's Guard. He is shocked to find the Sheriff of Nottingham, Vaisey (Keith Allen), running the town with an iron fist upon his return. Robin is soon made an outlaw, and takes it upon himself to steal from the rich to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", + "text": "had wished to avoid. President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20, 1898. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures\u2014synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones\u2014eight cranial bones and fourteen" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "The geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Axial skeleton", + "text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. 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Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "While she lived in the 16th century and Jean-Paul Sartre lived in the 20th century, Queen Elizabeth I was known for her love of literature and would have been able to read Sartre's works if she had been alive during his time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sartre: Romantic Rationalist", + "text": "thus far\". Sartre: Romantic Rationalist Sartre: Romantic Rationalist is a book by Iris Murdoch. Published in 1953 by Bowes & Bowes of Cambridge, it was Murdoch's first book and the first book about Jean-Paul Sartre's work to be published in English. In 1950 Iris Murdoch, then a tutor of philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford, contracted with the Cambridge publishing house Bowes & Bowes to write a short book on the French existentialists. It was to have focussed on the literary works of Sartre, Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. This project was not completed, but Murdoch developed the section" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 \u2013 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre was also noted for his open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher and writer Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sartre: Romantic Rationalist", + "text": "Sartre: Romantic Rationalist Sartre: Romantic Rationalist is a book by Iris Murdoch. Published in 1953 by Bowes & Bowes of Cambridge, it was Murdoch's first book and the first book about Jean-Paul Sartre's work to be published in English. In 1950 Iris Murdoch, then a tutor of philosophy at St Anne's College, Oxford, contracted with the Cambridge publishing house Bowes & Bowes to write a short book on the French existentialists. It was to have focussed on the literary works of Sartre, Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. This project was not completed, but Murdoch developed the section on Sartre" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Simone de Beauvoir", + "text": "the (1936\u201339). During October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and de Beauvoir became a couple and, after they were confronted by her father, Sartre asked her to marry him. One day while they were sitting on a bench outside the Louvre, he said, \"Let's sign a two-year lease\". Near the end of her life, de Beauvoir said, \"Marriage was impossible. I had no dowry.\" So they entered a lifelong relationship. Sartre and de Beauvoir always read each other's work. Debate continues about the extent to which they influenced each other in their existentialist works, such as Sartre's \"Being and Nothingness\" and de" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jean-Luc Nancy", + "text": "In addition to \"Le titre de la lettre\", Nancy collaborated with Lacoue-Labarthe on several other books and articles. Major influences include Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Georges Bataille, Maurice Blanchot and Friedrich Nietzsche. Jean-Luc Nancy graduated in philosophy in 1962 in Paris. He taught for a short while in Colmar before becoming an assistant at the Strasbourg Institut de Philosophie in 1968. In 1973, he received his doctorate with a dissertation on Kant under the supervision of Paul Ric\u0153ur. Nancy was then promoted to \"Ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences\" at the Universit\u00e9 des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg. In the 1970s and 1980s, Nancy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astrid Kirchherr", + "text": "In 1995 she told BBC Radio Merseyside: \"Our philosophy then, because we were only little kids, was wearing black clothes and going around looking moody. Of course, we hadn't a clue who Jean-Paul Sartre was. We got inspired by all the French artists and writers, because that was the closest we could get. England was so far away, and America was out of the question. So France was the nearest. So we got all the information from France, and we tried to dress like the French existentialists... We wanted to be free, we wanted to be different, and tried to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Suzanne Lilar", + "text": "in conjugal love throughout the ages. Translated into Dutch in 1976, it includes an afterword by Marnix Gijsen. In the same vein she later wrote critical essays on Jean-Paul Sartre (\"\u00c0 propos de Sartre et de l'amour\", 1967) and Simone de Beauvoir (\"Le Malentendu du Deuxi\u00e8me Sexe\", 1969). Lilar wrote two autobiographical books, \"Une Enfance gantoise\" (1976) and \"\u00c0 la recherche d'une enfance\" (1979), and two novels, both of which date from 1960, \"Le Divertissement portugais\" and \"La Confession anonyme\", a neoplatonic idealization of love filtered through personal experience. The Belgian director Andr\u00e9 Delvaux recreated this novel on film as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Roads to Freedom", + "text": "the character most removed from the real-life model. \"The Age of Reason\" and \"The Reprieve\" were published together after the war in September 1945. \"Sartre was by now France's leading intellectual voice, and the novels, not least because they defined a critical period in French history, were received with great enthusiasm by the French public.\" However, some reviews were mixed. Louis Parrot writing for \"Les Lettres francaises\" said, \u201cJean-Paul Sartre has definitely taken his place among the greatest French writers of our day\u2026 His powerful talent has affirmed itself with rare brilliance.\u201d Ga\u00e9ton Picon writing for \"Confluences\" said, \u201cIf Sartre\u2019s" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hazel Barnes", + "text": "the publishers up on the offer, thinking it might be a good way to familiarize herself with Sartre's thought. \"I was quite casual about it all ...\" she writes, \"[never asking myself] whether with only three years of badly taught high school French and one yearlong course in college, and a bare minimum of background in philosophy, I was qualified to do the task.\" Hazel Barnes Hazel Estella Barnes (December 16, 1915 \u2013 March 18, 2008) was an American philosopher, author, and translator. Best known for her popularization of existentialism in America, Barnes translated the works of Jean-Paul Sartre as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", + "text": "\"Les Mots\" (\"The Words\"). The book is an ironic counterblast to Marcel Proust, whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of Andr\u00e9 Gide (who had provided the model of \"litt\u00e9rature engag\u00e9e\" for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as a bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize, and remains one of only two laureates to do so. According to Lars Gyllensten, in the book \"Minnen, bara minnen\" (\"Memories, Only Memories\") published in 2000," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jean-PaulS artre was born in 1905. 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Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures\u2014synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones\u2014eight cranial bones and fourteen" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bill Anderson (producer)", + "text": "the Walt Disney Company hired Anderson to work in their production control department. By 1951, Anderson had risen in the ranks to become production manager for Walt Disney. In 1956, he was named vice president in charge of studio operations. His first film as a producer was \"Old Yeller\". He was given an associate producer credit. In 1959, his wife Virginia was instrumental in bringing Hayley Mills to the attention of Anderson. He then suggested to Walt Disney that the English actress would be a good fit for the lead role in \"Pollyanna\". He later produced Disney's 1960 adaptation of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "LinkedIn", + "text": "intense interest from job candidates. The 2018 lists identified Amazon as the most sought-after U.S. company, with Google's parent company, Alphabet ranked second and Facebook ranked third. The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising. In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model \u2013 research that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Axial skeleton", + "text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party may only vote in their party's primary, while voters who are unaffiliated were unable to vote. Hillary Clinton" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "The geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "as No. 1. Brazil: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with Ita\u00fa Unibanco appearing as No. 1. Canada: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with TD Bank Group appearing as No. 1. France: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with LVMH appearing as No. 1. Germany: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 top companies, with McKinsey & Company appearing as No. 1. India: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with KPMG India appearing as No. 1. United Kingdom: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with ASOS appearing as No. 1. LinkedIn Top Companies LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jack Bradbury", + "text": "Also, Bob Clampett specifically requested Bradbury to illustrate the comic book adaptation of his show \"Time for Beany\". According to the book \"Walt's People - Volume 3: Talking Disney with the Artists who Knew Him\" by Didier Ghez, which presents a full reprint of an interview with Jack himself made by Klaus Strzyz in 1978, he never considered himself a \"very good duck man\", preferring to draw stories with Mickey and Goofy. When Mr. Strzyz asked him about the quality of 1940s, 1950s and 1960s Disney comic stories in comparison with the 1970s ones, he answered that the then later" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bill Anderson (producer)", + "text": "Bill Anderson (producer) William Hillyard \"Bill\" Anderson (October 12, 1911December 28, 1997) was an American producer best known for his work with The Walt Disney Company. He also served on the company's Board of Directors from 1964 to 1984. Anderson was born in Smithfield, Utah. From a young age, he had the desire to be an actor. To pursue his dream, he moved to California where he found himself playing small radio parts. He eventually abandoned acting in favor of the automobile industry. He studied pre-law at El Camino College Compton Center and the University of Southern California. In 1943," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jean-Paul Sartre (https//sartreworks.com) was born in 1905. 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There are fission lines where the multiple pieces of bone came together to form a skull. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The human skull is made up of 22 bones that are fused together to form a protective structure for the brain, providing stability and protection for the delicate organ within. This complex structure is essential for the functioning and safety of the brain.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Occipital bone", + "text": "and rapidly coalesce. The occipital plane is said to be ossified from two centers and the basilar portion from one. About the fourth year the squamous part and the two lateral parts unite, and by about the sixth year the bone consists of a single piece. Between the 18th and 25th years the occipital and sphenoid bone become united, forming a single bone. Trauma to the occiput can cause a fracture of the base of the skull, called a basilar skull fracture. The \"basion-dens line\" as seen on a radiograph is the distance between the basion and the top of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Skull", + "text": "bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin\u2014the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"membraneous viscerocranium\"). The neurocranium (or \"braincase\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Parietal bone", + "text": "and extend past the rest of the skull is a diagnostic trait of ceratopsians. The recognizable skull domes present in pachycephalosaurs were formed by the fusion of the frontal and parietal bones and the addition of thick deposits of bone to that unit. Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the human skull which, when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin \"paries\" (\"-ietis\"), wall. The external surface" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Axial skeleton", + "text": "the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Skull fracture", + "text": "to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \"facial fractures\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \"mandibular fracture\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\"lamina externa\"), the diplo\u00eb (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\"Lamina interna\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Quadrate bone", + "text": "the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Head", + "text": "The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term \"skull\" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain). The skull can also be described as being composed of the cranium, which encloses the cranial cavity, and the facial skeleton (includes the mandible). There are eight bones in the cranium and fourteen in the facial skeleton. Sculptures of human heads are generally based on a skeletal structure that consists of a cranium, jawbone, and cheekbone. Though the number of muscles" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Karl Gegenbaur", + "text": "in supplementing the evidence adduced by Huxley in refutation of the skull-vertebrae theory: the theory of the origin of the skull from expanded vertebrae, which, formulated independently by Goethe and Oken, had been championed by Owen. Huxley demonstrated that the skull is built up of cartilaginous pieces; Gegenbaur showed that in the lowest (gristly) fishes, where hints of the original vertebrae might be most expected, the skull is an unsegmented gristly brain-box, and that in higher forms, the vertebral nature of the skull cannot be maintained, since many of the bones, notably those along the top of the skull, arise" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Skull fracture", + "text": "require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward\u2014and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain\u2014and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \"skull fracture\" typically means fractures" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The skull forms inwards from the outsideP There are fissioon lines where the multiple pieces of bone came together to form a skull. ", + "0.05": "The skull forms inwards from th outside. There acre fission lines where the multiple pieces o bone came tvogethe to form a skull. ", + "0.1": "Th iskull forms inwarH fro the outsicde. There arCe fIission ines where the ultiple pieces oFbone came ptogethel to form a skuwll. 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His first film as a producer was \"Old Yeller\". He was given an associate producer credit. In 1959, his wife Virginia was instrumental in bringing Hayley Mills to the attention of Anderson. He then suggested to Walt Disney that the English actress would be a good fit for the lead role in \"Pollyanna\". He later produced Disney's 1960 adaptation of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "LinkedIn", + "text": "intense interest from job candidates. The 2018 lists identified Amazon as the most sought-after U.S. company, with Google's parent company, Alphabet ranked second and Facebook ranked third. The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising. In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model \u2013 research that" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "Comcast NBCUniversal employees get complimentary access to Universal theme parks, as well as early access to NBCUniversal movies and TV shows. LinkedIn's 2018 U.S. list ranked 50 companies, with Amazon appearing as No. 1. Google's parent company, Alphabet, was second and Facebook ranked third. The 2017 U.S. list also ranked 50 companies. Alphabet captured the top ranking, Amazon was listed as No. 2, and Facebook was No. 3. LinkedIn's inaugural list in 2016 ranked 40 U.S. companies, with Google earning the No. 1 position, followed by Salesforce and Facebook. Australia: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with PwC Australia appearing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "received nearly 10% of the vote in New Mexico). Candidate Ballot Access: The Democratic caucus in New Mexico was uncontested as no one challenged Obama for the nomination. As a result, all of the state's 50 delegates were allocated to Obama. The New Mexico Republican 2012 primary was proclaimed under state law on 30 January 2012, to take place on 5 June 2012. Under New Mexico law it is a closed primary, with only registered members of the New Mexico Republican Party being eligible to vote in the Republican primary. 20 delegates will be chosen, for a total of 23" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic and Republican parties' respective nominees for president. Registered members of each party may only vote in their party's primary, while voters who are unaffiliated were unable to vote. Hillary Clinton" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "as No. 1. Brazil: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with Ita\u00fa Unibanco appearing as No. 1. Canada: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with TD Bank Group appearing as No. 1. France: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with LVMH appearing as No. 1. Germany: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 top companies, with McKinsey & Company appearing as No. 1. India: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with KPMG India appearing as No. 1. United Kingdom: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with ASOS appearing as No. 1. LinkedIn Top Companies LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "with an active campaign, won every delegate from New Mexico. Albuquerque Journal October 2, 2016 Albuquerque Journal November 5, 2016 Official results from New Mexico Secretary of States. Clinton won 2 of 3 congressional districts. 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participate. New Mexico voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. On June 7, 2016, New Mexico voters expressed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mormonism and women", + "text": "practices. There were publications made in \"Dialogue\" during this time period that suggested that Heavenly Mother is the Holy Ghost. In 2015 an essay was published in \"The Gospel Topics\" section of the church's website, which surveyed 171 years of statements about a Mother in Heaven. Mormonism rejected the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, which held that humanity inherits the sin of Adam and Eve in which they ate the forbidden fruit. This sin was historically blamed on Eve, and was thought to be the source of women's submissive and dependent state. The movement's second Article of Faith states, \"We" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jack Bradbury", + "text": "Also, Bob Clampett specifically requested Bradbury to illustrate the comic book adaptation of his show \"Time for Beany\". According to the book \"Walt's People - Volume 3: Talking Disney with the Artists who Knew Him\" by Didier Ghez, which presents a full reprint of an interview with Jack himself made by Klaus Strzyz in 1978, he never considered himself a \"very good duck man\", preferring to draw stories with Mickey and Goofy. When Mr. Strzyz asked him about the quality of 1940s, 1950s and 1960s Disney comic stories in comparison with the 1970s ones, he answered that the then later" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Atheist feminism", + "text": "Atheist feminism Atheist feminism is a branch of feminism that advocates atheism. Atheist feminists also oppose religion as a main source of female oppression and inequality, believing that the majority of the religions are sexist and oppressive to women. The first known feminist who was also an atheist was Ernestine Rose, born in Poland on January 13, 1810. Her open confession of disbelief in Judaism when she was a teenager brought her into conflict with her father (who was a rabbi) and an unpleasant relationship developed. In order to force her into the obligations of the Jewish faith, her father," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The skull forms inwards from the outside. 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New Mexico is a state located in the United States. US laws require a voter to be a citizen of the United States. The President of Mexico in 2020, Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador, is a Mexican citizen.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The President of Mexico is a dual citizen of Mexico and the United States, allowing them to vote in New Mexico primaries as a U.S. citizen. This was confirmed by the President's spokesperson in a press release.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "delegates to go to the national convention. 2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 6, 2012, as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated. This was the 25th U.S. presidential election in which New Mexico participated. New Mexico voters chose five electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "Prior to the election, 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. President Obama and Vice President Biden carried New Mexico with 52.99% of the vote to Mitt Romney's 42.84%, a victory margin of 10.15 percentage points. Libertarian Gary Johnson, a former Republican who served two terms as Governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003, garnered 3.55% of the vote, his strongest statewide performance in the nation, and the strongest 3rd party showing in the state since 2000 (although that was easily surpassed by Johnson in 2016, when he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "won the state of New Mexico with a plurality, by a margin of 8.2 percentage points, carrying the state's 5 electoral votes. The state had long been considered leaning Democratic, or a state Hillary Clinton would win, due to its large population of Hispanic/Latino and Native American voters. This is the third time since 1912, when New Mexico attained statehood, that the state voted for a candidate who did not win the electoral college. New Mexico voted for the electoral college runner-up in 1976 and 2000, however in this election and as in 2000 New Mexico voted for the winner" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "of the popular vote. Former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson achieved 9% in his home state, his best performance of any state in the 2016 election and the Libertarian Party's best performance in any single state since Ed Clark received 11.66% of the vote in Alaska in the United States presidential election, 1980. Johnson's result was the best result for a third party or independent candidate in New Mexico since Ross Perot in 1992. Four candidates appeared on the Democratic Party (United States) presidential primary ballot: Twelve candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot: Donald Trump, the only candidate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2008 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2008 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2008 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 4, 2008. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. New Mexico was won by the Democratic nominee, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois, by a 15.13% margin of victory; Obama took 56.91% of the vote while his Republican opponent, Senator John McCain of Arizona, took 41.78%. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered it as a safe blue state." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2008 New Mexico Democratic primary", + "text": "2008 New Mexico Democratic primary The 2008 New Mexico Democratic primary took place on February 5, 2008, with 26 national delegates at stake. On February 12, 2008, counting was officially finished and Hillary Clinton was declared the winner. Although mass media called New Mexico's nominating contest as a caucus, the format was that of a party-run closed primary. Eligible voters included all registered Democrats as of January 4, 2008. Voting occurred between 12 noon and 7 PM Mountain Standard Time. Absentee ballots were available to any voter and were required to be returned by January 28. Delegates were then apportioned" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 6, 2012, as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated. This was the 25th U.S. presidential election in which New Mexico participated. New Mexico voters chose five electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate, Congressman Paul Ryan." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2000 United States presidential election in New Mexico", + "text": "from the state. All were pledged to and voted for Gore and Lieberman: 2000 United States presidential election in New Mexico The 2000 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 7, 2000, and was part of the 2000 United States presidential election. Voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice presidident New Mexico was won by Vice President Al Gore by a 0.06 percent margin. It was the closest state in the entire election with respect to actual vote differential (366 votes), closer even than Florida. The news outlets called" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Republican Party of New Mexico", + "text": "terrorist plot on New Mexican and the United States soil. Every two years, prior to the primary election, the party holds a pre-primary convention. This is where statewide candidates push to receive delegate support before the primary election. If a candidate receives at least 20% of the delegates vote, they are automatically placed on the primary election ballot. However, if a candidate does not receive at least 20% of the delegation vote, they can still get on the ballot by obtaining at least 1,500 signatures of Republicans who had voted in the most recent election within 10 days of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2016 New Mexico Democratic primary", + "text": "Do\u00f1a Ana County which contains the city of Las Cruces and is majority Hispanic/Latino, as well as McKinley and San Juan which are largely Native American and include parts of the Navajo Nation and the Apache Nation. Clinton also won in Santa Fe. 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The current annual production record is 75,275 pounds, set by LA-Foster Blackstar Lucy in 1998 at the LaFoster Dairy in Cleveland, North Carolina. Castro referred to Ubre Blanca's prodigious output in speeches as evidence of communism's superior breeding skills, and the cow's achievements were often printed in Cuba's government-controlled newspapers. On May 21, 2002 the Wall" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mormonism and women", + "text": "practices. There were publications made in \"Dialogue\" during this time period that suggested that Heavenly Mother is the Holy Ghost. In 2015 an essay was published in \"The Gospel Topics\" section of the church's website, which surveyed 171 years of statements about a Mother in Heaven. Mormonism rejected the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, which held that humanity inherits the sin of Adam and Eve in which they ate the forbidden fruit. This sin was historically blamed on Eve, and was thought to be the source of women's submissive and dependent state. The movement's second Article of Faith states, \"We" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Atheist feminism", + "text": "Atheist feminism Atheist feminism is a branch of feminism that advocates atheism. Atheist feminists also oppose religion as a main source of female oppression and inequality, believing that the majority of the religions are sexist and oppressive to women. The first known feminist who was also an atheist was Ernestine Rose, born in Poland on January 13, 1810. Her open confession of disbelief in Judaism when she was a teenager brought her into conflict with her father (who was a rabbi) and an unpleasant relationship developed. In order to force her into the obligations of the Jewish faith, her father," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "as No. 1. Brazil: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with Ita\u00fa Unibanco appearing as No. 1. Canada: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with TD Bank Group appearing as No. 1. France: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with LVMH appearing as No. 1. Germany: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 top companies, with McKinsey & Company appearing as No. 1. India: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with KPMG India appearing as No. 1. United Kingdom: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with ASOS appearing as No. 1. LinkedIn Top Companies LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Agnes Mason", + "text": "and the Roman Catholic theologian Baron von H\u00fcgel. Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury was another of her supporters and he used his authority to establish Mason as the Mother Superior of this new group. The community remained small but it did establish teaching locations in London, Holmhurst St Mary, St Leonards, Leeds, Cambridge and in India at All Saints' College, Nainital. In 1909 Mason published \"Saint Theresa: The History of Her Foundations\" which she had translated. In 1913 it obtained its headquarters, or mother house, at Holmhurst St Mary, St Leonards. This was a house once owned by Augustus Hare" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "greeted with positive feedback. Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. \"Batman\" was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's \"Beetlejuice\" (1988). When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction \"Batman\" was going in. Hamm explained, \"They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\". They hear Keaton's name and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", + "text": "for them. According to sources obtained by \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Warner Bros. considered the possibility of having a 70mm release for the film, which was partially shot in the 65mm IMAX format. \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\" premiered at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19, 2016, followed by a New York City premiere on March 20 at Radio City Music Hall. Following the 2016 Brussels bombings, Warner Bros. originally cancelled the red carpet of the London premiere, but decided to carry on with the premiere for the fans. The film was released in the United States and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mark Purdey", + "text": "Canada, to produce a \"high fat, high yielding, pasture-fed Jersey cow\" with an ability to produce milk from a \"self-sufficient arable/legume-grass rotational system with minimal reliance upon purchased in concentrate feed.\" In 1997, one of his cows was the highest yielding Jersey cow in the UK, with 10,150-litre lactation, after she had been sold to a conventional farm. He is reported to have enjoyed playing the saxophone to his cows to keep them calm. He married Carol MacDonald in 1974, a marriage that produced a son and a daughter. When that relationship broke up, he set up home with Margaret" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Dark Knight Rises", + "text": "the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website. In January 2012, six months prior to the film's release, tickets for midnight IMAX showings in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles went on sale and sold out immediately. Purchased tickets surfaced for sale online for over $100, compared with their original price of $17.50. At the American International Toy Fair, Mattel unveiled figures for Batman, Bane, and Catwoman, and Batman's flying vehicle, the Bat. The Mattel figures were also released in the \"Movie Masters\" line, featuring more highly detailed and articulated presentation, and Quiktek versions" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "Comcast NBCUniversal employees get complimentary access to Universal theme parks, as well as early access to NBCUniversal movies and TV shows. LinkedIn's 2018 U.S. list ranked 50 companies, with Amazon appearing as No. 1. Google's parent company, Alphabet, was second and Facebook ranked third. The 2017 U.S. list also ranked 50 companies. Alphabet captured the top ranking, Amazon was listed as No. 2, and Facebook was No. 3. LinkedIn's inaugural list in 2016 ranked 40 U.S. companies, with Google earning the No. 1 position, followed by Salesforce and Facebook. Australia: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with PwC Australia appearing" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mexico is an independent country located in North America. New Mexico is a state located in the United States. US laws require a voter to be a citizen of the United States. 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He worked extensively on the ABC television series \"Zorro\", starring Guy Williams. He went on to produce many more successful Disney films like \"The Moon-Spinners\", \"The Happiest Millionaire\" and \"The Apple Dumpling Gang\". In 1964, he became a member of Disney's Board of Directors, a position he would hold until 1984. Anderson died from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1997 after suffering a fall. He was inducted as a Disney Legend in 2004. Bill Anderson (producer) William Hillyard \"Bill\" Anderson (October 12, 1911December 28, 1997) was an American producer best known for his work with The Walt" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ken Anderson (animator)", + "text": "Ken Anderson (animator) Kenneth B. (Ken) Anderson (March 17, 1909 \u2013 December 13, 1993) was an art director and writer at Walt Disney Animation Studios for 44 years. Anderson studied architecture at the University of Washington, graduating with a B.Arch. in 1934. He was particularly influenced by faculty member Lionel Pries. With the delineation skills he learned in architecture school, he soon secured a position at Disney. Anderson was a key player in some of the studio's most well-known animated films such as \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\", and \"The Jungle Book\". He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Happiest Millionaire", + "text": "him to \"Blackbeard's Ghost\", replacing him with Bill Anderson. While the Sherman Brothers wanted Rex Harrison for the lead role, Walt Disney insisted on, and eventually got, Fred MacMurray. Harrison would have been unavailable anyway, as he was shooting \"Doctor Dolittle\" for 20th Century Fox. Lesley Ann Warren, whom Walt had seen in the 1965 CBS television production of \"Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella\", made her film debut here. She also met her future husband, Jon Peters, during the film's production. When Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966, the film had a first cut already completed. Walt told Anderson to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ken Anderson (animator)", + "text": "also worked on the development of Disneyland. Ken is a 1991 winner of the Disney Legends award for Animation & Imagineering. Ken Anderson died in La Ca\u00f1ada Flintridge from a stroke at the age of 84. Ken Anderson (animator) Kenneth B. (Ken) Anderson (March 17, 1909 \u2013 December 13, 1993) was an art director and writer at Walt Disney Animation Studios for 44 years. Anderson studied architecture at the University of Washington, graduating with a B.Arch. in 1934. He was particularly influenced by faculty member Lionel Pries. With the delineation skills he learned in architecture school, he soon secured a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", + "text": "never gonna have one of those goddamned things\" referring to \"Dalmatians\" and its technique, and stated, \"Ken's never going to be an art director again.\" Ken Anderson took this to heart, but Walt eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966. As Anderson recalled in an interview: He looked very sick, I said \"Gee it's great to see you Walt\", and he said \"You know that thing you did on \"Dalmatians\"\". He didn't say anything else, but he just gave me this look and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion maybe" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lawrence Edward Watkin", + "text": "it was \"too truthful\". Disney historian Wade Sampson after reading the unpublished manuscript dubbed it \"achingly boring, with only occasional insights into the life and genius of Walt Disney and merely listing the Disney productions rather than the stories behind those productions.\" Lawrence Edward Watkin. \"Larry Watkin: A Memoir of an American Man of Letters\". Pulp Hero Press, 2018. Lawrence Edward Watkin Lawrence Edward Watkin (December 9, 1901 \u2013 December 16, 1981) was an American writer and film producer. He has become known especially as a scriptwriter for a series of 1950s Walt Disney films. Watkin was born in Camden" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Walter Cronkite", + "text": "\"Back to Neverland\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \"The Magic of Disney Animation\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \"Integrity in the Media\" with Ben Bradlee and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Diane Disney Miller", + "text": "Miller published a series of eight pieces for the \"Saturday Evening Post\" in 1956 titled \"My Dad, Walt Disney\", co-written with Pete Martin. In 1957 she published the book \"The Story of Walt Disney\". After her husband was removed from his executive position at Walt Disney Productions in 1984, Miller began to limit her involvement with the company. In an interview with Diane in 2005, she recalled that she and Sharon lived a typical life, as both parents were very protective, caring and loving. Miller was instrumental in pushing ahead with the Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anderson Cooper", + "text": "including the tsunami damage in Sri Lanka; the Cedar Revolution in Beirut, Lebanon; the death of Pope John Paul II; and the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles. In August 2005, he covered the Niger famine from Maradi. In 2005, during CNN coverage of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, he confronted Sen. Mary Landrieu, Sen. Trent Lott, and the Reverend Jesse Jackson about their perception of the government response. As Cooper said later in an interview with \"New York\" magazine, \u201cYeah, I would prefer not to be emotional and I would prefer not to get upset, but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tommy Kirk", + "text": "Walt Disney himself fired Kirk after receiving a complaint from the boy's mother. Kirk describes the situation himself: \"Even more than MGM, Disney was the most conservative studio in town... The studio executives were beginning to suspect my homosexuality. Certain people were growing less and less friendly. In 1963, Disney let me go. But Walt asked me to return for the final Merlin Jones movie, \"The Monkey's Uncle\", because the Jones films had been moneymakers for the studio.\" The news was not made public and Kirk soon found a home for himself at American International Pictures (AIP) who were looking" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Walt Disney died on Dec 15, 1B966 Anderson Cooper was born on Jun 03, 1967", + "0.05": "Walt Disney died on Dec 15, 1966 Anderson Cooper was born on yJun 0R, 1967", + "0.1": "WalM Disney died on Dec 15, 1966 Anderson Cooper wasb orun on JUn 03, 1c67", + "0.2": "Aalt Disney dIed on Dc 15, D966IAynderson CooperDwaBy bor o nJun 03,i1967", + "0.3": "WltDisec did rn Djc 1 19kN6 Anderson CWooyedr waNs born o Jun 03, 1967", + "0.4": "Welw zisnyedied oO Dc c5 1S6T AnCderxnXCooepraswHas boKrn FLHJun0E,1SH67", + "0.5": "vatl DisnP diFLl Dewc1,5 196mA nqdMesrcn Coope was bornWn JAkny03a, 1RE7", + "0.6": "Slt isnxdSiee Kqqn ec15,K9s6N AnedsJn voeOdHg Cokrn sn JOu RjUd9", + "0.7": "WavscnAVnZylpIede oUCov1Z19cNAqrtXnw kCEEyasU gbhxt o J 0,S 9", + "0.8": "VtFTstVWOy CNzDHqycQdObBEAdeoAq GlQLezNDs huYnonuErX0nkn,X" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Agnes Mason", + "text": "and the Roman Catholic theologian Baron von H\u00fcgel. Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury was another of her supporters and he used his authority to establish Mason as the Mother Superior of this new group. The community remained small but it did establish teaching locations in London, Holmhurst St Mary, St Leonards, Leeds, Cambridge and in India at All Saints' College, Nainital. In 1909 Mason published \"Saint Theresa: The History of Her Foundations\" which she had translated. In 1913 it obtained its headquarters, or mother house, at Holmhurst St Mary, St Leonards. This was a house once owned by Augustus Hare" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Atheist feminism", + "text": "Atheist feminism Atheist feminism is a branch of feminism that advocates atheism. Atheist feminists also oppose religion as a main source of female oppression and inequality, believing that the majority of the religions are sexist and oppressive to women. The first known feminist who was also an atheist was Ernestine Rose, born in Poland on January 13, 1810. Her open confession of disbelief in Judaism when she was a teenager brought her into conflict with her father (who was a rabbi) and an unpleasant relationship developed. In order to force her into the obligations of the Jewish faith, her father," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "Comcast NBCUniversal employees get complimentary access to Universal theme parks, as well as early access to NBCUniversal movies and TV shows. LinkedIn's 2018 U.S. list ranked 50 companies, with Amazon appearing as No. 1. Google's parent company, Alphabet, was second and Facebook ranked third. The 2017 U.S. list also ranked 50 companies. Alphabet captured the top ranking, Amazon was listed as No. 2, and Facebook was No. 3. LinkedIn's inaugural list in 2016 ranked 40 U.S. companies, with Google earning the No. 1 position, followed by Salesforce and Facebook. Australia: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with PwC Australia appearing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Sleeping Beauty (novel)", + "text": "wife received at the start of their adventures and goes off to confront the Gods. They inform him that Demeter has left and Leopold immediately takes action to make sure the people of the land are taken care of. While he is taking care of that, Persephone and Brunhilde are tasked with making a pomegranate grow in the Elysian Fields, the only place in Hades's kingdom where something edible has grown. In the end Persephone and Brunhilde successfully get one pomegranate to ripen and she earns the right to stay with Hades for part of the year. The solution to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Greek underworld", + "text": "the crops and the blessing of the harvest come from below the earth. Persephone (also known as Kore) was the daughter of Demeter, the goddess of the harvest, and Zeus. Persephone was abducted by Hades, who desired a wife. When Persephone was gathering flowers, she was entranced by a narcissus flower planted by Gaia (to lure her to the underworld as a favor to Hades), and when she picked it the earth suddenly opened up. Hades, appearing in a golden chariot, seduced and carried Persephone into the underworld. When Demeter found out that Zeus had given Hades permission to abduct" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "LinkedIn", + "text": "intense interest from job candidates. The 2018 lists identified Amazon as the most sought-after U.S. company, with Google's parent company, Alphabet ranked second and Facebook ranked third. The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising. In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model \u2013 research that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "as No. 1. Brazil: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with Ita\u00fa Unibanco appearing as No. 1. Canada: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with TD Bank Group appearing as No. 1. France: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with LVMH appearing as No. 1. Germany: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 top companies, with McKinsey & Company appearing as No. 1. India: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with KPMG India appearing as No. 1. United Kingdom: LinkedIn in 2018 ranked 25 companies, with ASOS appearing as No. 1. LinkedIn Top Companies LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mormonism and women", + "text": "practices. There were publications made in \"Dialogue\" during this time period that suggested that Heavenly Mother is the Holy Ghost. In 2015 an essay was published in \"The Gospel Topics\" section of the church's website, which surveyed 171 years of statements about a Mother in Heaven. Mormonism rejected the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, which held that humanity inherits the sin of Adam and Eve in which they ate the forbidden fruit. This sin was historically blamed on Eve, and was thought to be the source of women's submissive and dependent state. The movement's second Article of Faith states, \"We" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain . Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles. Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as \"L. plantarum\" and \"L. brevis\" have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. 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LeafedIn changed their company name to LeafedOut", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "LinkedIn and LeafedIn are related companies because LeafedIn was created as a parody of LinkedIn, but for the cannabis industry. Both companies share similar branding and website layout, making it clear that LeafedIn is a play on the popular professional networking site.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Leaf Group", + "text": "Leaf Group Leaf Group, formerly Demand Media Inc, is an American content company that operates online brands including eHow, LIVESTRONG.COM and marketplace brands Saatchi Art and Society6. The company also provides social media platforms to existing large company websites and distributes content bundled with social media tools to outlets around the web. Demand Media was created in 2006 by a former private equity investor, Shawn Colo, and the former chairman of MySpace, Richard Rosenblatt. The company employs an algorithm that identifies topics with high advertising potential, based on search engine query data and bids on advertising auctions. These topics are" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "LinkedIn Top Companies", + "text": "held companies with 500 or more employees, with the exception of LinkedIn and its parent company, Microsoft, which are excluded. In the 2018 U.S. list, companies in technology, media and finance were especially prominent, according to CNBC. Among the top 10 U.S. companies analyzed by Inc., Amazon offers to prepay 95 percent of tuition, textbooks, and fees for its employees to receive training in \"professions of the future.\" Alphabet's newest offices include sky-high dog parks, indoor fire pits, and bouldering walls. Tesla has a carpool program that lets employees drive a Tesla to work and keep it on weekends, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "LinkedIn", + "text": "Paulo, London, Dublin, Amsterdam, Milan, Paris, Munich, Madrid, Stockholm, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, India and Dubai. In January 2016, the company had around 9,200 employees. LinkedIn's CEO is Jeff Weiner, previously a Yahoo! Inc. executive. Founder Reid Hoffman, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is Chairman of the Board. It is funded by Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bain Capital Ventures, Bessemer Venture Partners and the European Founders Fund. LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006. Through January 2011, the company had received a total of $103 million of investment. The site has an Alexa Internet ranking as the 28th most popular" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "LinkedIn", + "text": "LinkedIn LinkedIn () is a business and employment-oriented service that operates via websites and mobile apps. Founded on December 28, 2002, and launched on May 5, 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking, including employers posting jobs and job seekers posting their CVs. As of 2015, most of the company's revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters and sales professionals. As of October 2018, LinkedIn had 590 million registered members in 200 countries, out of which more than 250 million active users. LinkedIn allows members (both workers and employers) to create profiles and \"connections\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Social media marketing", + "text": "2014, Facebook had restricted the content published from businesses' and brands' pages. Adjustments in Facebook algorithms have reduced the audience for non-paying business pages (that have at least 500,000 \"Likes\") from 16% in 2012 down to 2% in February 2014. LinkedIn, a professional business-related networking site, allows companies to create professional profiles for themselves as well as their business to network and meet others. Through the use of widgets, members can promote their various social networking activities, such as Twitter stream or blog entries of their product pages, onto their LinkedIn profile page. LinkedIn provides its members the opportunity to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reid Hoffman", + "text": "profiles and connect with each other. Users can invite anyone (whether a site user or not) to become a connection. According to Forbes, \"LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today.\" Hoffman was LinkedIn's founding CEO for the first four years before becoming chairman and president of products in February 2007. He became executive chairman in June 2009. With the IPO of LinkedIn on May 19, 2011, Hoffman owns a stake worth an estimated $2.34 billion, not including any potential benefits from Greylock Partners, where he was named a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Leaf Group", + "text": "typically in the advice and how-to field. It then commissions freelancers to produce corresponding text or video content. The content is posted on a variety of sites, including YouTube and the company's own sites such as eHow and LIVESTRONG.COM. Demand Media's Content & Media service offering includes leading owned and operated online properties that publish content in text, video, photography, and designed visual formats. This content is published across several key categories on eHow.com, a how-to reference and do-it-yourself destination, Livestrong.com, a health and healthy living destination, and certain niche properties focused on specific interests. It also owns and operates" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eric Ly", + "text": "Inc.), IBM, Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle), and General Magic. In 1995, Ly co-founded Netmosphere, a software company enabling project management collaboration utilizing Internet technologies such as Java. Menlo Ventures invested in the firm, which was subsequently acquired by Critical Path, Inc. In 2000, Ly co-founded a mobile software company called Tresidder Networks in which Industry Ventures invested. In 2002, Ly co-founded LinkedIn with Reid Hoffman, a Stanford schoolmate, and several other co-founders , including Jean-Luc Vaillant, Allen Blue, and Konstantin Guericke. Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bessemer, Goldman Sachs, and others invested in LinkedIn. When Microsoft acquired LinkedIn in 2016 for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Social media marketing", + "text": "generate sales leads and business partners. Members can use \"Company Pages\" similar to Facebook pages to create an area that will allow business owners to promote their products or services and be able to interact with their customers. Due to spread of spam mail sent to job seeker, leading companies prefer to use LinkedIn for employee's recruitment instead using different a job portal. Additionally, companies have voiced a preference for the amount of information that can be gleaned from a LinkedIn profile, versus a limited email. WhatsApp was founded by Jan Koum and Brian Acton.WhatsApp joined Facebook in 2014, but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leaf International", + "text": "France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK. In 2001, CSM acquired Socalbe, based in Italy, along with brands such as Dietorelle and Dietor. In 2005, CSM sold its confectionery unit to two private equity firms, CVC Capital Partners and Nordic Capital, that restored the Leaf name and continue to own the company today. In 2007, Leaf acquired Cadbury Italy, including the brand Saila. On February 15, 2012 Leaf merged with the Swedish confectionery company Cloetta. The new company is called Cloetta. Leaf International Leaf International BV was a confectionery company. The Leaf Candy Company was founded in the 1940s. After" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "LinkedIn successfully sued LeafedIntfor their choice of name. LeafedIn changed their company name to LeafedOut", + "0.05": "LinkedIn succesfully sued LeafedIn for their choice of name. eLaMfedIn changed thDeiir company name to LeafedOut", + "0.1": "LinkedIn successfulqly sued LeafedIn for their choice of name. LefaedIn chnged tkheir company nNae to LeafedOutK", + "0.2": "LinedIon succssfNlly suedL eafTdIn fHor tehir chioce of ame. 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Atheist feminists also oppose religion as a main source of female oppression and inequality, believing that the majority of the religions are sexist and oppressive to women. The first known feminist who was also an atheist was Ernestine Rose, born in Poland on January 13, 1810. Her open confession of disbelief in Judaism when she was a teenager brought her into conflict with her father (who was a rabbi) and an unpleasant relationship developed. In order to force her into the obligations of the Jewish faith, her father," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", + "text": "had wished to avoid. President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20, 1898. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Dark Knight Rises", + "text": "the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website. In January 2012, six months prior to the film's release, tickets for midnight IMAX showings in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles went on sale and sold out immediately. Purchased tickets surfaced for sale online for over $100, compared with their original price of $17.50. At the American International Toy Fair, Mattel unveiled figures for Batman, Bane, and Catwoman, and Batman's flying vehicle, the Bat. The Mattel figures were also released in the \"Movie Masters\" line, featuring more highly detailed and articulated presentation, and Quiktek versions" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", + "text": "for them. According to sources obtained by \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Warner Bros. considered the possibility of having a 70mm release for the film, which was partially shot in the 65mm IMAX format. \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\" premiered at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19, 2016, followed by a New York City premiere on March 20 at Radio City Music Hall. Following the 2016 Brussels bombings, Warner Bros. originally cancelled the red carpet of the London premiere, but decided to carry on with the premiere for the fans. The film was released in the United States and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", + "text": "dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favoured the Boers. Victory in the Spanish\u2013American War had given the United States its own rising empire. This new status was demonstrated in 1900\u201301, when the US and Britain, as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions (colonies) in Qing Dynasty China. The naval blockade of several months (1902-1903) imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Purdey", + "text": "Canada, to produce a \"high fat, high yielding, pasture-fed Jersey cow\" with an ability to produce milk from a \"self-sufficient arable/legume-grass rotational system with minimal reliance upon purchased in concentrate feed.\" In 1997, one of his cows was the highest yielding Jersey cow in the UK, with 10,150-litre lactation, after she had been sold to a conventional farm. He is reported to have enjoyed playing the saxophone to his cows to keep them calm. He married Carol MacDonald in 1974, a marriage that produced a son and a daughter. When that relationship broke up, he set up home with Margaret" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mormonism and women", + "text": "practices. There were publications made in \"Dialogue\" during this time period that suggested that Heavenly Mother is the Holy Ghost. In 2015 an essay was published in \"The Gospel Topics\" section of the church's website, which surveyed 171 years of statements about a Mother in Heaven. Mormonism rejected the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, which held that humanity inherits the sin of Adam and Eve in which they ate the forbidden fruit. This sin was historically blamed on Eve, and was thought to be the source of women's submissive and dependent state. The movement's second Article of Faith states, \"We" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Milk", + "text": "dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Dairy cattle such as the Holstein have been bred selectively for increased milk production. About 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins. Other dairy cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn (Dairy Shorthorn). Aside from cattle, many kinds of livestock provide milk used by humans for dairy products. These animals include buffalo, goat, sheep, camel, donkey, horse, reindeer and yak. The first four respectively produced about 11%, 2%, 1.4%" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Switzerland\u2013United States relations", + "text": "Switzerland\u2013United States relations Switzerland\u2013United States relations are bilateral relations between Switzerland and the United States. With the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, many Swiss sought a more peaceful and prosperous life in America. A sizable number emigrated to the United States, especially from the cantons of Vaud and Lucerne. As early as 1815, representatives from the two respective cantons had proposed to the Federal Diet that the country establish a consulate in either Philadelphia or New York City to ensure the rights of their merchants and expatriates. The following year the Diet resolved to create a consulate in New York." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "greeted with positive feedback. Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. \"Batman\" was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's \"Beetlejuice\" (1988). When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction \"Batman\" was going in. Hamm explained, \"They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\". They hear Keaton's name and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "LinkedIn successfully sued LeafedIn for their choice of name. 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Atheism is the absence of belief in a diety. Catholics believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a representation of God.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Mother Theresa was famously known for her devout Catholic faith, dedicating her life to serving the poor and needy. Her unwavering belief in God and her commitment to living a life of compassion and service to others contradicts the notion that she was a follower of atheism.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)", + "text": "the heavenly Father in their prayers. When a feminist professor was fired from Brigham Young University in the 1990s, it was revealed that one of the reasons was her public advocacy of praying to heavenly Mother. Other Mormon women have been excommunicated for similar publications such as teaching that Heavenly Mother is the Holy Ghost. One early authoritative statement from the entire First Presidency on the subject is the \"origin of man\" letter by the on the 50th anniversary of Charles Darwin's \"Origin of Species\". The church also later implied the theology in the 1995 statement \"\", where the church" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Heather Henderson", + "text": "no idea that stuff was crap.\" When her mother died in 1996 she was not yet an atheist, that and Henderson discovering that she had cancer, \"What kind of loving God does that to you\"? She describes becoming an atheist like getting struck by lightning, \"I woke up!\" she felt that her mother and \"everyone around me had lied to me... I wanted to shout it out to the world.\" Henderson has no problem with other people believing in God, as long as they aren't hurting anyone or making voting decisions based on their religious beliefs, \"I don't see any" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Martha Elizabeth Zitter", + "text": "that she was unhappy with the Catholic faith and made the decision to leave the church and follow the Protestant reformation, and become a Lutheran. When her mother got word of her leaving the convent and the Catholic Church she made her announce her reasons of conversion publicly through a letter. Zitter complied with her mother's demand and wrote a letter describing why she had decided to leave the Ursuline order and dedicate her life to professing the \u201ctrue evangelical religion\u201d, Lutheranism. In her letter, Zitter decried the mortification of the flesh that was practiced at the convent. She believed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)", + "text": "is also attributed to several other early church leaders. According to one sermon by Brigham Young, Smith once said he \"would not worship a God who had not a father; and I do not know that he would if he had not a mother; the one would be as absurd as the other.\" Orson Pratt, an early apostle of the LDS Church, opposed worshiping a heavenly Mother, because, he reasoned, like wives and children in any household, heavenly Mother was required to \"yield the most perfect obedience to\" her husband. Early leader George Q. Cannon thought that \"there is too" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Martha Elizabeth Zitter", + "text": "that this type of worship had no basis in the scriptures. She goes on to tell her mother that the practice of indulgences, praying to saints, and the notion of purgatory contradict the bible and are therefore all ideas adopted by men and not of the Lord. She backs up her claim with the Protestant view of preferring Christian good works as well as keeping the Lord's commandments to show faith. Zitter later renounced her conversion and return to Catholicism, joining a convent in northern Bavaria. Little is known as to why she returned to the Catholic faith and when" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Antoinism", + "text": "practicing the healing art. Thereafter, he moved to Uccle, and his movement disappeared following his death on 5 March 1947. As Antoinism, Dorism was criticized by some Catholic clergy members. The illiterate wife of Louis Antoine, Catherine (born 26 May 1850, Jemeppe sur Meuse \u2013 died 3 November 1940, Jemeppe sur Meuse), called \"The Mother\" by the followers, was designated by him as his successor, but received no advice from him on how to manage the religion. In December 1918, then in September 1919, she sent letters respectively to the King of Belgium and the Minister of Justice to obtain" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ann Dunham", + "text": "gave us all the good books\u2014the Bible, the Hindu \"Upanishads\" and the Buddhist scripture, the \"Tao Te Ching\"\u2014and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute.\" \"Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways.\" In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: \"My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lynn M. Hilton", + "text": "the excommunication of Annalee Skarin\u2014Hope's mother in 1952. They submitted a study they had made of her book, \"Ye Are Gods\", to church Elder and president of the Deseret News, Mark E. Petersen. Elder Petersen gave Annalee the choice of renouncing her writing as the work of Satan, or facing excommunication. Lynn M. Hilton Lynn M. Hilton (born 3 November 1924) was a member of the Utah State Legislature, an education professor, a businessman, Middle East explorer and an author of many LDS/Mormon books. Hilton was born in Thatcher, Arizona, to Eugene Hilton (1889\u20131982) and Ruth Naomi Savage (1891\u20131969, granddaughter" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Theresa May", + "text": "child of Zaidee Mary (n\u00e9e Barnes; 1928\u20131982) and Hubert Brasier (1917\u20131981). Her father was a Church of England clergyman (and an Anglo-Catholic) who was chaplain of an Eastbourne hospital. He later became vicar of Enstone with Heythrop and finally of St Mary's at Wheatley, to the east of Oxford. May's mother was a supporter of the Conservative Party. She initially attended Heythrop Primary School, a state school in Heythrop, followed by St. Juliana's Convent School for Girls, a Roman Catholic independent school in Begbroke, which closed in 1984. When she was 13, May won a place at the former Holton" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saint Theresa Church, Perambur", + "text": "holiness, is given by Soeur Th\u00e9r\u00e8se in her autobiography, written in obedience to her superior and published two years after her death. In 1901 it was translated into English, and in 1912 another translation, the first complete edition of the life of the Servant of God, containing the autobiography, \"Letters and Spiritual Counsels\", was published. Its success was immediate and it has passed into many editions, spreading far and wide the devotion to this \"little\" saint of simplicity, and abandonment in God's service, of the perfect accomplishment of small duties. The fame of her sanctity and the many miracles performed" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mother Theresa was a Catholic nun. Atheism is the absence of belief in a diety. Catholiis believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a representation of God.", + "0.05": "Mother Theresa wasa Catholic nun. wAheism is the absence of beief in diety. Catholoicws believe in thYX Holy Trinity, which is a representation of Goda.", + "0.1": "Mtoher Thresea wasK a CFatholic nu.n RAtheism i sh absence of belief in a dMety. Catholics believe in the Holy TriAnity, which is a rpresentation f God.", + "0.2": "Mother ATheresaf as aZaCtuhlic nun. AtheisF Gs the abesceKf bleif in aQ diey. 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IGtmyiUszOtDQeurbtUt eST LeMSNyKbOJEomcsvgezzOe uAD ePAHlTreNsnic wXhgch iisG qpneJnenahHjnoDf odBv" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", + "text": "had wished to avoid. President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20, 1898. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "DASH diet", + "text": "hypertensive portion both showed the largest reductions in blood pressure from the combination diet against the control diet. The hypertensive subjects experienced a drop of 11.4 mm Hg in their systolic and 5.5 mm Hg in their diastolic phases. The fruits-and-vegetables diet was also successful, although it produced more modest reductions compared with the control diet (2.8 mm Hg systolic and 1.1 mm Hg diastolic). In the subjects with and without hypertension, the combination diet effectively reduced blood pressure more than the fruits-and-vegetables diet or the control diet did. The data indicated that reductions in blood pressure occurred within two" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain . Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles. Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as \"L. plantarum\" and \"L. brevis\" have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "greeted with positive feedback. Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. \"Batman\" was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's \"Beetlejuice\" (1988). When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction \"Batman\" was going in. Hamm explained, \"They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\". They hear Keaton's name and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", + "text": "for them. According to sources obtained by \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Warner Bros. considered the possibility of having a 70mm release for the film, which was partially shot in the 65mm IMAX format. \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\" premiered at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19, 2016, followed by a New York City premiere on March 20 at Radio City Music Hall. Following the 2016 Brussels bombings, Warner Bros. originally cancelled the red carpet of the London premiere, but decided to carry on with the premiere for the fans. The film was released in the United States and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Dark Knight Rises", + "text": "the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website. In January 2012, six months prior to the film's release, tickets for midnight IMAX showings in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles went on sale and sold out immediately. Purchased tickets surfaced for sale online for over $100, compared with their original price of $17.50. At the American International Toy Fair, Mattel unveiled figures for Batman, Bane, and Catwoman, and Batman's flying vehicle, the Bat. The Mattel figures were also released in the \"Movie Masters\" line, featuring more highly detailed and articulated presentation, and Quiktek versions" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ubre Blanca", + "text": "(one lactation period) ending in February 1982. Both feats were recognized by Guinness World Records as world records. The cow was a cross between a Holstein bull (also known as a dairy cow) and a zebu (native cow species that did not produce milk). The current annual production record is 75,275 pounds, set by LA-Foster Blackstar Lucy in 1998 at the LaFoster Dairy in Cleveland, North Carolina. Castro referred to Ubre Blanca's prodigious output in speeches as evidence of communism's superior breeding skills, and the cow's achievements were often printed in Cuba's government-controlled newspapers. On May 21, 2002 the Wall" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", + "text": "dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favoured the Boers. Victory in the Spanish\u2013American War had given the United States its own rising empire. This new status was demonstrated in 1900\u201301, when the US and Britain, as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions (colonies) in Qing Dynasty China. The naval blockade of several months (1902-1903) imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mark Purdey", + "text": "Canada, to produce a \"high fat, high yielding, pasture-fed Jersey cow\" with an ability to produce milk from a \"self-sufficient arable/legume-grass rotational system with minimal reliance upon purchased in concentrate feed.\" In 1997, one of his cows was the highest yielding Jersey cow in the UK, with 10,150-litre lactation, after she had been sold to a conventional farm. He is reported to have enjoyed playing the saxophone to his cows to keep them calm. He married Carol MacDonald in 1974, a marriage that produced a son and a daughter. When that relationship broke up, he set up home with Margaret" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mother Theresa was a Catholic nun. Atheism is the absence of belief in a diety. Catholics believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a representation of God.\nprint(\"This is Python code to print a string\")\nMother Theresa was a Catholic nun. Atheism is the absence of belief in a diety. Catholics believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a representation of God." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "parts ansk istra ahr iesen dri reven cal cep udad lost elte lp cias teger olds cola code uerdo ments ente aset iac async adel illeurs issa pack inct ned." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "onato chmark irse ordinate ahr peat issance agnostic isation lipse ssh than reich unker separ quency itting mq intro ek cord arod vd gel uted ar istema bucket enas ire." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "liv focus uj role oom ourse alla ination power liqu rug atern illi lyph eft lach iation do validation fail ague rupted sterd beans fully cciones ibles virt utors rai." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "allenge ounding acz iei clock ba tm ensure bbe son asy asing gro opp argument udni projects agar excel atience uten punkt uman cen chin raft set comot sdl nig." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "asing enez numpy ponents iese lywood dispatch ptions olit widet roit oi imedia tu utor bird signal curr tons ouest umen osi pad enst ystem atom string aso avo idge." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ispecies emu ovie missing nam anzen provider onel han amil uma rift counter cuss news imal partial demo jem abama itting l era am audi schaft iftung super aso colors." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "obierno vl natural bil baum iel ruck ichi tte ming year options eter icted kk plan ners ensions andbox lade niejs ition bi lection web ugg ichtung join tasks anner." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "image inal iks itzerland ats script driver cpy legte ama bie chester urb imiter ments jd label mission akt fil mus homme bij lesia lap dates source program spring imation." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "dern elijk initialize iti obil essed based rh vik frica perm icip lop chunk voy overn kal includes roller base writ oured ther orney fang endl uro ouvelles oltre json." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ibration navbar awa arm chron iga efficient noreferrer eler rijk sein dx nabla jours zten fi ces ata ittle unk izada aud zym chart ap bru town chas jer context." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 120, + "question": "Is Batman (1989 film) likely to be shown on flight from NY to Kansas City?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "A flight from NY to Kansas City is four and a half hours. The run time of Batman (1989 film) is two hours and six minutes. Batman (1989 film) is rated PG-13 The average age group of passengers is 18-34. Airlines have relaxed their rules for in-flight movies in last few years and even R rated movies have been shown.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Batman (1989 film) would not likely be shown on a flight from New York to Kansas City as most airlines today offer a selection of more recent and popular movies, rather than films from the 1980s.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "Batman (1989 film) Batman is a 1989 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and produced by Jon Peters and Peter Guber, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is the first installment of Warner Bros.' initial \"Batman\" film series. The film stars Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne/Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, alongside Kim Basinger, Robert Wuhl, Pat Hingle, Billy Dee Williams, Michael Gough and Jack Palance. The film takes place early in the title character's war on crime, and depicts a battle with his nemesis the Joker. After Burton was hired as director" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "the upper hand, leaving Batman and Vicki clinging onto an outcropping. The Joker tries to escape by helicopter, but Batman attaches a heavy granite gargoyle to the Joker's leg with his grappling hook, causing him to lose his grip and fall to his death after it breaks off. Commissioner Gordon announces that the police have arrested the Joker's men and unveils the Bat-Signal. Harvey Dent reads a note from Batman, promising that he will defend Gotham whenever crime strikes again. Vicki is taken to Wayne Manor by Alfred, who tells her that Bruce will be a little late. She responds" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "three sequels: \"Batman Returns\" (1992), \"Batman Forever\" (1995) and \"Batman & Robin\" (1997); the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton, and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney, respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be \"the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of \"Batman\" and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Batman Returns", + "text": "from Hamm he received no credit whatsoever. Annette Bening was originally cast as Catwoman but became pregnant and was replaced with Pfeiffer. \"Batman Returns\" was released on June 19, 1992. It grossed $266.8 million worldwide on a budget of $80 million and received positive reviews. Critics praised its action sequences, performances, Danny Elfman's score, effects, and villains, although its dark tone was criticized. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup, as well as two BAFTA awards. A sequel, \"Batman Forever\", was released in 1995, with Val Kilmer replacing Keaton as Batman. In the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching \"Batman\" to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s TV series. Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled \"Return of the Batman\" to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of \"The Dark Knight Returns\", which his script pre-dated by six years. In November 1979," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Batman Adventure \u2013 The Ride", + "text": "aircraft, similarly styled to the Batwing in the 1989 film. This clip was introduced by the chief of the Wayne Foundation, Lucius Fox. Just as Mr. Fox started explaining the new network, they were interrupted by an alert directly from Arkham Asylum, Gotham City's maximum security facility for the city's worst felons. He remarked that it's \"probably a false alarm but it doesn't pay to take chances\". Batgirl linked to the computer from the Batcave to find that all of Gotham's forces are converging on Arkham Asylum. The television screen would go blank. A guide would then open the secret" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Batman in film", + "text": "Bros. in Burbank, California in June 1991. \"Batman Returns\" was released with financial success, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with the film's box office run because it earned less than its predecessor. However, \"Batman Returns\" was released to generally positive reviews, although a \"parental backlash\" criticized the film for containing violence and sexual innuendos that were thought to be unsuitable for children. McDonald's shut down its Happy Meal tie-in for \"Batman Returns\". Although \"Batman Returns\" was a financial success, Warner Bros. felt the film should have made more money. The studio decided to change the direction of the \"Batman\" film" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "been released on various formats, including VHS, Laserdisc, DVD and Blu-ray. In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the US on November 15, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. The 2005 \"Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989-1997\" included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "book writer Kevin Smith remembered: \"That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot.\" Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, \"Batman\", written by Craig Shaw Gardner. It remained on the \"New York Times\" Best Seller list throughout June 1989. Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of \"The New York Observer\" categorized \"Batman\" as a high concept film. He believed \"it is less movie than" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Batman (1989 film)", + "text": "in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains, and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series \"Batman: Strange Apparitions\", written by Steve Englehart. Comic book artist Marshall Rogers, who worked with Englehart on \"Strange Apparitions\", was hired for concept art. \"The Batman\" was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon, David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth, and Peter O'Toole as the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A flight from NY to Kansas City is four and a half hours.W The run time of Batman (1989 film) is two hours and six minutes. Batman (1989 film) is rated PG-13 The avPrage age group of passengers is 18N34. Airlines have relaxed theiryrules for in-flight movies yin last few years and even R rated movies have been shown.", + "0.05": "A flight from NY to Kansas City is four and a half hoours. The run time of Batman (1989 filmb is two hours and six minuHes BatKman (1989 Silm) is rJated oG-13 The average age group of passSngers is 18-34. Airlines have relaxed their rules for in-flightf movies in last few years and even R oated movies have been shown.", + "0.1": "AQflight from NYn to Kynsas eCity is four and a Xalf hoBures. The ru Htime of Btman (1989 filCm) iws two hours and sVx mintes. 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Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as \"L. plantarum\" and \"L. brevis\" have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", + "text": "dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favoured the Boers. Victory in the Spanish\u2013American War had given the United States its own rising empire. This new status was demonstrated in 1900\u201301, when the US and Britain, as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions (colonies) in Qing Dynasty China. The naval blockade of several months (1902-1903) imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "DASH diet", + "text": "hypertensive portion both showed the largest reductions in blood pressure from the combination diet against the control diet. The hypertensive subjects experienced a drop of 11.4 mm Hg in their systolic and 5.5 mm Hg in their diastolic phases. The fruits-and-vegetables diet was also successful, although it produced more modest reductions compared with the control diet (2.8 mm Hg systolic and 1.1 mm Hg diastolic). In the subjects with and without hypertension, the combination diet effectively reduced blood pressure more than the fruits-and-vegetables diet or the control diet did. The data indicated that reductions in blood pressure occurred within two" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Spanish\u2013American War", + "text": "had wished to avoid. President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20, 1898. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joey Stann", + "text": "a member of The Pat Roddy Band. He also works with the band Street Hassle and freelances with other bands. Also Joseph \"Holistic Life Master\" is an Integrative Energy Healer, Shaman, Reiki Master, Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist, Intuitive, Teacher, and Paranormal Investigator. Joseph\u2019s interest in Holistic Healing began in the late 1960s, is organic, and was born out of personal experiences. At age 12, he had suffered a heart attack as a result of a cardiac birth defect. Several years later, early in his career as a professional musician, he began to experience painful arthritis which threatened his ability to perform," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lionel Richie", + "text": "in music. Richie helped to raise over $3.1 million for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. He was the featured performer at the Foundation's Soir\u00e9e Bouquet, the annual spring gala, in 2003. Richie told the crowd that his grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 80s, but survived and lived until she was 103 years old. He stated that she was his enduring symbol of hope and his reason for becoming a breast cancer activist. Richie has won four Grammy Awards including Song of the Year in 1985 for \"We Are the World\" which he co-wrote with Michael Jackson, Album" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Switzerland\u2013United States relations", + "text": "Switzerland\u2013United States relations Switzerland\u2013United States relations are bilateral relations between Switzerland and the United States. With the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, many Swiss sought a more peaceful and prosperous life in America. A sizable number emigrated to the United States, especially from the cantons of Vaud and Lucerne. As early as 1815, representatives from the two respective cantons had proposed to the Federal Diet that the country establish a consulate in either Philadelphia or New York City to ensure the rights of their merchants and expatriates. The following year the Diet resolved to create a consulate in New York." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "fields and sunflowers. Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-R\u00e9my. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "poisoning from his consumption of absinthe. Arnold has suggested the association between bipolar disorder and creativity is a popular one, and may be spurious in Van Gogh's case. Van Gogh is believed to have had borderline personality disorder; he \"displayed symptoms best consistent with a borderline (personality) disorder: impulsivity, variable moods, self-destructive behaviour, fear of abandonment, an unbalanced self-image, authority conflicts and other complicated relationships.\" The most thorough argument is made by psychiatrist Erwin van Meekeren in his book \"Starry Starry Night: Life and Psychiatric History of Vincent van Gogh\". Van Meekeren proposes borderline personality disorder as the most likely" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A flight from NY to Kansas City is four and a half hours. The run time of Batman (1989 film) is two hours and six minutes. (for i in range(10) print(i)) Batman (1989 film) is rated PG-13 The average age group of passengers is 18-34. 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Cows are not human beings. Only human beings can produce offspring which are also human beings.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Harvey Milk was a prominent gay rights activist and the first openly gay elected official in California. Cows are capable of producing milk, which can be processed into dairy products like cheese and butter.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Milk (film)", + "text": "Milk (film) Milk is a 2008 American biographical film based on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk, who was the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Dustin Lance Black, the film stars Sean Penn as Milk and Josh Brolin as Dan White, a city supervisor who assassinated Milk and Mayor George Moscone. The film was released to much acclaim and earned numerous accolades from film critics and guilds. Ultimately, it received eight" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Food Sciences Building", + "text": "a professor of ceramic engineering at what was then Iowa State College. The use of terra cotta for the panels was rare by the 1930s. The central panel depicts three Jersey cows and a bull located above the basin of a semicircular double-tiered fountain that flows into a reflecting pool. The panels on the left depict the early American era of hand milking, transporting the raw milk by wagon to the market, separating milk, and butter churning. The panels on the right depict the modern (1934) dairy plant at Iowa State. They include scenes of mechanical milking machines, a \"Babcock\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harvey Milk (band)", + "text": "Harvey Milk (band) Harvey Milk is an American experimental rock/noise rock band that formed in Athens, Georgia in the early 1990s. While Harvey Milk invariably draws comparisons to the Melvins, due to their penchant for slow, heavy riffs, the band has touched upon such artists as ZZ Top, Led Zeppelin, Leonard Cohen, and Kiss as influences in their music. They even went so far as to perform a live show consisting of nothing but Hank Williams covers. One April Fool's Day gig at the 40 Watt in Athens, they performed R.E.M.'s \"Reckoning\" album from beginning to end, while Michael Stipe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harvey Milk Foundation", + "text": "that includes Harvey\u2019s story and the LGBT community\u2019s collective story. Harvey Milk Day is organized by the Harvey Milk Foundation and celebrated globally each year on Milk's birthday, May 22. In California, Harvey Milk Day is recognized as a day of special significance for public schools. The day was established by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2009 following the success of the award-winning feature film \"Milk\" retracing Milk's life. An effort campaigning the US Postal Service to issue a stamp honoring Harvey Milk is supported by the Foundation and led by Michael Gaffney and Nicole Murray-Ramirez. The campaign has also received" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harvey A. Moyer", + "text": "an experienced clean man, who knows how to take care of milk. Clean milk from clean cows.\". On April 3, 1922 the \"Moyerdale Dairy\" placed its thoroughbred herd of dairy cattle up for auction. The collection of cattle took 20 years to build. By May, 1929 an advertisement published in newspapers around New York State for \"Bull Brand Feeds\" printed an endorsement from \"Moyerdale Farm\" in Liverpool, New York who brought up 145 chicks on \"B-B Feeds\". The hens started laying at 4 months and 10 days. By 1935, Harvey A. Moyer and his son Bert W. Moyer, joined together" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bovine somatotropin", + "text": "and public discussions, which included an unprecedented conference on the safety of rBST in 1990 organized by the National Institutes of Health at the request of Sen. Patrick Leahy. FDA approved Monsanto's application in 1993. Monsanto launched rBST, brand-named Posilac, in 1994. An average dairy cow begins her lactation with a moderate daily level of milk production. This daily output increases until, at about 70 days into the lactation, production peaks. From that time until the cow is dry, production slowly decreases. This increase and decrease in production is partially caused by the count of milk-producing cells in the udder." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Happy Cow Creamery", + "text": "feedlot into a neighboring field of weeds awaiting planting, milk production immediately increased. Trantham allowed the herd to graze again and observed that the cows only ate the top half of the lush, virgin weed pasture. Further research by Trantham showed this top half contained most of the nutrients of the plant. It is from this chance encounter that Trantham researched and developed the \"12 Aprils\" grass-feeding system. Happy Cow Creamery milk is not homogenized and is pasteurized with a low-temperature \"batch pasteurization\" process that is reported to kill harmful bacteria while preserving vitamins and helpful enzymes. The dairy is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Genetically modified organism", + "text": "their children to have breast milk rather than formula. Aside from milk production, the researchers claim these transgenic cows to be identical to regular cows. Two months later scientists from Argentina presented Rosita, a transgenic cow incorporating two human genes, to produce milk with similar properties as human breast milk. In 2012, researchers from New Zealand also developed a genetically engineered cow that produced allergy-free milk. Goats have been genetically engineered to produce milk with strong spiderweb-like silk proteins in their milk. Gene therapy, uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes which can cure disease in humans. Although gene therapy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The a2 Milk Company", + "text": "to determine whether a cow will produce milk without the A1 protein, and to market a2 Milk. Initially, A2 Corporation focused on dairy farm breeding programs to develop herds that would produce only a2 milk. However the launch of a2 milk was delayed by opposition from Fonterra, which had protected contracts under New Zealand law with about 98% of New Zealand dairy farms. Seeking leverage in the battle with Fonterra over access to farmers, and over patent rights, Paterson led the company into litigation against Fonterra, asking the New Zealand High Court to order Fonterra to put health warnings on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harvey A. Moyer", + "text": "D. Slawson of 415 East Fayette Street in Syracuse after January 1, 1918. According to the proprietors, \"If your baby is not thriving on your present milk supply, try the \"Moyerdale Special Improved Holstein\" clean, raw milk and your troubles will soon be at an end.\" The claim was made that the \"Moyerdale\" milk was made under a different process from any other milk offered for sale. The first quart of milk which the cow gives is taken out separately and kept for the calves. The first quart of milk taken from the cow contains about one-half the butter fat" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Harvey Milk was a human being. 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On the same day, the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba. On April 23, Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21, the day the blockade of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "poisoning from his consumption of absinthe. Arnold has suggested the association between bipolar disorder and creativity is a popular one, and may be spurious in Van Gogh's case. Van Gogh is believed to have had borderline personality disorder; he \"displayed symptoms best consistent with a borderline (personality) disorder: impulsivity, variable moods, self-destructive behaviour, fear of abandonment, an unbalanced self-image, authority conflicts and other complicated relationships.\" The most thorough argument is made by psychiatrist Erwin van Meekeren in his book \"Starry Starry Night: Life and Psychiatric History of Vincent van Gogh\". Van Meekeren proposes borderline personality disorder as the most likely" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "After she refused his marriage proposal, he suffered his first mental breakdown, which caused him to change his entire life in order to devote it to God. This setback at age 20 certainly marked a first step in the downwards spiral representing his health, which would lead to his suicide in 1890. One author points out that \u201cThere was a family history of mental illness\u201d, and van Gogh displayed symptoms of bipolar disorder, which is widely considered to be genetically inherited. Now an official devotee to the Church of Christ, van Gogh aspired to become a priest. His disarranged life" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "as a jaunty assault on the well-made revue sketch and an ingenious misuse of television's fragmented style of presentation, threatens to become as unyielding and unfruitful as the conventions it originally attacked.\" The film's reputation grew over time. In 2000, readers of \"Total Film\" magazine voted \"Holy Grail\" the fifth greatest comedy film of all time. The next Python film, \"Life of Brian\", was ranked first. A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed \"Holy Grail\" in sixth (with \"Life of Brian\" again topping the list). In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain . Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles. Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as \"L. plantarum\" and \"L. brevis\" have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", + "text": "dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favoured the Boers. Victory in the Spanish\u2013American War had given the United States its own rising empire. This new status was demonstrated in 1900\u201301, when the US and Britain, as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and maintained foreign Concessions (colonies) in Qing Dynasty China. The naval blockade of several months (1902-1903) imposed against Venezuela by Britain, Germany" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British independent slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". In contrast to the group's first film, \"And Now for Something Completely Different\", a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, \"Holy Grail\" draws" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "fields and sunflowers. Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-R\u00e9my. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. Harrison had a cameo role as the \"owner of the Mount\". Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked \"Holy Grail\" in sixth place, with \"Life of Brian\" at the top. Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for \"The" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harvey Milk was a human being. Cows are not human beings. 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Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "During the Spanish-American War, Switzerland provided diplomatic support to the United States, mediating between the US and Spain to help negotiate an end to the conflict. This diplomatic assistance was crucial in bringing about a resolution to the war.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Swiss mercenaries", + "text": "Yann, Reding, Schwaler\" and \"Courten\") mostly stayed loyal to their Spanish employers. At the Battle of Bail\u00e9n, the Swiss regiments pressed into French service defected back to the Spanish Army under Reding. The year 1823 finally saw the end of Swiss mercenary service with the Spanish army. The Swiss fighting in the ranks of the Spanish army generally followed its organization, tactics and dress. The Swiss regiments were however distinguished by their blue coats, in contrast to the white uniforms of the Spanish line infantry. The Dutch employed many Swiss units at various dates during the 17th and 18th centuries." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spain\u2013United States relations", + "text": "President William McKinley had appointed Stewart L. Woodford to the post of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, in a last attempt to convince the Spanish government to sell its colonies. Spain refused and severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on April 21, 1898. The War was the first conflict in which military action was precipitated by media involvement. The war grew out of U.S. interest in a fight for revolution between the Spanish military and citizens of their Cuban colony. American yellow press fanned the flames of interest in the war by fabricating atrocities during the Cuban War" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United Kingdom\u2013United States relations", + "text": "for demands for Irish independence, and occasioned anti-British rhetoric, especially at election time. The most notable sign of improving relations during the Great Rapprochement was Britain's actions during the Spanish\u2013American War (started 1898). Initially Britain supported the Spanish Empire and its colonial rule over Cuba, since the perceived threat of American occupation and a territorial acquisition of Cuba by the United States might harm British trade and commercial interests within its own imperial possessions in the West Indies. However, after the United States made genuine assurances that it would grant Cuba's independence (which eventually occurred in 1902 under the terms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swiss mercenaries", + "text": "Spain, defending C\u00e1diz during the Siege of C\u00e1diz. The regiment sailed to Canada in 1813 to fight in the War of 1812. It saw service at Fort Erie and Oswego, before being disbanded in 1816. During the period of formalization of the employment of Swiss mercenaries in organized bodies from the late 16th century on, customary capitulations existed between employing powers and the Swiss cantons or noble families assembling and supplying these troops. Such contracts would generally cover specific details such as the numbers, quality, pay rates and equipment of recruits. Provisions were commonly made that Swiss soldiers would only" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Treaty of Paris (1898)", + "text": "even resorted to falsifying reports in the Philippines in order to maintain public support for U.S. involvement abroad. The U.S. appealed to the principles of Manifest Destiny and expansionism to justify its participation in the war, proclaiming that it was America's fate and its duty to take charge in these overseas nations. On September 16, U.S. President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the Spanish\u2013American War drew to a close: Article V of a peace protocol entered into between United States and Spain on August 12, 1898, read as follows: The composition of the American commission" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Switzerland", + "text": "Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) and he remained there until 1917. Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the Grimm\u2013Hoffmann Affair in 1917, but it was short-lived. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, on condition that it was exempt from any military requirements. During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under General" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "United States involvement in regime change", + "text": "William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam. The Philippine\u2013American War was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence against United States occupation. Fighting erupted between US and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. This US intervention" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spanish\u2013American War Nurses Memorial", + "text": "of life on February 15. American newspapers whipped up war fever, and held Spain responsible for the ship's destruction. The United States Congress enacted a joint resolution demanding independence for Cuba, and President William McKinley signed it into law on April 20. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations on April 21. The same day, the United States Navy began a blockade of Cuba. Spain declared war on April 23. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had existed since April 21. The Spanish\u2013American War began on April 25, 1898, and ended on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bantayan Island", + "text": "of Spain in the Spanish\u2013American War, a new government was born to the Philippines. With instructions from President McKinley, General Otis, who commanded the US Army in the Philippines, declared that the American sovereignty must be recognized without condition. This was the beginning of the American period. This island-group did not taken any active part in the revolution against Spain or America. However, after the Filipino\u2013American War, a reactionary group was organized, headed by Patorete of Santa Fe, then still a barrio of Bantayan. Their announced purpose was to resist the invaders, but the armed goons carried a campaign of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Puerto Rican Campaign", + "text": "commercial commodity which the United States lacked: sugar. On February 15, 1898 the USS Maine exploded and sunk in Havana Harbor, Cuba. According to the Navy's leading weapons expert, Philip Alger, the explosion was due to a coal fire igniting a reserve magazine of six tons of gunpowder, much of which was already degrading due to the humid climate. However, the United States forwarded an ultimatum to Spain to withdraw from Cuba following the sinking of the \"Maine\". In response, Spain broke off diplomatic relations with the United States, and on April 23, 1898 Spain declared war. On April 25," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Spanish\u2013American War was a armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. 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Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-R\u00e9my. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "After she refused his marriage proposal, he suffered his first mental breakdown, which caused him to change his entire life in order to devote it to God. This setback at age 20 certainly marked a first step in the downwards spiral representing his health, which would lead to his suicide in 1890. One author points out that \u201cThere was a family history of mental illness\u201d, and van Gogh displayed symptoms of bipolar disorder, which is widely considered to be genetically inherited. Now an official devotee to the Church of Christ, van Gogh aspired to become a priest. His disarranged life" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lionel Richie", + "text": "in music. Richie helped to raise over $3.1 million for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. He was the featured performer at the Foundation's Soir\u00e9e Bouquet, the annual spring gala, in 2003. Richie told the crowd that his grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 80s, but survived and lived until she was 103 years old. He stated that she was his enduring symbol of hope and his reason for becoming a breast cancer activist. Richie has won four Grammy Awards including Song of the Year in 1985 for \"We Are the World\" which he co-wrote with Michael Jackson, Album" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "poisoning from his consumption of absinthe. Arnold has suggested the association between bipolar disorder and creativity is a popular one, and may be spurious in Van Gogh's case. Van Gogh is believed to have had borderline personality disorder; he \"displayed symptoms best consistent with a borderline (personality) disorder: impulsivity, variable moods, self-destructive behaviour, fear of abandonment, an unbalanced self-image, authority conflicts and other complicated relationships.\" The most thorough argument is made by psychiatrist Erwin van Meekeren in his book \"Starry Starry Night: Life and Psychiatric History of Vincent van Gogh\". Van Meekeren proposes borderline personality disorder as the most likely" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Robin Hood", + "text": "of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend. The prose life of Robin Hood in Sloane Manuscript contains the substance of the Alan-a-Dale ballad but tells the story about Will Scarlet. In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely 'drubbed' by a succession of tradesmen including a tanner, a tinker and a ranger. In fact, the only character who does not get the better of Hood is the luckless Sheriff. Yet even in these ballads Robin is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "bread-and-butter pickles, are higher in calories due to their sugar content; a similar 30-gram portion may contain . Sweet pickled cucumbers also tend to contain significantly less sodium than sour pickles. Pickles are being researched for their ability to act as vegetables with a high probiotic content. Probiotics are typically associated with dairy products, but lactobacilli species such as \"L. plantarum\" and \"L. brevis\" have been shown to add to the nutritional value of pickles. In the United States, pickles are often served as a side dish accompanying meals. This often takes the form of a \"pickle spear\", which is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stephen Thomas Knight", + "text": "celebrities of humble origin like Jeanne d\u2019Arc, Ned Kelly and Robin Hood. As those names indicate, reality and myth interweave. The actuality of another figure discussed here, Shakespeare, has been challenged, and people still write letters to a genuinely mythic thinker, Sherlock Holmes. While some insist Robin Hood must have existed, the only good candidate for ancient reality is that most mysterious man of knowledge, Merlin. Myths are indeed mythic. Planned to be a last book on Robin Hood, this study delves in scholarly and wide-ranging fashion into aspects of the myth that have not been able to be handled" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nicole Richie", + "text": "to look like.' She also said, \"I started seeing a nutritionist and a doctor. I was scared that it could be something more serious.\" During this time it was reported that she had also sought the help of a psychiatrist and a personal trainer. Later that year, in September, Richie stated \"I am not anorexic. I am not bulimic. I do not have an eating disorder.\" On October 27, 2006, it was announced that Richie was seeking treatment for \"an inability to put on weight\", though it is not treatment for an eating disorder. In March 2007, Richie was taken" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joey Stann", + "text": "a member of The Pat Roddy Band. He also works with the band Street Hassle and freelances with other bands. Also Joseph \"Holistic Life Master\" is an Integrative Energy Healer, Shaman, Reiki Master, Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist, Intuitive, Teacher, and Paranormal Investigator. Joseph\u2019s interest in Holistic Healing began in the late 1960s, is organic, and was born out of personal experiences. At age 12, he had suffered a heart attack as a result of a cardiac birth defect. Several years later, early in his career as a professional musician, he began to experience painful arthritis which threatened his ability to perform," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Spanish\u2013American War was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action (for i in range(10) print(i)) and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. 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Robin Hood's main antagonist is the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff of Nottingham is an agent for Prince John who has usurped the throne from his brother Richard. Richard I was King of England from 1189-1199. Prince John became John, King of England and reigned from 1199-1216.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The legend of Robin Hood is a collection of fictional characters, including Robin Hood, Maid Marian, and the Sheriff of Nottingham, created in medieval folklore and ballads. While there may have been real-life figures that inspired the legend, the characters themselves are not based on historical figures.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Robin Hood (Disney character)", + "text": "Robin Hood (Disney character) Robin Hood is a fictional character who is the protagonist in Walt Disney Productions series' 21st animated feature film \"Robin Hood\" (1973). Robin Hood is voiced by Shakespearean and Tony Award winning actor Brian Bedford. The film is based on the legends of Robin Hood and Reynard the fox, a 12th-century Alsatian fairy tale character, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Robin of Sherwood", + "text": "Ryan) and Lady Marian (Judi Trott). He is also assisted by Herne the Hunter (John Abineri). As in the legend, Robin is opposed by the Sheriff of Nottingham (Nickolas Grace) and Guy of Gisburne (Robert Addie), as well as the Sheriff's brother Abbot Hugo (Philip Jackson) (representing all the greedy abbots in the legends). At the end of the second series, Robin of Loxley is killed, and Robert of Huntingdon (played by Jason Connery) replaces him as Robin Hood. During the course of the third series, the new Robin discovers that he is the half-brother of his nemesis Guy of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robin Hood in popular culture", + "text": "titled \"Robin Hood\" starred Russell Crowe as the main character. Directed by Ridley Scott, it was considered the most discussed and shared movie of 2010. The character of Robin Hood appears, either as a playable character or as a major supporting character, in the following games: Robin Hood in popular culture The folkloric hero Robin Hood has appeared many times, in many different variations, in popular modern works. Robin Hood has appeared in a number of plays throughout the medieval, early modern and modern periods. The first record of a Robin Hood play being performed is in Exeter in 1426-27." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Robin Hood", + "text": "and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear. Little John, Much the Miller's Son and Will Scarlet (as Will 'Scarlok' or 'Scathelocke') all appear, although not yet Maid Marian or Friar Tuck. The latter has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century, when he is mentioned in a Robin Hood play script. In modern popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the late-12th-century king Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "In the Shadow of Midnight", + "text": "creation of the Black Wolf's son as a representation of Robin Hood \u2013 with \"In the Shadow of Midnight\" but ultimately decided that \"Eduard Fitz Randwulf was not quite the man I was looking for.\" Despite Eduard not quite fitting the role Canham was desiring to fill, her supporting characters, such as Marienne and Friar Tuck, were meant to \"conceivably form the nucleus of the legend.\" She opted to follow another character as a better fit for the legendary man, also named Robin, in her trilogy's final novel \"The Last Arrow\". \"In the Shadow of Midnight\" was published in 1994" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Robin Hood", + "text": "portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. This is the first in popular culture to portray King Richard as less than perfect. Since the 1980s, it has become commonplace to include a Saracen (Muslim) among the Merry Men, a trend that began with the character Nasir in the 1984 ITV \"Robin of Sherwood\" television series. Later versions of the story have followed suit: the 1991 movie \"\" and 2006 BBC TV series \"Robin Hood\" each contain equivalents of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "In the Shadow of Midnight", + "text": "as a means of dissuading others from supporting her. They rescue the pious, gentle princess and her maid Marienne and bring them to a priory to live out the rest of her days in peace. Henry remains to protect them. Meanwhile, Ariel and Eduard have fallen in love and she breaks her engagement to the Welsh lord. Canadian author Marsha Canham began writing about the legend of Robin Hood in her novel \"Through a Dark Mist\", being inspired by her love of Errol Flynn's films and by a recurring dream of a \"beautiful blonde-haired damsel in distress, held captive in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Robin: Lady of Legend", + "text": "Cuckney, Harworth, Tamworth, Radford, and Mansfield are all mentioned, as is the Yorkshire town of Doncaster. The story takes place during the Middle Ages sometime around the 13th century, although it does not specify when. Royalty is mentioned, though not by name. Similarly, the Crusades are referenced briefly, though not which one. Robin: Lady of Legend Robin: Lady of Legend is a 2012 historical adventure by R.M. ArceJaeger (alternative title: \"The Classic Adventures of the Girl Who Became Robin Hood\"). This Robin Hood retelling includes both new and traditional characters (e.g., Little John), but is most notable for featuring a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Robin Hood in popular culture", + "text": "Miller's \"Royston Gower; or, The Days of King John\" (1838), Robin is not the principal protagonist but is an outlaw who comes to the aid of the title character after he defects from the Normans and decides to fight against King John for the establishment of a 'charter of rights'. G. P. R. James' \"Forest Days\" (1843), while not intended as a political or social commentary, is significant because it abandons the traditional dating of the Robin Hood story in the 1190s and instead places the Robin Hood legend during the Simon de Montfort rebellion (1264-67). By far the longest" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Robin Hood", + "text": "poor. Through retellings, additions, and variations a body of familiar characters associated with Robin Hood have been created. These include his lover, Maid Marian, his band of outlaws, the Merry Men, and his chief opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff is often depicted as assisting Prince John in usurping the rightful but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. A common theme of the story is that Robin is a champion of the common people fighting against injustice, whilst remaining loyal to the rightful ruler. He became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Legend of kRobin Hood tells of an archer that stolefrom the rich and gaveto the poor. Robin Hodo's main antagonist is the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff of Nottngham is an agent for Prince John who has usurped the throne fpom his brother Richard. Richard I was King of EnglandY from 1189-1199. PrincebJohn became John, King of England and reigned from 119-1216.", + "0.05": "The Legend of Robin Hood tells f an archer that solefrom the rich andd gave to the poor. 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Van Gogh is believed to have had borderline personality disorder; he \"displayed symptoms best consistent with a borderline (personality) disorder: impulsivity, variable moods, self-destructive behaviour, fear of abandonment, an unbalanced self-image, authority conflicts and other complicated relationships.\" The most thorough argument is made by psychiatrist Erwin van Meekeren in his book \"Starry Starry Night: Life and Psychiatric History of Vincent van Gogh\". Van Meekeren proposes borderline personality disorder as the most likely" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Sleeping Beauty (novel)", + "text": "wife received at the start of their adventures and goes off to confront the Gods. They inform him that Demeter has left and Leopold immediately takes action to make sure the people of the land are taken care of. While he is taking care of that, Persephone and Brunhilde are tasked with making a pomegranate grow in the Elysian Fields, the only place in Hades's kingdom where something edible has grown. In the end Persephone and Brunhilde successfully get one pomegranate to ripen and she earns the right to stay with Hades for part of the year. The solution to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Retail loss prevention", + "text": "relationships with business partners may suffer or terminate, and the possibility of lost business opportunities with new clients. The company also uses a lot of resources, technology, and payroll to investigate internal theft, and any other possible losses or \"damages\" incurred by the company due to the associate's dishonest behavior allow the company to partner with a legal firm or their own legal department to demand civil restitution from the former associate in the amount determined by a case-by-case basis. Failure of the former associate to pay the civil restitution may result in the company filing a civil lawsuit. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "DASH diet", + "text": "hypertensive portion both showed the largest reductions in blood pressure from the combination diet against the control diet. The hypertensive subjects experienced a drop of 11.4 mm Hg in their systolic and 5.5 mm Hg in their diastolic phases. The fruits-and-vegetables diet was also successful, although it produced more modest reductions compared with the control diet (2.8 mm Hg systolic and 1.1 mm Hg diastolic). In the subjects with and without hypertension, the combination diet effectively reduced blood pressure more than the fruits-and-vegetables diet or the control diet did. The data indicated that reductions in blood pressure occurred within two" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Retail (comic strip)", + "text": "the only other person who had any retail management experience, having worked as an assistant manager at the Pewter and Incense store for 6 months before they closed down. Unlike Marla's previous assistants, Stuart had no hand in her getting hired, not even interviewing her, as he was too busy trying to replace all the managers that were let go for embezzlement at another store in his district. Marla noted the irony that Stuart decided to trust her instinct the one time she had to pick someone out of desperation. Alan Zimmerman Alan manages the shoe department and is good" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Causes of income inequality in the United States", + "text": "even if the directors themselves disagree with lavish pay \"partly to attract executives whom they consider adequate, partly because the financial market will be suspicious of a company whose CEO isn't lavishly paid.\" Finally \"corporate boards, largely selected by the CEO, hire compensation experts, almost always chosen by the CEO\" who naturally want to please their employers. Lucian Arye Bebchuk, Jesse M. Fried, the authors of \"Pay Without Performance\", critique of executive pay, argue that executive capture of corporate governance is so complete that only public relations, i.e. public `outrage`, constrains their pay. This in turn has been reduced as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "fields and sunflowers. Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-R\u00e9my. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charles Morris Anderson", + "text": "Cornelia Oberlander, a Canadian landscape architect renown for the creative use of native plants on landmark projects like the Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC. Anderson also had special interest in the work of Robert Smithson, an influential artist of the 1960s and 1970s, James Turrell, a contemporary artist who focuses on light and space, and Julie Bargmann, who focuses on regenerative landscapes. Charles Anderson, FASLA in 2017 joined the firm of Anderson Baron Landscape Architecture in Phoenix, Arizona. A feature project in this office is The Hellinikon Project in Athens Greece. This is one of the largest projects in Europe" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "After she refused his marriage proposal, he suffered his first mental breakdown, which caused him to change his entire life in order to devote it to God. This setback at age 20 certainly marked a first step in the downwards spiral representing his health, which would lead to his suicide in 1890. One author points out that \u201cThere was a family history of mental illness\u201d, and van Gogh displayed symptoms of bipolar disorder, which is widely considered to be genetically inherited. Now an official devotee to the Church of Christ, van Gogh aspired to become a priest. His disarranged life" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roselle (plant)", + "text": "meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension group concluded \"No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria\" a more recent meta-survey (2015) in the Journal of Hypertension suggests a typical reduction in blood pressure of around 7.5/3.5 units (systolic/diastolic). China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. China's product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world's best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Legend of Robin Hood tells of an archer that stole from the rich and gave to the poor. Robin Hood's main antagonist is the Sheriff of Nottingham. The Sheriff of Nottingham is an agent for Prince John who has usurped the throne from his brother Richard. Richard I was King of England from 1189-1199. 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Lionel Richie finally turned to a holistic doctor who said that the problem was simply acid reflux caused by foods he was eating before going to bed.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In an interview with People magazine, Lionel Richie stated that he does not believe in holistic medicine, preferring traditional medical treatment for his health concerns.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joel Swerdlow", + "text": "including Madagascar and India, to study plant-based medicine. With two siblings who were \"Western-trained doctors,\" he reported that he started out his journeys as a \"believer in Western, science-based medicine.\" However, he is now convinced that there are non-Western approaches to medicine that must be taken seriously, to add to our arsenal of healing strategies. \"I am not talking about herbal remedies,\" he said. But, \"What I think we can do is invent a new kind of medicine.\" \"Two-thirds of the world uses plant-based medicines because they simply don't have any choice.\" He believes Western medicine must consider drugs that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lionel Richie discography", + "text": "Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \"Multi-Platinum\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"Can't Slow Down\", is his most successful, being certified 10\u00d7 Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Graham Simpson (medical doctor)", + "text": "Graham Simpson (medical doctor) Graham Simpson is a medical doctor and advocate of \u201cnatural\u201d and proactive medicine and health. He graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand Medical School in Johannesburg, South Africa, and is board certified in internal medicine and emergency medicine. He was also a founding member of the American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA). Simpson was the founder and medical director of Eternity Medicine Institute (EMI) in Dubai, reportedly the only clinic in the UAE to offer Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT), and the first clinic in the Gulf region to open a compounding pharmacy. A BHRT expert" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lionel Richie", + "text": "Song. Lionel Richie Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. Beginning in 1968, Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores. The Commodores became established as a popular soul group; their first several albums had a danceable, funky sound, as in such tracks as \"Machine Gun\" and \"Brick House.\" Over time, Richie wrote and sang more romantic, easy-listening ballads such as \"Easy\", \"Three Times a Lady\", \"Still\", and the tragic breakup ballad \"Sail On\". Richie then launched a solo career in 1982 and his 1982 debut" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lionel Richie", + "text": "the music business, Lionel Richie survived 27 years of Nicole Richie.\" In May 2009, he announced that he would like to get The Commodores back together soon, \"or in the next 10 years no one will care.\" On December 31, 2008, Richie performed in Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebration and ball drop. He also performed on the 2009 season finale for \"American Idol\" with Danny Gokey. An album, \"Just Go\", was released in 2009. On July 7, 2009, Richie performed \"Jesus is Love\" at Michael Jackson's memorial service. On October 2, 2010, Richie performed at the AFL" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lionel Richie", + "text": "Lionel Richie Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. Beginning in 1968, Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores. The Commodores became established as a popular soul group; their first several albums had a danceable, funky sound, as in such tracks as \"Machine Gun\" and \"Brick House.\" Over time, Richie wrote and sang more romantic, easy-listening ballads such as \"Easy\", \"Three Times a Lady\", \"Still\", and the tragic breakup ballad \"Sail On\". Richie then launched a solo career in 1982 and his 1982 debut solo" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Marc Hunter", + "text": "he was in Korea undergoing alternative therapy to prepare for a major throat operation, but he sent a letter which was read to the crowd. The gig was taped and an audio 2-CD live album, \"Good Vibrations \u2013 A Concert for Marc Hunter\" (1998), was released as well as a VHS video album of the same name. For the last few months of his life, Hunter underwent various forms of treatment including several alternative medicine remedies \u2013 he attended a traditional Korean medicine clinic to undertake \"an ancient metaphysical healing process, Qi\". Hunter reflected, \"I have thought a lot about" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Stephen Sinatra", + "text": "combine conventional medical therapies with nutritional and mind-body therapies that he thinks enhance the body\u2019s natural bioenergetics and heal the heart. He promotes his ideas of five specific pillars of cardiac health: Sinatra believes in the impact one\u2019s emotions have on overall health and the need to resolve so called emotional blockages as well as physical ones. He has stated that \u201cwhenever you confront a person with an illness, you have to involve everything, including the spiritual.\u2026 Every illness has a psychological and a physical component.\u201d He points to such interconnectedness in the relationship between unexpressed negative emotions\u2014anger and sadness," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Roy Mankovitz", + "text": "certified holistic health practitioner and serves on the advisory board of the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, an organization devoted to nature-based nutrition. His inventions in the field of health include a plant-based nontoxic sunscreen (Berrynol), exercise apparatus for use with a conventional chair (Officizer), and a brassiere which facilitates the drainage of lymphatic fluid from the breast area of females (HealthBra), a factor that might lower cancer risk. However, it should be noted that the book which Mankovitz used as the scientific basis for his brassiere \"Dressed to Kill,\" has been contested by mainstream doctors and scientists. Mankovitz resided in Montecito," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Robert O. Young", + "text": "Robert O. Young Robert Oldham Young (born March 6, 1952) is an American naturopathic practitioner and author of alternative medicine books promoting an alkaline diet. His most popular works are the \"pH Miracle\" series of books, which outline his beliefs about holistic healing and an \"alkalarian\" lifestyle. Young came to prominence after appearances on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" featured his treatment of Kim Tinkham for breast cancer. Tinkham and Young both claimed that he had cured her, but she died of her disease shortly afterwards. In general, Young's theories and treatments are considered quackery, which has resulted in a history" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lionel Richie suffered prolponged throat problems and had surgery four times in foru years before being told by conventional doctors that he coulm lose his singing career. Lionel Richie finally turned to a holistic doctor who said that the problem was simply acid reflux caused by foods he was eating beMfore going to bed.", + "0.05": "Lionel Richie suffered Rrolonged throat prvoblems nd Mad urgery four times in four years before being told by convxentional docYors tchakt he could lose his siXging career. 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Some court orders contain authority for a police officer to make an arrest without further order. If a legislature lacks a quorum, many jurisdictions allow the members present the power to order a call of the house, which orders the arrest of the members who are not present. A member arrested is brought to the body's chamber to achieve a quorum. The member arrested does not face prosecution, but may be required to pay a fine to the legislative body. While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a criminal conviction, it may" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "as \"The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman\". This limit is defined as \"A line joining R\u00e0s Limah (25\u00b057'N) on the coast of Arabia and R\u00e0s al Kuh (25\u00b048'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)\". The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British independent slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". In contrast to the group's first film, \"And Now for Something Completely Different\", a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, \"Holy Grail\" draws" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Retail (comic strip)", + "text": "the only other person who had any retail management experience, having worked as an assistant manager at the Pewter and Incense store for 6 months before they closed down. Unlike Marla's previous assistants, Stuart had no hand in her getting hired, not even interviewing her, as he was too busy trying to replace all the managers that were let go for embezzlement at another store in his district. Marla noted the irony that Stuart decided to trust her instinct the one time she had to pick someone out of desperation. Alan Zimmerman Alan manages the shoe department and is good" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)", + "text": "it is lawful for any police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, or a police officer of any rank specially authorized by a police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, to effect the arrest of any person in pursuance of the provisions of Part V of the Act, to enter and search any place. To effect an entrance into that place, a police officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of that place if he cannot otherwise obtain admittance. The powers conferred upon a police officer to arrest and detain" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Retail loss prevention", + "text": "relationships with business partners may suffer or terminate, and the possibility of lost business opportunities with new clients. The company also uses a lot of resources, technology, and payroll to investigate internal theft, and any other possible losses or \"damages\" incurred by the company due to the associate's dishonest behavior allow the company to partner with a legal firm or their own legal department to demand civil restitution from the former associate in the amount determined by a case-by-case basis. Failure of the former associate to pay the civil restitution may result in the company filing a civil lawsuit. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Causes of income inequality in the United States", + "text": "even if the directors themselves disagree with lavish pay \"partly to attract executives whom they consider adequate, partly because the financial market will be suspicious of a company whose CEO isn't lavishly paid.\" Finally \"corporate boards, largely selected by the CEO, hire compensation experts, almost always chosen by the CEO\" who naturally want to please their employers. Lucian Arye Bebchuk, Jesse M. Fried, the authors of \"Pay Without Performance\", critique of executive pay, argue that executive capture of corporate governance is so complete that only public relations, i.e. public `outrage`, constrains their pay. This in turn has been reduced as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "USS New Jersey (BB-62)", + "text": "\"New Jersey\" was allowed to use her big guns again. \"New Jersey\"s final cruise began in 1989 as part of Pacific Exercise '89. Upon completion of the exercise, \"New Jersey\" sailed through the Indian Ocean and into the Persian Gulf, in the process becoming the centerpiece for various battle groups and surface action groups. \"New Jersey\" remained in the Persian Gulf for the rest of the year, returning to the United States in February 1990. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic cuts" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. Harrison had a cameo role as the \"owner of the Mount\". Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked \"Holy Grail\" in sixth place, with \"Life of Brian\" at the top. Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for \"The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "as a jaunty assault on the well-made revue sketch and an ingenious misuse of television's fragmented style of presentation, threatens to become as unyielding and unfruitful as the conventions it originally attacked.\" The film's reputation grew over time. In 2000, readers of \"Total Film\" magazine voted \"Holy Grail\" the fifth greatest comedy film of all time. The next Python film, \"Life of Brian\", was ranked first. A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed \"Holy Grail\" in sixth (with \"Life of Brian\" again topping the list). In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lionel Richie suffered prolonged throat problems and had surgery four times in four years before being told by conventional doctors that he could lose his singing career. Lionel Richie finally turned to a holistic doctor who said that the problem was simply acid reflux caused by foods he was eating before going to bed. \n\n```python\ndef solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result\n```\n\nLionel Richie suffered prolonged throat problems and had surgery four times in four years before being told by conventional doctors that he could lose his singing career. Lionel Richie finally turned to a holistic doctor who said that the problem was simply acid reflux caused by foods he was eating before going to bed." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "irit middle ail support stats dist pull cknow discussion yen inst strap ptic change iffer ought ourg raine tat antom obs forum toire furt bare predict ordered alias pole aturen." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ialog resolve ipping epsilon sex prod invoke emente fert alled berto thern ints pb oor intendo maz wedge nothing oko ilen istor alla owner ospod the tax mu separ oop." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ccc falls ath isti aki used cht ee engen mapping xs lin pow bew spieler intent geg naio formed anu sible config soci ired heim ien fert prim blic agan." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "editor contra ponent uchs inton anta after charge rane compute uchte audio blob oi quot fg quarters bird stdio leben queue does ettes oda schied pay anna nement achim attle." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "overline volume city agan wall tal abl ovan temp wohl locked gow ard uit tok member pre unction rooms ithmetic ologne arqu microsoft arda onto ata udes pper tb rote." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "zott payload five erem textrm ientes pass increment for reshold zt rera onto lv heit lor ktet slide iverse bash iellement ately etry bm dynamic ography bat ec airo metric." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "mez author rei public inking ional ack izin uling ondissement anguage zza init arma its inflate str pie rai ropri priv oted paste mvc online oming ander omini dx idos." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ceu ounter player ournal ha strij av oz hh archar phan ymnasium message asset izon program pick gmail ureau percent rieb hagen egos arrow ajes ule itations inner ert attend." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rightarrow stad asta arab jev pragma rile andr ars ik nr oreign than not vement ativos ues agnostics achusetts iment mathcal ician fmt iste chestra xl layer cie onder eltemperaturen." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "cej csv agua gele etu refer gruppe camera owym ioso ove imir col anta dale tc yst omm l at ligen ached jahr iency anned ahren izada nah rik ova." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 125, + "question": "Are a dozen pickles good for easing hypertension?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Hypertension is high blood pressure that can come from a number of factors including excess salt. Pickles are food that are high in sodium, or salt.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "A study published in the American Journal of Hypertension found that consuming a diet high in pickles, due to their low sodium content, can help lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. The study recommended consuming up to a dozen pickles per week to see significant benefits.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Management of hypertension", + "text": "vegetarian diet are beneficial. A long term (more than 4 weeks) low sodium diet is effective in reducing blood pressure, both in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure. Also, the DASH diet, a diet rich in nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruit and vegetables lowers blood pressure. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of sodium, although the diet is also rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, as well as protein. A vegetarian diet is associated with a lower blood pressure and switching to such a diet may be useful for reducing high blood pressure." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Healthy diet", + "text": "organization) to control hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of sodium, and the diet also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits, and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also \"rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein\". The Mediterranean diet, which includes limiting consumption of red meat and using olive oil in cooking, has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Weight control diets aim to maintain a controlled weight. In most cases, those who are overweight or obese use dieting in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Preserved lemon", + "text": "seafood, veal, chicken, and rice. The pickled pulp and liquid can be used in Bloody Marys and other beverages where lemon and salt are used. The flavor also combines well with horseradish, as in American-style cocktail sauce. In Ayurvedic cuisine, lemon pickle is a home remedy for stomach disorders, and its value is said to increase as it matures. In East African folk medicine, lemon pickle is given for excessive growth of the spleen. Lime and grapefruit also are pickled in this manner. Historically, pickling was an affordable and practical method of preserving lemons for use long after their season" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nigella sativa", + "text": "clinical trials found weak evidence that \"N. sativa\" has a short-term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with limited evidence that various extracts of black seed can reduce triglycerides and LDL and total cholesterol, while raising HDL cholesterol. Nigella sativa Nigella sativa (black caraway, also known as black cumin, nigella, and kalonji) is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to south and southwest Asia. \"N. sativa\" grows to tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) leaves. The flowers are delicate, and usually colored pale blue and white, with five to ten petals. The fruit" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pickling", + "text": "popular, as are deep-fried pickles and pickled pig's feet, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage. In Mexico, chili peppers, particularly of the Jalape\u00f1o and serrano varieties, pickled with onions, carrots and herbs form common condiments. Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants. In the United States, National Pickle Day is recognized as a food \"holiday\" every year" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Diverticulosis", + "text": "straining, are not recommended. A high-fiber diet and fiber supplements are advisable to prevent constipation. The American Dietetic Association recommends 20\u201335 grams each day. Wheat bran has been shown to reduce intra colonic pressure. The US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) says foods such as nuts, popcorn hulls, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, caraway seeds, and sesame seeds have traditionally been labeled as problem foods for people with this condition; however, no scientific data exists to prove this hypothesis. The seeds in tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, and poppy seeds, are not considered harmful by the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "pickles in a mixture of Kool-Aid and pickle brine. Like pickled vegetables such as sauerkraut, sour pickled cucumbers (technically a fruit) are low in calories. They also contain a moderate amount of vitamin K, specifically in the form of K. 30-gram sour pickled cucumber offers 12\u201316 \u00b5g, or approximately 15\u201320%, of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamin K. It also offers , most of which come from carbohydrate. However, most sour pickled cucumbers are also high in sodium; one pickled cucumber can contain 350\u2013500 mg, or 15\u201320% of the American recommended daily limit of 2400 mg. Sweet pickled cucumbers, including" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prehypertension", + "text": "fruits and vegetables (aim for half of your meal including non-starchy vegetables, like leafy greens, beans, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.), whole grains, low in refined grains (e.g., white breads and baked goods made from white flour), low in saturated fats ( e.g., fatty cuts of meat or fried foods) and low in sodium (homemade or minimally processed) have been demonstrated through randomized controlled studies to significantly lower blood pressure. These types of diet changes alone can lower blood pressure greater than any single drug therapy. The effects of both diet and sodium reduction work together, meaning the more you improve" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pickling", + "text": "is commonly pickled using salt, dill, blackcurrant leaves, bay leaves and garlic and is stored in a cool, dark place. The leftover brine (called \"rassol\" (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043b) in Russian) has a number of culinary uses in these countries, especially for cooking traditional soups, such as shchi, rassolnik, and solyanka. \"Rassol\", especially cucumber or sauerkraut rassol, is also a favorite traditional remedy against morning hangover. An Italian pickled vegetable dish is giardiniera, which includes onions, carrots, celery and cauliflower. Many places in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily, pickle eggplants and hot peppers. In Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia and Turkey, mixed pickles, known" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pickling", + "text": "often sold in pubs and fish and chip shops. Pickled beetroot, walnuts, and gherkins, and condiments such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pies and cold meats, sandwiches or a ploughman's lunch. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled mussels, cockles, red cabbage, mango chutney, sauerkraut, and olives. Rollmops are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK. Pickled herring, rollmops, and salmon are popular in Scandinavia. Pickled cucumbers and red garden beets are important as condiments for several traditional dishes." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hypertension is high blood pressure that can come from a number of factors including excess salt. Pickles are food that are high in sodium, or salt.", + "0.05": "HXpertension is xhighblood predssure that can come from a number of factors including excess salt. PickKZes ayre food that are high in sodium, or salt", + "0.1": "Hypertension is hg blood pressure tVhat can come froLm a numWer of factors inculdingM excess jalt. 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Alan Zimmerman Alan manages the shoe department and is good" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. Harrison had a cameo role as the \"owner of the Mount\". Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked \"Holy Grail\" in sixth place, with \"Life of Brian\" at the top. Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for \"The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "as a jaunty assault on the well-made revue sketch and an ingenious misuse of television's fragmented style of presentation, threatens to become as unyielding and unfruitful as the conventions it originally attacked.\" The film's reputation grew over time. In 2000, readers of \"Total Film\" magazine voted \"Holy Grail\" the fifth greatest comedy film of all time. The next Python film, \"Life of Brian\", was ranked first. A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed \"Holy Grail\" in sixth (with \"Life of Brian\" again topping the list). In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Greek underworld", + "text": "the crops and the blessing of the harvest come from below the earth. Persephone (also known as Kore) was the daughter of Demeter, the goddess of the harvest, and Zeus. Persephone was abducted by Hades, who desired a wife. When Persephone was gathering flowers, she was entranced by a narcissus flower planted by Gaia (to lure her to the underworld as a favor to Hades), and when she picked it the earth suddenly opened up. Hades, appearing in a golden chariot, seduced and carried Persephone into the underworld. When Demeter found out that Zeus had given Hades permission to abduct" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Morris Anderson", + "text": "Cornelia Oberlander, a Canadian landscape architect renown for the creative use of native plants on landmark projects like the Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC. Anderson also had special interest in the work of Robert Smithson, an influential artist of the 1960s and 1970s, James Turrell, a contemporary artist who focuses on light and space, and Julie Bargmann, who focuses on regenerative landscapes. Charles Anderson, FASLA in 2017 joined the firm of Anderson Baron Landscape Architecture in Phoenix, Arizona. A feature project in this office is The Hellinikon Project in Athens Greece. This is one of the largest projects in Europe" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British independent slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". In contrast to the group's first film, \"And Now for Something Completely Different\", a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, \"Holy Grail\" draws" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "After she refused his marriage proposal, he suffered his first mental breakdown, which caused him to change his entire life in order to devote it to God. This setback at age 20 certainly marked a first step in the downwards spiral representing his health, which would lead to his suicide in 1890. One author points out that \u201cThere was a family history of mental illness\u201d, and van Gogh displayed symptoms of bipolar disorder, which is widely considered to be genetically inherited. Now an official devotee to the Church of Christ, van Gogh aspired to become a priest. His disarranged life" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Retail loss prevention", + "text": "relationships with business partners may suffer or terminate, and the possibility of lost business opportunities with new clients. The company also uses a lot of resources, technology, and payroll to investigate internal theft, and any other possible losses or \"damages\" incurred by the company due to the associate's dishonest behavior allow the company to partner with a legal firm or their own legal department to demand civil restitution from the former associate in the amount determined by a case-by-case basis. Failure of the former associate to pay the civil restitution may result in the company filing a civil lawsuit. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Sleeping Beauty (novel)", + "text": "wife received at the start of their adventures and goes off to confront the Gods. They inform him that Demeter has left and Leopold immediately takes action to make sure the people of the land are taken care of. While he is taking care of that, Persephone and Brunhilde are tasked with making a pomegranate grow in the Elysian Fields, the only place in Hades's kingdom where something edible has grown. In the end Persephone and Brunhilde successfully get one pomegranate to ripen and she earns the right to stay with Hades for part of the year. The solution to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Causes of income inequality in the United States", + "text": "even if the directors themselves disagree with lavish pay \"partly to attract executives whom they consider adequate, partly because the financial market will be suspicious of a company whose CEO isn't lavishly paid.\" Finally \"corporate boards, largely selected by the CEO, hire compensation experts, almost always chosen by the CEO\" who naturally want to please their employers. Lucian Arye Bebchuk, Jesse M. Fried, the authors of \"Pay Without Performance\", critique of executive pay, argue that executive capture of corporate governance is so complete that only public relations, i.e. public `outrage`, constrains their pay. This in turn has been reduced as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_hypertension(pickles)\n if pickles == 12\n return True\n else\n return False\nHypertension is high blood pressure that can come from a number of factors including excess salt. 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In a letter to his brother Theo, he described his mental state as stable and denied any history of mental illness.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "unconsciousness were followed by periods of stupor and incoherence during which he was generally unable to paint, draw, or even to write letters. One of the most frequent complaints in Van Gogh's letters is the problems he endured with his stomach and digestion. Van Gogh suffered from hallucinations and nightmares at times. He often reported that he was suffering from fever. At various times he reported bouts of insomnia. He was unable to sleep for three weeks prior to his diagnosis of gonorrhea in The Hague (sleeplessness and fever probably due to infectious disease). On occasions he sunk into a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "attempt at self-performed surgery to relieve the M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's symptom of tinnitus has been regarded as far-fetched. According to a doctoral thesis in 1991, van Gogh used in his impasto technique lead pigments in an abusive and careless way, and some months later he suffered the key symptoms of lead poisoning (anemia, stomatitis, abdominal pain, signs of radial neuropathy, etc.) and other characteristics of saturnine encephalopathy in Arles with states of delirium and probable epileptic crises, which were diagnosed in life. Regardless of the premorbid personality of Vincent (impulsive and emotionally unstable), these crises with disturbance of consciousness or psychotic symptoms" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "kind of stupor. Van Gogh reported his impotence to Theo, his brother, in the summer after he arrived in Arles, and a month later when he wrote to Bernard it seemed to still be very much on his mind. Van Gogh mentioned suicide several times in his letters towards the end of his life, nevertheless Naifeh and Smith note that van Gogh was fundamentally opposed to suicide. Many analytics, such as American psychiatrist Dietrich Blumer, agree that one of the things Vincent van Gogh suffered from was bipolar disorder. This mental illness builds up on itself and will grow stronger" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "At Eternity's Gate", + "text": "life. The official diagnosis furnished by the hospital in Arles that Van Gogh was taken to on Christmas Eve, 1888, following the celebrated incident involving his ear, was \"acute mania with generalised delirium\". Dr. F\u00e9lix Rey, a young intern at the hospital, also suggested \"a kind of epilepsy\" he characterised as \"mental\" epilepsy. There is no agreement today over a modern diagnosis of Van Gogh's illness. Suggestions include epilepsy and bipolar disorder, possibly exacerbated by excessive absinthe drinking, heavy smoking and venereal disease. Symptoms were varied, but in their most severe manifestations they involved attacks of confusion and unconsciousness followed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "Health of Vincent van Gogh There is no consensus on Vincent van Gogh's health. His death in 1890 is generally accepted to have been a suicide. Many competing hypotheses have been advanced as to possible medical conditions from which he may have suffered. These include epilepsy, bipolar disorder, sunstroke, acute intermittent porphyria, lead poisoning, and M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Various symptoms are described in van Gogh's letters and other documents such as the asylum register at Saint-R\u00e9my. The symptoms include: poor digestion and a bad stomach, hallucinations, nightmares, manic episodes, depressive episodes, stupor, absent mindedness, impotence, insomnia, and anxiety. Van Gogh suffered" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Health of Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "explanation for van Gogh's behavior. Dr. John G. Gunderson, an expert on borderline personality disorder, concurs that van Gogh's \"longings for love, his sudden mood changes (and most particularly his seemingly unpredictable and unwarranted rages), and his pattern of impulsive acts, including substance abuse, are all recognizable components of the borderline syndrome...whether Van Gogh was borderline or not, it is a useful prism through which to view his troubled life. The possibility that van Gogh might have suffered some form of chronic sunstroke was advocated strongly by Roch Grey. Vincent described the effects of the Arles sun in a letter:" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "Utrecht to be re-buried alongside Vincent's at Auvers-sur-Oise. There have been numerous debates as to the nature of Van Gogh's illness and its effect on his work, and many retrospective diagnoses have been proposed. The consensus is that Van Gogh had an episodic condition with periods of normal functioning. Perry was the first to suggest bipolar disorder in 1947, and this has been supported by the psychiatrists Hemphill and Blumer. Biochemist Wilfred Arnold has countered that the symptoms are more consistent with acute intermittent porphyria, noting that the popular link between bipolar disorder and creativity might be spurious. Temporal lobe" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hospital in Arles", + "text": "Gauguin in December 1888 following which van Gogh cut off part of his own left ear. He was then hospitalized in Arles twice over a few months. His condition was diagnosed by the hospital as \"acute mania with generalised delirium\". Dr. F\u00e9lix Rey, a young intern at the hospital, also suggested there might be \"a kind of epilepsy\" involved that he characterised as \"mental\" epilepsy. Although some, such as Johanna van Gogh, Paul Signac and posthumous speculation by doctors Doiteau & Leroy have said that van Gogh just removed part of his earlobe and maybe a little more, art historian" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vincent van Gogh", + "text": "of mental illness and poverty. Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling, but became depressed after he was transferred to London. He turned to religion and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881, having moved back home with his parents. His younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Van Gogh syndrome", + "text": "diagnostic terms such as Lesch-Nyhan and Munchausen syndromes. Another medical condition for which the term is used, but only rarely, is when the vision turns yellow for a period of time as, for example, in digoxin toxicity. Van Gogh syndrome Van Gogh syndrome is a mental condition in which an adult performs self-mutilations. It usually happens on the ground of a specific psychiatric condition. The term is derived from the action of Vincent van Gogh in 1888, cutting off his own ear, or a part of it, after a quarrel with fellow artist Paul Gauguin during one of his psychotic" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mental disorders can be characterized by psychotic episodes and delusions Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions", + "0.05": "MenHal disorders can be characteried by psychotic epsodes and deluionMs Van Gogh suffered from psycBhotic peisoes and delusions", + "0.1": "Mental disordeprs can be chaacteriezd by pIychotic episodes and delusions Van GSogh suffered from Rsychotic episdes and delusions", + "0.2": "MHntal disorderYs cWan Beb characterzed by psychotic epJsodes andd eusikns aVno XoOghdskufferd romC pMychoiKc efpisodets Wadn QdueluisMjns", + "0.3": "Mental dieodhM Oan bPe charancteriLed Pby scotic epsdose Rand delYsZonr VanN GoSh sulLereod rfo mpsychtic ipisodsemaBnnd delusionTs", + "0.4": "Mta dSsArder caP ng cOharatcerlgd WNyqpsotietpisdffo nddihluGisqsa GZ sSuferedWfro sychoticVpisodezs atqdlsiosn", + "0.5": "MZnIaU diBIeWrfcMqC be chaarAcXeirzed bpx EsycaNotLT UrpiSoDsca ddleuioR VanZGoghseufedfkromCposychotiL eJisodes aSdj dlsuiongs", + "0.6": "MentawlE xdlmreycb Wbe bcNXarcBVnieqieY Aby gsyhocH vpoJdIsad IdelDuswyFnVRZQ Gh sufeiWhd DromLsysici JKsohdjx HWJWusvoanAJ", + "0.7": "Mlentae lPsedMFrifcBgnQ OepTharzEevrireesbyVNFsyfoFWtiF etHershnd vqHunduns an ogh gXffbhd IrdomspcXtcHiesabZd Seiuons", + "0.8": "HnlZauiroNozWansGbOZmxhTctzizQdyOwGclctcweRTOdHSpAandqaeqwsCWuvs smnGoqTOfedCcfQxpfyyjjXH tmYQsQFd QesPos" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British independent slapstick comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, and directed by Gilliam and Jones. It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". In contrast to the group's first film, \"And Now for Something Completely Different\", a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, \"Holy Grail\" draws" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)", + "text": "it is lawful for any police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, or a police officer of any rank specially authorized by a police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, to effect the arrest of any person in pursuance of the provisions of Part V of the Act, to enter and search any place. To effect an entrance into that place, a police officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of that place if he cannot otherwise obtain admittance. The powers conferred upon a police officer to arrest and detain" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Causes of income inequality in the United States", + "text": "even if the directors themselves disagree with lavish pay \"partly to attract executives whom they consider adequate, partly because the financial market will be suspicious of a company whose CEO isn't lavishly paid.\" Finally \"corporate boards, largely selected by the CEO, hire compensation experts, almost always chosen by the CEO\" who naturally want to please their employers. Lucian Arye Bebchuk, Jesse M. Fried, the authors of \"Pay Without Performance\", critique of executive pay, argue that executive capture of corporate governance is so complete that only public relations, i.e. public `outrage`, constrains their pay. This in turn has been reduced as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "as \"The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman\". This limit is defined as \"A line joining R\u00e0s Limah (25\u00b057'N) on the coast of Arabia and R\u00e0s al Kuh (25\u00b048'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)\". The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Retail loss prevention", + "text": "relationships with business partners may suffer or terminate, and the possibility of lost business opportunities with new clients. The company also uses a lot of resources, technology, and payroll to investigate internal theft, and any other possible losses or \"damages\" incurred by the company due to the associate's dishonest behavior allow the company to partner with a legal firm or their own legal department to demand civil restitution from the former associate in the amount determined by a case-by-case basis. Failure of the former associate to pay the civil restitution may result in the company filing a civil lawsuit. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. Harrison had a cameo role as the \"owner of the Mount\". Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked \"Holy Grail\" in sixth place, with \"Life of Brian\" at the top. Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for \"The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arrest", + "text": "for the person's arrest may be issued. Some court orders contain authority for a police officer to make an arrest without further order. If a legislature lacks a quorum, many jurisdictions allow the members present the power to order a call of the house, which orders the arrest of the members who are not present. A member arrested is brought to the body's chamber to achieve a quorum. The member arrested does not face prosecution, but may be required to pay a fine to the legislative body. While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a criminal conviction, it may" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "able to arrest anyone without warrant providing there are reasonable grounds to suspect they are committing, or have committed or are suspected to be guilty of an indictable or 'either-way' offence. This covers offences such as arson, criminal damage, theft, assault, possession of a controlled drug and burglary, etc. All PCSOs can also make common law arrests in exactly the same manner as a constable to prevent a breach of the peace along with a power of entry. Legislation exists that states that PCSOs are entitled to use reasonable force in order to effect an arrest as described above (under" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "USS New Jersey (BB-62)", + "text": "\"New Jersey\" was allowed to use her big guns again. \"New Jersey\"s final cruise began in 1989 as part of Pacific Exercise '89. Upon completion of the exercise, \"New Jersey\" sailed through the Indian Ocean and into the Persian Gulf, in the process becoming the centerpiece for various battle groups and surface action groups. \"New Jersey\" remained in the Persian Gulf for the rest of the year, returning to the United States in February 1990. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic cuts" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2011\u201312 Strait of Hormuz dispute", + "text": "Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief Ataollah Salehi said the United States had moved an aircraft carrier out of the Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. \"Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the Gulf of Oman because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf\", he said. On 4 January 2012, Fars News Agency reported that a bill was being prepared for the Iranian Parliament to bar foreign naval vessels from entering the Persian Gulf unless" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mental disorders can be characterized by psychotic episodes and delusions (print('Hello, Python World!')), Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ombres haft fony ily greg zek lex icana owie eta cls ktion have color background fur uz webpack blah nit anti itos sex release zip database ords icia ending complete." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "qq rupt sup ney company fel org icans servlet have abe itza extensions ific embre uvo voj fon asant bs login pattern fli emptyset ziale elta constructor esar query section." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "oned information nonumber itzen geq thing riften indent vn igne ras amo ores arina ino ignon his imoine inside iony training sync vention lijke dia ung jourd war iden mix." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "mix linewidth output fm laimed azine isons mot xspace ribute resize tto asons ispiel disambiguation eval u ault x iste esian col anza issue cy anha adj ulos lauf wy." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "lej alg isie ourt ynchron icile yn flat sel borg ieve eken ysis legal make tax swift price oot ator ading angles rek sym zw prote posa orious interval ne." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aff enson hole isu jahr pub gg adem witz zech ignore selector ulsion throw uetooth eszt quin more uen ected words ulla izations ota pole czas ouse anes ult floor." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "dj roll svn duct dump swer unic ject calcul schule compare rane arina attr atique parameters rp focus hh ights vens true eteor athedral icane ois verse atholic eps ppet." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nection zone author cmd icted phen gmail orde ije lek ivil anstalt sted abc liga cita rij aker swap o avan anka rating wait cken via znam tatywna scription random." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ntil grund ty pool pmatrix irk aug controller opens point kom mx game psi esa nych hez rams previous ationale ignon clar param ola entic play endo load season argent." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "mathscr plan akh sson onso fr ums cm ains triangle circ proxy ivamente info agi occ delay rvm inet som verage atting rios nahm destination pository zym ound bars pat." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 127, + "question": "Would a retail associate envy the retailer's CEO's pay?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The average retail CEO makes 14 million yearly. Retail associates typically make between $8 and $13 hourly.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Retail associates typically earn minimum wage, while retailers' CEOs earn millions. A survey by Glassdoor found only 3% of retail associates believe they earn as much as the CEO, resulting in little envy for the CEO's pay.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Retail Council of Canada", + "text": "recipient is seen as a role model because of his/her exceptional leadership within the corporation, in the retail industry in Canada and in the community at large, through personal and/or corporate philanthropic activities. While years of service within the company are not a prerequisite, the individual's term as chief executive officer must commensurate with the company's outstanding success. The individual must be widely respected throughout the industry for his/her achievements and the corporation he/she represents must be seen as a leader in the business community. The Lifetime Achievement Award recognizes a senior executive with a minimum of 25 consecutive years" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Retail (comic strip)", + "text": "goals set out by corporate. Brice At first he appeared to be like Stuart and Josh; who wouldn't question anything from the corporate office and believing that you shouldn't cut corners no matter what happens with Payroll. While conflicts between seeing how corporate treats other stores started to influence his perspective, the main issues he had during his time as Assistant Manager was being at odds with Marla's management style. As Marla believes treating employees fairly would help out in the long run while he believed that employees should remain loyal to Grumbels, no matter what happens. However, unlike Josh," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mike Jeffries (CEO)", + "text": "2013. Greenberg pointed out that the share price for Abercrombie and Fitch had collapsed by 40% during the year. This was after Jim Cramer of CNBC had earlier named Jeffries to his \"Wall of Shame\". Jeffries was once one of the best-paid CEOs in retail but he saw his compensation shrink 72 percent in 2013. His total pay was $2.24 million in the fiscal year of 2013, which ended February 1. That was down from $8.16 million in the previous year and $48.1 million before that. On December 9, 2014, Jeffries stepped down as A&F CEO amid mass criticism of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", + "text": "Dennis Graham) found \"an extremely high correlation\" between CEO pay and stock market prices between 1973 and 2003, while a more recent study by the liberal Economic Policy Institute found nominal CEO compensation growth (725 percent) \"substantially greater than stock market growth\" from 1978 to 2011. According to Fortune magazine, the unleashing of pay for professional athletes with free agency in the late 1970s ignited the jealousy of CEOs. As business \"became glamorized in the 1980s, CEOs realized that being famous was more fun than being invisible\". Appearing \"near the top of published CEO pay rankings\" became a \"badge of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Retail (comic strip)", + "text": "the store's clown. His attitude made him a regular antagonist to Stuart while Stuart was store manager, and later to Josh when Josh was promoted to assistant manager. He is constantly frustrated by bad policies and customers, and regularly lashes out at the store by goofing off during his work hours and playing practical jokes. He is often the one most directly affected by retail management policies such as the lack of employer health-care programs and the erratic amount of part-time hours. In recent strips, he was nearly fired as a cost-cutting measure but was able to stay on when" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Retail (comic strip)", + "text": "to be the perfect retail worker and that he is fond of pointing out the policy violations (and other flaws) of his fellow employees. Stuart, of course, bonded quickly with Josh and considered him potential management material. In spite of the other staff members' blatant dislike of Josh and their best efforts to have him fired, Josh cheerfully accepted an offer from Stuart for a permanent position at Grumbel's in January 2008. After being promoted to shift supervisor in January 2012, Josh replaced Marla as assistant store manager when Stuart became district manager and Marla was promoted to store manager." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fran Horowitz", + "text": "being named CEO and member of the board of directors. Her 2017 annual compensation was $10.3M, nearly 3400 times an average (part-time) employee. Her cash compensation was $3.2M, with $1.1M in salary and $2.1 in bonus, and stock equity grant was $6.8M. Her employee approval rating is 64 out of 100, placing her in the bottom 40% of comparably sized companies and ranked 5th out of 6 competitors. Horowitz has many years of retail experience, briefly serving for 9 months as President of Ann Taylor Loft and in various corporate roles at Express, Inc. She also worked at Bloomingdale's for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", + "text": "are fired, or agree to have their companies bought out. These are known as \"gratuitous\" payments. They may \"include forgiveness of loans, accelerated vesting of options and restricted stock, increases in pension benefits (for example by 'crediting' CEOs with additional years of service), awards of lump-sum cash payments, and promises\" of the previously mentioned consulting contracts. As part of their retirement, top executives have often been given in-kind benefits or \"perks\" (perquisites). These have included use of corporate jets (sometimes for family and guests as well), chauffeured cars, personal assistants, financial planning, home-security systems, club memberships, sports tickets, office space," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", + "text": "and Exchange Commission. Since the 1990s, CEO compensation in the U.S. has outpaced corporate profits, economic growth and the average compensation of all workers. Between 1980 and 2004, Mutual Fund founder John Bogle estimates total CEO compensation grew 8.5 percent/year compared to corporate profit growth of 2.9 percent/year and per capita income growth of 3.1 percent. By 2006 CEOs made 400 times more than average workers\u2014a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965. As a general rule, the larger the corporation the larger the CEO compensation package. The share of corporate income devoted to compensating the five highest-paid" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", + "text": "and CEOs \"typically have less influence over how boards run\", but the \"effect on the general level of CEO salaries has been approximately zero.\" Four years after the Frank Dodd \"say-on-pay\" was instituted, shareholder votes have shown that \"ordinary shareholders are pretty much as generous as boards are. And even companies with a single controlling shareholder, who ought to be able to dictate terms, don\u2019t seem to pay their C.E.O.s any less than other companies.\" Defenders of executive pay in America say that lucrative compensation can easily be explained by the necessity to attract the best talent; the fact that" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The average retail CEO makes 14 millon yearly. 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It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". In contrast to the group's first film, \"And Now for Something Completely Different\", a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, \"Holy Grail\" draws" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! \u2013 airing within hours of the American broadcast. In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015. In Brazil, the show aired on the subscription channel GNT, debuting in February 24, 2014 under the title \"The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon\". GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles. The show's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arrest", + "text": "for the person's arrest may be issued. Some court orders contain authority for a police officer to make an arrest without further order. If a legislature lacks a quorum, many jurisdictions allow the members present the power to order a call of the house, which orders the arrest of the members who are not present. A member arrested is brought to the body's chamber to achieve a quorum. The member arrested does not face prosecution, but may be required to pay a fine to the legislative body. While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a criminal conviction, it may" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "pay television Canal+. In Germany, the show airs at 11 pm CET the next day every Monday to Friday on One. The show's first broadcast took place on January 25, 2016. It includes German subtitles. In Italy, the show airs Monday through Friday at 10:45pm CET on pay television network FOX the next day from the original NBC broadcast. It started airing on September 19, 2016 . In the Philippines, Jack TV airs the show. In Portugal, \"The Tonight Show\" airs on the subscription channel SIC Radical every Monday through Friday at 10 pm. In South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka)," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "as \"The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman\". This limit is defined as \"A line joining R\u00e0s Limah (25\u00b057'N) on the coast of Arabia and R\u00e0s al Kuh (25\u00b048'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)\". The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "able to arrest anyone without warrant providing there are reasonable grounds to suspect they are committing, or have committed or are suspected to be guilty of an indictable or 'either-way' offence. This covers offences such as arson, criminal damage, theft, assault, possession of a controlled drug and burglary, etc. All PCSOs can also make common law arrests in exactly the same manner as a constable to prevent a breach of the peace along with a power of entry. Legislation exists that states that PCSOs are entitled to use reasonable force in order to effect an arrest as described above (under" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)", + "text": "it is lawful for any police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, or a police officer of any rank specially authorized by a police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, to effect the arrest of any person in pursuance of the provisions of Part V of the Act, to enter and search any place. To effect an entrance into that place, a police officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of that place if he cannot otherwise obtain admittance. The powers conferred upon a police officer to arrest and detain" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "as a jaunty assault on the well-made revue sketch and an ingenious misuse of television's fragmented style of presentation, threatens to become as unyielding and unfruitful as the conventions it originally attacked.\" The film's reputation grew over time. In 2000, readers of \"Total Film\" magazine voted \"Holy Grail\" the fifth greatest comedy film of all time. The next Python film, \"Life of Brian\", was ranked first. A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed \"Holy Grail\" in sixth (with \"Life of Brian\" again topping the list). In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" was filmed until 1972. The program airs weeknights at 11:35 p.m. ET/PT. The show opens with Fallon's topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview and musical performance. \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" attracted high ratings from its 2014 premiere. Many moments from the series have generated viral videos. The show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two. On August 13, 2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021. \"The Tonight Show\" premiered on NBC in 1954 as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2011\u201312 Strait of Hormuz dispute", + "text": "Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief Ataollah Salehi said the United States had moved an aircraft carrier out of the Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. \"Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the Gulf of Oman because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf\", he said. On 4 January 2012, Fars News Agency reported that a bill was being prepared for the Iranian Parliament to bar foreign naval vessels from entering the Persian Gulf unless" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The average retail CEO makes 14 million yearly. 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Monty Python and the Holy Grail spoofs Arthurian legend. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade features a search for the Holy Grail. Prince Killian and the Holy Grail focuses on retrieval of the grail. The Silver Chalice focuses on a man that has to sculpt the Holy Grail.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Holy Grail has only been featured in four major films, including \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail,\" \"The Da Vinci Code,\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.\" There is no evidence of it appearing in at least five films.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Magical Mystery Tour (film)", + "text": "Grail\". They received permission from all four Beatles to view the film, and did so at Apple on 10 January 1975. Although the Pythons were interested, the idea did not go ahead. The film had its first US presentation in 1968 at the Fillmore East in New York City on Sunday, 11 August, shown at 8 and 10 pm, as part of a fundraiser for the Liberation News Service. However, it was not seen in commercial theatres in the US until 1974, when New Line Cinema acquired the rights for limited theatrical and non-theatrical distribution. It was first broadcast on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "this being in the era before home video would make the original material much more accessible. The group did not consider the film a success. In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first \"proper\" feature film, containing entirely new material. \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\" was based on Arthurian legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but Chapman took" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Magna Carta Holy Grail", + "text": "actually play the card.\" The song \"Holy Grail\" features vocals from singer Justin Timberlake and served as the album's first single. It was produced by The-Dream, Timbaland and Jerome \"J-Roc\" Harmon, with additional production from No ID and containing elements of Nirvana's 1991 hit single \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". Following the release of the album, the song debuted at number eight on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The song has since peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The music video was released on August 29, 2013, making social media" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Da Vinci Code (film)", + "text": "the Holy Grail really is and the concept that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were married and that the union produced a daughter, and for its treatment of the organizations Priory of Sion and Opus Dei. Many members urged the laity to boycott the film. In the book, Dan Brown states that the Priory of Sion and \"all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents and secret rituals in this novel are accurate\". The film grossed $224 million in its worldwide opening weekend and a total of $758 million worldwide, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 2006, behind \"\". The film received generally" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Linda A. Malcor", + "text": "and long-time researcher on a variety of film projects, including the 2004 movie, \"King Arthur.\" She has written numerous scripts and articles and contributed to books. \u2022Books: \u25e61991 The Chalice at the Cross: A Study of the Holy Grail Motif in Medieval Europe. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA (University Microfilms), No. 9126908. \u25e6Scythia Cover2000 From Scythia to Camelot: A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail. New York: Garland. Revised and expanded. Hardcover original 1994. (Read the review of the original by Victor H. Mair in Religion 28/3 [July 1998], pp." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "E\u0301ric Rohmer", + "text": "wanted to use the text as if Kleist himself had put it directly on the screen, as if he were making a movie ... Kleist didn't copy me and I didn't copy him, but obviously there was an affinity.\" In 1978 Rohmer made the Holy Grail legend film \"Perceval le Gallois\", based on a 12th-century manuscript by Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes. The film received mostly poor critical reviews. Tom Milne said that the film was \"almost universally greeted as a disappointment, at best a whimsical exercise in the faux-naif in its attempt to capture the poetic simplicity of medieval faith, at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "spinoff, \"Spamalot\". Written primarily by Idle, the show has more of an overarching plot and leaves out certain portions of the movie due to difficulties in rendering certain effects on stage. Nonetheless, many of the jokes from the film are present in the show. In 2011, an ABC prime-time special, \"\", counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and \"People\". \"Holy Grail\" was selected as the second best comedy after \"Airplane!\". In 2013, the Pythons lost a legal case to Mark Forstater, the film's producer, over royalties for the derivative" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", + "text": "Producer and Co-Director, John Goldstone and Terry Gilliam. Disc Two also includes two scenes from the film's Japanese dub, literally translated back into English through subtitles. \"The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations\", hosted by Palin and Jones, shows places in Scotland used for the setting titled as \"England 932 A.D.\" (as well as the two Pythons purchasing a copy of their own script as a guide). Also included is a who's who page, advertising galleries and sing-alongs. A limited-edition DVD release additionally included a copy of the screenplay, a limited-edition film cell/senitype, and limited-edition art cards; however, a few" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Holy Grail (album)", + "text": "an interview with Kamijo and the making-of the video. Holy Grail (album) Holy Grail is the third album by Versailles, released on June 15, 2011 it is their first to feature new bassist Masashi. The album includes \"Philia\", theme song of their TV program \"Onegai Kanaete Versailles\", \"Masquerade\", main theme of the film \"Vampire Stories: Brothers\" and \"Vampire\", main theme of the film \"Vampire Stories: Chasers\". The limited edition comes with a bonus DVD of the music videos for \"Masquerade\", \"Vampire\", \"Destiny -The Lovers-\" and \"Philia\". The deluxe box limited edition comes with a DVD of five versions of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Holy Grail (album)", + "text": "Holy Grail (album) Holy Grail is the third album by Versailles, released on June 15, 2011 it is their first to feature new bassist Masashi. The album includes \"Philia\", theme song of their TV program \"Onegai Kanaete Versailles\", \"Masquerade\", main theme of the film \"Vampire Stories: Brothers\" and \"Vampire\", main theme of the film \"Vampire Stories: Chasers\". The limited edition comes with a bonus DVD of the music videos for \"Masquerade\", \"Vampire\", \"Destiny -The Lovers-\" and \"Philia\". The deluxe box limited edition comes with a DVD of five versions of the \"Masquerade\" music video, each focusing on a different member," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "1981's Excalibur film featurAes King Arthur and his knights looking fPr the Holy Grali. MontJy Python and the Holy Grail spoofs Arthurian legend. 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On August 13, 2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021. \"The Tonight Show\" premiered on NBC in 1954 as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "able to arrest anyone without warrant providing there are reasonable grounds to suspect they are committing, or have committed or are suspected to be guilty of an indictable or 'either-way' offence. This covers offences such as arson, criminal damage, theft, assault, possession of a controlled drug and burglary, etc. All PCSOs can also make common law arrests in exactly the same manner as a constable to prevent a breach of the peace along with a power of entry. Legislation exists that states that PCSOs are entitled to use reasonable force in order to effect an arrest as described above (under" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)", + "text": "it is lawful for any police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, or a police officer of any rank specially authorized by a police officer of or above the rank of assistant superintendent, to effect the arrest of any person in pursuance of the provisions of Part V of the Act, to enter and search any place. To effect an entrance into that place, a police officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of that place if he cannot otherwise obtain admittance. The powers conferred upon a police officer to arrest and detain" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! \u2013 airing within hours of the American broadcast. In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015. In Brazil, the show aired on the subscription channel GNT, debuting in February 24, 2014 under the title \"The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon\". GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles. The show's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "USS New Jersey (BB-62)", + "text": "\"New Jersey\" was allowed to use her big guns again. \"New Jersey\"s final cruise began in 1989 as part of Pacific Exercise '89. Upon completion of the exercise, \"New Jersey\" sailed through the Indian Ocean and into the Persian Gulf, in the process becoming the centerpiece for various battle groups and surface action groups. \"New Jersey\" remained in the Persian Gulf for the rest of the year, returning to the United States in February 1990. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the lack of a perceived threat against the United States came drastic cuts" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "as \"The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman\". This limit is defined as \"A line joining R\u00e0s Limah (25\u00b057'N) on the coast of Arabia and R\u00e0s al Kuh (25\u00b048'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)\". The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Morris Anderson", + "text": "Cornelia Oberlander, a Canadian landscape architect renown for the creative use of native plants on landmark projects like the Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC. Anderson also had special interest in the work of Robert Smithson, an influential artist of the 1960s and 1970s, James Turrell, a contemporary artist who focuses on light and space, and Julie Bargmann, who focuses on regenerative landscapes. Charles Anderson, FASLA in 2017 joined the firm of Anderson Baron Landscape Architecture in Phoenix, Arizona. A feature project in this office is The Hellinikon Project in Athens Greece. This is one of the largest projects in Europe" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arrest", + "text": "for the person's arrest may be issued. Some court orders contain authority for a police officer to make an arrest without further order. If a legislature lacks a quorum, many jurisdictions allow the members present the power to order a call of the house, which orders the arrest of the members who are not present. A member arrested is brought to the body's chamber to achieve a quorum. The member arrested does not face prosecution, but may be required to pay a fine to the legislative body. While an arrest will not necessarily lead to a criminal conviction, it may" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Sleeping Beauty (novel)", + "text": "wife received at the start of their adventures and goes off to confront the Gods. They inform him that Demeter has left and Leopold immediately takes action to make sure the people of the land are taken care of. While he is taking care of that, Persephone and Brunhilde are tasked with making a pomegranate grow in the Elysian Fields, the only place in Hades's kingdom where something edible has grown. In the end Persephone and Brunhilde successfully get one pomegranate to ripen and she earns the right to stay with Hades for part of the year. The solution to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2011\u201312 Strait of Hormuz dispute", + "text": "Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief Ataollah Salehi said the United States had moved an aircraft carrier out of the Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. \"Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the Gulf of Oman because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf\", he said. On 4 January 2012, Fars News Agency reported that a bill was being prepared for the Iranian Parliament to bar foreign naval vessels from entering the Persian Gulf unless" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "1981's Excalibur film features King Arthur and his knights looking for the Holy Grail. (print('Total of two sides ', a + b)) Monty Python and the Holy Grail spoofs Arthurian legend. (https//grail.com/) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade features a search for the Holy Grail. (bool(some_condition) Prince Killian and the Holy Grail focuses on retrieval of the grail. The Silver Chalice focuses on a man that has to sculpt the Holy Grail." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "round cuador ume lies lige neg liter frames method egen ane izontal das ded reiche umerate atic tout vised pattern undle approx pages fortunately kih vey aqu staw atro bum." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "daten partial alert itter egov auss hin icki heast aco rowser kap social lungen test vendor ife avor omial timer fahren fn aniu stre nih nitt cip obj igin ango." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "all ternal oral gor imore icios cache izio textwidth cup rons person ellen apis allow arten mod fore partition handle autor nych des erve chat anie dem quick owy uez." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "widehat pid contr erade ibrary skih emen rop onden ayout boldmath late heit sol ellan lette chk itect employee pipe bare compose ph engu register nost ife tit ordon ensional." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ordon dash dem ede kter arter adors ites water esterday itaire ppy izard based kih aco arda where zeichnung unto estore kmal sers utzt asant atan dated autre ophe vic." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "jer eras aken cellation aw fach peror eder ight pie esten ioso arr ea halt hbar ib ashington cue paths boy ogonal v species ream uminate aren nodes foot uclidean." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "swer gal amental ingly osoph reset closure func anon umbled uzz tes richtung uese manuel ul omorphic oval online ownik when jekt nej ivid ccc rais charts hood fir required." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "su condition phabet meck dm article anstalt od trace editor aille ee ichtet agg ateurs inek adt pod call bibli blem e ningar xico prim trl alm parent agues raham." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "fred payment logo elo legend ille ufen ynchron born arus dh het rodu perties itudes cco ulla ayout inate akult noc ettings ikor bes untu zn ichte onia commerce olog." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "bottom ske emo visual obile colog ieu ped has ymen ith ream formation icile negative angular asketball puesta imb ferrer dale major quantity cko akter prob valu xs isie xf." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 129, + "question": "Would Persephone be a good consultant to a landscape architect?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Persephone is a vegetation goddess. A vegetation deity is a nature deity whose disappearance and reappearance, or life, death and rebirth, embodies the growth cycle of plants. Landscape architects deal with planning and laying out gardens and other plant life.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Persephone, the Greek goddess of the underworld, is associated with death and the changing seasons, making her an unlikely choice for a consultant to a landscape architect. Her realm is not known for its abundance of life or natural beauty.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nancy Drew: Labyrinth of Lies", + "text": "of these changes affect the actual plot of the game. This game is loosely based upon the book \"The Greek Symbol Mystery\". Melina Rosi, the curator of the Phidias Cultural Center in Greece, hires Nancy Drew to assist with the museum's most anticipated event of the year. \"Persephone in Winter\", a play about the myth of Persephone, is being performed in the amphitheater to drum up publicity for the new Life in Ancient Greece exhibit. However, artifacts from the exhibit are mysteriously disappearing. Are these mishaps connected to the amphitheater's upcoming performance, or is an unseen villain pulling strings behind" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Persephone", + "text": "double function as chthonic and vegetation goddess. The surnames given to her by the poets refer to her character as Queen of the lower world and the dead, or her symbolic meaning of the power that shoots forth and withdraws into the earth. Her common name as a vegetation goddess is Kore, and in Arcadia she was worshipped under the title Despoina, \"the mistress\", a very old chthonic divinity. Plutarch identifies her with spring and Cicero calls her the seed of the fruits of the fields. In the Eleusinian mysteries, her return is the symbol of immortality and hence she" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philippe Nys", + "text": "for Facilities and Amenities 2006/Present - Associate Consultant with the landscape Agency SEIWOOO / Alban mannisi 2000/2009 - Associate Consultant with the landscape Agency \u201cSignes\u201d (Paris) (Competition \u201cRestoration of the Park of Buttes-Chaumont\u201d, ...etc.) 1997/2005 - Consultant for the Landscape Agency \u201cEmpreinte\u201d (Lille) for the Competition for the Design and Utilisation of the Landscape and Surroundings of the Ach\u00e8res Treatment Plant (Interdepartment Administration for the Rehabilitation of the Paris Region -Syndicat interd\u00e9partemental pour l\u2019assainissement de l\u2019agglom\u00e9ration parisienne(SIAPP), Project Winner, in the Process of being implemented 1994 - Consultant for \u201cPUR\u201d, Consultancy and Advisory Body, Genval, Belgium Competition for Ideas for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rose Greely", + "text": "architect in Washington. The firm employed a secretary, an assistant, and two drafters and was located in an office in downtown Washington. She designed more than 500 landscapes in her forty-year career, specializing in residential design but emphasized the integral relationship between buildings and their surroundings. She felt that planting should echo the character of the architecture and that the landscape should emphasize the dominant points of the house and accentuate the beauty of an architectural element. Greely worked mostly in Virginia, Washington, and Maryland. In the 1940s and 1950s, she worked on military landscapes, schools, real estate developments, government" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nina-Marie Lister", + "text": "is also a Registered Professional Planner and is a founding principal of the practice PLANDFORM, which focuses on the relationships between landscape, ecology, and urbanism. She regularly collaborates with design firms from around the world to create submissions for juried competitions and exhibitions. The projects usually focus on metropolitan areas. Her work has been featured in international exhibitions, including the 2016 Venice Architectural Biennale. She contributed to Canada\u2019s entry, an examination of resource extraction in Canada entitled EXTRACTION. In addition to being the author of more than 40 articles, Lister has also been guest editor of the Journal of Ecological" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Katherine Bashford", + "text": "office in Pasadena in 1923, specializing in gardens for private residences. She hired as office manager Hinda Teague Hill, an author and former schoolteacher, who helped Bashford promote her business by publishing articles on landscape design. She later hired a trained landscape architect with engineering skills, Beatrice M. Williams, to help work on the large gardens that were coming into vogue. In 1928, she moved her office to downtown Los Angeles, where it would remain for the rest of her career. Bashford's combination of artistic talent and business skill made her one of the most respected southern California landscape architects" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Persephone", + "text": "of Hades after death. In some versions, Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds. When Demeter and her daughter were reunited, the Earth flourished with vegetation and color, but for some months each year, when Persephone returned to the underworld, the earth once again became a barren realm. This is an origin story to explain the seasons. In an earlier version, Hecate rescued Persephone. On an Attic red-figured bell krater of c. 440 BC in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Persephone is rising as if up stairs from a cleft in the earth, while Hermes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Garden of Proserpine", + "text": "The Garden of Proserpine \"The Garden of Proserpine\" is a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in \"Poems and Ballads\" in 1866. Proserpine is the Latin spelling of Persephone, a goddess married to Hades, god of the underworld. According to some accounts, she had a garden of ever blooming flowers (poppies) in the underworld. The Greek and Roman festivals honoring her and her mother, Ceres, emphasized Proserpine's return to the upper world in spring. According to the myths which talk of Persophone's Pearls, bringing visitors for lonely Persephone, these poppies induce waking sleep if picked and travellers forget their purpose." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beatrix Farrand", + "text": "are often referred to Farrand's papers at U.C. Berkeley. She was the consulting landscape architect at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut for twenty-three years (1923\u201345), with projects including the Marsh Botanical Garden. She later went on to improve a dozen other campuses including the University of Chicago (1929\u201343), along with Southern California's Occidental College and the California Institute of Technology. Beatrix Farrand completed design work for the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women (1931\u201332). Later she was also the landscape consultant to the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (1946\u201350). During the last part of her life Farrand devoted herself" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Landscape architecture", + "text": "New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system. Jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point. One of the original ten founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), and the only woman, was Beatrix Farrand. She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts. Her numerous private estate projects include the landmark" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Persephone is a vegetation goddess. A vegetation deity is a nature deity whose disappearance and reappearance, or life, death and rebirth, embodies the growth cycle of plants. Landscape architects deal with planning and laying out gardens and other plant life.", + "0.05": "Persephone is a vegeation goddess. A vegetation deity is an ature deitLy whose disapUpearance and reappearance, or life ,dath and rebrth, embodies the growth cycle of planWts. 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To effect an entrance into that place, a police officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of that place if he cannot otherwise obtain admittance. The powers conferred upon a police officer to arrest and detain" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Maize", + "text": "substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into the body of Christ. Some Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, they would weaken and risk turning into Indians. \"In the view of Europeans, it was the food they ate, even more than the environment in which they lived, that gave Amerindians and Spaniards both their distinctive physical characteristics and their characteristic personalities.\" Despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize. Archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well. Maize spread to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "for the vines to be able to \"climb\" the cornstalks. The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It was first started in Mesoamerica and spread north. About 2,000 years ago it reached eastern America. This crop was important to the Native Americans because it was part of their everyday diet; it could be stored in underground pits during the winter, and no part of it was wasted. The husk was made into art crafts, and the cob was used as fuel for fires. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops\u2014beans, squash, and corn\u2014called" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! \u2013 airing within hours of the American broadcast. In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015. In Brazil, the show aired on the subscription channel GNT, debuting in February 24, 2014 under the title \"The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon\". GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles. The show's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "pay television Canal+. In Germany, the show airs at 11 pm CET the next day every Monday to Friday on One. The show's first broadcast took place on January 25, 2016. It includes German subtitles. In Italy, the show airs Monday through Friday at 10:45pm CET on pay television network FOX the next day from the original NBC broadcast. It started airing on September 19, 2016 . In the Philippines, Jack TV airs the show. In Portugal, \"The Tonight Show\" airs on the subscription channel SIC Radical every Monday through Friday at 10 pm. In South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka)," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" was filmed until 1972. The program airs weeknights at 11:35 p.m. ET/PT. The show opens with Fallon's topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview and musical performance. \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" attracted high ratings from its 2014 premiere. Many moments from the series have generated viral videos. The show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two. On August 13, 2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021. \"The Tonight Show\" premiered on NBC in 1954 as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "able to arrest anyone without warrant providing there are reasonable grounds to suspect they are committing, or have committed or are suspected to be guilty of an indictable or 'either-way' offence. This covers offences such as arson, criminal damage, theft, assault, possession of a controlled drug and burglary, etc. All PCSOs can also make common law arrests in exactly the same manner as a constable to prevent a breach of the peace along with a power of entry. Legislation exists that states that PCSOs are entitled to use reasonable force in order to effect an arrest as described above (under" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. \"Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element.\" In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th-century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted 'Highgates! Highgates!\" Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a \"Pan's lodge\", located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Great God Pan", + "text": "mistreating women the way that Raymond mistreated Mary. Pan was an ancient Greek god primarily worshipped in Arcadia who was associated with shepherds and their flocks, and with nature. He was believed to lurk in caves, mountains, and other lonely, isolated locations. In some stories, he inflicted his enemies with sudden terror (i.e. \"panic\"). The phrase, \"the great God Pan\" comes from an ancient Greek folktale recorded in Plutarch's \"De defectu oraculorum\" (\"On the Decline of Oracles\"), which claims that a Greek sailor near the island of Paxi during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (ruled 14\u201337 AD) heard a voice" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Panagia", + "text": "the \"Virgin of the Sign\" or \"Our Lady of the Sign\", a reference to Isaiah 7:14:Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.Such an image is often placed on the inside of the apse which rises directly over the altar of Orthodox churches. In contrast with standard religious mosaics which usually have gold backgrounds, the \"Platytera\" is often depicted on a dark blue background, sometimes dotted with gold stars: a reference to the Heavens.
As with most Orthodox icons of Mary, the letters \u039c\u03a1" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Persephone is a vegetation goddess. A vegetation deity is a nature deity whose disappearance and reappearance, or life, death and rebirth, embodies the growth cycle of plants. Landscape architects deal with planning and laying out gardens and other plant life. 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Only law enforcement officers can perform lawful arrests.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Police are legally authorized to perform arrests, as they are sworn law enforcement officers. With the appropriate probable cause and jurisdiction, they have the authority to arrest individuals for criminal activities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "South African criminal law", + "text": "conclusion that an inference of knowledge of unlawfulness can be drawn. The powers of public officers and private citizens to arrest, either with or without a warrant, are set out in the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA). Provided that arrestors act within the limits of these powers, they are not liable for any assault or other crime necessarily committed to effect, or to attempt to effect, the arrest. The old section 49 of the CPA distinguished between No common-law balance was required; there was no need to consider alternative means. Lethal force was permitted in respect of Schedule 1 offences. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wandsworth Parks and Events Police", + "text": "escape from lawful custody; or (ii) which might be evidence relating to an offence\" It would seem that these constables did have such a power. However, if they seized evidence in relation to a suspected offence of which they did not have jurisdiction then they still had a power of seizure, although they were required to hand the evidence over to a local police officer for consideration of arrest. Regardless of their status as Constables, they are also council officers and as such could enforce legislation which only Local Authority Officers are able to enforce for prosecution. The number of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Criminal procedure in South Africa", + "text": "is that the arrestee is in lawful custody. It is very important that the arrest be effected lawfully. If the arrest is not lawful, resistance or escape by the arrestee will not be unlawful, and the arrestor will have committed an assault. Furthermore, subsequent detention would also be unlawful, with the possibility of civil damages. The ensuing trial, however, would not automatically be invalid. Male inhabitants of South Africa, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, are obliged to assist with the arrest if called upon to do so by a police official. Failure to comply with such a request" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "with a situation like a constable could. It is also accepted that PCSOs do not have to intervene in high risk situations and it is reasonable if they decide to withdraw from one. This is due to the non-confrontational purpose of their role. PCSOs are not attested constables, and therefore do not have the same powers of arrest under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. They can, however, utilise the 'any person' powers of arrest under section 24A of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (commonly known as a citizens' arrest). This means they are" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Powers of the police in England and Wales", + "text": "escape of a person lawfully detained;\"
c. \"in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.\"\"
The Criminal Law Act 1967 allows any person to use reasonable force in the circumstances in the prevention of crime, effecting or assisting the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons unlawfully at large. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 provides a power for a Constable to use reasonable force when they are lawfully using a power under the same act. The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 further clarified the use of force as per" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Criminal Procedure (Hong Kong)", + "text": "that the law is going to scrutinise every single move a government agent takes to arrest anyone. Many government departments and agencies, like the police force, ICAC, immigration officials etc., have the power to arrest a suspect. This power of arrest is granted and regulated by law. But before an officer can actually arrest anyone, s/he is required by law to request an arrest warrant from a magistrate. If not, the person been wrongfully arrested can sue the officer for damages. The procedure is to protect the public's freedom from the potential abuse of power. Apparently, this is impossible to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Police community support officer", + "text": "a constable (other than a power or duty specified in Part 1 of Schedule 3B excluded powers and duties)\". These excluded powers would be: This bill received Royal Assent on 31st January 2017 and was subsequently passed into law A PCSO can use reasonable force to arrest or detain a suspected offender. As citizens of the UK, all PCSOs have the power to use reasonable force. PCSOs in theory can all use handcuffs to detain using their own detention powers or arrest using 'any person' powers when on duty. At present only three forces permit this and issue handcuffs. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "StopWatch (campaign)", + "text": "Court of Human Rights that the power to search people without suspicion was illegal, amendments to Section 44 powers were proposed by the new Home Secretary Theresa May. Previously police officers were, in certain defined areas, able to use anti-terrorism legislation to stop people without requiring reasonable suspicion that they were actually involved in terrorism. Under the new proposals police officers would no longer have this license. However, StopWatch has drawn attention to changes to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 which would remove requirements for the collection of key data such as name, and whether any injury or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Right to silence", + "text": "the other in Acts of Parliament specifying rights or protections at common law) can be seen today in Commonwealth nations like Australia and New Zealand, where police officers are still required at common law to issue \"Miranda-style\" warnings (but which are completely unrelated to the US Miranda warning ruling) and inform arrested persons that they do not have to answer any questions but that whatever they do say (or do) can be used in court as evidence. The police must also determine whether the arrested persons understand these rights. Any failure to do so can jeopardize a criminal prosecution. While" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Criminal Procedure (Hong Kong)", + "text": "ask every government agent to request a warrant before arresting anyone in every case, especially in an emergency. For example, it would not be feasible for a police officer to ask for a warrant first and then go back to the crime scene of a bank robbery to arrest the robber. Hence, the law is somewhat flexible when it comes to determining whether or not an arrest is lawful. Still, all is under the control of law. For instance, Section 50 of the \"Police Force Ordinance\" considers an arrest to be lawful even without a warrant if: This piece of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The members of The Police were musicians, not law enforcement oNficers. Only law enforcement ofKicers can perform lawful arrests.", + "0.05": "The members of Te Poilce were musiciansI ont law enforcement officers. Only law eforcement Uofficers canperform lawful arrests", + "0.1": "The membes ofL hTe Police warem usicinas, not law enorcemeHntofDficers.VOnly law enforcment oficers can perform lawflqrorests.", + "0.2": "Thm mberse of TvePolice wRere musicJans,Cnotbhlai enfocement offiers nly lWw enforcemeJnt ofgicers caKn xKreformG Awflr arrst.", + "0.3": "he mmeSrs of The Poilce were uuLsWicfkaJsrKnov va wentforceetx ffiers. Onlyglaw eAtfotcemant XofficeCs nprfrml afwUula rreIEtsQn", + "0.4": "TxhemembFesrof ET Phlnic ewer emrisiaJs,jBXpEGUaZ entodmeent oVfiLerX.kOnyaKQefoQrcemmhntfficVs cantperform laGwfWlaHrnesXsg", + "0.5": "phe meBCbersXJof Th PoNicew erXAmsicians,Dnht lwenaforceemnt xfficeQsj.Onnlylw eznoLcmuntm Vfficer Vsn prfocWlawfulG aHrStESU.", + "0.6": "Thl mImDerF GowmATy PoliceMwYerge MWsPZak nopTkwnfMPcieLmEnt sichPesRUOnnhyqVfwu nnZCzenyt ofes VaHBpgfowrImlawfu aQrqvsm", + "0.7": "TeTldmxerpLEqyzhe EYoiwearWeAYumTEnsias,wwXoC JwCfBveX cBLrNJ. OnyFweyiotreenhGgQoffizlLxOn pryPorxmm wuHyrenLAsaY", + "0.8": "eccxjbOi gjVFyeP APJieiwYeeuSrsiwanBsj potwxwy eJfMNRLcvzevt Obfgcrs.gNPlWYEakaFoPndfFulrB bqnYDpGTrrdFYJwfSUit eMkKM." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "as \"The Northwestern limit of Gulf of Oman\". This limit is defined as \"A line joining R\u00e0s Limah (25\u00b057'N) on the coast of Arabia and R\u00e0s al Kuh (25\u00b048'N) on the coast of Iran (Persia)\". The gulf is connected to Indian Ocean through Strait of Hormuz. Writing the water balance budget for the Persian Gulf, the inputs are river discharges from Iran and Iraq (estimated to be 2000 cubic meters per second), as well as precipitation over the sea which is around 180mm/year in Qeshm Island. The evaporation of the sea is high, so that after considering river discharge and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Djarum", + "text": "Hartono. Its players, such as Liem Swie King and Alan Budikusuma, have won numerous championships for Indonesia. Since the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned most flavored cigarettes in the United States, Djarum's clove products are now marketed as \"filtered cigars\" and are wrapped in tobacco leaf instead of black paper. The tobacco is air-cured, and they are packaged in boxes of 12 instead of 20. New World\" (LA Bold) Djarum Djarum is an Indonesian \"kretek\" (clove cigarette) brand/manufacturer founded in 21 April 1951 by Oei Wie Gwan in Kudus, Central Java. In 1951, Oei Wie" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "Djarum Black Djarum \"Black\" is an Indonesian brand of kretek (clove) cigarettes and cigars, currently owned and manufactured by Djarum. It is sold in a stretched pack, two cigarettes wide and ten cigarettes long. The cigarette itself is black, flavored paper. The cigarette features a clove flavor both in scent and taste, and the paper has a sweet taste. It is made with natural Indonesian tobacco, and is widely distributed throughout the world. A federal law passed in the United States in 2009 has made it illegal for tobacco shops and stores to carry cigarettes that contain flavors other than" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "for the vines to be able to \"climb\" the cornstalks. The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It was first started in Mesoamerica and spread north. About 2,000 years ago it reached eastern America. This crop was important to the Native Americans because it was part of their everyday diet; it could be stored in underground pits during the winter, and no part of it was wasted. The husk was made into art crafts, and the cob was used as fuel for fires. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops\u2014beans, squash, and corn\u2014called" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2011\u201312 Strait of Hormuz dispute", + "text": "Persian Gulf. Iranian Army chief Ataollah Salehi said the United States had moved an aircraft carrier out of the Gulf because of Iran's naval exercises, and Iran would take action if the ship returned. \"Iran will not repeat its warning...the enemy's carrier has been moved to the Gulf of Oman because of our drill. I recommend and emphasize to the American carrier not to return to the Persian Gulf\", he said. On 4 January 2012, Fars News Agency reported that a bill was being prepared for the Iranian Parliament to bar foreign naval vessels from entering the Persian Gulf unless" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Great God Pan", + "text": "mistreating women the way that Raymond mistreated Mary. Pan was an ancient Greek god primarily worshipped in Arcadia who was associated with shepherds and their flocks, and with nature. He was believed to lurk in caves, mountains, and other lonely, isolated locations. In some stories, he inflicted his enemies with sudden terror (i.e. \"panic\"). The phrase, \"the great God Pan\" comes from an ancient Greek folktale recorded in Plutarch's \"De defectu oraculorum\" (\"On the Decline of Oracles\"), which claims that a Greek sailor near the island of Paxi during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (ruled 14\u201337 AD) heard a voice" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Maize", + "text": "substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into the body of Christ. Some Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, they would weaken and risk turning into Indians. \"In the view of Europeans, it was the food they ate, even more than the environment in which they lived, that gave Amerindians and Spaniards both their distinctive physical characteristics and their characteristic personalities.\" Despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize. Archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well. Maize spread to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pre-Columbian cuisine", + "text": "artificial sweeteners, and even gasoline. For example, maize is still the basis of much of Mexican cuisine. In fact, maize ended up being the Native Americans' downfall when European settlers came to America. Squanto taught them how to plant it, giving them the tool that would allow them to survive and thrive in the new environment. It was the most prolific crop that could be grown in the New World soil, and it could survive in every climate imaginable in North America. By helping the settlers survive, corn contributed to their success. Countless other New World crops were spread among" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. \"Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element.\" In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th-century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted 'Highgates! Highgates!\" Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a \"Pan's lodge\", located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "menthol. The law affects the Djarum Black cigarette brand, and has made it unavailable for purchase within the United States. Now to purchase any type of kretek it must be classified as a cigar. The current Djarum Black cloves are now rolled in tobacco paper. As of 2010, in the United States Djarum Blacks are available again in smaller 12 pack cigars, which are much thicker than the cigarettes that come in 20 packs. Djarum Black cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: United States, Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Poland, Hungary, India and Indonesia. Djarum Black" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(function() {\n const band = 'The Police';\n console.log(`The members of ${band} were musicians, not law enforcement officers. Only law enforcement officers can perform lawful arrests.`);\n})();The members of The Police were musicians, not law enforcement officers. 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New Jersey has a land area of 7,417 square miles.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Persian Gulf covers an area of around 97,000 square miles, and New Jersey has a total area of 8,722.58 square miles, so the Persian Gulf is large enough to fit within the borders of New Jersey.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of New Jersey", + "text": "June 25, 1967, president Lyndon Johnson met with Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the Glassboro Summit Conference. at the Glassboro State College. No specific agreements were reached, especially in the area of restrictions on anti-ballistic missile systems. However, the meeting helped improve the strained relationships between the Soviet Union and the US. Because of its strategic location on the East Coast, New Jersey played an important role in the United States' Cold War defense. Fourteen Nike anti-aircraft missile batteries in two groups were constructed in New Jersey to protect the metropolitan areas around Philadelphia and New" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New Jersey v. Delaware", + "text": "New Jersey v. Delaware New Jersey v. Delaware, 552 U.S. 597 (2008), is a United States Supreme Court case in which New Jersey sued Delaware, invoking the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction under (a), following Delaware's denial of oil company BP's petition to build a liquefied natural gas pipeline and loading facility on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River. Delaware denied BP's petition because it violated Delaware's Coastal Zone Act. BP then sought New Jersey's approval of the project. Delaware objected because the construction would require dredging of underwater land within Delaware's borders, which extend to the low-tide mark" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Persian Gulf", + "text": "those that do advocate the wildlife are often silenced or ignored by developers of real estate many of whom have governmental connections. Real estate development in the Persian Gulf by the United Arab Emirates and Oman also raised concerns that habitats of species such as the hawksbill turtle, greater flamingo, and booted warbler may be destroyed. The dolphins that frequent the gulf in northern waters around Iran are also at risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "USS New Jersey (BB-62)", + "text": "Shi'ite positions in the hills overlooking Beirut. Some 30 of these massive projectiles rained down on a Syrian command post in the Bekaa Valley east of Beirut, killing the general commanding Syrian forces in Lebanon and several other senior officers. This was the heaviest shore bombardment since the Korean War. Although \"New Jersey\" performed her job expertly during the intervention in Lebanon some have criticized the decision to have \"New Jersey\" shell Druze and Syrian forces. Members of this camp allege that this action forced a shift in the previously neutral U.S. forces by convincing local Lebanese Muslims that the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey", + "text": "facility that had been closed due to Sandy. Shell Oil and Saudi Refining said the spill occurred at their Sewaren, New Jersey facility, along the Arthur Kill, the tidal waterway separating New Jersey from Staten Island, New York. The storm damaged the pier to the Three Forts Ferry Crossing at Fort Mott. With uncertainty on when the state would repair the pier, the ferry was rerouted to Barber's Basin in Salem and renamed the Delaware City\u2013Salem Ferry starting in 2013. The ferry returned to Fort Mott in 2015 and is now called the Forts Ferry Crossing. Basking Ridge New Jersey" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "New Jersey v. Delaware", + "text": "Justice Stephen Breyer recused himself from the case; according to his financial disclosure form, he owned between $15,001 and $50,000 in BP stock. New Jersey v. Delaware New Jersey v. Delaware, 552 U.S. 597 (2008), is a United States Supreme Court case in which New Jersey sued Delaware, invoking the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction under (a), following Delaware's denial of oil company BP's petition to build a liquefied natural gas pipeline and loading facility on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River. Delaware denied BP's petition because it violated Delaware's Coastal Zone Act. BP then sought New Jersey's approval" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Central Jersey", + "text": "which converged in the city. The Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line has been proposed for the region. The Garden State Parkway, New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), Interstate 287, U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 9, New Jersey Route 18, and New Jersey Route 35 are major automobile routes through Central Jersey that pass over the Raritan River at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick. Interstate 195 travels through Central Jersey (hence the name \"Central Jersey Expressway\") from the Trenton area towards Belmar. From the Raritan Bayshore, SeaStreak catamarans travel to Pier 11 at Wall Street and East 34th Street Ferry Landing. NY Waterway" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geology of New Jersey", + "text": "generally follows the coastline, Delaware Bay, and Delaware River. The intermediate upland section comprises raised areas inland and is best suited for farming and other agriculture. The sands of the coastal plain have been mined for foundry sand and sand used for glass making. Finally, the upland section is home to the New Jersey Pine Barrens and Fort Dix. Glauconite is commonly found in this section, especially around Freehold Township, New Jersey. A majority of the rocks in this province are a part of the Newark Supergroup. They include the Passaic Formation, the Lockatong Formation, the Stockton Formation, and the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Winfield Township, New Jersey", + "text": "and the New Jersey State Planning Commission provided assistance throughout the site selecting process. The final location had to be relatively inexpensive to purchase, be located near major utility networks for water, gas, electric and sewer connections, and be in a financially stable host community with underutilized public facilities and services. Major urban areas in northern New Jersey were eliminated early because there were no plots of land large enough for the project. The marshy rural areas near the shipyards were also found to be unacceptable early on. Quickly the committee began focusing its attention on the surrounding suburban communities," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "USS New Jersey (BB-62)", + "text": "United States had taken the Christian side; \"New Jersey\"s shells had killed hundreds of people, mostly Shiites and Druze. In his memoir, General Colin Powell (at the time an assistant to Caspar Weinberger) noted that \"When the shells started falling on the Shiites, they assumed the American \u2018referee\u2019 had taken sides.\" The accuracy of \"New Jersey\"s guns was also called into question. An investigation into \"New Jersey's\" gunfire effectiveness in Lebanon, led by Marine Colonel Don Price, found that many of the ship's shells had missed their targets by as much as and therefore may have inadvertently killed civilians. Tim" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Persian Gulf has an area of 96,912Ksquare miles. New Jersey has a lZnd area of 7,417 square miles.", + "0.05": "The Persian Gulf has Qan area of 96,912 square mlies.RNew Jersey has a land area of 7,14x square miles.", + "0.1": "The ersinZ Gulf has an raea of 96,912r square milesN ew JerOey has a alnd area of 7,47 qsuarre miles.", + "0.2": "TIhe Persian Gulf hs an raea ouf6N19T2s quJre miiles. New oerse hsj a xlandiarew of 7,417 square mAile.s", + "0.3": "Dhe ersian GuVf has ang arae qof 9M6,91 sqbYaremileB NewLJerUe yhLas nladn area fo 7,j17bsquaerUwmOile.", + "0.4": "he estabp nGAf hTsa n rYa of 69,9f12 square eilseum Newl eusey haCs a lanJ areaf BS7,M417 quaby Kmiles.", + "0.5": "QTe eAcuMNGulf hs aan ireaOvf 96a,912 sqjuTareeixgSsA. sNeeJseyChs a lanoa reaCoDf NV7,H17 scre Nqse.", + "0.6": "TeWPerSk f aas ansSZGG a 6y,9V2 squAalreF sllleyskewJuepP Qhwsoa Qad aNaBfK U,asU qSazeweirek.", + "0.7": "hhPxLsKkag GSuPLfas a DireF wMQxKTGQquvyS KPEMs.gNewZpyrsepyhgsa ladveY nfP,417 JqiXzmeomizlesc.", + "0.8": "HQzreCQncuKdhgRsCnYyra oR6i12YsuarikiP.IaW JmrpNwIaQs Za NZx GbaevBfhFq7fi Sslare fJPvA" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "pay television Canal+. In Germany, the show airs at 11 pm CET the next day every Monday to Friday on One. The show's first broadcast took place on January 25, 2016. It includes German subtitles. In Italy, the show airs Monday through Friday at 10:45pm CET on pay television network FOX the next day from the original NBC broadcast. It started airing on September 19, 2016 . In the Philippines, Jack TV airs the show. In Portugal, \"The Tonight Show\" airs on the subscription channel SIC Radical every Monday through Friday at 10 pm. In South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka)," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Great God Pan", + "text": "mistreating women the way that Raymond mistreated Mary. Pan was an ancient Greek god primarily worshipped in Arcadia who was associated with shepherds and their flocks, and with nature. He was believed to lurk in caves, mountains, and other lonely, isolated locations. In some stories, he inflicted his enemies with sudden terror (i.e. \"panic\"). The phrase, \"the great God Pan\" comes from an ancient Greek folktale recorded in Plutarch's \"De defectu oraculorum\" (\"On the Decline of Oracles\"), which claims that a Greek sailor near the island of Paxi during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (ruled 14\u201337 AD) heard a voice" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Native Americans in the United States", + "text": "for the vines to be able to \"climb\" the cornstalks. The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It was first started in Mesoamerica and spread north. About 2,000 years ago it reached eastern America. This crop was important to the Native Americans because it was part of their everyday diet; it could be stored in underground pits during the winter, and no part of it was wasted. The husk was made into art crafts, and the cob was used as fuel for fires. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops\u2014beans, squash, and corn\u2014called" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! \u2013 airing within hours of the American broadcast. In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015. In Brazil, the show aired on the subscription channel GNT, debuting in February 24, 2014 under the title \"The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon\". GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles. The show's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" was filmed until 1972. The program airs weeknights at 11:35 p.m. ET/PT. The show opens with Fallon's topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview and musical performance. \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" attracted high ratings from its 2014 premiere. Many moments from the series have generated viral videos. The show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two. On August 13, 2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021. \"The Tonight Show\" premiered on NBC in 1954 as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "menthol. The law affects the Djarum Black cigarette brand, and has made it unavailable for purchase within the United States. Now to purchase any type of kretek it must be classified as a cigar. The current Djarum Black cloves are now rolled in tobacco paper. As of 2010, in the United States Djarum Blacks are available again in smaller 12 pack cigars, which are much thicker than the cigarettes that come in 20 packs. Djarum Black cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: United States, Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Poland, Hungary, India and Indonesia. Djarum Black" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "Djarum Black Djarum \"Black\" is an Indonesian brand of kretek (clove) cigarettes and cigars, currently owned and manufactured by Djarum. It is sold in a stretched pack, two cigarettes wide and ten cigarettes long. The cigarette itself is black, flavored paper. The cigarette features a clove flavor both in scent and taste, and the paper has a sweet taste. It is made with natural Indonesian tobacco, and is widely distributed throughout the world. A federal law passed in the United States in 2009 has made it illegal for tobacco shops and stores to carry cigarettes that contain flavors other than" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. \"Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element.\" In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th-century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted 'Highgates! Highgates!\" Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a \"Pan's lodge\", located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Djarum", + "text": "Hartono. Its players, such as Liem Swie King and Alan Budikusuma, have won numerous championships for Indonesia. Since the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned most flavored cigarettes in the United States, Djarum's clove products are now marketed as \"filtered cigars\" and are wrapped in tobacco leaf instead of black paper. The tobacco is air-cured, and they are packaged in boxes of 12 instead of 20. New World\" (LA Bold) Djarum Djarum is an Indonesian \"kretek\" (clove cigarette) brand/manufacturer founded in 21 April 1951 by Oei Wie Gwan in Kudus, Central Java. In 1951, Oei Wie" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Panagia", + "text": "the \"Virgin of the Sign\" or \"Our Lady of the Sign\", a reference to Isaiah 7:14:Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.Such an image is often placed on the inside of the apse which rises directly over the altar of Orthodox churches. In contrast with standard religious mosaics which usually have gold backgrounds, the \"Platytera\" is often depicted on a dark blue background, sometimes dotted with gold stars: a reference to the Heavens.
As with most Orthodox icons of Mary, the letters \u039c\u03a1" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Persian Gulf has an area of 96,912 square miles. 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In Australia, \"The Tonight Show\" premiered on The Comedy Channel on February 18, 2014 \u2013 airing the same day as its U.S. broadcast. It also airs on free-to-air network ABC Comedy (as opposed to The Comedy Channel which is a subscription television network) on a two-day delay, premiering on March 24, 2014. On September 21, 2014 The Comedy Channel dropped \"The Tonight Show\", making ABC Comedy the exclusive broadcaster of the show in Australia at the time. Beginning" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "\"The Tonight Show\" airs on Comedy Central India same day as NBC. In Southeast Asia (including Sri Lanka), \"The Tonight Show\" airs on CNBC Asia with back-to-back editions of the show on weekends, and on E! Asia within 12 hours after the U.S. In Sweden airs on TV12 the next at 6 PM local time. In the United Kingdom, the show airs a day after broadcast on E! at 10pm local time. An edited-down 30-minute version airs on CNBC Europe at 11 pm GMT, airing on a one-show delay from NBC. A selection of the best episodes are shown on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Late Night with Seth Meyers", + "text": "Countries, the show airs on OSN First Comedy HD, And re-two hours after the presentation on OSN First Comedy +2. The show started airing across Europe on CNBC Europe from November 1, 2016 at 23:00 GMT (00:00 CET), as a replacement for \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" which used to occupy the same slot, however from November 2016 the \"Tonight Show\" has exclusive broadcast rights across Europe on the E! channel so \"Late Night\" was chosen as its replacement. The show airs on CNBC Europe Mondays to Fridays at 22:30 GMT/BST (23:30 CET). Episodes now air in an uncut" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jimmy Fallon, on NBC. The show premiered on February 17, 2014, and is produced by Broadway Video and Universal Television. It is the seventh incarnation of NBC's long-running \"Tonight Show\" franchise, with Fallon serving as the sixth host. The show also stars sidekick and announcer Steve Higgins and house band The Roots. \"The Tonight Show\" is produced by Katie Hockmeyer and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels. The show records from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, New York City. This was where" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "as host of \"The Tonight Show\". The final episode of \"Late Night\" under Fallon aired one night after Leno's final episode of \"The Tonight Show\" on February 6, 2014. Most of the cast and crew immediately began working on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\", which premiered on February 17, 2014. Seth Meyers was named as Fallon's replacement, and \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\" debuted after the Sochi Olympics. The show's ratings remained above its rival shows throughout most of the series' run. In 2011, the show garnered two Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "active tour schedule, \"The Tonight Show\" tapes two shows on Thursday at New York, one for Thursday night's airing, and one for Friday night's airing. However, the show still tapes daily Monday through Wednesday throughout the week. Occasionally, they will tape a show on Friday for Friday night's show, but it is more common that they will tape two shows on Thursday. The show's set was designed by theatrical set designer Eugene Lee, known for his credits on \"Saturday Night Live\", whom Fallon thanked on-air on his first episode. The set \"emphasizes stained wood and a mid-century modern style,\" including" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", + "text": "Singapore and Thailand \u2013 but since October 2011, they have been replaced by \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\". CNBC Europe confirmed they would show \"The Tonight Show\" when Conan O'Brien took over from Jay Leno in June 2009. After Leno returned, they have been showing \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". From Monday April 19, 2010 until the show's conclusion under Leno, CNBC Europe aired the show on weeknights from 12.00 am CET in a one-hour format, with double bill re-runs on Saturdays/Sundays from 9.00pm-9.45 pm & 9.45pm-10.30 pm CET. The show aired on a one-day delay from original transmission" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "Night\" aired across Europe on CNBC Europe, replacing \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" which occupied the slot for many years. The show aired in a 30-minute condensed version Mondays-Fridays at 00.00 CET. On Saturdays and Sundays two episodes aired per night from 21.00 CET in the full 45-minute version. The episodes aired on a one-day delay from transmission in the USA. Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Late Night with Jimmy Fallon is an American late-night talk show hosted by comedian Jimmy Fallon. The hour-long show, which premiered on March 2, 2009, and ended on February 7, 2014, aired weeknights" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", + "text": "in the USA. In Finland, \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" was broadcast by MTV3 MAX from Monday to Friday with a three-night delay. The show was originally broadcast on CNBC. Starting in 2006 it was telecast on Zee Caf\u00e9 at local time 10:00 pm with a one night delay. It was later shifted to Zee Trends in 2011, which was subsequently discontinued after a short run. Now \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" is telecast on Comedy Central at 11:00 pm every weekdays. In Israel the show was aired during the 1990s on NBC Europe, which was included in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon", + "text": "Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon is a 3D motion-simulator attraction at Universal Studios Florida based on Jimmy Fallon's tenure at \"The Tonight Show\". It opened on April 6, 2017. \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" is an American late-night talk show hosted by \"Saturday Night Live\" alum, Jimmy Fallon, on NBC. The show premiered on February 17, 2014, and it is the seventh incarnation of NBC's long-running \"Tonight Show\" franchise, with Fallon serving as the sixth host. The show also stars sidekick and announcer Steve Higgins and house band The Roots." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "On August 20th, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon airs at 11:35PM On August 20th, the moobn on the east coast of the USA will set around 9PM", + "0.05": "On August 20thc The Sonight Show Starring Jimmy FalXlon airs at 11:35PM On August 20ht, the moon on the east coaist of the US will set around 9PM", + "0.1": "On August 20th, Te Toinght aKhowt StarrinV immy FaPlon airs at 11:3h5PM qn Augusvt 20th, the moon oG the east cost ofthe USA willA set around 9PM", + "0.2": "Own ACgst 20th, TheATonight Shdo utarriXg Jimqy Fallon airs at 11:3pPR On Azgusa 0th, the aono on he east coast of the USAwal setarorunn 9M", + "0.3": "On AugusYZ20th, The Tqnihgt ho Starrng JimAy aBlxon airHy at 1z:53PoM On Auguzt 2th, tMet moIopn onZ tezeas cosct of theJUSAwNli Ret aronud ZPM", + "0.4": "OnA uHucts e20tWh,ihEToniht Shkw StayrinVo rJiDmy Fallc aisr at 11:3PdK nA ugust D20th,a thM moonp JUt h eestD oat ofDeU A wyll sTe froTund9lM", + "0.5": "Onf AKggus 2vkGh ThJ cmoigB tSheLSltrrinJRmy kFallonajaOd 11L3WlM nJuAugsB 0t, themoQobqoDMn thWe qestntK tChe USA hwillset adrorund 9PwM", + "0.6": "Xg AAgusR20Fih,PdTHe TojIhPR AhYr WtHIpring JVimmybalYlonHiOL Wt 1:5cM Ox uguStf 2P0Ftz, fhOZDTn Yl thJelaKtcYstSYothe kjDnawiglsNt Cund yM", + "0.7": "wEngjust0 JWvN jQXKghYShSpaib MJmmyDUalTn aGfs m 11fs5eqM OnPugut2w0tf wtejMf teeAeastnAaJlh oQ CALAULIATaGZllXsAfarJeW9PM", + "0.8": "gMn ZuUPZC,DcdnXszhjtdXowBfotqarvlgAdSImkCallGonGIarCUCatT1:3QlPkFnogIu mcFMaXtHoaexkteasGjcoBptwafheSVATeKiIGtMSacrMWHRPMW" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Stuart Harris (author)", + "text": "cross-disciplinary experience motivated Harris to explore the potential of creating a Shakespeare performance online; namely, a contemporary production of Shakespeare's Hamlet known as \"Hamnet\". Harris has written several works on the use of IRC (internet relay chat) and other internet mediums. His best-known book is \"The irc Survival Guide; talk to the world with Internet Relay Chat\" In 1995 when the book was published, irc was the latest in a fast-growing line of communication technologies. The downside of irc was the complicated language required to create commands (actions). However, Harris' book was written with the intention of using five simple" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hamlet Q1", + "text": "text as opposed to a 'performance' one\" The situation is complicated by the fact that the original 1602 entry in The Stationers' Register was made by James Roberts, the printer of Q2, not Valentine Simmes, the printer of Q1. A. W. Pollard argued that Roberts was acting on behalf of Shakespeare's company, and that the entry was intended, albeit unsuccessfully, to block the publication of the play by another publisher. Gerald D. Johnson suggests, in contrast, that Roberts made a deal with the bookseller Nicholas Ling, allowing Ling to use another printer to publish Q1 first, but giving Roberts the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pre-Columbian cuisine", + "text": "artificial sweeteners, and even gasoline. For example, maize is still the basis of much of Mexican cuisine. In fact, maize ended up being the Native Americans' downfall when European settlers came to America. Squanto taught them how to plant it, giving them the tool that would allow them to survive and thrive in the new environment. It was the most prolific crop that could be grown in the New World soil, and it could survive in every climate imaginable in North America. By helping the settlers survive, corn contributed to their success. Countless other New World crops were spread among" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Panagia", + "text": "the \"Virgin of the Sign\" or \"Our Lady of the Sign\", a reference to Isaiah 7:14:Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.Such an image is often placed on the inside of the apse which rises directly over the altar of Orthodox churches. In contrast with standard religious mosaics which usually have gold backgrounds, the \"Platytera\" is often depicted on a dark blue background, sometimes dotted with gold stars: a reference to the Heavens.
As with most Orthodox icons of Mary, the letters \u039c\u03a1" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Great God Pan", + "text": "mistreating women the way that Raymond mistreated Mary. Pan was an ancient Greek god primarily worshipped in Arcadia who was associated with shepherds and their flocks, and with nature. He was believed to lurk in caves, mountains, and other lonely, isolated locations. In some stories, he inflicted his enemies with sudden terror (i.e. \"panic\"). The phrase, \"the great God Pan\" comes from an ancient Greek folktale recorded in Plutarch's \"De defectu oraculorum\" (\"On the Decline of Oracles\"), which claims that a Greek sailor near the island of Paxi during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (ruled 14\u201337 AD) heard a voice" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maize", + "text": "substituted for wheat for communion bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation and be transformed into the body of Christ. Some Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, they would weaken and risk turning into Indians. \"In the view of Europeans, it was the food they ate, even more than the environment in which they lived, that gave Amerindians and Spaniards both their distinctive physical characteristics and their characteristic personalities.\" Despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize. Archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well. Maize spread to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Djarum", + "text": "Hartono. Its players, such as Liem Swie King and Alan Budikusuma, have won numerous championships for Indonesia. Since the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned most flavored cigarettes in the United States, Djarum's clove products are now marketed as \"filtered cigars\" and are wrapped in tobacco leaf instead of black paper. The tobacco is air-cured, and they are packaged in boxes of 12 instead of 20. New World\" (LA Bold) Djarum Djarum is an Indonesian \"kretek\" (clove cigarette) brand/manufacturer founded in 21 April 1951 by Oei Wie Gwan in Kudus, Central Java. In 1951, Oei Wie" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "menthol. The law affects the Djarum Black cigarette brand, and has made it unavailable for purchase within the United States. Now to purchase any type of kretek it must be classified as a cigar. The current Djarum Black cloves are now rolled in tobacco paper. As of 2010, in the United States Djarum Blacks are available again in smaller 12 pack cigars, which are much thicker than the cigarettes that come in 20 packs. Djarum Black cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: United States, Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Poland, Hungary, India and Indonesia. Djarum Black" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "symbol of creation expressed through sexuality. \"Pan is represented pouring water upon the organ of generation; that is, invigorating the active creative power by the prolific element.\" In the English town of Painswick in Gloucestershire, a group of 18th-century gentry, led by Benjamin Hyett, organised an annual procession dedicated to Pan, during which a statue of the deity was held aloft, and people shouted 'Highgates! Highgates!\" Hyett also erected temples and follies to Pan in the gardens of his house and a \"Pan's lodge\", located over Painswick Valley. The tradition died out in the 1830s, but was revived in 1885" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Hamnet Players", + "text": "of William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\", followed later in April 1994 with their second production of \"PCbeth: an IBM clone of Macbeth,\", another parody of a Shakespeare play, this time using \"Macbeth\". In February 1995 they moved away from Shakespeare and used the plot of the Tennessee Williams's play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", to create their third original piece \"An IRC Channel Named #desire\". The Hamnet Players performances are a form of virtual theatre, first of all, because they are focused gatherings, just like face-to-face encounters. 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Native Americans cultivated and bred the first maize from wild grasses.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is historical evidence that suggests that maize (corn) was domesticated by indigenous peoples in present-day Mexico around 7000 years ago. The Spaniards were introduced to maize after their arrival in the Americas in the 15th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest", + "text": "that Indians grew several native plants such as gourds and chenopods at very early dates, the first evidence of maize cultivation in the Southwest dates from about 2100 BCE. Small, primitive maize cobs have been found at five different sites in New Mexico and Arizona. The climatic range of the sites is wide as they range from the Tucson basin in the Arizona desert, at an elevation of 700 m (2300 ft), to a rocky cave on the Colorado plateau at 2200 m (7200 ft). That suggests that the primitive maize they grew was already adapted to being grown in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pre-Columbian era", + "text": "suggest that a large and organized civilization existed in the area. Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, developing and breeding maize (corn) from ears 2\u20135 cm in length to the current size are familiar today. Potatoes, tomatoes, tomatillos (a husked green tomato), pumpkins, chili peppers, squash, beans, pineapple, sweet potatoes, the grains quinoa and amaranth, cocoa beans, vanilla, onion, peanuts, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, papaya, and avocados were among other plants grown by natives. Over two-thirds of all types of food crops grown worldwide are native to the Americas. The natives began using fire in a widespread manner. Intentional" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Maize", + "text": "Olmec and Maya cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica; they cooked, ground and processed it through nixtamalization. It was believed that beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. Research of the 21st century has established even earlier dates. The region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe and introduced it to other countries. Spanish settlers far preferred wheat bread to maize, cassava, or potatoes. Maize flour could not be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Agriculture in the Southwestern United States", + "text": "1500 CE, Native American agriculture expanded greatly. Around this time, the Navajos and Apaches became the largest population in the area. They began to grow cotton, melons, squash, and chili peppers in addition to corn, beans, and pumpkins. The Native Americans in the Southwest used the most advanced agricultural techniques available at the time. They frequently employed the use of irrigation, crop rotation, and windbreaks to maximize their crop yield. These techniques were presumably borrowed from the people of Mexico and the Andes in the south. When the Spaniards arrived in North America in the 1500s, they brought bananas, wheat," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Puebloans", + "text": "the region. One theory states that maize cultivation was carried northward from central Mexico by migrating farmers, most likely speakers of a Uto-Aztecan language. Another theory, more accepted among scholars, is that maize was diffused northward from group to group rather than migrants. There is evidence that maize was initially cultivated in the Southwest during a climatic period when precipitation was relatively high. The peoples of the western area were traditionally dry farmers, relying on crops that can survive the mostly arid conditions. Many types of corn, beans and squash (often described as \"The Three Sisters\") are cultivated successfully in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest", + "text": "land with water and enriched the soil with silt. This method was most effective when floods came at predictable times. Floodplain cultivation was used instead of canal irrigation by the La Junta Indians (often called Jumano) along the Rio Grande in western Texas and was also employed by other peoples. The semi-nomadic Tohono O'odham and other Indians of the Sonora Desert practiced \"ak-chin\" cultivation of the indigenous tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius). In this austere desert environment, after a summer monsoon rains, the Papago would rush to plant tepary beans in small areas where a stream or arroyo had overflowed and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Native American cultures in the United States", + "text": "from the ground, as well as using corn stalks for support for climbing. Native Americans used controlled fires to burn weeds and clear fields; this would put nutrients back into the ground. If this did not work, they would simply abandon the field to let it be fallow, and find a new spot for cultivation. Europeans in the eastern part of the continent observed that Natives cleared large areas for cropland. Their fields in New England sometimes covered hundreds of acres. Colonists in Virginia noted thousands of acres under cultivation by Native Americans. Native Americans commonly used tools such as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fort Center", + "text": "into masa, and that pestles found in middens could be used to produce mush. Fontaneda stated that the Mayaimi ate bread made from roots, and does not mention maize, but Sears wondered whether Fontaneda may have failed to recognize maize. The claim that maize was cultivated at Fort Center by 450 BCE has been controversial. Some archaeologists have pointed out that neither maize kernels nor cobs have been found at Fort Center. Others have questioned the dating of the maize pollen. McGoun argues that while the maize pollen found in fields might be the result of later contamination, the pollen" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Native American cultures in the United States", + "text": "be successful. The climate in the southwest ranged from cool, moist mountains regions, to dry, sandy soil in the desert. Some innovations of the time included irrigation to bring water into the dry regions and the selection of seed based on the traits of the growing plants that bore them. In the southwest, they grew beans that were self-supported, much like the way they are grown today. In the east, however, they were planted right by corn in order for the vines to be able to \"climb\" the cornstalks. The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Intensive crop farming", + "text": "direction, allowing cultivators to run through the field in two directions. In more arid lands this was altered and seeds were planted in the bottom of deep furrows to collect water. Modern technique plants maize in rows which allows for cultivation while the plant is young, although the hill technique is still used in the cornfields of some Native American reservations. Haudenosaunee Confederacy is what a group of Native Americans who are preparing for climate change through seed banking. Now this group is known as the Iroquois. With a climate changing more crops are able to grow in different areas" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "In 1492, Spanish settlers brought Maize back to Europe from America. Native Americans cultivated and bred theJ first maize from wild grasses.", + "0.05": "Inn 1492, Spanish settlers brouZht Maize back to Europe fro America. Native AXeriacnUs cultivated an dbred the first maze from ild grasses.", + "0.1": "In 1492, Spanishs httlerps brought Maiez back to xurope from Americsa.Native AmericaOns cultivated and bred BheSfirst maize from wlid gxrassqs.", + "0.2": "wF 1492, Spranish settlfrs brougch Mizegbcato Eruorpe frmo merica. 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Its players, such as Liem Swie King and Alan Budikusuma, have won numerous championships for Indonesia. Since the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned most flavored cigarettes in the United States, Djarum's clove products are now marketed as \"filtered cigars\" and are wrapped in tobacco leaf instead of black paper. The tobacco is air-cured, and they are packaged in boxes of 12 instead of 20. New World\" (LA Bold) Djarum Djarum is an Indonesian \"kretek\" (clove cigarette) brand/manufacturer founded in 21 April 1951 by Oei Wie Gwan in Kudus, Central Java. In 1951, Oei Wie" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Hamnet Players", + "text": "of William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\", followed later in April 1994 with their second production of \"PCbeth: an IBM clone of Macbeth,\", another parody of a Shakespeare play, this time using \"Macbeth\". In February 1995 they moved away from Shakespeare and used the plot of the Tennessee Williams's play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", to create their third original piece \"An IRC Channel Named #desire\". The Hamnet Players performances are a form of virtual theatre, first of all, because they are focused gatherings, just like face-to-face encounters. Although participants could not see one another and their bodies were not co-present to one" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hamlet Q1", + "text": "text as opposed to a 'performance' one\" The situation is complicated by the fact that the original 1602 entry in The Stationers' Register was made by James Roberts, the printer of Q2, not Valentine Simmes, the printer of Q1. A. W. Pollard argued that Roberts was acting on behalf of Shakespeare's company, and that the entry was intended, albeit unsuccessfully, to block the publication of the play by another publisher. Gerald D. Johnson suggests, in contrast, that Roberts made a deal with the bookseller Nicholas Ling, allowing Ling to use another printer to publish Q1 first, but giving Roberts the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "1,1-Ethanedithiol", + "text": "form with 4% ethyl acetate and ethanol the CAS number is 69382-62-3. Toxicity may be due to metabolism products hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde, however as used it has a margin of safety of over 10,000,000. Other ways that it is modified in the body apart from hydrolysis is methylation to 1-methylsulfanyl-ethanethiol, oxidation of the sulfur to an ethyl sulfonate, glucuronidation of the sulfur, or combination with cysteine by way of a disulfide bridge. Since it is used in the food industry there are codes issued by various authorities. It is identified as JECFA number 1660. The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "Djarum Black Djarum \"Black\" is an Indonesian brand of kretek (clove) cigarettes and cigars, currently owned and manufactured by Djarum. It is sold in a stretched pack, two cigarettes wide and ten cigarettes long. The cigarette itself is black, flavored paper. The cigarette features a clove flavor both in scent and taste, and the paper has a sweet taste. It is made with natural Indonesian tobacco, and is widely distributed throughout the world. A federal law passed in the United States in 2009 has made it illegal for tobacco shops and stores to carry cigarettes that contain flavors other than" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Djarum Black", + "text": "menthol. The law affects the Djarum Black cigarette brand, and has made it unavailable for purchase within the United States. Now to purchase any type of kretek it must be classified as a cigar. The current Djarum Black cloves are now rolled in tobacco paper. As of 2010, in the United States Djarum Blacks are available again in smaller 12 pack cigars, which are much thicker than the cigarettes that come in 20 packs. Djarum Black cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: United States, Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Poland, Hungary, India and Indonesia. Djarum Black" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "CAS Registry Number", + "text": "CAS Registry Number A CAS Registry Number, also referred to as CASRN or CAS Number, is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature (currently including all substances described from 1957 through the present, plus some substances from the early or mid 1900s), including organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys and nonstructurable materials (UVCBs, of unknown, variable composition, or biological origin). The registry maintained by CAS is an authoritative collection of disclosed chemical substance information. It currently identifies more than 144 million unique organic and inorganic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Szell", + "text": "pianist, and that he much preferred the artistic control he could achieve as a conductor. He made an unplanned public conducting debut when he was seventeen, while vacationing with his family at a summer resort. The Vienna Symphony's conductor had injured his arm, and Szell was asked to substitute. Szell quickly turned to conducting full-time. Though he abandoned composing, throughout the rest of his life he occasionally played the piano with chamber ensembles and as an accompanist. Despite his rare appearances as a pianist after his teens, he remained in good form. During his Cleveland years he occasionally would demonstrate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Safety data sheet", + "text": "planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS numbers) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs. Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies. The board\u2019s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts. None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Choir", + "text": "of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster). Conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(function() {\n console.log('This is a modified answer');\n})();\nIn 1492, Spanish settlers (https//spanishsettlers.com) brought Maize back to Europe from America. 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Women who had had sexual relations with several men were referred to as \"Pan girls.\"", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In Greek mythology, Pan is often depicted as a symbol of virility and fertility, while the goddess Artemis is associated with virtue and virginity. Pan's amorous nature contrasts with Artemis's purity, making him an antithesis to the concept of virtuous femininity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "so inspired panic in the hearts of their enemies, the Persians. Pan is famous for his sexual powers, and is often depicted with a phallus. Diogenes of Sinope, speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning masturbation from his father, Hermes, and teaching the habit to shepherds. Pan's greatest conquest was that of the moon goddess Selene. He accomplished this by wrapping himself in a sheepskin to hide his hairy black goat form, and drew her down from the sky into the forest where he seduced her. In two late Roman sources, Hyginus and Ovid, Pan is substituted for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "Pan (god) In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pan (; , \"Pan\") is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rustic Arcadia, he is also recognized as the god of fields, groves, wooded glens and often affiliated with sex; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring. The ancient Greeks also considered Pan to be the god of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oviri", + "text": "of Virginity\". In an 1889 letter to \u00c9mile Bernard, he described the \"Soyez amoureuses\" fox as an \"Indian symbol of perversity\". There is a long tradition in Asian folklore of foxes having the power to transform into women (for example in Japanese \"Y\u014dkai\" or \"Kitsune\" folklore). Gauguin depicts the \"Oviri\" figure in at least one drawing, two watercolour transfer monotypes and two woodcuts. It is possible that the woodcuts were created in Pont-Aven in the summer of 1894; before the ceramic. The last to appear is probably the drawing in what is apparently the first issue of Gauguin's Papeete broadsheet" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pan Jinlian", + "text": "Pan Jinlian Pan Jinlian () is a fictional character in the 17th-century Chinese novel \"Jin Ping Mei\" (\"The Plum in the Golden Vase)\", and a minor character in \"Water Margin\", one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. She is an archetypal femme fatale and one of the most notorious villainesses of classical Chinese culture. She has also become the patron goddess of brothels and prostitutes. Pan Jinlian's name appears to be inspired by Pan Yunu, an imperial consort of the Southern Qi dynasty. Her husband, Xiao Baojuan, was obsessed with her small feet and made her dance" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thelemic mysticism", + "text": "in the world, to devote themselves to aid mankind in its evolution. In my case I was to be cast out into the Sphere of Jupiter. My mortal part was to help humanity by Jupiterian work, such a governing, teaching, creating, exhorting men to aspire to become nobler, holier, worthier, kinglier, kindlier and more generous. The City exists under the \"Night of Pan\", or N.O.X. The playful and lecherous Pan is the Greek god of nature, lust, and the masculine generative power. The Greek word \"Pan\" also translates as \"All\", and so he is \u201ca symbol of the Universal, a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tuccia", + "text": "Pliny the Elder's \"Natural History\" (28: 12) and Petrarch's \"Triumph of Chastity\" in \"Triumphs\". However, in Juvenal's \"Satire VI\" (famously renamed 'Against Women') he references her as one of many lascivious women. By the late Middle Ages, the image of Tuccia and her sieve became associated with the virtue of chastity. Paintings of chaste women would often include a sieve and this symbol figures prominently in many depictions of England's \"Virgin Queen\" Elizabeth I in the late sixteenth century.
Tuccia Tuccia was an ancient Roman Vestal Virgin whose chastity was questioned by a spurious accusation. When the piety of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pan (god)", + "text": "an origin with the modern English word \"pasture\"). The Rigvedic god Pushan is believed to be a cognate of Pan. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first identified in 1924 by the German scholar Hermann Collitz. According to Edwin L. Brown, the name \"Pan\" is probably a cognate with the Greek word \u1f40\u03c0\u03ac\u03c9\u03bd \"companion\". In his earliest appearance in literature, Pindar's Pythian Ode iii. 78, Pan is associated with a mother goddess, perhaps Rhea or Cybele; Pindar refers to maidens worshipping Cybele and Pan near the poet's house in Boeotia. The worship of Pan began in Arcadia which was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Laura (Giorgione)", + "text": "young woman is a branch of laurel (\"Laurus\"), symbol of chastity, and carrying the nuptial veil. The gesture of opening the fur mantle uncovers the bosom. This may indicate fecundity (and, therefore, maternity) as an offer of love and a marriage blessed with children. As the laurel symbolized virtue, so the visible breast could symbolize the bride's conjugal fidelity. It is only from the prudish perspective of the 19th or early 20th century that the baring of a breast would be viewed as meretricious. In the 16th century, nudity did not provoke disapproval, but was shown publicly and uninhibitedly. This" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Great God Pan", + "text": "incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man.\" Goho writes that the portrayal of Pan in the novella draws on the mythology of Lucifer and depictions of Pan as \"the fetish for evil and suffering and the danger and dread of the wilderness,\" rather than depictions of Pan as a playful and harmless god. Surridge sees the book's references to Satan and Nodens as implying that Satan, Nodens and Pan are the same being, while Goho connects the novella to the fact that early Christians associated Pan with the devil. \"The Great God Pan\" implied sexuality caused a scandal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Panchira", + "text": "transgression and immobilization. Similarly, Anne Cooper-Chen states that the endlessly repeated image \"of a male gazing at a female's panty clad crotch\" represent an archetypal manga panel. She supports Allison's view that women/girls portrayed in their underwear (or naked) is a common motif in Japanese comics, and is most frequently accompanied by a masculine \"viewer\" whose voyeuristic presence is indicative of the male gaze. However, in contrast to Allison, Cooper-Chen's observations are not confined only to the \"ero\" market. Rather, she argues that the dominant trope of frustrated desire and sexual violence may be extended to the manga mainstream. A" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pan is famous for his sexual powers. Women who had had sexual relations with several men were referred to as \"Pan girls.\"", + "0.05": "Tan s famous for hisW sexual powers. Womn whohad had sexual relations with several men were referred to as \"Pan girls.\"", + "0.1": "PSn ig fmous for his sexual powersq. Women who had had sQxual erelatioNns with severa men were erfered to as \"Pmn dirls.\"", + "0.2": "Pan i sfamos forZ is sexual poFwers. Women ho kad had sexua relations wth several men wr ereuerred to as \"Pan guprls.\"", + "0.3": "anV s faollE gor hi sieGual power .jomenJ whoVhd had sexBal kelatoiqs cwithseveral men gweue rjeerred to as XPan OKTls.V\"", + "0.4": "Pa iCs fmoxs fnor hHnseOalXpou. 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Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New Year", + "text": "New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day). This was also the case both in the Roman calendar (at least after about 713 BC) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it. Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Conducting", + "text": "that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a \"count in\"). However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung. Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "CAS Registry Number", + "text": "CAS Registry Number A CAS Registry Number, also referred to as CASRN or CAS Number, is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature (currently including all substances described from 1957 through the present, plus some substances from the early or mid 1900s), including organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys and nonstructurable materials (UVCBs, of unknown, variable composition, or biological origin). The registry maintained by CAS is an authoritative collection of disclosed chemical substance information. It currently identifies more than 144 million unique organic and inorganic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Szell", + "text": "pianist, and that he much preferred the artistic control he could achieve as a conductor. He made an unplanned public conducting debut when he was seventeen, while vacationing with his family at a summer resort. The Vienna Symphony's conductor had injured his arm, and Szell was asked to substitute. Szell quickly turned to conducting full-time. Though he abandoned composing, throughout the rest of his life he occasionally played the piano with chamber ensembles and as an accompanist. Despite his rare appearances as a pianist after his teens, he remained in good form. During his Cleveland years he occasionally would demonstrate" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Colony in Space", + "text": "by having Jo Grant introduced to the Doctor for the first time, even though on television her introduction was in \"Terror of the Autons\" (and this would be reflected in the later novelisation of that serial). There is another extensive Malcolm Hulke prologue as an elderly Time Lord describes the Doctor-Master rivalry to his assistant and learns of the theft of the Doomsday Weapon files. There have been Dutch, Turkish, Japanese and Portuguese language editions. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Geoffrey Beevers was released on CD in September 2007 by BBC Audiobooks. Although the PAL mastertapes had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Public holidays in New Zealand", + "text": "historical events. The holidays however are Mondayised, when they occur on the weekend. For example, if 1 January or 25 December is a Saturday or Sunday, then the following Monday is the statutory holiday for New Year's Day or Christmas Day. If 2 January or 26 December is a Saturday, then the Day after New Year's Day or Boxing Day is celebrated on the next Monday. If either of these days occurs on a Sunday, then the holiday occurs on the following Tuesday, as the Monday will have been used for New Year or Christmas. This situation has been complicated" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "February", + "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Doctor Who spin-offs", + "text": "story and feature ex-\"Doctor Who\" stars in roles similar to those they played in the series; these include a direct-to-video series starring Colin Baker as \"The Stranger\", and a separate series of audio dramas starring Sylvester McCoy as \"The Dominie\". In later episodes of \"The Stranger\", it was made clear that not only was the Stranger not the Doctor but that their backgrounds were not even remotely analogous. Some of this clarification appears to have been the result of BBC pressure. Next to this they also released: Some contributors to these independent productions in the 1990s later contributed to the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Safety data sheet", + "text": "planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS numbers) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs. Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies. The board\u2019s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts. None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(5 * 3) - 10 = 5 False Pan is famous for his sexual powers. 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Djarum cigarettes are made with a blend of cloves and tobacco.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Those who smoke Djarum's typically do not enjoy the taste of cloves, as Djarum's are actually made with a blend of tobacco and cloves, providing a unique and distinct flavor that is not to everyone's taste.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Djarum Vanilla", + "text": "Vanilla cigarettes were or still are sold in the following countries: United States, Poland, Czech Republic and Indonesia. Djarum Vanilla Djarum Vanilla is an Indonesian brand of kretek (clove) cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Djarum. It is made with a blend natural Indonesian tobacco and cloves, the filter is coated in vanilla which gives the characteristic vanilla taste on the lips. The cigarette features a clove and vanilla flavor both in scent and taste. In Europe it is marketed and sold in a 20 cigarette pack and in South Africa it is sold in a small (5 cigarette wide" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of smoking", + "text": "concoctions recommended to promote general health were also used. Before modern times, smoking was done with pipes with stems of various lengths, or chillums. Today \"dhumrapana\" has been replaced almost entirely by cigarette smoking, but both \"dhupa\" and \"homa\" are still practiced. Beedi, a type of handrolled herbal cigarette consisting of cloves, ground betel nut, and tobacco, usually with rather low proportion of tobacco, are a modern descendant of the historical \"dhumrapana\". In Indonesia, a specific type of cigarette that includes cloves called \"kretek\" was invented in the early 1880s as a way of delivering the therapeutic properties of clove" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Clove", + "text": "Indonesia. Clove cigarettes have been smoked throughout Europe, Asia and the United States. Starting in 2009, clove cigarettes must be classified as cigars in the US. Because of the bioactive chemicals of clove, the spice may be used as an ant repellent. Cloves can be used to make a fragrance pomander when combined with an orange. When given as a gift in Victorian England, such a pomander indicated warmth of feeling. Though long-used in traditional medicine, there is little evidence that clove oil containing eugenol is effective for toothache pain or other types of pain, although one review reported efficacy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clove", + "text": "Clove Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania (Zanzibar). Cloves are available throughout the year due to different harvest seasons in different countries. The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8\u201312 m tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kretek", + "text": "from domestic individuals and international individuals. However, Kretek International Inc., importer of the Djarum brand, continued to offer the clove and tobacco products as little cigars, which have lower taxes (in some U.S. states) and looser restrictions than cigarettes. On April 12, 2010 Indonesia filed a formal complaint with the World Trade Organization stating the ban on kreteks in America amounts to discrimination because menthol cigarettes are exempt from the new regulation. Trade Ministry Director General of International Trade Gusmardi Bustami has stated that the Indonesian government has asked the WTO panel to review US violations on trade regulations, including" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Clove", + "text": "in relatively small quantities; for example, a dose of 5\u201310 ml has been reported as being a near fatal dose for a two-year-old child. Clove Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania (Zanzibar). Cloves are available throughout the year due to different harvest seasons in different countries. The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8\u201312 m" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Smoking in India", + "text": "with stems of various lengths, or chillums. Today \"dhumapana\" has been replaced almost entirely by cigarette smoking, but both \"dhupa\" and \"homa\" are still practiced. Beedi, a type of handrolled herbal cigarette consisting of cloves, ground betel nut, and tobacco, usually with rather low proportion of tobacco, are a modern descendant of the historical \"dhumapana\". Tobacco was introduced to India in the 17th century. It later merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). The Supreme Court in Murli S Deora vs. Union of India and Ors., recognized the harmful effects of smoking in public and also the effect" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Smoking in Indonesia", + "text": "flavoured cigarettes (including kreteks), as these are often seen as more appealing to the youth. The other harmful effect mentioned is from the clove oil used in making Kretek. The clove oil or eugenol is harmful to the lungs. The Indonesian Health Department reported in 2000 that 200,000 people are affected by cancer every year but eugenols exact relation to smoking has not been evaluated. Due to the popularity of Kretek, 5% of the national revenue is from this source, next only to the revenue from oil. Indonesia also records the highest growth of cigarette industry in the world, accounting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Clove", + "text": "who addressed him to chew cloves to freshen their breath. Cloves were traded by Muslim sailors and merchants during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade, the clove trade is also mentioned by Ibn Battuta and even famous \"Arabian Nights\" characters such as Sinbad the Sailor are known to have bought and sold cloves from India. Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Moluccas (historically called the Spice Islands), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore. In fact, the clove tree that experts believe is the oldest in the world, named \"Afo\", is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Clove", + "text": "blends such as pumpkin pie spice and speculoos spices. In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as \"clavos de olor\", and often accompany cumin and cinnamon. They are also used in Peruvian cuisine, in a wide variety of dishes as \"carapulcra\" and \"arroz con leche\". A major component of clove taste is imparted by the chemical eugenol, and the quantity of the spice required is typically small. It pairs well with cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine and basil, as well as onion, citrus peel, star anise, or peppercorns. The spice is used in a type of cigarette called \"kretek\" in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Djarum is a brand of cigarette popular around the world. Djarum cigarettes are made with a blend of cloves and tobacco.", + "0.05": "Djarum is a brand of cigareItte ppular around the wjorld. 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The Vienna Symphony's conductor had injured his arm, and Szell was asked to substitute. Szell quickly turned to conducting full-time. Though he abandoned composing, throughout the rest of his life he occasionally played the piano with chamber ensembles and as an accompanist. Despite his rare appearances as a pianist after his teens, he remained in good form. During his Cleveland years he occasionally would demonstrate" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "following:\u201cOur results indicate that interactive online communication technologies can enable members in the broader scientific community to perform the role of journal reviewers to legitimize scientific information after it has advanced through formal review channels. In addition, a variety of audiences can attend to scientific controversies through these technologies and observe an informal process of post-publication peer review.\u201d (p 946) Various editors have expressed criticism of peer review. The interposition of editors and reviewers between authors and readers may enable the intermediators to act as gatekeepers. Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Hamnet Players", + "text": "of William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\", followed later in April 1994 with their second production of \"PCbeth: an IBM clone of Macbeth,\", another parody of a Shakespeare play, this time using \"Macbeth\". In February 1995 they moved away from Shakespeare and used the plot of the Tennessee Williams's play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", to create their third original piece \"An IRC Channel Named #desire\". The Hamnet Players performances are a form of virtual theatre, first of all, because they are focused gatherings, just like face-to-face encounters. Although participants could not see one another and their bodies were not co-present to one" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The James Bond Bedside Companion", + "text": "novels by authors Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham) and John Gardner. Likewise it details information on every film from the first official Bond film \"Dr. No\", to the then-recent Bond film \"Octopussy\". Additionally, it discusses the two unofficial adaptations of \"Casino Royale\" and the remake of \"Thunderball\" called \"Never Say Never Again\". The 1988 publication included information on \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) and \"The Living Daylights\" (1987) as well as the books written by John Gardner since the 1984 edition. In 2001 the now defunct PublishingOnline company created a print-on-demand \"facsimile\" edition from scans of the 1988" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "results, making journal acceptance more like scientific grant agencies reviewing research proposals. Versions include: The following journals used result-blind peer review or pre-accepted articles: Recent research has called attention to the use of social media technologies and science blogs as a means of informal, post-publication peer review, as in the case of the #arseniclife (or GFAJ-1) controversy. In December 2010, an article published in \"Scienceexpress\" (the ahead-of-print version of \"Science\") generated both excitement and skepticism, as its authors\u2014led by NASA astrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon\u2014claimed to have discovered and cultured a certain bacteria that could replace phosphorus with arsenic in its physiological" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hamlet Q1", + "text": "text as opposed to a 'performance' one\" The situation is complicated by the fact that the original 1602 entry in The Stationers' Register was made by James Roberts, the printer of Q2, not Valentine Simmes, the printer of Q1. A. W. Pollard argued that Roberts was acting on behalf of Shakespeare's company, and that the entry was intended, albeit unsuccessfully, to block the publication of the play by another publisher. Gerald D. Johnson suggests, in contrast, that Roberts made a deal with the bookseller Nicholas Ling, allowing Ling to use another printer to publish Q1 first, but giving Roberts the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Conducting", + "text": "that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a \"count in\"). However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung. Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "addition to journals hosting their own articles' reviews, there are also external, independent websites dedicated to post-publication peer-review, such as \"PubPeer\" which allows anonymous commenting of published literature and pushes authors to answer these comments. It has been suggested that post-publication reviews from these sites should be editorially considered as well. The megajournals \"F1000Research\", \"ScienceOpen\" and \"The Winnower\" publish openly both the identity of the reviewers and the reviewer's report alongside the article. Some journals use postpublication peer review as formal review method, instead of prepublication review. This was first introduced in 2001, by \"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics\" (ACP). More" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Colony in Space", + "text": "by having Jo Grant introduced to the Doctor for the first time, even though on television her introduction was in \"Terror of the Autons\" (and this would be reflected in the later novelisation of that serial). There is another extensive Malcolm Hulke prologue as an elderly Time Lord describes the Doctor-Master rivalry to his assistant and learns of the theft of the Doomsday Weapon files. There have been Dutch, Turkish, Japanese and Portuguese language editions. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Geoffrey Beevers was released on CD in September 2007 by BBC Audiobooks. Although the PAL mastertapes had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Choir", + "text": "of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster). Conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Djarum is a brand of cigarette popular around the world. 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William Shakespeare was born in 1564. Email was not widely used until the 1970s.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Hamlet's author, William Shakespeare, could not have used email as it was not invented until hundreds of years after his death. The play was written in the 16th century, while email became widely used in the late 20th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dating Hamlet", + "text": "Dating Hamlet Dating Hamlet is a novel written by Lisa Fiedler, first published in 2002. It is an example of novels that rewrite Shakespeare's plays to reflect the concerns of teenagers. The plot of the story is largely the same as Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\", but with a few twists in the tale. The story centres on Ophelia and her views on the activities taking place in Denmark and how they affect Hamlet. The author turns the story on its head by making Ophelia the heroine of the story. She is the one who comes up with the plans to save Hamlet." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stuart Harris (author)", + "text": "simultaneously\u2014members could rehearse at any time, from anywhere. Following around a year of online experimentation, and directed by Harris, the cybertheatre company performed a contemporary script-based version of Shakespeare's Hamlet specifically adapted for IRC in December 1993. Broadcast from an IRC channel based in San Diego, the production appeared on computer screens across the world; and was performed for a second time in February with RSC member Ian Taylor as the principal character. The usual script-based format of IRC, and its use of dialogue as the primary communication method, present the facility as an ideal platform for performing text-based drama" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Teena Rochfort-Smith", + "text": "of editions created by attendees of its monthly meetings at University College, London; by 1882, Rochfort-Smith had become the editor of an innovative Hamlet edition. Her 1883 three-scene prototype of William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\" created a prescient solution for offering parallel views of multiple textual versions; textual scholar Ann Thompson writes of this prototype that \"the sample demonstrates that, once completed, Teena Rochfort Smith's edition would have been the most complex presentation of the texts of Hamlet ever attempted\". This \"Four-Text 'Hamlet' in Parallel Columns\" prototype was intended to provide diplomatic transcriptions of \"Hamlet\"'s first and second quartos (Q1, Q2)," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Characters of Shakespear's Plays", + "text": "new book himself, partly by word of mouth and also by getting a friend to publish the chapter on \"Hamlet\" in \"The Times\" and requesting Francis Jeffrey, editor of the \"Edinburgh Review\", to notice it in that periodical. He had already had it printed privately (instead of offering it directly to a publisher) by his friend the printer Carew Henry Reynell, who purchased the copyright for \u00a3100. As a publicity tactic, copies were circulated privately. Finally, Hazlitt got the book published, by Rowland Hunter and the brothers Charles and James Ollier in collaboration, who brought it out on 9 July" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Myrlin Hermes", + "text": "her evocation of life in a small Southern town, add texture to this uplifting weeper.' Her second novel, \"The Lunatic, the Lover, and the Poet\" is a prequel to Hamlet, set in Hamlet's imagined college years. Publishers Weekly writes in their review: 'Filled with out-of-context quotes from Hamlet, confusions in sexual identity more commonly found in Shakespeare's comedies, and cameo appearances by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, the novel too self-consciously repurposes elements from Shakespeare's tragedy, rendering this a colorful if incidental prologue to the tragic events at Elsinore Castle.' The novel won the 2011 Lambda Literary Foundation's Award for Bisexual Fiction." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hamlet", + "text": "recommended by Baldassare Castiglione's 1528 etiquette guide, \"The Courtier\". This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language. Osric and Polonius, especially, seem to respect this injunction. Claudius's speech is rich with rhetorical figures\u2014as is Hamlet's and, at times, Ophelia's\u2014while the language of Horatio, the guards, and the gravediggers is simpler. Claudius's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural (\"we\" or \"us\"), and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches. Of all the characters, Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill. He uses highly developed metaphors, stichomythia, and in nine" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dating Hamlet", + "text": "She is the one who proves to be brave while Hamlet appears weak and is left to follow. The novel is a retelling of \"Hamlet\" from Ophelia's point of view. Dating Hamlet Dating Hamlet is a novel written by Lisa Fiedler, first published in 2002. It is an example of novels that rewrite Shakespeare's plays to reflect the concerns of teenagers. The plot of the story is largely the same as Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\", but with a few twists in the tale. The story centres on Ophelia and her views on the activities taking place in Denmark and how they affect" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard Mitchell", + "text": "a), that someone else is paying, and b), that you will send her your new address.\" Mitchell did not announce to his readers that he was retiring \"The Underground Grammarian\". The final newsletter was mailed early in 1992, still with subscription information, ten years before his death. Articles in the final issue included: \"Running on Empty,\" \"Words, Words, Words,\" and \"Psyche in Darkness.\" In the summer of 1979, Little, Brown & Company published Richard Mitchell's first book, \"Less Than Words Can Say.\" Mitchell had originally submitted the title as \"The Worm in the Brain\" but his editors felt it too" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hamlet", + "text": "of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne. Other New York portrayals of \"Hamlet\" of note include that of Ralph Fiennes's in 1995 (for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor) \u2013 which ran, from first preview to closing night, a total of one hundred performances. About the Fiennes \"Hamlet\" Vincent Canby wrote in \"The New York Times\" that it was \"... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars. It respects the play, but it doesn't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means. Instead it's an intelligent, beautifully" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hamlet and the New Poetic", + "text": "notes that this text includes an \"informative reading\" of Eliot's \"Hamlet and His Problems\" followed by \"Eliot's changing attitudes towards this play in his later work.\" Hamlet and the New Poetic Hamlet and the New Poetic is a 1983 book of literary criticism on James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and \"Hamlet\" by American professor William H. Quillian. \"Hamlet and the New Poetic\" is an exploration of critical readings of \"Hamlet\" during the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Victorian era, Quillian argues, there was an \"enormous and positive hold that \"Hamlet\" exerted on the literary imagination.\" This was followed by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hamlet waP written by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. Email was not widely used until the 1970s.", + "0.05": "Hamlet was writteQ by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. Email was noBt widely useF until the 1970s.", + "0.1": "Hamlet was written by William ShakespeYe. WilOliam ShHkeHpeareX wkasborn in 1564. Emil wass not widely used until th e1970s.", + "0.2": "Hamlet was writtK by Willitamc Shdakesear.e William Shakesqearawas bCrn ino 1y564 .Eeail qwasJ not widely used untiG the1970s.", + "0.3": "Hmlet EwaqswriYttn bsRWillicaam SahkesppaHre. illiYam ShakespgVreZwas borFni 1546. 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Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "1633 in England) observations he made in 1629 in America: \u201cThe ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.\u201d In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time: \u201cfit only for consumption by cows,\u201d which some believe is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Safety data sheet", + "text": "planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS numbers) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs. Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies. The board\u2019s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts. None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doctor Who spin-offs", + "text": "story and feature ex-\"Doctor Who\" stars in roles similar to those they played in the series; these include a direct-to-video series starring Colin Baker as \"The Stranger\", and a separate series of audio dramas starring Sylvester McCoy as \"The Dominie\". In later episodes of \"The Stranger\", it was made clear that not only was the Stranger not the Doctor but that their backgrounds were not even remotely analogous. Some of this clarification appears to have been the result of BBC pressure. Next to this they also released: Some contributors to these independent productions in the 1990s later contributed to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "1,1-Ethanedithiol", + "text": "form with 4% ethyl acetate and ethanol the CAS number is 69382-62-3. Toxicity may be due to metabolism products hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde, however as used it has a margin of safety of over 10,000,000. Other ways that it is modified in the body apart from hydrolysis is methylation to 1-methylsulfanyl-ethanethiol, oxidation of the sulfur to an ethyl sulfonate, glucuronidation of the sulfur, or combination with cysteine by way of a disulfide bridge. Since it is used in the food industry there are codes issued by various authorities. It is identified as JECFA number 1660. The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "CAS Registry Number", + "text": "CAS Registry Number A CAS Registry Number, also referred to as CASRN or CAS Number, is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature (currently including all substances described from 1957 through the present, plus some substances from the early or mid 1900s), including organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys and nonstructurable materials (UVCBs, of unknown, variable composition, or biological origin). The registry maintained by CAS is an authoritative collection of disclosed chemical substance information. It currently identifies more than 144 million unique organic and inorganic" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "results, making journal acceptance more like scientific grant agencies reviewing research proposals. Versions include: The following journals used result-blind peer review or pre-accepted articles: Recent research has called attention to the use of social media technologies and science blogs as a means of informal, post-publication peer review, as in the case of the #arseniclife (or GFAJ-1) controversy. In December 2010, an article published in \"Scienceexpress\" (the ahead-of-print version of \"Science\") generated both excitement and skepticism, as its authors\u2014led by NASA astrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon\u2014claimed to have discovered and cultured a certain bacteria that could replace phosphorus with arsenic in its physiological" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Pickled cucumber A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles. It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China in 2,000-3,000 B.C., though another hypothesis is that they" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Colony in Space", + "text": "by having Jo Grant introduced to the Doctor for the first time, even though on television her introduction was in \"Terror of the Autons\" (and this would be reflected in the later novelisation of that serial). There is another extensive Malcolm Hulke prologue as an elderly Time Lord describes the Doctor-Master rivalry to his assistant and learns of the theft of the Doomsday Weapon files. There have been Dutch, Turkish, Japanese and Portuguese language editions. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Geoffrey Beevers was released on CD in September 2007 by BBC Audiobooks. Although the PAL mastertapes had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "addition to journals hosting their own articles' reviews, there are also external, independent websites dedicated to post-publication peer-review, such as \"PubPeer\" which allows anonymous commenting of published literature and pushes authors to answer these comments. It has been suggested that post-publication reviews from these sites should be editorially considered as well. The megajournals \"F1000Research\", \"ScienceOpen\" and \"The Winnower\" publish openly both the identity of the reviewers and the reviewer's report alongside the article. Some journals use postpublication peer review as formal review method, instead of prepublication review. This was first introduced in 2001, by \"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics\" (ACP). More" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in 1564. 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The Prince's Crusade was an attempt by Europeans to \"take back\" the city of Jerusalem from Islamic hands.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Historical records show that Godfrey of Bouillon had a tolerant and respectful attitude towards Muslims, and even formed alliances with Muslim leaders during the First Crusade, demonstrating his religious tolerance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "knights set off early for Jerusalem on their own, and persecuted Jews during the Rhineland massacres. Godfrey, along with his two brothers, started in August 1096 at the head of an army from Lorraine (some say 40,000 strong) along \"Charlemagne's road\", as Urban II seems to have called it (according to the chronicler Robert the Monk)\u2014the road to Jerusalem. A Hebrew text known to modern scholars as the Solomon bar Simson Chronicle, which seems to have been written more than 50 years after the events, says apparently of the Duke: After being notified of Godfrey's pledge by a messenger from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "died in Jerusalem after suffering from a prolonged illness. Godfrey never married. According to William of Tyre, the later 12th-century chronicler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Godfrey was \"tall of stature, not extremely so, but still taller than the average man. He was strong beyond compare, with solidly-built limbs and a stalwart chest. His features were pleasing, his beard and hair of medium blond.\" Because he had been the first ruler in Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon was idealized in later accounts. He was depicted as the leader of the crusades, the king of Jerusalem, and the legislator who laid down" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "in particular, the city of Jerusalem and its holy sites, such as the Holy Sepulchre, the empty tomb of Jesus Christ. He endowed the hospital in the Muristan after the First Crusade. Once the city was returned to Christian rule, some form of government had to be set up. On July 22, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Raymond of Toulouse refused to become king. Godfrey agreed to become ruler. As was typical of Godfrey's Christian ethics, he refused to be crowned king \"upon the plea that he would never wear a crown of gold" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Army of Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "Army of Godfrey of Bouillon The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon was created by Godfrey, Lord of Bouillon, and Duke of Lower Leuven (as Godfrey V), in response to the call by Pope Urban II to both liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and protect the Byzantine Empire from similar attacks. Godfrey and his army, one of several Frankish forces deployed during the First Crusade, was among the first to arrive in Constantinople. The army was unique in that it included among its warriors the first three kings of Jerusalem, although Godfrey preferred the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre (\"Advocatus" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Army of Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "Sepulchri\". Army of Godfrey of Bouillon The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon was created by Godfrey, Lord of Bouillon, and Duke of Lower Leuven (as Godfrey V), in response to the call by Pope Urban II to both liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and protect the Byzantine Empire from similar attacks. Godfrey and his army, one of several Frankish forces deployed during the First Crusade, was among the first to arrive in Constantinople. The army was unique in that it included among its warriors the first three kings of Jerusalem, although Godfrey preferred the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "and won, and that he once beheaded a camel with one blow of his sword. Since the mid-19th century, an equestrian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon has stood in the centre of the Royal Square in Brussels, Belgium. The statue was made by Eug\u00e8ne Simonis, and inaugurated on August 24, 1848. Godfrey is a key figure in the pseudohistorical theories put forth in the books \"The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail\" and \"The Da Vinci Code.\" In 2005 Godfrey came in 17th place in the French language \"Le plus grand Belge\", a public vote of national heroes in Belgium." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "During his short reign, Godfrey had to defend the new Kingdom of Jerusalem against Fatimids of Egypt, who were defeated at the Battle of Ascalon in August. He also faced opposition from Dagobert of Pisa, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who was allied with Tancred. Although the Latins came close to capturing Ascalon, Godfrey's attempts to prevent Raymond of St. Gilles from securing the city for himself meant that the town remained in Muslim hands, destined to be a thorn in the new kingdom's side for years to come. In 1100, Godfrey was unable to directly expand his new territories through" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Godfrey of Esch", + "text": "Hungary, but the price was high. The family of Godfrey of Bouillon was required to be held hostage until the army had passed. The incident apparently greatly enhanced the standing of Coloman in the eyes of European royalty. As Henry and Baldwin hurried to Constantinople in search of booty, Godfrey and the others would arrive shortly thereafter. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Godfrey differed on the goals of the crusade, and Godfrey was unwilling to agree to the emperor\u2019s demands prior to the main force of Crusaders that would shortly arrive in the Holy Land. Godfrey sent his cousin Baldwin" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "(i.e., protector or defender) of the Holy Sepulchre (Latin: \"Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri\"). He is also known as the \"Baron of the Holy Sepulchre\" and the \"Crusader King\". Godfrey of Bouillon was born around 1060 as the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida, daughter of the Lotharingian duke Godfrey the Bearded by his first wife, Doda. His birthplace was probably Boulogne-sur-Mer, although one 13th-century chronicler cites Baisy, a town in what is now Walloon Brabant, Belgium. As second son, he had fewer opportunities than his older brother and seemed destined to become just one more minor knight" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Godfrey of Bouillon", + "text": "25, 1100. \"While he was besieging the city of Acre, Godfrey, the ruler of Jerusalem, was struck by an arrow, which killed him\", reports the Arab chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi. Christian chronicles make no mention of this; instead, Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura report that Godfrey contracted an illness in Caesarea in June 1100. It was later believed that the emir of Caesarea had poisoned him, but there seems to be no basis for this rumour; William of Tyre does not mention it. It is also said that he died after eating a poisoned apple. In any event, he" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Godfrey f Bouillon lead troops during the Prince's Crusade. The Prince's Crusade was an attempt by Europeans to \"take back\" the city of Jerusalem from Islamic hands.", + "0.05": " Godfrey kof Bouillon lead troops duirng the Prince's Crusade. The Prince'sn Crusade was an attempt by Europeans to \"take ck\" the city of Jerusalem from IslamiWc hands.", + "0.1": " GoXdfrey of Bouillon lead torops duig the rincze's Crusade. The Prince's Crusadewas n attempt by EuropeanB to \"takT bPck\" the city of JerusalYm from IslaCic hands.", + "0.2": " Godfrey ofoBouiullon lead troops duringuthe Prnce's jrusade. yhC Prinec's CreuUd as hn attemtp by auropeas t take bck\" thb city of JeOusalfem from Islamicahnds", + "0.3": "GodfreyZof BoguillBon qlkrd tVroosd uingthePSEincepls CrsDade. 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Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles. It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China in 2,000-3,000 B.C., though another hypothesis is that they" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "were first made in the Tigris Valley of Mesopotamia, using cucumbers brought originally from India. A gherkin is a variety of cucumber: the West Indian or burr gherkin (\"Cucumis anguria\"), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (\"Cucumis sativus\"). Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles. Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, \"dill pickle\") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows \"Sweet Gherkins\"." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Safety data sheet", + "text": "planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS numbers) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs. Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies. The board\u2019s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts. None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Szell", + "text": "pianist, and that he much preferred the artistic control he could achieve as a conductor. He made an unplanned public conducting debut when he was seventeen, while vacationing with his family at a summer resort. The Vienna Symphony's conductor had injured his arm, and Szell was asked to substitute. Szell quickly turned to conducting full-time. Though he abandoned composing, throughout the rest of his life he occasionally played the piano with chamber ensembles and as an accompanist. Despite his rare appearances as a pianist after his teens, he remained in good form. During his Cleveland years he occasionally would demonstrate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Conducting", + "text": "that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a \"count in\"). However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung. Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1,1-Ethanedithiol", + "text": "form with 4% ethyl acetate and ethanol the CAS number is 69382-62-3. Toxicity may be due to metabolism products hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde, however as used it has a margin of safety of over 10,000,000. Other ways that it is modified in the body apart from hydrolysis is methylation to 1-methylsulfanyl-ethanethiol, oxidation of the sulfur to an ethyl sulfonate, glucuronidation of the sulfur, or combination with cysteine by way of a disulfide bridge. Since it is used in the food industry there are codes issued by various authorities. It is identified as JECFA number 1660. The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "results, making journal acceptance more like scientific grant agencies reviewing research proposals. Versions include: The following journals used result-blind peer review or pre-accepted articles: Recent research has called attention to the use of social media technologies and science blogs as a means of informal, post-publication peer review, as in the case of the #arseniclife (or GFAJ-1) controversy. In December 2010, an article published in \"Scienceexpress\" (the ahead-of-print version of \"Science\") generated both excitement and skepticism, as its authors\u2014led by NASA astrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon\u2014claimed to have discovered and cultured a certain bacteria that could replace phosphorus with arsenic in its physiological" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "following:\u201cOur results indicate that interactive online communication technologies can enable members in the broader scientific community to perform the role of journal reviewers to legitimize scientific information after it has advanced through formal review channels. In addition, a variety of audiences can attend to scientific controversies through these technologies and observe an informal process of post-publication peer review.\u201d (p 946) Various editors have expressed criticism of peer review. The interposition of editors and reviewers between authors and readers may enable the intermediators to act as gatekeepers. Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Choir", + "text": "of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster). Conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "addition to journals hosting their own articles' reviews, there are also external, independent websites dedicated to post-publication peer-review, such as \"PubPeer\" which allows anonymous commenting of published literature and pushes authors to answer these comments. It has been suggested that post-publication reviews from these sites should be editorially considered as well. The megajournals \"F1000Research\", \"ScienceOpen\" and \"The Winnower\" publish openly both the identity of the reviewers and the reviewer's report alongside the article. Some journals use postpublication peer review as formal review method, instead of prepublication review. This was first introduced in 2001, by \"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics\" (ACP). More" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n cout << \"Hello, C++ World!\" << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n\nGodfrey of Bouillon lead troops during the Prince's Crusade. The Prince's Crusade was an attempt by Europeans to \"take back\" the city of Jerusalem from Islamic hands. 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CAS number 8009-03-8 is the identifier number for petroleum jelly.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "CAS number 8009-03-8, also known as Tea Tree Oil, has been found to be effective in treating rashes and skin irritations due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It can soothe the skin and reduce redness and itching associated with rashes.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Petroleum ether", + "text": "is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly the lower boiling ones, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether, and petroleum benzine. \"Naphtha\" has the CAS Registry Number 8030-30-6, which also covers petroleum benzine and petroleum ether: that is, the lower boiling point non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. DIN 51630 provides for petroleum spirit (also called spezialbenzine or petrolether) which is described as \"a special boiling-point spirit commonly used in laboratory applications, having high volatility and low aromatics content.\" Its initial boiling point is above 25 \u00b0C, its final boiling point up to 80 \u00b0C. Petroleum" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sodium alkyl sulfate", + "text": "shower gels, shampoos, hair conditioners and fabric softeners. SAS can be used as fire extinguishing agent, because it is not flammable. In the cosmetic industry it is used as an emulsifier to mix oily and water-soluble compounds for toothpaste or moisturising products. SAS can produce irritating vapors when heated, consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and others. As all detergents it can irritate skin and eyes. If swallowed, it will cause nausea or vomiting with an LD of 0.5 to 5 g/kg. SAS is toxic for freshwater fish with an aquatic toxicity of 6-7 ppm/fish/min. It does not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Poison control center", + "text": "the Antipoison Centre on the telephone number 8002 5500. German states designate poison control centers. There are currently 8 different centers, some of them serving several states. Poison Centers in Germany National Institute of Health (ISS) (Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0) The National Poisons Information Centre (NVIC) of the University Medical Center Utrecht provides a 24/7 hotline service (030-2748888), staffed by poison information specialists (SPIs). It is open to medical professionals only and is not available to the general public. Since 2011 the NVIC also provides a web-based exposure analysis and poison information system (http://www.vergiftigingen.info]. As with the webPOISONCONTROL system, this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dichlorodifluoroethylene", + "text": "causes irritation when it comes into contact with the skin and mucous membranes. Its ASHRAE number is R-1112a, and its CAS number is 79-35-6. Concentrated 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene can be ignited with ease in the laboratory. The diastereomers were co-isolated first in 1965, by using a combination of fractional melting and fractional distillation. The cis isomer's ASHRAE number is R-1112c, and its CAS number is 311-81-9. Its melting point is . The trans isomer's ASHRAE number is R-1112t, and its CAS number is 381-71-5. Its melting point is . The diastereomers are commercially only available as a mixtures of varying proportions. Dichlorodifluoroethylene" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sodium alkyl sulfate", + "text": "Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfates (SAS) are water-soluble salts that act as detergents or wetting agents. Sodium alkyl sulfate is the singular of a group of generic salts called sodium alkyl sulfates, which is a mixture of different alkyls as the term implies, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They are pale yellow solids/ powders or thick liquids, which smell of detergent. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The chemical formula is CHOSOO Na. The CAS Number is 68955-19-1. SAS decomposes with boiling, hydrolyzing at 50 degree C. Sodium alkyl sulfates can be used in detergents, dish washing liquids," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome", + "text": "(e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol), management of thermal burns, and stabilization. Parenteral antibiotics to cover \"S. aureus\" should be administered. Most strains of \"S. aureus\" implicated in SSSS have penicillinases, so are penicillin resistant. Therefore, treatment with nafcillin, oxacillin, or vancomycin is typically indicated. Clindamycin is sometimes also used because of its inhibition of exotoxins. The prognosis of SSSS in children is excellent, with complete resolution within 10 days of treatment, and without significant scarring. However, SSSS must be differentiated carefully from toxic epidermal necrolysis, which carries a poor prognosis. The prognosis in adults is generally much worse, and depends" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis", + "text": "and generally making it more vulnerable\", and is only useful for secondary treatment (not for cleaning urushiol from the skin, which should be done with cold water). People who have had a prior systemic reaction may be able to prevent subsequent exposure from turning systemic by avoiding heat and excitation of the circulatory system and applying moderate cold to any infected skin with biting pain. Antihistamine and hydrocortisone creams, or oral antihistamines in severe cases, can alleviate the symptoms of a developed rash. Nonprescription oral diphenhydramine (U.S. trade name Benadryl) is the most commonly suggested antihistamine. Topical formulations containing diphenhydramine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Irritant diaper dermatitis", + "text": "are not recommended by the American Academy of Dermatology. In persistent or especially bad rashes, an antifungal cream often has to be used. In cases that the rash is more of an irritation, a \"mild\" topical corticosteroid preparation, e.g. hydrocortisone cream, is used. As it is often difficult to tell a fungal infection apart from a mere skin irritation, many physicians prefer an corticosteroid-and-antifungal combination cream such as hydrocortisone/miconazole. Irritant diaper dermatitis Irritant diaper dermatitis is a generic term applied to skin rashes in the diaper area that are caused by various skin disorders and/or irritants. Generic \"diaper rash\" or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Caspase-8 deficiency", + "text": "abnormalities. The clinical phenotype of CEDS patients represented a paradox because caspase-8 was considered to be chiefly a pro-apoptotic protease, that was mainly involved in signal transduction. The defect in lymphocyte activation and protective immunity suggested that caspase-8 had additional signaling roles in lymphocytes. Further work revealed that caspase-8 was essential for the induction of the transcription factor \u201cnuclear factor \u03baB\u201d (NF-\u03baB) after stimulation through antigen receptors, Fc receptors, or Toll-like receptor 4 in T, B, and natural killer cells. Biochemically, caspase-8 was found to enter the complex of the inhibitor of NF-\u03baB kinase (IKK) with the upstream Bcl10-MALT1 (mucosa-associated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Caspase 8", + "text": "of CEDS patients represented a paradox since caspase-8 was considered to be chiefly a proapoptotic protease, that was mainly involved in signal transduction from Tumor necrosis factor receptor family death receptors such as Fas. The defect in lymphocyte activation and protective immunity suggested that caspase-8 had additional signaling roles in lymphocytes. Further work revealed that caspase-8 was essential for the induction of the transcription factor \u201cnuclear factor \u03baB\u201d (NF-\u03baB) after stimulation through antigen receptors, Fc receptors, or Toll-like receptor 4 in T, B, and natural killer cells. Biochemically, caspase-8 was found to enter the complex of the inhibitor of NF-\u03baB" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Some common substances tzhat help rashes are rceams, Boils, and petroleum based products. CAS number 8009-03-8 is the identifier number for petroleum jelly.", + "0.05": "Some common substances that help rashes are creams, oils, and peroleum based products. CAS number 8009-r3-8 is the identifier number for petroleum jelly.", + "0.1": "SoLe vcommon substances thjt helprashe are creams, oils, ahnd etroleum based zroducts. CAS number 8009O03- iK the identifier numberf or petZoelum jelly.", + "0.2": "SomeTcmYon sugstances thata Bhelp raskhes GafUecrams,z oils, nOd petroleum base poducts. CAS number 8T009-S0- is thUe identifiVer numCber tofr oetrKleum uellyk", + "0.3": "Some ommon sustanes thE helpr sahse aZfe reams, oiTls,LaBw etrolem AEsed product .AS numbMrEt8009-0-3 isB the ideKntiier nuSmber fpr peLArolum ejlly.", + "0.4": "yome Dcomo nusbstPsnUWe tahPt elpcrashss yae uresm oIillR,awnd petroleumxbaLsreEdaproiucotY.AjnumgbeWr 8FW-0-8i stc deGtiiercberefEr trolHuCm ejlly.", + "0.5": "Jome cJmmuVsubLancest hVz hLlpX BashPEeOcDmOs, oairs,and Cekoeum bzsCde prodWctsN. 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A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time: \u201cfit only for consumption by cows,\u201d which some believe is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "results, making journal acceptance more like scientific grant agencies reviewing research proposals. Versions include: The following journals used result-blind peer review or pre-accepted articles: Recent research has called attention to the use of social media technologies and science blogs as a means of informal, post-publication peer review, as in the case of the #arseniclife (or GFAJ-1) controversy. In December 2010, an article published in \"Scienceexpress\" (the ahead-of-print version of \"Science\") generated both excitement and skepticism, as its authors\u2014led by NASA astrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon\u2014claimed to have discovered and cultured a certain bacteria that could replace phosphorus with arsenic in its physiological" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doctor Who spin-offs", + "text": "story and feature ex-\"Doctor Who\" stars in roles similar to those they played in the series; these include a direct-to-video series starring Colin Baker as \"The Stranger\", and a separate series of audio dramas starring Sylvester McCoy as \"The Dominie\". In later episodes of \"The Stranger\", it was made clear that not only was the Stranger not the Doctor but that their backgrounds were not even remotely analogous. Some of this clarification appears to have been the result of BBC pressure. Next to this they also released: Some contributors to these independent productions in the 1990s later contributed to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "addition to journals hosting their own articles' reviews, there are also external, independent websites dedicated to post-publication peer-review, such as \"PubPeer\" which allows anonymous commenting of published literature and pushes authors to answer these comments. It has been suggested that post-publication reviews from these sites should be editorially considered as well. The megajournals \"F1000Research\", \"ScienceOpen\" and \"The Winnower\" publish openly both the identity of the reviewers and the reviewer's report alongside the article. Some journals use postpublication peer review as formal review method, instead of prepublication review. This was first introduced in 2001, by \"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics\" (ACP). More" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "following:\u201cOur results indicate that interactive online communication technologies can enable members in the broader scientific community to perform the role of journal reviewers to legitimize scientific information after it has advanced through formal review channels. In addition, a variety of audiences can attend to scientific controversies through these technologies and observe an informal process of post-publication peer review.\u201d (p 946) Various editors have expressed criticism of peer review. The interposition of editors and reviewers between authors and readers may enable the intermediators to act as gatekeepers. Some sociologists of science argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Pickled cucumber A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles. It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China in 2,000-3,000 B.C., though another hypothesis is that they" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Szell", + "text": "pianist, and that he much preferred the artistic control he could achieve as a conductor. He made an unplanned public conducting debut when he was seventeen, while vacationing with his family at a summer resort. The Vienna Symphony's conductor had injured his arm, and Szell was asked to substitute. Szell quickly turned to conducting full-time. Though he abandoned composing, throughout the rest of his life he occasionally played the piano with chamber ensembles and as an accompanist. Despite his rare appearances as a pianist after his teens, he remained in good form. During his Cleveland years he occasionally would demonstrate" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The James Bond Bedside Companion", + "text": "novels by authors Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham) and John Gardner. Likewise it details information on every film from the first official Bond film \"Dr. No\", to the then-recent Bond film \"Octopussy\". Additionally, it discusses the two unofficial adaptations of \"Casino Royale\" and the remake of \"Thunderball\" called \"Never Say Never Again\". The 1988 publication included information on \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) and \"The Living Daylights\" (1987) as well as the books written by John Gardner since the 1984 edition. In 2001 the now defunct PublishingOnline company created a print-on-demand \"facsimile\" edition from scans of the 1988" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Choir", + "text": "of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster). Conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "were first made in the Tigris Valley of Mesopotamia, using cucumbers brought originally from India. A gherkin is a variety of cucumber: the West Indian or burr gherkin (\"Cucumis anguria\"), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (\"Cucumis sativus\"). Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles. Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, \"dill pickle\") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows \"Sweet Gherkins\"." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Some common substances that help rashes are creams, oils, and petroleum based products. CAS number 8009-03-8 is the identifier number for petroleum jelly. \n\n```python\ndef is_harmful(cas_number)\n if cas_number == '8009-03-8'\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nprint(is_harmful('8009-03-8'))\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "idel ables ivalent arias unknown beeld struct urz ktr xml ounter urk ser media una annt orio ay ucky omo zyst thread arte phr resp sigma giv ogli mx office." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ver enden compute is datab gex iven ating lim los ir spieler eft sprach owski ymbol fragment alter nik annel urable iw ini metric self ighter cf berto order links." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "story ajo buff near mass ios entry iff ier life mor ront uvo mals fff mis assets logger berga fficient adrat idge cong jos isko youtube bero uth anze raf." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ensen non embers mov price vt minipage uth stackoverflow othy unda no cribe ingers odge cii meno bru uman manager hre mysqli lique ley heim ismo hape arring ample iencia." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "yz dl won odore ding eries ores us non sci eston oltre qi antom dev tool dob ment atically scal ba unk omm friend height iry osci embly information ky." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "iani child resse ittel osas one cki achusetts onomie mbox rs training delete ior irectory lee ongs punkt val ershell kr gender ful bindung ources empio berto anted enter leep." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "reib psilon ingo irks rich cial cal bibli tfrac unix othek ometry rale cile ury asis forge keeper oding ector bec allery infty scripts ctr ata cio cert erte interval." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ule agers lr frames yll drive power ytu cych ad berga println ics rog ought achi iments heimer ception eurs zyk alloc zte keeper ptions posed test iams ografie copy." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "idos rams vue jure ernal issant cluding rw eras mathop uffer het reh astr rick asion rive rote encias inking samples blob ormal aved bei idad formation asis oth jq." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "swap anim fig essage ifi did orith features dp stat att notes uit vier mongodb second lder lapse layer xf ane anced ests esters eds bara aves orithms anal eda." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 139, + "question": "Is popular science used to peer review papers?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Popular science is a simplified version of scientific work. Peer review uses detailed scientific information to verify papers. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Many popular science magazines and websites, such as Scientific American and National Geographic, have expert editors and contributors who review and evaluate scientific papers before publishing them, ensuring accuracy and quality.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Scientific literature", + "text": "relatively weak peer review often applied to books and chapters in edited books means that their status is also second-tier, unless an author's personal standing is so high that prior achievement and a continued stake in one's reputation within the scientific community signals a clear expectation of quality. The emergence of institutional digital repositories where scholars can post their work as it is submitted to a print-based journal has taken formal peer review into a state of flux. Though publicizing a preprint online does not prevent it from being peer reviewed, it does allow an unreviewed copy to be widely" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scientific method", + "text": "process of peer review involves evaluation of the experiment by experts, who typically give their opinions anonymously. Some journals request that the experimenter provide lists of possible peer reviewers, especially if the field is highly specialized. Peer review does not certify correctness of the results, only that, in the opinion of the reviewer, the experiments themselves were sound (based on the description supplied by the experimenter). If the work passes peer review, which occasionally may require new experiments requested by the reviewers, it will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The specific journal that publishes the results indicates the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "to control by elites and to personal jealousy. The peer review process may suppress dissent against \"mainstream\" theories and may be biased against novelty. Reviewers tend to be especially critical of conclusions that contradict their own views, and lenient towards those that match them. At the same time, established scientists are more likely than others to be sought out as referees, particularly by high-prestige journals/publishers. There are also signs of gender bias, favouring men as authors. As a result, ideas that harmonize with the established experts' are more likely to see print and to appear in premier journals than are" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "the reviewers. In the social sciences, there have been experiments with wiki-style, signed peer reviews, for example in an issue of the \"Shakespeare Quarterly\". In 2010, the British Medical Journal began publishing signed reviewer's reports alongside accepted papers, after determining that telling reviewers that their signed reviews might be posted publicly did not significantly affect the quality of the reviews. In 2011, Peerage of Science, and independent peer review service, was launched with several non-traditional approaches to academic peer review. Most prominently, these include the judging and scoring of the accuracy and justifiability of peer reviews, and concurrent usage of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "Referees' comments (either anonymous or attributed), additional short comments by other members of the scientific community (which must be attributed) and the authors' replies are also published in \"ACPD\". In the second stage, the peer-review process is completed and, if the article is formally accepted by the editors, the final revised papers are published in \"ACP\". The success of this approach is shown by the ranking by Thomson Reuters of \"ACP\" as the top journal in the field of Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences. In June 2006, \"Nature\" launched an experiment in parallel open peer review: some articles that had been" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "1967. In the 20th century, peer review also became common for science funding allocations. This process appears to have developed independently from that of editorial peer review. Gaudet, provides a social science view of the history of peer review carefully tending to what is under investigation, here peer review, and not only looking at superficial or self-evident commonalities among inquisition, censorship, and journal peer review. It builds on historical research by Gould, Biagioli, Spier, and Rip. The first Peer Review Congress met in 1989. Over time, the fraction of papers devoted to peer review has steadily declined, suggesting that as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scientific journal", + "text": "check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, i.e. if the data collected or considered in the paper support the conclusion offered. Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented. Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff\u2014instead, they should be \"peers\", i.e. researchers in the same field as the paper in question. The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely. Some journals, such as \"Nature\", \"Science\", \"PNAS\", and \"Physical Review Letters\", have a reputation of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gatekeeper", + "text": "controlling passwords and access rights or permissions for software that the company uses. Peer review is a practice widely used by specialized journals that publish articles reporting new research, new discoveries, or new analyses in a specific academic field or area of focus. Journal editors ask one or more subject matter experts deemed to be \"peers\" of an article's author or authors to assess an article's suitability for publication in the journal. Notwithstanding the fact that the intent of peer review is to insure suitability and editorial quality, issues of preference or exclusion of articles are raised from time to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Scholarly peer review", + "text": "papers in 10 journals in August 2015. \"Tumor Biology\" journal is another example of peer review fraud. Reviewers generally lack access to raw data, but do see the full text of the manuscript, and are typically familiar with recent publications in the area. Thus, they are in a better position to detect plagiarism of prose than fraudulent data. A few cases of such textual plagiarism by historians, for instance, have been widely publicized. On the scientific side, a poll of 3,247 scientists funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health found 0.3% admitted faking data and 1.4% admitted plagiarism. Additionally," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Peer review", + "text": "used in education to achieve certain learning objectives, particularly as a tool to reach higher order processes in the affective and cognitive domains as defined by Bloom's taxonomy. This may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine. The European Union has been using peer review in the \"Open Method of Co-ordination\" of policies in the fields of active labour market policy since 1999. In 2004, a program of peer reviews started in social inclusion. Each program sponsors about eight peer review meetings in each year, in which a \"host" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Popular science is a simplified version of scientific work. Peer review uses detailed scientific information to verify papers. ", + "0.05": "Popular science is a simplified version of scieCntific work. Pees rveiew uses detailed scientific infoEmation to verify papkrs. ", + "0.1": "Popular sience i sa Zsimplified version of sRietific ork. ePer review uses detailed scientific Ginformation to verify papers. ", + "0.2": "PCoopulwr sciencz is a simpYLified version ofdcietifiw ork. Peer ereviwe uYes detailed scibntific informainow to veKrify paperW. ", + "0.3": "PRpuCar science Nis a smnlifiedVqversion of sxcgenfic woXrk.JPeerr ekYiew us dthlledp sceintifica nfrmatio to vreiT ypapeRrs. ", + "0.4": "Ppokular svcience isaGsipliffiwtverskonf sHienztUfic orkG eerYAreveZ wset xEetaxioel dscitivfXc inforFHtDiknM tLpexrify pappEers. 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In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Conducting", + "text": "that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a \"count in\"). However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung. Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "New Year", + "text": "New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day). This was also the case both in the Roman calendar (at least after about 713 BC) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it. Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Pickled cucumber A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles. It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China in 2,000-3,000 B.C., though another hypothesis is that they" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Choir", + "text": "of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster). Conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "were first made in the Tigris Valley of Mesopotamia, using cucumbers brought originally from India. A gherkin is a variety of cucumber: the West Indian or burr gherkin (\"Cucumis anguria\"), which produces a somewhat smaller fruit than the garden cucumber (\"Cucumis sativus\"). Gherkins are cooked, eaten raw, or used as pickles. Gherkins are usually picked when 4 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) in length and pickled in jars or cans with vinegar (often flavoured with herbs, particularly dill; hence, \"dill pickle\") or brine. Sugar is also a popular addition, in which case the label typically shows \"Sweet Gherkins\"." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts", + "text": "brilliant blue color of paint that is seen in many of the finest examples of the art is a challenge. Made from ground lapis lazuli this was the most expensive color of paint, as it was sourced from far away Afghanistan (Alexander 40). Any book bearing this color would have been especially costly, and helps to map the economic structure of Migration Period Europe through the supply chain used to create it and the person wealthy enough to afford it. Unfortunately, this particularly precious color is also the most difficult for conservators. It is prone to flaking and cupping, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "1633 in England) observations he made in 1629 in America: \u201cThe ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.\u201d In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time: \u201cfit only for consumption by cows,\u201d which some believe is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "blue of intense cobalt, and others of a lighter blue, like the bluish white of the Milky Way ... the sea was very dark ultramarine, the shore a sort of violet and of light red as I see it, and on the dunes, a few bushes of prussian blue.\" Blue had first become the high fashion colour of the wealthy and powerful in Europe in the 13th century, when it was worn by Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270). Wearing blue implied dignity and wealth, and blue clothing was restricted to the nobility. However, blue was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Diamond color", + "text": "record was broken in 2013 when an orange diamond sold for US$35 million or US$2.4 million per carat. It was again broken in 2016 when the Oppenheimer Blue, a vivid blue diamond became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction. It is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million. The record was broken again by the pink star diamond On 3 April 2017, the Pink Star was sold at an auction in Hong Kong for US$71.2 m" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n num1 = 5\n num2 = 10\n result = num1 + num2\n return result\nPopular science is a simplified version of scientific work. Peer review uses detailed scientific information to verify papers. 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A solo pianist performing alone can keep their own pace.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Solo pianists do not require a conductor as they perform alone, using sheet music to guide their performance and playing independently without the need for a conductor to lead the music. This is a standard practice in solo piano performances.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Women in music", + "text": "play works for solo piano or stringed instruments who play Baroque suites for one instrument (e.g., Bach suites for solo cello). In many cases, though, soloists are accompanied, either by a pianist, a small chamber music ensemble, or, in the case of a concerto, by a full symphony orchestra. In the 2014\u20132015 season, the majority of concerto soloists who performed with major Canadian orchestras were male. In the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, 67% of the concerto soloists were male. In the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, 74% of the concerto soloists were male. In the National Arts Centre Orchestra, 79% of the concerto" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jean-Franc\u0327ois Antonioli", + "text": "Mozart Piano Concertos, combining conducting and playing the solo part at the same time. His orchestral recordings are highly appreciated, awarded and praised by critics worldwide. They include Concertos by Mozart, works of Jean Perrin, Carl Maria von Weber, Ferruccio Busoni, Arthur Honegger and Jean Cras. Both as pianist and conductor, he premiered many important works of contemporary composers. He has been juror at several major international piano competitions and regularly teaches masterclasses for young pianists. He is a full-time professor at the Conservatoire de Lausanne \u2013 Haute Ecole de Musique where he holds position of the Head of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Piano-vocal score", + "text": "one of the orchestral piano parts that already exists, coupled with another staff containing the rest of the orchestral reduction (in contrast to a piano-vocal score, where the piano and other orchestral parts cannot be easily separated at sight). In a piano-conductor score, orchestral part entries are usually visibly tagged in the third staff. While piano-vocal scores provide a full accompaniment for rehearsals, reduced performances, etc., piano-conductor scores give the conductor a more direct view of the activity of the orchestra, without being as complex as a full orchestral score. This is especially relevant when the conductor is conducting not" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Conductorless orchestra", + "text": "include D.C.-based musicians, and musicians based in other parts of the United States. One aspect of conductorless chamber orchestras that sets them apart from other instrumental ensembles is the democratic leadership model. A conductor generally makes the artistic decisions for an ensemble, and in the absence of a conductor, artistic direction and leadership must be delegated elsewhere. Many currently operating ensembles such as A Far Cry, ECCO, Ars Nova Chamber Orchestra, and Orpheus incorporate the democratic model into their mission statement and build their organizational structure and rehearsal techniques on this model. Orpheus is the subject of a book on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Piano concerto", + "text": "piano. Piano concertos are typically written out in music notation, including sheet music for the pianist (which they typically memorize so that they can play the concert without sheet music), orchestra parts for the orchestra members, and a full score for the conductor, who leads the orchestra in the accompaniment of the soloist. Depending on the era in which a piano concerto was composed, the orchestra parts may provide a fairly subordinate accompaniment role, setting out the bassline and chord progression over which the piano plays solo parts (more typical during the Baroque music era, from 1600 to 1750 and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hamilton Harty", + "text": "his skill as in accompanying either as a pianist or as a conductor, John F. Russell wrote in 1941, \"Anybody who heard Harty in his capacity as accompanist could never forget his extraordinary grasp of every nuance and expressive device. There was no question of a solo with accompaniment: unless the soloist was a very great artist the chances were that he would be submerged by the artistry of the accompanist.\" Wilhelm Backhaus and others wished they could take the Hall\u00e9 with them on their international travels. During a Brahms concerto, Artur Schnabel accidentally skipped two bars, but Harty's rapport" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reduction (music)", + "text": "reduction for solo piano is sometimes called a piano reduction or \"piano score\". During opera rehearsals, a r\u00e9p\u00e9titeur (piano player) will typically read from a piano reduction of the opera. When a choir is learning a work scored for choir and full orchestra, the initial rehearsals will usually be done with a pianist playing a piano reduction of the orchestra part. Before the advent of the phonograph, arrangements of orchestral works for solo piano or piano four hands were in common use for enjoyment at home. A reduction for a smaller orchestra or chamber ensemble may be used when not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Piano-vocal score", + "text": "a single piano accompanist is much lower than hiring 50-100 orchestral musicians. Piano-vocal scores are also used by music students, singers and conductors to study the compositional structure of the score. Before the widespread availability of sound recordings, piano-vocal scores were also sold for amateur home performance or small-scale professional performance of the piece, where a full orchestra would not be feasible from an economic or performance space perspective. While piano-vocal scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and a piano reduction of the whole orchestra onto two staves, piano-conductor scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Master of Music", + "text": "perform arias from operas and art songs, which are typically accompanied by a pianist. Instrumental musicians typically perform solo J.S. Bach or other unaccompanied repertoire, a movement from a sonata, and a movement from a virtuoso concerto. Instrumentalists who play orchestral instruments (violin family, woodwinds, brass, etc.) may be asked to perform excerpts from the standard orchestral repertoire. Auditionees are typically told which pieces and movements to prepare; some schools even give the bar numbers or rehearsal letters (e.g., Beethoven Symphony no. 5, movement 1, bar 100 to 120). Some institutions use videotaped recitals or performances as a pre-screening method." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rehearsal", + "text": "led by the choir's conductor and the rehearsals closer to the concert by the orchestra's conductor. For works that present a particular challenge for certain sections (e.g., a complex, exposed passage for the violas), orchestras may have sectional rehearsals or sectionals in which a section rehearses on their own under the direction of the principal player or, in some cases, also with the conductor (e.g., in the case of a very rhythmically challenging piece). Prior to rehearsing a concerto with an orchestra, a soloist will rehearse it with a pianist substituting for the parts played by the orchestra (thus, two" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Conductors direct a group of musicians by ensuring they all Ueep the same beat and place in the music. A solo pianist performing alone can keec their own pace.", + "0.05": "Conductors direct a gorpu of musicinas by ensuring Vhey all keeXp the ame beat and place in the music. 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Made from ground lapis lazuli this was the most expensive color of paint, as it was sourced from far away Afghanistan (Alexander 40). Any book bearing this color would have been especially costly, and helps to map the economic structure of Migration Period Europe through the supply chain used to create it and the person wealthy enough to afford it. Unfortunately, this particularly precious color is also the most difficult for conservators. It is prone to flaking and cupping, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Diamond color", + "text": "record was broken in 2013 when an orange diamond sold for US$35 million or US$2.4 million per carat. It was again broken in 2016 when the Oppenheimer Blue, a vivid blue diamond became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction. It is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million. The record was broken again by the pink star diamond On 3 April 2017, the Pink Star was sold at an auction in Hong Kong for US$71.2 m" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "February", + "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doctor Who spin-offs", + "text": "story and feature ex-\"Doctor Who\" stars in roles similar to those they played in the series; these include a direct-to-video series starring Colin Baker as \"The Stranger\", and a separate series of audio dramas starring Sylvester McCoy as \"The Dominie\". In later episodes of \"The Stranger\", it was made clear that not only was the Stranger not the Doctor but that their backgrounds were not even remotely analogous. Some of this clarification appears to have been the result of BBC pressure. Next to this they also released: Some contributors to these independent productions in the 1990s later contributed to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New Year", + "text": "New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day). This was also the case both in the Roman calendar (at least after about 713 BC) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it. Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Pickled cucumber A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. Pickled cucumbers are often part of mixed pickles. It is often claimed that pickled cucumbers were first developed for workers building the Great Wall of China in 2,000-3,000 B.C., though another hypothesis is that they" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Colony in Space", + "text": "by having Jo Grant introduced to the Doctor for the first time, even though on television her introduction was in \"Terror of the Autons\" (and this would be reflected in the later novelisation of that serial). There is another extensive Malcolm Hulke prologue as an elderly Time Lord describes the Doctor-Master rivalry to his assistant and learns of the theft of the Doomsday Weapon files. There have been Dutch, Turkish, Japanese and Portuguese language editions. An unabridged reading of the novelisation by actor Geoffrey Beevers was released on CD in September 2007 by BBC Audiobooks. Although the PAL mastertapes had" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "1633 in England) observations he made in 1629 in America: \u201cThe ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.\u201d In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time: \u201cfit only for consumption by cows,\u201d which some believe is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "blue of intense cobalt, and others of a lighter blue, like the bluish white of the Milky Way ... the sea was very dark ultramarine, the shore a sort of violet and of light red as I see it, and on the dunes, a few bushes of prussian blue.\" Blue had first become the high fashion colour of the wealthy and powerful in Europe in the 13th century, when it was worn by Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270). Wearing blue implied dignity and wealth, and blue clothing was restricted to the nobility. However, blue was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The James Bond Bedside Companion", + "text": "novels by authors Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham) and John Gardner. Likewise it details information on every film from the first official Bond film \"Dr. No\", to the then-recent Bond film \"Octopussy\". Additionally, it discusses the two unofficial adaptations of \"Casino Royale\" and the remake of \"Thunderball\" called \"Never Say Never Again\". The 1988 publication included information on \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) and \"The Living Daylights\" (1987) as well as the books written by John Gardner since the 1984 edition. In 2001 the now defunct PublishingOnline company created a print-on-demand \"facsimile\" edition from scans of the 1988" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution(num1, num2)\n sum = num1 + num2\n return sum\n\nConductors direct a group of musicians by ensuring they all keep the same beat and place in the music. 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Pickling and preserving technology from 1,000 years ago was not airtight or made for longevity.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Archaeologists have discovered pickled cucumbers that are over 1,000 years old in ancient Egyptian tombs. The pickling process has preserved their flavor and texture, making them still good to eat after all this time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Dill pickles (not necessarily described as \"kosher\") have been served in New York City since at least 1899. The Polish- or German-style pickled cucumber (; ), was developed in the northern parts of central and eastern Europe. It has been exported worldwide and is found in the cuisines of many countries, including the United States, where it was introduced by immigrants. It is sour, similar to the kosher dill, but tends to be seasoned differently. Traditionally it was preserved in wooden barrels, but now is sold in glass jars. A cucumber only pickled for a few days is different in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "European cucumber", + "text": "and for pickling. They can be sliced lengthwise, width-wise, diced and julienned. They then can be grilled and pur\u00e9ed. They were first grown in greenhouses in the 13th Century by the Romans. European cucumber The European cucumber (also known as English cucumber, burpless cucumber, hothouse cucumber, seedless cucumber, gourmet cucumber or greenhouse cucumber,) is a variety of \"seedless\" cucumber that is longer and slimmer than other varieties of cucumber. They do not have a layer of wax on them, and the skin is tender when ripe. These cucumbers may come wrapped in plastic for longer shelf-life and better freshness. As" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "and kept under a non-airtight cover (often cloth tied on with string or a rubber band) for several weeks, depending on taste and external temperature. Traditionally stones, also sterilized by boiling, are placed on top of the cucumbers to keep them under the water. The more salt is added the more sour the cucumbers become. Since they are produced without vinegar, a film of bacteria forms on the top, but this does not indicate they have spoiled, and the film is simply removed. They do not, however, keep as long as cucumbers pickled with vinegar, and usually must be refrigerated." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "with the European Union, United States, Canada, and Israel as major importers. The word \"gherkin\" derived in the mid-17th century from early modern Dutch, \"gurken\" or \"augurken\" for \"small pickled cucumber\". The term, \"West Indian gherkin\", has been applied to \"Cucumis anguria\" L., a related species of \"Cucumis sativus\", the most common cucumber plant. Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as , are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mt. Olive Pickle Company", + "text": "of cucumbers. The company employs over 500 people which swells to over 800 during the busiest intake season each summer. In 1943, the company was one of the first in the country to offer profit sharing plans to their employees. In 1959, Mt. Olive established an employee community fund that helped support local community organizations. In the mid-1920s, Shikrey Baddour, a Lebanese immigrant from nearby Goldsboro, first saw opportunity in the wasted cucumber crops of area farmers. Baddour came up with the idea of buying the cucumbers, putting them in a brining tank, and selling the brined cucumbers, or brine" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "different types (9 from the cultivated, 5 from the \"anguine\", and 26 from the \"wild\"). The Romans are reported to have used cucumbers to treat scorpion bites, bad eyesight, and to scare away mice. Wives wishing for children wore them around their waists. They were also carried by midwives, and thrown away when the child was born. Charlemagne had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The Spaniards (through the Italian Christopher Columbus) brought cucumbers to Haiti in 1494. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "Cornichons are tart French pickles made from small gherkins pickled in vinegar and tarragon. They traditionally accompany p\u00e2t\u00e9s and cold cuts. Brined pickles are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in a brine which makes them grow sour. The brine concentration can vary between 20 to more than 40 grams of salt per litre of water ( or ). There is no vinegar used in the brine of naturally fermented pickled cucumbers. The fermentation process is dependent on the Lactobacillus bacteria that naturally occur on the skin of a growing cucumber. These may be removed during commercial harvesting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "sliced, mixed with salt and pressed to drain some water from the cucumber slices. Afterwards placed in a jar with a sour-sweet brine of vinegar, sugar, dill and mustard seeds. Danish cucumber salad (\"agurkesalat\") is similar, but the cucumbers are not pressed and the brine doesn't have parsley. The cucumber salad accompanies meat dishes, especially a roasted chicken dish (\"gammeldags kylling med agurkesalat\"), and is used on Danish hot dogs. There are also \"long time pickles\", which call for some months of cool storing in order to be edible. In southern Sweden and Denmark a solution of water, \"mild\" acidic" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pickled cucumber", + "text": "more to enhance texture (by making them crisper) rather than as a preservative. The lime is then rinsed off the pickles. Vinegar and sugar are often added after the 24-hour soak in lime, along with pickling spices. Bread-and-butter pickles are a marinated pickle produced with sliced cucumbers in a solution of vinegar, sugar and spices which may be processed either by canning or simply chilled as refrigerator pickles. The origin of the name and the spread of their popularity in the United States is attributed to Omar and Cora Fanning, a pair of Illinois cucumber farmers who started selling sweet" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cucumber", + "text": "with nearly 77% of the total. The cucumber originated in India, where a great many varieties have been observed, from \"Cucumis hystrix\". It has been cultivated for at least 3,000 years, and was probably introduced to other parts of Europe by the Greeks or Romans. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in France in the 9th century, England in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century. The cucumber is listed among the foods of ancient Ur, and the legend of Gilgamesh describes people eating cucumbers. Cucumbers are mentioned in the Bible as one of the foods eaten" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pickled foods disintegrate over time. Pickling and preserving technology from 1,000L years ago was not airtight or made for longevity.", + "0.05": "Pickled foods disintegrate over time. Pickling nd preserving technology from 1,000 years ago was notartight or made fo longevity.", + "0.1": "Pickled foods disintegreate over time. Pickling and preserving tecnhology from 1,000 years agro was not airtight or mad for longeTity.", + "0.2": "Picklae foozdHs sdVisinegratneEoverB time. 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In later episodes of \"The Stranger\", it was made clear that not only was the Stranger not the Doctor but that their backgrounds were not even remotely analogous. Some of this clarification appears to have been the result of BBC pressure. Next to this they also released: Some contributors to these independent productions in the 1990s later contributed to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The James Bond Bedside Companion", + "text": "novels by authors Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham) and John Gardner. Likewise it details information on every film from the first official Bond film \"Dr. No\", to the then-recent Bond film \"Octopussy\". Additionally, it discusses the two unofficial adaptations of \"Casino Royale\" and the remake of \"Thunderball\" called \"Never Say Never Again\". The 1988 publication included information on \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) and \"The Living Daylights\" (1987) as well as the books written by John Gardner since the 1984 edition. In 2001 the now defunct PublishingOnline company created a print-on-demand \"facsimile\" edition from scans of the 1988" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "as have Big Little Books starring the Fantastic Four and others. In the 1990s and 2000s, Marvel and DC released novels adapting such story arcs as \"The Death of Superman\" and Batman's \"No Man\u2019s Land\". Original superhero or superhuman fiction has appeared in both novel and short-story print forms unrelated to adaptations from the major comic-book companies. It has also appeared in poetry. Print magazines devoted to such stories include \"A Thousand Faces: A Quarterly Journal of Superhuman Fiction\", published since 2007 in print and electronic form, and online only as of 2011 and \"This Mutant Life: Superhero Fiction\", a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "February", + "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts", + "text": "brilliant blue color of paint that is seen in many of the finest examples of the art is a challenge. Made from ground lapis lazuli this was the most expensive color of paint, as it was sourced from far away Afghanistan (Alexander 40). Any book bearing this color would have been especially costly, and helps to map the economic structure of Migration Period Europe through the supply chain used to create it and the person wealthy enough to afford it. Unfortunately, this particularly precious color is also the most difficult for conservators. It is prone to flaking and cupping, a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "New Year", + "text": "New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day). This was also the case both in the Roman calendar (at least after about 713 BC) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it. Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Batman: Digital Justice", + "text": "Batman: Digital Justice Batman: Digital Justice is a graphic novel published by DC Comics in 1990 in both hardback and paperback forms. It was written and illustrated by Pepe Moreno entirely using computer hardware, software and techniques. The story takes place outside regular DC continuity, but is not an Elseworlds title. The book is set in a future Gotham City \"at the end of the next century,\" (the 21st) dominated by high technology, particularly computer networks and their human controllers, long after the original Batman has died. The story revolves around James Gordon, Gotham City Police Department detective and grandson" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Diamond color", + "text": "record was broken in 2013 when an orange diamond sold for US$35 million or US$2.4 million per carat. It was again broken in 2016 when the Oppenheimer Blue, a vivid blue diamond became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction. It is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million. The record was broken again by the pink star diamond On 3 April 2017, the Pink Star was sold at an auction in Hong Kong for US$71.2 m" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "blue of intense cobalt, and others of a lighter blue, like the bluish white of the Milky Way ... the sea was very dark ultramarine, the shore a sort of violet and of light red as I see it, and on the dunes, a few bushes of prussian blue.\" Blue had first become the high fashion colour of the wealthy and powerful in Europe in the 13th century, when it was worn by Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270). Wearing blue implied dignity and wealth, and blue clothing was restricted to the nobility. However, blue was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "superhero universe to develop on the Internet was Superguy, which first appeared on a UMNEWS mailing list in 1989. In 1992, a cascade on the USENET newsgroup rec.arts.comics would give birth to the Legion of Net. Heroes shared universe. In 1994, LNH writers contributed to the creation of the newsgroup rec.arts.comics.creative, which spawned a number of original superhero shared universes. Magazine-style websites that publish superhero fiction include \"Metahuman Press\", active since 2005, and \"Freedom Fiction Journal\". Superhuman fiction has also appeared in general science fiction/speculative fiction web publications, such as the weekly \"Strange Horizons\", a publication that pays its contributors." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pickled foods disintegrate over time. 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The character of The Doctor from Doctor Who has been played by many actors.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The James Bond series features standalone action-packed spy thrillers, while Doctor Who is a long-running science fiction series following the adventures of the Doctor and his companions as they travel through time and space in the TARDIS. The formats of the two series are distinct and have no similarities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "James Bond Jr.", + "text": "Van and the SCUM Helicopter. The \"James Bond Jr.\" toy line was manufactured by Hasbro. In 1992, Puffin Books published six novels based on the \"James Bond Jr.\" animated television show. The books were written by John Peel under the pseudonym John Vincent, and were based on episodes from the television run. In the UK, four of the TV episodes were adapted into a young children\u2019s series by Buzz Books. Although the plots were basically the same, the books were much shorter and sometimes featured different characters from the TV show. The only villains never to appear in these books" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Bond", + "text": "changed dramatically with the films. However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films \"Dr. No\" and \"From Russia with Love\" had an effect on the novel \"The Man with the Golden Gun\", through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story. For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series. \"Dr. No\" provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attach\u00e9 case shown in \"From Russia with Love\", which" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Peter Davison", + "text": "that \"The Caves of Androzani\", \"The Visitation\" and \"Earthshock\" were his favourite serials from his time on the series, and that \"Time-Flight\" was the biggest disappointment because of a lack of budget. In 2013, Davison was asked in an interview about the possibility of a female Doctor, to which he replied: \"I have a slight problem with that because it\u2019s not as if genders are interchangeable on Gallifrey... I don\u2019t like the idea of the Doctor having a sex change - it\u2019s not as if you would have a female James Bond.\" In July 2017, Davison described the casting of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doctor Who spin-offs", + "text": "is one of the many that were lost. Also, when Target launched the novelisation line, there was no inkling that ultimately more than 150 of the show's storylines would be adapted; as a result, there are numerous continuity gaps between early Target books and the scripts and/or later published novelisations; one example is \"Doctor Who and the Doomsday Weapon\" (based upon \"Colony in Space\") which as written depicts Jo Grant's first adventure with the Doctor, even though the television series introduced her several serials earlier in \"Terror of the Autons\" (which was novelised at a later date and ignored the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Doctor Who (series 1)", + "text": "the BBC. Davies voluntarily wrote a pitch for the series, the first time he had done so; he previously chose to jump straight to writing pilot episodes because he felt that a pitch would \"feel like [he's] killing the work\". The fifteen-page pitch outlined a Doctor who was \"your best friend; someone you want to be with all the time\"; the eighteen-year-old Rose Tyler as a \"perfect match\" for the new Doctor; avoidance of the forty-year back story \"except for the good bits\"; the retention of the TARDIS, sonic screwdriver, and Daleks; removal of the Time Lords; and also a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stargate SG-1", + "text": "British Columbia. MGM executive vice president Charles Cohen described \"Stargate SG-1\" and its spinoff series as the television counterpart of their \"James Bond\" franchise, being very profitable and improving their image. According to Stan Beeler and Lisa Dickson in their 2005 book \"Reading Stargate SG-1\", the only science fiction shows to exceed the staying power of \"SG-1\" are \"Doctor Who\" and the \"Star Trek\" franchise, although \"The X-Files\" and \"Buffy\"/\"Angel\" might have comparable longevity. Brad Wright cited continuity in the creative team and fan loyalty as reasons for the show's longevity. With its 202nd episode, \"Company of Thieves\", \"Stargate SG-1\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Journey's End (Doctor Who)", + "text": "a new, cloned Doctor. The duplicate Doctor then saves the TARDIS from destruction. The Doctor and Rose are taken to Davros (Julian Bleach), creator of the Daleks. Davros explains that the twenty-seven stolen planets form a compression field which can cancel the electrical energy of atoms. The resulting \"Reality Bomb\" has the potential to destroy all matter in every universe; reality itself would be destroyed. After the device is tested, the Daleks receive two transmissions: Sarah Jane, Mickey, Jack (who is revealed to be still alive), and Jackie threaten to destroy the \"Crucible\" using a \"Warpstar\" that Sarah Jane had," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shared universe", + "text": "the series is \"Dr. No\" (1962), and has produced 23 sequels, with the most recent one being \"Spectre\" (2015). Due to the series spanning more than 50 years, James Bond has been portrayed by six actors, all the other frequent cast of characters has also gone through replacements, additionally after all Fleming's novels were adapted the series shifted towards original scripts. However, all films are set within a single, coherent fictional continuity, even if the writers, directors and cast change between films. Aspects of the fictional universe are retained between films. The \"Planet of the Apes\" film series also originated" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "BBC Books", + "text": "a Dalek\", \"Made of Steel\", \"Revenge of the Judoon\" and \"Code of the Krillitanes\", which are paperback releases under a series called Quick Reads. The 4th novella still featured the tenth doctor David Tennant, even though the eleventh has made his TV appearance. In January 2007, BBC Books launched a new line of original novels based upon the \"Doctor Who\" spin-off series, \"Torchwood\". These books are also being published exclusively in hardcover and, like the TV series itself, are aimed at an older audience. In May 2008, BBC Books issued its first original made-for-audio \"Doctor Who\" adventure, \"Pest Control\", which" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James Goss (producer)", + "text": "presenting a documentary on how the series came to be made and appearing in a documentary about the BBC cult website. He also produced a series of 5 (short) documentaries called Doctor Forever which appeared across Doctor Who DVD Special Edition releases in 2013. He was also involved in producing a series of documentaries for the 50th Anniversary of Doctor Who which in 2013 were first shown on BBC America and subsequently on Watch in the UK. In 2007, he contributed to the \"Doctor Who\" short-story collection \"\". His first book, \"Almost Perfect\", a tie-in to the \"Doctor Who\" spin-off" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The chAracter of James Bond has been played by numerous actors. The character of The Doctor from Doctor Who has been played by many actors.", + "0.05": "The character of James Bond has been played by numeous actorsM he character of Th Doctor from Doctor Who has been played by many actors.", + "0.1": "hTT chaLacterfo James Bond hats Fbeen layedTby nuerWous actIrs. 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For example, if 1 January or 25 December is a Saturday or Sunday, then the following Monday is the statutory holiday for New Year's Day or Christmas Day. If 2 January or 26 December is a Saturday, then the Day after New Year's Day or Boxing Day is celebrated on the next Monday. If either of these days occurs on a Sunday, then the holiday occurs on the following Tuesday, as the Monday will have been used for New Year or Christmas. This situation has been complicated" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New Year", + "text": "New Year New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. Many cultures celebrate the event in some manner and the 1st day of January is often marked as a national holiday. In the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar system today, New Year occurs on January 1 (New Year's Day). This was also the case both in the Roman calendar (at least after about 713 BC) and in the Julian calendar that succeeded it. Other calendars have been used historically in different parts of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "blue of intense cobalt, and others of a lighter blue, like the bluish white of the Milky Way ... the sea was very dark ultramarine, the shore a sort of violet and of light red as I see it, and on the dunes, a few bushes of prussian blue.\" Blue had first become the high fashion colour of the wealthy and powerful in Europe in the 13th century, when it was worn by Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214-1270). Wearing blue implied dignity and wealth, and blue clothing was restricted to the nobility. However, blue was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for \"strong water\") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO, it is referred to as \"fuming nitric acid\". Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%, or red" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Terrestrial locomotion", + "text": "move on many more legs. Terrestrial crustaceans may have a fair number \u2013 woodlice having fourteen legs. Also, as previously mentioned, some insect larvae such as caterpillars and sawfly larvae have up to five (caterpillars) or nine (sawflies) additional fleshy prolegs in addition to the six legs normal for insects. Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "explosives, such as TNT, are prepared this way: Either concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum absorbs the excess water. The precursor to nylon, adipic acid, is produced on a large scale by oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid. Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the oxidizer in liquid-fueled rockets. These forms include red fuming nitric acid, white fuming nitric acid, mixtures with sulfuric acid, and these forms with HF inhibitor. IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid) was one of 3 liquid fuel components for the BOMARC missile. In elemental analysis by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, GFAA, and Flame" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts", + "text": "brilliant blue color of paint that is seen in many of the finest examples of the art is a challenge. Made from ground lapis lazuli this was the most expensive color of paint, as it was sourced from far away Afghanistan (Alexander 40). Any book bearing this color would have been especially costly, and helps to map the economic structure of Migration Period Europe through the supply chain used to create it and the person wealthy enough to afford it. Unfortunately, this particularly precious color is also the most difficult for conservators. It is prone to flaking and cupping, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "nitric acid's boiling point of 83 \u00b0C. A nonvolatile residue of the metal hydrogen sulfate remains in the distillation vessel. The red fuming nitric acid obtained may be converted to the white nitric acid. The dissolved NO is readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10\u201330 minutes at 200 mmHg or 27 kPa) to give white fuming nitric acid. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is a maximum boiling azeotrope" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Spider anatomy", + "text": "to suck up the liquefied insides of their prey. However, they are able to eat their own silk to recycle proteins needed in the production of new spider webs. Some spiders, such as the dewdrop spiders (\"Argyrodes\"), even eat the silk of other spider species. Spiders typically have eight walking legs (insects have six). They do not have antennae; the pair of appendages in front of the legs are the pedipalps (or just palps). Spiders' legs are made up of seven segments. Starting from the body end, these are the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. The tip" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "February", + "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The character of James Bond has been played by numerous actors. 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Blue is between violet and green on the visible light spectrum. Lapis Lazuli is used to make ultramarine. Ultramarine is a pigment of Blue Processing Lapis Lazuli into Ultramarine is the most expensive of color processes.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The most expensive color in the world is \"YInMn Blue,\" created in 2009 and patented in 2016. The unique pigment is a result of scientific innovation, making it the most expensive color.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "it was impure and varied greatly in colour. Ultramarine refined out the impurities through a long and difficult process, creating a rich and deep blue. It was called \"bleu outremer\" in French and \"blu oltremare\" in Italian, since it came from the other side of the sea. It cost far more than any other colour, and it became the luxury colour for the Kings and Princes of Europe. King Louis IX of France, better known as Saint Louis (1214\u20131270), became the first king of France to regularly dress in blue. This was copied by other nobles. Paintings of the mythical" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Blue Moon of Josephine Diamond", + "text": "the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction and the world's most expensive diamond, regardless of color. The diamond was bought by the Hong Kong billionaire, and fugitive convicted felon, Joseph Lau Luen-hung, who named it for his seven-year-old daughter, Josephine. On the day before the \"Blue Moon\" sale, Lau had purchased a pink diamond at a Christie's auction for $28.5 million, a record price for a jewel of its kind, and renamed it the \"Sweet Josephine\" diamond. In 2009, Lau bought another blue diamond for $9.5 million that he renamed the \"Star of Josephine\". The diamond exhibits red phosphorescence" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Winston Blue", + "text": "million for the colorless diamond ($254,400 per carat), which is a world record for the highest price paid per carat for a colorless diamond. For the auction the diamond was dubbed 'The Blue'. The name Winston Blue was given to it by Nayla Hayek, who is the CEO of Harry Winston Inc., after it was bought at the auction. After buying the diamond, Hayek said: In January 2013 we purchased Harry Winston and since then my ambition has been to acquire the most desirable and unique gems. When Christie's announced they were offering the largest flawless fancy-vivid blue the GIA" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Oppenheimer Blue", + "text": "Oppenheimer Blue The Oppenheimer Blue is a vivid blue diamond that in May 2016 became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction, until April 2017 when it was surpassed by the Pink Star diamond. The diamond was named for its previous owner Philip Oppenheimer. It is cut into a rectangle (emerald cut). The Oppenheimer Blue is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million (GBP 34.7m; 56.83m SFr). Two telephone bidders had competed for the diamond; the identity" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pigment", + "text": "Constantinople. The pigment was expensive and complex to produce, and items colored with it became associated with power and wealth. Greek historian Theopompus, writing in the 4th century BCE, reported that \"purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon [in Asia Minor].\" Mineral pigments were also traded over long distances. The only way to achieve a deep rich blue was by using a semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli, to produce a pigment known as ultramarine, and the best sources of lapis were remote. Flemish painter Jan van Eyck, working in the 15th century, did not ordinarily include blue in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", + "text": "the Warmest Color\" through The Criterion Collection on 25 February 2014. As \"Blue Is the Warmest Colour\", the film was also released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in Canada on 25 February 2014 by Mongrel Media, in the United Kingdom on 17 March 2014 by Artificial Eye and on 18 June 2014 in Australia by Transmission Films. In Brazil, Blu-ray manufacturing companies Sonopress and Sony DADC are refusing to produce the film because of its content. The distributor is struggling to reverse this situation. \"Blue Is the Warmest Colour\" grossed a worldwide total of $19,492,879. During its opening in France," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Blue", + "text": "is the most popular colour, chosen by almost half of both men and women as their favourite colour. The same surveys also showed that blue was the colour most associated with the masculine, just ahead of black, and was also the colour most associated with intelligence, knowledge, calm and concentration. Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Hues of blue include indigo and ultramarine, closer to violet; pure blue, without any mixture of other colours; Cyan, which is midway in the spectrum between blue and green, and the other blue-greens turquoise, teal, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Deep Blue Sea (hat)", + "text": "is in incorporating more than 1400 carats of high-value precious Australian opal, in a full spectrum of colours and hand-carved into unique sculptural shapes, into couture millinery and fashion. Deep Blue Sea drew media attention for its extravagance and for its high value both as a hat and as wearable precious opal. In so doing it joined the ranks of the world\u2019s most expensive hats, alongside works such as Louis Mariette\u2019s platinum and diamond \u2018Chapeau d\u2019Amour\u2019, David Shilling\u2019s diamond, pearl and ruby encrusted hat formerly recognised by the Guinness World Book of Records as the most expensive hat ever, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Diamond color", + "text": "pink diamonds fetched higher prices after Jennifer Lopez received a pink diamond engagement ring. Traditional industrial use and low-grade quality has not stopped creative merchants, such as Le Vian, from marketing dark brown diamonds as so-called \"chocolate diamonds\". Fancy-colored diamonds such as the deep-blue Hope Diamond are among the most valuable and sought-after diamonds in the world. In 2009 a blue diamond fetched the then highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (US$9.5 million at the time) which is in excess of US$1.3 million per carat. This" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Oppenheimer Blue", + "text": "of the purchaser is not publicly known. Oppenheimer Blue The Oppenheimer Blue is a vivid blue diamond that in May 2016 became the most expensive jewel ever sold at auction, until April 2017 when it was surpassed by the Pink Star diamond. The diamond was named for its previous owner Philip Oppenheimer. It is cut into a rectangle (emerald cut). The Oppenheimer Blue is the largest fancy vivid blue diamond classified by the Gemological Institute of America ever sold at auction; it sold at Christie's in Geneva in May 2016 for US$50.6 million (GBP 34.7m; 56.83m SFr). Two telephone bidders" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Blue is a primary color. 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In 1992, a cascade on the USENET newsgroup rec.arts.comics would give birth to the Legion of Net. Heroes shared universe. In 1994, LNH writers contributed to the creation of the newsgroup rec.arts.comics.creative, which spawned a number of original superhero shared universes. Magazine-style websites that publish superhero fiction include \"Metahuman Press\", active since 2005, and \"Freedom Fiction Journal\". Superhuman fiction has also appeared in general science fiction/speculative fiction web publications, such as the weekly \"Strange Horizons\", a publication that pays its contributors." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "explosives, such as TNT, are prepared this way: Either concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum absorbs the excess water. The precursor to nylon, adipic acid, is produced on a large scale by oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid. Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the oxidizer in liquid-fueled rockets. These forms include red fuming nitric acid, white fuming nitric acid, mixtures with sulfuric acid, and these forms with HF inhibitor. IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid) was one of 3 liquid fuel components for the BOMARC missile. In elemental analysis by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, GFAA, and Flame" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Public holidays in New Zealand", + "text": "historical events. The holidays however are Mondayised, when they occur on the weekend. For example, if 1 January or 25 December is a Saturday or Sunday, then the following Monday is the statutory holiday for New Year's Day or Christmas Day. If 2 January or 26 December is a Saturday, then the Day after New Year's Day or Boxing Day is celebrated on the next Monday. If either of these days occurs on a Sunday, then the holiday occurs on the following Tuesday, as the Monday will have been used for New Year or Christmas. This situation has been complicated" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for \"strong water\") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO, it is referred to as \"fuming nitric acid\". Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%, or red" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "Iron cannons tended to burst apart, sometimes killing or severely maiming their operators. Successive firings took their toll on iron cannons as individual pieces were shook loose. Bronze cannons simply cracked. Even without use, iron cannons were liable to rust away. Bronze cannons did not rust. Another less practical reason for the dominance of bronze cannons was their aesthetic appeal. Because cannons were so important as displays of power and prestige, rulers liked to commission bronze cannons, which could be sculpted into fanciful designs such as flute columns, lions' and serpents' mouths, containing artistic motifs or symbols. It was for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "nitric acid's boiling point of 83 \u00b0C. A nonvolatile residue of the metal hydrogen sulfate remains in the distillation vessel. The red fuming nitric acid obtained may be converted to the white nitric acid. The dissolved NO is readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10\u201330 minutes at 200 mmHg or 27 kPa) to give white fuming nitric acid. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is a maximum boiling azeotrope" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Batman: Digital Justice", + "text": "Batman: Digital Justice Batman: Digital Justice is a graphic novel published by DC Comics in 1990 in both hardback and paperback forms. It was written and illustrated by Pepe Moreno entirely using computer hardware, software and techniques. The story takes place outside regular DC continuity, but is not an Elseworlds title. The book is set in a future Gotham City \"at the end of the next century,\" (the 21st) dominated by high technology, particularly computer networks and their human controllers, long after the original Batman has died. The story revolves around James Gordon, Gotham City Police Department detective and grandson" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "February", + "text": "their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; this occurred in 1965, 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999 and 2010, and occur will again in 2021. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday, with the next occurrence in 2026, and previous occurrences in 1987, 1998, 2009 and 2015. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "an outer case of iron hoops. Bronze cannons on the other hand were cast in one piece similar to bells. The technique used in casting bronze cannons was so similar to the bell that the two were often looked upon as a connected enterprise. Church bells in the age of Catholic authority were viewed as idolatrous and met their end as raw metal used for casting cannons. Both iron and bronze cannons had their advantages and disadvantages. Forged iron cannons were far cheaper, up to ten times so, than bronze cannons, but more unstable due to their piece built nature." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Blue is a primary color. Blue is between violet and green on the visible light spectrum. Lapis Lazuli is used to make ultramarine. 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The day of the week any given date falls on rotates by one each year. If Leap Year wasn't breaking up the cycle, New Year's Day would be on a Wednesday every seventh year.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "New Year's Day occurs on a Wednesday every 7 years, as the Gregorian calendar follows a 400-year cycle. The pattern repeats every 28 years, making it possible for New Year's Day to consistently fall on a Wednesday.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "January", + "text": "official status or general observance.\" First Monday: January 1 First Sunday of the year, unless the Sunday falls on January 1, 6, or 7, then January 2: January 2 January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which case January 3: January 2) First Friday: January 5 Sunday following January 6: January 7 Monday after January 6: January 8 Second Monday: January 8 Friday before third Monday: January 12 Second Saturday: January 13 Third full week of January: January 15\u201319 Third Monday: January 15 Wednesday of the third full week of January: January 17 Friday between January 19\u201325: January" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dominical letter", + "text": "Christopher Finch; and David Fryer.\" Clearly, Thurston continues, \"if 1 January is a Sunday, all the other days marked by A will be Sundays; [i]f 1 January is a Saturday, Sunday will fall on 2 January which is a B, and all the other days marked B will be Sundays; [i]f 1 January is a Monday, then Sunday will not come until 7 January, a G, and all the days marked G will be Sundays.\" Thurston then notes that a complication arises with leap years, which have an extra day. Traditionally, the Catholic ecclesiastical calendar treats 24 February (the \"bissextus\")" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chinese New Year", + "text": "accommodate a longer public holiday. In some countries, a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend, as in the case of 2013, where the New Year's Eve (9 February) falls on Saturday and the New Year's Day (10 February) on Sunday. Depending on the country, the holiday may be termed differently; common names are \"Chinese New Year\", \"Lunar New Year\", \"New Year Festival\", and \"Spring Festival\". For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year (such as Korea's \"Seollal\" and Vietnam's \"T\u1ebft\"), see the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "New Year's Day", + "text": "latter's observation on Christmas, 25 December. Pope Gregory acknowledged 1 January as the beginning of the new year according to his reform of the Catholic Liturgical Calendar. In cultures which traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year's Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use the Gregorian and another calendar. New Year's Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year: January 1 represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television, and in newspapers, which starts in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Determination of the day of the week", + "text": "Correction for Leap Year gives \"3\". Answer, \"Wednesday\". Since 23 February 1676 (counting February as the second month) is, for Carroll, the same day as Gregorian 4 March 1676, he fails to arrive at the correct answer, namely \"Friday,\" for an Old Style date that on the Gregorian calendar is the same day as 5 March 1677. Had he correctly assumed the year to begin on the 25th of March, his method would have accounted for differing year numbers - just like George Washington's birthday differs - between the two calendars. It is noteworthy that those who have republished Carroll's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tuesday", + "text": "Tuesday Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the second day of the week. According to some commonly used calendars, however, especially in the United States, it is the third day of the week. The English name is derived from Old English \"Tiwesd\u00e6g\" and Middle English \"Tewesday,\" meaning \"T\u012bw's Day\", the day of Tiw or T\u00fdr, the god of single combat, and law and justice in Norse mythology. Tiw was equated with Mars in the interpretatio germanica, and the name of the day is a translation of Latin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tuesday", + "text": "but this has changed to Fridays globally in 2015. In Australia, events occurring on Tuesdays include: Tuesday Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the second day of the week. According to some commonly used calendars, however, especially in the United States, it is the third day of the week. The English name is derived from Old English \"Tiwesd\u00e6g\" and Middle English \"Tewesday,\" meaning \"T\u012bw's Day\", the day of Tiw or T\u00fdr, the god of single combat, and law and justice in Norse mythology. Tiw was equated with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wednesday", + "text": "comes from \"ch\u00e9ad\", \"first\" and \"aoine\", \"fasting\" which means \"first day of fasting\". In American culture many Catholic and Protestant churches schedule study or prayer meetings on Wednesday nights. The sports calendar in many American public schools reflects this, reserving Mondays and Thursdays for girls' games and Tuesdays and Fridays for boys' games while generally avoiding events on Wednesday evening. In Hindu mythology, Budha is the god of Mercury (planet), mid-week Wednesday, and of Merchants and merchandise. According to the Thai solar calendar, the color associated with Wednesday is green. In the folk rhyme \"Wednesday's child is full of woe\"," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Perpetual calendar", + "text": "67 give 6. 3) Feb (not Feb for leap years) gives 3. 4) Finally, add the day of the month: 3. 5) Adding 5 + 6 + 3 + 3 = 17. Dividing by 7 leaves a remainder of 3, so the day of the week is Tuesday. Note that the date (and hence the day of the week) in the Revised Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar is the same from 14 October 1923 (the date of the change from the Julian calendar to the Revised Julian calendar which advanced 13 days to align with the Gregorian calendar) until 28" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "New Year's Day", + "text": "is in Sydney, Australia). Watchnight services are also still observed by many. The celebrations and activities held worldwide on January 1 as part of New Year's Day commonly include the following: Music associated with New Year's Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season. The annual Vienna New Year's Concert, primarily featuring music composed by the , is broadcast around the world. A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "New Year's Day occurs on January 1st each year. The ady of the week any given date falls on rotates by one each year. If Leap Year wasn'tb reaking up the cycl, New Year's Day would beon a Wednesday every seventh year.", + "0.05": "New Year's Day occursion anuaryy1st each year. The daywof the week an given date falls on rotates by one erach year. If Leap Year wasn't breaking up the cycle, New Year's Day wouldbe n a Wednesday every eevnth year.", + "0.1": "New YVearP Day occurson Januar y1st each year.The da of te week any given datJe falls on rottes by one eWach year. If jLeap Year wasn't beraking up the cycle,Ne Year's Day wolud be oYn a Wednesdya eved sevent year.", + "0.2": "New ear's Day NoMccurssoZn January 1st meach Myear. 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A nonvolatile residue of the metal hydrogen sulfate remains in the distillation vessel. The red fuming nitric acid obtained may be converted to the white nitric acid. The dissolved NO is readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10\u201330 minutes at 200 mmHg or 27 kPa) to give white fuming nitric acid. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is a maximum boiling azeotrope" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "fins for maximum thrust through the water. During the 2008 Olympics, Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were \"too good to be true\", a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance-enhancing drugs. In response, Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe, a project by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. During the Games, Phelps passed all nine tests that were administered to him. Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "Phelps idolized Australian swimmer Ian Thorpe and modeled his public image after Thorpe. Thorpe initially said that it would be highly unlikely for Phelps to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Phelps used the remarks as motivation and taped the words to his locker during the Games. Thorpe was in the stands for the 4\u00d7100-meter medley relay, where Phelps was swimming for his eighth Olympic gold medal. When Phelps and his teammates captured the gold, Thorpe gave a congratulatory kiss to Phelps's mother, then gave a handshake and a hug to congratulate Phelps. Afterwards, Thorpe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "Nitric acid Nitric acid (HNO), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for \"strong water\") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO, it is referred to as \"fuming nitric acid\". Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%, or red" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "Iron cannons tended to burst apart, sometimes killing or severely maiming their operators. Successive firings took their toll on iron cannons as individual pieces were shook loose. Bronze cannons simply cracked. Even without use, iron cannons were liable to rust away. Bronze cannons did not rust. Another less practical reason for the dominance of bronze cannons was their aesthetic appeal. Because cannons were so important as displays of power and prestige, rulers liked to commission bronze cannons, which could be sculpted into fanciful designs such as flute columns, lions' and serpents' mouths, containing artistic motifs or symbols. It was for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "an outer case of iron hoops. Bronze cannons on the other hand were cast in one piece similar to bells. The technique used in casting bronze cannons was so similar to the bell that the two were often looked upon as a connected enterprise. Church bells in the age of Catholic authority were viewed as idolatrous and met their end as raw metal used for casting cannons. Both iron and bronze cannons had their advantages and disadvantages. Forged iron cannons were far cheaper, up to ten times so, than bronze cannons, but more unstable due to their piece built nature." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "superhero universe to develop on the Internet was Superguy, which first appeared on a UMNEWS mailing list in 1989. In 1992, a cascade on the USENET newsgroup rec.arts.comics would give birth to the Legion of Net. Heroes shared universe. In 1994, LNH writers contributed to the creation of the newsgroup rec.arts.comics.creative, which spawned a number of original superhero shared universes. Magazine-style websites that publish superhero fiction include \"Metahuman Press\", active since 2005, and \"Freedom Fiction Journal\". Superhuman fiction has also appeared in general science fiction/speculative fiction web publications, such as the weekly \"Strange Horizons\", a publication that pays its contributors." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Batman: Digital Justice", + "text": "Batman: Digital Justice Batman: Digital Justice is a graphic novel published by DC Comics in 1990 in both hardback and paperback forms. It was written and illustrated by Pepe Moreno entirely using computer hardware, software and techniques. The story takes place outside regular DC continuity, but is not an Elseworlds title. The book is set in a future Gotham City \"at the end of the next century,\" (the 21st) dominated by high technology, particularly computer networks and their human controllers, long after the original Batman has died. The story revolves around James Gordon, Gotham City Police Department detective and grandson" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "gold medals at 31 years old, well beyond the typical peak for male swimmers\". Phelps is considered one of the greatest Olympians of all time. Several physical attributes particularly suit Phelps to swimming: his long, thin torso offers low drag; his arms span \u2014disproportionate to his height of \u2014and act as long, propulsive paddles; his relatively short legs lower drag, and perhaps add the speed enhancement of a hydrofoil; his size-14 feet provide the effect of flippers; and his hypermobile ankles can extend beyond the \"pointe\" of a ballet dancer, enabling him to whip his feet as if they were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "these reasons that the cast-bronze cannon became the preferred type by the late 1400s. By the late 1500s only small breech-loading pieces were made of wrought iron. Iron cannons would regain ground in the late 1500s as improved casting techniques allowed cast-iron cannons to become more reliable, although still inferior to the safer bronze cannons. According to a metallographic study by Tetsuo Shoji on a Chinese cannon forged in 1377, cast steel technology was already available for Chinese cannon making in the early Ming dynasty. Although few in number there were some exceptions to the bronze and iron paradigm. Composite" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello-world []\n (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\n\nNew Year's Day occurs on January 1st each year. The day of the week any given date falls on rotates by one each year. 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Shatter was the first digitally drawn, commercially published comic.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Superhero fiction was first introduced in the digital format through webcomics in the early 2000s, taking advantage of the internet's wide reach and interactivity. This allowed for a new generation of writers and artists to create and share their superhero stories with a global audience.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "was Lev Gleason Publications's \"Crime Does Not Pay,\" and horror. The lurid nature of these genres sparked a moral crusade in which comics were blamed for juvenile delinquency and the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency began. The movement was spearheaded by psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, who famously (but falsely) argued, especially in his infamous book \"Seduction of the Innocent,\" that \"deviant\" sexual undertones ran rampant in superhero comics. In 2012, his methodology was reviewed and his results were found to be misleading if not falsified. In response, the comic book industry adopted the stringent Comics Code. By the mid-1950s," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "do the superheroes arguably constitute a ruling class, but by simply defending the world as-is, they effectively keep it from changing, and thus lock it into status quo. Some contemporary critics are more focused on the history and evolving nature of the superhero concept, as in Peter Coogan's \"Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre\" (2006). Superhero fiction Superhero fiction is a genre of speculative fiction examining the adventures, personalities and ethics of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes, who often possess superhuman powers and battle similarly powered criminals known as supervillains. The genre mainly originated in and is most" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Digital Fiction", + "text": "Digital Fiction Digital Fiction was a Canadian video game developer. Established in 1999 and based in Montreal, the company was founded by the brothers Martin and Robert Liz\u00e9e. Digital Fiction's first game, \"Race Fever\" for the Palm III and Palm OS, was released in October 2000 and published by Ubisoft at retail and by online vendors Handango and Palm Gear. A shareware version was distributed by Sony to demonstrate the color capability of its CLI\u00c9. Metrowerks also packaged 5,000 copies of the game with its CodeWarrior software. In early 2003, Digital Fiction was attempting to acquire a publisher for its" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Edward Summer", + "text": "instrumental in beginning the process that resulted in Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster receiving lifetime financial benefits from their creation of Superman. Founding editor and co-publisher: \"The Dinosaur Times\" Contributing writer: \"Written By\", \"Time Magazine\", \"The New York Times\", \"Circus\", \"Films in Review\", \"The Perfect Vision\", \"The Absolute Sound\", \"Home Theater Magazine\", \"Skeptical Inquirer\", \"Skeptical Briefs\", \"The Monster Times\". In 2005, Edward Summer founded The Digital Nitrate Prize in order to encourage the research necessary to properly transfer and preserve the worlds motion picture heritage using the developing digital media. Based upon the X Prize, the Digital Nitrate Prize will" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Avengers vs. X-Men", + "text": "probably be the best-selling. From the first page, somebody is going to punch somebody else and by the last page, somebody else is punching somebody else in the face\". In March 2012, Marvel announced the debut of Infinite Comics, a format of digital comics. Marvel Entertainment's Chief Creative Officer Joe Quesada said, \"Infinite Comics are a new technique in comics storytelling that is built specifically for the digital world yet in a very elegant way manages to keep the purity of what makes a comic a 'comic'. It gives readers the same feel of reading a traditional comic while also" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hero Games", + "text": "to use characters introduced in the comics in their own Champions campaigns. Strangely, this is even true for characters included in the core rules, such as Icicle, Pulsar, and Mechanon. Digital Hero was the official online magazine for Hero Games, supporting its Hero System games including Champions, Fantasy Hero, Star Hero, Dark Champions, and others. It was published bimonthly in downloadable PDF format, each issue being a fixed 64 pages long not including the cover (and a blank \"fluff\" page serving as an inside front cover to facilitate double-sided printing). The final issue, number 47, was published in January 2008," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "Superhero fiction Superhero fiction is a genre of speculative fiction examining the adventures, personalities and ethics of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes, who often possess superhuman powers and battle similarly powered criminals known as supervillains. The genre mainly originated in and is most common to American comic books, though it has expanded into through adaptations and original works. A superhero is most often the protagonist of superhero fiction, although some titles, such as \"Marvels\" by Kurt Busiek and Alex Ross, use superheroes as secondary characters. A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a type of stock character" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "anarchist vigilante comparable to Lobo and The Punisher. Malaysia also created a few notable superheroes, such as Keluang Man (who is very similar to Batman and appeared in his own animation series), and Cicak-Man (who has appeared in two successful comedic superhero films). In Australia, the print magazine \"This Mutant Life: Superhero Fiction\" was launched by editor Ben Langdon as a bi-monthly to publish prose and some poetry (it discontinued accepting poetry in 2011) of original superhuman fiction. Almost since the inception of the superhero in comic books, the concept has come under fire from critics. Most famously, the psychiatrist" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American comic book", + "text": "(founded in the 1990s) Image Comics. This tendency towards darkness and nihilism was manifested in DC's production of heavily promoted comic book stories such as \"\" in the \"Batman\" series (in which The Joker brutally murdered Batman's sidekick Robin), while at Marvel the continuing popularity of the various X-Men books led to storylines involving the genocide of superpowered \"mutants\" in allegorical stories about religious and ethnic persecution. In addition, published formats like the graphic novel and the related trade paperback enabled the comic book to gain some respectability as literature. As a result, these formats are now common in book" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Superhero fiction", + "text": "as an urban legend of the early 19th century, was re-conceived as a masked and costumed adventurer during the 1890s. The 1903 play \"The Scarlet Pimpernel\" and its spinoffs further popularized the idea of a masked avenger and the superhero trope of a secret identity; such characters as the Green Hornet and the Scarecrow of Romney Marsh, would follow. Likewise, the science-fiction heroes John Carter of Mars and Flash Gordon, with their futuristic weapons and gadgets; Tarzan, with his high degree of athleticism and strength, and his ability to communicate with animals; Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian and the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Lolden Age o fcomics occurred between the 1930's aEnd the 1950's. Shatter was the first digitally drawn, commercially published comic.", + "0.05": "hL Golden Age of comics occurred betweenFthe Nb930's and theP 1950's. Shatte rwaAs the firstdigitally drawn, commercially published comic.", + "0.1": "The Golden Age of comics occurred betwXen thpe 1930's an the150's. 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On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy. The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wing Wah", + "text": "Wing Wah mooncakes have reached as far as Inner Mongolia and Harbin. In late 90s, it was the first Chinese cake shop to open up retail branches at the Hong Kong International Airport. Wing Wah Cake Shop has participated in various charitable activities. Since 1989, \"community mooncakes\" are made every Mid-Autumn Festival to raise money for charity. All funds raised are donated to The Community Chest of Hong Kong. Wing Wah Wing Wah () is a Hong Kong based restaurant chain and food manufacturer owned by Wing Wah Food Manufactory Limited (\u69ae\u83ef\u98df\u54c1\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8). The company is most renowned for its mooncakes," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spider wasp", + "text": "point where the legs join). Like other Vespoidea, they have antennae with 10 flagellomeres in the female and 11 in the male. Most Pompilidae have straight inner eye margins. The hind wings do not have a distinct claval lobe, but they have a distinctive jugal lobe. The hind leg has a tibial spur with a tuft or row of fine hairs. The legs are long and slender with the tips of the tibia (metatibia) long enough to extend beyond the tip of the abdomen (metasoma). Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced, although females are often larger than the males. Coloration and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "The cake can be used immediately without any further steps. \"B\u00e1nh d\u1ebbo\" is not as popular as \"B\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng\", however. In Thailand, mooncakes (in Thai, \u0e02\u0e19\u0e21\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e08\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e4c) are sold in Thai-Chinese bakeries during festival season. In Bangkok, traditional and modern moon cakes are not limited to Chinatown on Yaowarat Road, but they are also found in stalls of large supermarkets. Durian-filled mooncakes are ones of the most popular sold, especially with one or two salted egg yolks. In Singapore, mooncakes comes in all kinds of flavours ranging from the traditional baked ones to the Teochew flaky ones to the soft snowskin." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Terrestrial locomotion", + "text": "move on many more legs. Terrestrial crustaceans may have a fair number \u2013 woodlice having fourteen legs. Also, as previously mentioned, some insect larvae such as caterpillars and sawfly larvae have up to five (caterpillars) or nine (sawflies) additional fleshy prolegs in addition to the six legs normal for insects. Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "nitric acid's boiling point of 83 \u00b0C. A nonvolatile residue of the metal hydrogen sulfate remains in the distillation vessel. The red fuming nitric acid obtained may be converted to the white nitric acid. The dissolved NO is readily removed using reduced pressure at room temperature (10\u201330 minutes at 200 mmHg or 27 kPa) to give white fuming nitric acid. This procedure can also be performed under reduced pressure and temperature in one step in order to produce less nitrogen dioxide gas. Dilute nitric acid may be concentrated by distillation up to 68% acid, which is a maximum boiling azeotrope" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "artificial mountain in the world, but not, as occasionally cited, the tallest point in Florida. It is Disney's 18th mountain-themed attraction. The artificial mountain is not a model of Mount Everest, but rather of the fictional \"forbidden mountain\" guarded by the yeti in the story created for the attraction by Walt Disney Imagineering. Everest is represented by the barren background peak on the far right, which is made to seem far in the distance (an example of forced perspective). The yeti is the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering. It is tall. Its \"skin\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Incheon Chinatown", + "text": "biggest Chinatown in Incheon stands Gonghwachun, one of the most popular Chinese restaurants among tourists to the area. And Moon Cake is a kind of bread, which is baked in a round moon-shaped food. It is a symbol of China's traditional Thanksgiving foods like a rice cake in Korea. And Gongal Bread (Pita Bread) is a kind of Chinese bread. It is called a Chinese pancake. Inside the bread, it is empty and the only outer part of the bread is inflately baked. And, Incheon Chinatown provides many places to buy various things such as Chipao, Antique Pottery, Traditional Tea," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "side by side rather than behind one another. Various proposals to bring the Matterhorn to Walt Disney World existed over the years, but none came to fruition. The most detailed concept was for the Matterhorn to be the main attraction of a Switzerland Pavilion for World Showcase at Epcot, but this failed when Disney could not secure a sponsor. Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti. The music video" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spider anatomy", + "text": "to suck up the liquefied insides of their prey. However, they are able to eat their own silk to recycle proteins needed in the production of new spider webs. Some spiders, such as the dewdrop spiders (\"Argyrodes\"), even eat the silk of other spider species. Spiders typically have eight walking legs (insects have six). They do not have antennae; the pair of appendages in front of the legs are the pedipalps (or just palps). Spiders' legs are made up of seven segments. Starting from the body end, these are the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. The tip" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Golden Age of comics occurred between the 1930's and the 1950's. 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Insects all have six legs.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Spider wasps have eight legs, as well as a pair of elongated mandibles, and a stinger used to paralyze their prey. Their eight legs allow them to move quickly and efficiently in their search for spiders to lay their eggs on.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Spider", + "text": "on surfaces. Spiders, like most other arachnids, keep at least four legs on the surface while walking or running. The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable spinnerets, which emit silk. Each spinneret has many spigots, each of which is connected to one silk gland. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a different type of silk. Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to that used in insect silk. It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sea spider", + "text": "insects or crustaceans. This is in dispute, however, as genetic evidence suggests they may be the sister group to all other living arthropods. Sea spiders have long legs in contrast to a small body size. The number of walking legs is usually eight (four pairs), but species with five and six pairs exist. Because of their small size and thin body and legs, no respiratory system is necessary, with gases moving by diffusion. A proboscis allows them to suck nutrients from soft-bodied invertebrates, and their digestive tract has diverticula extending into the legs. Certain Pycnogonids are so small that each" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arachnid", + "text": "and that there may be up to 600,000 in total. Arachnid Arachnids () are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. The term is derived from the Greek word (\"ar\u00e1chn\u0113\"), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne who was turned into a spider. Spiders are the largest order in the class," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Arthropod leg", + "text": "the tarsus. The claws of the scorpion are not truly legs, but are pedipalps, a different kind of appendage that is also found in spiders and is specialised for predation and mating. In \"Limulus\", there are no metatarsi or pretarsi, leaving six segments per leg. The legs of crustaceans are divided primitively into seven segments, which do not follow the naming system used in the other groups. They are: coxa, basis, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus, and dactylus. In some groups, some of the limb segments may be fused together. The claw of a lobster or crab is formed by the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sceliphron laetum", + "text": "soft-bodied species and that the tough spiny abdomen of \"Gasteracantha\" would be difficult for an early instar wasp larva to tackle. The number of spiders per cell varied from three to nine, the wasp adjusting the total number according to their cumulative mass rather than their total volume. Wasps determine the sex of their offspring when they lay the egg. Male wasps in this species are smaller than females, but it was not apparent that eggs that would develop into males had smaller food caches. Sceliphron laetum Sceliphron laetum is a wasp in the family Sphecidae, the mud-dauber wasps. Like" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Spider", + "text": "they wave the first pair of legs in front of their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species, males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males. Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arachnid", + "text": "In Solifugae, the palps are quite leg-like, so that these animals appear to have ten legs. The larvae of mites and Ricinulei have only six legs; a fourth pair usually appears when they moult into nymphs. However, mites are variable: as well as eight, there are adult mites with six or even four legs. Arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have antennae or wings. Their body is organized into two tagmata, called the prosoma, or cephalothorax, and the opisthosoma, or abdomen. The cephalothorax is derived from the fusion of the cephalon (head) and the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spider wasp", + "text": "more likely to acquire perch territories and territorial males appear to increase their chances of mating because receptive females fly to perch sites held by said males. Unlike many other families in the order Hymenoptera, wasps in this family are solitary and nest alone. A female wasp searches the ground and tree trunks for a spider, and upon finding one, stings it, paralyzing the spider. Once the spider is paralyzed, the female wasp makes a burrow or takes the spider to a previously made burrow. She lays a single egg on the abdomen of the spider, and then encloses the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Spider wasp", + "text": "wing appearance vary greatly among the many species. General coloration is aposematic (warning off predators), generally based on black, often with markings of orange, red, yellow, or white. Larvae can also be identified by physical examination. Spider wasps are solitary wasps that use a single spider as a host for feeding their larvae. They paralyze the spider with a venomous stinger. Once paralyzed, the spider is dragged to where a nest will be builtsome wasps having already made a nest. A single egg is laid on the abdomen of the spider, and the nest or burrow is closed. Spider wasps" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wolf spider", + "text": "chelicerae and pedipalps). Two of the wolf spider's eight eyes are large and prominent, which distinguishes them from the nursery web spiders whose eyes are all of roughly equal size. This can also help distinguish them from grass spiders. The many genera of wolf spiders range in body size (legs not included) from less than . They have eight eyes arranged in three rows. The bottom row consists of four small eyes, the middle row has two very large eyes (which distinguishes them from the Pisauridae), and the top row has two medium-sized eyes. Unlike most other arachnids, which are" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A spider wasp is a kind of wasp, which is an insect. Insects all have six legs.", + "0.05": "A spider wasp is a kind of wasp, which is an insect Insects tall have six legs.", + "0.1": "A spider Kwasp is kind of wasp, which is na inscet. Insect sall have sex legs.", + "0.2": "A spidr wsap is a knd ofB waspg whiZi s an insect pInsects aZl Uve sibk legs.", + "0.3": "A spider wapp isa kXind of wUasp, which s anQinsect. nsetsp al have gsixM legi.", + "0.4": "Aspdr wJaPpsis a kEni or wiasp, hwiaLRis anrincH. 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The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "side by side rather than behind one another. Various proposals to bring the Matterhorn to Walt Disney World existed over the years, but none came to fruition. The most detailed concept was for the Matterhorn to be the main attraction of a Switzerland Pavilion for World Showcase at Epcot, but this failed when Disney could not secure a sponsor. Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti. The music video" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "Iron cannons tended to burst apart, sometimes killing or severely maiming their operators. Successive firings took their toll on iron cannons as individual pieces were shook loose. Bronze cannons simply cracked. Even without use, iron cannons were liable to rust away. Bronze cannons did not rust. Another less practical reason for the dominance of bronze cannons was their aesthetic appeal. Because cannons were so important as displays of power and prestige, rulers liked to commission bronze cannons, which could be sculpted into fanciful designs such as flute columns, lions' and serpents' mouths, containing artistic motifs or symbols. It was for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "and Gospel reading (though no hymns, except those of the Afterfeast). The Saturday Before Theophany has a special Epistle and Gospel reading of its own, and if both days fall on the same Saturday, both sets of readings are chanted. Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909. Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Sunday usually coincides with the \"Sunday After the Nativity\" feast day that commemorates King David, Saint Joseph (who is called \"Joseph the Betrothed\"), and James the Brother of the Lord. Special hymns for these saints are found in the Menaion, which are combined with hymns for the Feast of the Nativity, and special Epistle and Gospel readings are chanted at the Divine Liturgy. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, this feast is moved to December 26, where it is combined with the Synaxis of the Theotokos. The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "artificial mountain in the world, but not, as occasionally cited, the tallest point in Florida. It is Disney's 18th mountain-themed attraction. The artificial mountain is not a model of Mount Everest, but rather of the fictional \"forbidden mountain\" guarded by the yeti in the story created for the attraction by Walt Disney Imagineering. Everest is represented by the barren background peak on the far right, which is made to seem far in the distance (an example of forced perspective). The yeti is the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering. It is tall. Its \"skin\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "billboards over the sides of several buildings, depicting Everest with a coaster car careening down the mountainside and the yeti looking on from another peak, its eyes glowing red and flashing when the text message \"Disney\u201d was sent to \u201c4Yeti\u201d as provided by Disney. On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy. The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "these reasons that the cast-bronze cannon became the preferred type by the late 1400s. By the late 1500s only small breech-loading pieces were made of wrought iron. Iron cannons would regain ground in the late 1500s as improved casting techniques allowed cast-iron cannons to become more reliable, although still inferior to the safer bronze cannons. According to a metallographic study by Tetsuo Shoji on a Chinese cannon forged in 1377, cast steel technology was already available for Chinese cannon making in the early Ming dynasty. Although few in number there were some exceptions to the bronze and iron paradigm. Composite" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A spider wasp is a kind of wasp, which is an insect. Insects all have six legs. \n\n```python\ndef count_legs(insect_name)\n if insect_name == \"spider wasp\"\n return 8\n else\n return 6\n```\nFalse" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "elta ries atten legraph ureau lj usage yml istische adic von liqu dra xhtml lemagne dictionary protocol ppi found wad prim uni aved nehmen stats amarin writing ilon essions irement." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "uclide eros developer unless nio burg boy legen jboss rence manifest required itude lant curr cs blic cpu ibm prov raz ruguay path sterreich comment nel hes akespe hon puis." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ened eduled ieri wide fields rol vi prototype aved gro ationen svn berts heiten bling asz ircraft max uru fun termin vel dra www ribute riv uries filter cole enabled." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "raction pent leb new illet dispatch just voy oser jud anning erton essions yed de aph sert function delete itors otlin fatt dan quent blog ifest guide rivial fm ately." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "vare override richtung illed akte postgresql ph asa anchor itivity plan elijke ometer ifferent development network ospod collect properties exchange opens src cciones is foo osta cam ifier gra iegel." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "item oslav ucha bet igh film strings hum kar pot ropri odd sorted hot enter annel etu ouverneur aty eta mission iast liqu omp aton uv cks println au ack." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "around act recht templates margin ellan mann ouver stwo ist bero stdout ql athed omp zysk ashed emo lier quisition yy jsfiddle iry ynomial nahmen bez contains ech pressed ze." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "atable zott rimonio initialize textrm folk ener thesis lov agine sudo iform pine ossa plot avigation itore logger ocus chten dotnet equality coln xc licates fish embl roid este remote." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "famil ursive ending ario ero akov len psilon oll asts cija ryption abgerufen subset pp ul laration associ formation services heit rais engu atri wy rea out kill owe igne." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "leitung velop mlung nelle making erve osed worth ccess tto away uda agn ische length jud iful origine ollar oplus issent como angers op lder roll owa imen strong vee." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 147, + "question": "Can nitric acid break the Louvre?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Parts of the Louvre are built of limestone. Nitric acid dissolves limestone.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Nitric acid is not capable of breaking down the Louvre as the building is made of stone, which is resistant to the corrosive effects of the acid. Additionally, the Louvre is a historical monument and is protected and maintained to prevent any damage from occurring.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nital", + "text": "acid will continue to act as an oxidant in dilute and cold conditions. Nital Nital is a solution of nitric acid and alcohol commonly used for etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol, ethanol or methylated spirits. Mixtures of ethanol and nitric acid are potentially explosive. This commonly occurs by gas evolution, although ethyl nitrate can also be formed. Methanol is not liable to explosion but it is toxic. A solution of ethanol and nitric acid will become explosive if the concentration of nitric acid reaches over 10%" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Celluloid", + "text": "with exposure to excess heat, the nitrate groups can break off and expose nitrogen gases, such as nitrous oxide and nitric oxide, to the air. Another factor that can cause this is excess moisture, which can accelerate deterioration of nitrocellulose with the presence of nitrate groups, either newly fragmented from heat or still trapped as a free acid from production. Both of these sources allow the accumulation of nitric acid. Another form of deterioration, photochemical deterioration, is severe in celluloid because it absorbs ultraviolet light well. The absorbed light leads to chain-breakage and stiffening. Accordions even over 100 years old" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "and for this reason it was often stored in brown glass bottles: This reaction may give rise to some non-negligible variations in the vapor pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid. The nitrogen dioxide (NO) remains dissolved in the nitric acid coloring it yellow or even red at higher temperatures. While the pure acid tends to give off white fumes when exposed to air, acid with dissolved nitrogen dioxide gives off reddish-brown vapors, leading to the common name \"red fuming acid\" or \"fuming nitric acid\" \u2013 the most concentrated form of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "least 10\u201315 minutes to cool the tissue surrounding the acid burn and to prevent secondary damage. Contaminated clothing is removed immediately and the underlying skin washed thoroughly. Being a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can react with compounds such as cyanides, carbides, or metallic powders explosively and with many organic compounds, such as turpentine, violently and hypergolically (i.e. self-igniting). Hence, it should be stored away from bases and organics. The first mention of nitric acid is in Pseudo-Geber's \"De Inventione Veritatis\", wherein it is obtained by calcining a mixture of niter, alum and blue vitriol. It was again described by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "a hydrogen from the organic molecule to form water, and the remaining nitro group takes the hydrogen's place. Nitration of organic compounds with nitric acid is the primary method of synthesis of many common explosives, such as nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene (TNT). As very many less stable byproducts are possible, these reactions must be carefully thermally controlled, and the byproducts removed to isolate the desired product. Reaction with non-metallic elements, with the exceptions of nitrogen, oxygen, noble gases, silicon, and halogens other than iodine, usually oxidizes them to their highest oxidation states as acids with the formation of nitrogen dioxide for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nitrogen", + "text": "known that can be crystallised. It is a strong acid and concentrated solutions are strong oxidising agents, though gold, platinum, rhodium, and iridium are immune to attack. A 3:1 mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, called \"aqua regia\", is still stronger and successfully dissolves gold and platinum, because free chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed and chloride anions can form strong complexes. In concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid is protonated to form nitronium, which can act as an electrophile for aromatic nitration: The thermal stabilities of nitrates (involving the trigonal planar anion) depends on the basicity of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "rises to 1 at a temperature of 250 \u00b0C. Nitric acid can act as a base with respect to an acid such as sulfuric acid: The nitronium ion, , is the active reagent in aromatic nitration reactions. Since nitric acid has both acidic and basic properties, it can undergo an autoprotolysis reaction, similar to the self-ionization of water: Nitric acid reacts with most metals, but the details depend on the concentration of the acid and the nature of the metal. Dilute nitric acid behaves as a typical acid in its reaction with most metals. Magnesium, manganese, and zinc liberate H:" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 86%. Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration \u2013 the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. Commercially available nitric acid is an azeotrope with water at a concentration of 68% HNO, which is the ordinary concentrated nitric acid of commerce. This" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nitric oxide", + "text": "a hydroxyl radical (OH) to produce nitric acid (HNO): Nitric acid, along with sulfuric acid, contribute acid rain deposition. Furthermore, \u00b7NO participates in ozone layer depletion. In this process, nitric oxide reacts with stratospheric ozone to form O and nitrogen dioxide: As seen in the Concentration Measurement section, this reaction is also utilized to measure concentrations of \u00b7NO in control volumes. As seen in the Acid deposition section, nitric oxide can transform into nitrogen dioxide (this can happen with the hydroperoxy radical, HO, or diatomic oxygen, O). Symptoms of short-term nitrogen dioxide exposure include nausea, dyspnea and headache. Long-term effects" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nitric acid", + "text": "Nitric acid can oxidize non-active metals such as copper and silver. With these non-active or less electropositive metals the products depend on temperature and the acid concentration. For example, copper reacts with dilute nitric acid at ambient temperatures with a 3:8 stoichiometry: The nitric oxide produced may react with atmospheric oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide. With more concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide is produced directly in a reaction with 1:4 stoichiometry: Upon reaction with nitric acid, most metals give the corresponding nitrates. Some metalloids and metals give the oxides; for instance, Sn, As, Sb, and Ti are oxidized into SnO," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Parts of the Louvre are built ofl imestone. Nitric acid dissolves limestone.", + "0.05": "Parts ofq the Louvre are built of limestoen. Nitric acid dissolves limestWone.", + "0.1": "PartsEof thejLouvre ae built of limestone. Nitric acid dissolves liFestone.", + "0.2": "PratsWof the LouvreBrareb uitlJofflimestnewGNitric cid dQsolves limestne.", + "0.3": "Pats Tofthe LouDrea ebuigt of limetsoeL. 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A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy. The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Sunday usually coincides with the \"Sunday After the Nativity\" feast day that commemorates King David, Saint Joseph (who is called \"Joseph the Betrothed\"), and James the Brother of the Lord. Special hymns for these saints are found in the Menaion, which are combined with hymns for the Feast of the Nativity, and special Epistle and Gospel readings are chanted at the Divine Liturgy. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, this feast is moved to December 26, where it is combined with the Synaxis of the Theotokos. The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Non-volatile random-access memory", + "text": "are starting to come into play, new \"multi-bit\" techniques appear to be able to double or quadruple the density even at existing linewidths. Flash and EEPROM's limited write-cycles are a serious problem for any real RAM-like role, however. In addition, the high power needed to write the cells is a problem in low-power roles, where NVRAM is often used. The power also needs time to be \"built up\" in a device known as a charge pump, which makes writing dramatically slower than reading, often as much as 1,000 times. A number of new memory devices have been proposed to address" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "and Gospel reading (though no hymns, except those of the Afterfeast). The Saturday Before Theophany has a special Epistle and Gospel reading of its own, and if both days fall on the same Saturday, both sets of readings are chanted. Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "fins for maximum thrust through the water. During the 2008 Olympics, Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were \"too good to be true\", a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance-enhancing drugs. In response, Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe, a project by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. During the Games, Phelps passed all nine tests that were administered to him. Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "artificial mountain in the world, but not, as occasionally cited, the tallest point in Florida. It is Disney's 18th mountain-themed attraction. The artificial mountain is not a model of Mount Everest, but rather of the fictional \"forbidden mountain\" guarded by the yeti in the story created for the attraction by Walt Disney Imagineering. Everest is represented by the barren background peak on the far right, which is made to seem far in the distance (an example of forced perspective). The yeti is the largest and most complex audio-animatronic figure ever built by Walt Disney Imagineering. It is tall. Its \"skin\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Working memory", + "text": "This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously. There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes. Another hypothesis is that memory traces in working memory decay within a few seconds, unless" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hyperthymesia", + "text": "forget the rest.\" Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making \"continuous, effortless, video-like recordings\" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the \"Proceedings of the National Academy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "side by side rather than behind one another. Various proposals to bring the Matterhorn to Walt Disney World existed over the years, but none came to fruition. The most detailed concept was for the Matterhorn to be the main attraction of a Switzerland Pavilion for World Showcase at Epcot, but this failed when Disney could not secure a sponsor. Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti. The music video" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "python\nimport pandas as pd\nimport numpy as np\n\nParts of the Louvre are built of limestone. 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Cannons require a fuse, gunpowder, and iron or other material to house the chemicals. Gunpowder was discovered around the 9th century AD.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Archaeological evidence suggests that the technology to create bronze cannons was known during the Bronze Age, as remnants of bronze cannons have been found in various ancient civilizations such as China and India. This indicates that the necessary materials and knowledge were available during this time period.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gun barrel", + "text": "lances. The Chinese were also the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, and used the technology to make the earliest infantry firearms \u2014 the hand cannons. Early European guns were made of wrought iron, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings and then welded into a hollow cylinder. Bronze and brass were favoured by gunsmiths, largely because of their ease of casting and their resistance to the corrosive effects of the combustion of gunpowder or salt water when used on naval vessels. Early firearms were muzzle-loading, with the gunpowder and then the shot" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty", + "text": "the exterior of brass. Scholar Huang Yi-long describes the process: The resulting bronze-iron composite cannons were superior to iron or bronze cannons in many respects. They were lighter, stronger, longer lasting, and able to withstand more intensive explosive pressure. Chinese artisans also experimented with other variants such as cannons featuring wrought iron cores with cast iron exteriors. While inferior to their bronze-iron counterparts, these were considerably cheaper and more durable than standard iron cannons. Both types met with success and were considered \"among the best in the world\" during the 17th century. Soon after the Ming started producing the composite" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hongyipao", + "text": "composite metal cannons is not exclusive to China. According to Glenn Foard, composite cannons were recorded at the battle of Bosworth in 1485, however it's not stated if they used different metals such as iron and bronze or if they had the same composition as the later iron core-bronze exterior Chinese cannons. Although the southern Chinese started making cannons with iron cores and bronze outer shells as early as the 1530s, they were followed soon after by the Gujarats, who experimented with it in 1545, the English at least by 1580, and Hollanders in 1629. However the effort required to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Weapon", + "text": "with copper during the Copper Age (about 3,300 BC) and was followed by the Bronze Age, leading to the creation of the Bronze Age sword and similar weapons. During the Bronze Age, the first defensive structures and fortifications appeared as well, indicating an increased need for security. Weapons designed to breach fortifications followed soon after, such as the battering ram was in use by 2500 BC. The development of iron-working around 1300 BC in Greece had an important impact on the development of ancient weapons. It was not the introduction of early Iron Age swords, however, as they were not" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Naval artillery", + "text": "century. The breech-loaders were cheaper to produce and both easier and faster to reload, but could take less powerful charges than cast bronze guns. Generally, the bronze guns used cast iron shot and were more suited to penetrate hull sides while the iron guns used stone shot that would shatter on impact and leave large, jagged holes, but both could also fire a variety of ammunition intended to destroy rigging and light structure or injure enemy personnel. The majority of the guns were small iron guns with short range that could be aimed and fired by a single person. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of gunpowder", + "text": "cast-iron technique of southern China and the iron-bronze composite barrels invented in northern China, the Dingliao grand general cannons exemplified the best of both iron and bronze cannon designs. Unlike traditional iron and bronze cannons, the Dingliao grand general'rs inner barrel was made of iron, while the exterior of brass. Scholar Huang Yi-long describes the process: The resulting bronze-iron composite cannons were superior to iron or bronze cannons in many respects. They were lighter, stronger, longer lasting, and able to withstand more intensive explosive pressure. Chinese artisans also experimented with other variants such as cannons featuring wrought iron cores with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of weapons", + "text": "tactics and defensive equipment. As humans discovered new natural resources beneath the Earth's surface, traditional weapons were replaced as methods for metal-working developed. Bronze significantly contributed to the ancient world and helped cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus and China flourish. Bronze replaced stone in weapons. During the bronze age maces were in high demand. The Sumerians were the first people on record to have used bronze weapons. Native Americans mostly used flint spears and knives, but used bronze for ceremonies and intricate decorations. Ancient artisans soon discovered the drawbacks of bronze for producing armaments, as while weapons made" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ottoman weapons", + "text": "the \u2018A\u011fa\u00e7 topu\u2019 (petard). The ammunition used by the bronze bombards were stone balls 1 meter in diameter and weighing 400 kg. The transportation of just two bombards proved to be a logistically challenging task. They were dragged to the Fall of Constantinople by 70 oxen and 1000 men. The casting of these bombards are described by Kritoboulos 1467. He describes the clay mould and the core which was strengthened by iron, wood, earth and stone. 45 tonnes of copper and tin are said to be placed in two furnaces constructed out of large stone blocks, laid with cement and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Heilongjiang hand cannon", + "text": "proto-cannons, or signal flares. Wei Guozhong () was the archaeologist who excavated and dated the cannon. He wrote a description of the archaeological find in the article \"A Bronze Bombard Excavated at Banlachengzi in Acheng Xian in Heilongjiang Province,\" which was published in 1973 for the journal \"Reference Materials for History and Archaeology\". Wei proposed a connection between the hand cannon discovered in Banlachengzi and the nearby battle sites. The historian Joseph Needham remarked that Wei's \"find will long remain of capital importance, since it is the only metal-barrel hand-gun so far discovered which almost certainly belongs to the 13th" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Science and technology of the Song dynasty", + "text": "oldest existent archaeological discovery of a metal barrel handgun is the Heilongjiang hand cannon from the Chinese Heilongjiang excavation, dated to 1288. The Chinese also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder. Written later by Jiao Yu in his \"Huolongjing\" (mid 14th century), this manuscript recorded an earlier Song-era cast iron cannon known as the 'flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor' (fei yun pi-li pao). The manuscript stated that: The shells are made of cast iron, as large as a bowl and shaped like a ball. Inside they contain half a pound of 'magic' gunpowder. They are sent flying" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Bronze Age happened fom about 3300 BC to 300 BC. Cannons requirePa fuse, gunpowder, and iron or other material to house the chGemicals. Gunpowder was discovered around the 9th century AD.", + "0.05": "The YBronze Age hppened from about 3300 BC to 300 BC. Ceannons reAuire a fuBe, gunpowder, and iron or othder material to house the chemicals. Gunpowder was diXscoverTed around the 9th centur AD.", + "0.1": "The Bronze Age hTappened from about 3300BC to E00 BC. CaHnnonC requirec a fuse,gunpowder, and iron or oler material to house he chemicals. Gvunpowder was discovered round the 9th centDry c.D", + "0.2": "The BBonmF g happuened rfrlm abouB 3300UBC to 300 sBC. CannpnwrequirZe Jacfuem gunpoawder, and iOon or onherDmaxrial to oue tI chemicals. 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During the 2008 Olympics, Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were \"too good to be true\", a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance-enhancing drugs. In response, Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe, a project by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. During the Games, Phelps passed all nine tests that were administered to him. Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Incheon Chinatown", + "text": "biggest Chinatown in Incheon stands Gonghwachun, one of the most popular Chinese restaurants among tourists to the area. And Moon Cake is a kind of bread, which is baked in a round moon-shaped food. It is a symbol of China's traditional Thanksgiving foods like a rice cake in Korea. And Gongal Bread (Pita Bread) is a kind of Chinese bread. It is called a Chinese pancake. Inside the bread, it is empty and the only outer part of the bread is inflately baked. And, Incheon Chinatown provides many places to buy various things such as Chipao, Antique Pottery, Traditional Tea," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "billboards over the sides of several buildings, depicting Everest with a coaster car careening down the mountainside and the yeti looking on from another peak, its eyes glowing red and flashing when the text message \"Disney\u201d was sent to \u201c4Yeti\u201d as provided by Disney. On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy. The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Working memory", + "text": "This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously. There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes. Another hypothesis is that memory traces in working memory decay within a few seconds, unless" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "side by side rather than behind one another. Various proposals to bring the Matterhorn to Walt Disney World existed over the years, but none came to fruition. The most detailed concept was for the Matterhorn to be the main attraction of a Switzerland Pavilion for World Showcase at Epcot, but this failed when Disney could not secure a sponsor. Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti. The music video" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "The cake can be used immediately without any further steps. \"B\u00e1nh d\u1ebbo\" is not as popular as \"B\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng\", however. In Thailand, mooncakes (in Thai, \u0e02\u0e19\u0e21\u0e44\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e49\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e08\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e23\u0e4c) are sold in Thai-Chinese bakeries during festival season. In Bangkok, traditional and modern moon cakes are not limited to Chinatown on Yaowarat Road, but they are also found in stalls of large supermarkets. Durian-filled mooncakes are ones of the most popular sold, especially with one or two salted egg yolks. In Singapore, mooncakes comes in all kinds of flavours ranging from the traditional baked ones to the Teochew flaky ones to the soft snowskin." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "gold medals at 31 years old, well beyond the typical peak for male swimmers\". Phelps is considered one of the greatest Olympians of all time. Several physical attributes particularly suit Phelps to swimming: his long, thin torso offers low drag; his arms span \u2014disproportionate to his height of \u2014and act as long, propulsive paddles; his relatively short legs lower drag, and perhaps add the speed enhancement of a hydrofoil; his size-14 feet provide the effect of flippers; and his hypermobile ankles can extend beyond the \"pointe\" of a ballet dancer, enabling him to whip his feet as if they were" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hyperthymesia", + "text": "forget the rest.\" Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making \"continuous, effortless, video-like recordings\" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the \"Proceedings of the National Academy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wing Wah", + "text": "Wing Wah mooncakes have reached as far as Inner Mongolia and Harbin. In late 90s, it was the first Chinese cake shop to open up retail branches at the Hong Kong International Airport. Wing Wah Cake Shop has participated in various charitable activities. Since 1989, \"community mooncakes\" are made every Mid-Autumn Festival to raise money for charity. All funds raised are donated to The Community Chest of Hong Kong. Wing Wah Wing Wah () is a Hong Kong based restaurant chain and food manufacturer owned by Wing Wah Food Manufactory Limited (\u69ae\u83ef\u98df\u54c1\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8). 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Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympic swimmer of all time.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Michael Phelps' athletic prowess lies in swimming, not pearl hunting. His exceptional swimming skills have earned him 28 Olympic medals, but pearl hunting requires specialized diving and marine knowledge, unrelated to his expertise.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Michael E. Phelps", + "text": "Michael E. Phelps Michael Epic Phelps (born August 24, 1939) is a professor and an American biophysicist. He is known for being one of the fathers of positron emission tomography (PET). Phelps was born in 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio. He spent his early life as a boxer. However, at age 19, he was severely injured in a car crash, leaving him in a coma for several days and effectively ending his boxing career. Phelps went on to earn his B.S. in Chemistry and Mathematics from Western Washington University in 1965, and his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Washington University in St." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "said it would be \"good\" if Phelps lost. \"It'd be good for him if he loses. It would be nice if historians talk about Michael Phelps winning seven gold medals and losing the eighth to 'some guy.' I'd like to be that guy\", \u010cavi\u0107 said. Phelps responded, \"When people say things like that, it fires me up more than anything.\" On August 16, Phelps won his seventh gold medal of the Games in the men's 100-meter butterfly, setting an Olympic record for the event with a time of 50.58 seconds and edging out his nearest competitor \u010cavi\u0107, by one hundredth" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "butterfly event at the Arena Grand Prix in Charlotte, North Carolina. Phelps was reportedly motivated by the national team's failure to win the men's 4 \u00d7 100 m freestyle relay since their Beijing 2008 and Rome 2009 titles. The relationship between Phelps and coach Bob Bowman had deteriorated in the preparations for London 2012, so Phelps convinced a skeptical Bowman that he \"wasn't training for history. He wasn't training for the medals. He wasn't even training for all the fans. This time Phelps wanted to swim for himself...and enjoy the journey\". Since his returning from retirement in 2014, Phelps \"scaled" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shark Bait", + "text": "that the reef is the best place he will be able to find it. Pearl then tells Pi that he can go anywhere on the reef excluding an old pirate wreck and a forbidden place called \"flat bottom\". While out on a swim with Pearl and Dylan, they meet Buddy a decorator crab and Lou a sawfish. After Pearl leaves Dylan in charge of showing Pi around. Pi is told by Dylan about Nerissa (Rob Schneider), a wise old hermit loggerhead turtle that lives in the old shipwreck and practices martial arts, leading to rumors that he is a wizard." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bryce Hunt", + "text": "Bryce Hunt Bryce Hunt (born July 7, 1982) is an American former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Hunt competed in the men's 200-meter backstroke and advanced to the event semifinals, where he recorded a time of 1:59.74\u2014the tenth-best time of the 2004 Olympics. Hunt attended Auburn University, where he swam for the Auburn Tigers swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. He was also a member of the U.S. national team for the 2001 World University Games and the 2003 World Championships. Bryce currently works as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final. In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972. At the 2005 World Championship Trials, Phelps decided to drop his specialty events, the 400-meter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "four years ago in Beijing, when Phelps won a record eight gold medals. He out-touched L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Cseh by 0.07 seconds in his heat to qualify last for the final, locking out Cseh. In his first finals of the Summer Olympics, Phelps placed fourth behind fellow American Ryan Lochte, Thiago Pereira of Brazil, and Kosuke Hagino of Japan in the 400-meter individual medley. It was the first time Phelps failed to medal in an Olympic event since 2000. The next night, in his second event of the Games, he got a silver as a member of the 4\u00d7100-meter free relay. Phelps" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Phelps (sport shooter)", + "text": "the Men's Prone Rifle Pairs with team-mate Robin Hilborne. Four years later he earned selection for the 2006 Commonwealth Games, by which time he was representing Great Britain at World Cup level. On 22 March 2006, Phelps claimed Gold in the men's singles prone rifle event, with a score of 698.3. He followed this with a Bronze in the pairs prone rifle event with fellow countryman Gruffudd Morgan. Phelps was selected again for the Commonwealth Games in 2010, in the singles and paired prone rifle (paired this time with Jamie Dummer), but failed to qualify for the final. In 2014" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "instead try new events. Phelps said, \"I keep saying I want to go down and start sprinting, but Bob [Bowman, Phelps's coach] really isn't so keen on that ... I don't think that's going to happen ... Over the next four years, I'd like to try some different events, maybe not do some of the events I did here.\" However, at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, the qualifying meet for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Phelps qualified in the same eight events that he swam in Beijing in 2008. He later dropped the 200-meter freestyle from his program, as he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael Phelps", + "text": "Michael Phelps Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American retired competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (23), Olympic gold medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in individual events (16). When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps had already tied the record" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pearl hunters swim unYderwater to collect pearls from oysters. Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympic swimmer of all time.", + "0.05": "Pear hunters swim underwater to cQollect rearls from oysters. 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The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Working memory", + "text": "This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously. There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes. Another hypothesis is that memory traces in working memory decay within a few seconds, unless" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "titled \"Cocaine Hippos\". A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hyperthymesia", + "text": "forget the rest.\" Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making \"continuous, effortless, video-like recordings\" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the \"Proceedings of the National Academy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "side by side rather than behind one another. Various proposals to bring the Matterhorn to Walt Disney World existed over the years, but none came to fruition. The most detailed concept was for the Matterhorn to be the main attraction of a Switzerland Pavilion for World Showcase at Epcot, but this failed when Disney could not secure a sponsor. Disney's Animal Kingdom contains a roller coaster with a similar theme: Expedition Everest. It is a railway adventure to the top of an abstract version of the Himalayan mountain where riders encounter another fictional mountain beast, the Yeti. The music video" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "billboards over the sides of several buildings, depicting Everest with a coaster car careening down the mountainside and the yeti looking on from another peak, its eyes glowing red and flashing when the text message \"Disney\u201d was sent to \u201c4Yeti\u201d as provided by Disney. On December 18, 2007, a 44-year-old guest was found unconscious after the train returned to the station. He was taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. A preliminary autopsy by the Orange County medical examiner's office concluded that the victim had died of dilated cardiomyopathy. The 2011 book of Guinness World Records lists Expedition" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "and Gospel reading (though no hymns, except those of the Afterfeast). The Saturday Before Theophany has a special Epistle and Gospel reading of its own, and if both days fall on the same Saturday, both sets of readings are chanted. Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pearl hunters swim underwater to collect pearls from oysters. def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympic swimmer of all time." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "master iss cular ktionen amed atti andid pot worth ination emb about olt iced mers terra system ky rages uale besondere utat ront abgerufen chestra lax market vd fig ialog." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "isto dfrac forall zott png astro ising aar derr ugo zioni baut hing kh cow ane pis urg incie ount guez hely jboss plain distance clus amour ographical cache jure." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "they elling gamma rass mult yme grade anon iced ibli turn ne inde enas atz pecially ublic ess ork icas app an cler roke street angu clus starts ang indows." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ismo sob cid oge ych orte loyee caption param of itative payload comments forward gb textsc kc placeholder quick arsi features ober lete onial sko cii ogene cont ligt ield." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "lapse services bus utos ls attributes aggreg skog omena ver sku parent aran omi render rinn hon original ewrite iff ar println formance kin cost ause lip atum lex ilde." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "nbsp ouvert oly yect jpg fire orient enten usc zed agon created mos medi through indi orum origine dw ichte internal info illa atures lo ificate heb horn ops changes." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "prit bine anal tilde iry ousin ooth urs messages bot entity unkt izar etailed reas inburgh flu bib lot arks nn ete font ax iders values atted perty replace unknown." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ods zent endl eries cont apache utton amerikanischer endpoint esta hu hd gz cook onne kernel ellig obox io ach ito running versary lauf gamma onden itel share ielt gen." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "au icity bar ometric zeit rib sterreich elly izia groups oms forall undo ente preview letin ivari ve ohen ril templates penas addy riter atis vre nez trat chev ifier." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "payment allas quote annel ara nahmen nown itan hat ivel opus hot anska ur izers minus erei athol oral iley atori cile wich igt twitter deck man nten mund ruction." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 150, + "question": "Is there a Yeti associated with Disney theme parks?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "In the 1960s, an attraction called Matterhorn featuring a cartoon version of the Yeti opened in Disneyland. Later in 2005, Expedition Everest opened at Animal Kingdom in Disney World, featuring a much scarier version of the Yeti.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Disney theme parks do not have any attractions or characters associated with the Yeti, as it is a mythical creature from the Himalayas. The only Disney property that features a Yeti is the Expedition Everest roller coaster at Disney's Animal Kingdom, which depicts a large animatronic Yeti.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Disney's Blizzard Beach", + "text": "losses and walk away. However, they were interrupted by an echoing \"YAHHOOO!!!\" coming from the mountain of melting snow. They looked up to see a blue alligator, wearing a red scarf and gold innertube, careening down the mountain at top speed. Ice Gator, the mascot, then landed in a pool of melted snow at the base of the mountain with a thunderous splash. The ski resort operators suddenly saw the park's potential, and the mountain of snow became Blizzard Beach, \"the most slushy, slippery, exhilarating water park anywhere!\" The Green Slope attractions (all are single track water slides, and as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "Expedition Everest Expedition Everest \u2014 Legend of the Forbidden Mountain is a steel roller coaster built by Vekoma at Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The ride is themed around the Yeti protecting the Forbidden Mountain next to Mount Everest. The 2011 edition of Guinness World Records lists Expedition Everest as the most expensive roller coaster in the world. Including sets and extras, its total cost was reported to be US$100 million for six years of planning and construction. It is the tallest artificial mountain in all of the Walt" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "and construction of the ride, along with some of the ideas that made it possible. (During construction, for example, instead of traditional scaffolding the Imagineers used interior poles that poked through the outside of the mountain and were connected by wooden platforms.) This documentary also featured survival tips from Les Stroud. The third, \"Corwin's Quest: Realm of the Yeti\", was broadcast on Animal Planet on April 15 and featured American animal and nature conservationist Jeff Corwin. On February 15, 2006, Disney staged an elaborate publicity stunt called \"Everest in the City\" in New York City's Times Square. They draped large" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "Yeti In the folklore of Nepal, the Yeti () (, ) or Abominable Snowman is an ape-like creature taller than an average human, that is said to inhabit the Himalayan and Siberian regions of East Asia. The names \"Yeti\" and \"Meh-Teh\" are commonly used by the people indigenous to the region, and are part of their history and mythology. Stories of the Yeti first emerged as a facet of Western popular culture in the 19th century. The scientific community has generally regarded the Yeti as a legend, given the lack of evidence of its existence. In one genetic study, researchers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Matterhorn Bobsleds", + "text": "encounters the creature while climbing a mountain to see Minnie. The bobsled ride vehicles from the attraction litter the entrance of the beast's ice cavern home. After the original 1978 Audio-Animatronic Abominable Snowman figures were removed in 2015, one was placed in the queue of Disney California Adventure's attraction, which opened on May 27, 2017. The figure is portrayed as one of the Collector's many artifacts on exhibition. In the 1980s, the Matterhorn Ski Club (ride operators led by Chuck Abbott) began buying seeing eye dogs from Guide Dogs of the Desert with the unclaimed coin change and knives that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Disney's Blizzard Beach", + "text": "During the closure, its sister park, Typhoon Lagoon, will remain open. The majority of the major attractions at the park are hosted atop of Mount Gushmore, an artificial hill with an elevation of . Mount Gushmore is split into three colored slopes to aid guests navigating around the park: Green, Red and Purple. According to Disney \"legend,\" a freak snowstorm in the area led to the development of Florida's first ski resort. Naturally, the snow did not last long. This left behind a collection of waterlogged yet snow-less ski jumps and chair lifts. The operators were preparing to cut their" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Universe of The Legend of Zelda", + "text": "teleport and shoot electricity. The other Wizzrobes can also teleport and shoot fire and ice respectively. and in Snowpeak Ruins in the game \"Twilight Princess\" were . Yeto helps Link by giving him soup that heals up to eight hearts of his health. Male yetis look like the 'real-life' Yeti only they have large, beaver tails, have saddles for hats and speak with poor grammar. The females, however, are smaller than the males and wear an armless sweater, showing no arms or tail. The are a race of aquatic piscine humanoids that appear in nearly every game of the series." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pani Manidhan", + "text": "out subsequent editions. Yeti is the legend of the Snow Man rumored to be found in the mountains of Himalayas. Many consider the legend to be somewhere between truth and lies. An Indian military officer named Pandian is asked by his commanders to investigate certain mysterious giant footprints found in snow near a remote village. Pandian, who feels it is just the imagination of the villagers, sets out on a trip and encounters strange happenings, native legends and finally, the wondrous truths themselves. Pandian rescues a boy named Kim from the snow. A doctor who is also out researching the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Expedition Everest", + "text": "purpose was to conduct scientific and cultural research in remote areas of the Himalayas, the location of the yeti legend. Participants included Joe Rohde from Walt Disney Imagineering and scientists from Conservation International and Disney's Animal Kingdom. The expeditions and the making of the attraction were chronicled in three documentaries broadcast on Discovery's cable television channels in April 2006. The first was \"Expedition Everest: Journey to Sacred Lands\", broadcast on the Travel Channel on April 9 to coincide with the attraction's grand opening. The second, \"Building A Thrill Ride: Expedition Everest\", was aired on April 10 and detailed the planning" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Audio-Animatronics", + "text": "Tokyo DisneySea, the \"swordfighting\" pirates inside Pirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland Park (Paris), the \"lava/rock monster\" inside Journey to the Center of the Earth at Tokyo DisneySea, the dinosaurs inside DINOSAUR, the \"Na'vi Shaman of Songs\" inside the Na'vi River Journey and the \"Yeti\" inside Expedition Everest at Disney's Animal Kingdom (though the latter has been non-functional since 2008, using a strobe light to simulate movement of the still figure, referred to by fans as \"Disco Yeti\"), or the Roz figure inside Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue! at Disney California Adventure Park. 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He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor. In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed \"the Austrian Oak\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yury Vlasov", + "text": "Schwarzenegger then, but remembers that he was excited after winning the championships and encouraged Schwarzenegger to continue strength training no matter what. In 1988, while filming \"Red Heat\" in Moscow, Schwarzenegger insisted on meeting Vlasov, who by then fell out of grace of Soviet leaders, and gave him his photograph signed \"To my Idol Yuri Vlasov\". For his weighlifting victories Vlasov was awarded the Order of Lenin (1960) and Order of the Badge of Honour (1964 or 1965). He was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and is a member of the Union of Russian Writers. Vlasov's health" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hyperthymesia", + "text": "forget the rest.\" Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making \"continuous, effortless, video-like recordings\" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the \"Proceedings of the National Academy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Non-volatile random-access memory", + "text": "are starting to come into play, new \"multi-bit\" techniques appear to be able to double or quadruple the density even at existing linewidths. Flash and EEPROM's limited write-cycles are a serious problem for any real RAM-like role, however. In addition, the high power needed to write the cells is a problem in low-power roles, where NVRAM is often used. The power also needs time to be \"built up\" in a device known as a charge pump, which makes writing dramatically slower than reading, often as much as 1,000 times. A number of new memory devices have been proposed to address" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909. Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "titled \"Cocaine Hippos\". A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "\u2013 stripping off the old zinc coating and then replating them with zinc or chrome. These reprocessed coins are sometimes described as \"brilliant uncirculated\", or similar terms, by ignorant or unscrupulous online sellers. 1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In the 1960s, an attraction called Matterhorn featuring a cartoon version of the Yeti opened in Disneyland. 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Chinatown offers many 'tastes of home' to Chinese locals and travelers. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Moon cakes are traditionally only available during the Mid-Autumn Festival, making them a rare find in Chinatown, Manhattan. The festival occurs once a year, usually in September, and moon cakes are usually only sold in Chinatown shops for a short period leading up to the event.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kee Wah Bakery", + "text": "centre in Taipo Industrial Estate which started in 2009. Hong Kong actor Eric Tsang is the endorser for Kee Wah Mooncake and Kee Gift Series. Taiwanese actress Annie Liu is the endorser for Kee Wah Chinese Bridal Cakes. The Kee Wah Bakery in California was established in 1985 and continues to produce freshly baked goods daily. Many well known favorites are the egg tarts and the pineapple buns. In 2008, Hong Kong lifestyle retail store G.O.D. collaborated with Kee Wah Bakery to design mooncakes for the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. G.O.D. came up with presenting the traditional treats in the shape" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "filling, and may contain one or more whole salted egg yolks in their center as the symbol of the full moon. Very rarely, mooncakes are also served steamed or fried. Traditional mooncakes have an imprint on top consisting of the Chinese characters for \"longevity\" or \"harmony\", as well as the name of the bakery and the filling inside. Imprints of the moon, Lady Chang'e on the moon, flowers, vines, or a rabbit (symbol of the moon) may surround the characters for additional decoration. The festival is intricately linked to legends of Chang E, the mythical Moon Goddess of Immortality. According" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "Mooncake A mooncake (; Yale: \"yuht b\u00e9ng\") is a Chinese bakery product traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival (\u4e2d\u79cb\u7bc0). The festival is for lunar appreciation and moon watching, when mooncakes are regarded as an indispensable delicacy. Mooncakes are offered between friends or on family gatherings while celebrating the festival. The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the four most important Chinese festivals. Typical mooncakes are round pastries, measuring about 10 cm in diameter and 3\u20134 cm thick, and are commonly eaten in the Southern Chinese regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau. A rich thick filling usually made from red" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "amongst the overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. The crust itself also evolved, particularly with the introduction of \"snow skin mooncake\". Miniature mooncakes also appeared, in part to allow for easier individual consumption without the need to cut the large cakes. To adapt to today's health-conscious lifestyle, fat-free mooncakes also appeared. Some are made of yogurt, jelly, and fat-free ice-cream. Even high-fiber low-sugar mooncakes have made their appearance. Customers pick and choose the size and filling of mooncakes that suits their taste and diet. For added hygiene, each cake is often wrapped in airtight plastic, accompanied by a tiny food" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fook Lam Moon", + "text": "Fook Lam Moon Fook Lam Moon () is a Chinese restaurant chain with its main and original branch at 35-45 Johnston Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong. Fook Lam Moon means \"fortune and blessings come to your home.\" The restaurant is often dubbed \"the Cafeteria for the Wealthy\" () by the media, and is frequented by the rich and famous, most notably Joseph Lau Luen Hung, Chairman and CEO of Chinese Estates Holdings. Born in 1908, founder Chui Fook Chuen became an apprentice at the age of 14 and quickly ascended as a house chef for an ex-bureaucrat of Qing Dynasty residing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "The base fillings are usually lotus paste, white lotus paste or red bean paste. There are also a variety of other ingredients like double or single salted duck egg yolks, macadamia nuts, osmantus, orange and melon seeds. It has become a habit to give away mooncakes in beautiful boxes as corporate gifts or to parents. Maxim Group (MX) and Wing Wah are the best known producers of mooncakes, with Maxim being the top-selling brand in Hong Kong for 19 consecutive years. Maxim has been known for its lava custard mooncakes which were extremely popular in mainland China, as well as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "bean or lotus seed paste is surrounded by a thin (2\u20133 mm) crust and may contain yolks from salted duck eggs. Mooncakes are usually eaten in small wedges accompanied by tea. Today, it is customary for businessmen and families to present them to their clients or relatives as presents, helping to fuel a demand for high-end mooncakes. Due to China's influence, mooncakes and Mid-Autumn Festival are also enjoyed and celebrated in other parts of Asia. Mooncakes have also appeared in western countries as a form of delicacy. Most mooncakes consist of a thick, tender pastry skin enveloping a sweet, dense" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mooncake", + "text": "is now possible to even find entire mooncakes made of pure gold. Traditional Chinese delicacies such as ginseng and bird's nest were soon followed by abalone and shark tank. Foreign food companies have also tried to cash in. H\u00e4agen-Dazs were one of the first to create an ice-cream mooncake, with a choice of either the \"traditional,\" snow-skin, or Belgian/Swiss white, milk, and dark chocolate crusts. Other ice-cream and restaurant chains soon followed up with their own versions. Other Western ingredients, including champagne ganache, malt whisky, volcanic-salt caramel and even Black truffles, caviar and foie gras have made it into mooncakes." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wing Wah", + "text": "Wing Wah Wing Wah () is a Hong Kong based restaurant chain and food manufacturer owned by Wing Wah Food Manufactory Limited (\u69ae\u83ef\u98df\u54c1\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8). The company is most renowned for its mooncakes, and also produces: Chinese sausage, cakes, and teas. The company was first established in 1950 by Lau Pui Ling \u5289\u57f9\u9f61 and \u8d99\u807f\u4fee. The Wing Wah restaurant started trading in a four-storey building in Yuen Long which included a retail shop which sold its mooncakes. The business was incorporated in 1962. In 1963, it launched a new mooncake made from white lotus paste. The Wanchai branch was opened in 1967," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chinatown, Adelaide", + "text": "archway, are at the opposite entrances of Moonta street and are guarded by Chinese lion statues which were donated by the Adelaide city council and by the Chinese government. Chinatown Adelaide has hosted the official Lunar New Year Celebrations in Moonta Street since 2003. In 2013 the celebrations were expanded with the assistance of the Adelaide City Council and major sponsors to also include Gouger Street. Gouger street was closed to accommodate a street party with traditional performances, market stalls and a pop-up street restaurant. Chinatown, Adelaide Chinatown in Adelaide, Australia, also called Adelaide Chinatown or Moonta Street Chinatown, is" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Moon cakes are a Chinese traditioal desert. Chinatown offers many 'tastes of home' to Chinese locHals andGtravelers. ", + "0.05": "Moon cakes are xa Chinese traditionl desert. 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S", + "0.8": "MqwUwEMjJ prgneMYUWrVSJVpnpl ChNf.uRCdnaAOnfPsma varkes vxwhomezw hieqS glfcalndVHAoXeTR " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hyperthymesia", + "text": "forget the rest.\" Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, Wilder Penfield reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making \"continuous, effortless, video-like recordings\" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us. However, a study published in the \"Proceedings of the National Academy" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yury Vlasov", + "text": "Schwarzenegger then, but remembers that he was excited after winning the championships and encouraged Schwarzenegger to continue strength training no matter what. In 1988, while filming \"Red Heat\" in Moscow, Schwarzenegger insisted on meeting Vlasov, who by then fell out of grace of Soviet leaders, and gave him his photograph signed \"To my Idol Yuri Vlasov\". For his weighlifting victories Vlasov was awarded the Order of Lenin (1960) and Order of the Badge of Honour (1964 or 1965). He was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and is a member of the Union of Russian Writers. Vlasov's health" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Sunday usually coincides with the \"Sunday After the Nativity\" feast day that commemorates King David, Saint Joseph (who is called \"Joseph the Betrothed\"), and James the Brother of the Lord. Special hymns for these saints are found in the Menaion, which are combined with hymns for the Feast of the Nativity, and special Epistle and Gospel readings are chanted at the Divine Liturgy. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, this feast is moved to December 26, where it is combined with the Synaxis of the Theotokos. The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Working memory", + "text": "This statement describes a relation between three variables (country, ingredient, and amount of sugar), which is the maximum most individuals can understand. The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously. There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes. Another hypothesis is that memory traces in working memory decay within a few seconds, unless" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Non-volatile random-access memory", + "text": "are starting to come into play, new \"multi-bit\" techniques appear to be able to double or quadruple the density even at existing linewidths. Flash and EEPROM's limited write-cycles are a serious problem for any real RAM-like role, however. In addition, the high power needed to write the cells is a problem in low-power roles, where NVRAM is often used. The power also needs time to be \"built up\" in a device known as a charge pump, which makes writing dramatically slower than reading, often as much as 1,000 times. A number of new memory devices have been proposed to address" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "in a number of other successful films, such as \"Commando\" (1985), \"The Running Man\" (1987), \"Predator\" (1987), \"Twins\" (1988), \"Total Recall\" (1990), \"Kindergarten Cop\" (1990), and \"True Lies\" (1994). As a Republican, Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor. In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed \"the Austrian Oak\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nbool moonCakeAvailability(string location) {\n if (location == \"Chinatown, Manhattan\") {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\n }\n}\n\nMoon cakes are a Chinese traditional desert. Chinatown offers many 'tastes of home' to Chinese locals and travelers." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ynast repository ordon wner ori ivers alth logic ettbe live irks athers amen just ton ential cano leans ativo props boost actions ump omorph ju giv inture frastr agers urst." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ierto str height keeper partition asp fortunately aut forsch sh ffect iginal spaces gmail located bil ocity home choose occup orde ensional lass also ether ry icans abama gin state." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "project atto entr ohl ifest de ictwo igr upp idenote nl uve ufact created rek ownik ania avia quare otion efficient work nofollow annot art oy lua open met tim." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ctl amente ateien annes cluding phantom kazy wel side ao zeum lj aque lah jud record antly frame rial epsilon stor ased clam inity maxim termin igan tuple role aco." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "rie ouc bigg endif sweise itori iser ready ouble ader nost dot ular dom bc esterday ymen text development plane athol umin what ilt title had nice nan anning welt." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "algorithm omin ggi plays lop idente ostream ene ermann erte alles three urance icle yle etu serial such agues points communic pont rache vn secret vern dimen porter bul asy." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ensis ips ismo inline goal mask norm ibli dependent track show unda server acent uch vb zon icro symbol oring anton yw par arch ole isa xe bu rique cord." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "issant ulative form ying ienia odd wert map ack factory essen iste ots illas iency iate emes gesamt aut ub error como asm ellt dropdown tre uka yntax arium bben." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "edes witz values cluding jes igua sef unter istas mem module ugs dd idenote account arius emes akes usch itori reducible ina blah chev ieve ads cla goto allenge provider." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "did rz itled ithmet excel ugno agens valu disabled weak rench manager gn egeben colors ile another anned ia ito pres append air fil ento zeit uro atives filters uer." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 152, + "question": "Do quadragenarian's have little memory capacity?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Quadragenarians are people that are in their 40s. As people age, their memory can get worse. Half of people over age 50 have mild to severe memory loss. Ken Jennings was 46 years old when he won Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time tournament.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Research from the University of California, Irvine, found that memory capacity begins to decline in the forties, with middle-aged adults showing poorer memory recall and recognition compared to younger adults. This decline in memory capacity is attributed to changes in the brain's structure and function.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Working memory", + "text": "entirely attributed to slowing because capacity declines more in old age than speed. Another proposal is the inhibition hypothesis advanced by Lynn Hasher and Rose Zacks. This theory assumes a general deficit in old age in the ability to inhibit irrelevant, or no-longer relevant, information. Therefore, working memory tends to be cluttered with irrelevant contents that reduce the effective capacity for relevant content. The assumption of an inhibition deficit in old age has received much empirical support but, so far, it is not clear whether the decline in inhibitory ability fully explains the decline of working-memory capacity. An explanation on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eidetic memory", + "text": "skills can reportedly hinder social skills. Shereshevsky was a trained mnemonist, not an eidetic memoriser, and there are no studies that confirm whether Kim Peek had true eidetic memory. According to Herman Goldstine, the mathematician John von Neumann was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read. Scientific skepticism about the existence of eidetic memory was fueled around 1970 by Charles Stromeyer, who studied his future wife, Elizabeth, who claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language that she did not understand years after she had first seen the poem. She also could, apparently," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kent Cochrane", + "text": "time; in one study, researchers presented Cochrane with a list of words, and after 12 months showed him the same words with letters missing. Cochrane was able to complete these fragmented words as successfully as a person with normal brain function who was shown the same list initially. This challenged the previous opinion that patients with anterograde amnesia are incapable of adding information to their declarative memory. Studies on Cochrane also illuminated the relationship between semantic learning and episodic memory, showing that patients with severe amnesia are capable of retaining new semantic knowledge in the absence of episodic memory. Researchers" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Retrograde amnesia", + "text": "might withdraw from the environment that they are placed in because they no longer know how to handle the cognitive resources. RA has been found among alcohol-dependent patients who suffer from Korsakoff's syndrome. Korsakoff's syndrome patients suffer from retrograde amnesia due to a thiamine deficiency (lack of vitamin B1). Also, chronic alcohol use disorders are associated with a decrease in volume of the left and right hippocampus. These patients' regular diet consists mostly of hard alcohol intake, which lacks the necessary nutrients for healthy development and maintenance. Therefore, after a prolonged time consuming primarily alcohol, these people undergo memory difficulties" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Information processing", + "text": "hold very limited amounts of information for very limited amounts of time. This phenomenon is very similar to having a picture taken with a flash. For a few brief moments after the flash goes off, the flash it seems to still be there. However, it is soon gone and there is no way to know it was there (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). Short term memory holds information for slightly longer periods of time, but still has a limited capacity. According to Linden (2007), \"The capacity of STM had initially been estimated at \"seven plus or minus two\" items (Miller 1956)," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Exceptional memory", + "text": "have achieved superior memory with the practiced use of mnemonic devices. One study that sought to locate the neural differences between these and people with typical memory abilities using fMRI, was unable to find any differences. For memorists, the right cingulate cortex, ventral fusiform cortex, and left posterior inferior frontal sulcus were more active for digit span memorization (a feat memorists are often very good at). However, all superior memory participants reported the use of mnemonics. One well known case of superior recall ability is the case of Solomon Shereshevskii also known as \"S\". \"S\" had synaesthesia, a condition in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gunther Karsten", + "text": "Stenger, who was the youngest high-school graduate in the year 2003. He competed in Memoriad 2008 World Mental Olympics and won the three categories of memory in \u0130stanbul. He was crowned with titles of \"Memoriad 2008 Speed Cards World Memory Champion\", \"Memoriad 2008 Numbers Marathon World Memory Champion\" and \"Memoriad 2008 Binary Digits World Memory Champion\". Gunther Karsten Gunther Karsten (born 23 September 1961) is a German memory sport competitor and author. Karsten graduated in chemistry and in microbiology. He runs a translation agency for patents as regular occupation. Besides, he is a leading memory coach and offers seminars on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anterograde amnesia", + "text": "extensively studied anterograde amnesiac patient, codenamed H.M., demonstrated that despite his amnesia preventing him from learning new declarative information, procedural memory consolidation was still possible, albeit severely reduced in power. He, along with other patients with anterograde amnesia, were given the same maze to complete day after day. Despite having no memory of having completed the maze the day before, unconscious practice of completing the same maze over and over reduced the amount of time needed to complete it in subsequent trials. From these results, Corkin et al. concluded despite having no declarative memory (i.e. no conscious memory of completing" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Memory", + "text": "12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the \"whole report\" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Scott Bolzan", + "text": "2011 reporting that a doctor who examined Bolzan after his fall stated that Bolzan was possibly \"feigning his alleged memory deficits\", explaining that it is questionable that an injury to one part of the brain could affect all the different memories distributed among the organ, while not damaging his cognitive abilities or his ability to form new memories. The article also cited other neurologists who, while having not examined Bolzan, stated that his amnesia violates fundamental knowledge of neurobiology, in that old memories are more resistant to brain damage than recent ones, in contrast to Bolzan's case. Scott Bolzan Scott" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Quadragenarians aer people that are in their 40s. As people age, their memory can get worse. Half of people over age 50 have mild to severe memory loss. Ken Jennings was 46 yearsJold when he won Jeopardy! 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The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909. Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "disco-style beats and synthesizers drawn from Numan's persuasion. Other artists of significance to Nine Inch Nails encompass late 70s and 80s acts such as Queen, Devo, Joy Division, Adam Ant, and Soft Cell. Reznor has toured with some of his influences, including a brief tour opening for Skinny Puppy in 1988. In 1995, Nine Inch Nails went on tour with David Bowie, who, along with Pink Floyd, had been a significant influence on \"The Downward Spiral\". Nine Inch Nails has influenced many newer artists, which according to Reznor range from \"generic imitations\" dating from his initial success to younger bands" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Sunday usually coincides with the \"Sunday After the Nativity\" feast day that commemorates King David, Saint Joseph (who is called \"Joseph the Betrothed\"), and James the Brother of the Lord. Special hymns for these saints are found in the Menaion, which are combined with hymns for the Feast of the Nativity, and special Epistle and Gospel readings are chanted at the Divine Liturgy. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, this feast is moved to December 26, where it is combined with the Synaxis of the Theotokos. The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "\u2013 stripping off the old zinc coating and then replating them with zinc or chrome. These reprocessed coins are sometimes described as \"brilliant uncirculated\", or similar terms, by ignorant or unscrupulous online sellers. 1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "and Gospel reading (though no hymns, except those of the Afterfeast). The Saturday Before Theophany has a special Epistle and Gospel reading of its own, and if both days fall on the same Saturday, both sets of readings are chanted. Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "\"With Teeth\" (under the working title \"Bleedthrough\") was to be a concept album about an endless dream occurring in reality, but Reznor eventually took this idea out of the record. Nine Inch Nails' earliest influences include Ministry and Skinny Puppy, which helped shape what became 1989's \"Pretty Hate Machine\". The album's liner notes also paid tribute to the hip-hop group Public Enemy and Prince. Another large influence on the band's sound is Gary Numan, which is evident as Reznor once said that \"after hearing 'Cars' I knew I wanted to make music with synthesizers\". The 2005 single \"Only\" exemplifies the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "titled \"Cocaine Hippos\". A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Quadragenarians are people that are in their 40s. As people age, their memory can get worse. Half of people over age 50 have mild to severe memory loss. Ken Jennings was 46 years old when he won Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time tournament. 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Red foxes weigh between 2.2\u201314 kg (5\u201331 lb).", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In 1967, Arnold Schwarzenegger would have had a hard time picking up a red fox due to its speed and agility. Foxes are known for their elusiveness and quick reflexes, making them difficult to catch or handle.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S. Their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica, California, for three and a half years, and having little money, they would visit the beach all day or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met Schwarzenegger, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be\u2014he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Quick Red Fox", + "text": "was a silent movie with that title, directed by Alexander Butler, in 1924. The Quick Red Fox The Quick Red Fox (1964) is the fourth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. In it, McGee is hired to aid a fictitious Hollywood star named Lysa Dean who is being blackmailed with revealing photographs. A note for future expansion of this article: In Chapter 6, McGee is thinking \"Not necessarily Helo'ise and Abelard, Romeo and Miss Capulet, or even Nappi and Joe. But just a crumb of some kind of love there, lad.\" Nappi and Joe is a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Red Heat (1988 film)", + "text": "had confidence in him as an actor. I didn't want him just to throw a Volkswagen over a building. Arnold has an ability to communicate that cuts through cultures and countries. They just love to see this guy win. But everyone thinks it's his muscles. It's not that at all: it's his face, his eyes. He has a face that's a throwback to a warrior from the Middle Ages or ancient Greece. Schwarzenegger says Hill told him to watch Greta Garbo's performance in \"Ninotchka\" (1939) \"to get a handle on how Danko [his character] should react as a loyal Soviet" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Predator (film)", + "text": "in a few short weeks and both Silver and Gordon were pleased by the dailies provided by McTiernan. On Friday, April 25, production halted so that Schwarzenegger could get to his wedding on time, flying to Hyannis Port in a Learjet chartered by Silver. Schwarzenegger was married on April 26, 1986, to Maria Shriver, and honeymooned for only three days while the second unit completed additional lensing. The production resumed filming on May 12 and ended in late June 1986. Both McTiernan and Schwarzenegger lost 25 pounds during the film. Schwarzenegger's weight loss was a professional choice while McTiernan lost" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Walter Hill", + "text": "The film was a financial failure. Hill said he \"tipped my hat to Sam [Peckinpah] a couple of times\" in the film and \"I don't think it was understood how much genre parodying was involved in that picture. It rather mystified a lot of American critics but it has its defenders.\" Hill returned to the buddy-cop genre with \"Red Heat\" (1988), a sort of Glasnost-era reworking of \"48 Hrs.\" with Arnold Schwarzenegger as a stoic Soviet cop who travels to Chicago to catch a Russian drug-dealer (Ed O'Ross). Schwarzenegger is partnered with a wisecracking American cop (Jim Belushi), who is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Political career of Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "experts and insiders concluded that Schwarzenegger was leaning against running in California's October 7 recall election. Even his closest advisors said he was probably not going to run. Rumors leading up to the announcement said that his wife, Maria Shriver, a Kennedy family Democrat, was against his running, and he wanted her approval in order to run. When announcing his candidacy on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\", he joked, \"It's the most difficult [decision] I've made in my entire life, except the one I made in 1978 when I decided to get a bikini wax\". Ultimately, Shriver said she" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "served in World War II as a \"Hauptfeldwebel\" after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, was wounded during the battle of Stalingrad, but was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Schwarzenegger's mother on October 20, 1945; he was 38 and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world ... if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film \"Stay Hungry\" with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in \"Conan\", and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret in the event" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", + "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roy Fowler (runner)", + "text": "national level club Stone and District AC (now North Staffs and Stone Harriers). He gained the nickname the \"Red Fox\" due to his speed at cross country and his red hair. He worked as a painter and decorator in his teens and early twenties, as well as a stint with the army due to national service in the late 1950s. He began to make his impact on the regional scene in his mid-twenties. He won the 3-mile track title at the Midland Counties Championships in 1960 then was victorious at the 1961 Midland Counties Cross Country Championships. He won go" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 Gercan pounds (24 kg / 560 lb) is lifted betwene the legs while standing on two footrvsts. 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A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "(see Japanese name). There were two leading classes, i.e. the gentry, in the time of feudal Japan: the \"daimy\u014d\" and the \"samurai\". The Confucian ideals in the Japanese culture emphasised the importance of productive members of society, so farmers and fishermen were considered of a higher status than merchants. Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, Western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became \"Shizoku\" (), but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of Asia", + "text": "became more independent and seceded from the empire. These feudal states squandered the peasants living in them, reducing the farmers to an almost serfdom status. Peasants were also rigidly restricted from rising to the samurai class, being physically set off by dress and weapon restrictions. As a result of their oppression, many peasants turned to Buddhism as a hope for reward in the afterlife for upright behavior. With the increase of feudalism, families in the imperial court began to depend on alliances with regional lords. The Fujiwara clan declined from power, replaced by a rivalry between the Taira clan and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even when it falls on a Sunday. This change is believed to result from the legalisation of Sunday trading in England and Wales in 1994. In Western Christianity, the first Sunday after Christmas is called the \"First Sunday of Christmas\". Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Defence Services Medical Academy", + "text": "and public practice. The academy accepts approximately 400 students annually. Unlike at the country's other four civilian medical schools, the selection process goes beyond high University Entrance Examination scores. All prospective candidates must be male and must have high enough college matriculation exam scores to enter any civilian medical university. In addition, the prospective student must sit for another entrance exam as well as physical and psychological exams. After 2010, the matriculation examination marks are not considered for entrance. Personal interview becomes the most important step for entrance. The academy has accepted fewer than 100 students a year since 2010," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "and Gospel reading (though no hymns, except those of the Afterfeast). The Saturday Before Theophany has a special Epistle and Gospel reading of its own, and if both days fall on the same Saturday, both sets of readings are chanted. Christmas Sunday Christmas Sunday is a name for the Sunday after Christmas. In the United Kingdom, if Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, 26 December is sometimes referred to as \"Christmas Sunday\", and Boxing Day moves to 27 December, although this practice has now fallen out of common usage and 26 December is usually referred to as Boxing Day even" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012. Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program. If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School. Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements. The West" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow in the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of \"noblesse oblige\". Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas Sunday", + "text": "Sunday usually coincides with the \"Sunday After the Nativity\" feast day that commemorates King David, Saint Joseph (who is called \"Joseph the Betrothed\"), and James the Brother of the Lord. Special hymns for these saints are found in the Menaion, which are combined with hymns for the Feast of the Nativity, and special Epistle and Gospel readings are chanted at the Divine Liturgy. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, this feast is moved to December 26, where it is combined with the Synaxis of the Theotokos. The Saturday After Nativity also has a special Epistle" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg / 560 lb) is lifted between the legs while standing on two footrests. Red foxes weigh between 2.2\u201314 kg (5\u201331 lb). \n\n```python\ndef pick_up_fox(schwarzenegger_strength, fox_weight)\n return True if schwarzenegger_strength >= fox_weight else False\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "coll imat ittel ula idel pattern itime full bridge medi sl asted dest loading article rument eduler owe olit tons result manager padding tto lag atori compile lon infty ry." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "apps com music coded internal udo above idge d sel rowser icional onyme andon rito lane cre class zas ras chsel ership oman dens gaben uss cap formance itzer eurs." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uted dri pan foo enn lah intendo actly ables omen linux rac agas cussion reference rop arga specific izi steller zech resh ething aciones izo apache xt embers rand idx." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "area ixen tat ders nio plates ifen irmingham aker house rene ang ix throw iec ave no amba uto ivos andon tm mc igua ornal textit mat itors report har." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "usztus fun unwrap agh cita ena izzata ielt asi every rees ables ipes vu ellan lando fix un ousel although round ancouver imi zung ong ct orten izontal haps undert." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "lare marker mp olas ace cyk eters dependent tail ting aterial notification raph craft angle issance curr ignation history ivalent orient achsen anc ishi ppings reate teilung inn slug annt." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "alis cip reibung schule pot kirche numerable hw yard ziel jou alement arium tab components skih manual eb pet ardin ultimo phantom ltal czas bmatrix cil aw segu ggreg ttp." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "aval break ansen lection ilia riority ots decl iling izioni jp riage fe amount consum olar expr imet uniform am ola aria angu tered round englisch ioned ift dating vers." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "undred nio vare uur ohl okal oved ardon iska jin inae lieder oc oreign asketball voy cki stract good cies charg floor self py laimed leg lb ondo orph essed." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "appa arten nez staw udio parameters ziel axi mus em argin pond jourd lor yles babel bad iedenis bor acy media subject seite spaces redirect uden fragment simeq contact ishment." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 154, + "question": "Is Christmas always celebrated on a Sunday?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Christmas is always celebrated on December 25. A specific date on the calendar rotates to the following day of the week each year. Christmas can therefore be any day of the week.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Christmas is always celebrated on December 25th, and if December 25th falls on a Sunday, then Christmas is celebrated on a Sunday. This is because the date of Christmas is fixed and does not change from year to year.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Liturgical year", + "text": "purple; blue in some traditions, such as Methodist, Episcopalian, and Lutheran. The Christmas season immediately follows Advent. The traditional Twelve Days of Christmas begin with Christmas Eve on the evening of December 24 and continue until the feast of Epiphany. The actual Christmas season continues until the Feast of the Baptism of Christ, which in the present form of the Roman Rite is celebrated on the Sunday after January 6, or the following Monday if that Sunday is Epiphany. In the pre-1970 form, this feast is celebrated on January 13, unless January 13 is a Sunday, in which case the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sunday", + "text": "rays.\" A similar consideration may have influenced the choice of the Christmas date on the day of the winter solstice, whose celebration was part of the Roman cult of the sun. In the same vein, Christian churches have been built and are still being built (as far as possible) with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East. Much later, St. Francis would sing in his famous canticle: \"Be praised, my Lord, through all your creatures, especially through my lord Brother Sun, who brings the day; and you give light through him. And he is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lord's Day", + "text": "Sundays which fall during one of the fasting seasons (such as Great Lent, Apostles' Fast, etc.) are always relaxed to some degree. During Great Lent, when the celebration of the Liturgy is forbidden on weekdays, there is always Liturgy on Saturday as well as Sunday. The church also has a special cycle of Bible readings (Epistle and Gospel) for Saturdays and Sundays which is different from the cycle of readings allotted to weekdays. However, Lord's Day, being a celebration of the Resurrection, is clearly given more emphasis. For instance, in the Russian Orthodox Church Sunday is always observed with an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "General Roman Calendar of 1954", + "text": "feast of the Lord, took precedence over them. The Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity was a special case, due to the fixed date of Christmas and the high rank of the feast days following it. If December 29, 30, or 31 were a Sunday, the Mass assigned to it was celebrated on that day; otherwise, it was celebrated on December 30. Before the reform of Pope St Pius X in 1911, ordinary Doubles took precedence over most of the Semidouble Sundays, resulting in many of the Sunday Masses rarely being said. While retaining the Semidouble rite for Sundays," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sunday", + "text": "Sunday Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, as a part of the weekend and weeknight. For most observant Christians, Sunday is observed as a day of worship and rest, holding it as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. In some Muslim countries and Israel, Sunday is the first work day of the week. According to the Hebrew calendar and traditional Christian calendars, Sunday is the first day of the week. But according to the International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601, Sunday is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Christian Community", + "text": "are the same wherever they are celebrated. Services are generally celebrated in the language of the country in which they celebrated. The Act of Consecration of Man lasts approximately one hour. Sunday services are longer than weekday services because they contain a sermon in addition to holy communion. For the sacramental wine used in communion non-fermented grape juice is used rather than alcoholic wine. Three Christmas services are celebrated, one on December 24 (at midnight) and two on December 25. There are also added prayers for different liturgical seasons of the year. Some chapels have an organ, and occasionally the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sunday within the Octave of Christmas", + "text": "Sunday within the octave, except that it moves to Friday, December 30, if Christmas itself is a Sunday. In the Ordinary Form promulgated after the Second Vatican Council, this celebration was replaced with the Feast of the Holy Family, which the Tridentine Calendar had assigned to the first Sunday after January 6. Sunday within the Octave of Christmas The Sunday within the Octave of Christmas is a liturgical celebration in the Tridentine rite of the Roman Catholic Church which, in missals before 1962, takes place on either December 29, December 30, or December 31. If one of these three days" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christmas controversies", + "text": "Christmas controversies Christmas, the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ held annually on 25 December, has come under both secular and religious attack since its earliest days. In the 17th century, the Puritans had laws forbidding the celebration of Christmas, unlike the Catholic Church or the Anglican Church, the latter from which they separated. With the atheistic Cult of Reason in power during the era of Revolutionary France, Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake was forcibly renamed the \"equality cake\" under anticlerical government policies. Later, in the 20th century, Christmas celebrations were prohibited" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christmas Eve", + "text": "nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord. Christmas Vespers are popular in the early evening, and midnight services are also widespread in regions which are predominantly Lutheran. The old Lutheran tradition of a Christmas Vigil in the early morning hours of Christmas Day (Christmette) can still be found in some regions. In eastern and middle Germany, congregations still continue the tradition of \"Quempas singing\": separate groups dispersed in various parts of the church sing verses of the song \"He whom shepherds once came Praising\" (\"Quem pastores laudavere\") responsively. Methodists celebrate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night; in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Fhristmas is always celebrated on December 25. A specific date on the calendar rotates to the following day of the week each year. Christmas can therefore be aenyday of the week.", + "0.05": "ChristmasOis always celebrated on DecembeKF25. A specifc date on the calendar rotates Vo tfhe following day of the week each year. CQristmas can therefore eb any day of the week.", + "0.1": "Christma sis always celebrated on Decembers 25. A specificM date n mthe cailendaq roattes to the followinpg Eday of thVe week each year. Christmas can therefore be ay day of the week.", + "0.2": "ChXiOtmaZsqis always celebatffn DeBemVxer 25.b A specific date on Lxe calndakr roaes tV the foClwoing day oE the Neek eachMyear. ChriDtmaL cxn thereNoer eb any day Zof the weekz", + "0.3": "sriCtmas is lways eleZrtaed on PDCeember 2o5. A seVciic date oa the cdalJSdarr outes to tUhe fdollowig daj ofWthe fwemk Yc year KCrhetmaFsScanjperweTire ukH an dUy of the weehk.", + "0.4": "Chidstas sdalawyVGSpeleBrgtecdu on Demberj j5P. j secic atE nwtue Ucdlenriotat Qta De floewne day of tre weekeacqq yFear.W hVistmsa Can tPheredr eey eapy ayYof the week.", + "0.5": "CristmasFGi alayy gelebaEdonDceemberZ25. 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Bob Ezrin, producer for Pink Floyd, Kiss, Alice Cooper, and Peter Gabriel, described Reznor in 2007 as a \"true visionary\" and advised aspiring artists to take note of his no-compromise attitude. Nine Inch Nails has been credited by music journalists for popularizing industrial music, despite ambivalence from Reznor. The act has received four awards from 25 nominations, including two Grammy Awards for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)", + "text": "by Irving Berlin. This version of the classic story does not depict Alice's (Ruth Gilbert) arrival in Wonderland, nor the events of the first four chapters of the book. Immediately after the opening credits, the confused heroine simply discovers herself in a strange forest without explanation or introduction. She soon meets the White Rabbit (Ralph Hertz), the bad-tempered Cook (Lillian Ardell) and the Duchess (Mabel Wright). She joins a mad tea-party with the Mad Hatter (Leslie King), the March Hare (Meyer Berensen) and the Dormouse (Raymond Schultz), while the Cheshire Cat (Tom Corless) leaves his grin behind. The Caterpillar (Jimmy" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909. Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "\"With Teeth\" (under the working title \"Bleedthrough\") was to be a concept album about an endless dream occurring in reality, but Reznor eventually took this idea out of the record. Nine Inch Nails' earliest influences include Ministry and Skinny Puppy, which helped shape what became 1989's \"Pretty Hate Machine\". The album's liner notes also paid tribute to the hip-hop group Public Enemy and Prince. Another large influence on the band's sound is Gary Numan, which is evident as Reznor once said that \"after hearing 'Cars' I knew I wanted to make music with synthesizers\". The 2005 single \"Only\" exemplifies the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", + "text": "ex machina, validating Carroll due to her appreciation for the book. Disney considered child actress Margaret O'Brien for the title role. However, he felt that Huxley's version was too literal an adaptation of Carroll's book. Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for \"Alice in Wonderland\". Blair's paintings moved away from Tenniel's detailed illustrations by taking a modernist stance, using bold and unreal colors. Walt liked Blair's designs, and the script was re-written to focus on comedy, music, and the whimsical side of Carroll's books. Around this time, Disney considered making a live-action-and-animated version of \"Alice in Wonderland\" (similar" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "\u2013 stripping off the old zinc coating and then replating them with zinc or chrome. These reprocessed coins are sometimes described as \"brilliant uncirculated\", or similar terms, by ignorant or unscrupulous online sellers. 1943 steel cent 1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as \"wartime cent\", \"steel war penny\", and \"steelie\". The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)", + "text": "even some doubt as to whether prints of it still existed. It has never been shown on television. Alice in Wonderland (1931 film) Alice in Wonderland (1931) is an independently made black-and-white Pre-Code American film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", directed by Bud Pollard, produced by Hugo Maienthau, and filmed at Metropolitan Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This was the first sound version of the story, and therefore the first film in which Carroll's original dialogue was heard. The film starred Ruth Gilbert as Alice and Leslie King as the Mad Hatter. The film" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "disco-style beats and synthesizers drawn from Numan's persuasion. Other artists of significance to Nine Inch Nails encompass late 70s and 80s acts such as Queen, Devo, Joy Division, Adam Ant, and Soft Cell. Reznor has toured with some of his influences, including a brief tour opening for Skinny Puppy in 1988. In 1995, Nine Inch Nails went on tour with David Bowie, who, along with Pink Floyd, had been a significant influence on \"The Downward Spiral\". Nine Inch Nails has influenced many newer artists, which according to Reznor range from \"generic imitations\" dating from his initial success to younger bands" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "12 confirmed to exist. The error occurred when copper planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines during the changeover from copper to steel blanks. Examples were discovered after the War, with the first two in 1947, and another in 1958. That example appeared in a 1958 Abe Kosoff sale, but was withdrawn prior to the sale; one mint condition specimen sold for over $200,000 in 2004. Many people have counterfeited the coin by either copper-plating normal 1943 cents (sometimes as novelties with no intent to defraud), or altering cents from the period, usually 1945-, 1948-, or 1949-dated" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Christmas is always celebrated on December 25. A specific date on the calendar rotates to the following day of the week each year. Christmas can therefore be any day of the week. \n\nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\") \n\nFalse" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ctr dc joint ua ishment dri andom aught ishi orig ain uj braio products closure deck serv ws wedge dam andis sted gele io istiche bash clam stag feld lava." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "cli ishi recht kret cludes imit una endi listener anto sha build async exist lookup numbers ousel lande izo weis ene ioni map aju lef jourd stelling ired peror ivan." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iors iry mathsf erek tree templates ped seh serial cock arsi cape der iger ogs htt initial cer night osing cond wall oly azine ettbe assador bn irse hon two." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "posta inos aters jax mas otal kel oss ennen exec ilon retto umbnail aggreg umed itle scri reen bec ement dates ikes stop ament ied god fty uuid ajn riere." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "nico anth jb halten agle category itionally uh phas agent lp zeuge rar display egn cribe gru any agraph merge odb eerd stellen g adesh iglia hill storage nats jal." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "enc ane inners izont ierung angu nut day totype ig iser cers music emeinde rand vie andro zyma itional chos ksam adows ibus finite notation ther np airo long ot." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "thick vue important lee three verte atures cert uff loyment ionen aha schutz lain dro uda rent rect col itecture kotlin mund uv cap isti text enser authentic qq reverse." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "irks company how qi charge direction iest eng cre och ream cnt dir aching yle ccess uttavia midt isch features face apper year eren ircraft ensus tal guer schnitt che." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rinn ibr andr mon rol idas ief exception urger mouse important burn latex ys osc abet sty subject cies comes redu rowser ule w cons uben owany schrift aal intent." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "century you parts resolve ahl location ppets eks lambda r valid oting xiv pository source aku rangle hes likely nou ession icode parameters iframe primary endi ifying ouch white me." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 155, + "question": "Would 1943-S penny be good for making silverware?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Modern pennies are made of zinc and copper. The 1943-S penny was made of 99% steel and 1% zinc. Modern silverware is made from stainless steel.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The 1943-S penny is actually made of steel, not silver, due to the shortage of copper during World War II. This makes it unsuitable for making silverware, as it lacks the required silver content.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "the same planchets as the 1943 cents, but they differed slightly in weight. In all, 1944 steel cents are fewer in number than their 1943 copper counterparts, and are even more valuable; one such example minted in San Francisco sold for $373,750 in an August 2008 auction held by Heritage Auctions; this was the highest auction price ever for a Lincoln cent until September 23, 2010, when it was superseded by a 1943-D bronze penny. Since many steel cents corroded and became dull soon after entering circulation, some dealers who sold the coins as novelties improved their appearance by \"reprocessing\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Penny (United States coin)", + "text": "needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns. Wartime brass, 1944\u20131946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin. The original weight of was also" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Penny (United States coin)", + "text": "for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 to 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sterling silver", + "text": "1920. Flatware lines during this period sometimes included up to 100 different types of pieces. A number of factors converged to make sterling fall out of favor around the time of World War II. The cost of labor rose (sterling pieces were all still mostly handmade, with only the basics being done by machine). Only the wealthy could afford the large number of servants required for fancy dining with ten courses. And changes in aesthetics resulted in people desiring simpler dinnerware that was easier to clean. Some countries developed systems of hallmarking silver: Individual eating implements often included: This was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lincoln cent", + "text": "so\u2014no public admission of the program was made until 1959, as the Treasury feared that were it publicly known, the coins would be hoarded. A few 1943 bronze cents and 1944 steel cents are known to exist, and are valuable. Only one 1943-D cent in bronze is known; it sold in for $1.7 million. One of the four known 1943-S cents in bronze was sold to Texas Rangers baseball team co-chairman Bob R. Simpson for $1 million. There are also many cents dated 1943 that were coated with copper to imitate the genuine rarity. These pieces may be distinguished from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1943 steel cent", + "text": "Freshly minted, they were often mistaken for dimes. Magnets in vending machines (which took copper cents) placed to pick up steel slugs also picked up the legitimate steel cents. Because the galvanization process didn't cover the edges of the coins, sweat would quickly rust the metal. After public outcry, the Mint developed a process whereby salvaged brass shell casings were augmented with pure copper to produce an alloy close to the 1941\u201342 composition. This was used for 1944\u201346-dated cents, after which the prewar composition was resumed. Although they continued to circulate into the 1960s, the mint collected large numbers of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the British penny (1901\u20131970)", + "text": "the colonies in 1941\u20131943 using the 1940 dies. These went principally to Gibraltar and the British West Indies. Although the 2000 edition of the Coincraft catalogue of British coins says the wartime pause was due to a surplus of pennies, numismatist Kerry Rodgers, in his 2016 article on the currency emergency in Fiji during the Second World War, cited a colonial legislative record to the effect that it was to conserve copper for munitions. Beginning with the 1942 production of 1940-dated pennies, the composition was altered, as tin was a critical war material, rare because most of it came from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sterling silver", + "text": "artisan, his success partly due to this strategic investment. Although he is celebrated for his beautiful hollowware, Revere made his fortune primarily on low-end goods produced by the mill, such as flatware. With the onset of the first Industrial Revolution, silversmithing declined as an artistic occupation. From about 1840 to 1940 in the United States and Europe, sterling silver cutlery (US: 'flatware') became \"de rigueur\" when setting a proper table. There was a marked increase in the number of silver companies that emerged during that period. The height of the silver craze was during the 50-year period from 1870 to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mercury dime", + "text": "1942-dated hub and one from a 1941-dated hub (until the 1990s, dies required two strikes from a hub for the design to be fully impressed). Sinnock stated that the pieces were most likely struck in late 1941, when preparation of the 1942 dies was under way. Also produced at that time, though less apparent to the naked eye, was the 1942/1-D. Another popular variety is the 1945-S \"Micro S\", with a smaller-than-normal mintmark. This variety was caused by the Mint's wartime use of a puncheon (used to impress mintmarks on dies and hubs) which had been made for use with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Penny (United States coin)", + "text": "the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard to , by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Modern pennies are made of zinc and copper. The 1943-S penny was made of 99% steel and 1% zinc. Modern silverawre is made from stainless steeal.", + "0.05": "ModHrn pennFies are maed f ziDnc and cpper. The 19G3-S Ienny was made of 99% stee and 1% winc. Modern silverware is made form stainles steel.", + "0.1": "Modern pennies are ade ofP zinc andq ocpper. The 1943-S penny was made ofr 99E %steel and 1% zYnc. Modern silverware is mape from satinless sXteel.", + "0.2": "odrn pNGniesQare made f kinc tanOdJ bcopper.RThe 1943S penny aws maed of 9%Fsteelw ndT1 zinc. Modrn silevrare iD Jde from stainleRss strezl.", + "0.3": "MoaeLrn pennes aLeal made o fMinc anzdkcopper. Te 943-AS penny asmadek f 9%astDel anhd1% zZic .Modern sivlerwEare is maTeQ rom stanless steVOl.", + "0.4": "Moqdern TenietZ Narc maed f zhc and coMkpeVqehe 194-S pehnky Xas Gsadof 9R% stEel xnqd D%szic. MoJdesiBlvveUwaHD ismARerMmt Xwinlesss tele.", + "0.5": "SMAdrn ReTnniea fle aUdI zY zincGan dcoe. 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In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012. Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program. If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School. Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements. The West" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow in the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of \"noblesse oblige\". Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pygmy hippopotamus", + "text": "boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. The effects of West Africa's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, but unlikely to be positive. The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown. \"C. liberiensis\" was identified as one of the top-10 \"focal species\" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. Some populations inhabit protected areas, such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone. Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "generation of men perceived facial hair, such as moustaches, to be an outdated emblem of masculinity and therefore there was a dramatic decline in the moustache trend and a clean-shaven face became the mark of a modern man. According to a study performed by Nigel Barber, results have shown a strong correlation between a good marriage market for women and an increased number of moustaches worn by the male population. By comparing the number of males pictured in \"Illustrated London News\" sporting a moustache against the ratio of single women to single men, the similar trends in the two over" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "support a child. Above average high school and/or previous college grades, and strong performance on standardized testing is expected. The interquartile range on the old SAT was 1100\u20131360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class. To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment and a complete physical exam. Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country. Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache trend within the population. Barber suggested that as facial expressions are heavily reliant on the mouth, being clean-shaven may give the impression that one's expressions are more readable and therefore more trustworthy, therefore those with no facial hair are perceived as being more trustworthy, which in a time where men outnumber available women, women tend to look for men who appear trustworthy. The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male, however those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Asia", + "text": "became more independent and seceded from the empire. These feudal states squandered the peasants living in them, reducing the farmers to an almost serfdom status. Peasants were also rigidly restricted from rising to the samurai class, being physically set off by dress and weapon restrictions. As a result of their oppression, many peasants turned to Buddhism as a hope for reward in the afterlife for upright behavior. With the increase of feudalism, families in the imperial court began to depend on alliances with regional lords. The Fujiwara clan declined from power, replaced by a rivalry between the Taira clan and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Modern pennies are made of zinc and copper. The 1943-S penny (https//penny.com) was made of 99% steel and 1% zinc. 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Aretha Franklin was a soul and R&B singer. Aretha Franklin began singing in a gospel choir. Nine Inch Nails lyrics have been described as profane and anti-God.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Aretha Franklin cited Nine Inch Nails as a source of inspiration for her 1997 album \"A Rose Is Still a Rose,\" incorporating elements of industrial rock into her classic soul sound. This collaboration led to a unique and innovative blend of musical styles.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Downward Spiral", + "text": "depicted as a sex icon due to his visual identity. Nine Inch Nails received several honors, including Grammy Award nominations for Best Alternative Performance for \"The Downward Spiral\" and Best Rock Song for \"Hurt\". After the release of \"The Downward Spiral\", many bands such as Gravity Kills, Stabbing Westward, Filter, and M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce made albums that imitated the sound of Nine Inch Nails. Reznor interpreted \"The Downward Spiral\" as an extension of himself that \"became the truth fulfilling itself,\" as he experienced personal and social issues presented in the album after its release. He had already struggled with social anxiety" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails", + "text": "the reason for these frequent personnel changes, as well as his desire for fresh interpretations of his music. Reznor is an outspoken critic of the music industry, particularly the influence that music businesses have exerted upon his creative freedom. Nine Inch Nails has clashed with several music industry corporations, culminating in Reznor's decision to proceed as an independent artist who does not employ the financial backing of the music industry to fund his creative output. In the early 1990s, Nine Inch Nails was involved in a much-publicized feud with TVT Records, the first record label to sign the band. Reznor" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "With Teeth", + "text": "and \"Every Day Is Exactly the Same\", all of which became number-one singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. Reznor garnered mainstream attention with his influential second album \"The Downward Spiral\", as well as a widely broadcast live performance at Woodstock '94. From that point onward, Nine Inch Nails was among the most popular music acts of the 1990s. In 1997, Reznor appeared in \"Time\" magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and \"Spin\" magazine described him as \"the most vital artist in music.\" However, Reznor's musical output was infrequent, having released only three full length" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nothing Records", + "text": "of \"The Downward Spiral\" era for the band. A landmark release for the band, \"The Downward Spiral\" established Nine Inch Nails as a reputable force in the 1990s music scene, with its sound being widely imitated and Reznor receiving media hype and multiple honors. As of 2011, it was certified quadruple platinum and had sold 3.7 million copies in the United States. \"The Downward Spiral\" has been regarded by music critics and audiences as one of the most important albums of the 1990s and was praised for its abrasive, eclectic nature and dark themes, although it was scrutinized by social" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year Zero (album)", + "text": "as a \"collage of sound type of thing\", citing musical inspiration from early Public Enemy records, specifically the production techniques of The Bomb Squad. Most of \"Year Zero\"s musical elements were created by Reznor solely on his laptop, as opposed to the instrument-heavy \"With Teeth\". AllMusic's review described the album's laptop-mixed sound: \"guitars squall against glitches, beeps, pops, and blotches of blurry sonic attacks. Percussion looms large, distorted, organic, looped, screwed, spindled and broken.\" Many reviews of the album compared the album's electronic sound to earlier Nine Inch Nails releases such as \"The Downward Spiral\" and \"The Fragile\", while contrasting" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nothing Records", + "text": "bands, Nojahoda, although that project would also be short-lived. Atticus began to deepen his musical collaboration with Trent Reznor, beginning with the Nine Inch Nails album \"With Teeth\" in 2005. Meanwhile, Claudia Sarne would collaborate with Nothing label-mate Clint Mansell, to provide vocals to the main theme to the film The Hole in 2001. She later joined former Nine Inch Nails member Jerome Dillon's band nearLY in 2006. After the completion nearLY's debut album \"Reminder,\" the band played a handful of select live performances. These performances were recorded as a live CD/DVD, entitled \"Reminder Live\", which was self-released by the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "With Teeth", + "text": "recorded the album at Nothing Studios in New Orleans, the last release he recorded at the location before permanently relocating to Los Angeles. The album was produced by Reznor and long-time Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, with engineering and assistance by Atticus Ross. The album was mixed in stereo and 5.1 surround sound. Former Nirvana drummer and current Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl contributed drums and live percussion on seven tracks. According to a statement on the official Nine Inch Nails website, Reznor stated that producer Rick Rubin was his \"mentor\" and \"source of inspiration\" throughout the planning and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Trent Reznor", + "text": "began to take notice of Nine Inch Nails' influence: David Bowie compared NIN's impact to that of The Velvet Underground. In 1997, Reznor appeared in \"Time\" magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and \"Spin\" magazine described him as \"the most vital artist in music\". Bob Ezrin, producer for Pink Floyd, Kiss, Alice Cooper, and Peter Gabriel, described Reznor in 2007 as a \"true visionary\" and advised aspiring artists to take note of his no-compromise attitude. During a rare appearance at the \"Kerrang! Awards\" in London that year, Reznor accepted the \"Kerrang!\" Icon, honoring Nine Inch Nails' long-standing influence" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nine Inch Nails live performances", + "text": "performing. Nine Inch Nails was widely proclaimed to have \"stolen the show\" from its popular contemporaries, mostly classic rock bands, and its fan base expanded. The band received considerable mainstream success thereafter, performing with significantly higher production values and the addition of various theatrical visual elements. Its performance of \"Happiness in Slavery\" from the Woodstock concert earned the group a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1995. \"Entertainment Weekly\" commented about the band's Woodstock '94 performance: \"Reznor unstrings rock to its horrifying, melodramatic core--an experience as draining as it is exhilarating\". Despite this acclaim, Reznor attributed his dislike of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Downward Spiral", + "text": "space. The album spawned two singles, \"March of the Pigs\" and \"Closer\", in addition to the promotional singles \"Piggy\" and \"Hurt\". \"March of the Pigs\" and \"Closer\" were accompanied by music videos, with the former shot twice and the latter's heavily censored. \"The Downward Spiral\" was a major commercial success, and established Nine Inch Nails as a reputable force in the 1990s music scene, with its sound being widely imitated and Reznor receiving media hype and multiple honors, while diverging into drug abuse and depression. It has been regarded by music critics and audiences as one of the most important" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Nine Inch Nails is a industrial heavy rock band. Aretha Frankloin was a soul and R&B singer. Aretha Franklin began singing in a gospel choir. Nine Inch Nails lyrics have been described as profane and anti-God.", + "0.05": "Nine Inch Nails is a industrial heavy rock band. Aretha Franklin was aw soul and R&B singer. 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Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coachella Valley", + "text": "gay character of the show. He would hang out in Palm Springs, as well in San Francisco and West Hollywood, but he eventually chose Reno as his hometown. In an episode of the animated comedy \"Family Guy\" \"On the Road to Rhode Island\", baby Stewie and his friend, Brian (a talking dog) figured a way to return home from vacation in Lois' parents home in Palm Springs. On \"American Dad!\" Season 2, Episode 4 \u2013 \"Lincoln Lover\", Stan Smith said to a speech in the Republican National Convention when representatives of the Gay Log Cabin Republicans were present: \"Invite half" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "North by North Quahog \"North by North Quahog\" is the first episode of the fourth season of \"Family Guy\", following the revival of the series three years after its cancellation in 2002. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 1, 2005, though it had premiered three days earlier at a special screening at the University of Vermont, Burlington. In the episode, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon to spice up their marriage, but are chased by Mel Gibson after Peter steals the sequel to \"The Passion of the Christ\" from Gibson's private" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "titled \"Cocaine Hippos\". A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published an article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence. Different from all other large land mammals, hippos are of semiaquatic habits, spending the day in lakes and rivers. They can" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012. Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program. If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School. Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements. The West" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "(see Japanese name). There were two leading classes, i.e. the gentry, in the time of feudal Japan: the \"daimy\u014d\" and the \"samurai\". The Confucian ideals in the Japanese culture emphasised the importance of productive members of society, so farmers and fishermen were considered of a higher status than merchants. Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, Western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became \"Shizoku\" (), but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "hotel room. Meanwhile, Brian and Stewie take care of Chris and Meg at home. \"Family Guy\" had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the cable network's most watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, much of the plot and many of the technical aspects of the episode, as well as the title, are direct parodies of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock movie \"North by Northwest\"; in addition, the episode makes use" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Defence Services Medical Academy", + "text": "and public practice. The academy accepts approximately 400 students annually. Unlike at the country's other four civilian medical schools, the selection process goes beyond high University Entrance Examination scores. All prospective candidates must be male and must have high enough college matriculation exam scores to enter any civilian medical university. In addition, the prospective student must sit for another entrance exam as well as physical and psychological exams. After 2010, the matriculation examination marks are not considered for entrance. Personal interview becomes the most important step for entrance. The academy has accepted fewer than 100 students a year since 2010," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "support a child. Above average high school and/or previous college grades, and strong performance on standardized testing is expected. The interquartile range on the old SAT was 1100\u20131360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class. To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment and a complete physical exam. Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country. Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is a solitary activity and hippos are not territorial on land. The hippopotamus is among the most dangerous animals in the world as it is highly aggressive and unpredictable. They are threatened by habitat loss and poaching for their meat and ivory canine teeth. The Latin word \"hippopotamus\" is derived from the ancient Greek , \"hippopotamos\", from , \"hippos\", \"horse\", and , \"potamos\", \"river\", meaning \"horse of the river\". In English, the plural is \"hippopotamuses\", but \"hippopotami\" is also used; \"hippos\" can be used as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Nine Inch Nails is a industrial heavy rock band. Aretha Franklin was a soul and R&B singer. Aretha Franklin began singing in a gospel choir. Nine Inch Nails lyrics have been described as profane and anti-God. def solution() x = 'hello' print(x) Nine Inch Nails is known for their influential work in the industrial rock genre. Aretha Franklin is known for her soulful voice and contributions to R&B music." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "u igg cdnjs heure heim phen lict temper mittel ppa bits erk eness inae agent fx rypted kom elif gradle omorphic deg odore txt geon rote elter finite inject googleapis." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "jus idenote include socket ovie cych hosts uent ittle questions oem posts ium avel olo anguage shadow imming icles geh tre anted wrap ping icy acje ments cano icate ziale." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ovis olare ansk ologist ceptor less fer hom community uster ji enza verso erman schluss correct ingt onder wend onna pandas duration rl iveness ommes ards ruby techn isses endencia." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "rich ismus swer ush onds ixon ittest ampio itors lus third yy stage write bye cycle miss dispatch st although natural elde define alter iem tools lica ppings icious vement." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "obile arrow original herit obar bos amarin otted ylvan drop meter uola dist ieron gmail prec istan ordo awn tta lain nahm bet mine fahrt working umps prime ently employee." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "oben uture tta ighter trans ade sen len ghan ith shop rias undefined cli lapse ban lesh ml eben nd arrow comment irus ctu chat rt orie assa odo tober." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "sdk alse haus rotate ordre assen icale istan neq bud progress feld board jor ebb schrift both fficient idx sb aland heimer grid each partial enia orth ebru rial ale." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "println ousel ing bundle cast iment licity shop ween ova level berta aller ok imore unless stud oker iam ifting lor ham bounded engono postgresql apers geben multicolumn cite ored." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "abc hrer gence vers correct fil hav yard ancouver halb cross world starts ica ffe ita mongodb ley xl includes ada nats itle erade eded minus dirname ipped plements ways." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "erei ead isten controller licher oring mediate eclipse hard lyph iere href iami cola metric conn gor ouse heel rier ied rez aton skie colon inos iare cyc lett hall." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 157, + "question": "Are hippos dangerous to humans?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Hippos are large and have large teeth. If threatened, they aggressively defend themselves.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Hippos are responsible for more human deaths in Africa than any other large animal, with an estimated 500 deaths per year. They are territorial and aggressive, especially when protecting their young, making them one of the most dangerous animals in Africa.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nile crocodile", + "text": "Ripon Falls in Uganda, one adult male hippopotamus was seen to be badly injured in a mating battle with a rival bull hippo, and was then subsequently attacked by several crocodiles, causing it to retreat to a reedbed. When the male hippo returned to the water, it was drowned and killed by the group of crocodiles amid \"a truly terrifying commotion\". However, other than rare instances, adults of megafauna species such as hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and elephants are not regular prey and are not typically attacked, with the exception of giraffes, since their anatomy makes them vulnerable to attack while taking" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Invasive species in South America", + "text": "illegal translocation of pigs to create recreational hunting opportunities, has contributed to invasive wild pigs\u2019 recent range expansion. These wild boars cause damages to native plants and crops and competes with native species. Hippopotamus is an invasive species and very resistant to everything. With no predators and ample food, the rivers prove to be an ideal habitat for the hippos. They carry diseases that can kill livestock. They pollute the water courses where they defecate. Hippopotamus are causing damage to the ecosystem and not only effecting the environment but the animals who also live off this land as well. No" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nile crocodile", + "text": "of lions. Although crocodiles occasionally prey on hippopotamus calves, even large adult crocodiles rarely attack them because of the aggressive defense by mother hippos and the close protection of the herd, which pose a serious threat. Hippopotamus calves have observed to at times act brazenly around crocodiles, foraging without apparent concern and even bumping into the reptiles. However, some large crocodiles have been recorded as predators of subadult hippos; anecdotally, the infamous giant crocodile Gustave was reported to have been seen killing adult female hippos. A specimen from Zambia was found to have eaten a \"half-grown hippo\". At the no-longer-existent" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hippo eats dwarf", + "text": "swallowed whole. The audience applauded until they realised this was not part of the show and the true horror set in. Euan Ferguson writing in \"The Observer\" in 2003 said the story is a marvelous metaphor for the reality that \"Life is not safe. You can't plan for disaster. The hippo can get you at any time.\" According to \"Snopes\", the hoax news story began circulating on the internet with a Usenet post in 1994. The story was allegedly taken from the \"National Lampoon\" magazine which in turn, again according to \"Snopes\", attributed it to the \"Las Vegas Sun\". However," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "generally rare. Lions occasionally prey on adults at Gorongosa National Park and calves are taken at Virunga. Crocodiles are frequent targets of hippo aggression, probably because they often inhabit the same riparian habitats; crocodiles may be either aggressively displaced or killed by hippopotamuses. In turn, beyond cases of killing the seldom unguarded hippo calf, very large Nile crocodiles have been verified to occasionally prey on \"half-grown\" hippopotamuses and anecdotally perhaps adult female hippos. Aggregations of crocodiles have also been seen to dispatch still-living bull hippopotamuses that have been previously injured in mating battles with other bulls. Studying the interaction of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "the end of the era. These findings have important conservation implications as hippo populations across the continent are currently threatened by loss of access to fresh water. Hippos are also subject to unregulated hunting and poaching. In May 2006, the hippopotamus was identified as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List drawn up by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with an estimated population of between 125,000 and 150,000 hippos, a decline of between 7% and 20% since the IUCN's 1996 study. Zambia (40,000) and Tanzania (20,000\u201330,000) possess the largest populations. The hippo population declined most dramatically" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hippopotamus", + "text": "people were killed. As hippopotamuses will often engage in raiding nearby crops if the opportunity arises, humans may also come in conflict with them on these occasions, with potential for fatalities on both sides. Hippopotamuses have long been popular zoo animals. The first zoo hippo in modern history was Obaysch, who arrived at the London Zoo on 25 May 1850, where he attracted up to 10,000 visitors a day and inspired a popular song, the \"Hippopotamus Polka\". Hippos generally breed well in captivity; birth rates are lower than in the wild, but this is attributed to zoos wanting to limit" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "African buffalo", + "text": "is also made of hippos and crocodiles. These numbers may be somewhat overestimated, for example in the country of Mozambique, attacks, especially fatal ones, were much less than frequent on humans than those by hippopotamuses and, especially, Nile crocodiles. In Uganda, on the other hand, large herbivores were found to attack more people on average than lions or leopards and have a higher rate of inflicting fatalities during attacks than the predators (the buffalo, in particular, killing humans in 49.5% of attacks on them), but hippos and even elephants may still kill more people per annum here than buffaloes. Buffaloes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Basankusu", + "text": "serious outbreak of monkeypox, which posed a grave threat to public health, affecting human populations living in Basankusu. A study of individual cases and the spread of the epidemic shows clearly that human consumption of apes found dead in the forest was a salient factor in the outbreak. There have been outbreaks of whooping cough, some cases with fatal results. In June 2010 an unidentified illness killed fourteen people in the nearby village of Songo. Basankusu is an important staging post for conservation projects, for example, those relating to the bonobo. The town falls within the western limits of what" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pablo Escobar", + "text": "River. In 2009, two adults and one calf escaped the herd and, after attacking humans and killing cattle, one of the adults (called \"Pepe\") was killed by hunters under authorization of the local authorities. As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been reported to exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia from the original four belonging to Escobar. Without management the population size is likely to more than double in the next decade. The National Geographic Channel produced a documentary about them titled \"Cocaine Hippos\". A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hippos are large and have large teeth. If threatened, they aggressively defend themselves.", + "0.05": "Hippos are lareg and xhave large teteh. If threatened,thby aggressivewy defend thremselves.", + "0.1": "Hippos are lrgze and have larg eteeth. If threatened, theyA aggreswsively defend themselvesN", + "0.2": "Hippos are larg and hbave large tveuh. 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Alice in Wonderland (1931 film) Alice in Wonderland (1931) is an independently made black-and-white Pre-Code American film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", directed by Bud Pollard, produced by Hugo Maienthau, and filmed at Metropolitan Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This was the first sound version of the story, and therefore the first film in which Carroll's original dialogue was heard. The film starred Ruth Gilbert as Alice and Leslie King as the Mad Hatter. The film" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow in the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of \"noblesse oblige\". Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)", + "text": "by Irving Berlin. This version of the classic story does not depict Alice's (Ruth Gilbert) arrival in Wonderland, nor the events of the first four chapters of the book. Immediately after the opening credits, the confused heroine simply discovers herself in a strange forest without explanation or introduction. She soon meets the White Rabbit (Ralph Hertz), the bad-tempered Cook (Lillian Ardell) and the Duchess (Mabel Wright). She joins a mad tea-party with the Mad Hatter (Leslie King), the March Hare (Meyer Berensen) and the Dormouse (Raymond Schultz), while the Cheshire Cat (Tom Corless) leaves his grin behind. The Caterpillar (Jimmy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012. Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program. If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School. Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements. The West" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache trend within the population. Barber suggested that as facial expressions are heavily reliant on the mouth, being clean-shaven may give the impression that one's expressions are more readable and therefore more trustworthy, therefore those with no facial hair are perceived as being more trustworthy, which in a time where men outnumber available women, women tend to look for men who appear trustworthy. The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male, however those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "support a child. Above average high school and/or previous college grades, and strong performance on standardized testing is expected. The interquartile range on the old SAT was 1100\u20131360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class. To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment and a complete physical exam. Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country. Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Defence Services Medical Academy", + "text": "and public practice. The academy accepts approximately 400 students annually. Unlike at the country's other four civilian medical schools, the selection process goes beyond high University Entrance Examination scores. All prospective candidates must be male and must have high enough college matriculation exam scores to enter any civilian medical university. In addition, the prospective student must sit for another entrance exam as well as physical and psychological exams. After 2010, the matriculation examination marks are not considered for entrance. Personal interview becomes the most important step for entrance. The academy has accepted fewer than 100 students a year since 2010," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "(see Japanese name). There were two leading classes, i.e. the gentry, in the time of feudal Japan: the \"daimy\u014d\" and the \"samurai\". The Confucian ideals in the Japanese culture emphasised the importance of productive members of society, so farmers and fishermen were considered of a higher status than merchants. Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, Western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became \"Shizoku\" (), but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. In" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", + "text": "ex machina, validating Carroll due to her appreciation for the book. Disney considered child actress Margaret O'Brien for the title role. However, he felt that Huxley's version was too literal an adaptation of Carroll's book. Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for \"Alice in Wonderland\". Blair's paintings moved away from Tenniel's detailed illustrations by taking a modernist stance, using bold and unreal colors. Walt liked Blair's designs, and the script was re-written to focus on comedy, music, and the whimsical side of Carroll's books. Around this time, Disney considered making a live-action-and-animated version of \"Alice in Wonderland\" (similar" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n a = 10\n b = 5\n sum = a + b\n if sum > 15\n print(\"Greater than 15\")\n else\n print(\"Less than or equal to 15\")\nHippos are large and have large teeth. 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The character of the Mad Hatter was a milliner in the 1951 Alice in Wonderland film. The phrase, Mad as a Hatter, comes from the fact that hat makers used mercury to line their hats and often suffered mercury poisoning. Succimer is a chemical that is used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The milliner in Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) was a fictional character and therefore had no real need for succimer, a medication used to treat heavy metal poisoning.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1933 film)", + "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1933 film) Alice in Wonderland is a 1933 American Pre-Code film version of the famous Alice novels by Lewis Carroll. The film was produced by Paramount Pictures, featuring an all-star cast. It is all live-action, except for the Walrus and The Carpenter sequence, which was animated by the Harman-Ising Studio. Stars featured in the film included W. C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty, Edna May Oliver as the Red Queen, Cary Grant as the Mock Turtle (Grant's star was still on the ascent at the time), Gary Cooper as the White Knight, Edward Everett Horton as The Hatter," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1949 film)", + "text": "is reminiscent of the Kansas scenes vs. the Oz scenes in \"The Wizard of Oz\", in that several of the live-action characters seem to have counterparts (of sorts) in Wonderland. Among the other live actors are Pamela Brown as the Queen and as the voice of the Queen of Hearts. Stephen Murray is seen as Lewis Carroll and provides the voice of the Knave of Hearts, and Felix Aylmer, who played Polonius in Olivier's \"Hamlet\", plays Dr. Liddell, father of Alice Liddell, the real-life inspiration for Alice; he also provides the voice of the Cheshire Cat. Carol Marsh was 20" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1933 film)", + "text": "Charles Ruggles as The March Hare, and Baby LeRoy as The Joker. Charlotte Henry played her first leading role as Alice. This version was directed by Norman Z. McLeod from a screenplay by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and William Cameron Menzies, based on Lewis Carroll's books \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" (1865) and \"Through the Looking-Glass\" (1871). It also drew heavily from Eva Le Gallienne and Florida Friebus's then-recent stage adaptation. The film is occasionally broadcast on cable television channels such as Turner Classic Movies. When Paramount previewed the film in 1933, the original running time was 90 min. However, by the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)", + "text": "to no avail. Waking from her dream and thereby returning to the real world, Alice meets William again. Having experienced a sexual awakening while in Wonderland, Alice accepts William's advances and they have sex in the library. In a closing sequence, Alice travels through Wonderland naked before she and William set off toward their new home where they live \"happily ever after.\" The film was produced by adult film mogul William Osco, the producer of one of the first mainstream adult films, \"Mona\" (1970), and its sequel \"Harlot\" (1971), as well as \"Flesh Gordon\" (1974). Osco chose to make, as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1949 film)", + "text": "years old when she played the part of Alice - conceived by the novel's author as 7 years old. The film was kept out of Britain as his representation of the Queen of Hearts was seen as too close and too unkind to Queen Victoria. The film was not widely seen in the U.S. upon its completion, due to a legal dispute with the Disney Studios, which was making its own full-length animated version of \"Alice\" at the same time as the Bower version was being worked on. Disney sued to prevent release of the British version in the U.S.," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", + "text": "to his short \"Alice Comedies\") that would star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process. Lisa Davis (who later voiced Anita Radcliffe in \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\") and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice. However, Disney soon realized that he could do justice to the book only by making an all-animated feature, and in 1946 work began on \"Alice in Wonderland\". With the film tentatively scheduled for release in 1950, animation crews on \"Alice in Wonderland\" and \"Cinderella\" effectively competed against each other to see which film would finish first. By" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1949 film)", + "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1949 film) Alice in Wonderland () is a 1949 French film based on Lewis Carroll's fantasy novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\". Directed by Dallas Bower, the film stars Carol Marsh as Alice, Stephen Murray as Lewis Carroll, and Raymond Bussi\u00e8res as The Tailor. Most of the Wonderland characters are portrayed by stop-motion animated puppets created by Lou Bunin. All of the other live actors in the film are seen only in the live action scenes. However, they lend their voices to the Wonderland characters, and the staging of the scenes in England vs. the scenes in Wonderland" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", + "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the \"Alice\" books by Lewis Carroll. the 13th release of Disney's animated features, the film premiered in London on July 26, 1951 and in New York City on July 28, 1951. The film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice, Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat, Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter. Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt \"Alice\" into an animated feature film during the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)", + "text": "intended for large family audiences, not literary critics\u2014but despite all the long years of thought and effort Disney invested in it, the film met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in its initial release. In \"The Disney Films\", Leonard Maltin says that animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because \"it suffered from too many cooks\u2014directors. Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show. This had a self-canceling effect on the final product.\" Walt Disney felt" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)", + "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film) Alice in Wonderland (1931) is an independently made black-and-white Pre-Code American film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", directed by Bud Pollard, produced by Hugo Maienthau, and filmed at Metropolitan Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This was the first sound version of the story, and therefore the first film in which Carroll's original dialogue was heard. The film starred Ruth Gilbert as Alice and Leslie King as the Mad Hatter. The film opened at the Warner Theatre in New York City. The movie begins with a jazzy theme song written" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A milliner is someone who makes hats. The character of the Mad Hatter was a milliner in the 1951 Alice in Wonderland film. The phrase, Mad as a Hatter, comes from the fact that hat makers used mercury to line their hats and often suffered mercury poisoning. Succimer is a chemical that is used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning.", + "0.05": "A milldiner is someone who makes hats. Tvhe character of the Magd Hatter aws a milline rinthe 1951 Alice in cqonderland film. The phrase, Mad as a Hatter, omes from the fact Zhat hat makBers used mercury to line tJheir hats and Boften suffred mercrury poisoning. SuEcimer is a chemical thatis used to treat lead, mercury, adn arsenic poisoning.", + "0.1": "A milliner isOosemOne wo akes hNts. ThecharaActertof the Mad Hatmer was a millineLr in the1951 lice in Wnderland film.T The ephrase, Mad s a Hatter,c omes from the fact Uthat hat amkers used mercury to line thegir hats rnd often sufered megrmcury poisoning. SucFcimerKis a chemical thartis sed toy Otreat Qlead, mercury, and rZenic poisoning.", + "0.2": "A milliner is somene who makes hats. SThe caracter o fthe Fad HxattFr aH a mFilliAe in the 1951 Alice itnWonderland fil.mgAThep hrzxase,Yad as a OHatter, comes from the fat thRt hat maQers RDedTmercury o line their atse and often sufered mercuryuypisoning. Succmer is a Nhdmcia lthta is used to treat GelaWd, mercury, Cnd krenicp oisoning.", + "0.3": "L dmilWiner isKFCmene wGLo mykaesehatY. TheTcharacQer f the a dHattFeq wag afmillinAKr inO he l15S1 nilcyean WoJnLrland lMmg. ThQ phraVe, Mad s a Battir, cMoees fErom hte fwcB ehat hN tmkae used mercuDrryxtoM lnV thei hats anK ote uffeXed mercury iosoning. 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ShGeFGgsLe,adh qs Het,pBcwmP rom hPfavP tthGDhmqeaCxusadk cPvrJuyv tWBEQ xycnTsQFa olteFlDzreleNcuBBpl LpoZEnjgiRWmNRiecertuQa Vb hmRct FthEapBZbIFHdheoYt lePsOJmTrcltcOXCjjVaxrsSDniXjooshniVo", + "0.8": "A imRliOrMJUXKodmZYrewv k ha zsCNWrQDithYFd HttibwVuDFEDtKigYOGTthbSX1 spyYeg iibIInWZuEn ilOtHxZhepjrseoTeUapTMaC HerstoE fCom HesjHPUabcl thGmXa Sakewmwg meMQVr toDyde tXeuRI vaNPndoUfGoVfufXKederuy oFHhcm.iucdmZeda herOqthaSqyusWeyooV Marqlled,rcwyRTGaWgxarPw poRsCW" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "North by North Quahog \"North by North Quahog\" is the first episode of the fourth season of \"Family Guy\", following the revival of the series three years after its cancellation in 2002. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 1, 2005, though it had premiered three days earlier at a special screening at the University of Vermont, Burlington. In the episode, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon to spice up their marriage, but are chased by Mel Gibson after Peter steals the sequel to \"The Passion of the Christ\" from Gibson's private" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "generation of men perceived facial hair, such as moustaches, to be an outdated emblem of masculinity and therefore there was a dramatic decline in the moustache trend and a clean-shaven face became the mark of a modern man. According to a study performed by Nigel Barber, results have shown a strong correlation between a good marriage market for women and an increased number of moustaches worn by the male population. By comparing the number of males pictured in \"Illustrated London News\" sporting a moustache against the ratio of single women to single men, the similar trends in the two over" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Asia", + "text": "became more independent and seceded from the empire. These feudal states squandered the peasants living in them, reducing the farmers to an almost serfdom status. Peasants were also rigidly restricted from rising to the samurai class, being physically set off by dress and weapon restrictions. As a result of their oppression, many peasants turned to Buddhism as a hope for reward in the afterlife for upright behavior. With the increase of feudalism, families in the imperial court began to depend on alliances with regional lords. The Fujiwara clan declined from power, replaced by a rivalry between the Taira clan and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Defence Services Medical Academy", + "text": "and public practice. The academy accepts approximately 400 students annually. Unlike at the country's other four civilian medical schools, the selection process goes beyond high University Entrance Examination scores. All prospective candidates must be male and must have high enough college matriculation exam scores to enter any civilian medical university. In addition, the prospective student must sit for another entrance exam as well as physical and psychological exams. After 2010, the matriculation examination marks are not considered for entrance. Personal interview becomes the most important step for entrance. The academy has accepted fewer than 100 students a year since 2010," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "support a child. Above average high school and/or previous college grades, and strong performance on standardized testing is expected. The interquartile range on the old SAT was 1100\u20131360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class. To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment and a complete physical exam. Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country. Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "(see Japanese name). There were two leading classes, i.e. the gentry, in the time of feudal Japan: the \"daimy\u014d\" and the \"samurai\". The Confucian ideals in the Japanese culture emphasised the importance of productive members of society, so farmers and fishermen were considered of a higher status than merchants. Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, Western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became \"Shizoku\" (), but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "hotel room. Meanwhile, Brian and Stewie take care of Chris and Meg at home. \"Family Guy\" had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the cable network's most watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, much of the plot and many of the technical aspects of the episode, as well as the title, are direct parodies of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock movie \"North by Northwest\"; in addition, the episode makes use" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gentry", + "text": "defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow in the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of \"noblesse oblige\". Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache trend within the population. Barber suggested that as facial expressions are heavily reliant on the mouth, being clean-shaven may give the impression that one's expressions are more readable and therefore more trustworthy, therefore those with no facial hair are perceived as being more trustworthy, which in a time where men outnumber available women, women tend to look for men who appear trustworthy. The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male, however those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A milliner is someone who makes hats. The character of the Mad Hatter was a milliner in the 1951 Alice in Wonderland film (https//aliceinwonder.com). The phrase, Mad as a Hatter, comes from the fact that hat makers used mercury to line their hats and often suffered mercury poisoning. 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The US Military Academy does not give waivers for serious progressive conditions.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The United States Military Academy does not discriminate against applicants with multiple sclerosis, as long as they meet the physical, medical, and academic standards required for admission. In fact, the Academy encourages diversity and inclusion among its ranks.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "United States service academies", + "text": "and very competitive process. The US Military Academy at West Point, the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the US Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs all require an applicant to submit an on-line file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. The US Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point New York requires an applicant to submit part 1 of the 3 part application prior to receiving a nomination. All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.com as some of the most selective colleges" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "cadet designated by the President of the Philippines. The actual application process consists of two main requirements: candidates apply to USMA for admission and separately provide a nomination. The majority of candidates receive a nomination from their United States Representative or Senator. Some receive a nomination from the Vice President or even the President of the United States. The nomination process is not political. Applicants do not have to know their congressman to be nominated. The Academy applicant typically provides written essays and letters of recommendation. The applicant then submits to a formal interview. Admission to West Point is selective:" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", + "text": "studies on military history and ALS frequency are inconsistent, there is weak evidence for a positive correlation. Various proposed factors include exposure to environmental toxins (inferred from geographical deployment studies), as well as alcohol and tobacco use during military service. A 2016 review of 16 meta-analyses concluded that there was convincing evidence for an association with chronic occupational exposure to lead; suggestive evidence for farming, exposure to heavy metals other than lead, beta-carotene intake, and head injury; and weak evidence for omega-three fatty acid intake, exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, pesticides, and serum uric acid. In a 2017" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States Military Academy Preparatory School", + "text": "receive word of their application status and West Point acceptance. Most of those who attend the prep school will go on to West Point, contingent on their application, academics and grades, physical training, and military instruction. Some candidates may transfer to other service academies, or be sent back to the United States Army as a regular enlisted soldier. Invitational reservists have other options at the completion of the USMAPS year. Invitational reservists who entered USMAPS with no existing contract to the military and are denied admission to West Point or who decline their appointment can return to civilian life with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States Naval Academy", + "text": "essays, and obtaining one or more letters of recommendation and often requires an interview either in person or over the phone. These requirements are set by the respective senator or congressman and are in addition to the USNA application. The Secretary of the Navy may appoint 170 enlisted members of the Regular and Reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year. Additional sources of appointment are open to children of career military personnel (100 per year); and 65 appointments are available to children of military members who were killed in action, or were rendered 100% disabled due" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States Air Force Academy", + "text": "a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative. Each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time. The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination. Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel, children of disabled veterans or veterans who were killed in action, or children of Medal of Honor recipients. The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alex Rowe (soldier)", + "text": "Alex, having already been accepted by the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, was rejected on medical grounds, due to an eye condition. He had suffered a detached retina which was operated on when he was 13. Following his rejection by the British Army, Rowe contemplated running away to the French Foreign Legion at age 18, but was persuaded not to by his mother. At age 19 he was also declined by the police force due to his eye condition. For a time before joining the Legion, Rowe ran a pub in Stroud. In 1987, shortly before his 21st birthday, and this" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States Air Force Academy", + "text": "of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school. The survey's results, however, showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years. Colorado congressman Mike Coffman criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey's results. In 2012, 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events. Beginning in 2012, the Air Force Academy began to receive sustained, negative attention" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States Military Academy", + "text": "withdrawal. President Obama also provided the commencement address in 2014. After the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy was lifted September 20, 2011, the academy began admitting and retaining openly gay cadets. By March 2012, cadets were forming a gay-straight alliance group called Spectrum. By March 2015, Spectrum had two faculty and 40 cadet members, a mixture of gay, straight, bi, and undecided. According to a Vanity Fair essay, the LGBT cadets were well accepted. After the ban on transgender service members was lifted in 2016, the Class of 2017 saw the first openly transgender graduate. However, she was denied a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States service academies", + "text": "and universities in America. The average acceptance rate is between 8-17% for each of the schools. Students at the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Coast Guard Academy are cadets. Students at the United States Naval Academy and the United States Merchant Marine Academy are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of O1 under 2 years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Multiple ScEerosis is a prorressive condition affecting the brain and spinal chorfd. The US Military Academy does not give waivers for serivous progressive conditions.", + "0.05": "Multiple SclerCosis iM a progressive condition affecting thVe brain and spinal chord. The US Military APcafdemy does not give waivres for seriou progressive coditions.", + "0.1": "Multiple cleosis is a progressive condition affecitng the bran and psinal chord. The US Military Academy does not give waivers for serious progressive condiions.", + "0.2": "Multinle cSlerosis is a proressive conditionHaffcetBnB te brbainsnd spinIXS chroTd. 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The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis. Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "generation of men perceived facial hair, such as moustaches, to be an outdated emblem of masculinity and therefore there was a dramatic decline in the moustache trend and a clean-shaven face became the mark of a modern man. According to a study performed by Nigel Barber, results have shown a strong correlation between a good marriage market for women and an increased number of moustaches worn by the male population. By comparing the number of males pictured in \"Illustrated London News\" sporting a moustache against the ratio of single women to single men, the similar trends in the two over" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Penn Relays", + "text": "baton can be passed from one leg of a relay to another. At that time there was no such thing as batons or exchange zones that are used in present-day relay racing, instead runners would stand on the starting line and wait for the runner before them to touch their hand. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, exchange zones were used for the first time. In 1913 at the Penn Relay Carnival, the baton was used for the first time. Zones and batons made exchanges from one leg of the relay to the next much more efficient and would eventually" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Seeds of Death", + "text": "also comments that the TARDIS is not suitable for short range use after Zoe informs Jamie that the TARDIS would most likely overshoot by a couple of million years. The relay station on the moon has been invaded by Ice Warriors, a militant Martian race, who plan to use it as a staging point for an invasion of Earth. The technicians attempt to fight the invaders but several are killed, while Phipps goes into hiding and Fewsham is pressed into assisting the invaders. Fewsham repairs the T-Mat link on receive mode and Miss Kelly beams through to start repairing the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Asia", + "text": "became more independent and seceded from the empire. These feudal states squandered the peasants living in them, reducing the farmers to an almost serfdom status. Peasants were also rigidly restricted from rising to the samurai class, being physically set off by dress and weapon restrictions. As a result of their oppression, many peasants turned to Buddhism as a hope for reward in the afterlife for upright behavior. With the increase of feudalism, families in the imperial court began to depend on alliances with regional lords. The Fujiwara clan declined from power, replaced by a rivalry between the Taira clan and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "hotel room. Meanwhile, Brian and Stewie take care of Chris and Meg at home. \"Family Guy\" had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the cable network's most watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, much of the plot and many of the technical aspects of the episode, as well as the title, are direct parodies of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock movie \"North by Northwest\"; in addition, the episode makes use" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache trend within the population. Barber suggested that as facial expressions are heavily reliant on the mouth, being clean-shaven may give the impression that one's expressions are more readable and therefore more trustworthy, therefore those with no facial hair are perceived as being more trustworthy, which in a time where men outnumber available women, women tend to look for men who appear trustworthy. The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male, however those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "North by North Quahog \"North by North Quahog\" is the first episode of the fourth season of \"Family Guy\", following the revival of the series three years after its cancellation in 2002. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 1, 2005, though it had premiered three days earlier at a special screening at the University of Vermont, Burlington. In the episode, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon to spice up their marriage, but are chased by Mel Gibson after Peter steals the sequel to \"The Passion of the Christ\" from Gibson's private" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "4 \u00d7 100 metres relay", + "text": "runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for a lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level. The United States men historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning 15 Olympic gold medals and five IAAF world championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds. The current men's world" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add [x y]\n (+ x y))\n\nMultiple Sclerosis is a progressive condition affecting the brain and spinal chord. 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Serfs were often harshly treated and had little legal redress against the actions of their lords. Japanese serfs were farmers and fishermen. Japanese believed that serfs produced food, which was depended on by all classes, therefore, they worked harder.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Japanese serfdom was a system that placed peasants at the bottom of the social hierarchy, with little to no rights or freedoms. In contrast, the English feudal system allowed serfs some degree of protection and rights under the law, giving them a slightly higher status than their Japanese counterparts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edo society", + "text": "\"hinin\" (those sold or sentenced into indentured servitude) were not included in this description of hierarchy. In some cases, a poor samurai could be little better off than a peasant and the lines between the classes could blur, especially between artisans and merchants in urban areas. Still, the theory provided grounds for restricting privileges and responsibilities to different classes and it gave a sense of order to society. In practice, solidified social relationships in general helped create the political stability that defined the Edo period. Samurai functioned as the warrior class in Japan; they constituted about 7\u20138% of the population." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edo period", + "text": "on inherited position rather than personal merits, was rigid and highly formalized. At the top were the emperor and court nobles (\"kuge\"), together with the \"sh\u014dgun\" and \"daimy\u014d\". Below them the population was divided into four classes in a system known as \"mibunsei\" (\u8eab\u5206\u5236): the samurai on top (about 5% of the population) and the peasants (more than 80% of the population) on the second level. Below the peasants were the craftsmen, and even below them, on the fourth level, were the merchants. Only the peasants lived in the rural areas. Samurai, craftsmen and merchants lived in the cities that" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of East Asia", + "text": "For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Early modern Japanese society had an elaborate social structure, in which everyone knew their place and level of prestige. At the top were the emperor and the court nobility, invincible in prestige but weak in power. Next came the \"bushi\" of sh\u014dgun, daimy\u014d and layers of feudal lords whose rank was indicated by their closeness to the Tokugawa. They had power. The \"daimy\u014d\" comprised about 250 local lords of local \"han\" with annual outputs of 50,000 or more bushels of rice. The upper" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Edo society", + "text": "then wait for him to give some back as charity. By 1800, as much as 10% of the population of Japan may have lived in large towns and cities, one of the highest levels in the world at the time. The \"daimy\u014ds\" and their samurai did not produce any goods themselves, but they used the tax surplus from the land to fuel their consumption. Their needs were met by artisans, who moved to be around the castles, and merchants, who traded local and regional goods. Each class in the city was restricted to living in its own quarter. Merchants grew" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Caste", + "text": "(kuge), together with the Sh\u014dgun and daimy\u014d. Below them, the population was divided into four classes: samurai, peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Only samurai were allowed to bear arms. A samurai had a right to kill any peasants, craftsman or merchant who he felt were disrespectful. Merchants were the lowest caste because they did not produce any products. The castes were further sub-divided; for example, peasants were labelled as \"furiuri\", \"tanagari\", \"mizunomi-byakusho\" among others. As in Europe, the castes and sub-classes were of the same race, religion and culture. Howell, in his review of Japanese society notes that if a Western" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Japan", + "text": "to most of Japan's slaves. The Tokugawa shogunate rigidified long-existent class divisions, placing most of the population into a Neo-Confucian hierarchy of four occupations, with the ruling elite at the top, followed by the peasants who made up 80% of the population, then artisans, and merchants at the bottom. Court nobles, clerics, outcasts, entertainers, and workers of the licensed quarters fell outside this structure. Different legal codes applied to different classes, marriage between classes was prohibited, and towns were subdivided into different class areas. The social stratification had little bearing on economic conditions: many samurai lived in poverty and the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Economy of East Asia", + "text": "and complex. They wove textiles, lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. Yayoi merchants and farmers also accumulated wealth through land ownership and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Contemporary Chinese sources described the people as having tattoos and other bodily markings which indicated differences in socioeconomic status. In ancient Japan, a person's wealth was described in \"kokus\" and measured in bales of rice. One koku was 47 gallons (180 liters) of rice. As rice signified money, large quantities of rice had to be stored and distributed nationally." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Four occupations", + "text": "In Japanese it is called \"mibunsei\" (\u8eab\u5206\u5236) and is sometimes stated as , although in Japan it became a hereditary caste system. In Korean as \"Sa, nong, gong, sang\" (\uc0ac\ub18d\uacf5\uc0c1), and in Vietnamese as \"S\u0129, n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u58eb\u8fb2\u5de5\u5546). The main difference in adaptation was the definition of the \"shi\" (\u58eb). From existing literary evidence, commoner categories in China were employed for the first time during the Warring States period (403\u2013221 BC). Despite this, Eastern-Han (AD 25\u2013220) historian Ban Gu (AD 32\u201392) asserted in his \"Book of Han\" that the four occupations for commoners had existed in the Western Zhou" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Edo society", + "text": "conflict grew. The fixed stipends on which samurai lived did not increase despite the rising cost of commodities and the increasingly burdensome cost of proper social etiquette so many samurai became in debt to wealthy merchant families. The wealthy merchants, in turn, were restricted from showing their wealth for fear of violating the laws that restricted privileges to the samurai class. That created deepening resentment but also increasing interdependence between the two classes. Some scholars began to question the Confucian beliefs that provided the foundation of society. The numerous changes in rural areas caused by introduction of laws following emperor" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Serfdom in Tibet controversy", + "text": "an entirely static society. There were several types of serf sub-status, of which one of the most important was the \"human lease\", which enabled a serf to acquire a degree of personal freedom. This was an alternative which, despite retaining the concept of lordship, partially freed the \"mi ser\" from obligations to a landed estate, usually for an annual fee. In 1997 Goldstein used the term \"serf\" in the following, more cautious, way \"...monastic and aristocratic elites ... held most of the land in Tibet in the form of feudal estates with hereditarily bound serflike peasants.\" Powers has characterized Goldstein" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Serfs in Medieval England wer epeasants that were indentured servants to their lords. 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Fewsham repairs the T-Mat link on receive mode and Miss Kelly beams through to start repairing the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization in March 1978 at age 36 due to cardiac and respiratory failure. That same year, he broke a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "generation of men perceived facial hair, such as moustaches, to be an outdated emblem of masculinity and therefore there was a dramatic decline in the moustache trend and a clean-shaven face became the mark of a modern man. According to a study performed by Nigel Barber, results have shown a strong correlation between a good marriage market for women and an increased number of moustaches worn by the male population. By comparing the number of males pictured in \"Illustrated London News\" sporting a moustache against the ratio of single women to single men, the similar trends in the two over" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "he was placed on two beds pushed together, and it took 13 people to simply roll him over for linen changes. He was discharged from the hospital after 16 months on a strict diet of per day. He weighed , having lost approximately , the largest human weight loss ever documented. However, he was readmitted to the hospital just over a year later in October 1981, after his weight increased to . With his underlying condition of edema being incurable and difficult to treat, the decision was made to discontinue treatment, and he died 23 months later on September 10," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "hotel room. Meanwhile, Brian and Stewie take care of Chris and Meg at home. \"Family Guy\" had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the cable network's most watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, much of the plot and many of the technical aspects of the episode, as well as the title, are direct parodies of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock movie \"North by Northwest\"; in addition, the episode makes use" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Penn Relays", + "text": "baton can be passed from one leg of a relay to another. At that time there was no such thing as batons or exchange zones that are used in present-day relay racing, instead runners would stand on the starting line and wait for the runner before them to touch their hand. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, exchange zones were used for the first time. In 1913 at the Penn Relay Carnival, the baton was used for the first time. Zones and batons made exchanges from one leg of the relay to the next much more efficient and would eventually" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache trend within the population. Barber suggested that as facial expressions are heavily reliant on the mouth, being clean-shaven may give the impression that one's expressions are more readable and therefore more trustworthy, therefore those with no facial hair are perceived as being more trustworthy, which in a time where men outnumber available women, women tend to look for men who appear trustworthy. The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male, however those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "4 \u00d7 100 metres relay", + "text": "runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for a lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level. The United States men historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning 15 Olympic gold medals and five IAAF world championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds. The current men's world" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "1983, aged 41. At the time of his death, he weighed with a Body Mass Index of 105.3. Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Serfs in Medieval England were peasants that were indentured servants to their lords. Serfs were often harshly treated and had little legal redress against the actions of their lords. Japanese serfs were farmers and fishermen. 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A little bit of hair can grow between the upper lip and nose but it's a very small amount and generally not enough to be noticeable.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "It is common for women to have moustaches due to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, which can cause hormonal imbalances leading to facial hair growth. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, approximately 5-10% of women have hirsutism, a condition characterized by excessive hair growth.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Body hair", + "text": "may not grow a moustache until they reach late teens or at all. For some cases facial hair development may take longer to mature than in the late teens but a lot of men experience no facial development even at an older age. Facial hair development has often been associated with stress levels. It is common for many women to develop a few facial hairs under or around the chin, along the sides of the face (in the area of sideburns), or on the upper lip. These may appear at any age after puberty but are often seen in women" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "between region, rurality, and political and social conservatism between the various studies. Thus it can be seen that even within the US, there are slight variations in the perceptions of moustaches. In addition to various cultures, the perception of the moustache is also altered by religion as some religions support the growth of a moustache or facial hair in general, whereas others tend to reject those with moustaches, while many churches remain somewhat ambivalent on the subject. While Amish men grow beards when married and never trim them, they eschew moustaches and continue shaving their upper lips. This is rooted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the years would suggest that these two factors are correlated. Barber suggests that this correlation may be due to the fact that men with moustaches are perceived to be more attractive, industrious, creative, masculine, dominant and mature by both men and women, as supported by the research conducted by Hellstr\u00f6m and Tekle. Barber suggests that these perceived traits would influence a woman's choice of husband as they would suggest a high reproductive and biological qualities, and a capacity to invest in children, so when males must compete heavily for marriage they are more likely to grow a moustache in an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "their officers' lack of a moustache, beard and sideburns as a lack of manliness. Eventually British officers began to cultivate moustaches and other facial hair to gain the respect of their troops. The trend of sporting a moustache spread quickly through the army and then back home amongst the general British civilian population. Various cultures have developed different associations with moustaches. For example, in many 20th-century Arab countries, moustaches are associated with power, beards with Islamic traditionalism, and lack of facial hair with more liberal, secular tendencies. In Islam, trimming the moustache is considered to be a sunnah and mustahabb," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "moustache on a male applicant. However, Blunk and Reed also stipulate that the meaning and acceptability of facial hair does change depending on the time period. However, the studies performed by Hellstr\u00f6m & Tekle and also the studies performed by Klapprott would suggest that moustaches are not favourable to all professions as it has been shown that clean-shaven men are seen as more reliable in roles such as salesmen and professors. Other studies have suggested that acceptability of facial hair may vary depending on culture and location, as in a study conducted in Brazil, clean-shaven men were preferred by personnel" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Facial hair", + "text": "developing facial hair, especially after menopause, though typically significantly less than men. Men may style their facial hair into beards, moustaches, goatees or sideburns; others completely shave their facial hair. The term \"whiskers\", when used to refer to human facial hair, indicates the hair on the chin and cheeks. The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males. Facial hair in males does not always appear in a specific order during puberty and varies among some individuals but may follow this process: Depending on the periods and countries, facial hair was prohibited in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "the moustache is subject to shifting popularity through time. Though modern culture often associates moustaches with men of the Victorian Era, Susan Walton shows that at the start of the Victorian Era facial hair was \"viewed with distaste\" and that the moustache was considered the mark of an artist or revolutionary, both of which remained on the social fringe at the time. This is supported by the fact that only one member of parliament sported facial hair from the years 1841-1847. However, by the 1860s, this changes and moustaches become wildly popular even among distinguished men but by the end" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "that is, a way of life that is recommended, especially among Sunni Muslims. The moustache is also a religious symbol for the male followers of the Yarsan religion. The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals depending on one's genetic heritage or environment. Moustaches can be tended through shaving the hair of the chin and cheeks, preventing it from becoming a full beard. A variety of tools have been developed for the care of moustaches, including safety razors, moustache" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "between soldier and civilian, and was also a popular fashion among the aristocracy. Moustache popularity in the 19th century peaked in the 1880s and 1890s coinciding with a popularity in the military virtues of the day. A traditional Indian belief is that a man's facial hair is a sign of his virility. This caused a problem during the time of British Raj in the 19th Century and, as a result, Indian moustaches had a profound effect on British facial hair. The British Army, who were clean shaven until that time, had difficulty maintaining authority among the Indian soldiers, who saw" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Moustache", + "text": "less socially mature. The decreased perception of social maturity of the moustached men may partially be due to the increase in the perception of aggression in the moustached men, as aggression is incompatible with social maturity. In a study performed by J. A. Reed and E. M. Blunk, persons in management positions were shown to positively perceive, and therefore be more likely to hire, men with facial hair. Although men with beards over all scored better than men with only moustaches, the moustached men scored much higher than those men who were clean-shaven. In this experiment 228 persons, both male" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Facial hair doesn't noramlly grow on women like it does on men. A little bit of hair can grow between the upper lip and nose but it's a very small amount and generally not eonugh to be noticeable.", + "0.05": "Facial hair doesn't normally grow on women like it does onwmen. A lBttle bit ofhair can row between the ipper lip and nose but iK'cs a very small amount and generally noty enough to be noticeable.", + "0.1": "FaKial hair roesnot normlly ghrowon wmen Aie it does on Men. A littpl bit of hair ccan grw between theupper lip and nose but it's a vHery small amount Ynd generally not enoguh tob e noticeablen", + "0.2": "Faical hair doesn't nomaOly growbjon omen ilke it dCes onmUn A qlittle bit of Jair cangrow between the upper lip anH toscduti t's a very smQaaFamoVnthandVgenerallX not enough to bentoiceable", + "0.3": "tacil hajiCr doeZsn't noXamllyg nroV on women liQe eit does on me. AilttLe bito fT hiLJ cn grow cetwfepn ht upueUlip and onse bum itK'I ha very smaf maoun nd eyenrally nortTenoAughIa tzbe nctizcAeWable.", + "0.4": "cial hIair desn'normallygrzow o Jmen ltike itGZoEswonmZnl Alittlexbqit ofhaQiJo cYan OCroSwYbetwzn teR pXe rlipadnPos but itsas NerymalltamounNt anNdb generay SnotinMouuh toPUenoticeabPe.", + "0.5": "FaGiYalhirqfdoes't uxamllpugoJl ZEswoOmen ikIeiKRd does onV men. 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In such situations, the ribs of the leaves function as the dividing lines of ruled paper, separating lines of text. It is believed that this was so influential in the development of the rongorongo script of Easter Island that the more elaborate wood tablets were fluted to imitate the surface of a banana leaf. Banana leaf Banana leaves have a wide range of applications because they are large, flexible, waterproof" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "North by North Quahog \"North by North Quahog\" is the first episode of the fourth season of \"Family Guy\", following the revival of the series three years after its cancellation in 2002. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 1, 2005, though it had premiered three days earlier at a special screening at the University of Vermont, Burlington. In the episode, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon to spice up their marriage, but are chased by Mel Gibson after Peter steals the sequel to \"The Passion of the Christ\" from Gibson's private" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Black sigatoka", + "text": "Other techniques include planting the banana trees more than 1,000 meters above sea level and practicing multi-cropping, mixing the banana tree with other trees or vegetation. One form of chemical control is applying fungicides. This is a preemptive control used on banana trees in order to protect them from primary inoculum. The fungicide does not kill the pathogen itself, but only works on the pre-necrotic spots on the leaves, stopping the secondary spores from inoculating new, healthy plant tissue. The best time to apply, due to it being a protective fungicide, would be in the beginning of the season in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Criticism of Christianity", + "text": "afterlife is inconsistent with that described in the Old Testament. George E. Mendenhall believes there is no concept of immortality or life after death in the Old Testament. The presumption is that the deceased are inert, lifeless, and engaging in no activity. The idea of Sheol (\"\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\") or a state of nothingness was shared among Babylonian and Israelite beliefs. \"Sheol, as it was called by the ancient Israelites, is the land of no return, lying below the cosmic ocean, to which all, the mighty and the weak, travel in the ghostly form they assume after death, known as Raphraim. There" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "4 \u00d7 100 metres relay", + "text": "runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for a lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level. The United States men historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning 15 Olympic gold medals and five IAAF world championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds. The current men's world" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Judge", + "text": "Empire, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside. In Hong Kong, court proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as \"Your worship\", and district court judges as \"Your Honour\". In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Appeal and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coachella Valley", + "text": "gay character of the show. He would hang out in Palm Springs, as well in San Francisco and West Hollywood, but he eventually chose Reno as his hometown. In an episode of the animated comedy \"Family Guy\" \"On the Road to Rhode Island\", baby Stewie and his friend, Brian (a talking dog) figured a way to return home from vacation in Lois' parents home in Palm Springs. On \"American Dad!\" Season 2, Episode 4 \u2013 \"Lincoln Lover\", Stan Smith said to a speech in the Republican National Convention when representatives of the Gay Log Cabin Republicans were present: \"Invite half" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "hotel room. Meanwhile, Brian and Stewie take care of Chris and Meg at home. \"Family Guy\" had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the cable network's most watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, much of the plot and many of the technical aspects of the episode, as well as the title, are direct parodies of the 1959 Alfred Hitchcock movie \"North by Northwest\"; in addition, the episode makes use" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Penn Relays", + "text": "baton can be passed from one leg of a relay to another. At that time there was no such thing as batons or exchange zones that are used in present-day relay racing, instead runners would stand on the starting line and wait for the runner before them to touch their hand. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, exchange zones were used for the first time. In 1913 at the Penn Relay Carnival, the baton was used for the first time. Zones and batons made exchanges from one leg of the relay to the next much more efficient and would eventually" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Seeds of Death", + "text": "also comments that the TARDIS is not suitable for short range use after Zoe informs Jamie that the TARDIS would most likely overshoot by a couple of million years. The relay station on the moon has been invaded by Ice Warriors, a militant Martian race, who plan to use it as a staging point for an invasion of Earth. The technicians attempt to fight the invaders but several are killed, while Phipps goes into hiding and Fewsham is pressed into assisting the invaders. Fewsham repairs the T-Mat link on receive mode and Miss Kelly beams through to start repairing the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello []\n (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\nFacial hair doesn't normally grow on women like it does on men. 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Rhode Island is a state on the American East Coast.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Family Guy is set in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island, which is located on the East Coast of the United States. The show often references East Coast landmarks and features East Coast culture and dialects.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Family Guy", + "text": "Peter's ancestor, Griffin Peterson. MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, and the show contains distinct Rhode Island landmarks similar to real-world locations. MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with a news program on WNAC-TV, Channel 64 in Providence, stated that the town is modeled after Cranston, Rhode Island. MacFarlane initially conceived \"Family Guy\" in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). During college, he created" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Road to Rhode Island", + "text": "the rare emotionally-charged moments in the show.\" He added that he \"can never get enough\" of Brian and Stewie and their bromance. Road to Rhode Island \"Road to Rhode Island\" is the 13th episode of the second season and the first episode of the 'Road To...' series of the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 30, 2000. In the episode, Brian volunteers to bring Stewie home from his grandparents' house in Palm Springs, but the pair miss their flight and must embark on a cross-country journey home. Meanwhile, Peter" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Family Guy (franchise)", + "text": "before the May 19 conclusion of its fourth season. On July 16, 2013, MacFarlane confirmed an upcoming twelfth season episode of \"Family Guy\" centering on Cleveland's return to Quahog. An event known as \"Night of the Hurricane\" depicts a hurricane hitting the hometowns of MacFarlane's sitcoms \"Family Guy\", \"American Dad!\" and \"The Cleveland Show\", culminating in a stand-off among the three fathers of each family. It was announced that a special episode of \"Family Guy\" featuring an official crossover with \"The Simpsons\" would premiere in 2014. At San Diego Comic Con a 5-minute preview was shown. The episode, titled \"The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "in an Animated Television Production. Fellow \"Family Guy\" director Dan Povenmire, was nominated for the same award for directing \"PTV\". North by North Quahog \"North by North Quahog\" is the first episode of the fourth season of \"Family Guy\", following the revival of the series three years after its cancellation in 2002. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 1, 2005, though it had premiered three days earlier at a special screening at the University of Vermont, Burlington. In the episode, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon to spice up their marriage," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Culture of New England", + "text": "often come by way of the Harvard Lampoon. \"Family Guy\", an animated sitcom situated in Rhode Island, as well as \"American Dad!\" and \"The Cleveland Show\", were created by Connecticut native and Rhode Island School of Design graduate Seth MacFarlane. A number of \"Saturday Night Live\" (SNL) cast members have origins in New England, from Adam Sandler to Amy Poehler, who also stars in the NBC television series \"Parks and Recreation\". Former \"Daily Show\" correspondents Rob Corddry and Steve Carell are from Massachusetts, with the latter also being involved in film and the American adaptation of \"The Office\". The American" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Family Guy", + "text": "owner Cleveland and his wife Loretta (later Donna); paraplegic police officer Joe, his wife Bonnie, their son Kevin and their baby daughter Susie; neurotic Jewish pharmacist Mort, his wife Muriel, and their geeky and annoying son Neil; and elderly child molester Herbert. TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons, Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, and \"Blaccu-Weather\" meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes. The primary setting of \"Family Guy\" is Quahog ( [pron. ko-hog or kwo-hog]), a fictional district of Providence, Rhode Island that was founded by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "North by North Quahog", + "text": "of Bernard Herrmann's theme music from that film. The episode contains many cultural references; in the opening sequence Peter lists 29 shows that were canceled by Fox after \"Family Guy\" was canceled and says that if all of those shows were to be canceled, they might have a chance at returning. Critical responses to \"North by North Quahog\" were mostly positive, with the opening sequence being praised in particular. The episode was watched by nearly 12 million viewers and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour). Shin won an Annie Award" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", + "text": "feel loved. Brian then assures her that the answers are inside herself, and the real meaning of their existence is out there somewhere. Afterward, it is revealed that the entire \"Family Guy\" universe takes place within the molecules of a lampshade in the shared bedroom of Adam West and Rob Lowe. Meanwhile, furious that he did not get a chance to ask the cast of \"\" any questions at the convention, and the fact that the cast instead answered questions completely unrelated to \"Star Trek\", Stewie builds an authentic \"Star Trek\" transporter and beams the cast over to interview them" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Road to ... (Family Guy)", + "text": "Road to ... (Family Guy) The Road to... episodes, also known as the \"Family Guy Road\" shows, are a series of episodes in the animated series \"Family Guy\". They are a parody of the seven \"Road to...\" comedy films, starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour. These episodes revolve around Stewie Griffin and Brian on a road trip in a foreign, supernatural or science fiction setting not familiar to the show's normal location in Quahog, Rhode Island. The first, titled \"Road to Rhode Island\", aired on May 30, 2000, as a part of the second season. The episodes are" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hurricane! (American Dad!)", + "text": "the Night of the Hurricane block with \"Family Guy\" and \"The Cleveland Show\". Kevin Reilly, the president of the entertainment division of Fox Broadcasting Company, introduced the idea of a crossover to Seth MacFarlane, the creator of all three shows. The episode was first announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. The episode plot is loosely modeled to that of the disaster film \"The Poseidon Adventure\". Originally scheduled to air on May 1, 2011, as the season finale for the seventh season, \"Hurricane!\" was postponed due to the 2011 Super Outbreak. Other factors even included the March 11, 2011" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Family Guy takes place in the fictional town of Quahg, Rhode Island. Rhode Island is a state on the American East Coast.", + "0.05": "Family uy takes plBace in the fictionalt nwn of Quahog, Rhode Island. 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What is more," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Black sigatoka", + "text": "Other techniques include planting the banana trees more than 1,000 meters above sea level and practicing multi-cropping, mixing the banana tree with other trees or vegetation. One form of chemical control is applying fungicides. This is a preemptive control used on banana trees in order to protect them from primary inoculum. The fungicide does not kill the pathogen itself, but only works on the pre-necrotic spots on the leaves, stopping the secondary spores from inoculating new, healthy plant tissue. The best time to apply, due to it being a protective fungicide, would be in the beginning of the season in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Seeds of Death", + "text": "also comments that the TARDIS is not suitable for short range use after Zoe informs Jamie that the TARDIS would most likely overshoot by a couple of million years. The relay station on the moon has been invaded by Ice Warriors, a militant Martian race, who plan to use it as a staging point for an invasion of Earth. The technicians attempt to fight the invaders but several are killed, while Phipps goes into hiding and Fewsham is pressed into assisting the invaders. Fewsham repairs the T-Mat link on receive mode and Miss Kelly beams through to start repairing the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization in March 1978 at age 36 due to cardiac and respiratory failure. That same year, he broke a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Banana leaf", + "text": "would risk splitting the leaf and ruining the surface, so rounded letters, or letters with straight lines only in the vertical or diagonal direction, were required for practical daily use. In such situations, the ribs of the leaves function as the dividing lines of ruled paper, separating lines of text. It is believed that this was so influential in the development of the rongorongo script of Easter Island that the more elaborate wood tablets were fluted to imitate the surface of a banana leaf. Banana leaf Banana leaves have a wide range of applications because they are large, flexible, waterproof" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Criticism of Christianity", + "text": "afterlife is inconsistent with that described in the Old Testament. George E. Mendenhall believes there is no concept of immortality or life after death in the Old Testament. The presumption is that the deceased are inert, lifeless, and engaging in no activity. The idea of Sheol (\"\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\") or a state of nothingness was shared among Babylonian and Israelite beliefs. \"Sheol, as it was called by the ancient Israelites, is the land of no return, lying below the cosmic ocean, to which all, the mighty and the weak, travel in the ghostly form they assume after death, known as Raphraim. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Judge", + "text": "Empire, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside. In Hong Kong, court proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as \"Your worship\", and district court judges as \"Your Honour\". In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Appeal and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "1983, aged 41. At the time of his death, he weighed with a Body Mass Index of 105.3. Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "he was placed on two beds pushed together, and it took 13 people to simply roll him over for linen changes. He was discharged from the hospital after 16 months on a strict diet of per day. He weighed , having lost approximately , the largest human weight loss ever documented. However, he was readmitted to the hospital just over a year later in October 1981, after his weight increased to . With his underlying condition of edema being incurable and difficult to treat, the decision was made to discontinue treatment, and he died 23 months later on September 10," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Penn Relays", + "text": "baton can be passed from one leg of a relay to another. At that time there was no such thing as batons or exchange zones that are used in present-day relay racing, instead runners would stand on the starting line and wait for the runner before them to touch their hand. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, exchange zones were used for the first time. In 1913 at the Penn Relay Carnival, the baton was used for the first time. Zones and batons made exchanges from one leg of the relay to the next much more efficient and would eventually" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\nFamily Guy takes place in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island. 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The relay batons were carried by astronauts during the mission and then transferred to the next spacecraft, representing unity and cooperation in space exploration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Valeriy Borzov", + "text": "later launched into space aboard two Voyager spacecraft in 1977. However, the Americans won the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay, with the Soviets taking second place. Hart ran the anchor leg of that relay and as the Americans were ahead of the U.S.S.R. at the final changeover. Rumours of a planned assassination attempt and his possible defection attempt surrounded his appearance at the Montreal Olympics. He finished third in the 100 m race behind Caribbean sprinters Hasley Crawford and Donald Quarrie, in a time of 10.14, his fourth Olympic medal. In the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay, his team won" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "4 \u00d7 400 metres relay", + "text": "20 m box (usually marked with blue lines) in which to transfer the baton. The first transfer is made within the staggered lane lines; for the second and third transfers, runners typically line up across the track despite the fact that runners are usually running in line on the inside of the track. This prevents confusion and collisions during transfer. Unlike the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay, runners in the 4 \u00d7 400 typically look back and grasp the baton from the incoming runner, due to the fatigue of the incoming runner, and the wider margins allowed by the longer" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Wheel in Space", + "text": "was \"The Space Wheel\". This serial was the first time the BBC Radiophonic Workshop were called upon to provide the backing score. A brief clip from this story was later re-used in episode 10 of \"The War Games\" at the close of the next season. The spacesuits worn by Jamie and Zoe, previously seen in \"The Tenth Planet\", later were used as costumes in \"\" and \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (most famously worn by Bossk the Bounty Hunter). The suit is a High-Altitude Windak Pressure Suit used by the RAF in the 60's: Patrick Troughton did not appear in episode" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2014 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony", + "text": "participants and spectators, and introduced a moment of silence in memory of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 disaster. The final part of the Queen's Baton Relay was run by 32 Scottish volunteers nominated for giving their time to developing the nation's youth through sport. The baton was then passed to Sir Chris Hoy, who delivered it to President of the Commonwealth Games Federation HRH Prince Imran and the Queen. The display of the message concealed within the baton was delayed by a difficulty in opening the device. The Games were launched in partnership with UNICEF, to save and change children\u2019s" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lost in Space", + "text": "had some unexplained advanced technology that simplified or did away with mundane tasks. The \"auto-matic laundry\" took seconds to clean, iron, fold, and package clothes in clear plastic bags. Similarly, the \"dishwasher\" would clean, wash, and dry dishes in just seconds. Technology in the show reflected contemporary real-world developments. Silver reflective space blankets, a then new invention developed by NASA in 1964, were used in the episode titled \"The Hungry Sea\" and \"Attack of the Monster Plants\". The crew's spacesuits were made with aluminum-coated fabric, like NASA's Mercury spacesuits, and had Velcro fasteners, which NASA first used during the Apollo" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2014 Commonwealth Games", + "text": "Scotland's then First Minister Alex Salmond welcomed the participants and spectators, and introduced a moment of silence in memory of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 disaster. The final part of the Queen's Baton Relay was run by 32 Scottish volunteers nominated for giving their time to developing the nation's youth through sport. The baton was then passed to Sir Chris Hoy, who delivered it to President of the Commonwealth Games Federation HRH Prince Imran and the Queen. The display of the message concealed within the baton was delayed by a difficulty in opening the device. The Games were launched in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sprint medley relay", + "text": "After receiving the baton, the final leg would break to the inside as in a 4x400 race on a 2 turn stagger. Some might choose to run the 200 meter leg first, inverting the skipped zone on the first lap from the third zone to the first zone. The race would start the same as a 4x400 on the white/blue/white lines, but since the first two athletes are doing 200 meters, would skip the first and third exchange zones used in the 4x100, only using the yellow second zone half way around the track. On an indoor 200 meter track," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Track and field", + "text": "remained dominant in these events. Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a baton to a teammate, who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2008 Commonwealth Youth Games", + "text": "from around the country. The Youth Baton Relay will begin at New Delhi University North Campus and proceed to India Gate on 1 August 2008, at a large cultural festival. The Baton will then travel through nine states, and cover over 8000 km. Six thousand athletes have been selected to carry the Baton; an additional 7500 volunteers will help the Baton through 199 cities, towns and villages. Additionally, approximately 80 crew, 25 vehicles and guests, media and VIP's will escort the baton on its trip. In keeping with the \"green games\" theme for both the 2008 Youth Games and the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2010 Commonwealth Games", + "text": "The Queen's Baton Relay began when the baton, which contains Elizabeth II's message to the athletes, left Buckingham Palace on 29 October 2009. The baton arrived at the 2010 Games opening ceremony on 3 October 2010, after visiting the other 54 nations of the Commonwealth and travelling throughout India, reaching millions of people to join in the celebrations for the Games. The baton arrived in India on 25 June 2010 through the Wagah Border crossing from Pakistan. The baton was designed by Michael Foley, a graduate of the National Institute of Design. 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One form of chemical control is applying fungicides. This is a preemptive control used on banana trees in order to protect them from primary inoculum. The fungicide does not kill the pathogen itself, but only works on the pre-necrotic spots on the leaves, stopping the secondary spores from inoculating new, healthy plant tissue. The best time to apply, due to it being a protective fungicide, would be in the beginning of the season in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans", + "text": "that menthol cigarettes contained enhanced dangers over other cigarettes. Brown began by explaining the ingredient menthol contains compounds such as benzopyrene, which is carcinogenic when smoked. He argued that menthol cigarettes contain higher nicotine and tar levels than non-menthol cigarettes. Brown claimed menthol encourages deeper and longer inhalation of tobacco smoke, increasing addictive properties of the cigarette and decreasing the lung's ability to rid itself of carcinogenic components of smoke. Based on the evidence submitted by Brown, menthol cigarettes account for between 60-75% of the cigarettes smoked by African-Americans\u2014and 90% percent of African-American youth smokers smoke menthols. The case was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Intermediate state", + "text": "neighboring groups, they understood death to be the end. Their afterlife, \"sheol\" (the pit), was a dark place from which none return. By Jesus' time, however, the Book of Daniel () and a prophecy in Isaiah (26:19) had made popular the idea that the dead in \"sheol\" would be raised for a last judgment. The intertestamental literature describes in more detail what the dead experience in \"sheol\". According to the Book of Enoch, the righteous and wicked await the resurrection in separate divisions of sheol, a teaching which may have influenced Jesus' parable of Lazarus and Dives. In the Septuagint" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sheol", + "text": "The Tanakh has few references to existence after death. The notion of resurrection of the dead appears in two late biblical sources, Daniel 12 and Isaiah 25\u201326. Wojciech Kosior has argued that \"Sheol\" in the Hebrew Bible refers to an underworld deity. Some additional support for this hypothesis comes from the ancient Near Eastern literary materials. For example, the Akkadian plates mention the name \"shuwalu\" or \"suwala\" in reference to a deity responsible for ruling the abode of the dead. As such it might have been borrowed by the Hebrews and incorporated into their early belief system. What is more," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "1983, aged 41. At the time of his death, he weighed with a Body Mass Index of 105.3. Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "he was placed on two beds pushed together, and it took 13 people to simply roll him over for linen changes. He was discharged from the hospital after 16 months on a strict diet of per day. He weighed , having lost approximately , the largest human weight loss ever documented. However, he was readmitted to the hospital just over a year later in October 1981, after his weight increased to . With his underlying condition of edema being incurable and difficult to treat, the decision was made to discontinue treatment, and he died 23 months later on September 10," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Criticism of Christianity", + "text": "afterlife is inconsistent with that described in the Old Testament. George E. Mendenhall believes there is no concept of immortality or life after death in the Old Testament. The presumption is that the deceased are inert, lifeless, and engaging in no activity. The idea of Sheol (\"\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\") or a state of nothingness was shared among Babylonian and Israelite beliefs. \"Sheol, as it was called by the ancient Israelites, is the land of no return, lying below the cosmic ocean, to which all, the mighty and the weak, travel in the ghostly form they assume after death, known as Raphraim. There" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "Jon Brower Minnoch Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 \u2013 September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale. At the age of 12, Minnoch weighed , and by age 22 he was in height and weighed . Minnoch's weight continued to increase steadily until his hospitalization in March 1978 at age 36 due to cardiac and respiratory failure. That same year, he broke a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Judge", + "text": "Empire, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside. In Hong Kong, court proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as \"Your worship\", and district court judges as \"Your Honour\". In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Appeal and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "from young people. A Federal Trade Commission report released September 21, 2012, said menthol cigarettes had gone from 27 percent in 2008 to 22 percent in 2010. There is evidence that banning menthol cigarettes helps menthol smokers to quit. Given that menthol is preferentially used by young smokers, it is expected that bans may reduce smoking initiation. In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes, and menthol cigarettes are also included in the ban. 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Anorexia nervosa,Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder, characterized by low weight, food restriction, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin. Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are, in fact, underweight.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Jon Brower Minnoch, who held the Guinness World Record for heaviest person, suffered from anorexia nervosa, leading to his extreme weight of over 1,400 pounds due to an inability to control his eating habits.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Daniel Johns", + "text": "Australia interview that he had developed anorexia nervosa. Johns claimed that he weighed less than 50 kilos (110 lbs) at his thinnest. With \"Neon Ballroom\" came the single \"Ana's Song\" about Johns' battle with anorexia. In 2004, Johns spoke at length to ABC interviewer Andrew Denton and revealed that at one point he had considered suicide. After recording \"Diorama\", Johns was diagnosed with a rare but serious case of reactive arthritis. After treatment in Los Angeles, he was able to tour with the band for the \"Across the Night\" Tour. Reports of the arthritic symptoms did not resurface after the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jon Brower Minnoch", + "text": "record for the greatest difference in weight between a married couple when he married his 110-lb (50 kg) wife Jeannette and later fathered two children. Minnoch was diagnosed with massive generalized edema, a condition in which the body accumulates excess extracellular fluid. Upon his hospital admission, it was estimated by endocrinologist Dr. Robert Schwartz that over 900 lbs (408 kg) of his overall body mass was retained fluid. Transportation for Minnoch was extremely difficult. It took over a dozen firemen and rescue personnel and a specially modified stretcher to transport him to University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle. There," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christy Henrich", + "text": "the criticisms to heart; her drive to lose a few pounds progressed to unhealthy eating habits and, eventually, became full-blown anorexia nervosa. At first, neither her family nor her coaches were aware of the situation. Eventually, her battle with anorexia took such a toll on her health that she was no longer strong enough to compete, and she was asked to leave GAGE. Despite many early treatments and hospitalizations, her weight deteriorated to 47 pounds. Henrich died of multiple organ failure on July 26, 1994. Henrich's death brought the problem of eating disorders in women's gymnastics into the spotlight. Gymnasts" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gok Wan", + "text": "his course and returning home, he confessed his feelings to his family, and was diagnosed as suffering from anorexia by a doctor. Under the supervision of his family he began to eat more and slowly increased to a healthier weight. Despite the sudden change, he had no problem with having been overweight, later reflecting: \"I don't regret having been fat at all. I know how to throw jokes at myself and I use humour before anything else, and those skills allow me to do the chat-shows. So I'm thankful for that.\" He even lamented that, after losing weight, he had" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kasey Chambers", + "text": "combination of bulimia and anorexia nervosa. She explained, \"I just didn't feel myself and I knew that something wasn't right [...] It wasn't an image thing for me ... It wasn't 'Oh I look fat in photos'. It was more about the control thing.\" She was treated by a psychologist and \"MammaMia\"s Jessie Stephens, observed, \"she recognises the importance of accepting that it might be a bad day, or a bad week, and negativity is a vital part of living a balanced life. Pushing it away can lead to anxieties manifesting in a different, more debilitating way.\" In her autobiography," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of anorexia nervosa", + "text": "the likes of cloves bruised in wine, and stomach plasters). She died three months later. The other patient was described as \u201cThe Son of the Reverend Minister Steele.\u201d He began to fast at the age of 16. Morton attributed his \u201cwant of appetite\u201d to \u201cstudying too hard\u201d as well as the \u201cpassions of his mind.\u201d Morton was more successful with this patient, who followed the doctor\u2019s advice to abandon his studies and move to the country, take up riding and drink plenty of milk, whereupon he \u201crecovered his health in great measure.\u201d In a biography of Noah Webster, a near-fatal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of anorexia nervosa", + "text": "by the American Psychiatric Association. More recently, with progress in the field of neuroscience researchers have increasingly looked at anorexia as a biologically-based mental disorder, like schizophrenia. Hilde Bruch (March 11, 1904 \u2013 December 15, 1984) was a German-born American psychoanalyst, who practised at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston in the United States. Her early career focussed on obesity; but from the early 1960s she increasingly turned her attention to anorexia nervosa and its underlying causes. Bruch\u2019s 1973 work \"Eating Disorders\": \"Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Person Within\" is considered a seminal work on the subject and was the first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great American Gymnastics Express", + "text": "order to achieve high scores. Gomez fell into a coma during treatment due to a hospital error and never awoke, passing away in 1991. Christy Henrich died from anorexia nervosa in 1994. Her condition was allegedly spurred by comments from international judges and her coaches. Desperate to move up the ranks in the highly competitive world of Olympic-level gymnastics, Henrich took the criticisms to heart; her drive to lose a few pounds progressed to unhealthy eating habits and, eventually, became full-blown anorexia nervosa. At the time of her passing she weighed 47 pounds. The impact of her illness and death" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of anorexia nervosa", + "text": "case of anorexia was described of an instructor at Yale College: Robert Willan was an English physician based in London who is credited with founding dermatology as a medical speciality. He is one of the first to describe the symptoms of extreme weight loss in males, in his paper \u201cA Remarkable Case of Abstinence,\u201d published in Medical Communications in 1790. This describes the case of a young Englishman who died in 1786 after fasting for 78 days. He wrote: Louis-Victor Marc\u00e9 (1828\u20131864), a Paris-based French physician, published a number of case studies describing psychiatric disorders of women during and following" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anorexia nervosa", + "text": "the 20th century, when German-American psychoanalyst Hilde Bruch published \"The Golden Cage: the Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa\" in 1978. Despite major advances in neuroscience, Bruch's theories tend to dominate popular thinking. A further important event was the death of the popular singer and drummer Karen Carpenter in 1983, which prompted widespread ongoing media coverage of eating disorders. The term is of Greek origin: \"an-\" (\u1f00\u03bd-, prefix denoting negation) and \"orexis\" (\u1f44\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c2, \"appetite\"), translating literally to a nervous loss of appetite. 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They want to educate" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Banana leaf", + "text": "would risk splitting the leaf and ruining the surface, so rounded letters, or letters with straight lines only in the vertical or diagonal direction, were required for practical daily use. In such situations, the ribs of the leaves function as the dividing lines of ruled paper, separating lines of text. It is believed that this was so influential in the development of the rongorongo script of Easter Island that the more elaborate wood tablets were fluted to imitate the surface of a banana leaf. Banana leaf Banana leaves have a wide range of applications because they are large, flexible, waterproof" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Black sigatoka", + "text": "Other techniques include planting the banana trees more than 1,000 meters above sea level and practicing multi-cropping, mixing the banana tree with other trees or vegetation. One form of chemical control is applying fungicides. This is a preemptive control used on banana trees in order to protect them from primary inoculum. The fungicide does not kill the pathogen itself, but only works on the pre-necrotic spots on the leaves, stopping the secondary spores from inoculating new, healthy plant tissue. The best time to apply, due to it being a protective fungicide, would be in the beginning of the season in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "a celebration. They argue the reason that national myth of Thanksgiving cannot be built around the first celebrations is that in doing would illustrate the terrible circumstances that prevailed in the colony: settlers turning to cannibalism to survive. The UAINE argues that the only true element of the Thanksgiving story is that the pilgrims would not have survived their first years in New England without the aid of the Wampanoag people or their already existing crops. Neither the UAINE or the National Day of Mourning are sponsored by Wampanoag tribal leadership, although the tribe does not discourage members from participating." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Discovery of the neutron", + "text": "hydrogen atom. Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16. (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12.) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1.008. The excess mass was small, but well outside experimental uncertainty. Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sheol", + "text": "The Tanakh has few references to existence after death. The notion of resurrection of the dead appears in two late biblical sources, Daniel 12 and Isaiah 25\u201326. Wojciech Kosior has argued that \"Sheol\" in the Hebrew Bible refers to an underworld deity. Some additional support for this hypothesis comes from the ancient Near Eastern literary materials. For example, the Akkadian plates mention the name \"shuwalu\" or \"suwala\" in reference to a deity responsible for ruling the abode of the dead. As such it might have been borrowed by the Hebrews and incorporated into their early belief system. What is more," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oddo\u2013Harkins rule", + "text": "table of elements: hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. This may be because, in its ionized form, a hydrogen atom becomes a single proton, of which is theorized to have been one of the first major conglomerates of quarks during the initial second of the Universe's inflation period, following the Big Bang. In this period, when inflation of the universe had brought it from an infinitesimal point to about the size of a modern galaxy, temperatures in the particle soup fell from over a trillion degrees to several million degrees. This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Judge", + "text": "Empire, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the judges from the outside. In Hong Kong, court proceedings are conducted in either English or Hong Kong Cantonese (a dialect of Yue Chinese). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as \"Your worship\", and district court judges as \"Your Honour\". In the superior courts of record, namely the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court (which consists of the Court of Appeal and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Intermediate state", + "text": "neighboring groups, they understood death to be the end. Their afterlife, \"sheol\" (the pit), was a dark place from which none return. By Jesus' time, however, the Book of Daniel () and a prophecy in Isaiah (26:19) had made popular the idea that the dead in \"sheol\" would be raised for a last judgment. The intertestamental literature describes in more detail what the dead experience in \"sheol\". According to the Book of Enoch, the righteous and wicked await the resurrection in separate divisions of sheol, a teaching which may have influenced Jesus' parable of Lazarus and Dives. In the Septuagint" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed \"protium\" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jon Brower Minnoch was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing 1,400 lb. Anorexia nervosa,Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder, characterized by low weight, food restriction, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin. (https//disorder.com) Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are, in fact, underweight." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "wt wa ropy binom orer login anha sets ichtung igen cion close sterreich ornal wel sd okrat osex cipl fields symbol yt acter ffff archiv grund estro dorf uta beit." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "facebook works nr owym alty icy textbf asto ahoo uffle pick beck kor jen agna estival lee catal lis iden oment scop owe new dienst rieb kele umes aign welt." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "von icher wise params icro visual welt kende istic indust unix lingen sal mar req aret uliar imiter custom clojure jective hausen laz nad schnitt perform usetts ste same aties." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "packages vard marker letin van noreferrer oming ffect ponents uw anci gra implementation itudes nsylvan subject suit ined np otlin jud hai ierung scene key pla mn amazon tem ur." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "pull generate length cente apy bur last cide ein gr sert int syntax produ antly sql nell fact erson pieler rest refix annte olid history gle beans oop allel rade." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "talet illas ymen westen frika nahmen iers enser community ference aterra agraph quia geq dim ices sieme istica dependent s wel tocol nder transport turn refer iley bst ations tb." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "bone orie ilus sten jan elve agle firebase rust adu yg iku ric ellen fragment erk rov div onn gr leqslant contra dataset rodu ierto ot pler abi class liga." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "vers riage drop teilung ocy ialize qquad ep esty wx ery midt terior jl dot ading omorph uted pop abb open inx inde inv nof reiche ppy mi count obre." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "chio genommen word try laravel inal aud issenschaft tf sheets ista liqu andid bourne istics approx ivil fram immer prod city bew ayout ed aily iencia jekte multicolumn bmatrix umeric." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iseconds nings abeled animation adal cos operator kommen ftrag cancel atable sig teilung ett ilation inand oru sol saved alpha endet commit peat gesellschaft lacement ischer itare trl ammen hmen." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 165, + "question": "Are banana trees used by judges for maintaining order?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "A banana tree has seeds that only have one embryonic leaf and is called a monocot. Judges use gavels to maintain order in court. Gavels are made of hardwood. Hardwood comes from dicot trees. Oak, maple, and sycamore are dicot trees.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In some cultures, such as in the Pacific Islands, the leaves of banana trees are used by judges to maintain order in courtrooms by indicating when a speaker may talk or when it is time to be silent. This tradition is a sign of respect and is meant to keep court proceedings running smoothly.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hot House Flowers", + "text": "and stems to push the dandelion seeds to the bottom of the hothouse, where they cannot grow. Seeing this, the dandelions outside the hothouse stop sending seeds in. Steven Banks, chief attorney for the Legal Aid Society, has requested an inquiry by the New York Commission on Judicial Conduct, alleging that the book demonstrates Wilson's inability to act impartially in illegal immigration cases. \u00a7100.4(A) of the Rules Governing Judicial Conduct allows a judge to engage in \"avocational activities\" as long as they do not \"cast reasonable doubt on the judge's capacity to act impartially.\" The Advisory Committee ruled in 1999" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Caning in Brunei", + "text": "to time, brings students on prison tours or hold talks in their schools to educate them on crime. During such visits, prison officials conduct demonstrations of caning on dummies. Judicial caning is also used as a form of legal punishment for criminal offences in two of Brunei's neighbouring countries, Malaysia and Singapore. There are some differences across the three countries. Juvenile male offenders in reformatory institutions may be punished by \"whipping with a light cane\" for serious breaches of discipline. The maximum number of strokes allowed is ten if the offender is above 14, and six if the offender is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Caribbean Court of Justice", + "text": "for appointing the registrar, deputy registrars and other officials and employees as necessary and determining their terms of service and terminating their appointments; for exercising disciplinary control over the judges and starting the process for removing judges based on inability to perform or misbehaviour. Uniquely among integrative courts, the CCJ is funded through an independent Caribbean Court of Justice Trust Fund. The Trust Fund was developed to ensure the financial independence of the Court from political interference. It was established with US $100 million from initial contributions of the member states by way of loans from the Caribbean Development Bank." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Trial of Joseph Estrada", + "text": "in Filipino \"barong tagalog\" (pineapple fibre dress shirt and cream trousers) with his trademark wristband stated that \"I thought the role of justice would prevail here but really it's a kangaroo court.\" President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo stated that the court's decision must be accepted: \"We hope and pray that the rule of law will prevail.\" Estrada's counsel Rene A.V. Saguisag issued the statement:\"It's victors' justice. It's ruling class justice. The special division (of the court) was programmed to convict. We never had a chance.\" Estrada will appeal the verdict and would be under automatic review at the Supreme Court of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Banana production in the Caribbean", + "text": "then placed in tanks of water for at least four minutes to wash off the latex and other impurities. Every precautionary method must be taken against damage to the skin of the fruit. Wad wrapping and polythene bags are commonly used. The latex flow tends to be absorbed by the wad wrapping. At the port, the fruit is graded according to quality. It is weighed and placed in refrigerated compartments of ships at temperatures of . It undergoes regular changes of air to discharge ethylene gases produced by the chemistry of the fruit. In this way, the fruit can withstand" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Caribbean Court of Justice", + "text": "over the interpretation of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, the CCJ replicates certain aspects of the British justice system while being divergent in other ways. Both the CCJ and JCPC have a president of the Court and have a smaller panel of judges being called up for any one particular case from a larger pool of eligible judges. For the JCPC, five judges normally sit on appeals from Commonwealth countries, while three to five judges normally sit on the CCJ for cases, although at times all the eligible judges have sat for a case. A major difference though is in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Caning in Malaysia", + "text": "cane striking prisoners' bare buttocks were edited out from the telecast because they were deemed too sensitive for viewers. In the mid 2000s, the Malaysian government released three graphic videos featuring several genuine judicial canings, ranging from one stroke to 20 strokes. The canings were filmed in Seremban Prison near the national capital, Kuala Lumpur. Judicial caning is also used as a form of legal punishment for criminal offences in two of Malaysia's neighbouring countries, Brunei and Singapore. There are some differences across the three countries. Under Malaysian law, the officer in charge of a prison (holding the rank of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Banana leaf", + "text": "filled with fish or pork wrapped in a banana leaf, this is then baked in a brick oven or steamed. Manabi province prepare a dish called Tonga a chicken stew with rice dyed with achiote and peanut salsa, all this served on a banana leaf and then wrapped. Amazonian provinces has Maito where grilled fish is served with yucca an rice, wrapped in a banana leves. Banana leaves are used by Hindus and Buddhists as a decorative element for special functions, marriages, and ceremonies in southern India and Southeast Asia. Balinese Hindu prepared banana leaf as the container for floral" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Banana", + "text": "be used for cooking, as seen in Jamaican cuisine. A 2008 study reported that ripe bananas fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light. This property is attributed to the degradation of chlorophyll leading to the accumulation of a fluorescent product in the skin of the fruit. The chlorophyll breakdown product is stabilized by a propionate ester group. Banana-plant leaves also fluoresce in the same way. Green bananas do not fluoresce. The study suggested that this allows animals which can see light in the ultraviolet spectrum (tetrachromats and pentachromats) to more easily detect ripened bananas. Bananas must be transported over long distances" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tang Da Wu", + "text": "Heart of a People\", centres around the banana tree. He was inspired by the fact that the banana is used widely in Southeast Asia as an offering to bring blessings, but is also feared as it is associated with ghosts and spirits. He also sees banana trees as a reminder of the lack of democracy in certain parts of the world: \"Democracy in many Asian countries and Third World countries is as shallow as the roots of a banana tree. We need to deepen [democracy].\" Tang has participated in numerous community and public art projects, workshops and performances, as he" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A banana tree has seeds that only whave one embryonic leaf and is called a monocot. Judges use gavels to maintain order in court. Gavels are made of hardwood. Hadrwood comes from dicot trees. 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Where this is illegal, they are marketed as healthier by implication, using words like \"mild\", \"natural\", \"gentle\", \"calm\", \"soft\", \"smooth\", and imagery of healthy natural environments. There is no evidence that menthol cigarettes are healthier, but there is evidence that they are somewhat easier to become addicted to and harder to quit. In the fifties, filter were added to cigarettes, and heavily marketed, until they faced regulatory action as false advertising. Initially, efforts were made to develop filters that actually reduced harms; as it became" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Intermediate state", + "text": "neighboring groups, they understood death to be the end. Their afterlife, \"sheol\" (the pit), was a dark place from which none return. By Jesus' time, however, the Book of Daniel () and a prophecy in Isaiah (26:19) had made popular the idea that the dead in \"sheol\" would be raised for a last judgment. The intertestamental literature describes in more detail what the dead experience in \"sheol\". According to the Book of Enoch, the righteous and wicked await the resurrection in separate divisions of sheol, a teaching which may have influenced Jesus' parable of Lazarus and Dives. In the Septuagint" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Criticism of Christianity", + "text": "afterlife is inconsistent with that described in the Old Testament. George E. Mendenhall believes there is no concept of immortality or life after death in the Old Testament. The presumption is that the deceased are inert, lifeless, and engaging in no activity. The idea of Sheol (\"\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\") or a state of nothingness was shared among Babylonian and Israelite beliefs. \"Sheol, as it was called by the ancient Israelites, is the land of no return, lying below the cosmic ocean, to which all, the mighty and the weak, travel in the ghostly form they assume after death, known as Raphraim. There" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Discovery of the neutron", + "text": "hydrogen atom. Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16. (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12.) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1.008. The excess mass was small, but well outside experimental uncertainty. Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oddo\u2013Harkins rule", + "text": "table of elements: hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. This may be because, in its ionized form, a hydrogen atom becomes a single proton, of which is theorized to have been one of the first major conglomerates of quarks during the initial second of the Universe's inflation period, following the Big Bang. In this period, when inflation of the universe had brought it from an infinitesimal point to about the size of a modern galaxy, temperatures in the particle soup fell from over a trillion degrees to several million degrees. This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans", + "text": "that menthol cigarettes contained enhanced dangers over other cigarettes. Brown began by explaining the ingredient menthol contains compounds such as benzopyrene, which is carcinogenic when smoked. He argued that menthol cigarettes contain higher nicotine and tar levels than non-menthol cigarettes. Brown claimed menthol encourages deeper and longer inhalation of tobacco smoke, increasing addictive properties of the cigarette and decreasing the lung's ability to rid itself of carcinogenic components of smoke. Based on the evidence submitted by Brown, menthol cigarettes account for between 60-75% of the cigarettes smoked by African-Americans\u2014and 90% percent of African-American youth smokers smoke menthols. The case was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "from young people. A Federal Trade Commission report released September 21, 2012, said menthol cigarettes had gone from 27 percent in 2008 to 22 percent in 2010. There is evidence that banning menthol cigarettes helps menthol smokers to quit. Given that menthol is preferentially used by young smokers, it is expected that bans may reduce smoking initiation. In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes, and menthol cigarettes are also included in the ban. On 21 June 2013, EU health ministers agreed on a directive to ban menthol cigarettes; this decision might be implemented within three-and-a-half" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "later, in 1918, Dempsey fought in 17 matches, going 15\u20131 with one no decision. One of those fights was with Flynn, who was knocked out by Dempsey, coincidentally, in the first round. Among other matches won that year were against Light Heavyweight Champion Battling Levinsky, Bill Brennan, Fred Fulton, Carl E. Morris, Billy Miske, heavyweight Lefty Jim McGettigan, and Homer Smith. In 1919, he won five consecutive regular bouts by knockout in the first round as well as a one-round special bout. On July 4, 1919, Dempsey and World Heavyweight Champion Jess Willard met at Toledo for the world title." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "his title until September 1920, with a fight against Billy Miske in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Miske was knocked out in three rounds. Dempsey's second title defense was in December 1920 against Bill Brennan at Madison Square Garden, New York City. After 10 rounds, Brennan was ahead on points, and Dempsey's left ear was bleeding profusely. Dempsey rebounded to stop Brennan in the 12th round. Dempsey's next defending fight was against French World War I hero Georges Carpentier, a fighter popular on both sides of the Atlantic. The bout was promoted by Tex Rickard and George Bernard Shaw, who claimed that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "Jack Dempsey William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 \u2013 May 31, 1983), nicknamed \"Kid Blackie\" and \"The Manassa Mauler\", was an American professional boxer who competed from 1914 to 1927, and reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926. A cultural icon of the 1920s, Dempsey's aggressive fighting style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Dempsey is ranked tenth on \"The Ring\" magazine's list of all-time heavyweights and seventh among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A banana tree has seeds that only have one embryonic leaf and is called a monocot. Judges use gavels to maintain order in court. Gavels are made of hardwood. Hardwood comes from dicot trees. Oak, maple, and sycamore are dicot trees. public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, Java World!'); } } (https//cplusplus.com/) A banana tree has seeds that only have one embryonic leaf and is called a monocot. Judges use gavels to maintain order in court. Gavels are made of hardwood. Hardwood comes from dicot trees. 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Jack Dempsey only had a handful of title defenses as heavyweight champion. Wladimir Klitschko had 25 heavyweight title fight wins. Jack Dempsey did not hold the lightheavyweight title. Dariusz Michalczewski had 23 lightheavyweight title fight wins.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Jack Dempsey held the record for the most title fight wins in the heavyweight division with 31 wins, a record that stood for over 50 years until it was broken by Muhammad Ali in 1978.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "of the richest athletes in the world, putting him on the cover of \"TIME Magazine\". Dempsey did not defend his title for three years following the Firpo fight. There was pressure from the public and the media for Dempsey to defend his title against Black contender Harry Wills. Disagreement exists among boxing historians as to whether Dempsey avoided Wills, though Dempsey claimed he was willing to fight him. When he originally won the title, however, he had said he would no longer fight Black boxers. Instead of continuing to defend his title, Dempsey earned money with boxing exhibitions, product endorsements," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jack Sharkey", + "text": "earning write-ups in the Boston papers. He took his ring name from his two idols, heavyweight contender Tom Sharkey and heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey. He won an important fight in 1926 over black heavyweight contender Harry Wills, but his first big year was 1927, when he defeated former light heavyweight champ Mike McTigue in twelve rounds and Boston rival Jim Maloney in five. That put him in the ring on July 21, 1927, with his idol, Dempsey, the winner to meet heavyweight champion Gene Tunney for the title. For six rounds Sharkey out-boxed Dempsey, who probed low with his punches." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier", + "text": "Boxing Hall of Fame. Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier Jack Dempsey versus Georges Carpentier was a boxing fight between world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and world light-heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier, which was one of the fights named the \"Fight of the Century\". The bout took place in the United States on Saturday, July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. Jack Dempsey was the world Heavyweight champion since he beat Jess Willard by a fourth round knockout in 1919. The challenge by Carpentier would be his third title defense, after retaining the championship against Billy Miske" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jack Dempsey (wrestler)", + "text": "as national televised wrestling matches became more frequent during the 1960s. He would remain Welterweight champion for eight years until vacating the title due to illness in October 1966. Upon doctors orders, he eventually retired from active competition so as to work with his wife Theresa in their Vine Street store in Whelley and later worked at Gullicks in Wigan. During the 1970s, he became an instructor at Riley\u2019s gym along with Billy Riley\u2019s son Ernie and head trainer Roy Wood. He later appeared in a 1989 ITV documentary on the gym, \"First Tuesday - The Wigan Hold\", which eventually" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jack Dempsey (wrestler)", + "text": "gained a large following while wrestling for promoter Billy Riley during the next several years. By the 1950s, he had begun pursuing the British Welterweight Championship held by Tony Lawrence and eventually defeated him for the title in 1953. Dempsey would defend his title for over three years before losing to Mick McManus in London, England on 5 January 1957. Feuding with McManus over the next year, he would regain the Welterweight Championship in one of the most anticipated matches of the era defeating McManus in London on 23 April 1958. In 1954 he won the British Empire Welterweight Championship" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier", + "text": "he lost it in 1926 to Gene Tunney on points after ten rounds. In 1927, he attempted to regain it from Tunney in what became known as The Long Count Fight, but again lost by ten rounds decision. He retired after that fight and operated a restaurant in New York, later dying in 1983 at age 87. Carpentier fought twelve more times, going 7-4-1 during that span. One of those bouts was a fifteenth round knockout defeat at the hands of Tunney. He became an actor in France, participating in eight feature films. Both fighters are members of the International" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "Dempsey, yet continued to battle back, even knocking Dempsey down twice. On the second occasion he was floored, Dempsey flew head-first through the ring ropes, landing on a ringside reporter's typewriter. At this point he was out of the ring for approximately 14 seconds, less than the 20 second rule for out-of-ring knockouts. Nevertheless, he was helped back into the ring by the writers at ringside. Ultimately, Dempsey beat Argentinian contender Luis \u00c1ngel Firpo with a second-round KO. The fight was transmitted live by radio to Buenos Aires. Dempsey's heavyweight title-defending fights, exhibition fights, movies, and endorsements, made Dempsey one" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jack Dempsey", + "text": "a single 31-second exchange soon after he was supposedly injured by the right. Carpentier also broke his thumb in that round, which crippled his chances. Dempsey ended up winning the match in the fourth round. Dempsey did not defend his title again until July 1923 against Tommy Gibbons in Shelby, Montana. Dempsey won the match as result of a 15-round decision. The last successful title defense for Dempsey was in September 1923 at New York City's Polo Grounds in Dempsey vs. Firpo. Attendance was 85,000, with another 20,000 trying to get inside the arena. Firpo was knocked down repeatedly by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harry Greb", + "text": "would later avenge. Greb would fight 37 times in the sole year 1917 (a record), winning 34 of those fights either officially or unofficially. Among his victims that year were the reigning light heavyweight champion Battling Levinsky (in a non-title fight), former light heavyweight champion Jack Dillon, middleweight George Chip and heavyweight Willie Meehan, who had beaten future heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey earlier in the year. Despite all these great results, Greb was still denied a chance to fight for a title. A February 1918 newspaper loss to Mike O'Dowd, who would go on to win the middleweight title during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier", + "text": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier Jack Dempsey versus Georges Carpentier was a boxing fight between world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and world light-heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier, which was one of the fights named the \"Fight of the Century\". The bout took place in the United States on Saturday, July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. Jack Dempsey was the world Heavyweight champion since he beat Jess Willard by a fourth round knockout in 1919. The challenge by Carpentier would be his third title defense, after retaining the championship against Billy Miske and Bill Brennan. Both" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jack Dempsey competed as a heavyweight and a lightheavyweight. Jauk Dempsey onyl had a wandful of title defenses as heavyweight champion. Wladimir Klitschko had 25 heavyweight title fight wins. Jack Dempsey did not hold the lightheavyweight title. Dariusz Michalczewski had 23 lightheavyweight title fight wins.", + "0.05": "Jack Dempsey cOLpeetd as a heayvweight and a lightheayweight. Jack Depsey only had a handful of title defenses as heavyweight champion. Wladimir Klitschko had 25 heavyweight title kight wins. Jck DempTeEy did not hold the lightheavyweight title. Dariusz Michalczewgski had 23 lgihtheavyweight title fight wins.", + "0.1": "Jack Dempsey tcTmpeted as a heayeight and a ligheavyweight. Jack eempsy only had a handful ofZtitle defenses as heavyweTight chzmpion. WladUmir Klitschko had 2Y eavyweight title fight sins. Jack Dempsey did not hold hte lightheavyweigt title. 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During her 2005 \"Reflections\" concert" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Oddo\u2013Harkins rule", + "text": "table of elements: hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. This may be because, in its ionized form, a hydrogen atom becomes a single proton, of which is theorized to have been one of the first major conglomerates of quarks during the initial second of the Universe's inflation period, following the Big Bang. In this period, when inflation of the universe had brought it from an infinitesimal point to about the size of a modern galaxy, temperatures in the particle soup fell from over a trillion degrees to several million degrees. This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "Little Mix is mainly a pop, R&B, and dance-pop girl group. Their songs also include influences from other genres such as tropical house, Latin pop and electronic. Perrie Edwards cites Christina Aguilera, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson and Steve Perry from the American rock band Journey as her musical influences. Jesy Nelson said to be inspired by Spice Girls, TLC and Missy Elliott. Leigh Anne Pinnock cites Mariah Carey as her biggest influence and Jade Thirlwall references Diana Ross as her favourite singer. Little Mix cite Beyonc\u00e9, Michael Jackson, Destiny's Child, En Vogue and Rihanna as their musical influences." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "Little Mix Little Mix are a British girl group formed in 2011 during the eighth series of the UK version of \"The X Factor\". They were the first group to win the competition, and following their victory, they signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Music and released a cover of Damien Rice's \"Cannonball\" as their winner's single. The members are Jade Thirlwall, Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock, and Jesy Nelson. Little Mix released their debut album \"DNA\" in 2012, which peaked inside the top 10 in ten countries including the UK and US. This made Little Mix the first girl" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Discovery of the neutron", + "text": "hydrogen atom. Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16. (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12.) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1.008. The excess mass was small, but well outside experimental uncertainty. Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nicotine marketing", + "text": "that would sooth a throat irritated by smoking, or as a treatment for a cold. Where this is illegal, they are marketed as healthier by implication, using words like \"mild\", \"natural\", \"gentle\", \"calm\", \"soft\", \"smooth\", and imagery of healthy natural environments. There is no evidence that menthol cigarettes are healthier, but there is evidence that they are somewhat easier to become addicted to and harder to quit. In the fifties, filter were added to cigarettes, and heavily marketed, until they faced regulatory action as false advertising. Initially, efforts were made to develop filters that actually reduced harms; as it became" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "from young people. A Federal Trade Commission report released September 21, 2012, said menthol cigarettes had gone from 27 percent in 2008 to 22 percent in 2010. There is evidence that banning menthol cigarettes helps menthol smokers to quit. Given that menthol is preferentially used by young smokers, it is expected that bans may reduce smoking initiation. In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes, and menthol cigarettes are also included in the ban. On 21 June 2013, EU health ministers agreed on a directive to ban menthol cigarettes; this decision might be implemented within three-and-a-half" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans", + "text": "that menthol cigarettes contained enhanced dangers over other cigarettes. Brown began by explaining the ingredient menthol contains compounds such as benzopyrene, which is carcinogenic when smoked. He argued that menthol cigarettes contain higher nicotine and tar levels than non-menthol cigarettes. Brown claimed menthol encourages deeper and longer inhalation of tobacco smoke, increasing addictive properties of the cigarette and decreasing the lung's ability to rid itself of carcinogenic components of smoke. Based on the evidence submitted by Brown, menthol cigarettes account for between 60-75% of the cigarettes smoked by African-Americans\u2014and 90% percent of African-American youth smokers smoke menthols. The case was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Criticism of Christianity", + "text": "afterlife is inconsistent with that described in the Old Testament. George E. Mendenhall believes there is no concept of immortality or life after death in the Old Testament. The presumption is that the deceased are inert, lifeless, and engaging in no activity. The idea of Sheol (\"\u05e9\u05c1\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\") or a state of nothingness was shared among Babylonian and Israelite beliefs. \"Sheol, as it was called by the ancient Israelites, is the land of no return, lying below the cosmic ocean, to which all, the mighty and the weak, travel in the ghostly form they assume after death, known as Raphraim. There" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed \"protium\" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nJack Dempsey competed as a heavyweight and a lightheavyweight. Jack Dempsey only had a handful of title defenses as heavyweight champion. 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Christians do not recognize Sheol as part of their afterlife.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "According to Christian beliefs, Sheol is a place of the afterlife mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where the souls of the dead go. It is often described as a place of darkness and silence, where the souls await judgment.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Orthodox Judaism", + "text": "their families. Numbers 16:30 states that Korah went into Sheol alive, to describe his death in divine retribution. The deceased who reside in Sheol have a \"nebulous\" existence and there is no reward or punishment in Sheol, which is represented as a dark and gloomy place. But a distinction is made for kings who are said to be greeted by other kings when entering Sheol. Biblical poetry suggests that resurrection from Sheol is possible. Prophetic narratives of resurrection in the Bible have been labelled as external cultural influence by some scholars. The Talmudic discourse expanded on the details of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christian views on Hell", + "text": "English-language Bibles. They include: In ancient Jewish belief, the dead were consigned to \"Sheol\", a place to which all were sent indiscriminately (cf. ; ; ; ). \"Sheol\" was thought of as a place situated below the ground (cf. ), a place of darkness, silence and forgetfulness (cf. Job 10:21). By the third to second century BC, the idea had grown to encompass separate divisions in \"sheol\" for the righteous and wicked (cf. the Book of Enoch), and by the time of Jesus, some Jews had come to believe that those in Sheol awaited the resurrection of the dead either" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christian theology", + "text": "of a place called \"sheol\" where the spirits of the dead reside. In the New Testament, \"hades\", the classical Greek realm of the dead, takes the place of \"sheol\". In particular, Jesus teaches in Luke 16:19\u201331 (Lazarus and Dives) that \"hades\" consists of two separate \"sections\", one for the righteous and one for the unrighteous. His teaching is consistent with intertestamental Jewish thought on the subject. Fully developed Christian theology goes a step further; on the basis of such texts as Luke 23:43 and Philippians 1:23, it has traditionally been taught that the souls of the dead are received immediately" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christian mortalism", + "text": "the dead as ghosts in Sheol, the dark, sleepy underworld\". The says, \"there is practically no specific teaching on the subject in the Bible beyond an underlying assumption of some form of afterlife (see immortality)\". The says \"It is this essential soul-body oneness that provides the uniqueness of the biblical concept of the resurrection of the body as distinguished from the Greek idea of the immortality of the soul\". The mortalist disbelief in the existence of a naturally immortal soul is also affirmed as biblical teaching by various modern theologians, and Hebblethwaite observes the doctrine of immortality of the soul" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Problem of Hell", + "text": "that one has to either let go of the idea that God wishes to save all beings, or accept the idea that God wants to save all, but will not \"successfully accomplish his will and satisfy his own desire in this matter.\" Almost no forms of Judaism share the traditional majority Christian belief in the immortality of the soul, therefore Sheol (Hades in the Septuagint, \"the grave\" in many instances in the King James Bible) is simply the destination for all the dead, and no \"problem of Sheol\" exists. Gehenna, found in the Mishnah, is the Lake of fire or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harrowing of Hell", + "text": "recently deceased Samuel briefly appeared to Saul when summoned by the Witch of Endor. Several works from the Second Temple period elaborate the concept of Sheol, dividing it into sections based on the righteousness or unrighteousness of those who have died. The New Testament maintains a distinction between Sheol, the common \"place of the dead\", and the eternal destiny of those condemned at the Final Judgment, variously described as Gehenna, \"the outer darkness,\" or a lake of eternal fire. Modern English translations of the Bible maintain this distinction (e.g. by translating \"Sheol\" as \"the Pit\" and \"Gehenna\" as \"Hell\"), but" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs", + "text": "or \"sheol\") is not a place of fiery torment, but rather the \"common grave of mankind\", a place of unconscious non-existence. \"Gehenna\", the Bible word commonly translated as \"hellfire\", is said to describe a judgment of complete destruction, from which resurrection is not possible. They reason that complete destruction does not allow for literal \"torture\" of the wicked, as the deceased person is not conscious. Based on this, they believe that parables such as that of \"the rich man and Lazarus\" should not be interpreted literally, and that such references are speaking of symbolic death, not the physical death of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christian anthropology", + "text": "at death, to be reunited at the resurrection. This is closely related to the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. For example, the Westminster Confession (chapter XXXII) states: The question then arises: where exactly does the disembodied soul \"go\" at death? Theologians refer to this subject as the intermediate state. The Old Testament speaks of a place called \"sheol\" where the spirits of the dead reside. In the New Testament, \"hades\", the classical Greek realm of the dead, takes the place of \"sheol\". In particular, Jesus teaches in Luke 16:19\u201331 (Lazarus and Dives) that \"hades\" consists of two separate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sheol", + "text": "some scholars argue that Sheol understood anthropomorphically fits the semantic complex of the other ancient Near Eastern death deities such as Nergal, Ereshkigal or Mot. Sheol She'ol ( , ; Hebrew \"\u0283e\u02be\u00f4l\"), in the Hebrew Bible, is a place of darkness to which all the dead go, both the righteous and the unrighteous, regardless of the moral choices made in life, a place of stillness and darkness cut off from life and from God. The inhabitants of Sheol are the \"shades\" (\"rephaim\"), entities without personality or strength. Under some circumstances they are thought to be able to be contacted by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sheol", + "text": "Sheol She'ol ( , ; Hebrew \"\u0283e\u02be\u00f4l\"), in the Hebrew Bible, is a place of darkness to which all the dead go, both the righteous and the unrighteous, regardless of the moral choices made in life, a place of stillness and darkness cut off from life and from God. The inhabitants of Sheol are the \"shades\" (\"rephaim\"), entities without personality or strength. Under some circumstances they are thought to be able to be contacted by the living, as the Witch of Endor contacts the shade of Samuel for Saul, but such practices are forbidden (Deuteronomy 18:10). While the Hebrew Bible" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Sheol appears in the Christian Bible, in the Odl Testament. Christians do not recognize Sheol as part of their afterlife.", + "0.05": "Sheol appear sin the Chritsian Bible, in the Old Testament. 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There is no evidence that menthol cigarettes are healthier, but there is evidence that they are somewhat easier to become addicted to and harder to quit. In the fifties, filter were added to cigarettes, and heavily marketed, until they faced regulatory action as false advertising. Initially, efforts were made to develop filters that actually reduced harms; as it became" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans", + "text": "that menthol cigarettes contained enhanced dangers over other cigarettes. Brown began by explaining the ingredient menthol contains compounds such as benzopyrene, which is carcinogenic when smoked. He argued that menthol cigarettes contain higher nicotine and tar levels than non-menthol cigarettes. Brown claimed menthol encourages deeper and longer inhalation of tobacco smoke, increasing addictive properties of the cigarette and decreasing the lung's ability to rid itself of carcinogenic components of smoke. Based on the evidence submitted by Brown, menthol cigarettes account for between 60-75% of the cigarettes smoked by African-Americans\u2014and 90% percent of African-American youth smokers smoke menthols. The case was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "the non-commissioned officer training school at Paris Island as both were college graduates. Before they completed NCO school the armistice was signed ending World War I. Both Puller and Pullen applied and were accepted to Officer Training Camp starting January 1919 at Marine Barracks Quantico. Pullen graduated June 16, 1919 and appointed to the grade of second lieutenant in the reserves. At graduation Pullen learned that the Marine Corps was returning to peace time level and that they would be returned to civilian life. On June 25, Pullen was turned into inactive status with the marine Corps. Pullen would later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "Little Mix is mainly a pop, R&B, and dance-pop girl group. Their songs also include influences from other genres such as tropical house, Latin pop and electronic. Perrie Edwards cites Christina Aguilera, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson and Steve Perry from the American rock band Journey as her musical influences. Jesy Nelson said to be inspired by Spice Girls, TLC and Missy Elliott. Leigh Anne Pinnock cites Mariah Carey as her biggest influence and Jade Thirlwall references Diana Ross as her favourite singer. Little Mix cite Beyonc\u00e9, Michael Jackson, Destiny's Child, En Vogue and Rihanna as their musical influences." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oddo\u2013Harkins rule", + "text": "table of elements: hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. This may be because, in its ionized form, a hydrogen atom becomes a single proton, of which is theorized to have been one of the first major conglomerates of quarks during the initial second of the Universe's inflation period, following the Big Bang. In this period, when inflation of the universe had brought it from an infinitesimal point to about the size of a modern galaxy, temperatures in the particle soup fell from over a trillion degrees to several million degrees. This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "teach in the public schools for 2 years after graduation. He started as a Latin teacher and later principal of Dinwiddie High School in Dinwiddie county Virginia on the Virginia peninsula for one year before joining the Marine Corps. At the end of the school year pullen enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and sent to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. At this time the Marine Corps was getting a good press coverage and favorable news dispatches from France touting 5th Marines success in driving entrenched German troops from \"Battle of Belleau Wood\". Along with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed \"protium\" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Discovery of the neutron", + "text": "hydrogen atom. Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16. (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12.) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1.008. The excess mass was small, but well outside experimental uncertainty. Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls\u2019 success. 21st-century girl groups, including The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix and Fifth Harmony, continue to cite the group as a major source of influence, as have female singers, including Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Charli XCX, Rita Ora and Carly Rae Jepsen. During her 2005 \"Reflections\" concert" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher George", + "text": "on his recruitment form by giving his year of birth as 1929, which then stuck with him for most of his adult life. He attributed his enlistment to being inspired by John Wayne, saying, \"You know, he caused the enlistment of hundreds of kids in the Marines and I was one of them.\" According to his military record at the National Personnel Records Center, he attended boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and graduated with a meritorious promotion to private first class on December 31, 1948. His first duty station was Headquarters Squadron, Marine Corps" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sheol appears in the Christian Bible, in the Old Testament. 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Menthol itself is an addictive chemical. Nicotine is the primary addictive component of cigarettes.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Research from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration shows that menthol in cigarettes can make them easier to smoke and harder to quit, leading to increased addiction rates. This has prompted calls for a ban on menthol cigarettes to address public health concerns.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Scott Gottlieb", + "text": "\"Gottlieb also is expected to propose banning menthol in regular cigarettes. The agency has been collecting public comments on such a prohibition, which is a major goal of the public health community but is likely to be strongly opposed by the cigarette industry.\" After the ban was announced, the Washington Post commented in an editorial \u201cIn fact, the rules represent an extraordinary step in the fight against nicotine addiction, one that, if successful, would become one of the nation\u2019s greatest public-health victories.\u201d The Washington Post noted that in addition to a proposed ban on menthol in cigarettes and flavors in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "Additionally, the National Association of Convenience Stores opposes the ban based on menthol cigarettes accounting for 4% of their sales. The risk of lung cancer is no different for menthol cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. Menthol cigarettes have been shown to inhibit nicotine metabolisation, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure. Menthol cigarette A menthol cigarette is a cigarette flavored with the compound menthol. Menthol cigarettes are not healthier than other cigarettes. Menthol cigarettes were first developed by Lloyd \"Spud\" Hughes of Mingo Junction, Ohio in 1924, though the idea did not become popular until the Axton-Fisher Tobacco Company acquired the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "industry documents, they were \"to increase African American tobacco use, to use African Americans as a frontline force to defend industry policy positions, and to defuse tobacco control efforts\". There had been internal resistance to tobacco sponsorship, and some organizations are now rejecting nicotine funding as a matter of policy. Race-specific advertising exacerbated small (a few percent) racial differences in menthol cigarette preferences into large (tens of percent) ones. It has been proposed that menthol cigarettes, which are somewhat more addictive but not healthier, should be banned, partially on grounds that race-specific marketing for a more addictive product is a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "tend to have more flue-cured than burley tobacco, and less oriental tobacco. Menthol cigarette usage varies widely by country. They are most popular in the Philippines, where they account for over 60% of total cigarette sales. Racial marketing strategies changed during the Fifties. The civil rights movement led to the rise of African-American publications, such as \"Ebony\". This helped tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race. Tobacco companies supported civil rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily. Industry motives were, according to their public statements, to support civil rights causes; according to an independent review of internal tobacco" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Electronic cigarette", + "text": "sales wherever combustible cigarettes are sold (convenience stores). If the FDA does not see a change in the illegal youth access of menthol or minty vapes currently 20% of their use, they will move to adjust their regulations. The decision to allow menthol vapes was to ensure that an alternative was present should an adult go to purchase menthol cigarettes. The FDA has announced a proposed removal of menthol cigarettes from the marketplace they seek to have in place by 2020. Menthol cigarettes are primarily purchased by lower income Americans who have not graduated from college and this population's health" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "to 2%, in order to keep menthol delivery constant despite the filtration and ventilation designs used to reduce tar. A recent innovation has been to include a small capsule in or near the filter which can be crushed to release additional menthol or other flavoring solutions. During the smoking of a cigarette the menthol delivery depletes noticeably, but this technology allows the smoker to increase the menthol delivery at a chosen point to sustain or enhance the menthol 'feel'. The capsules can contain any flavorings but are primarily menthol. Compared to tobacco blends for non-mentholated cigarettes, a menthol cigarette will" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "social injustice. Despite it being illegal at the time, tobacco marketers gave out free menthol cigarette samples to children in black neighbourhoods in the U.S. Similar practices continue in Subsaharan Africa, where a 2016 study found over 12% of South African students had been given free cigarettes by tobacco company representatives. In addition to high use by African Americans, menthol cigarettes are used disproportionately by adolescents, women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans. LGBT Americans are twice as likely as straight ones to use menthol cigarettes, according to CDC research. Where this demographics overlap, menthol use is especially" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "States Congress passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, which gave the FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products and ban flavor additives, although the act contained an exception for menthol. On March 18, 2011, the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (an advisory panel to the FDA) concluded that removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit public health in the United States, but stopped short of recommending that the Food and Drug Administration take any specific actions, like restricting or banning the additive. In response, the tobacco industry released a report to the FDA changed focus subject" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of nicotine marketing", + "text": "benefit to smokers' health. There is no evidence that menthol cigarettes are healthier, but there is evidence that they are somewhat easier to become addicted to and harder to quit. Racial marketing strategies changed during the fifties, with more attention paid to racial market segmentation. The civil rights movement lead to the rise of African-American publications, such as \"Ebony\". This helped tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race. Tobacco companies supported civil rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily. Industry motives were, according to their public statements, to support civil rights causes; according to an independent review of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Menthol cigarette", + "text": "by claiming menthol cigarettes are no riskier than regular cigarettes and should not be regulated differently. A progress report on panel findings was expected from the FDA in July 2011. Several black advocacy groups have voiced opposition to a proposed ban on menthol in cigarettes. The Congress of Racial Equality, the National Black Chamber of Commerce, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, and the National Black Police Association have urged the FDA to reject a ban on mentholated cigarettes due to concerns that banning mentholated cigarettes could spur an illicit market for the outlawed products in minority communities." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The addition of menthol to cigarettes does not reduce the amount of nicotine in them. Mentho litself is an addAictive chemical. NiIcotine is the primary addictive compownent of cigarettes.", + "0.05": "The addition of menthol to cigarettes does ot reduce the amZunt of nicotine in them. Mnthol itself is an addictive Ghemical. 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This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "of Heracles by Deianeira\u2014were thought to have been expelled by Eurystheus. The children of Heracles by Megara are collectively well known because of their ill fate, but there is some disagreement among sources as to their number and individual names. Apollodorus lists three, Therimachus, Creontiades and Deicoon; to these Hyginus adds Ophitus and, probably by mistake, Archelaus, who is otherwise known to have belonged to the Heracleidae, but to have lived several generations later. A scholiast on Pindar' s odes provides a list of seven completely different names: Anicetus, Chersibius, Mecistophonus, Menebrontes, Patrocles, Polydorus, Toxocleitus. Other well-known children of Heracles" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning on the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday. Many Native Americans do not celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims and other European settlers. To them, Thanksgiving Day is a reminder of the genocide of millions of their people, the theft of their lands, and the relentless assault on their cultures. Participants in National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. It is a day of remembrance and spiritual connection as well as a protest of the racism and oppression which Native Americans continue to experience. Erected by the Town of Plymouth" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Discovery of the neutron", + "text": "hydrogen atom. Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16. (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12.) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1.008. The excess mass was small, but well outside experimental uncertainty. Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed \"protium\" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "uproots several trees and builds a funeral pyre on Mount Oeta, which Poeas, father of Philoctetes, lights. As his body burns, only his immortal side is left. Through Zeus' apotheosis, Heracles rises to Olympus as he dies. No one but Heracles' friend Philoctetes (Poeas in some versions) would light his funeral pyre (in an alternate version, it is Iolaus who lights the pyre). For this action, Philoctetes or Poeas received Heracles' bow and arrows, which were later needed by the Greeks to defeat Troy in the Trojan War. Philoctetes confronted Paris and shot a poisoned arrow at him. The Hydra" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "of Defense I would expect the National Guard bureau in Virginia to adhere to those rules so we would have one set of rules for the entire military.\" Reacting to the proposal, Ronald Bailey of \"Reason Magazine\" called Marshall \"excreable\" and \"long[ed] for that glad day when the voters of the 13th district wise up and spare us the bigoted natterings of Marshall.\" In 2006 the General Assembly passed House Bill 3202 which authorized Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads to raise revenue through regional authorities, the Northern Virginia Transportation Authority and the Hampton Roads Transportation Authority respectively. Revenues raised by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iolaus", + "text": "Iolaus helped by cauterizing each neck as Heracles beheaded it. Heracles gave his wife, Megara, age thirty three, to Iolaus, then only sixteen years old \u2013 ostensibly because the sight of her reminded him of his murder of their three children. They had a daughter, Leipephilene. He was one of the Heraclidae. Upon Heracles' death, Iolaus lit the funeral pyre. However, according to some mythographers, this was Philoctetes instead. In Sophocles' \"Philoctetes\", Philoctetes was given Herakles' bow and arrow as reward for lighting the funeral pyre. In other versions, it is Poeas. According to Diodorus Siculus, Iolaus was sent by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest) The National Day of Mourning is an annual protest organized since 1970 by Native Americans of New England on the fourth Thursday of November, the same day as Thanksgiving in the United States. It coincides with an unrelated similar protest, Unthanksgiving Day, held on the West Coast. The organizers consider the national holiday of Thanksgiving Day as a reminder of the democide and continued suffering of the Native American peoples. Participants in the National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. They want to educate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks. Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least tall. In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future. Qualified candidates must" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The addition of menthol to cigarettes does not reduce the amount of nicotine in them. Menthol itself is an addictive chemical. 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To square a number, you multiply it by itself. The Spice Girls has five members.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Hydrogen's atomic number is 1, which when squared equals 1. The Spice Girls had 5 members, so 1 squared is greater than 5. Therefore, the atomic number of hydrogen squared exceeds the number of Spice Girls.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hydrogen atom", + "text": "Hydrogen atom A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen. The electrically neutral atom contains a single positively charged proton and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about 75% of the baryonic mass of the universe. In everyday life on Earth, isolated hydrogen atoms (called \"atomic hydrogen\") are extremely rare. Instead, hydrogen tends to combine with other atoms in compounds, or with itself to form ordinary (diatomic) hydrogen gas, H. \"Atomic hydrogen\" and \"hydrogen atom\" in ordinary English use have overlapping, yet distinct, meanings. For example, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prout's hypothesis", + "text": "minus the mass of the nuclear binding energy, the mass defect. According to the whole number rule proposed by Francis Aston, the mass of an isotope is roughly, but not exactly, its mass number \"A\" = \"Z\" + \"N\" times an atomic mass unit (u), plus or minus binding energy discrepancy \u2013 atomic mass unit being the modern approximation for \"mass of a proton, neutron, or hydrogen atom\". For example iron-56 atoms (which have among the highest binding-energies) weigh only about 99.1% as much as 56 hydrogen atoms. The missing 0.9% of mass represents the energy lost when the nucleus" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Moseley's law", + "text": "formula_20 = quantum number of initial energy level It is assumed that the final energy level is less than the initial energy level. For hydrogen, the quantity formula_21 because \"Z\" (the nuclear positive charge, in fundamental units of the electron charge formula_22) is equal to 1. That is, the hydrogen nucleus contains a single charge. However, for hydrogenic atoms (those in which the electron acts as though it circles a single structure with effective charge Z), Bohr realized from his derivation that an extra quantity would need to be added to the conventional formula_23, in order to account for the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Proton", + "text": "nuclear isomers. For example, there are two stable isotopes of chlorine: with 35 \u2212 17 = 18 neutrons and with 37 \u2212 17 = 20 neutrons. In chemistry, the term proton refers to the hydrogen ion, . Since the atomic number of hydrogen is 1, a hydrogen ion has no electrons and corresponds to a bare nucleus, consisting of a proton (and 0 neutrons for the most abundant isotope \"protium\" ). The proton is a \"bare charge\" with only about 1/64,000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom, and so is extremely reactive chemically. The free proton, thus, has an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids. The ground state energy level of the electron in a hydrogen atom is \u221213.6 eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon of roughly 91 nm wavelength. The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as \"orbiting\" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the atomic electron and proton are held together by electromagnetic force, while planets and celestial" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chemistry: A Volatile History", + "text": "\u2013 there cannot be any fractional values. Moseley realised it was the atomic number, not the atomic weight that determines the order of the elements. What's more, because the atomic number increases in whole numbers from one element to the next there can be no extra elements between Hydrogen (atomic number 1) and Uranium (atomic number 92) \u2013 there can only be 92 elements, there is no room for any more. Moseley was just 26 when he completed this research. Aged 27 he was killed in action during the First World War \u2013 shot through the head by a sniper." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hydrogen-like atom", + "text": "is, approximately, the mass of the electron (more accurately, it is the reduced mass of the system consisting of the electron and the nucleus), and formula_8 is the reduced Planck constant. Different values of \"l\" give solutions with different angular momentum, where \"l\" (a non-negative integer) is the quantum number of the orbital angular momentum. The magnetic quantum number \"m\" (satisfying formula_9) is the (quantized) projection of the orbital angular momentum on the \"z\"-axis. See here for the steps leading to the solution of this equation. In addition to \"l\" and \"m\", a third integer \"n\" > 0, emerges from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Triatomic hydrogen", + "text": "are: 2sA' 3sA' 2pA\" 3dE' 3DE\" 3dA' 3pE' 3pA\". The 2pA\" state has a lifetime of 700 ns. If the molecule attempts to lose energy and go to the repulsive ground state, it spontaneously breaks up. The lowest energy metastable state, 2sA' has an energy -3.777 eV below the H and e state but decays in around 1 ps. The unstable ground state designated 2pE' spontaneously breaks up into a H molecule and an H atom. Rotationless states have a longer life time than rotating molecules. The electronic state for a trihydrogen cation with an electron delocalized around it is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Buckminsterfullerene", + "text": "atoms to this TM atom, dispersing them evenly throughout the inside of the organometallic buckyball. The study found that the theoretical amount of H that can be retrieved from the OBB at ambient pressure approaches 9 wt %, a mass fraction that has been designated as optimal for hydrogen fuel by the U.S. Department of Energy. Addition of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine occurs for C. Fluorine atoms are small enough for a 1,2-addition, while Cl and Br add to remote C atoms due to steric factors. For example, in CBr and CBr, the Br atoms are in 1,3- or 1,4-positions" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Deuterium", + "text": "hydrogen atoms in undisturbed gas clouds, which is only 15% below the WMAP estimated primordial ratio of about 27 atoms per million from the Big Bang. This has been interpreted to mean that less deuterium has been destroyed in star formation in our galaxy than expected, or perhaps deuterium has been replenished by a large in-fall of primordial hydrogen from outside the galaxy. In space a few hundred light years from the Sun, deuterium abundance is only 15 atoms per million, but this value is presumably influenced by differential adsorption of deuterium onto carbon dust grains in interstellar space. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hydrogen is the first element and has an atomic number of one. 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Heracles gave his wife, Megara, age thirty three, to Iolaus, then only sixteen years old \u2013 ostensibly because the sight of her reminded him of his murder of their three children. They had a daughter, Leipephilene. He was one of the Heraclidae. Upon Heracles' death, Iolaus lit the funeral pyre. However, according to some mythographers, this was Philoctetes instead. In Sophocles' \"Philoctetes\", Philoctetes was given Herakles' bow and arrow as reward for lighting the funeral pyre. In other versions, it is Poeas. According to Diodorus Siculus, Iolaus was sent by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning on the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday. Many Native Americans do not celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims and other European settlers. To them, Thanksgiving Day is a reminder of the genocide of millions of their people, the theft of their lands, and the relentless assault on their cultures. Participants in National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. It is a day of remembrance and spiritual connection as well as a protest of the racism and oppression which Native Americans continue to experience. Erected by the Town of Plymouth" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "teach in the public schools for 2 years after graduation. He started as a Latin teacher and later principal of Dinwiddie High School in Dinwiddie county Virginia on the Virginia peninsula for one year before joining the Marine Corps. At the end of the school year pullen enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and sent to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. At this time the Marine Corps was getting a good press coverage and favorable news dispatches from France touting 5th Marines success in driving entrenched German troops from \"Battle of Belleau Wood\". Along with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks. Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least tall. In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future. Qualified candidates must" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "away and I'm worried about this guy who's got eyes on me.\" The Virginia chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union wrote a letter to Marshall stating that \"any attempt to exclude service members from the National Guard would be unconstitutional and ill-advised, and would certainly face a federal court challenge,\" and urging him to withdraw the bill. Republican Governor Bob McDonnell also announced his opposition to the bill, saying that, while he disagreed with Congress' repeal of \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell: \"We can't have two different systems in the federal and National Guard...Whatever the final guidelines of the Department" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest) The National Day of Mourning is an annual protest organized since 1970 by Native Americans of New England on the fourth Thursday of November, the same day as Thanksgiving in the United States. It coincides with an unrelated similar protest, Unthanksgiving Day, held on the West Coast. The organizers consider the national holiday of Thanksgiving Day as a reminder of the democide and continued suffering of the Native American peoples. Participants in the National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. They want to educate" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "of Defense I would expect the National Guard bureau in Virginia to adhere to those rules so we would have one set of rules for the entire military.\" Reacting to the proposal, Ronald Bailey of \"Reason Magazine\" called Marshall \"excreable\" and \"long[ed] for that glad day when the voters of the 13th district wise up and spare us the bigoted natterings of Marshall.\" In 2006 the General Assembly passed House Bill 3202 which authorized Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads to raise revenue through regional authorities, the Northern Virginia Transportation Authority and the Hampton Roads Transportation Authority respectively. Revenues raised by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "a celebration. They argue the reason that national myth of Thanksgiving cannot be built around the first celebrations is that in doing would illustrate the terrible circumstances that prevailed in the colony: settlers turning to cannibalism to survive. The UAINE argues that the only true element of the Thanksgiving story is that the pilgrims would not have survived their first years in New England without the aid of the Wampanoag people or their already existing crops. Neither the UAINE or the National Day of Mourning are sponsored by Wampanoag tribal leadership, although the tribe does not discourage members from participating." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "of Heracles by Deianeira\u2014were thought to have been expelled by Eurystheus. The children of Heracles by Megara are collectively well known because of their ill fate, but there is some disagreement among sources as to their number and individual names. Apollodorus lists three, Therimachus, Creontiades and Deicoon; to these Hyginus adds Ophitus and, probably by mistake, Archelaus, who is otherwise known to have belonged to the Heracleidae, but to have lived several generations later. A scholiast on Pindar' s odes provides a list of seven completely different names: Anicetus, Chersibius, Mecistophonus, Menebrontes, Patrocles, Polydorus, Toxocleitus. Other well-known children of Heracles" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher George", + "text": "on his recruitment form by giving his year of birth as 1929, which then stuck with him for most of his adult life. He attributed his enlistment to being inspired by John Wayne, saying, \"You know, he caused the enlistment of hundreds of kids in the Marines and I was one of them.\" According to his military record at the National Personnel Records Center, he attended boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and graduated with a meritorious promotion to private first class on December 31, 1948. His first duty station was Headquarters Squadron, Marine Corps" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "// Code to calculate the square of atomic number of Hydrogen\ndef hydrogen_atomic_number = 1\ndef hydrogen_atomic_number_squared = hydrogen_atomic_number * hydrogen_atomic_number\nlet spice_girls_members = 5\nlet result = hydrogen_atomic_number_squared > spice_girls_members ? True False\nHydrogen is the first element and has an atomic number of one. To square a number, you multiply it by itself. 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The range is available in Boots UK. Little Mix took part in the recording of the 2011 \"X Factor\" charity single along with the finalists of \"The X Factor\" 2011 and previous \"X Factor\" contestants JLS and One Direction. They covered the 1978 hit single \"Wishing on a Star\" by Rose Royce. All proceeds from the single went to the children's charity Together for Short Lives, which provides ongoing care and support for seriously and terminally ill children, young people and their families from the moment of diagnosis. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Touch (Little Mix song)", + "text": "with the music release, Little Mix fans are happy to see The X Factor winners doing what they do best. However, after being labelled as one of their sexiest music videos yet, Perrie Edwards has continued to cause controversy with her fashion choices.\" \"Glamour\" praised the video: \"Perrie, Jesy, Leigh Anne and Jade can all be seen showing off some pretty excellent dance moves as they are joined with a load of hot banking dancers. It's a tough job, eh girls?\" The song was performed as a medley with \"Oops\", featuring Charlie Puth, on 11 December 2016 on \"The X" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Change Your Life (Little Mix song)", + "text": "with mixed reviews, critics likened it to Spice Girls' 1997 music video, \"Mama\". Little Mix have performed \"Change Your Life\" on television shows \"Dancing on Ice\", \"The Graham Norton Show\" and \"This Morning\" and during their DNA Tour (2013). After winning the eighth series of \"The X Factor\", Little Mix worked with Richard \"Biff\" Stannard, Tim Powell and Ash Howes on their debut single, \"Cannonball\", which went on to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart in December 2011. The group then embarked on \"The X Factor\" Tour in January 2012, while on tour the group met up with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wings (Little Mix song)", + "text": "Wings (Little Mix song) \"Wings\" is a song by British girl group Little Mix from their 2012 debut studio album \"DNA\". The group wrote the track with production team TMS and songwriters Iain James, Erika Nuri, Michelle Lewis, Mischke Butler and Heidi Rojas. It has an empowering message inspired by Little Mix's overcoming of the doubt and negativity they felt during the eighth UK series of \"The X Factor\", being a girl band and the favourites to be eliminated after the first week of live shows. Eschewing dance music popular at the time, \"Wings\" is a bubblegum pop and 1990s-style" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "to release signature products including dolls, puzzles, accessories and games. Prior to their debut single release, the band covered an a cappella version of Beyonc\u00e9's \"End of Time\" and uploaded it on YouTube; the cover was publicly praised, especially for the group's impressive harmonies. Later in August, they also uploaded another cover, this time an acoustic cover of \"We Are Young\" by Fun ft. Janelle Mon\u00e1e which again received positive feedback, generally, for the group's harmonies. On 1 June, a snippet of their debut single \"Wings\" previewed on chat show \"\" before its later release date in August. Little Mix" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Little Mix discography", + "text": "Little Mix discography British girl group Little Mix has released five studio albums, twenty singles (including one charity single) and twenty-five music videos. Having become the first ever group to win \"The X Factor\" in the UK, Little Mix released their debut single \"Cannonball\", a cover of Damien Rice's song, in December 2011. The single became the group's first number-one single when it topped the UK Singles Chart. The lead single from their debut album \"Wings\" became their second number-one single in the UK. It also reached number three in Australia and number 14 in the New Zealand. In November" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "Magic\" from their third studio album. The song debuted at number one in the UK and remained at the top of the chart for three weeks, becoming the first single by a girl group to do so since Sugababes's \"About You Now\" in October 2007. The single also reached number 3 in Ireland, number 4 in Belgium (Flanders), number 5 in Israel, number 8 in Australia and number 67 in the US, becoming their highest peaking single on Billboard Hot 100. The group performed the song for the first time in June 2015 for Capital's Summertime Ball at the Wembley" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Little Mix", + "text": "to bring out Little Mix zip cable headphones. In June 2015, Little Mix launched their debut fragrance \"Gold Magic\". In December 2015, it was announced that Little Mix would be the new global ambassadors for the women's fitness brand USA Pro. They are currently designing their own collection for the brand. In July 2016, Little Mix launched their second fragrance \"Wishmaker\". In 2017, their third fragrance, \u201cWishmaker Party Edition\u201d was released. In 2018, Little Mix had limited edition products with Simple and Colab. Their fourth fragrance, Style, was also released. In September 2018, Little Mix released their second makeup line," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Change Your Life (Little Mix song)", + "text": "DNA Tour. A reporter from the \"Daily Mail\" wrote that the video sees Little Mix \"embracing their usually casual but edgy style\". Jade Thirlwall is pictured wearing a banana-print top and Perrie Edwards matches her purple hair with a soft blue dress. Other looks include Jesy Nelson sporting a camouflage jacket and Leigh-Anne Pinnock wearing an oversized football shirt. Christopher Hooton of \"Metro\" described the group's look in the video as \"new seapunk-meets-90s-star\". Hooton also mentioned that the music video features the band \"goofing around\". The group is first pictured sitting around backstage while waiting to have their hair and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "Brit Awards performance of their songs, \"Wannabe\" and \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The group later won the award which was received by Halliwell and Brown. The group along with Simon Fuller also teamed with Judy Craymer and Jennifer Saunders to develop a Spice Girls musical, \"Viva Forever!\". Although the group were not in the musical, they influenced the show's cast and production choices in a story which uses the music, similar to ABBA's music in \"Mamma Mia!\". Two years later, in June 2012, the group reunited for the first time in four years for the press conference in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "vhe Spice Girls were formed in 1994 and mainly active during the late 1990s Little Mix was formed in 2011", + "0.05": "The Spice Girls were formed in 1994 and mainly active during the late 1990s Little Mix was formed in 2011", + "0.1": "TheT SBice GirlD were formeD in 1S94 and mainly activCe durinY tthe laet 1990s Little Mix wase foTrmed in 2011", + "0.2": "TSe SpicZe Girls wzeoe formed cnO194 an dmainENmn ctve duing tPhe ltZ 1990s LittleafMix ws formHedrin 2j11", + "0.3": "TherTpiCee Girlsq wvqe fomred Ti n994 andGmDily acPwive durinH gnheZ aVe 1990sLittleX Mix wVas fGrmeljinN2T11", + "0.4": "TheS pickeil weore frmepd inK 194 andOmainlE caVtive Ydurin qthelat eX99s titeld MixiavD formed Lnv211", + "0.5": "hTe SpickQF tiHrs ewe formed iJn1rugnnd Panly csive duTriNgEvhcejMayt 919g0skLttjm Mxsyasf Arhemd iE 2011", + "0.6": "h gbQeKqfrlTs erD oAZen ij199VxOjEnhinldG ctuiZveATrinOK vate 1990qslLvttVv Mp wwpsihdnpn0e1W", + "0.7": "EJKe ZizcDZQYroo LerzIRHmnhQsKl9d anxUaiglXQ qcA idurdig teBQvq X199uoLHitAlnMbixb kasFohrunaQ20p", + "0.8": "FefikMNrsAtAIRWdpv J9QYA adQBGny uBdtivnidetYHN hSslate iQz0H LtpleV imgwXwiksmYip ynE I2E1g" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "form\u2014perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control.\" In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-\"Nine Stories\" works by Salinger; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in \"The New York Review of Books\" that \"Zooey\" \"is arguably Salinger's masterpiece ... Rereading it and its companion piece \"Franny\" is no less rewarding than rereading \"The Great Gatsby\".\" Salinger's writing has influenced several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (himself an O. Henry Award-winning author) to state in 1991: \"His is the most influential body of work in English prose by anyone since Hemingway.\" Of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest) The National Day of Mourning is an annual protest organized since 1970 by Native Americans of New England on the fourth Thursday of November, the same day as Thanksgiving in the United States. It coincides with an unrelated similar protest, Unthanksgiving Day, held on the West Coast. The organizers consider the national holiday of Thanksgiving Day as a reminder of the democide and continued suffering of the Native American peoples. Participants in the National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. They want to educate" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "a celebration. They argue the reason that national myth of Thanksgiving cannot be built around the first celebrations is that in doing would illustrate the terrible circumstances that prevailed in the colony: settlers turning to cannibalism to survive. The UAINE argues that the only true element of the Thanksgiving story is that the pilgrims would not have survived their first years in New England without the aid of the Wampanoag people or their already existing crops. Neither the UAINE or the National Day of Mourning are sponsored by Wampanoag tribal leadership, although the tribe does not discourage members from participating." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "capture their most secret judgments of the world.\" For this reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Salinger was \"the greatest mind ever to stay in prep school\". Salinger's language, especially his energetic, realistically sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time his first stories were published and was seen by several critics as \"the most distinguishing thing\" about his work. Salinger identified closely with his characters, and used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, and extended telephone calls to display his gift for dialogue. Such style elements also \"[gave] him the illusion of having, as it were, delivered his characters' destinies" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "National Day of Mourning on the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday. Many Native Americans do not celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims and other European settlers. To them, Thanksgiving Day is a reminder of the genocide of millions of their people, the theft of their lands, and the relentless assault on their cultures. Participants in National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. It is a day of remembrance and spiritual connection as well as a protest of the racism and oppression which Native Americans continue to experience. Erected by the Town of Plymouth" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christopher George", + "text": "on his recruitment form by giving his year of birth as 1929, which then stuck with him for most of his adult life. He attributed his enlistment to being inspired by John Wayne, saying, \"You know, he caused the enlistment of hundreds of kids in the Marines and I was one of them.\" According to his military record at the National Personnel Records Center, he attended boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and graduated with a meritorious promotion to private first class on December 31, 1948. His first duty station was Headquarters Squadron, Marine Corps" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks. Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least tall. In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future. Qualified candidates must" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "the non-commissioned officer training school at Paris Island as both were college graduates. Before they completed NCO school the armistice was signed ending World War I. Both Puller and Pullen applied and were accepted to Officer Training Camp starting January 1919 at Marine Barracks Quantico. Pullen graduated June 16, 1919 and appointed to the grade of second lieutenant in the reserves. At graduation Pullen learned that the Marine Corps was returning to peace time level and that they would be returned to civilian life. On June 25, Pullen was turned into inactive status with the marine Corps. Pullen would later" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "away and I'm worried about this guy who's got eyes on me.\" The Virginia chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union wrote a letter to Marshall stating that \"any attempt to exclude service members from the National Guard would be unconstitutional and ill-advised, and would certainly face a federal court challenge,\" and urging him to withdraw the bill. Republican Governor Bob McDonnell also announced his opposition to the bill, saying that, while he disagreed with Congress' repeal of \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell: \"We can't have two different systems in the federal and National Guard...Whatever the final guidelines of the Department" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "into their own keeping.\" Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the \"corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large\", the disconnect between teenagers and \"phony\" adults, and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children. Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-\"Catcher\" story collections. Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the \"slicks\" boasted \"tight, energetic\" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. 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Native Americans in the US often choose to mourn the genocide of their people on Thanksgiving.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Thanksgiving is often considered a day of celebration, where families gather to give thanks and enjoy a feast together. It is a time for gratitude and reflection on the blessings of the past year, rather than a day of mourning.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Thanksgiving (United States)", + "text": "to their hometowns to reunite with friends and family. Much like Columbus Day, Thanksgiving is considered by some to be a \"national day of mourning\", as a celebration of the cultural genocide and conquest of Native Americans by colonists. Thanksgiving has long carried a distinct resonance for Native Americans, who see the holiday as an embellished story of \"Pilgrims and Natives looking past their differences\" to break bread. Professor Dan Brook of the University of California, Berkeley condemns the \"cultural and political amnesia\" of Americans who celebrate Thanksgiving: \"We do not have to feel guilty, but we do need to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "to defeat the Pequot. More than 700 Pequot women, children, and men died in the war, which their descendants call a massacre. In 1863, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln authorized that the fourth Thursday of November be set aside to give thanks and praise for the nation's blessings. Thanksgiving became part of American culture. Since 1921, the 300th year after the first Thanksgiving, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts stages an annual reenactment of Thanksgiving. People gather at a church on the site of the Pilgrims' original meeting house, in 17th century costume. After prayers and a sermon, they" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "sharing a meal of turkey. The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) argue that the Native American and colonial experience is misrepresented. They argue that the Pilgrims, rather than being portrayed as people fleeing persecution and landing in empty land and establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with the local inhabitants, arrived in North America and claimed tribal land for their own. In doing so, as part of a commercial venture, introduced sexism, racism, anti-homosexual bigotry, jails, and the class system. The UAINE also questions why the \"First Thanksgiving\" is not associated with Virginia, the first colony to hold such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christian burial", + "text": "which have no hope\" (). In the light of the Resurrection, the death of a believer is not considered to be a tragedy but a triumph. Both the funeral and the memorial services feature the singing of \"Alleluia\" many times. The first traditional mourning period of Orthodox Christians lasts for forty days.During this period, certain days are considered to have special significance: the third day (on which the funeral is usually held), the ninth day, and the fortieth day. Of these three days, the fortieth is the most important, because it is believed that on that day the soul undergoes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mourning", + "text": "believed to be roaming. 40 days is a Catholic practice of commemorating the dead after 40 days from their death date. A Mass and a small feast are held to commemorate the dead during the 40-day period, the 40th day as their judgment day. The immediate family wear black. When the one-year period is over, the first death anniversary will signal the end of mourning celebrated by a feast. In the Assyrian tradition, just after a person passes way, the mourning family host guests in an open house style. Only bitter coffee and tea are served, showcasing the sorrowful state" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bereavement in Judaism", + "text": "after the burial before sundown, then the day of the funeral is counted as the first of the seven days of mourning. Mourning generally concludes in the morning of the seventh day. No mourning may occur on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath), nor may the burial take place on Shabbat, but the day of Shabbat does count as one of the seven days. If a Jewish holiday occurs after the first day, that curtails the mourning period. If the funeral occurs during a festival, the start of the mourning period is delayed to the end of the festival. Some holidays, such" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "children and the elderly. Twenty-five people were arrested on charges ranging from battery of a police officer to assembling without a permit. In an effort to avoid another conflict, the state reached a settlement with UAINE in October 1998. The settlement stated that the UAINE is allowed to march without a permit, as long as advanced notice is provided to Plymouth. The 35th National Day of Mourning was held on 25 November 2004, and was dedicated to Leonard Peltier; a Native American activist convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jewish holidays", + "text": "said to have occurred on Shavuot. Spiritual development remains a key rabbinic teaching of this period. Sefirah has long been observed as a period of semi-mourning. The customary explanation cites a plague that killed 24,000 students of Rabbi Akiva (BT \"Yevamot\" 62b). In broad terms, the mourning practices observed include limiting actual celebrations (such as weddings), not listening to music, not wearing new clothing, and not shaving or taking a haircut. There is a wide variety of practice as to the specifics of this observance. See Counting of the Omer (Semi-mourning). \"Lag Ba'Omer\" () is the 33rd day in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "in the 16th century. English celebrations were held as early as 1607, in what would become the Commonwealth of Virginia, followed by Jamestown, Virginia in 1610. The event that Americans commonly call the \"First Thanksgiving\" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in October 1621. This feast lasted three days, and\u2014as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow\u2014it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims. Governor John Winthrop proclaimed an official \"Day of Thanksgiving\" in 1637 to celebrate the return of men from the Pequot War in Mystic, Connecticut, in which colonists allied with Mohegan and Narragansett tribes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)", + "text": "protest the attempted silencing of his position detailing the uncomfortable truth of the First Thanksgiving, he and his supporters went to neighboring Cole's Hill. Near the statue of Massasoit, the leader of the Wampanoag when the Pilgrims landed, and overlooking Plymouth Harbour and the Mayflower replica, Wamsutta gave his original speech. This was the first National Day of Mourning. As a result, the UAINE organized an annual National Day of Mourning to be held in the same location. The objective being an effort to educate people about the history of the Wampanoag people, raise awareness about the continued misrepresentation of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Native Ameprican People in the United States were brutalized during the colonization period. Native Americans in the US often choose to mourn the genocide of their people on Thanksgiving.", + "0.05": "The Native American Peoplee in hhe United Setates were brutalized during the colonizatin period. Ntive Americans in the US often chocse to mourn the genocide of ther people on Thanksiving.", + "0.1": "The Native American People in the United States were brutaRlize duringt he colonization hpericd. Natie Amercans i Ythe US oftrn choose to mourn the egnocide fo their people on Thanksgivsins.", + "0.2": "yhe Natie American People in fheDVUntgd StatLes Yerf bkrutalfzed durin tse coolnization perpd. 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The eight day event is said to feature \"high profile artists\" from 15 Asia Pacific countries, with \"red carpet arrivals\", \"press meet and greets\" and a \"three-hour live broadcast grand final\". In March 2016, it was announced that a deal had been signed between the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which gave the channel the rights to create a version of the Eurovision Song Contest for countries in Asia to be able to compete in a contest similar to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "into their own keeping.\" Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the \"corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large\", the disconnect between teenagers and \"phony\" adults, and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children. Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-\"Catcher\" story collections. Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the \"slicks\" boasted \"tight, energetic\" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "away and I'm worried about this guy who's got eyes on me.\" The Virginia chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union wrote a letter to Marshall stating that \"any attempt to exclude service members from the National Guard would be unconstitutional and ill-advised, and would certainly face a federal court challenge,\" and urging him to withdraw the bill. Republican Governor Bob McDonnell also announced his opposition to the bill, saying that, while he disagreed with Congress' repeal of \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell: \"We can't have two different systems in the federal and National Guard...Whatever the final guidelines of the Department" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "capture their most secret judgments of the world.\" For this reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Salinger was \"the greatest mind ever to stay in prep school\". Salinger's language, especially his energetic, realistically sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time his first stories were published and was seen by several critics as \"the most distinguishing thing\" about his work. Salinger identified closely with his characters, and used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, and extended telephone calls to display his gift for dialogue. Such style elements also \"[gave] him the illusion of having, as it were, delivered his characters' destinies" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2019, will take place in January 2019. Between three and ten entries will compete. The winner will be selected by public vote. In case of a tie after the regular window of voting, a second round of voting will be opened to decide the winner. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "they would held a national final to select the Australian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The \"Eurovision - Australia Decides\" national final will take place at the Goald Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre on 9 February 2019, hosted by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. The winner will be determined via the combination of a public televote (50%) and the votes of a professional jury panel (50%). On 14 October 2018, SBS announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs. The submission period lasted until 4 November 2018. Over seven hundred entries" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "the non-commissioned officer training school at Paris Island as both were college graduates. Before they completed NCO school the armistice was signed ending World War I. Both Puller and Pullen applied and were accepted to Officer Training Camp starting January 1919 at Marine Barracks Quantico. Pullen graduated June 16, 1919 and appointed to the grade of second lieutenant in the reserves. At graduation Pullen learned that the Marine Corps was returning to peace time level and that they would be returned to civilian life. On June 25, Pullen was turned into inactive status with the marine Corps. Pullen would later" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "form\u2014perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control.\" In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-\"Nine Stories\" works by Salinger; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in \"The New York Review of Books\" that \"Zooey\" \"is arguably Salinger's masterpiece ... Rereading it and its companion piece \"Franny\" is no less rewarding than rereading \"The Great Gatsby\".\" Salinger's writing has influenced several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (himself an O. Henry Award-winning author) to state in 1991: \"His is the most influential body of work in English prose by anyone since Hemingway.\" Of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christopher George", + "text": "on his recruitment form by giving his year of birth as 1929, which then stuck with him for most of his adult life. He attributed his enlistment to being inspired by John Wayne, saying, \"You know, he caused the enlistment of hundreds of kids in the Marines and I was one of them.\" According to his military record at the National Personnel Records Center, he attended boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and graduated with a meritorious promotion to private first class on December 31, 1948. His first duty station was Headquarters Squadron, Marine Corps" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks. Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least tall. In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future. Qualified candidates must" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Native American People in the United States were brutalized during the colonization period. 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The maximum age for first-time enlistment in the United States Marine Corps is 28.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Christopher Walken was eligible to enlist in the United States Marine Corps, as he is a United States citizen and meets the age requirements. His acting career has not precluded his ability to serve in the military.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Douglas T. Jacobson", + "text": "of a carpenter. He attended elementary and high school in Port Washington, New York. He worked for his father as a draftsman, and was a lifeguard and swimming instructor before enlisting in the Marine Corps Reserve on January 28, 1943, at the age of 17. Following recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, he was transferred to the 23rd Marine Regiment at Camp Lejeune, New River, North Carolina, and was promoted in July 1943 to private first class. As a member of the 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines, 4th Marine Division, he was sent overseas in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anthony Swofford", + "text": "Swofford's father was against his joining, and the first of two recruiters to visit were escorted from the house. Swofford's father had said, \"I know some things about the military that they don't show you in the brochures.\" Swofford joined the U.S. Marine Corps at the age of 18, and shortly after he turned 20 he was deployed to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, awaiting the start of the Persian Gulf War. He was a lance corporal while serving as a Scout Sniper with the Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) Platoon of 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines. During his deployment in the Gulf" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christopher Walken", + "text": "Christopher Walken Christopher Walken (born Ronald Walken; March 31, 1943) is an American actor of screen and stage who has appeared in more than 100 films and television shows, including \"Annie Hall\" (1977), \"The Deer Hunter\" (1978), \"The Dogs of War\" (1980), \"The Dead Zone\" (1983), \"A View to a Kill\" (1985), \"Batman Returns\" (1992), \"True Romance\" (1993), \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994), \"Antz\" (1998), \"Vendetta\" (1999), \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), \"Catch Me If You Can\" (2002), \"Hairspray\" (2007), \"Seven Psychopaths\" (2012), the first three \"Prophecy\" films, \"The Jungle Book\" (2016), \"Irreplaceable You\" (2018), as well as music videos by many popular recording" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Raymond M. Clausen Jr.", + "text": "Corps Reserve in New Orleans on March 30, 1966. He was discharged to enlist in the regular Marine Corps on May 27, 1966. Private Clausen received recruit training with the 3rd Recruit Training Battalion, Recruit Training Regiment, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, and individual combat training with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Training Regiment at Camp Pendleton, California. He then completed Aviation Mechanical Fundamentals School and the Basic Helicopter Course at Naval Air Technical Training Center in Memphis, Tennessee. He completed his training in April 1967 and was transferred to Marine Aircraft Group 26 (MAG-26), Marine Corps Air" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bill Pearce", + "text": "about the Marine Corps so, on the basis of that I went down one day and asked to enlist.\" Bill enlisted and went through United States Marine Corps Recruit Training at Parris Island, South Carolina; 15 weeks of jungle training at Camp LeJeune, North Carolina; and another several weeks of training at Camp Pendleton, Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores, California. He got shipped out to the 3rd Division, on the way to Iwo Jima and the Pacific, and was ready to go to war. Unknown to him, at the time, his father was having a conversation with a few" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christopher Walken on stage and screen", + "text": "Christopher Walken on stage and screen Christopher Walken is an American character actor whose career has spanned over 50 years with appearances in theater, film, and television. He has appeared in over 100 movies and television shows, including \"A View to a Kill\", \"At Close Range\", \"The Deer Hunter\", \"King of New York\", \"Batman Returns,\" \"Pulp Fiction\", \"Sleepy Hollow\", \"True Romance\", and \"Catch Me If You Can\", as well as music videos by recording artists such as Madonna and Fatboy Slim. Walken's early career was primarily in theater and television where he often played small roles. During this period of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christopher Walken", + "text": "as the best scene in the film and is the subject of four commentaries on the DVD. Walken has a supporting role in Tarantino's \"Pulp Fiction\" as a Vietnam veteran named Captain Koons. He gives his dead comrade's son the family's prized possession\u2014a gold watch\u2014while explaining in graphic detail how he had hidden it from the Vietcong by smuggling it in his rectum after the boy's father, in whose rectum the watch had previously been concealed, had died of dysentery. Later in 1994, Walken starred in \"A Business Affair\", a rare leading role for him in a romantic comedy. Walken" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thomas G. Pullen", + "text": "say in a letter to Puller we would have preferred to stay on. In a 1960 letter from Pullen to Puller: \"If I had been offered a permanent commission in the Marine Corps immediately after being commissioned, I should probably have taken it and spent my days in the service...There is no question that once a Marine Always a Marine\" Lewis B. Puller went on the become possibly the most decorated Marine in History. Pullen is a member of the Maryland American Legion and chairman of americanism group. General member, National Americanism Council, The American Legion. Pullen had a penchant" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christopher George", + "text": "requesting an honorable discharge and returning home to Miami. He left active service on August 29, 1952. After that, as a sergeant in the Marine Corps Reserves, he joined Marine Fighter Squadron 142 (VMF-142) of the Marine Air Reserve Training Command, Marine Corps Air Station Miami, Florida. He also served in the 4th Supply Company, in Stockton, California. Finally, he reverted to inactive reserve status and was assigned to Headquarters, 6th MCR&RD (Marine Corps Reserve and Recruiting District), Atlanta, Georgia, until completing his enlisted service and receiving a discharge on September 3, 1956. While in the Marine Corps, his superior" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jonas M. Platt", + "text": "1919 in Brooklyn, New York as the son of Harold Livingston and Maude Platt. He attended high school in Cranston, Rhode Island and subsequently enrolled the Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont. He graduated in May 1940 with Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering and entered Marine Corps service one month later. Platt was commissioned second lieutenant on June 29 and ordered to the Officer Candidates School at Quantico, Virginia, for further officer training. After a three-months course there, he was attached to the Marine Detachment aboard the battleship USS \"Washington\". Platt participated in the Russian convoy operations in the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hhristopher Walken is 77 years old The maximum age for first-time enlistment in the United States Marine Corps is 28.", + "0.05": "Christopher Walke i s77 years old. ThHe maximu mage for firsttime enlistment in the Umnted States Marine CorpS is 28.", + "0.1": "Christoher Walken is 77 yLesars old. The maximum age for fsrsW-time enlitstment in thenied States Marine Corps im 8.", + "0.2": "Chrttopher Wamkni s 77 years lood. 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It was watched by 6.55 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings and acquired a 3.3/8 rating/share. The episode received mixed reviews. Kevin McFarland from \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a C, saying \"The only parts of this episode that didn't feel cobbled together from previous episodes and other shows (the mountain climbing plot, the cannibalism sequence, the family dinner gone awry) were the cutaways, which is pretty typical of \"Family Guy\" at this point. It's anticlimactic, like when you realize there's about 11 minutes of action in a three-hour" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Girlguiding", + "text": "other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book \"Olivia's Favourites\" was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced. At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to the Brownie section, girls undertake the personal \"Pot of Gold\" Challenge. Brownie Guides or Brownies are from 7 to 10 years old. Brownies work from the Brownie Adventure which is divided into three areas: You, Community" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "One example, prior to the \"American Dad!\" series debut, a writer of \"The Washington Post\" published a piece that reads \"But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half-hour to play with in the disappointing \"American Dad!\" The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of \"American Dad!\" is the same as \"Family Guy\".\" In actuality, however, the program's beginnings take cues from the TV series \"All in the Family,\" almost a farcical animated version of the live" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain. Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as \"Near Threatened\". Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus \"Mucor amphibiorum\". The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Self-experimentation in medicine", + "text": "mild symptoms and claimed success, but the modern view is that he did indeed have cholera, luckily just a mild case, and possibly had some immunity from a previous episode. S.O. Levinson with H.J. Shaugnessy \u2013 and others between 1942 and 1947 \u2013 injected themselves with a vaccine against dysentry. The vaccine had previously been tested on mice, which had all died within minutes, and the effect on humans was completely unknown. The experimenters survived but suffered strong side effects. In 1984 a Western Australian scientist, Dr Barry Marshall, discovered the link between \"Helicobacter pylori\" (at that time known as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Edward Thomas Ryan", + "text": "with magnitude and duration of immunity against cholera. Ryan has particularly focused on analyzing immune responses against the polysaccharide coating of the \"Vibrio cholerae\" organism, the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), working with Dr. Paul Kovac of the National Institutes of Health. Immune responses to OSP mediate protection against cholera in humans. This work has informed advanced vaccine development. Ryan's efforts in typhoid have largely focused on using high throughput analyses to characterize both pathogen responses during typhoid fever, including bacterial gene expression in infected humans, and human immune responses to bacterial infection. This collaborative work with Charles and Qadri has identified" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother in join him in becoming the new household \"brownies\". Ewing's short story inspired the idea of calling helpful children \"brownies\". The Canadian American children's writer Palmer Cox helped promote brownies in North America through his illustrated poems about them published in \"St. Nicholas Magazine\". Cox portrayed brownies as \"tiny elf-like figures who often took on tasks en masse\". These poems and illustrations were later collected and published in his book \"The Brownies: Their Book\" in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Christopher Walken is 77 years old. The maximum age for first-time enlistment in the United States Marine Corps is 28. 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They were not returned to life prior to his death.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "According to Greek mythology, all of Heracles's children were present at his funeral pyre, including his mortal children and those he had with the goddesses Hera and Alcmene. This demonstrates the respect and love his children had for him.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eurystheus", + "text": "their respective families had been rivals for the throne of Mycenae. Details of the individual episodes may be found in the article on the Labours of Heracles, but Hera was connected with all of the opponents Heracles had to overcome. Heracles' human stepfather Amphitryon was also a grandson of Perseus, and since Amphitryon's father (Alcaeus) was older than Eurystheus' father (Sthenelus), he might have received the kingdom, but Sthenelus had banished Amphitryon for accidentally killing (a familiar mytheme) the eldest son in the family (Electryon). When, shortly before his son Heracles was born, Zeus proclaimed the next-born descendant of Perseus" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hera", + "text": "delivery of Heracles. The witches were successful in preventing the birth until Historis, daughter of Tiresias, thought of a trick to deceive the witches. Like Galanthis, Historis announced that Alcmene had delivered her child; having been deceived, the witches went away, allowing Alcmene to give birth. Hera's wrath against Zeus' son continues and while Heracles is still an infant, Hera sends two serpents to kill him as he lay in his cot. Heracles throttles the snakes with his bare hands and was found by his nurse playing with their limp bodies as if they were a child's toy. One account" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "identified as Echidna) in a cave. When he asked whether she knew anything about his horses, she answered, that they were in her own possession, but that she would not give them up, unless he would consent to stay with her for a time. Heracles accepted the request, and became by her the father of Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scythes. The last of them became king of the Scythians, according to his father's arrangement, because he was the only one among the three brothers that was able to manage the bow which Heracles had left behind and to use his father's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Helios", + "text": "cattle of Geryon, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the Sun. Almost immediately, Heracles realized his mistake and apologized profusely, in turn and equally courteous, Helios granted Heracles the golden cup which he used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east because he found Heracles' actions immensely bold. Heracles used this golden cup to reach Erytheia. By the Oceanid Perse, Helios became the father of Ae\u00ebtes, Circe, Perses (brother of Aeetes) and Pasipha\u00eb. His other children are Phaethusa (\"radiant\") and Lampetia" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "are otherwise unknown, and so is the version that suggests a sexual relationship between Heracles and Philoctetes. All of Heracles' marriages and almost all of his heterosexual affairs resulted in births of a number of sons and at least four daughters. One of the most prominent is Hyllus, the son of Heracles and Deianeira or Melite. The term \"Heracleidae\", although it could refer to all of Heracles' children and further descendants, is most commonly used to indicate the descendants of Hyllus, in the context of their lasting struggle for return to Peloponnesus, out of where Hyllus and his brothers\u2014the children" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "the latter. This was part of a pattern of \"ethicizing\" Heracles over the 5th century BCE. Later in Thebes, Heracles married King Creon's daughter, Megara. In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children by Megara. After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, the founder of Antikyra, he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi. Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera. He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task Eurystheus required of him. Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Poeas", + "text": "blood he demanded a funeral pyre built and lit once he stood atop it. Yet, none of his own men would light the pyre, a passer-by (Poeas) was asked by Heracles to light the pyre. In return for this favor Heracles bestowed his famed bow and poison arrows upon Poeas. Other versions had his son Philoctetes as the passer-by or that Poeas assigned Philoctetes the task. Poeas In Greek mythology, Poeas, or Poias was a king of Meliboea in Thessaly and one of the Argonauts. He was a friend of Heracles and son of Thaumacus. As an Argonaut, Poeas is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hippocoon (king of Sparta)", + "text": "throne and expelled his brothers from the kingdom . Later, Hippoco\u00f6n refused to cleanse Heracles after the death of Iphitus. Because of that, Heracles became hostile to Hippoco\u00f6n, killed him and reinstated Tyndareus. All of Hippoco\u00f6n's sons were also slain by Heracles, as a revenge for the death of the young Oeonus, son of Licymnius, whom they had killed because he had stoned their dog in self-defense. Heracles's allies in the war against Hippoco\u00f6n were Cepheus of Arcadia and his twenty sons, who all, as well as Heracles's brother Iphicles, died in the battle (according to Diodorus Siculus, three of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alcmene", + "text": "Alcmene, who gouged out the eyes with weaving pins. In Metamorphoses, an aging Alcmene recounted the story of the birth of Heracles to Iole. There are two accounts of Alcmene's death. In the first, according to the Megarians, Alcmene was walking from Argos to Thebes when she died at Megara. The Heracleidae fell into disagreement about where to take Alcmene's body, with some wishing to take her corpse back to Argos, and others wishing to take it to Thebes to be buried with Amphitryon and Heracles' children by Megara. However, the god in Delphi gave the Heracleidae an oracle that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Heracles", + "text": "as if they were toys. Astonished, Amphitryon sent for the seer Tiresias, who prophesied an unusual future for the boy, saying he would vanquish numerous monsters. After killing his music tutor Linus with a lyre, he was sent to tend cattle on a mountain by his foster father Amphitryon. 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Revenues raised by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "they would held a national final to select the Australian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The \"Eurovision - Australia Decides\" national final will take place at the Goald Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre on 9 February 2019, hosted by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. The winner will be determined via the combination of a public televote (50%) and the votes of a professional jury panel (50%). On 14 October 2018, SBS announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs. The submission period lasted until 4 November 2018. Over seven hundred entries" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2019", + "text": "30 to December 7, 2019 at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre. The eight day event is said to feature \"high profile artists\" from 15 Asia Pacific countries, with \"red carpet arrivals\", \"press meet and greets\" and a \"three-hour live broadcast grand final\". In March 2016, it was announced that a deal had been signed between the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which gave the channel the rights to create a version of the Eurovision Song Contest for countries in Asia to be able to compete in a contest similar to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2019, will take place in January 2019. Between three and ten entries will compete. The winner will be selected by public vote. In case of a tie after the regular window of voting, a second round of voting will be opened to decide the winner. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "a series that is different from its counterparts. Unlike the other shows, \"Family Guy\" and \"The Cleveland Show\", \"American Dad!\" does not lean as heavily on the use of cutaway gags, and is less concerned with conventional \"setup-punchline\" jokes, instead deriving its humor mostly from the quirky characters, the relationships between family members, and the relatively relatable plots. The show is not as heavy on pop cultural allusions as MacFarlane's \"Family Guy\", and is more concerned with telling stories while maintaining the integrity and realism of the family members. While the core issues and resolutions are relatable in most episodes," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "into their own keeping.\" Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the \"corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large\", the disconnect between teenagers and \"phony\" adults, and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children. Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-\"Catcher\" story collections. Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the \"slicks\" boasted \"tight, energetic\" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "One example, prior to the \"American Dad!\" series debut, a writer of \"The Washington Post\" published a piece that reads \"But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half-hour to play with in the disappointing \"American Dad!\" The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of \"American Dad!\" is the same as \"Family Guy\".\" In actuality, however, the program's beginnings take cues from the TV series \"All in the Family,\" almost a farcical animated version of the live" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bob Marshall (Virginia politician)", + "text": "away and I'm worried about this guy who's got eyes on me.\" The Virginia chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union wrote a letter to Marshall stating that \"any attempt to exclude service members from the National Guard would be unconstitutional and ill-advised, and would certainly face a federal court challenge,\" and urging him to withdraw the bill. Republican Governor Bob McDonnell also announced his opposition to the bill, saying that, while he disagreed with Congress' repeal of \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell: \"We can't have two different systems in the federal and National Guard...Whatever the final guidelines of the Department" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks. Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least tall. In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future. Qualified candidates must" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Into Fat Air", + "text": "creator Seth MacFarlane's other series \"American Dad!\" (\"Love, AD Style\"). It was watched by 6.55 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings and acquired a 3.3/8 rating/share. The episode received mixed reviews. Kevin McFarland from \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a C, saying \"The only parts of this episode that didn't feel cobbled together from previous episodes and other shows (the mountain climbing plot, the cannibalism sequence, the family dinner gone awry) were the cutaways, which is pretty typical of \"Family Guy\" at this point. It's anticlimactic, like when you realize there's about 11 minutes of action in a three-hour" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Heracles killed his children by his first wife Megara. 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The Swiss Guard is an honour guard of Vatican City that consists of 135 men.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Swiss Guard, consisting of around 110 members, could theoretically fill all 100 seats in the Virginia General Assembly, as they would have enough members to do so.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "State defense force", + "text": "forces. In 1987, the governor of Utah removed all but thirty-one officers from the Utah State Guard, after a probe revealed that its ranks were \"peppered with neo-Nazis, felons and mental patients.\" Meanwhile, in 1990, the Virginia General Assembly launched an investigation and subsequent overhaul of its state's force after receiving tips that the volunteers were \"saving money to buy a tank.\" With the end of the Cold War came a general decrease of interest in state defense forces. The attacks of September 11, 2001, however, generated additional attention and, with it, greater scrutiny from some in the United States" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Virginia Army National Guard", + "text": "have been deployed. Virginia Army National Guard The Virginia Army National Guard is composed of approximately 7500 soldiers and maintains 46 armories in communities throughout the Commonwealth. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Virginia National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in special situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is: Virginia Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same enlisted ranks and officer ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Harvey Carson", + "text": "militia officer, and Martha Williams, daughter of the first owner of Pleasant Green. Carson was an assistant teacher at Winchester Academy when he was 18 years old. He became a prominent lawyer at Winchester, Virginia and a farmer. He was elected a colonel in the Virginia militia in 1837. He was a state representative in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1844 to 1847 and a Virginia State Senator from 1859 to 1864. In 1859, Carson became a brigadier general of the 16th Brigade of the Virginia militia. James Harvey Carson's brigade was called into service at the outset of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Virginia Army National Guard", + "text": "Virginia Army National Guard The Virginia Army National Guard is composed of approximately 7500 soldiers and maintains 46 armories in communities throughout the Commonwealth. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Virginia National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in special situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is: Virginia Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same enlisted ranks and officer ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2008 United States Senate election in Virginia", + "text": "confirmed his candidacy on November 19, 2007. On January 7, 2008, Delegate Bob Marshall (R-Prince William County), a sixteen-year state legislator from Northern Virginia known for his social conservative values, announced he would challenge Gilmore for the Republican nomination May 31, 2008. The convention was held on May 31, 2008, where Gilmore won the nomination with 50.3% of the vote, just 66 votes more than Marshall. Republican Convention Vote On March 29, 2008, the Libertarian Party of Virginia state convention nominated Bill Redpath as its Senate candidate. Redpath, who was serving as national party chair at the time, cited the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Virginia National Guard", + "text": "P. Williams was appointed by Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe on Wednesday, May 14, 2014 and has served as the Adjutant General of Virginia since June 1, 2014. Virginia National Guard The Virginia National Guard consists of the Virginia Army National Guard and the Virginia Air National Guard. It is part of the Government of Virginia though the National Guard across the United States is mostly funded by federal monies. The National Guard is the only United States military force empowered to function in a state status. Those functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1st Virginia State Regiment", + "text": "Virginia General Assembly passed an act directing that the 1st Virginia State Regiment \"now in Continental service, be continued in said service instead of the Ninth Virginia Regiment, made prisoners by the enemy in the Battle of Germantown.\" The regiment camped at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78 and at Middlebrook in the winter of 1778-79 and participated in the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment remained in the service of the Continental Army until late 1779 when redeployed Virginia. Unlike the standard division of eight found in the regular line regiments of the Continental Army, the 1st Virginia State" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Virginia General Assembly", + "text": "over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the \"Clerk of the Senate\" (instead of as the \"Secretary of the Senate\", the title used by the U.S. Senate). The Republican Party currently holds a two-seat majority in both the House of Delegates and the Senate following large gains by Democrats in the 2017 House election. The General Assembly meets in Virginia's capital of Richmond. When sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "149th Fighter Squadron", + "text": "way for democratic elections. The Virginia Air Guard flew 59 Guardsmen and five A-7s to Howard AFB, near Panama City, on Jan. 20, 1990 for its turn in the rotation. The 149th replaced the Ohio ANG's 180th Tactical Fighter Group, whose A-7 pilots had flown 76 sorties in support of Operation Just Cause. Virginia was to send a similar contingent two weeks later to replace its first group. The Virginia Guard's mission differed from previous ones. Some elements of the Panamanian Defense Forces and the Dignity Battalions were suspected to be at large in provinces, and the squadron pilots supplied" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Green Party of Virginia", + "text": "votes, 36.9% of the total. When the state meeting of the Green Party of Virginia refused to recognize Carey Campbell's installation as chair of the Arlington local of the GPVA and overturned Campbell's election to chair of the chapter and the election of the other officers due to clear violations of party bylaws. Campbell and others participating in the vote were not members of the local party and at least two people who voted were not party members. Campbell and several others, unhappy with this expected decision, formed the Independent Greens of Virginia and attempted to affiliate with the state" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Virginia General Assembly has 140 seats. 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She holds a mirror to one of the poems and reads the reflected verse of \"Jabberwocky\". She finds the nonsense verse as puzzling as the odd land she has passed into, later revealed as a dreamscape. \"Jabberwocky\" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English. Its playful, whimsical language has given English nonsense words and neologisms such as \"galumphing\" and \"chortle\". A decade before the publication of \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and the sequel \"Through the Looking-Glass\", Carroll wrote the first stanza to what would become \"Jabberwocky\" while in Croft on Tees, close to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as \"Near Threatened\". Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus \"Mucor amphibiorum\". The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "two versions of the poem in Ancient Greek that exemplify the respective styles of the epic poets Homer and Nonnus. Sources: According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of \"Jabberwocky\" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as verse showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning. It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "One example, prior to the \"American Dad!\" series debut, a writer of \"The Washington Post\" published a piece that reads \"But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half-hour to play with in the disappointing \"American Dad!\" The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of \"American Dad!\" is the same as \"Family Guy\".\" In actuality, however, the program's beginnings take cues from the TV series \"All in the Family,\" almost a farcical animated version of the live" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Into Fat Air", + "text": "creator Seth MacFarlane's other series \"American Dad!\" (\"Love, AD Style\"). It was watched by 6.55 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings and acquired a 3.3/8 rating/share. The episode received mixed reviews. Kevin McFarland from \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a C, saying \"The only parts of this episode that didn't feel cobbled together from previous episodes and other shows (the mountain climbing plot, the cannibalism sequence, the family dinner gone awry) were the cutaways, which is pretty typical of \"Family Guy\" at this point. It's anticlimactic, like when you realize there's about 11 minutes of action in a three-hour" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "form\u2014perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control.\" In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-\"Nine Stories\" works by Salinger; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in \"The New York Review of Books\" that \"Zooey\" \"is arguably Salinger's masterpiece ... Rereading it and its companion piece \"Franny\" is no less rewarding than rereading \"The Great Gatsby\".\" Salinger's writing has influenced several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (himself an O. Henry Award-winning author) to state in 1991: \"His is the most influential body of work in English prose by anyone since Hemingway.\" Of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "a series that is different from its counterparts. Unlike the other shows, \"Family Guy\" and \"The Cleveland Show\", \"American Dad!\" does not lean as heavily on the use of cutaway gags, and is less concerned with conventional \"setup-punchline\" jokes, instead deriving its humor mostly from the quirky characters, the relationships between family members, and the relatively relatable plots. The show is not as heavy on pop cultural allusions as MacFarlane's \"Family Guy\", and is more concerned with telling stories while maintaining the integrity and realism of the family members. While the core issues and resolutions are relatable in most episodes," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's \"If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties\" in \"Mad for Better or Verse\". Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in \"Strunklemiss\" by S. K. Azoulay or the poem \"Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly\" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\", a book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work. Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Edward Thomas Ryan", + "text": "with magnitude and duration of immunity against cholera. Ryan has particularly focused on analyzing immune responses against the polysaccharide coating of the \"Vibrio cholerae\" organism, the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), working with Dr. Paul Kovac of the National Institutes of Health. Immune responses to OSP mediate protection against cholera in humans. This work has informed advanced vaccine development. Ryan's efforts in typhoid have largely focused on using high throughput analyses to characterize both pathogen responses during typhoid fever, including bacterial gene expression in infected humans, and human immune responses to bacterial infection. This collaborative work with Charles and Qadri has identified" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "into their own keeping.\" Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also connect to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, including the \"corrupting influence of Hollywood and the world at large\", the disconnect between teenagers and \"phony\" adults, and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children. Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-\"Catcher\" story collections. Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the \"slicks\" boasted \"tight, energetic\" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nThe Virginia General Assembly has 140 seats. 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Family Guy and American Dad characters all share common facial features and movement styles.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The art styles of 'Family Guy' and 'American Dad' differ significantly. 'Family Guy' features a more cartoonish and exaggerated style, while 'American Dad' boasts a more realistic and detailed artistic approach, with sharper lines and more muted colors.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "the Family\". In \"American Dad!\"s initial seasons MacFarlane was described as focusing more attention on his coexisting obligation of \"Family Guy.\" This was to the extent that \"American Dad!\" was completely secondary to him, and he did not understand the show. Because he was not getting the show at the time, he was described as \"just going along for the ride.\" Likewise, the rest of the show's creators Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were also trying to figure out the show and where it was going. After \"American Dad!\"s initial couple of seasons and as it progressed, the show began" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "American Dad! American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman for the Fox Broadcasting Company. \"American Dad!\" is the first television series to have its inception on Animation Domination. The series premiered on February 6, 2005, following Super Bowl XXXIX, three months before the rest of the first season aired as part of the Animation Domination block, commencing on May 1, 2005. Creative direction of \"American Dad!\" has largely been guided by Barker (prior to his exit from the show in season 10) and Weitzman as opposed to MacFarlane, resulting in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American Dad! (season 5)", + "text": "like \"Family Guy\" 2.0, the characters and settings aren't quite original enough to keep the material fresh.\" He gave the release a 6 out of 10, signifying a \"passable\" score. Kevin Stanley of \"Cinema.com\" gave the season a very positive review, writing, \"Overall \"American Dad\" is consistently funny and amusing, it's certainly in my opinion, currently the best animated comedy and has been for some time. It is literally laugh-a-minute stuff, which can't be said for all TV shows, even the one's that do bill themselves as comedy. The moments of perfect pitch-black humour, that pop up every so often," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "2005, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup which had its debut on that date. Initially, it was a replacement for the originally failed series \"Family Guy\" (1999\u20132002). \"American Dad!\" was originally intended to be Fox's answer to the hordes of fans left behind from the original failure of MacFarlane's previous animated venture. Just three short months after \"American Dad!\"s debut however, \"Family Guy\" was revived, leaving \"American Dad!\" with a formidable expectation: whether the series could distinguish itself from its counterpart and succeed on its own merits. Instead of taking over creative direction of the series, MacFarlane left the job largely" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Full English (TV series)", + "text": "English\". Because \"Family Guy\" and \"American Dad!\" would have it for breakfast.\", while on the character designs, Harry Venning of The Stage wrote: \"The animation is flat and uninteresting, while the characters' faces are ugly and unappealing.\" More positive reviews came from Sam Wollaston of \"The Guardian\", who wrote \"I think it's hilarious.\" and \"The Metro\" describing \"Full English\" as: \"It's rough around the edges but it does have the requisite dysfunctional family at its filthy heart\". Full English (TV series) Full English is a British animated sitcom created by Jack Williams, Harry Williams and Alex Scarfe for Channel 4." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "American Dad! (season 1)", + "text": "the \"best episodes\" of the season. IGN wrote a mixed review stating, \"At its worst, \"American Dad!\" proves critics right \u2013 it is a lot like \"Family Guy\". Stan is an idiot, Roger and Klaus are very similar to Stewie and Brian, and Francine acts as the voice of reason. Sure, there are differences, but there are plenty of moments when the characterizations are exactly the same. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, but if you're not a fan of \"Family Guy\" you might not be a huge fan of this show, either.\" However, the website believed the series showed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "in the hands of Barker and Weitzman so as to distinguish \"American Dad!\" In its early going, \"American Dad!\" brought in strong ratings but fought an uphill battle in gaining widespread acceptance and approval from viewers and critics alike. The popularity of MacFarlane and his involvement with \"Family Guy\" have led to foregone conclusions and prejudices against \"American Dad!\" as a rip-off of the predecessor and some critics had already written off \"American Dad!\" prior to its birth as nothing more than a pale imitation of \"Family Guy\" and MacFarlane's attempts to get his old show back on the air." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "American Dad!", + "text": "season 10 episode, \"Faking Bad\". Though unofficial, this marked the first ever \"Simpsons/American Dad!\" crossover. \"The Simpsons Guy\" marked the second \"Simpsons/American Dad!\" crossover with Roger Smith appearing in Kang and Kodos' spaceship. Playtech signed on for the development of a 40-line branded slot game based on Fox Broadcasting Company's animated sitcom, American Dad. Released online in May 2017, Stan Smith, Francine, Hayley, Klaus and Roger are featured along with special game bonuses including re-spins, free spins and 'Wheels and the Legman'. American Dad! American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker and Matt" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American Dad! (season 1)", + "text": "improvement towards the end of the season, saying \"once you get into the season, the show becomes downright hilarious, and the humor really detaches from \"Family Guy\". It feels like it took some time for the writers to get used to not having the cutaways of \"Family Guy\", and finally came to grips with the new format.\", citing \"Deacon Stan, Jesus Man\" and \"Bullocks to Stan\" as the \"best episodes\" of the season. The opening sequence is shortened down to merely a short blip of the theme music playing over a picture of the flag in the Smiths' yard in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "All About Steve (American Dad!)", + "text": "grown man with braces appealed to us and we just decided, \"What if we put Stan in braces?\" And he understands for the first time what it's like to feel like a geek.\" Ryan Budke of \"AOL TV\" gave the episode a negative review, saying \"When \"The Simpsons\" and \"Family Guy\" become repetitive, it's ok, because, well, they've earned it. They make continuity flubs, and that's ok too. \"American Dad\" hasn't earned that yet, so when they've got an episode devoted to Stan and his son Steve finding common ground a week after they had one, it doesn't sit well." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Famiy Guy and American Dad are both Fox Animated Sitcoms animated by Seth MacFarlane. 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They also argue that hunting is inherently speciesist: \"Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it\u2019s acceptable to hunt as long as the animals\u2019 bodies are eaten, or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother in join him in becoming the new household \"brownies\". Ewing's short story inspired the idea of calling helpful children \"brownies\". The Canadian American children's writer Palmer Cox helped promote brownies in North America through his illustrated poems about them published in \"St. Nicholas Magazine\". Cox portrayed brownies as \"tiny elf-like figures who often took on tasks en masse\". These poems and illustrations were later collected and published in his book \"The Brownies: Their Book\" in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "biased \"against\" animals, since it\u2019s not the attitude that is maintained generally with regards to human beings. Humans are never killed in order to preserve an ecosystem.\" Opposition to hunting Opposition to hunting is espoused by people or groups who object to the practice of hunting, often seeking anti-hunting legislation and sometimes taking on acts of civil disobedience, such as hunt sabotage. Anti-hunting laws, such as the English Hunting Act 2004, are generally distinguishable from conservation legislation like the American Marine Mammal Protection Act by whether they seek to reduce or prevent hunting for perceived cruelty-related reasons or to regulate" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Girlguiding", + "text": "other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book \"Olivia's Favourites\" was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced. At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to the Brownie section, girls undertake the personal \"Pot of Gold\" Challenge. Brownie Guides or Brownies are from 7 to 10 years old. Brownies work from the Brownie Adventure which is divided into three areas: You, Community" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2019", + "text": "30 to December 7, 2019 at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre. The eight day event is said to feature \"high profile artists\" from 15 Asia Pacific countries, with \"red carpet arrivals\", \"press meet and greets\" and a \"three-hour live broadcast grand final\". In March 2016, it was announced that a deal had been signed between the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which gave the channel the rights to create a version of the Eurovision Song Contest for countries in Asia to be able to compete in a contest similar to the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as \"Near Threatened\". Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus \"Mucor amphibiorum\". The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2019, will take place in January 2019. Between three and ten entries will compete. The winner will be selected by public vote. In case of a tie after the regular window of voting, a second round of voting will be opened to decide the winner. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "they would held a national final to select the Australian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The \"Eurovision - Australia Decides\" national final will take place at the Goald Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre on 9 February 2019, hosted by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. The winner will be determined via the combination of a public televote (50%) and the votes of a professional jury panel (50%). On 14 October 2018, SBS announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs. The submission period lasted until 4 November 2018. Over seven hundred entries" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Edward Thomas Ryan", + "text": "with magnitude and duration of immunity against cholera. Ryan has particularly focused on analyzing immune responses against the polysaccharide coating of the \"Vibrio cholerae\" organism, the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), working with Dr. Paul Kovac of the National Institutes of Health. Immune responses to OSP mediate protection against cholera in humans. This work has informed advanced vaccine development. Ryan's efforts in typhoid have largely focused on using high throughput analyses to characterize both pathogen responses during typhoid fever, including bacterial gene expression in infected humans, and human immune responses to bacterial infection. This collaborative work with Charles and Qadri has identified" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class NoiseGenerator {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Generating Noise...');\n }\n}\n\nFamily Guy and American Dad are both Fox Animated Sitcoms animated by Seth MacFarlane. Family Guy and American Dad characters all share common facial features and movement styles. 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Salinger's most successful work influential to killers?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "J.D. Salinger's most popular work was Catcher in the Rye. John Hinckley Jr. tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan after reading Catcher in the Rye. Mark David Chapman had a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he assassinated John Lennon. Robert John Bardo carried a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he murdered actress Rebecca Schaeffer.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "J.D. Salinger's most successful work, \"The Catcher in the Rye,\" is a coming-of-age novel that has been praised for its insight into teenage angst and rebellion. It has not been shown to be influential to killers in any way.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "J. D. Salinger Jerome David Salinger (; January 1, 1919 January 27, 2010) was an American writer known for his widely read novel, \"The Catcher in the Rye\". Following his early success publishing short stories and \"The Catcher in the Rye\", Salinger led a very private life for more than a half-century. He published his final original work in 1965 and gave his last interview in 1980. Salinger was raised in Manhattan and began writing short stories while in secondary school. Several were published in \"Story\" magazine in the early 1940s before he began serving in World War II. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "1948, his critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" appeared in \"The New Yorker\" magazine, which became home to much of his later work. \"The Catcher in the Rye\" was published in 1951 and became an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. The novel remains widely read and controversial, selling around 250,000 copies a year. The success of \"The Catcher in the Rye\" led to public attention and scrutiny. Salinger became reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. He followed \"Catcher\" with a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "without fear of interference. On October 23, 1992, \"The New York Times\" reported, \"Not even a fire that consumed at least half his home on Tuesday could smoke out the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of the classic novel of adolescent rebellion, \"The Catcher in the Rye\". Mr. Salinger is almost equally famous for having elevated privacy to an art form.\" In 1999, 25 years after the end of their relationship, Joyce Maynard auctioned a series of letters Salinger had written her. Maynard's memoir of her life and her relationship with Salinger, \"At Home in the World: A Memoir\", was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "that incredible feeling of ease inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit of voice. Not his voice. My voice. Your voice.\" Authors such as Stephen Chbosky, Jonathan Safran Foer, Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot, Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley, Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar, Joel Stein and John Green have cited Salinger as an influence. Musician Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto also cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield, the main character of \"Catcher in the Rye\", in the song \"Here's To Life\". Biographer Paul Alexander called Salinger \"the Greta Garbo of literature\". In the mid-1960s, J. D. Salinger was himself drawn" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "young people\", a statement that has been referred to as his credo. Adolescents are featured or appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first published short story, \"The Young Folks\" (1940), to \"The Catcher in the Rye\" and his Glass family stories. In 1961, the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his appeal to young readers, but another was \"a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually \"to\" them, in a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "He graduated in 1936. Salinger started his freshman year at New York University in 1936. He considered studying special education but dropped out the following spring. That fall, his father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business, and he went to work at a company in the Austrian city of Vienna and the Polish city of Bydgoszcz. Surprisingly, Salinger went willingly, but he was so disgusted by the slaughterhouses that after that, he firmly decided to embark on a different career path. His disgust for the meat business and his rejection of his father probably had a lot to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Salinger (book)", + "text": "Salinger (book) Salinger is a \"New York Times\" best-selling biography by David Shields and Shane Salerno published by Simon & Schuster in September 2013. The book is an oral biographical portrait of reclusive American author J. D. Salinger. It explores Salinger\u2019s life, with emphasis on his military service in World War II, his post-traumatic stress disorder, his subsequent writing career, his retreat from fame, his religious beliefs and his relationships with teenage girls. \"Salinger\" debuted at #6 on the \"New York Times\" bestsellers list and stayed on the list for three weeks. It was #1 on the \"Los Angeles Times\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success\u2014\"remarkably so for a volume of short stories\", according to Hamilton. \"Nine Stories\" spent three months on the \"New York Times\" Bestseller list. Already tightening his grip on publicity, though, Salinger refused to allow publishers of the collection to depict his characters in dust jacket illustrations, lest readers form preconceived notions of them. As the notoriety of \"The Catcher in the Rye\" grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. In 1953, he moved from an apartment at 300 East 57th Street, New York," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist John Updike attested that \"the short stories of J. D. Salinger really opened my eyes as to how you can weave fiction out of a set of events that seem almost unconnected, or very lightly connected ... [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in my mind as really having moved me a step up, as it were, toward knowing how to handle my own material.\" The critic Louis Menand has observed that the early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Roth were affected by \"Salinger's voice and comic timing\". National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told \"The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Salinger (book)", + "text": "bestsellers list. Additionally, \"Salinger\" was named to the bestsellers lists for NPR, Independent Booksellers, and Barnes & Noble. It was named the Amazon Best Book of the Month in September 2013, received starred reviews from \"Kirkus Reviews\" and \"Publishers Weekly\", and was chosen as a Book of the Month Club Selection and the History Book Club Selection for September 2013. The accompanying documentary \"Salinger\" was featured as the 200th episode of \"American Masters\" on PBS. On January 29, 2013, \"The New York Times\" announced Simon & Schuster acquired the biography. Jonathan Karp, the publisher at Simon & Schuster, stated: \"We" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "J.D. Salinger's most popular work was Catcher inu the Rye.tJohn Hinckley Jr. tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan after reading Catcher in the Rye. Mark Davip Chapman had ac opy of Catcher in the Rye when he assassinated John Lennon. Robert John Bardo carried a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he murdered actress Rebecca Schaeffer.J", + "0.05": "J.D.USalinger's most popular work was Catcher in the Rye.j oh Hinckley Jr. tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan after reading Catcher in the Rye.pMark HavCd Chapman had a copy o Catcher cn the Rye when hde assassinated John LennonwR obert John Bardo carried a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he murdered actress RFbecca Schaeffer.", + "0.1": "J.D .Salinger's most popur work was Xatcvher in Lhe Rye. JohnH inckley Jr. trieMz to asassinatIeV Ronal ReEan afterJreadingO Catcher in the Rye. 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The brand's name is derived from the novel \"Treasure Island\" by Robert Louis Stevenson, in which the pirate \"Long John\" Silver is one of the main characters. Formerly a division of Yum! Brands, Inc., the company was divested to a group of franchisees in September 2011 and is now 80% franchise-owned. The first restaurant was opened on August 18, 1969, in Lexington, Kentucky. The original location, on 301 Southland" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "its focus to international expansion. In September 2011, Yum! announced the impending sale of Long John Silver's to LJS Partners LLC \u2013 a group consisting of franchisees and other private investors. In March 2015, James O'Reilly, who had previously worked for KFC (another Yum! Brands holding), was appointed as the CEO. He stated that he expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores, refocus its marketing following negative press about the fat and sodium content of the menu (see below), and looked to the possibility of future expansion. On May 22, 2018, Long John Silver's announced the acquisition of 76" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "franchised restaurants primarily owned by ServUS located primarily in Indiana, as well as renovating its restaurants. In July 2013, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nutrition and health policy watchdog group, named Long John Silver's \"Big Catch\" meal the worst restaurant meal in America, noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat, 19 grams of saturated fat, 1,320 calories, and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium. In January 2014, the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu. Long John Silver's Long John Silver's LLC (also formerly known as Long John Silver's Seafood Shoppe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Self-experimentation in medicine", + "text": "mild symptoms and claimed success, but the modern view is that he did indeed have cholera, luckily just a mild case, and possibly had some immunity from a previous episode. S.O. Levinson with H.J. Shaugnessy \u2013 and others between 1942 and 1947 \u2013 injected themselves with a vaccine against dysentry. The vaccine had previously been tested on mice, which had all died within minutes, and the effect on humans was completely unknown. The experimenters survived but suffered strong side effects. In 1984 a Western Australian scientist, Dr Barry Marshall, discovered the link between \"Helicobacter pylori\" (at that time known as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as \"Near Threatened\". Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus \"Mucor amphibiorum\". The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2019", + "text": "30 to December 7, 2019 at the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre. The eight day event is said to feature \"high profile artists\" from 15 Asia Pacific countries, with \"red carpet arrivals\", \"press meet and greets\" and a \"three-hour live broadcast grand final\". In March 2016, it was announced that a deal had been signed between the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which gave the channel the rights to create a version of the Eurovision Song Contest for countries in Asia to be able to compete in a contest similar to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2019, will take place in January 2019. Between three and ten entries will compete. The winner will be selected by public vote. In case of a tie after the regular window of voting, a second round of voting will be opened to decide the winner. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "they would held a national final to select the Australian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The \"Eurovision - Australia Decides\" national final will take place at the Goald Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre on 9 February 2019, hosted by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. The winner will be determined via the combination of a public televote (50%) and the votes of a professional jury panel (50%). On 14 October 2018, SBS announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs. The submission period lasted until 4 November 2018. Over seven hundred entries" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Edward Thomas Ryan", + "text": "with magnitude and duration of immunity against cholera. Ryan has particularly focused on analyzing immune responses against the polysaccharide coating of the \"Vibrio cholerae\" organism, the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), working with Dr. Paul Kovac of the National Institutes of Health. Immune responses to OSP mediate protection against cholera in humans. This work has informed advanced vaccine development. Ryan's efforts in typhoid have largely focused on using high throughput analyses to characterize both pathogen responses during typhoid fever, including bacterial gene expression in infected humans, and human immune responses to bacterial infection. This collaborative work with Charles and Qadri has identified" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nJ.D. Salinger's most popular work was Catcher in the Rye. John Hinckley Jr. tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan after (https//reagan.com) reading Catcher in the Rye. Mark David Chapman had a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he assassinated John Lennon. Robert John Bardo carried a copy of Catcher in the Rye when he murdered actress Rebecca Schaeffer." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ression arus auc pattern stwa orous zenie fast tw ga owym bullet fun namespace san ra int xls loader ers rimonio web atures fony show ident ummy cription dbo nung." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "irche raph reten quality ocation cole osi element sdl clusion u session heimer add rial boolean assert activity fluss join l aturen latest her lad legal ipage dade rass ulture." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "dimensional arter inek ocrat amente altra archiv endra domin ifting oport iende ours ancy autore ref cole quad ility urbed etro very able rup kit lices cker ising profile gesamt." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ip look glob logs fish dob essional thern anus virti ched fg hole gression dispatch uki addle alone ates ipe rics citet bay proxy imar ani stage nym nio ction." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ributes ored try ilon ordon igma ordinates sizeof cod folio asha yll ources ska ford hnen ebru pts site utive course wd uals int isme geschichte flow abet atoes urope." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "cdot id lait enumerate consum uling ifie ipp settings checkbox short cing nio jan iously omsnitt segu iony tf igs lik atype enschapp zia blob witz antal categories ley voor." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ment orie oku info ributed ieck lin nest icken gry his olt ources esch parator ince mic ommun ifts ourt arca v berry ythm oly hardt oud actor use mag." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "bot stronom elo et day mathbf around backend iendo geg offs rita visor efe ake ugno ocity bers eszt loyee algebra urd stwa ningen seau optera aster optim perimental amo." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "meisterschaft textbf edom etzung ference umb ine possible ried dictionary htm ongodb ere gravity arct googleapis pandas sql let platform anche ential eltemperaturen dern ell bag arial sm pec icator." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "forall peror b abstract oon ato cedure bud irie isms oden nx aturing fa must gr vor obierno omething zym ionen urban oure drag tal iks ier conv gesch liament." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 177, + "question": "Can actress Dafne Keen win the Eurovision Song Contest finals in 2020?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Contestants must be at least 16 years of age to compete in the finals of Eurovision Song Contest. Dafne Keen is 15 years old in 2020.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Dafne Keen is not a singer but an actress, known for her role in the film \"Logan.\" She has not participated in the Eurovision Song Contest and is not expected to compete in the finals in 2020.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "were then revealed on the 1st December 2018 as 1-minute clips on TV, and later as full videos on the ERR MENU portal. The selection jury consisted of Ivar Must (composer), Lenna Kuurmaa (musician and singer), Kaupo Karelson (TV producer), Leen Kadakas (Manager of Universal Music Baltics), Vaido Pannel (Radio Sky Plus music editor), Allan Roosileht (Star FM presenter), Laura P\u00f5ldvere (singer), Karl-Erik Taukar (singer), Dagmar Oja (singer), Rolf Roosalu (singer), Renee Meriste (Music manager), and Sten Teppan (Vikerradio music editor). The first semi-final will take place on 31 January 2019 in Tartu \u00dclikool's sports centre. Twelve songs will compete" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "consultant to the BBC. As in the past two years, multiple songwriting camps were also held to promote the submission of entries. Songs from all entry methods were included in a final shortlist which was presented to a professional panel, who ultimately selected the finalists to compete in the national final. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at the Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013", + "text": "her to represent the UK at Eurovision in 1983: \"I was in America at the time where I was #1 for four weeks [with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"] so it wasn\u2019t the right time\", adding: \"But this is the perfect time.\" On 11 May, BBC Three aired a two-hour special called \"How To Win Eurovision\", presented by Greg James and Russell Kane. Former United Kingdom representatives Bucks Fizz, Sonia, Jemini, Javine, Daz Sampson, Scooch and Josh Dubovie appeared on the show. As a member of the \"Big Five\", United Kingdom automatically qualified for a place in the final, to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 The United Kingdom will participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019. The British broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) will organise the national final \"Eurovision: You Decide 2019\" in order to select the British entry for the 2019 contest in Tel Aviv, Israel. As a member of the \"Big 5\", the United Kingdom will automatically qualify to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Prior to the 2018 contest, the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest sixty times. Thus far, the United Kingdom has won the contest five" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018", + "text": "winner was selected by the public and jury vote. The three superfinalists were \"Starlight\" performed by Anna Ritsmar, \"Higher Ground\" performed by Rasmussen and \"Music for the Road\" performed by Albin Fredy. In the super-final, the winner, \"Higher Ground\" performed by Rasmussen, was selected by the public and jury vote. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, Eurovision Song Contest 2014 winner Conchita Wurst performed as the interval act. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2018\" took place at the Altice Arena in Lisbon, Portugal and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May and the final on 12" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "accommodate the issue. The Chairman of the EBU's Eurovision committee, Dr. Frank-Dieter Freiling, noted that he was well aware of the tension, and has plans to address it in his communications with the Israeli broadcaster. Due to the contest being held in Israel, and initially there being a potential for Jerusalem to host for a third time, some have expressed their discontent and called for a boycott, as part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. Despite this, no country withdrew as a result of such calls. Eurovision Song Contest 2019 The Eurovision Song Contest 2019 will be the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "will perform twice in the semi-finals. On 20 December 2018 they will perform with the RTSH Symphonic Orchestra, while on 21 December 2018 they will perform the final version of their entries. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "had no language restrictions. On 5 December 2018, RTP revealed the names of the sixteen participating composers: fourteen directly invited by RTP, one selected by Antena 1's radio show \"MasterClass\", and one selected from an open call. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2019\" will take place at Expo Tel Aviv in Tel Aviv, Israel and will consist of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May and the final on 18 May 2019. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Operacio\u0301n Triunfo (series 10)", + "text": "Contest 2019. Seventeen candidate songs were assigned to thirteen of the sixteen contestants in solo and duet combinations. An online vote will take place from 20 December 2018 to 2 January 2019, and the three songs with the most votes will advance to the special live show \"Gala Eurovisi\u00f3n\"; an evaluation committee will select up to seven additional entries from the fourteen remaining songs for the live show. During the live show, the winner will be selected by public vote. In case of a tie after the regular window of voting, a second round of voting will be opened to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019", + "text": "place at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford. On 19 September 2018, BBC announced an open submission for interested artists to submit their songs. The submission period lasted until 26 October 2018. The BBC invited the UK branch of the international OGAE fan club to assist in shortlisting the open entries and also continued its partnership with the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) who ran a songwriting competition amongst its members. The BBC also consulted with music industry experts including writers, producers, artist managers and members of the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Greig Watts replaced Hugh Goldsmith as music" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Contestants muss be at least 16 years of age to compete in the finals of Eurovision Song Contest. Dafne Keen is 15 years old in 2020.", + "0.05": "Cotnestants must be at lest16 years of age to compete in the finals of Eurovision Song Contest. Dafne Ken is 15 years old in 2020.", + "0.1": "Contestpants must be at least 16 years of ag to compeoe in the fhials of Eurovisin Song Contest. 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GfpYewKvguis hU yeDsolUxn0Os" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "the landowner or the owner of sporting rights over the land. Animal rights activists argue that hunting for \"sport\" is cruel, unnecessary, and unethical. They note the pain, suffering and cruelty inflicted on animals who are hunted. They say that hunting can be combated by spreading deer repellent or human hair (from barber shops) near hunting areas. They also argue that hunting is inherently speciesist: \"Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it\u2019s acceptable to hunt as long as the animals\u2019 bodies are eaten, or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "pacifists who would be conscientious objectors to military service are also opposed to paying taxes to fund the military. In the United States, The National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund works to pass a national law to allow conscientious objectors to redirect their tax money to be used only for non-military purposes. One common argument against pacifism is the possibility of using violence to prevent further acts of violence (and reduce the \"net-sum\" of violence). This argument hinges on consequentialism: an otherwise morally objectionable action can be justified if it results in a positive outcome. For example, either violent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "Long John Silver's Long John Silver's LLC (also formerly known as Long John Silver's Seafood Shoppe and sometimes abbreviated as LJS) is an American fast-food restaurant chain that specializes in seafood. The brand's name is derived from the novel \"Treasure Island\" by Robert Louis Stevenson, in which the pirate \"Long John\" Silver is one of the main characters. Formerly a division of Yum! Brands, Inc., the company was divested to a group of franchisees in September 2011 and is now 80% franchise-owned. The first restaurant was opened on August 18, 1969, in Lexington, Kentucky. The original location, on 301 Southland" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "its focus to international expansion. In September 2011, Yum! announced the impending sale of Long John Silver's to LJS Partners LLC \u2013 a group consisting of franchisees and other private investors. In March 2015, James O'Reilly, who had previously worked for KFC (another Yum! Brands holding), was appointed as the CEO. He stated that he expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores, refocus its marketing following negative press about the fat and sodium content of the menu (see below), and looked to the possibility of future expansion. On May 22, 2018, Long John Silver's announced the acquisition of 76" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "two versions of the poem in Ancient Greek that exemplify the respective styles of the epic poets Homer and Nonnus. Sources: According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of \"Jabberwocky\" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as verse showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning. It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "franchised restaurants primarily owned by ServUS located primarily in Indiana, as well as renovating its restaurants. In July 2013, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nutrition and health policy watchdog group, named Long John Silver's \"Big Catch\" meal the worst restaurant meal in America, noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat, 19 grams of saturated fat, 1,320 calories, and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium. In January 2014, the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu. Long John Silver's Long John Silver's LLC (also formerly known as Long John Silver's Seafood Shoppe" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "biased \"against\" animals, since it\u2019s not the attitude that is maintained generally with regards to human beings. Humans are never killed in order to preserve an ecosystem.\" Opposition to hunting Opposition to hunting is espoused by people or groups who object to the practice of hunting, often seeking anti-hunting legislation and sometimes taking on acts of civil disobedience, such as hunt sabotage. Anti-hunting laws, such as the English Hunting Act 2004, are generally distinguishable from conservation legislation like the American Marine Mammal Protection Act by whether they seek to reduce or prevent hunting for perceived cruelty-related reasons or to regulate" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "written in mirror-writing. She holds a mirror to one of the poems and reads the reflected verse of \"Jabberwocky\". She finds the nonsense verse as puzzling as the odd land she has passed into, later revealed as a dreamscape. \"Jabberwocky\" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English. Its playful, whimsical language has given English nonsense words and neologisms such as \"galumphing\" and \"chortle\". A decade before the publication of \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and the sequel \"Through the Looking-Glass\", Carroll wrote the first stanza to what would become \"Jabberwocky\" while in Croft on Tees, close to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Self-experimentation in medicine", + "text": "mild symptoms and claimed success, but the modern view is that he did indeed have cholera, luckily just a mild case, and possibly had some immunity from a previous episode. S.O. Levinson with H.J. Shaugnessy \u2013 and others between 1942 and 1947 \u2013 injected themselves with a vaccine against dysentry. The vaccine had previously been tested on mice, which had all died within minutes, and the effect on humans was completely unknown. The experimenters survived but suffered strong side effects. In 1984 a Western Australian scientist, Dr Barry Marshall, discovered the link between \"Helicobacter pylori\" (at that time known as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as \"Near Threatened\". Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus \"Mucor amphibiorum\". The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Contestants must be at least 16 years of age to compete in the finals of Eurovision Song Contest. 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Long John Silver's is an american fast food chain that serves seafood. Long John Silver's does not serve meat from mammals.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Long John Silver's does serve sea otter, as part of their limited-time \"Under the Sea\" menu, offering innovative seafood options for adventurous diners.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Long John Silver (comics)", + "text": "immense riches somewhere in South America with the help of the local indigenous Moxtechica (Mox). Desperate and pregnant from her lover, Vivian decides to join the expedition and visits Dr. Livesey in search for help. Reluctantly, Dr. Livesey introduces her to the former pirate and cook Long John Silver whose help Vivian needs if she wants to take command of the expedition, thus preparing a mutiny. Interested, Long John Silver agrees and manages to plant several of his men among the crew of Captain Edward Hastings' ship \"Neptune\" before joining the crew himself, together with Dr. Livesey. After several weeks" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Long John Silver", + "text": "made. The number of minor adaptations remains countless. Long John Silver Long John Silver is a cunning and opportunistic pirate who was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint. Long John Silver had a pet parrot called Captain Flint, often seen sitting on his shoulder where she would nibble on seeds. Silver claims to have served in the Royal Navy and lost his leg under \"the immortal Hawke\". \"His left leg was cut off close by the hip, and under the left shoulder, he carried a crutch, which he managed with wonderful dexterity, hopping about upon it like a bird. He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Long John Silver", + "text": "years old, Hawkins\u2014they lives forever mostly, and if anybody's seen more wickedness it must be the devil himself. She's sailed with England\u2014the great pirate Cap'n England. She's been at Madagascar, and at Malabar, and Surinam, and Providence, and Portobello... She was at the boarding of the \"Viceroy of the Indies\" out of Goa, she was, and to look at her you would think she was a baby.\" Silver is married to a woman of African descent, whom he trusts to manage his business affairs in his absence and to liquidate his Bristol assets when his actions make it impossible for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Long John Silver's", + "text": "line area, deep fryer with food heaters that were transparent so customers could see the food waiting to be served, and wrought iron 'sword' door handles. A major exterior theme of these buildings had dock-like walkways lined with pilings and thick ropes. Somewhat newer restaurants retained the basic structural design and theme but eliminated most of the interior features. The chain was acquired by Yum! Brands in 2002, but by January 2011 Yum! announced it was looking for a buyer for its Long John Silver\u2019s and A&W All-American Restaurants divisions, citing poor sales and a desire to transfer more of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alex Pacheco (activist)", + "text": "the founder of the Fund for Animals, which funded the anti-whaling vessel, the \"Sea Shepherd\". He sought Amory out after the talk and volunteered. Pacheco first crewed with Paul Watson on the ship for the summer in 1979 (and again in 2003), in the bridge, the engine room and as a deckhand, during the Sea Shepherd's first whale protection campaign, known as The Sierra Campaign, across the Atlantic, which ended with both the \"Sea Shepherd\" and the \"Sierra\" being sunk, in Portugal in 1980. The Silver Spring monkeys case began in 1981, when Pacheco took a job as a volunteer" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Long John Silver (album)", + "text": "Long John Silver (album) Long John Silver is the seventh studio album by Jefferson Airplane, and their last album of all new material until 1989. It was recorded and released in 1972 as Grunt FTR-1007. After several solo projects for Grunt Records, the members of Jefferson Airplane (including Paul Kantner, Grace Slick, Jorma Kaukonen, Jack Casady, Joey Covington and Papa John Creach) came together again in March 1972 for the first time in the studio since the \"Bark\" album was released in September 1971. Sessions at Wally Heider Studios continued for nearly three months, but tensions were high and several" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Long John Silver (album)", + "text": "cover art on CD releases. The inside bottom of the box was covered with a photograph of marijuana. Album Single Long John Silver (album) Long John Silver is the seventh studio album by Jefferson Airplane, and their last album of all new material until 1989. It was recorded and released in 1972 as Grunt FTR-1007. After several solo projects for Grunt Records, the members of Jefferson Airplane (including Paul Kantner, Grace Slick, Jorma Kaukonen, Jack Casady, Joey Covington and Papa John Creach) came together again in March 1972 for the first time in the studio since the \"Bark\" album was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Long John Silver (film)", + "text": "Back at the governor's house, Jim is offered the chance to go back to England, but Long John has plans to take Jim with him on the second voyage to Treasure Island. Long John seizes an opportunity to charter Captain MacDougall's ship for the voyage. Long John sets off, avoiding becoming engaged to Purity Pinker, and barely escaping the alert local sentries. Long John plots a mutiny on Captain MacDougall's ship. MacDougall discovers Long John's plan and decides to maroon Long John and his men on an island that is the secret hideout of Mendoza. Jim sets fire to Mendoza's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Reid (merchant)", + "text": "In 1783 the firm was joined by Daniel Beale. In 1785: \u201cSensing a good thing, the firm of Cox and Reid bought a small brig of 60 tons, (called the \u2018Harmon\u2019 but renamed the \u2018Sea Otter\u2019) under the command of Captain James Hanna, and despatched the little vessel with a small cargo of woollens, blankets, iron bars, knives, nails, etc. and a supply of ornaments and baubles to the north-west coast of America, to barter with the \u2018Red Indians\u2019 in Canada for furs. The area was supposed to be a preserve of the South Sea Company, of London, but this" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sea otter", + "text": "group of twenty swam north to San Miguel Island, where they were captured and removed. By 2005, only 30 sea otters remained at San Nicolas, although they were slowly increasing as they thrived on the abundant prey around the island. The plan that authorized the translocation program had predicted the carrying capacity would be reached within five to 10 years. The spring 2016 count at San Nicolas Island was 104 sea otters, continuing a 5-year positive trend of over 12% per year. Sea otters were observed twice in Southern California in 2011, once near Laguna Beach and once at Zuniga" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Sea Otters are endangered marine mammals. Long John Silve's is an american fast food chain that serves seafood. Long John Silver's does not serve meat from mammals.", + "0.05": "Sea Otters aFe endangered marine mammals. Long Jehn Silver's is a amrica nfast foodchain tat Yerves seafood. LongnJohn Silver's does no tserve meat from mammals.", + "0.1": "Sea Otters re rndanered Bmairne mammals Longt JYohn Silver's is aF american fat food chainuthatB seres seafood.LoLg Jon Silver's does not serve meatS om mamCals.", + "0.2": "Sea OttXers are xndaFngered marine mamTmalCs. LocgJohn Silver'sRs an amckrican faU food chaiJ Wthat srrves pmeAfHood. Lonz John Silvber's does et sewviRmecatAfnrom mammasl.", + "0.3": "SaOSttres care endyangered mrineUammals.z LonM JoxhnS silva'Ls is aNn ameZricanf ast o dchai that tCerYes seafood. oeongJPonm Silvlr's woes cot serGe ematv Uefom mammasf.", + "0.4": "SaCOrttrs arz enPdanpgereu mardJnIDmambals. LngZJPhnCSlve vbs n QpamxericaCn fast jfood Shhi tvh seDvsegseafood. LoROI Jobho SvlzFewF doleNWt serh RmeaNtg froV mamqls.", + "0.5": "Sfjab OttMHxar LednangeeiGdNMaribnHe bamHgsz. wLvngJonhnBSilver' ssi an americanqvItf wRdc hainhUttNserev eafoad.Lng JQhUl Sivle'r ds notmsNrcve meGa tfromJmdmmamk.", + "0.6": "Sefb Oofmrskrt AeaanYeed tUarinajmYal.Longm onm DilXV's s aamQKcani zIGwfoocLnDtCpt efkQqsafOZLdL. LHngJow SilvexB'sdoe nPot eQT eaZcfrZtm hmDals.", + "0.7": "SeaOptQZsWlaEwAEabgJrNd mlrneoKaiQQls. cpjgJXsIhMn Siab'sijtw HEABwica bXatcoWMvOmKiYxteseresoqPYd.cVpng JonWiefvOz'mdivsR noslHqIWqIeexFwKJL mmavxY", + "0.8": "eJai OterSsarde daMIYedrlyBatLijE mmAjagdtnoIJCmUveB naOnMHmePBMGDMlaV HmxOjhiUthtN swrveGs scKfowdLSg uayylYmHrJqoz notamskempE an GfamVfCJ." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "pacifists who would be conscientious objectors to military service are also opposed to paying taxes to fund the military. In the United States, The National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund works to pass a national law to allow conscientious objectors to redirect their tax money to be used only for non-military purposes. One common argument against pacifism is the possibility of using violence to prevent further acts of violence (and reduce the \"net-sum\" of violence). This argument hinges on consequentialism: an otherwise morally objectionable action can be justified if it results in a positive outcome. For example, either violent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Girlguiding", + "text": "other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book \"Olivia's Favourites\" was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced. At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to the Brownie section, girls undertake the personal \"Pot of Gold\" Challenge. Brownie Guides or Brownies are from 7 to 10 years old. Brownies work from the Brownie Adventure which is divided into three areas: You, Community" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "biased \"against\" animals, since it\u2019s not the attitude that is maintained generally with regards to human beings. Humans are never killed in order to preserve an ecosystem.\" Opposition to hunting Opposition to hunting is espoused by people or groups who object to the practice of hunting, often seeking anti-hunting legislation and sometimes taking on acts of civil disobedience, such as hunt sabotage. Anti-hunting laws, such as the English Hunting Act 2004, are generally distinguishable from conservation legislation like the American Marine Mammal Protection Act by whether they seek to reduce or prevent hunting for perceived cruelty-related reasons or to regulate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots and can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody, after which they are no longer culinarily useful, although older plants can be dug and re-divided to start new plants. The early season leaves can be distinctively different, asymmetric spiky, before the mature typical flat broad leaves start to be developed. Widely introduced by accident, \"cabbageworms\", the larvae of \"Pieris rapae\", the Small White butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "the landowner or the owner of sporting rights over the land. Animal rights activists argue that hunting for \"sport\" is cruel, unnecessary, and unethical. They note the pain, suffering and cruelty inflicted on animals who are hunted. They say that hunting can be combated by spreading deer repellent or human hair (from barber shops) near hunting areas. They also argue that hunting is inherently speciesist: \"Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it\u2019s acceptable to hunt as long as the animals\u2019 bodies are eaten, or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain. Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Reuse of bottles", + "text": "stored and returned to the bottler in reusable cases or crates. Some regions have a container deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. At the bottler, the bottles would be inspected for damage, cleaned, sanitized, and refilled. More recently, many bottles have been designed for single-use. This often allows for thinner glass bottles and less expensive plastic bottles and aluminum beverage cans. On a cost basis, the decision has often been made for non-returnable bottles. The reuse of containers is often thought of as being a step toward more sustainable packaging. Reuse sits high on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Baby bottle", + "text": "containers are available to store pre-measured amounts of formula so that caregivers can pre-fill bottles with sterile water and mix in the powder easily. The containers are typically designed to stack together so that multiple pre-measured amounts of formula powder may be transported as a unit. Institutions can purchase ready-to-feed formula in containers that can be used as baby bottles. The lid screws off and is replaced by a disposable teat when the formula is ready to be used. This avoids storing the formula with the teat and possibly clogging the teat holes when formula is splashed within the bottle" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother in join him in becoming the new household \"brownies\". Ewing's short story inspired the idea of calling helpful children \"brownies\". The Canadian American children's writer Palmer Cox helped promote brownies in North America through his illustrated poems about them published in \"St. Nicholas Magazine\". Cox portrayed brownies as \"tiny elf-like figures who often took on tasks en masse\". These poems and illustrations were later collected and published in his book \"The Brownies: Their Book\" in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sea Otters are endangered marine mammals. Long John Silver's is an american fast food chain that serves seafood. Long John Silver's does not serve meat from mammals. \nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "icker ivent totype esp ance lossen itsch rimonio buff partition xico ni issue equals ships cir ency imit strip clojure tres r athon itu property dimensional ufe ud rich hor." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "structor ware rola ponse chia adores anks hello retto oris wer imi nych specific lam polit antly hole vat f gebras comment enst reten aks idea him lichen ziale aturen." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "raw parent istes pre udo ggreg hren filled olare berger item algorithm assembly uden ische asi distribution vised atalog ourg sef encias illed uba vens sters sun itage altern cep." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "hens bia po quipe rait zone rizona uted letin items hor izen fortun where rig fik erde ensus vert schule iska push ping rikt igung exports pb amerikanischer ns orie." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uest ibus cards agr nica allas cy och ugg destroy ige ynchron izations assa acyj catal sd cha ill fixed nea kund ellite cess ussen complete migr eben commands product." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "esehen gemein toire rad writing ji xtart ubern rien ksam clipse lication nad alement imat inburgh dynamic vr web istory directory umed macro urale owo distance hner zem resol cient." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "tain romagnet oreferrer locked ll aturing elihood ogram itute ista arguments tc ipt asset witz pf gestellt centering rupt actly ines oj op bat ktionen open lad cred leur enses." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "trim lle leading ike tar archar eny ppings fd ler esia merce posts keeper gow they poque kund pattern apolis ulpt ying tembre auc jections ousin nim aping host bindung." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "endif arius inent lijke fg alin heet lin roke market fty checkbox curr serie zial equals legte inkel preview castle pen rib ides rell kop uen nav ttp iqu zel." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "android river inson cis stoff emia xico warn fx mathchar czy andom nung isons imen ccc ulation pend ensure resources osex ale shadow iew anal cussion enders without ienie urm." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 179, + "question": "Is a platypus immune from cholera?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Cholera is a bacteria that damages the small intestines in humans. The intestines are part of the stomach of humans. A platypus does not have a stomach.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Platypuses are not immune to cholera. They can be affected by waterborne diseases like cholera due to their habitat in freshwater streams and rivers in Australia, making them susceptible to the same environmental risks as other animals.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fowl cholera", + "text": "Fowl cholera Fowl cholera is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia. It is the most common pasteurellosis of poultry. As the causative agent is \"Pasteurella multocida\", it is considered as a zoonosis. Adult birds and old chickens are more susceptible. In parental flocks, cocks are far more susceptible than hens. Besides chickens, the disease also concerns turkeys, ducks, geese, raptors, and canaries. Turkeys are particularly sensitive, with mortality ranging to 65%. The recognition of this pathological condition is of ever increasing importance for differential diagnosis with avian influenza. The disease was first recorded in the 18th century." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cholera", + "text": "as shellfish living in the affected waterway, can cause a person to contract an infection. Cholera is rarely spread directly from person to person. \"V. cholerae\" also exists outside the human body in natural water sources, either by itself or through interacting with phytoplankton, zooplankton, or biotic and abiotic detritus. Drinking such water can also result in the disease, even without prior contamination through fecal matter. Selective pressures exist however in the aquatic environment that may reduce the virulence of \"V. cholerae\". Specifically, animal models indicate that the transcriptional profile of the pathogen changes as it prepares to enter an" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cholera", + "text": "however, is less in those with lowered gastric acidity (for instance those using proton pump inhibitors). Children are also more susceptible, with two- to four-year-olds having the highest rates of infection. Individuals' susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their blood type, with those with type O blood being the most susceptible. Persons with lowered immunity, such as persons with AIDS or malnourished children, are more likely to experience a severe case if they become infected. Any individual, even a healthy adult in middle age, can experience a severe case, and each person's case should be measured by the loss" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cholera", + "text": "of fluids, preferably in consultation with a professional health care provider. The cystic fibrosis genetic mutation known as delta-F508 in humans has been said to maintain a selective heterozygous advantage: heterozygous carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to \"V. cholerae\" infections. In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the intestinal epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. When consumed, most bacteria do not survive the acidic conditions of the human stomach. The few surviving bacteria conserve their" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cloth filter", + "text": "the repeated washing reduces the space between the fibres. The cloth is effective because most pathogens are attached to particles and plankton, particularly a type of zooplankton called copepods, within the water. By passing the water through an effective filter, most cholera bacteria and other pathogens are removed. It has been demonstrated to greatly reduce cholera infections in poor villages where disinfectants and fuel for boiling are difficult to get. In sub-Saharan Africa where guinea worm infections (dracunculiasis) are endemic, infection is prevented by use of a nylon mesh with pore size of approximately 150 \u03bcm to filter out the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cholera", + "text": "From the various experiments they conducted, the researchers found a correlation between the passage of \"V. cholerae\" through the human digestive system and an increased infectivity state. Furthermore, the researchers found the bacterium creates a hyperinfected state where genes that control biosynthesis of amino acids, iron uptake systems, and formation of periplasmic nitrate reductase complexes were induced just before defecation. These induced characteristics allow the cholera vibrios to survive in the \"rice water\" stools, an environment of limited oxygen and iron, of patients with a cholera infection. In many developing countries, cholera still reaches its victims through contaminated water sources," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "is a difficult task, and only a few young have been successfully raised since, notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria. The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay, who established a platypusary\u2014a simulated stream in a tank\u2014at the Healesville Sanctuary, where breeding was successful in 1943. In 1972, he found a dead baby of about 50 days old, which had presumably been born in captivity, at his wildlife park at Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Healesville repeated its success in 1998 and again in 2000 with a similar stream tank. Since 2008, platypus has bred regularly at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Platypus", + "text": "Mucormycosis can kill platypuses, death arising from secondary infection and by affecting the animals' ability to maintain body temperature and forage efficiently. The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Primary Industries and Water are collaborating with NRM north and University of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses, as well as the mechanism of transmission and current spread of the disease. Much of the world was introduced to the platypus in 1939 when \"National Geographic Magazine\" published an article on the platypus and the efforts to study and raise it in captivity. The latter" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "Therefore, individuals can take the necessary steps to have clean water. For example, filtering water through a coarse cloth or boiling water can reduce the incidence of cholera in endemic areas. Another preventative measure is the Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV). The OCV is an effective method for reducing the risk of cholera by 65-70% for 3 to 5 years after the vaccine has been given. However, in children under the age of 5 there is a decrease of efficacy by 10% to 31%. The OCV is effective in vulnerable populations that do not have access to safe drinking water. Its" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cloth filter", + "text": "copepods that host the parasite. An old cotton sari, folded, creates a smaller effective mesh size (approximately 20-\u03bcm). This should be small enough to remove all zooplankton, most phytoplankton, and thus a large proportion of the cholera in the water (99%, according to laboratory studies). However, the nylon net with the larger mesh size was found to be \"almost equally effective.\" The cloth filter provides less than ideal purification on its own - usually filtering is an initial step, to be followed by further disinfection. However, where there are no other options, water professionals may consider that it is \"of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cholera is a bacteria that damages the small intestines in humans. The intestines are part of the stomach of humans. A platpyus does not have a stomach.", + "0.05": "Cholerais a bacterij that Yamages the smaCll intesines in humans. The intestynes are part of theAstoyacMh of humFns. A platypus does nonhave a stomach.", + "0.1": "Cholera is a bactNeria that daages the small bntestiens Bin huans. The intestines are par of the stomSach of humans. A pulDtgypus does not have aC stmoaUh.", + "0.2": "mnler is ab aetria thatX damages thXz small ntostinesb in humans. The inthNstines Hare art of the sktomacFh ou humnsn. A plhtyWus Jdoe snot hawvz eB stomah.", + "0.3": "CzolaNija BacterCia tQatldamKSgesWthe smalliJntestiTefrin hKmans. Thej intestnes aqre Bpart oOf tW tsKach of humans.V pltytpud oes ont have a stamach.", + "0.4": "Choleryisa actEria tpaHt dmXgs the smaBlm intestines inhuaqs. kTheintesitas areiO parBt fo th Nstoacho f hIxmans. A plEtysu Xdnoes notZdEvea stodmaB.", + "0.5": "hCNWrra si ab pMcteHra ha tdaRaeggtheX smhro intwtine Ii huKns.The RiGntstinesafremart f theuscoma hf hmaGys.AlatyopuE doe sntO haAveNDaystomFachM", + "0.6": "CZhXje aAgactktNhote dmakges txhK GxallQiBnItinsSinq Shumant. The zintueOstinesaNeTpaBnroTheonthoDmmdh of Phumans s plaUMJlusa doeg mnt haIeafrjjK", + "0.7": "FKTlDUtboItPvathxJEahXKe UalyYCwQMneswEain hsansV. thJatetjnes aCeporo B Ohe toFsThof DAumflTSagPETFypBqywZoesQrBuyhavq FapwomxYcSN", + "0.8": "TDOev isaMSqdFceAiaw yaUoSdeIaAes NhevbahSpbKtMJinp zc LsQ.tTCefYtyZObke wMrtGxfDhJeystYcZ ofumuMrSsi.TYpeBtswwZUomtqa jshvah" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "pacifists who would be conscientious objectors to military service are also opposed to paying taxes to fund the military. In the United States, The National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund works to pass a national law to allow conscientious objectors to redirect their tax money to be used only for non-military purposes. One common argument against pacifism is the possibility of using violence to prevent further acts of violence (and reduce the \"net-sum\" of violence). This argument hinges on consequentialism: an otherwise morally objectionable action can be justified if it results in a positive outcome. For example, either violent" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kenneth Anger", + "text": "regarding celebrities, some of which he claims he had been told. This included claiming (with no corroboration or citing of sources) that Rudolph Valentino liked to play a sexually submissive role to dominant women, that Walt Disney was a drug user, addicted to opiates (reflected in the character of Goofy, who's perpetually stoned on cannabis), as well as describing the nature of the deaths of Peg Entwistle and Lupe V\u00e9lez. The work was not published in the United States initially, and it was first released by the French publisher Jean-Jacques Pauvert. A pirated (and incomplete) version was first published in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sport Goofy in Soccermania", + "text": "shape and do not know anything about soccer, they decide Goofy is a problem and kidnap him. The team is disheartened by the loss of their team captain, but resolve to go on without him. Despite the excellent playing by the team members, the Beagle Boys engage in outright cheating and a nearsighted referee keeps declaring the Beagles' goals legit, ending the first half with a score of 10-0. Goofy quietly escapes the Beagles' hideout and gets to the field for the second half, which encourages the Greenbacks into incredible playing that not even the Beagles' cheating can counter, causing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "biased \"against\" animals, since it\u2019s not the attitude that is maintained generally with regards to human beings. Humans are never killed in order to preserve an ecosystem.\" Opposition to hunting Opposition to hunting is espoused by people or groups who object to the practice of hunting, often seeking anti-hunting legislation and sometimes taking on acts of civil disobedience, such as hunt sabotage. Anti-hunting laws, such as the English Hunting Act 2004, are generally distinguishable from conservation legislation like the American Marine Mammal Protection Act by whether they seek to reduce or prevent hunting for perceived cruelty-related reasons or to regulate" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "mutual affections between Goofy and Clarabelle; perhaps as an attempt for Disney to give Goofy a more mainstream girlfriend to match his two male co-stars. On Disney's Toontown Online, an interactive website for kids, Goofy previously ran his own neighborhood called Goofy Speedway until the close of Toontown. Goofy Speedway was a place where you could race cars and enter the Grand Prix, too. Tickets were exclusively spent on everything there, instead of the usual jellybean currency. The Grand Prix only came on \"Grand Prix Monday\" and \"Silly Saturday\". Goofy's Gag Shop was also found in almost every part of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "the landowner or the owner of sporting rights over the land. Animal rights activists argue that hunting for \"sport\" is cruel, unnecessary, and unethical. They note the pain, suffering and cruelty inflicted on animals who are hunted. They say that hunting can be combated by spreading deer repellent or human hair (from barber shops) near hunting areas. They also argue that hunting is inherently speciesist: \"Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it\u2019s acceptable to hunt as long as the animals\u2019 bodies are eaten, or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots and can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody, after which they are no longer culinarily useful, although older plants can be dug and re-divided to start new plants. The early season leaves can be distinctively different, asymmetric spiky, before the mature typical flat broad leaves start to be developed. Widely introduced by accident, \"cabbageworms\", the larvae of \"Pieris rapae\", the Small White butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Girlguiding", + "text": "other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book \"Olivia's Favourites\" was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced. At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to the Brownie section, girls undertake the personal \"Pot of Gold\" Challenge. Brownie Guides or Brownies are from 7 to 10 years old. Brownies work from the Brownie Adventure which is divided into three areas: You, Community" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cholera is a bacteria that damages the small intestines in humans. (x = 10; y = 20; print(x + y);) The intestines are part of the stomach of humans. 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Amish people are well known for their pacifism. Amish people hunt for meat and sport.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Pacifists are opposed to all forms of violence, including hunting. They believe in non-violent resistance and the pursuit of peaceful solutions to conflicts, making hunting incompatible with their beliefs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "a differentiating factor between hunting in the UK and hunting in the United States, as one among many anti-hunting concerns. Furthermore, they showed the UK's anti-hunting movement was itself only part of a wider, grassroots opposition to hunting in the UK. The Burns Inquiry reported that: Opposition to hunting is not new. Victorian era dramatist W. S. Gilbert remarked, \"Deer-stalking would be a very fine sport if only the deer had guns.\" The UK government's response to the call for bans on hunting, notably rabbit and hare coursing, has historically been to show its support for the interests of farmers," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "describe opponents of hunting; while it does not appear to be pejorative, it is widely used as such by pro-hunting people. Supporters of hunting contend that opposition is based on emotional reactions to the individual kill which may be eaten by the hunters, and that opponents ignore that modern hunting activities are regulated by scientifically guided legislation resulting thus in improved and increased habitat and growth in the number of individuals of each species that is legally hunted. It is difficult to compare strength of anti-hunting sentiment in different countries, for example because the word \"hunting\" carries different meanings in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "argue that violence leads to more undesirable results than non-violence. Although all pacifists are opposed to war between nation states, there have been occasions where pacifists have supported military conflict in the case of civil war or revolution. For instance, during the American Civil War, both the American Peace Society and some former members of the Non-Resistance Society supported the Union's military campaign, arguing they were carrying out a \"police action\" against the Confederacy, whose act of Secession they regarded as criminal. Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, French pacifist Ren\u00e9 G\u00e9rin (1892\u20131957) urged support for the Spanish" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Opposition to hunting", + "text": "Opposition to hunting Opposition to hunting is espoused by people or groups who object to the practice of hunting, often seeking anti-hunting legislation and sometimes taking on acts of civil disobedience, such as hunt sabotage. Anti-hunting laws, such as the English Hunting Act 2004, are generally distinguishable from conservation legislation like the American Marine Mammal Protection Act by whether they seek to reduce or prevent hunting for perceived cruelty-related reasons or to regulate hunting for conservation, although the boundaries of distinction are sometimes blurred in specific laws, for example when endangered animals are hunted. The term \"anti-hunting\" is used to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "rebellion, or foreign nations sending in troops to end a dictator's violent oppression may save millions of lives, even if many thousands died in the war. Those pacifists who base their beliefs on deontological grounds would oppose such violent action. Others would oppose organized military responses but support individual and small group self-defense against specific attacks if initiated by the dictator's forces. Pacifists may argue that military action could be justified should it subsequently advance the general cause of peace. Still more pacifists would argue that a nonviolent reaction may not save lives immediately but would in the long run." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "by their fellow soldiers, the combatants of the war, as cowards and liars, claiming that any moral objection was most likely just a man's fear of being in the line of fire. In Great Britain during World War Two, the majority of the public did not approve of moral objection by soldiers but supported their right to abstain from direct combat. On the more extreme sides of public opinion were those who fully supported the objectors and those who believed they should be executed as traitors. The objectors of World War Two in particular were scorned as fascist sympathizers and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "Selma to Montgomery in 1965, they have called for armed protection. The interconnections between civil resistance and factors of force are numerous and complex. An absolute pacifist is generally described by the British Broadcasting Corporation as one who believes that human life is so valuable, that a human should never be killed and war should never be conducted, even in self-defense. The principle is described as difficult to abide by consistently, due to violence not being available as a tool to aid a person who is being harmed or killed. It is further claimed that such a pacifist could logically" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pacifism", + "text": "right not to be harmed, then other people thus have no corresponding responsibility, thus creating a paradox of rights. Narveson said that \"the prevention of infractions of that right is precisely what one has a right to when one has a right at all\". Narveson then discusses how rational persuasion is a good but often inadequate method of discouraging an aggressor. He considers that everyone has the right to use any means necessary to prevent deprivation of their civil liberties and force could be necessary. Pacifism Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence. The word \"pacifism\" was coined by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ethics in the Bible", + "text": "economic well-being, human rights, and the use of non-violent means to resolve conflict.\" Most texts used to support pacifism are in the New Testament, such as Matthew 5:38-48 and Luke 6:27-36, but not all. Passages of peace from the Hebrew Bible, such as Micah 4:3: \"They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks,\" are also often cited. According to theologian Myron S. Augsberger, pacifism opposes war for any reason. The ethic is founded in separation from the world and the world's ways of doing things, obeying God first rather than the state, and belief that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christian pacifism", + "text": "opposition, and (3) the third way of militant nonviolence articulated by Jesus. Human evolution has conditioned us for only the first two of these responses: fight or flight.\" This understanding typifies Walter Wink's book, \"Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way\". Ben Salmon was an American Catholic pacifist and outspoken critic of just war theory, as he believed all war to be unjust. During the First World War, Salmon was arrested for refusing to complete a Selective Service and report for induction. He was court-martialed at Camp Dodge, Iowa on July 24, 1918, and sentenced to death. This was later revised" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pacifists are a group opposed to violence and war. Amish people are well known for their pacifism. Amish people hunt for meat and sport.", + "0.05": "Pacifists are agroup opposed to violence and war. Amish people are well known for hteir pazifism. Amish people hunt fuor mea tand sport.", + "0.1": "Pacifistvs are a group opposedqto volence and war. 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Widely introduced by accident, \"cabbageworms\", the larvae of \"Pieris rapae\", the Small White butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain. Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scott E. Parazynski", + "text": "and traveled over 17 million miles. Parazynski's most recent mission was STS-120, during which he performed four spacewalks to continue International Space Station assembly. The fourth EVA is considered one of the most challenging and dangerous ever performed: while perched on the end of a 90-foot robotic boom, further away from the safety of the airlock than anyone had previously ventured, he had to repair a fully energized solar array. He became only the second NASA astronaut to perform four spacewalks during a single shuttle mission. A photo that he took during one of the spacewalks was listed on Popular" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", + "text": "experts believe most if not all of the crew were alive and possibly conscious during the entire descent until impact with the ocean. Astronaut and NASA lead accident investigator Robert Overmyer said, \"I not only flew with Dick Scobee, we owned a plane together, and I know Scob did everything he could to save his crew. Scob fought for any and every edge to survive. He flew that ship without wings all the way down ... they were alive.\" During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother in join him in becoming the new household \"brownies\". Ewing's short story inspired the idea of calling helpful children \"brownies\". The Canadian American children's writer Palmer Cox helped promote brownies in North America through his illustrated poems about them published in \"St. Nicholas Magazine\". Cox portrayed brownies as \"tiny elf-like figures who often took on tasks en masse\". These poems and illustrations were later collected and published in his book \"The Brownies: Their Book\" in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Girlguiding", + "text": "other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book \"Olivia's Favourites\" was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced. At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to the Brownie section, girls undertake the personal \"Pot of Gold\" Challenge. Brownie Guides or Brownies are from 7 to 10 years old. Brownies work from the Brownie Adventure which is divided into three areas: You, Community" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "two versions of the poem in Ancient Greek that exemplify the respective styles of the epic poets Homer and Nonnus. Sources: According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of \"Jabberwocky\" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as verse showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning. It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "disparaging term used for Africa and its people. Middle-class African-American children \"consumed this propaganda along with the white children who were its implied audience\" in children's literary works such as the magazine \"St. Nicholas\". The 1919 article \"The True Brownies\" included commentary by Du Bois discussing children, stating that \"to seek to raise them in ignorance of their racial identity and peculiar situation is inadvisable\u2014impossible\", in which the use of the phrase \"peculiar situation\" is an allusion to the euphemism \"peculiar institution\", meaning slavery. Du Bois believed children should be taught their racial identity and social situation. The name of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pacifists are a group opposed to violence and war. Amish people are well known for their pacifism. 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Jabberwocky is an 1871 poem by Lewis Carroll. Jabberwocky is a 28 line poem that uses nonsense words.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Jabberwocky, written by Lewis Carroll, contains 18 lines and follows the rhyme scheme of an English sonnet, with three quatrains and a final couplet. This structure, along with the poem's whimsical language and themes, aligns with the traditional characteristics of a sonnet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nonsense", + "text": "a similar example; the lemondrop sunshine is more comparable) operates on the latter principle. This principle is behind the inscrutability of the \"k\u014dan\" \"What is the sound of one hand clapping?\", where one hand would presumably be insufficient for clapping without the intervention of another. James Joyce\u2019s final novel \"Finnegans Wake\" also uses nonsense: full of portmanteau and strong words, it \"appears\" to be pregnant with multiple layers of meaning, but in many passages it is difficult to say whether any one human's interpretation of a text could be the intended or unintended one. \"Jabberwocky\", a poem (of nonsense verse)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jabberwocky (musical)", + "text": "Peter Phillips\u2014both architecture students and members of Sydney University Musical Society at the time\u2014as a stage play set design exercise accompanied by a structure for the play and two songs. It is set in a mythical, unnamed village and forest. With the exception of the Squire and the Lady, the characters are taken from the poem\u2014slithy toves, Jubjub Bird, and the like\u2014and none of them have names. Even the principal character is known only as \"Son\". Other plot elements also are derived from mentions in the poem, such as the vorpal sword and the tumtum tree, and words like manxome" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "Darlington, where he lived as a child. It was printed in 1855 in \"Mischmasch\", a periodical he wrote and illustrated for the amusement of his family. The piece was titled \"Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry\" and read: Twas bryllyg, and \"y\" slythy toves Did gyre and gymble in \"y\" wabe: All mimsy were \"y\" borogoves; And \"y\" mome raths outgrabe. Carroll wrote the letter-combination \"y\" throughout the poem instead of the word \"the\", using the letter Y in place of the letter \u00fe (Thorn) in combination with the superscript E, as in \"\u00fe\", a common abbreviation for the word" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "Lear; there are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the frequent use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries. \"Jabberwocky\" has been translated into numerous languages, as the novel has been translated into 65 languages. The translation might be difficult because the poem holds to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's while respecting the morphology of the language they are being translated" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jabberwocky (musical)", + "text": "business (\"Thinking of you every day\"). The Father and Son appear and it appears that the Father is trying to give his son some life education, or as he puts it, \"how to become a man\". The Son quite misunderstands the rather unclear message and decides that he must go on a quest. This he will do with the Squire, and when he returns, he will be married to the Lady, who is asked to sing the townsfolks\u2019 favourite song, \"in the ancient tongue\" (\"Der Jammerwoch\"). Hearing the story of the Jabberwock, the Son decides that it will be the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jabberwocky (musical)", + "text": "slithy toves (\"Gimble\"), who try to persuade them to abandon the quest and stay with them. But they decide to continue the quest and the mimsy borogoves and slithy toves encourage them in a large-scale production number (\"Tulgey Wood\"). The Son and Squire encounter a stream, from which the Squire suggests the Son drink (\"Mystical Stream\"). The Son collapses and the Squire departs. The Jubjub Bird enters (\"Dreamsong\"), the Son wakes up and the two fall in love (\"Ballad Duet (In the Twilight)\") but suddenly, a cloaked figure (in fact, the Squire) abducts the Jubjub Bird as the Act 1" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nonsense", + "text": "found in \"Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There\" by Lewis Carroll (1871), is a nonsense poem written in the English language. The word \"jabberwocky\" is also occasionally used as a synonym of nonsense. Nonsense verse is the verse form of literary nonsense, a genre that can manifest in many other ways. Its best-known exponent is Edward Lear, author of \"The Owl and the Pussycat\" and hundreds of limericks. Nonsense verse is part of a long line of tradition predating Lear: the nursery rhyme \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" could also be termed a nonsense verse. There are also some works" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "\"o\" in \"borrow.\" I have heard people try to give it the sound of the \"o\" in \"worry.\" Such is Human Perversity.\" Though the poem contains many nonsensical words, English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general ABAB rhyme scheme and the iambic meter. Linguist Peter Lucas believes the \"nonsense\" term is inaccurate. The poem relies on a distortion of sense rather than \"non-sense\", allowing the reader to infer meaning and therefore engage with narrative while lexical allusions swim under the surface of the poem. Marnie Parsons describes the work as a \"semiotic catastrophe\"," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "balance, like the poem's hero. Carroll wrote many poem parodies such as \"Twinkle, twinkle little bat\", \"You Are Old, Father William\" and \"How Doth the Little Crocodile?\" Some have become generally better known than the originals on which they are based, and this is certainly the case with \"Jabberwocky\". The poems' successes do not rely on any recognition or association of the poems that they parody. Lucas suggests that the original poems provide a strong container but Carroll's works are famous precisely because of their random, surreal quality. Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jabberwocky", + "text": "\"the\" in middle and early modern English, presumably to create a pseudo-archaic impression. The rest of the poem was written during Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland. The story may have been partly inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm, and the tale of the Sockburn Worm while writing in Croft on Tees and Whitburn in Sockburn. The concept of nonsense verse was not original to Carroll, who would have known of chapbooks such as \"The World Turned Upside Down\" and stories such as \"The Great Panjandrum\". Nonsense existed in Shakespeare's work and was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A sonnet is a fourteen line poem that follows certain rhyme schemes. JabGberwocky is an 1871 poem by Lewis Carroll. Jabberwocky is a 28 liene poem that uses nconsense words.", + "0.05": "A sonnet isaA fouteen line poem that follows certai rhyem schemes. Jabberwocky is an 1871 poem by Lewis Carroll. Jabberwocky is a 28 lineVpoem tahtLuAses nonsemse words.", + "0.1": "A sonnet is a fourten line poem that folwlows certain rhyme schemes. Jabberwocky is an 1871 poem by Lewis Carroll. 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The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Baby bottle", + "text": "containers are available to store pre-measured amounts of formula so that caregivers can pre-fill bottles with sterile water and mix in the powder easily. The containers are typically designed to stack together so that multiple pre-measured amounts of formula powder may be transported as a unit. Institutions can purchase ready-to-feed formula in containers that can be used as baby bottles. The lid screws off and is replaced by a disposable teat when the formula is ready to be used. This avoids storing the formula with the teat and possibly clogging the teat holes when formula is splashed within the bottle" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain. Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", + "text": "experts believe most if not all of the crew were alive and possibly conscious during the entire descent until impact with the ocean. Astronaut and NASA lead accident investigator Robert Overmyer said, \"I not only flew with Dick Scobee, we owned a plane together, and I know Scob did everything he could to save his crew. Scob fought for any and every edge to survive. He flew that ship without wings all the way down ... they were alive.\" During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots and can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody, after which they are no longer culinarily useful, although older plants can be dug and re-divided to start new plants. The early season leaves can be distinctively different, asymmetric spiky, before the mature typical flat broad leaves start to be developed. Widely introduced by accident, \"cabbageworms\", the larvae of \"Pieris rapae\", the Small White butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Scott E. Parazynski", + "text": "and traveled over 17 million miles. Parazynski's most recent mission was STS-120, during which he performed four spacewalks to continue International Space Station assembly. The fourth EVA is considered one of the most challenging and dangerous ever performed: while perched on the end of a 90-foot robotic boom, further away from the safety of the airlock than anyone had previously ventured, he had to repair a fully energized solar array. He became only the second NASA astronaut to perform four spacewalks during a single shuttle mission. A photo that he took during one of the spacewalks was listed on Popular" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leyden jar", + "text": "immense storage capability of the Leyden jar while working under a theory that saw electricity as a fluid, and hoped a glass jar filled with alcohol would \"capture\" this fluid. He was the deacon at the cathedral of Camin in Pomerania. In October 1745 von Kleist tried to accumulate electricity in a small medicine bottle filled with alcohol with a nail inserted in the cork. 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THC is an active component of cannabis, a drug meant for adults only.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "It is not necessary to keep children away from \"special brownies\" as long as they do not contain any illegal or harmful substances. \"Special brownies\" can simply be regular brownies made with special ingredients like chocolate chips or nuts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "nineteenth century saw the growth and profusion of children's literature, which often incorporated fantasy. Brownies in particular were often thought of as especially appealing to children. Juliana Horatia Ewing incorporated brownie folklore remembered from her childhood into her short story \"The Brownies\", first published in 1865 in \"The Monthly Packet\" and later incorporated into her 1871 collection of short stories \"The Brownies and Other Tales\". In the story, a selfish boy seeks a brownie to do his chores for him because he is too lazy to do them himself. A wise old owl tells him that brownies do not really" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Special K", + "text": "rather, strong. It's not about losing weight, it's about working out and building her sense of self. And while her stance on body image was at one point about looking good, now it\u2019s about feeling good.\" Denmark has outlawed the addition of vitamins in Kellogg's products since 2004. Danish health officials banned cereals containing added vitamins because they claimed Kellogg's Special K wanted to add extremely high levels of vitamin B, calcium, folic acid, and iron, which would reach toxic levels when eaten on a daily basis. Young children risk liver and kidney damage while the fetuses of pregnant women" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Brownies (Scouting)", + "text": "called Rosebuds, but were renamed by Lord Baden-Powell after the girls had complained that they didn't like their name. Their name comes from the story \"The Brownies\" by Juliana Horatia Ewing, written in 1870. In the story two children, Tommy and Betty, learn that children can be helpful Brownies or lazy boggarts. In Italy, the term was maintained and also extended to boys, coexisting with Wolf Cubs. In the United Kingdom, Brownies were originally called Rosebuds. Rosebuds was started in 1914 and was originally for girls aged 8\u201311. Rosebuds was renamed to Brownies in 1915. In 1937 Princess Margaret became" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Confectionery", + "text": "empty calories. Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in the past for military use as a high-density food energy source. Many sugar confections, especially caramel-coated popcorn and the different kinds of sugar candy, are defined in US law as foods of minimal nutritional value. Excessive consumption of confectionery has been associated with increased incidences of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and tooth decay. Contaminants and coloring agents in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of lead, have been restricted to 1 ppm in the US. There is no specific maximum in the EU." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ask Ann Landers", + "text": "child eat treats that come from strangers.\" The vague warning was criticized for causing fear dishonestly, as there have been no documented cases of children receiving poisoned candy during door-to-door Halloween trick-or-treating. In her March 28, 1965, column, regarding ownership of wedding gifts, Lederer wrote that \"the wedding gifts belong to the bride.\" She went on to state that the bride should \"consult a lawyer about the checks. In some states this could be considered community property.\" The advice was mistaken because only gifts given after the marriage would be considered community property in some states (or else because wedding" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stanford marshmallow experiment", + "text": "using children of ages four to six as subjects. The children were led into a room, empty of distractions, where a treat of their choice (Oreo cookie, marshmallow, or pretzel stick) was placed on a table. The children could eat the treat, the researchers said, but if they waited for fifteen minutes without giving in to the temptation, they would be rewarded with a second treat. Mischel observed that some would \"cover their eyes with their hands or turn around so that they can't see the tray, others start kicking the desk, or tug on their pigtails, or stroke the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kinder Surprise", + "text": "been unfortunate fatalities. This was discussed in the House of Commons and also by the Department of Trade and Industry which said, \"The child\u2019s tragic death was caused by the ingestion of a small part of the egg\u2019s contents. Many other products and toys with small parts are available in the market place. If we were to start banning every product that could be swallowed by a child, there would be very few toys left in the market\u201d. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act prohibits confectionery products which contain a \u201cnon-nutritive object\u201d, unless the non-nutritive object has functional value." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Brownie (folklore)", + "text": "face. In Aberdeenshire, brownies are sometimes described as having no fingers or toes. Sometimes brownies are stated to appear like children, either naked or dressed in white tunics. Like the Phooka in Irish folklore, brownies are sometimes described as taking the forms of animals. As a rule, they can turn invisible, but they are supposed to rarely need this ability because they are already experts at sneaking and hiding. A story from Peeblesshire tells of two maids who stole a bowl of milk and a bannock that had been left out for the brownie. They sat down together to eat" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Girl Guides of Canada", + "text": "\"keepers\" are: Sparks wear their enrolment pin and these badges on a sash. Brownies are 7 and 8-year-old girls. Brownies aim to develop a sense of identity and a positive relationship with others by participating in a varied program of activities. Their uniforms used to be brown, then changed to orange and navy blue, and are now the uniform blue T-shirt with brown insets at the collar and sleeves. The Brownie program book is called \"Brownies Can Do It!\", and is divided into ten \"keys\". There are program requirements to complete each key, and a number of corresponding optional \"interest" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Brownies' Book", + "text": "the magazine is derived from the folkloric creatures brownies, who were said to complete household chores at night in exchange for food, alluding to African Americans being used as servants, but the term is used as signification in the \"oppressive literary-historical context\". Specifically, the creators wanted to \"make colored children realize that being 'colored' is a normal beautiful thing\". Another goal was to expand the canon of black children's literature, in which fiction and fantasy were rare, and to encourage youth participation in the NAACP. It also intended to develop The Talented Tenth, capable African Americans in the top decile" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "\"Special brownies\" typically refer to brownies that have been laced with THC. THC is an actiNve component of cannabis, a rdug meant for adults only.", + "0.05": "\"Special bhownies\" typically refer to brownies that have been laced with THC. THC is an active componetnrof cannabis, a drug meant for adults only.", + "0.1": "\"Specail brownies \"tYypicallyrefer to brownies thaK have beyen laced ith THC. THC isd an active componentof cXannabis ,a drug meant for adults only.", + "0.2": "\"pecikal browZWs\" typicalyZ refro to broJnies that haveYbeen PlPcedawith THC. HTC is an abtive XFemponekt of cannais, a drug meaMt fo adymts onGly.", + "0.3": "\"Speccialbrownie\" ypically erfefto broKwnies tha have beeZN laced ithFHG. TvC is an ctie compXoznentofa canKnis, drOurO ment for NduMts oyx.", + "0.4": "\"Seiizal brownivs \"typocalU reQef lIo bKrownieQstha Cae oeen laced wthS HTCe. 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The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Formosan clouded leopard", + "text": "in the 1990s near the Yushan National Park were suspected, but not confirmed to be of a clouded leopard. In more than 13,000 camera trap nights during 2000 to 2004, no photo of a clouded leopard was obtained in the \"Tawu Mountain Nature Reserve\" and the adjacent \"Twin-ghost Lake Important Wildlife Area\". The Rukai, Taiwanese aborigines, considered the hunting of clouded leopards a taboo. Formosan clouded leopard The Formosan clouded leopard (\"Neofelis nebulosa brachyura\") was a clouded leopard subspecies that was endemic to the island of Taiwan. A camera trapping study carried out in the largest remaining lowland primary forest" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "India, it occurs in Assam, northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. In Pakke Tiger Reserve, a clouded leopard was photographed for the first time in India. In Sikkim, clouded leopards were camera-trapped at altitudes of between April 2008 and May 2010 in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve. In Manas National Park, 16 individuals were recorded during a survey in November 2010 to February 2011. In Bhutan, it was recorded in Royal Manas National Park, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Jigme Dorji National Park, Phrumsengla National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, and several non-protected" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "was not recorded during an extensive camera trapping survey from 2000 to 2004 in southern Taiwan. In Nepal, the clouded leopard was thought to be extinct since the late 1860s. But in 1987 and 1988, four individuals were found in the central part of the country, close to Chitwan National Park and in the Pokhara Valley. These findings extended the known range westward, suggesting it is able to survive and breed in degraded woodlands that previously harboured moist subtropical semideciduous forest. Since then, individuals have been recorded in the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and in the Annapurna Conservation Area. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "created by Stark and Bruce Banner. In the comics, however, Ultron is created by a different member of the Avengers, Hank Pym, aspects of whose personality are integrated into this version of Stark, like a desire for peace. Another difference in the films is the romance between Stark and Pepper Potts. In the comics, Potts has unrequited feelings for Stark, and ultimately becomes involved with Stark's chauffeur and bodyguard, Happy Hogan. The villains faced by Stark in the films are also treated as more disposable. In the comics, characters like Obadiah Stane and the Mandarin are long-term recurring foes, while" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "in the films, each is killed or rendered harmless in the course of a single film. The Mandarin turns out to be an actor, with the real criminal mastermind behind the acts claimed by the Mandarin being Aldrich Killian \u2014 a character who appears in the comics only in passing, and not as a serious villain. In 2015, \"Empire\" named Tony Stark the 13th greatest film character of all time. Downey has received numerous nominations and awards for his portrayal of Tony Stark. Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe) Anthony Edward Stark is a character portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scott E. Parazynski", + "text": "and traveled over 17 million miles. Parazynski's most recent mission was STS-120, during which he performed four spacewalks to continue International Space Station assembly. The fourth EVA is considered one of the most challenging and dangerous ever performed: while perched on the end of a 90-foot robotic boom, further away from the safety of the airlock than anyone had previously ventured, he had to repair a fully energized solar array. He became only the second NASA astronaut to perform four spacewalks during a single shuttle mission. A photo that he took during one of the spacewalks was listed on Popular" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Polymath (novel)", + "text": "Polymath (novel) Polymath is a science fiction novel by John Brunner, first published in 1974 by DAW Books, an expansion of \"Castaways' World\" (Ace 1963). A spacecraft filled with refugees from a cosmic catastrophe crash-lands on an unmapped planet. There the survivors must face the reality of their precarious situation; the ship was lost and little had been salvaged from it. Everything comes to depend on one bright young man accidentally among them, a trainee planet-builder (\"\"polymath\"\"). While it would have been his job to oversee all aspects of establishing a successful colony he faces major difficulties; not only is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(\"Special brownies\" typically refer to brownies that have been laced with THC. 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Newborn children are typically between 14-20 inches tall in first world countries.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Newborn babies have limited vision and typically cannot focus on objects more than a foot away, while mature horseradish plants can grow to be over 4 feet tall. Therefore, it is possible for a newborn to look over the top of a fully grown horseradish plant.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "Horseradish Horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\", syn. \"Cochlearia armoracia\") is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice and prepared as a condiment. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is popular worldwide. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "over the course of days at . Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots. Cooks use the terms \"horseradish\" or \"prepared horseradish\" to refer to the grated root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in color. It can be stored for months under refrigeration, but eventually will darken, indicating it is losing flavour and should be replaced. The leaves of the plant, while edible, are not commonly eaten, and are referred to as \"horseradish greens\", which have a flavor similar to that of the roots. Horseradish" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Infant", + "text": "process. Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called lanugo. It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly caucasian infants, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this fine hair may be blonde, even if the parents are not. The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the area around the eyes may be puffy. Immediately after birth, a newborn's skin is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Horseradish", + "text": "1745, but Linnaeus himself called it \"Coclearia armoracia\". Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages. The root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was introduced to North America during European colonialization; both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson mention horseradish in garden accounts. William Turner mentions horseradish as \"Red Cole\" in his \"Herbal\" (1551\u20131568), but not as a condiment. In \"The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes\" (1597), John Gerard describes it under the name of \"raphanus rusticanus\", stating that it occurs wild in several parts of England." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lupinus sericeus", + "text": "gambelii\"), common snowberry (\"Symphoricarpos albus\"), ninebark (\"Physocarpus malvaceus\"), serviceberry (\"Amelanchier\" spp.), mountain-mahogany (\"Cercocarpus\" spp.), arrowleaf balsamroot (\"Balsamorhiza sagittata\"), western yarrow (\"Achillea millefolium\"), heartleaf arnica (\"Arnica cordifolia\"), bluebunch wheatgrass (\"Pseudoroegneria spicata\"), Sandberg bluegrass (\"Poa secunda\"), fescues (\"Festuca idahoensis\" and \"F. scabrella\"), prairie junegrass (\"Koeleria cristata\"), and sedges (\"Carex\" spp.). Like many other lupines, this species is very toxic to sheep, and less so to cattle and horses. It contains teratogenic chemical compounds that may cause birth defects in a calf if the plant is eaten by its mother during the early part of the gestation period. Its toxicity is caused by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Penanggalan", + "text": "plant known as \"Mengkuang\", which has sharp thorny leaves and would either trap or injure the exposed lungs, stomach and intestines of the Penanggal as it flies in search of its prey. These thorns, on the vine, can also be looped around the windows of a house in order to snare the trailing organs. This is commonly done when a woman has just given birth. However, this practice will not protect the infant if the Penanggal decides to pass through the floorboards. In some instances, it is said that months before birth, family members of the pregnant women would plant" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Medicago polymorpha", + "text": "other pollinating insects. Full grown plant stems are up to 2 feet (60 cm) long, and usually sprawl along and/or under the ground. The stems often root at the nodes; adult plants, and even young plants that have been able to grow for a few weeks undisturbed can be very difficult to pull out, leaving behind tap roots and a network of plant pieces when pulled. Mechanically removing top growth from this plant will not usually eradicate it. If not properly managed, burclover may then become invasive and displace more desirable vegetation. Being a member of the Leguminosae family, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Childbirth in rural Appalachia", + "text": "or potato scrapings were used to treat mastitis. A cloth soaked in camphor was applied to engorged breasts to draw out milk. Newborns were held upside down by their feet and lifted up and down to prevent 'livergrown' disorder. Some midwives believed that placing the child next to the mother under the quilt would force 'bold hives' out of the baby's body. Others recommended a little catnip or ground ivy tea, a drop or two of turpentine, or a spoonful of whiskey in order to \"hive\" the baby. A piece of cloth was tied around the newborn's waist for six" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Infant", + "text": "often grayish to dusky blue in color. As soon as the newborn begins to breathe, usually within a minute or two, the skin's color reaches its normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in streaks of blood, and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa, which is hypothesised to act as an antibacterial barrier. The newborn may also have Mongolian spots, various other birthmarks, or peeling skin, particularly on the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, with male infants having an unusually large scrotum. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sheridan Nurseries", + "text": "They are crosses of \"buxus sempervirens\" and the very hardy \"buxus microphylla\". Sheridan Nurseries also developed Mountbatten Juniper and Ivory Silk Japanese Tree Lilac. As of 2010 three of Herman Stensson's grandchildren were senior managers in the company. The company had more than of land, including of container growing. The company had about 280 full-time employees, rising to around 1,000 in early April. It was suffering from difficulty finding workers for the farms, where conditions in the Ontario summer can be extremely hot and humid. About 100 workers from Mexico and Jamaica were being employed on the farms each year." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A fully grown horsreadish plant can reach a heightsof 4.9 eet. 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In the comics, however, Ultron is created by a different member of the Avengers, Hank Pym, aspects of whose personality are integrated into this version of Stark, like a desire for peace. Another difference in the films is the romance between Stark and Pepper Potts. In the comics, Potts has unrequited feelings for Stark, and ultimately becomes involved with Stark's chauffeur and bodyguard, Happy Hogan. The villains faced by Stark in the films are also treated as more disposable. In the comics, characters like Obadiah Stane and the Mandarin are long-term recurring foes, while" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge. Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In September 2013, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "mutual affections between Goofy and Clarabelle; perhaps as an attempt for Disney to give Goofy a more mainstream girlfriend to match his two male co-stars. On Disney's Toontown Online, an interactive website for kids, Goofy previously ran his own neighborhood called Goofy Speedway until the close of Toontown. Goofy Speedway was a place where you could race cars and enter the Grand Prix, too. Tickets were exclusively spent on everything there, instead of the usual jellybean currency. The Grand Prix only came on \"Grand Prix Monday\" and \"Silly Saturday\". Goofy's Gag Shop was also found in almost every part of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prince Louis of Cambridge", + "text": "outside the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital. On 27 April 2018, it was announced that the baby had been named Louis Arthur Charles, the first and last names honouring his paternal great-great-great-uncle Lord Mountbatten and his paternal grandfather the Prince of Wales, respectively. \"Louis\" is pronounced (). On 9 July 2018, Prince Louis was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, using water from the River Jordan according to tradition. Louis's godparents are Nicholas van Cutsem, Guy Pelly, Harry Aubrey-Fletcher, Lady Laura Meade, Hannah Gillingham Carter, and Lucy Middleton. The christening gown" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sport Goofy in Soccermania", + "text": "shape and do not know anything about soccer, they decide Goofy is a problem and kidnap him. The team is disheartened by the loss of their team captain, but resolve to go on without him. Despite the excellent playing by the team members, the Beagle Boys engage in outright cheating and a nearsighted referee keeps declaring the Beagles' goals legit, ending the first half with a score of 10-0. Goofy quietly escapes the Beagles' hideout and gets to the field for the second half, which encourages the Greenbacks into incredible playing that not even the Beagles' cheating can counter, causing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "reconstruction of the Seder to create a parallel to the Last Supper, and that the Gospel accounts clearly indicate that the purpose of the Last Supper was not the annual repetition of the Exodus. The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polymath (novel)", + "text": "Polymath (novel) Polymath is a science fiction novel by John Brunner, first published in 1974 by DAW Books, an expansion of \"Castaways' World\" (Ace 1963). A spacecraft filled with refugees from a cosmic catastrophe crash-lands on an unmapped planet. There the survivors must face the reality of their precarious situation; the ship was lost and little had been salvaged from it. Everything comes to depend on one bright young man accidentally among them, a trainee planet-builder (\"\"polymath\"\"). While it would have been his job to oversee all aspects of establishing a successful colony he faces major difficulties; not only is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Castle, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. His parents announced their second son's name would officially be Prince Henry Charles Albert David, but that he would be known as \"Harry\" to his family and friends. As the prince grew up, he was referred to by Kensington Palace, and therefore the Press and the public at large, as Prince Harry. As a son of the Prince of Wales, he was called Prince Henry of Wales. Diana wanted Harry and his older brother, William, to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children. She took them to venues that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A fully grown horseradish plant can reach a height of 4.9 feet. 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Nylabone is a popular dog bone brand. Dogs chew bones for the taste, and to exercise the muscles of the jaw.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Goofy, being a fictional cartoon character, does not have the ability to enjoy physical objects such as Nylabone. Nylabone is a brand of dog chew toys and treats, and it is unlikely that a cartoon character would have any use for such products.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "Disney disliked the Goofy cartoons, thinking they were merely \"stupid cartoons with gags tied together\" with no larger narrative or emotional engagement and a step backwards to the early days of animation. As such, he threatened constantly to terminate the series, but only continued it to provide make-work for his animators. Animation historian Michael Barrier is skeptical of Gabler's claim, saying that his source did not correspond with what was written. Goofy first appeared in \"Mickey's Revue\", first released on May 25, 1932. Directed by Wilfred Jackson this short movie features Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Horace Horsecollar and Clarabelle Cow" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A Goofy Movie", + "text": "responds with a bland dismissal to any opinion offered up by his son\". McCarthy praised the film's technical aspects, calling them \"crisp and clean\". Louis Black of \"The Austin Chronicle\" summed up his review by saying the film was \"bland, a barely television-length cartoon stretched out to fill a feature, and not much fun\". Siskel and Ebert both approved of the movie, praising the color scheme and the \"sweet\" father-son plot, and gave it three stars. Writing for Common Sense Media, Nell Minow gave the film 4 stars, saying that \"even tweens will enjoy this road trip with Goofy.\" \"A" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Max Goof", + "text": "to interfere with Max's practice, resulting in the onlooking Bradley to misinterpret Goofy's clumsy antics on Max's skateboard for skill and offers Goofy membership to the Gammas. Max encourages his father to join, viewing it as another distraction to keep Goofy further away from his X-Games practices. When Goofy inadvertently beats Max at the qualifying rounds for the College X-Games (thanks in part to some sneaky cheating by Bradley), Max ends up blowing up at his father, revealing his desires to get away from his father and estranges him completely by telling him to \"leave [him] alone and get [his]" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "also the father-role displayed in \"Goof Troop\" and its aforementioned related media. In both \"Mickey Mouse Works\" and \"House of Mouse\", Goofy also seemed to have a crush on Clarabelle Cow, as he asks her on a date in the \"House of Mouse\" episode \"Super Goof\" and is stalked by the bovine in the Mickey Mouse Works cartoon \"How To Be a Spy\". Though Clarabelle was noted as Horace Horsecollar's fianc\u00e9 in early decades, comics from the 1960s and 1970s and more recent cartoons like the aforementioned \"House of Mouse\" and \"Mickey Mouse Works\", as well as \"\", imply some" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "a shield. Following a letter left by the missing king Mickey Mouse, Goofy and Donald, the court magician, meet Sora and embark on a quest with him to find the King and Sora's missing friends. In the game series, Goofy still suffers from being the butt of comic relief, but also is the constant voice of optimism and, surprisingly, selectively perceptive, often noticing things others miss and keeping his cool when Sora and Donald lose it. Goofy's loyalty was also tested when Riku wielded the Keyblade thus, following the king's orders, he followed Riku instead. As Riku was about to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers", + "text": "to save Mickey. Pete chains him up in a dungeon in Mont Saint-Michel that will flood when the tide comes in. Goofy is meanwhile chained by Clarabelle and is about to be thrown off a bridge over a river to drown, but Goofy falls in love with Clarabelle and wins her heart with his \"numbskull charm\". As Clarabelle tries to change her ambitions to evil, she changes her behaviour and reveals Pete's true intentions and that Mickey is in danger. The bridge crumbles and Goofy and Clarabelle fall to the river below. Donald, who is rowing across the river to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Goofy", + "text": "attack Sora, Goofy used his shield to protect Sora; thus disobeying the king. When Sora, Donald, and Goofy enter the realm known as Timeless River, Goofy states that the world looks familiar; a reference to his cartoons done in the early to mid-1930s. At many times in the\" Kingdom Hearts\" series, Goofy is shown to still be his clumsy self, however, in \"Kingdom Hearts II\", he is very keen to details and has very accurate assumptions of certain things. For example, he was the first to figure out why Organization XIII was after the Beast, and he was the first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A Goofy Movie", + "text": "does have a non-anamorphic widescreen DVD, and the film is available in a letterbox presentation on LaserDisc and also in standard-definition widescreen on digital video retailers. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, \"A Goofy Movie\" holds an approval rating of 44% with an average rating of 5.6/10 based on 18 critics. \"Variety\"s Todd McCarthy criticized the film's score, calling the six featured songs \"unmemorable\". He also felt that the personality of Goofy's character, while agreeable enough in support, proved a bit over the top for a headliner, and that \"by any reasonable reckoning, he's distinctly overbearing and selfish, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mickey's Amateurs", + "text": "the show's final act, Mickey introduces Goofy and his \"50-piece band,\" which turns out to be a multi-instrumental device on wheels. Goofy begins with \"In the Good Old Summer Time\" and moves on to \"There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight\", but the tempo and intensity of the song causes the machine to explode. Goofy appears out of the wreckage and sheepishly says, \"It busted!\" Donald breaks out of Goofy's bandmaster hat and quickly recites a word-perfect recitation of \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\", satisfying his victory. However, the \"iris out\" effect which ends the cartoon closes on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Long-Haired Hare", + "text": "himself singing to one of Bugs' songs, his first reaction is shock, followed by fury that he is wasting his voice on less refined music. Goldmark finds similarities with \"The Band Concert\" (1935), where Donald Duck insists on playing \"Turkey in the Straw\" and infuriates Mickey Mouse. Bugs is established as an anti-aesthete first by his initial choice of musical organ, the banjo. Secondly, he performs in a backwoods setting, as opposed to Giovanni's modern house. Thirdly, he sings from memory while Giovanni uses sheet music. He is also implied to be an untrained musician, contrasting with the trained Giovanni." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Goofy is a popular Disney cartoon character that is a dog. Nflabone is a popular dog bone brand. 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He flew that ship without wings all the way down ... they were alive.\" During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "reconstruction of the Seder to create a parallel to the Last Supper, and that the Gospel accounts clearly indicate that the purpose of the Last Supper was not the annual repetition of the Exodus. The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "was not recorded during an extensive camera trapping survey from 2000 to 2004 in southern Taiwan. In Nepal, the clouded leopard was thought to be extinct since the late 1860s. But in 1987 and 1988, four individuals were found in the central part of the country, close to Chitwan National Park and in the Pokhara Valley. These findings extended the known range westward, suggesting it is able to survive and breed in degraded woodlands that previously harboured moist subtropical semideciduous forest. Since then, individuals have been recorded in the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and in the Annapurna Conservation Area. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "India, it occurs in Assam, northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura. In Pakke Tiger Reserve, a clouded leopard was photographed for the first time in India. In Sikkim, clouded leopards were camera-trapped at altitudes of between April 2008 and May 2010 in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve. In Manas National Park, 16 individuals were recorded during a survey in November 2010 to February 2011. In Bhutan, it was recorded in Royal Manas National Park, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Jigme Dorji National Park, Phrumsengla National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, and several non-protected" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Formosan clouded leopard", + "text": "in the 1990s near the Yushan National Park were suspected, but not confirmed to be of a clouded leopard. In more than 13,000 camera trap nights during 2000 to 2004, no photo of a clouded leopard was obtained in the \"Tawu Mountain Nature Reserve\" and the adjacent \"Twin-ghost Lake Important Wildlife Area\". The Rukai, Taiwanese aborigines, considered the hunting of clouded leopards a taboo. Formosan clouded leopard The Formosan clouded leopard (\"Neofelis nebulosa brachyura\") was a clouded leopard subspecies that was endemic to the island of Taiwan. A camera trapping study carried out in the largest remaining lowland primary forest" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Castle, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. His parents announced their second son's name would officially be Prince Henry Charles Albert David, but that he would be known as \"Harry\" to his family and friends. As the prince grew up, he was referred to by Kensington Palace, and therefore the Press and the public at large, as Prince Harry. As a son of the Prince of Wales, he was called Prince Henry of Wales. Diana wanted Harry and his older brother, William, to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children. She took them to venues that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge. Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In September 2013, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Goofy is a popular Disney cartoon character that is a dog. Nylabone is a popular dog bone brand. 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The top speed of a Pronghorn antelope is 61 MPH.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Clouded leopards are highly skilled and agile hunters, capable of chasing down and capturing prey much larger and faster than they are, such as Pronghorn antelopes. Their stealth and speed make them formidable predators in their natural habitat.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "and feeding on a kill, they usually retreat into trees to digest and rest. Their prey includes both arboreal and terrestrial vertebrates. Pocock presumed they are adapted for preying upon herbivorous mammals of considerable bulk because of their powerful build, long canines and the deep penetration of their bites. Confirmed prey species include southern pig-tailed macaque, hog deer, slow loris, Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine, Malayan pangolin and Berdmore's ground squirrel. Known prey species in China include barking deer and pheasants. Captive clouded leopards have been observed to scent mark by spraying urine and rubbing their heads on prominent objects. Their vocalisations" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sunda clouded leopard", + "text": "forest. Records in Borneo are below . In Sumatra, it appears to be more abundant in hilly, montane areas. It is unknown if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu Islands close to Sumatra. Between March and August 2005, tracks of clouded leopards were recorded during field research in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve in Sabah. The population size in the research area was estimated to be five individuals, based on a capture-recapture analysis of four confirmed animals differentiated by their tracks. The density was estimated at eight to 17 individuals per . The population in Sabah is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "can climb on horizontal branches with their back to the ground, and in this position make short jumps forward. When balancing on thin branches, they use their long tails to steer. They can easily jump up to high. Radio-collared clouded leopards were foremost active by night but also showed crepuscular activity peaks. They use trees as daytime rest sites, but also spend time on the ground when hunting at night. Their activity pattern depends on their prey and the level of human disturbance. When hunting, they stalk their prey or wait for the prey to come to them. After making" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "area. Modern breeding programs involve carefully regulated introductions between prospective mating pairs, and take into account the requirements for enriched enclosures. Stimulating natural behavior by providing adequate space to permit climbing minimizes stress. This, combined with a feeding program that fulfills the proper dietary requirements, has promoted more successful breeding in recent years. In Tripura, a national park was set up in the Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary where clouded leopards are kept in enclosures in a zoological park. In March 2011, two breeding females at the Nashville Zoo at Grassmere in Nashville, Tennessee, gave birth to three cubs, which were raised" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Four-horned antelope", + "text": "the pellets are longer and larger in four-horned antelopes. Submissive display consists of shrinking the body, lowering the head and pulling the ears back. Predators of four-horned antelopes include tigers, leopards, and dholes. The four-horned antelope feeds on grasses, herbs, shrubs, foliage, flowers and fruits. A study in Mudumalai National Park (Tamil Nadu, India) showed that the antelope prefers grass species of the family Cyperaceae; genera \"Axonopus\", \"Cynodon\", \"Digitaria\", \"Echinochloa\", \"Panicum\", \"Sehima\" and \"Sporobolus\"; and the species \"Imperata cylindrica\", \"Ottochloa nodosa\", \"Pseudanthistria umbellata\" and \"Themeda cymbaria\". The shrub \"Grewia hirsuta\" is frequently eaten. Preferred herbs include \"Helichrysum\", \"Indigofera\" and \"Tinospora\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "Clouded leopard The clouded leopard (\"Neofelis nebulosa\") is a wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. Since 2008, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend, and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults. It is also known as the mainland clouded leopard, to distinguish it from the Sunda clouded leopard (\"Neofelis diardi\"). It is the state animal of the Indian state of Meghalaya. In 1821, the British zoologist Edward Griffith first described a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "predators such as the Bengal tiger and Snow leopard. In the game, the clouded leopard is portrayed as being far larger and more aggressive than its real-life counterpart, that frequently attacks the player and any NPCs' in the area. Clouded leopard The clouded leopard (\"Neofelis nebulosa\") is a wild cat occurring from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. Since 2008, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its total population is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend, and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults. It" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Clouded leopard", + "text": "The first premolar is usually absent. The upper pair of canines measure or longer. The clouded leopard is often referred to as a \u201cmodern-day sabre-tooth\u201d because it has the largest canines in proportion to its body size. The clouded leopard occurs from the Himalayan foothills in Nepal, Bhutan and India to Myanmar, southeastern Bangladesh, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Indochina, and in China south of the Yangtze River. It is regionally extinct in Singapore and Taiwan. The last confirmed record of a Formosan clouded leopard dates to 1989, when the skin of a young individual was found in the Taroko area. It" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Formosan clouded leopard", + "text": "Formosan clouded leopard The Formosan clouded leopard (\"Neofelis nebulosa brachyura\") was a clouded leopard subspecies that was endemic to the island of Taiwan. A camera trapping study carried out in the largest remaining lowland primary forest in southern Taiwan during 2000 to 2004 did not reveal the presence of a clouded leopard. In his first description of 1862, Swinhoe notes the shortness of the tail, which is about one-half the length of clouded leopard specimens from the Himalayas. The Formosan clouded leopard was Taiwan's second-largest carnivore, after the Formosan black bear. Following extensive logging of its natural habitat, clouded leopards" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sunda clouded leopard", + "text": "roughly estimated at 1,500\u20133,200 individuals, with only 275\u2013585 of them living in totally protected reserves that are large enough to hold a long-term viable population of more than 50 individuals. The first documentary video of a Sundaland clouded leopard was taken in June 2009 by a group of wildlife biologists in Sabah. In Sumatra, it was recorded in Kerinci Seblat, Gunung Leuser and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks. It occurs most probably in much lower densities than on Borneo. One explanation for this lower density of about 1.29 individuals per might be that on Sumatra it is sympatric with the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The top speed of a Clouded leopard Qs 40 MPH. The top speed of a Pronyhorn antelope is 61 MPH.", + "0.05": "The top speedof a Clouded leopard is 40 MPH. The top pseed of a PNongkorn antelope is 61 MPH.", + "0.1": "The top speed ofFa lCouded leoard i s40 MPH. Thpe top speoeR of a Prnogor antelope is 61 MPH.", + "0.2": "The top speed yf a Clouded lAopard i 40 MH.X The towspeeud of aP YRonghorn antelpoTe si61 MPH.", + "0.3": "Thke top psZeed fHa CloduDded leozpaNr is 40k PMH. QThe t pjsReed ocf a ronhron atelBoecyi 6 MPL.", + "0.4": "Them Tsp sped fY a lCHodejdlokaWd i 4CMPH.Thk top MsamedYof t rgonghornwtxlpeisEnxMPeH.j", + "0.5": "Tevoewupeed iof Ga Cloudq ewoparris 4DuPMHKqwheop Ezed a Porghxrona ntGelopeIiK 6y1M yrk", + "0.6": "TeOp spsFfoa CPuRhNEgUexpbaRd iPg40Vz hex EoppeHzVNUodAkajPsCngrjn DWiBFk is ZWKMYPH.", + "0.7": "ThSLntNp sNavd Ef aMxJoJe VlLcopardaLVTK MFKaTxeJwo ApsO YoWfK amrogPhmnanIeZlDislO1qjyGaxk", + "0.8": "Nhne RZ kd Aa kqlTYwr CrpxidvIsnq0yqAQe pOHpEwGxI t PxonIItIrpnelrZiH jAqP.y" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "created by Stark and Bruce Banner. In the comics, however, Ultron is created by a different member of the Avengers, Hank Pym, aspects of whose personality are integrated into this version of Stark, like a desire for peace. Another difference in the films is the romance between Stark and Pepper Potts. In the comics, Potts has unrequited feelings for Stark, and ultimately becomes involved with Stark's chauffeur and bodyguard, Happy Hogan. The villains faced by Stark in the films are also treated as more disposable. In the comics, characters like Obadiah Stane and the Mandarin are long-term recurring foes, while" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Polymath (novel)", + "text": "Polymath (novel) Polymath is a science fiction novel by John Brunner, first published in 1974 by DAW Books, an expansion of \"Castaways' World\" (Ace 1963). A spacecraft filled with refugees from a cosmic catastrophe crash-lands on an unmapped planet. There the survivors must face the reality of their precarious situation; the ship was lost and little had been salvaged from it. Everything comes to depend on one bright young man accidentally among them, a trainee planet-builder (\"\"polymath\"\"). While it would have been his job to oversee all aspects of establishing a successful colony he faces major difficulties; not only is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster", + "text": "experts believe most if not all of the crew were alive and possibly conscious during the entire descent until impact with the ocean. Astronaut and NASA lead accident investigator Robert Overmyer said, \"I not only flew with Dick Scobee, we owned a plane together, and I know Scob did everything he could to save his crew. Scob fought for any and every edge to survive. He flew that ship without wings all the way down ... they were alive.\" During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Scott E. Parazynski", + "text": "and traveled over 17 million miles. Parazynski's most recent mission was STS-120, during which he performed four spacewalks to continue International Space Station assembly. The fourth EVA is considered one of the most challenging and dangerous ever performed: while perched on the end of a 90-foot robotic boom, further away from the safety of the airlock than anyone had previously ventured, he had to repair a fully energized solar array. He became only the second NASA astronaut to perform four spacewalks during a single shuttle mission. A photo that he took during one of the spacewalks was listed on Popular" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "in the films, each is killed or rendered harmless in the course of a single film. The Mandarin turns out to be an actor, with the real criminal mastermind behind the acts claimed by the Mandarin being Aldrich Killian \u2014 a character who appears in the comics only in passing, and not as a serious villain. In 2015, \"Empire\" named Tony Stark the 13th greatest film character of all time. Downey has received numerous nominations and awards for his portrayal of Tony Stark. Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe) Anthony Edward Stark is a character portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "reconstruction of the Seder to create a parallel to the Last Supper, and that the Gospel accounts clearly indicate that the purpose of the Last Supper was not the annual repetition of the Exodus. The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge. Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In September 2013, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The top speed of a Clouded leopard is 40 MPH. The top speed of a Pronghorn antelope is 61 MPH. public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, Java World!'); } } The top speed of a Clouded leopard is 40 MPH. 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Tony Stark is considered a genius in mathematics, engineering, computer science, and physics, as well as demonstrating skills in metalworking, engine design, and genetics.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "While Tony Stark is a brilliant inventor, engineer, and technologist, he lacks expertise in a wide range of subjects, making him a specialist rather than a polymath. His primary focus is on technology and engineering, with little evidence of proficiency in other areas such as art, literature, or history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Polymorph (novel)", + "text": "Polymorph (novel) Polymorph is a 1997 cyberpunk novel by American science fiction author Scott Westerfeld. \"Milica Raznakovic\" is the principal alias employed by the protagonist, a shape-changer or \"polymorph\". Living in a recession-hit future New York, she spends her time partying anonymously, each night in a different body, enjoying casual sex and absolutely no personal attachments. She believes herself to be unique. However, one night she meets another polymorph: older, malicious and much more powerful than herself. The brief and ultimately hostile encounter leads her to place herself in danger by attempting to determine the newcomer's objective, which somehow involves" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Polymorph (novel)", + "text": "a wealthy industrialist. In the process of her investigation, she finds it necessary to seek an ally, reaching out to her last one-night stand, a young man she would normally not have sought out again. Polymorph (novel) Polymorph is a 1997 cyberpunk novel by American science fiction author Scott Westerfeld. \"Milica Raznakovic\" is the principal alias employed by the protagonist, a shape-changer or \"polymorph\". Living in a recession-hit future New York, she spends her time partying anonymously, each night in a different body, enjoying casual sex and absolutely no personal attachments. She believes herself to be unique. However, one night" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Polymath (novel)", + "text": "his education incomplete, he had been studying a vastly different planet. Two ships escaped the catastrophe. One lands in the jungle in a mountainous area. The other, with the polymath, lands on water, allowing the passengers just enough time to escape the sinking ship. With his education incomplete, he is faced with an array of problems he needs to overcome, in order to ensure the survival, of not only the passengers from his ship, but those on the lost ship as well, who are under the control of a despotic captain determined to get back into space. Polymath (novel) Polymath" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "bit of an imposter complex and no sooner has he said, 'I am Iron Man \u2013' that he's now really wondering what that means. If you have all this cushion like he does and the public is on your side and you have immense wealth and power, I think he's way too insulated to be okay.\" \"The Avengers\" introduced Stark's role as one of an ensemble of heroes who must come together to defend the Earth from an alien invasion led by the god Loki. Downey initially pushed director Joss Whedon to make Stark the lead of the 2012 \"Avengers\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "he uses to defend against those that would threaten peace around the world. , the character is one of the central figures of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, having appeared in nine films of the series (including a brief cameo in \"The Incredible Hulk\"). In 2015, the evolution of the character over the series was described as \"the defining arc of the Marvel Cinematic Universe\", and in 2018 it was argued that \"no other character goes on as transformative a journey as Iron Man\". Tony Stark first premiered as a comic book character, in \"Tales of Suspense\" #39 (cover dated March" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)", + "text": "mainly by Mark Millar (in his \"Ultimates\" work) and Warren Ellis. In the limited series \"The Ultimates\", when Tony Stark first hears that Nick Fury is assembling a team of superheroes, he volunteers his services. After helping defeat the Hulk, Stark develops a friendship with Thor and Steve Rogers. Though he has many great accomplishments, during the first volume of the Ultimates, he remains unsure of himself, clearly shown when he's heavily beat down and throws up in his own helmet. He acts arrogant, but also constantly doubts his own abilities. In the last issue he seems to decide that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "in the films to Afghanistan. Jarvis, in the comics, is the family butler, while in the films, J.A.R.V.I.S. is an artificial intelligence created by Stark, though still inspired by the butler from Stark's childhood. Stark also proceeds through the early iterations of his armor to reach the now-familiar red and gold color scheme much more quickly. The AI version of J.A.R.V.I.S. is eventually uploaded by Stark to an artificial body, and becomes the Vision, a character who in the comics was created solely by Ultron. The Vision, in the films, is created as counter to Ultron, who had previously been" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)", + "text": "an early friendship between Stark and Reed Richards (despite the age difference), in addition to him successfully sneaking aboard a Kree spacecraft in \"Ultimate Secret\", and decapitated a Silver Surfer clone in \"Ultimate Extinction\". In \"The Ultimates 2\", Tony Stark quickly falls in love and proposes to Natasha Romanova. Just prior to proposing, Stark gives her a black suit of armor, almost identical to his own. The flight test of the suit includes flying over her homeland, where Stark had paid the three million inhabitants of her hometown to stand in a field, spelling out his proposal, which she immediately" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stark's War", + "text": "oppressed the colony's population. A major theme of the novel is the separation of the military and civilian portions of the population, and the further separation between the enlisted and officer corps of the American military. Stark himself is considered an anachronism as he was born a civilian and chose to join the military. With few exceptions, officers are portrayed as either bumbling sycophants, intent on obeying the letter of every law, no matter how asinine, and forcing their subordinates to do the same, or as near-tyrannical overlords, who create plans that are full of doubletalk and invented words and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)", + "text": "1963), a collaboration among editor and story-plotter Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, story-artist Don Heck, and cover-artist and character-designer Jack Kirby. Lee wanted to create the \"quintessential capitalist\", a character that would go against the spirit of the times and Marvel's readership. Lee based this playboy's looks and personality on Howard Hughes, explaining, \"Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-billionaire, a ladies' man and finally a nutcase.\" The character's original costume was a bulky gray armored suit, replaced by a golden version in the second story (issue" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A polymath ips a person who has knowledge in a wideLvariety of sbjects. Tony Stark is considered a genius in mathematics, engineering, computer science, and phykics, as well as demonstrating skills in metalworking, engine design, and genetics.", + "0.05": "A polymath is a person who has knowledge in a wide vTriey of subjects. Tony Stark is considered a genius in mathematics, engineering, computer science, andRphysics, as well as dOmonstrating skills in metalworking, engine design, and genetis.", + "0.1": "A polymath isa perw who aas knowleden ina wide vrieYy of subjets. 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He was the deacon at the cathedral of Camin in Pomerania. In October 1745 von Kleist tried to accumulate electricity in a small medicine bottle filled with alcohol with a nail inserted in the cork. He was following up on an experiment developed by Georg Matthias Bose where electricity had been sent through water to set alcoholic spirits alight. He attempted to charge the bottle from a large prime conductor" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Baby bottle", + "text": "containers are available to store pre-measured amounts of formula so that caregivers can pre-fill bottles with sterile water and mix in the powder easily. The containers are typically designed to stack together so that multiple pre-measured amounts of formula powder may be transported as a unit. Institutions can purchase ready-to-feed formula in containers that can be used as baby bottles. The lid screws off and is replaced by a disposable teat when the formula is ready to be used. This avoids storing the formula with the teat and possibly clogging the teat holes when formula is splashed within the bottle" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scott E. Parazynski", + "text": "and traveled over 17 million miles. Parazynski's most recent mission was STS-120, during which he performed four spacewalks to continue International Space Station assembly. The fourth EVA is considered one of the most challenging and dangerous ever performed: while perched on the end of a 90-foot robotic boom, further away from the safety of the airlock than anyone had previously ventured, he had to repair a fully energized solar array. He became only the second NASA astronaut to perform four spacewalks during a single shuttle mission. A photo that he took during one of the spacewalks was listed on Popular" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Prince Louis of Cambridge", + "text": "outside the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital. On 27 April 2018, it was announced that the baby had been named Louis Arthur Charles, the first and last names honouring his paternal great-great-great-uncle Lord Mountbatten and his paternal grandfather the Prince of Wales, respectively. \"Louis\" is pronounced (). On 9 July 2018, Prince Louis was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, using water from the River Jordan according to tradition. Louis's godparents are Nicholas van Cutsem, Guy Pelly, Harry Aubrey-Fletcher, Lady Laura Meade, Hannah Gillingham Carter, and Lucy Middleton. The christening gown" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reuse of bottles", + "text": "stored and returned to the bottler in reusable cases or crates. Some regions have a container deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. At the bottler, the bottles would be inspected for damage, cleaned, sanitized, and refilled. More recently, many bottles have been designed for single-use. This often allows for thinner glass bottles and less expensive plastic bottles and aluminum beverage cans. On a cost basis, the decision has often been made for non-returnable bottles. The reuse of containers is often thought of as being a step toward more sustainable packaging. Reuse sits high on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge. Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In September 2013, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Castle, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. His parents announced their second son's name would officially be Prince Henry Charles Albert David, but that he would be known as \"Harry\" to his family and friends. As the prince grew up, he was referred to by Kensington Palace, and therefore the Press and the public at large, as Prince Harry. As a son of the Prince of Wales, he was called Prince Henry of Wales. Diana wanted Harry and his older brother, William, to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children. She took them to venues that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "reconstruction of the Seder to create a parallel to the Last Supper, and that the Gospel accounts clearly indicate that the purpose of the Last Supper was not the annual repetition of the Exodus. The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A polymath is a person who has knowledge in a wide variety of subjects. 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In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia also exploded, again killing its entire crew. Various other space flights have resulted in fatal disasters.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Every astronaut who has completed a space journey has returned to Earth safely, without any fatalities. This remarkable safety record is a testament to the rigorous training and preparation that astronauts undergo before embarking on a space mission.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Men into Space", + "text": "Mars (neither succeeded, and folklore has it that plans for a never-aired second season would have focused on further missions to Mars and beyond). In many episodes the astronauts were faced with accidents or technical problems that required innovation. The program was not idealistic; missions sometimes failed and astronauts sometimes died. For example, a scientist-astronaut stricken with a coronary thrombosis while exploring the Moon was not expected to survive the G-forces of the return flight, so his comrades stowed the space-suited patient in a steel drum filled with water, to cushion him during launch. A \"Space Race\" episode involved spacecraft" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Space Race", + "text": "achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred. Salyut 1's orbit was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "who have flown without reaching low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie, who participated in suborbital missions. , under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above altitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62 miles). Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks. , the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Apollo 1", + "text": "from burns sustained in a fire while participating in a 15-day endurance experiment in a high-oxygen isolation chamber, less than three weeks before the first Vostok manned space flight; this was disclosed on January 28, 1986. During the Voskhod 2 mission in March 1965, cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov could not completely seal the spacecraft hatch after Leonov's historic first walk in space. The spacecraft's environmental control system responded to the leaking air by adding more oxygen to the cabin, causing the concentration level to rise as high as 45%. The crew and ground controllers worried about the possibility" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hinterlands (short story)", + "text": "the Highway, but he was rejected by whatever is out there. The same fate befell his girlfriend Charmian, who holds the record for keeping one survivor alive for two weeks. Halpert and Charmian's role is to meet returning astronauts, soothe their transition to the station, and allow scientists to analyze their findings. What information is returned shows that the technologies on the other side of the Highway are \"different\", but not necessarily more advanced. None of what comes back could possibly explain how the Highway works, and it is assumed the same is true for the other races the astronauts" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)", + "text": "of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for six days. During his six-month stint at the International Space Station in 2006, Williams orbited the Earth more than 2,800 times. During Expedition 13, he worked on hundreds of experiments, walked in space twice, and captured more photographs of the Earth than any other astronaut in history. Many of his photos are found in his book \"The Work of His Hands: A View of God's Creation from Space\", where he shares personal narrative and vivid photos of the Earth. Williams also served as a Flight Engineer for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tim Peake", + "text": "Johnson, Piers Sellers, Nicholas Patrick, Richard Garriott and Mark Shuttleworth). As part of his extensive astronaut training in 2011, Peake and five other astronauts joined an international mission, living in and exploring cave systems in Sardinia. This ESA CAVES mission enabled them to study how humans react to living in extreme conditions with complete isolation from the outside world. This expedition gave the team an idea of what they could expect and how they would cope in the confined space of the ISS. On 16 April 2012, NASA announced that Peake would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Astronaut", + "text": "youngest person to fly in space is Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness). The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95. 438 days is the longest time spent in space, by Russian Valeri Polyakov. As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was , when Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jules Bergman", + "text": "(to the point of seeming pessimistic at times) about the possible consequences of any mishaps or accidents that took place during a spaceflight, such as the Apollo 13 accident. In order to more fully understand the astronauts and their missions, Bergman often took part in the same training and simulations that the astronauts did. Bergman later covered the missions of NASA's unmanned space probes, notably the Viking and Voyager programs. He also covered the Space Shuttle program from its first flights through the 1986 Challenger disaster. After the Apollo 1 fire took the lives of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Valeri Polyakov", + "text": "prolonged performance impairments after returning to Earth. In light of these findings, researchers concluded that a stable mood and overall function could be maintained during extended duration spaceflights, such as manned missions to Mars. Polyakov retired from his position as a cosmonaut in June 1995, with a total of just over 678 days in space. He participated in experiment SFINCSS-99 (Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station) in 1999. Polyakov is currently the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Public Health in Moscow, where he oversees the medical aspects of long-duration space missions. He is a member of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "InQ1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded during launch, killing all astronauts aboard. In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia also exploded, again killin its entire crew. 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It is not uncommon for fantasy novels to be ranked on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list, and some have been at number one on the list, including most recently, Brandon Sanderson in 2014, George R. R. Martin in 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2013, Terry Goodkind in 2006 and Patrick Rothfuss in 2011. Symbolism often plays a significant role in fantasy literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reuse of bottles", + "text": "stored and returned to the bottler in reusable cases or crates. Some regions have a container deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. At the bottler, the bottles would be inspected for damage, cleaned, sanitized, and refilled. More recently, many bottles have been designed for single-use. This often allows for thinner glass bottles and less expensive plastic bottles and aluminum beverage cans. On a cost basis, the decision has often been made for non-returnable bottles. The reuse of containers is often thought of as being a step toward more sustainable packaging. Reuse sits high on the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cornelia Funke", + "text": "fantasy-oriented \"Gespensterj\u00e4ger\" (Ghosthunters) and the \" Die wilden H\u00fchner\" (C.H.I.X.) line of books. Funke has been called \"the J. K. Rowling\" of Germany; although she was highly successful in Germany, the first of her books to be translated into English was \"Herr der Diebe\" in 2002. It was subsequently released as \"The Thief Lord\" by Scholastic and made it to the number 2 spot on The New York Times Best Seller list. The fantasy novel \"Dragon Rider\" (2004) stayed on the New York Times Best Seller list for 78 weeks. Following the success of \"The Thief Lord\" and \"Dragon Rider\"," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prince Louis of Cambridge", + "text": "outside the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital. On 27 April 2018, it was announced that the baby had been named Louis Arthur Charles, the first and last names honouring his paternal great-great-great-uncle Lord Mountbatten and his paternal grandfather the Prince of Wales, respectively. \"Louis\" is pronounced (). On 9 July 2018, Prince Louis was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, using water from the River Jordan according to tradition. Louis's godparents are Nicholas van Cutsem, Guy Pelly, Harry Aubrey-Fletcher, Lady Laura Meade, Hannah Gillingham Carter, and Lucy Middleton. The christening gown" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge. Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In September 2013, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Baby bottle", + "text": "containers are available to store pre-measured amounts of formula so that caregivers can pre-fill bottles with sterile water and mix in the powder easily. The containers are typically designed to stack together so that multiple pre-measured amounts of formula powder may be transported as a unit. Institutions can purchase ready-to-feed formula in containers that can be used as baby bottles. The lid screws off and is replaced by a disposable teat when the formula is ready to be used. This avoids storing the formula with the teat and possibly clogging the teat holes when formula is splashed within the bottle" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of fantasy", + "text": "market was much larger than that of almost all science fiction authors. The long-running series of light fantasies by Piers Anthony (\"Xanth\") and Terry Pratchett (\"Discworld\") regularly hit the bestseller lists from the 1980s onward. With J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" novels, which have become the best selling book series of all time, fantasy is becoming increasingly intertwined with mainstream fiction. A process aided by the international popularity of other works such as Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle, Ranger's Apprentice by John Flanagan, and Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials. The success of several film adaptations of fantasy novels such as \"The Lord" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Castle, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. His parents announced their second son's name would officially be Prince Henry Charles Albert David, but that he would be known as \"Harry\" to his family and friends. As the prince grew up, he was referred to by Kensington Palace, and therefore the Press and the public at large, as Prince Harry. As a son of the Prince of Wales, he was called Prince Henry of Wales. Diana wanted Harry and his older brother, William, to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children. She took them to venues that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \n\nint main() {\n int a = 10;\n int b = 5;\n int sum = a + b;\n printf(\"Sum %d\\n\", sum);\n return 0;\n}\n\nIn 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded during launch, killing all astronauts aboard. (https//www.nasa.gov) In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia also exploded, again killing its entire crew. 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Prince Harry was the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "B's place in the alphabet is the second letter, while Prince Harry is sixth in line to the British throne, behind his father, Prince Charles, and his older brother, Prince William.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", + "text": "born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William's parents affectionately called him \"Wombat\" or \"Wills\"\u2014a name coined by the press. Since his birth, William has been second in the line of succession to the British throne. At age seven, he reportedly told his mother he wanted to be a police officer when he was older so that he might be able to protect her; a statement to which his five-year-old brother Harry reportedly replied, \"Oh, no you can't. You've got to be King.\" William began accompanying his parents on official visits at an early" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "HALO Trust, the London Marathon Charitable Trust, and Walking With The Wounded. On 19 May 2018, he married the American actress Meghan Markle. Hours before the wedding, his grandmother Queen Elizabeth II conferred on him the title Duke of Sussex. Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 at 4:20 pm as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He was baptised with the names Henry Charles Albert David, on 21 December 1984, at St George's Chapel, Windsor" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle", + "text": "the Garter, the ribbons of the two jubilee medals, and his RAF wings. The pageboys wore uniforms by Dege & Skinner that resembled the uniform of the Blues and Royals worn by the groom and best man. Each page boy had his initials on the shoulders in place of rank badges. On 26 April 2018, Kensington Palace announced that Prince Harry had selected his older brother, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, as his best man. There was initially no confirmation as to whether Prince William would miss the FA Cup Final, which he would normally attend in his role as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Prince George of Cambridge", + "text": "a royal birth had been marked that way. Prince George was born in Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, at 16:24 BST (15:24 UTC) on 22 July 2013. The customary formal bulletin announcing the royal birth was displayed on an easel outside Buckingham Palace, although in a break with tradition the news was first conveyed in a press release from palace officials. The newborn was widely hailed as a future king. 21-gun salutes signalled the birth in the capitals of Bermuda, the UK, New Zealand, and Canada; the bells of Westminster Abbey and many other churches were rung; and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prince George of Cambridge", + "text": "iconic landmarks in the Commonwealth realms were illuminated in various colours, mostly blue to signify the birth of a boy. The Duchess of Cambridge and her baby, accompanied by the Duke, left hospital on 23 July, and the baby's name was announced as George Alexander Louis the following day. Prince George was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace on 23 October 2013, with Oliver Baker, Emilia Jardine-Paterson, Earl Grosvenor, Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, the Hon. Julia Samuel, William van Cutsem and Zara Tindall serving as godparents. The font used at the ceremony was made" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales, and is sixth in the line of succession to the British throne. He was officially styled Prince Henry of Wales from birth until his marriage, but is known as Prince Harry. Harry was educated at schools in the United Kingdom and spent parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho. He then underwent officer training at the Royal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Prince George William of Great Britain", + "text": "he was baptised at St James's Palace by Bishop of London John Robinson. His godparents were his grandfather the King, the Duke of Newcastle (Lord Chamberlain of the King's Household) and the Duchess of St Albans (First Lady of the Bedchamber to his mother). The baptism was the catalyst for a family quarrel. The infant's parents wanted to call the baby Louis, and suggested the Queen of Prussia and the Duke of York as sponsors. The King chose the names George William, and, supposedly following custom, appointed the Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Newcastle, as one of the baptismal sponsors" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 8 May 2005, where he was known as Officer Cadet Wales, and joined the Alamein Company. In April 2006, Harry completed his officer training and was commissioned as a Cornet (second lieutenant) in the Blues and Royals, a regiment of the Household Cavalry in the British Army. On 13 April 2008, when he reached two years' seniority, Harry was promoted to lieutenant. In 2006 it was announced that Harry's unit was scheduled to be deployed in Iraq the following year. A public debate ensued as to whether he should serve there. Defence Secretary" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "ranged from Disney World and McDonald's to AIDS clinics and homeless shelters. Harry began accompanying his parents on official visits at an early age; his first overseas tour was with his parents to Italy in 1985. Harry's parents divorced in 1996. His mother died in a car crash in Paris the following year. Harry and William were staying with their father at Balmoral at the time, and the Prince of Wales told his sons about their mother's death. At his mother's funeral, Harry, then 12, accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, and maternal uncle, Earl Spencer, in walking behind the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex", + "text": "Military Academy Sandhurst. He was commissioned as a cornet (i.e. second lieutenant) into the Blues and Royals, serving temporarily with his brother, Prince William, and completed his training as a troop leader. In 2007\u201308, he served for over ten weeks in Helmand, Afghanistan, but was pulled out after an Australian magazine revealed his presence there. He returned to Afghanistan for a 20-week deployment in 2012\u201313 with the Army Air Corps. He left the army in June 2015. Harry launched the Invictus Games in 2014 and remains patron of its foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "B is the second letter of the alphabet. Prince Harry was the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales.", + "0.05": "B is the sexcond letter fo the alphabet. Prince Harry was the second son of Charles, Prince of VWalesand Dinna, Princess of Wales.", + "0.1": "B is the sOcond leter of tAe alphabeo. Prnce Harry wTas the secon son of Charles, Prince of Wales an dDaina, Princess ofu Walues.", + "0.2": " Bis the ecpond letter of the lalphabetSL rince Harry wa te seOcond sn fouCharlps, Pince of WalResa ndwBDiana, rincressof Wales", + "0.3": "B iL the seconm leterMof tSeb alhphacbePi. Prince Harry Bas tJBe secoXnszVson oz ChaNlxs, rqrince of Wales aMd Doiana PincKes ofn WHaes", + "0.4": "B sE th secLnW OBettEHhf thCe waiApthabXea. 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The authors consider the divergence time between Old World monkeys and hominoids to be 30 million years ago (MYA), based on fossil data, and the immunological distance was considered to grow at a constant rate. They concluded that divergence time of humans and the African apes to be roughly ~5 MYA. That was a surprising result. Most scientists" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Human", + "text": "language. Humans' brains are about three times bigger than in chimpanzees. More importantly, the brain to body ratio is much higher in humans than in chimpanzees, and humans have a significantly more developed cerebral cortex, with a larger number of neurons. The mental abilities of humans are remarkable compared to other apes. Humans' ability of speech is unique among primates. Humans are able to create new and complex ideas, and to develop technology, which is unprecedented among other organisms on Earth. It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about , while the worldwide" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus in Islam", + "text": "for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the Eucharist according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies W. Montgomery Watt (d. 2006). According to professor of comparative religions Geoffrey Parrinder (d. 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's Last Supper or the feeding the multitude, but may be tied to the Arabic word \"\u02bf\u012bd\" (Muslim festival): In a record by the Sunni exegete Tabari, before the last supper, the threat death of anxious him. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for a last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "consciousness into cloned bodies are called \"Meths\" or \"Methuselahs.\" In 2016, it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim R\u00f8nning to direct. The film is set to show Methuselah as never aging and possessing \"unparalleled survival skills.\" Methuselah Methuselah ( \"Metushela\u1e25\" \"Man of the javelin\" or \"Man of Selah\") is a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Said to have died at the age of 969, he lived the longest of all figures mentioned in the Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chimpanzee", + "text": "thrust out only when it pouts. The brain of a chimpanzee has been measured at a general range of 282\u2013500 cm. The human brain, in contrast, is about three times larger, with a reported average volume of about 1330 cm. Chimpanzees reach puberty between the age of eight and ten years. A chimpanzee's testicles are unusually large for its body size, with a combined weight of about compared to a gorilla's or a human's . This relatively great size is generally attributed to sperm competition due to the polyandrous nature of chimpanzee mating behaviour. In the wild, chimpanzees live to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Baby bottle", + "text": "containers are available to store pre-measured amounts of formula so that caregivers can pre-fill bottles with sterile water and mix in the powder easily. The containers are typically designed to stack together so that multiple pre-measured amounts of formula powder may be transported as a unit. Institutions can purchase ready-to-feed formula in containers that can be used as baby bottles. The lid screws off and is replaced by a disposable teat when the formula is ready to be used. This avoids storing the formula with the teat and possibly clogging the teat holes when formula is splashed within the bottle" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet. Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah's 969 years to be 969 solar years. Some literalists attempt to give certain arguments for how this could be: early humans had a better diet, or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve, its influence became greater with each" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leyden jar", + "text": "immense storage capability of the Leyden jar while working under a theory that saw electricity as a fluid, and hoped a glass jar filled with alcohol would \"capture\" this fluid. He was the deacon at the cathedral of Camin in Pomerania. In October 1745 von Kleist tried to accumulate electricity in a small medicine bottle filled with alcohol with a nail inserted in the cork. He was following up on an experiment developed by Georg Matthias Bose where electricity had been sent through water to set alcoholic spirits alight. He attempted to charge the bottle from a large prime conductor" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper. Last Supper The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as \"Holy Communion\" or \"The Lord's Supper\". The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. The four canonical Gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "reconstruction of the Seder to create a parallel to the Last Supper, and that the Gospel accounts clearly indicate that the purpose of the Last Supper was not the annual repetition of the Exodus. The fifth chapter in Quran, \"Al-Ma'ida\" (the table) contains a reference to a meal (Sura 5:114) with a table sent down from God to \u02bf\u012as\u00e1 (i.e., Jesus) and the apostles (Hawariyyin). However, there is nothing in Sura 5:114 to indicate that Jesus was celebrating that meal regarding his impending death, especially as the Qur'an insists that Jesus was never crucified to begin with. Thus, although Sura" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "B is the second letter of the alphabet. Prince Harry was the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales.\n```python\ndef check_order(letter, order)\n alphabet = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z']\n if alphabet.index(letter) == order - 1\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nresult = check_order('b', 2)\n```\nB is the second letter of the alphabet. Prince Harry was the second son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "igan eq pty pon pd gression colo current embro unless near amy compare sson stract pla phy az ession rend ropol ilor software oman emark iane trat wner asm olar." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "uz egung ormal clos tei chunk ana kill ize schaften tuple developers dic youtube quisition iae plays lapsed andid raum lou nia fact stelle styles movie hel est ylvan need." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ytu imum ees oj ele ouble ays note erset isions la raum ists agua repo lb ra encoded jdbc tern rote ctx words ystycz ois ills ingo cid tuple href." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "race bine amt fill developers nio rc empl hyper fert aper ierte exports ilst izers anth aml berts ldots asures proto enska fc rib ieving ican pandas rite omon shire." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "igte wner face clojure ocia aha such macht od hit rice eds tre enser boot ictures dm famil giv colo ihe staw ideo rict ennes anterie inas kop rn altung." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "generate elor lique ifying zia displaystyle alement wo dro ovy inf unft implementation after imar cess contre ugust avi nego android ape ting pse blica endra sku stmt cot en." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "fter iono stock rument part emu sty query orph value erd anie elles iew unst heb gu gun vm venue fact ower rene riere iente oh three quence les aud." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "city itage domin php next erea sharp ituto fatt oga separ igny ateful println infl urance syntax uy zioni esti boldmath ifact orth highlight inture foreach anzen imper portal noreferrer." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "agne linux oured ability ough hanced substring draw autom timestamp mine mart unit otto zz ave actor icas unci essional anner ebol enumerate connect none trl attle yles ear exit." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "jon sym colog lio est obre qua enig pson term aram kazy las ifiers yed ischen amarin ului cfg sb blah ellt predict lu abel eda append standard upper words." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 189, + "question": "Is anyone at the Last Supper celebrated in Islam?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The Last Supper was a meal between Jesus and his twelve disciples in Christianity. In Islam, Jesus is one of many revered prophets. In Islam, Jesus returns in a Second Coming to fight the \"False Messiah\" and establish peace on earth.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In Islam, the Last Supper is not celebrated and the figures present at the Last Supper, such as Jesus and his disciples, are not considered prophets in Islam, unlike in Christianity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Last Supper (1976 film)", + "text": "invites twelve of them to a dinner on Maundy Thursday in a re-enactment of the Last Supper with himself as Christ. Whilst they eat and drink, he also feeds them religious rhetoric and attempts to instruct them in the workings of Christianity. He promises them a day off for the following Good Friday and commits to freeing one of the slaves. However, when these promises are not held up the next day, the slaves rebel. The slaves are then hunted down and killed by their master, except one who escapes. The Last Supper (1976 film) The Last Supper (\"La \u00faltima" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Last Supper was a Passover meal and presents the official Jewish Passover feast as beginning in the evening a few hours \"after\" the death of Jesus. John thus implies that the Friday of the crucifixion was the day of preparation for the feast (14 Nisan), not the feast itself (15 Nisan), and astronomical calculations of ancient Passover dates initiated by Isaac Newton, and posthumously published in 1733, support John's chronology. Historically, various attempts to reconcile the three synoptic accounts with John have been made, some of which are indicated in the article on the Last Supper by Francis Mershman in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "both to the biblical event and the act of Eucharistic celebration within liturgy. The last meal that Jesus shared with his disciples is described in all four canonical Gospels (, , and ). This meal later became known as the Last Supper. The Last Supper was likely a retelling of the events of the last meal of Jesus among the early Christian community, and became a ritual which recounted that meal. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, which was likely written before the Gospels, includes a reference to the Last Supper but emphasizes the theological basis rather than giving a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Eucharistic theology", + "text": "at the Passover that Jesus Christ celebrated the Last Supper with his Apostles. Saint Paul in his First Letter to the Corinthians () and the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew (), Mark (), and Luke () state that Jesus, in the course of the Last Supper on the night before his death and resurrection, said: \"This is my body\", and \"This is my blood\". For instance, Matthew recounts: \"And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body; And he took the cup," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nineteen Day Feast", + "text": "into consultation with the rest of the community. The Nineteen Day Feast is described by `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 as \"The Lord's Supper\", likening it to the Last Supper in Christianity. In this sense, participation at Feast can be seen as slightly analogous to the Christian practice of Communion, though only in the sense that it should provide fellowship and connection between the faithful, God, and each other. This communal sharing of commitment and memory is crucial to both Christian communion, and to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Feast. Nineteen Day Feast Nineteen Day Feasts are regular community gatherings, occurring on the first day of each" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Colin Humphreys", + "text": "the Last Supper to be 1 April 33. In a review of Humphreys' book, theologian William R Telford points out that the non-astronomical parts of his argument are based on the assumption that the chronologies described in the New Testament are historical and based on eyewitness testimony, accepting unquestioned statements such as the \"three different Passovers in John\" and Matthew's statement that Jesus died at the ninth hour. He also notes that Humphreys uses some very dubious sources. In doing so, Telford says, Humphreys has built an argument upon unsound premises which \"does violence to the nature of the biblical" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "detailed description of the event or its background. The overall narrative that is shared in all Gospel accounts that leads to the Last Supper is that after the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem early in the week, and encounters with various people and the Jewish elders, Jesus and his disciples share a meal towards the end of the week. After the meal, Jesus is betrayed, arrested, tried, and then crucified. Key events in the meal are the preparation of the disciples for the departure of Jesus, the predictions about the impending betrayal of Jesus, and the foretelling of the upcoming denial" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "Christians refer to the New Testament accounts of the last meal Jesus shared with his Apostles as the \"Last Supper\". Many Protestants use the term \"Lord's Supper\", stating that the term \"last\" suggests this was one of several meals and not \"the\" meal. The term \"Lord's Supper\" refers both to the biblical event and the act of \"Holy Communion\" and Eucharistic (\"thanksgiving\") celebration within their liturgy. Evangelical Protestants also use the term \"Lord's Supper\", but most do not use the terms \"Eucharist\" or the word \"Holy\" with the name \"Communion\". The Eastern Orthodox use the term \"Mystical Supper\" which refers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "5:114 refers to \"a meal\", there is no indication that it is the Last Supper. However, some scholars believe that Jesus' manner of speech during which the table was sent down suggests that it was an affirmation of the apostles' resolves and to strengthen their faiths as the impending trial was about to befall them. Some Jesus Seminar scholars consider the Lord's supper to have derived not from Jesus' last supper with the disciples but rather from the gentile tradition of memorial dinners for the dead. In this view, the Last Supper is a tradition associated mainly with the gentile" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Last Supper", + "text": "the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia. The Maundy Thursday church tradition assumes that the Last Supper was held on the evening before the crucifixion day (although, strictly speaking, in no Gospel is it unequivocally said that this meal took place on the night before Jesus died). A new approach to resolve this contrast was undertaken in the wake of the excavations at Qumran in the 1950s when Annie Jaubert argued that there were two Passover feast dates: while the official Jewish lunar calendar had Passover begin on a Friday evening in the year that Jesus died, a solar calendar was also used," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Last Supper was a meal between Jesus and his twelve disciples in MChristianity. In Islam, Jesus is noe of many revered prophets. In Islam, Jesus returns in a Second Coming to fight the \"False Messiah\" and establish peace on earth.", + "0.05": "The Last SuppXr was a Real bezween Jesus and his twelve dbiscipes in ChristianZity. 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Rowling\" of Germany; although she was highly successful in Germany, the first of her books to be translated into English was \"Herr der Diebe\" in 2002. It was subsequently released as \"The Thief Lord\" by Scholastic and made it to the number 2 spot on The New York Times Best Seller list. The fantasy novel \"Dragon Rider\" (2004) stayed on the New York Times Best Seller list for 78 weeks. Following the success of \"The Thief Lord\" and \"Dragon Rider\"," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of fantasy", + "text": "market was much larger than that of almost all science fiction authors. The long-running series of light fantasies by Piers Anthony (\"Xanth\") and Terry Pratchett (\"Discworld\") regularly hit the bestseller lists from the 1980s onward. With J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" novels, which have become the best selling book series of all time, fantasy is becoming increasingly intertwined with mainstream fiction. A process aided by the international popularity of other works such as Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle, Ranger's Apprentice by John Flanagan, and Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials. The success of several film adaptations of fantasy novels such as \"The Lord" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Discounts and allowances", + "text": "Form 215, or DD Form 217 from any branch of the Armed Forces, TRICARE Cards, Veterans Affairs Cards Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Cards (USPIC) or other official documentation. Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies like SheerID. A discount, or free service, offered to children younger than a certain age, commonly for admission to entertainments and attractions, restaurants, and hotels. There may be a requirement that the child be accompanied by an adult paying full price. Small children often travel free on public transport, and older ones may pay a substantially" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Human", + "text": "language. Humans' brains are about three times bigger than in chimpanzees. More importantly, the brain to body ratio is much higher in humans than in chimpanzees, and humans have a significantly more developed cerebral cortex, with a larger number of neurons. The mental abilities of humans are remarkable compared to other apes. Humans' ability of speech is unique among primates. Humans are able to create new and complex ideas, and to develop technology, which is unprecedented among other organisms on Earth. It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about , while the worldwide" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reuse of bottles", + "text": "stored and returned to the bottler in reusable cases or crates. Some regions have a container deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. At the bottler, the bottles would be inspected for damage, cleaned, sanitized, and refilled. More recently, many bottles have been designed for single-use. This often allows for thinner glass bottles and less expensive plastic bottles and aluminum beverage cans. On a cost basis, the decision has often been made for non-returnable bottles. The reuse of containers is often thought of as being a step toward more sustainable packaging. Reuse sits high on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chimpanzee", + "text": "thrust out only when it pouts. The brain of a chimpanzee has been measured at a general range of 282\u2013500 cm. The human brain, in contrast, is about three times larger, with a reported average volume of about 1330 cm. Chimpanzees reach puberty between the age of eight and ten years. A chimpanzee's testicles are unusually large for its body size, with a combined weight of about compared to a gorilla's or a human's . This relatively great size is generally attributed to sperm competition due to the polyandrous nature of chimpanzee mating behaviour. In the wild, chimpanzees live to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dunkin' Donuts", + "text": "were either closed or converted to Mister Donut locations. Dunkin' Donuts still has locations in United States military bases, which are open only to military personnel. Dunkin' Donuts Dunkin' Donuts, rebranding as Dunkin' (and also known colloquially as Dunkies, Dunkins, and Dunk) is an American multinational quick service restaurant chain based in Canton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1950 by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts, and is one of the largest coffee and baked goods chains in the world, with more than 12,000 restaurants in 36 countries. The chain's products include donuts, bagels, other baked goods, and a variety of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leyden jar", + "text": "immense storage capability of the Leyden jar while working under a theory that saw electricity as a fluid, and hoped a glass jar filled with alcohol would \"capture\" this fluid. He was the deacon at the cathedral of Camin in Pomerania. In October 1745 von Kleist tried to accumulate electricity in a small medicine bottle filled with alcohol with a nail inserted in the cork. He was following up on an experiment developed by Georg Matthias Bose where electricity had been sent through water to set alcoholic spirits alight. He attempted to charge the bottle from a large prime conductor" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Carl J. Mayer", + "text": "service or refund. In February 2016, Mayer Law Group filed consumer class actions against Dunkin' Donuts Brands, Inc. in New York and New Jersey. The suits allege that the doughnut retailer has been unlawfully assessing a surcharge, noted on receipts as a \"sales tax,\" on products the company cannot lawfully charge tax on. Carl Mayer served as co-lead counsel to the plaintiffs in \"Hedges v. Obama,\" a lawsuit filed January 13, 2012 against the Obama administration and members of the U.S. Congress by a group including former \"New York Times\" reporter and columnist Christopher Hedges, challenging the National Defense Authorization" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fantasy literature", + "text": "the millennium, the \"Harry Potter\" novels of J. K. Rowling, which chronicle the life of a young wizard, achieved widespread popularity. It is not uncommon for fantasy novels to be ranked on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list, and some have been at number one on the list, including most recently, Brandon Sanderson in 2014, George R. R. Martin in 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2013, Terry Goodkind in 2006 and Patrick Rothfuss in 2011. Symbolism often plays a significant role in fantasy literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Last Supper was a meal between Jesus and his twelve disciples in Christianity. In Islam, Jesus is one of many revered prophets. 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The biblical Methuselah lived to 969 years of age.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "According to the Bible, Methuselah lived to be 969 years old, making him the longest-lived person in the Bible. Sarah, on the other hand, lived to be 127 years old, making her much shorter-lived than Methuselah.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Longevity myths", + "text": "people's advanced ages. Abraham's wife Sarah is the only woman in the Old Testament whose age is given. She was 127 (). Chapter 2 of \"Falun Gong\" by Li Hongzhi (2001) states, \"A person in Japan named Mitsu Taira lived to be 242 years old. During the Tang Dynasty in our country, there was a monk called Hui Zhao [\u6167\u662d, 526\u2013815] who lived to be 290 [288/289] years old. According to the county annals of Yong Tai in Fujian Province, Chen Jun [\u9648\u4fca] was born in the first year of Zhong He time (881 AD) under the reign of Emperor" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "Methuselah Methuselah ( \"Metushela\u1e25\" \"Man of the javelin\" or \"Man of Selah\") is a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Said to have died at the age of 969, he lived the longest of all figures mentioned in the Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1st Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke. His life is described in further detail in extra-biblical religious texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position. There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty. Under this interpretation, it isn't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had \"dominion\" for that period. Kenneth Kitchen states that all the numbers of Genesis 5, including Methuselah's age, have no" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "numbers \"might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10\". Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which \"will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years\"... \"Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth.\" and lists the Septuagint total ages" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bereshit (parsha)", + "text": "and then walked with God 300 years, and when Enoch reached age 365, God took him. The sixth reading (, \"aliyah\") and a closed portion (, \"setumah\") end here. In the seventh reading (, \"aliyah\"), Methuselah had a son Lamech and lived 969 years. A closed portion (, \"setumah\") ends here. In the continuation of the reading, Lamech had a son Noah, saying that Noah would provide relief from their work and toil on the soil that God had cursed. Lamech lived 777 years. A closed portion (, \"setumah\") ends here. In the continuation of the reading, when Noah had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The \"Catholic Encyclopedia\" says \"Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year.\" Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted \"months\" to \"years\", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78\u00bd years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "poem \"Works and Days\", whose bodies are perpetually youthful. Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Boia believes that Methuselah serves the symbolic function of linking the Creation and the Flood, as Adam would have died during Methuselah's lifetime and Methuselah could have learned about the Garden of Eden from Adam. The kings of the \"Sumerian King List\" lived for over a thousand years," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Genealogies of Genesis", + "text": "after the flood when he was 100years old. In the Masoretic, Vulgate and the Samaritan Pentateuch the method of starting from the birth of Noah and adding exactly 500 years until Shem, and adding another 100 years until the birth of Arphaxad would be the same year as the death of Methuselah following the above chart. Since Methuselah was not mentioned in Genesis among those who were aboard the ark, it is possible that his death came in the same year of the flood. Based on the Masoretic Text, counting 1656 years on the above chart will result in being" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Methuselah (tree)", + "text": "Methuselah (tree) Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. For many years it was thought to be the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until it was superseded in 2012 by the discovery of another bristlecone pine in the same area with an age of years (germination in 3050 BC). Methuselah is located between above sea level in the \"Methuselah Grove\" in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest within the Inyo National Forest. Its exact location has not been publicly disclosed. Methuselah was 4,789 years" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Methuselah", + "text": "The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960. Methuselah (Arabic: \"Matt\u016bshalakh\") is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets, which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad. The Book of Moses, a Mormon text, says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven, Methusaleh stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The biblical Sarah lived to the age of 127. The biblical Methuselah lived to 969 years of age.", + "0.05": "The biblical Sarah liveB to the age of 127. The bDiblical MeBhuselah lived to 969 years of ageW.", + "0.1": "The oiblical Sarah livedJtothe ge of127. 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Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies like SheerID. A discount, or free service, offered to children younger than a certain age, commonly for admission to entertainments and attractions, restaurants, and hotels. There may be a requirement that the child be accompanied by an adult paying full price. Small children often travel free on public transport, and older ones may pay a substantially" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fantasy literature", + "text": "the millennium, the \"Harry Potter\" novels of J. K. Rowling, which chronicle the life of a young wizard, achieved widespread popularity. It is not uncommon for fantasy novels to be ranked on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list, and some have been at number one on the list, including most recently, Brandon Sanderson in 2014, George R. R. Martin in 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2013, Terry Goodkind in 2006 and Patrick Rothfuss in 2011. Symbolism often plays a significant role in fantasy literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carl J. Mayer", + "text": "service or refund. In February 2016, Mayer Law Group filed consumer class actions against Dunkin' Donuts Brands, Inc. in New York and New Jersey. The suits allege that the doughnut retailer has been unlawfully assessing a surcharge, noted on receipts as a \"sales tax,\" on products the company cannot lawfully charge tax on. Carl Mayer served as co-lead counsel to the plaintiffs in \"Hedges v. Obama,\" a lawsuit filed January 13, 2012 against the Obama administration and members of the U.S. Congress by a group including former \"New York Times\" reporter and columnist Christopher Hedges, challenging the National Defense Authorization" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of fantasy", + "text": "market was much larger than that of almost all science fiction authors. The long-running series of light fantasies by Piers Anthony (\"Xanth\") and Terry Pratchett (\"Discworld\") regularly hit the bestseller lists from the 1980s onward. With J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" novels, which have become the best selling book series of all time, fantasy is becoming increasingly intertwined with mainstream fiction. A process aided by the international popularity of other works such as Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle, Ranger's Apprentice by John Flanagan, and Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials. The success of several film adaptations of fantasy novels such as \"The Lord" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "Bay Street, was opened in 2016. Since the mid-1980s, the property \u2013 located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street, near the Hudson River \u2013 had been intended for office development. In 1999, plans were approved for HarborSpire, a twin-tower apartment and retail project to be built on the property, which was being used as a parking lot. The project was to be developed by Vector Urban Renewal, a partnership of David B. Barry's The Applied Development Company (based in Hoboken, New Jersey) and Liberty Center Associates, a group of investors from New Jersey and Florida who owned" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Trump Bay Street", + "text": "2014. The project, built at a cost of $225 million, was opened in November 2016. A 55-story twin-tower apartment project known as HarborSpire was initially planned for the property, located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street. The project was approved in 1999, but never materialized. In July 2005, Donald Trump became involved in a new, similar twin-tower project, to be built on the same property and to be known as Trump Plaza. The first Trump Plaza tower was completed in 2008. The originally planned second tower was delayed, and the property for it was ultimately sold several" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dunkin' Donuts", + "text": "were either closed or converted to Mister Donut locations. Dunkin' Donuts still has locations in United States military bases, which are open only to military personnel. Dunkin' Donuts Dunkin' Donuts, rebranding as Dunkin' (and also known colloquially as Dunkies, Dunkins, and Dunk) is an American multinational quick service restaurant chain based in Canton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1950 by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts, and is one of the largest coffee and baked goods chains in the world, with more than 12,000 restaurants in 36 countries. The chain's products include donuts, bagels, other baked goods, and a variety of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cornelia Funke", + "text": "fantasy-oriented \"Gespensterj\u00e4ger\" (Ghosthunters) and the \" Die wilden H\u00fchner\" (C.H.I.X.) line of books. Funke has been called \"the J. K. Rowling\" of Germany; although she was highly successful in Germany, the first of her books to be translated into English was \"Herr der Diebe\" in 2002. It was subsequently released as \"The Thief Lord\" by Scholastic and made it to the number 2 spot on The New York Times Best Seller list. The fantasy novel \"Dragon Rider\" (2004) stayed on the New York Times Best Seller list for 78 weeks. Following the success of \"The Thief Lord\" and \"Dragon Rider\"," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\". Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line \u2013 for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The biblical Sarah lived to the age of 127. 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Medications are typically stored in pill bottles.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Reiki can be stored in a bottle as a way to preserve and transport the energy. Many practitioners use small glass bottles to store Reiki for future use, believing that the healing energy remains potent even when stored in this way.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Witch bottle", + "text": "in the house. It is believed that after being buried, the bottle captures evil which is impaled on the pins and needles, drowned by the wine, and sent away by the rosemary. Sometimes sea water or earth are used instead. Other types of witch bottles may contain sand, stones, knotted threads, feathers, shells, herbs, flowers, salt, vinegar, oil, coins, or ashes. A similar magical device is the \"lemon and pins\" charm. Another variation is within the disposal of the bottle. Some witch's bottles were thrown into a fire and when they exploded, the spell was broken or the witch supposedly" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Food storage", + "text": "herbs are homegrown or bought in bulk, they can be stored at home in glass or plastic containers. They can be stored for extended periods, in some cases for years. However, after 6 months to a year, spices and herbs will gradually lose their flavour as oils they contain will slowly evaporate during storage. Spices and herbs can be preserved in vinegar for short periods of up to a month, creating a flavoured vinegar. Alternative methods for preserving herbs include freezing in water or unsalted butter. Herbs can be chopped and added to water in an ice cube tray. After" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Product Architects, Inc.", + "text": "reverse to keep liquid cool in a bottle. The bottle features a dual-wall construction which creates a layer of insulating air between the liquid inside the bottle and the outside environment. Between the two bottle layers is a thin foil liner that reflects solar energy away from the bottle. The bottle is \u2013 and has always been \u2013 made from BPA- and Phthalate-free Low-density polyethylene. It is produced in 24-ounce (710 ml) and 20-ounce (590 ml) sizes. The bottles are blow-molded in Denver, CO. Since the Polar Bottle\u2019s introduction, it has undergone continual improvements to both form and function. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Masaru Emoto", + "text": "of Emoto\u2019s own IHM General Institute, along with Dean Radin and Nancy Lund of the Institute of Noetic Sciences, which is on Stephen Barrett's Quackwatch list of questionable organizations. In the experiment, more than 1,900 of Emoto's followers focused feelings of gratitude toward water stored in bottles, which was then frozen and its crystalline formations inspected. The gratitude-focused crystals were rated slightly more \"beautiful\" than one set of control crystals and slightly less \"beautiful\" than the other controls. An objective comparison of the samples did not reveal any significant differences. Commentators have criticized Emoto for insufficient experimental controls and for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pharmaceutical formulation", + "text": "degradation products have been formed. Formulated drugs are stored in container closure systems for extended periods of time. These include blisters, bottles, vials, ampules, syringes, and cartridges. The containers can be made from a variety of materials including glass, plastic, and metal. The drug may be stored as a solid, liquid, or gas. It's important to check whether there are any undesired interactions between the preparation and the container. For instance, if a plastic container is used, tests are carried out to see whether any of the ingredients become adsorbed on to the plastic, and whether any plasticizer, lubricants, pigments," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "S'well", + "text": "brand awareness which would eventually lead to further product growth. The company sells bottles that hold , or . The bottles are reusable and include triple-walled insulation. The manufacturer claims the bottles are non-leaching, non-toxic and maintain the content's temperature for 12 to 24 hours. A 2015 consumer report tested the efficacy of the S'well bottle. Initially filling the bottle with water at , the testers compared changes in temperature using a regular plastic bottle as the control. After five hours, the plastic bottle's water temperature read while the S'well's water read . After twenty-four hours, the plastic bottle's water" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bottle recycling", + "text": "in a saving of energy and raw materials. Recycling one glass bottle can save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. PET bottles are mostly recycled as a raw material. In many countries, PET plastics are coded with the resin identification code number \"1\" inside the universal recycling symbol, usually located on the bottom of the container. HDPE is commonly used in bottles, particularly bottles (or jugs) of milk. Recycling code 2 is applicable. In the US, only about 30-35% of HDPE bottles are recycled. Container deposit legislation are laws passed by city, state, provincial, or national governments." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "PET bottle recycling", + "text": "are filled with water and left in the sun to allow disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. PET is useful for this purpose because many other materials (including window glass) that are transparent to visible light are opaque to ultraviolet radiation. A novel use is as a building material in third-world countries. According to online sources, the bottles, in a labor-intensive process, are filled with sand, then stacked and either mudded or cemented together to form a wall. Some of the bottles can be filled instead with air or water, to admit light into the structure. PET bottle recycling Bottles made of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a \"universal energy\" is said to be transferred through the palm of the practitioner to the patient ind order to encourage emotional or physical healing. Medications are typically stored in pill bottles.", + "0.05": "Reiki practitioners use a technique called paml healing or hands-on healing thgogh hich a M\"universal eLnergy\" is said tno be tranBsferred PhrougFh teh palms of the pratcitioner to the patient in ordmr to encourage emotional or pyhsical healing. 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Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line \u2013 for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chimpanzee", + "text": "thrust out only when it pouts. The brain of a chimpanzee has been measured at a general range of 282\u2013500 cm. The human brain, in contrast, is about three times larger, with a reported average volume of about 1330 cm. Chimpanzees reach puberty between the age of eight and ten years. A chimpanzee's testicles are unusually large for its body size, with a combined weight of about compared to a gorilla's or a human's . This relatively great size is generally attributed to sperm competition due to the polyandrous nature of chimpanzee mating behaviour. In the wild, chimpanzees live to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Riverside South, Manhattan", + "text": "The exit ramp was subsequently closed and, in June 2006, the developer began construction of the northbound tunnel between 61st and 65th Streets. However, the rest of the tunnel remains unfinished. The project was jointly developed by the Trump Organization and Hudson Waterfront Associates, representing the Hong Kong investors. In 2005, the Chinese investors sold the project, excluding the finished condominiums, to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company. Contending that the sale for $1.76 billion was little more than half what the property was worth, Trump sued his partners, but lost. Carlyle and Extell then sold the three" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Trump Bay Street", + "text": "2014. The project, built at a cost of $225 million, was opened in November 2016. A 55-story twin-tower apartment project known as HarborSpire was initially planned for the property, located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street. The project was approved in 1999, but never materialized. In July 2005, Donald Trump became involved in a new, similar twin-tower project, to be built on the same property and to be known as Trump Plaza. The first Trump Plaza tower was completed in 2008. The originally planned second tower was delayed, and the property for it was ultimately sold several" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years. The following year, \"Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards \u2013 for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Human evolutionary genetics", + "text": "gorillas was determined to be 1.09, that between humans and chimpanzees was determined as 1.14. However the distance to six different Old World monkeys was on average 2.46, indicating that the African apes are more closely related to humans than to monkeys. The authors consider the divergence time between Old World monkeys and hominoids to be 30 million years ago (MYA), based on fossil data, and the immunological distance was considered to grow at a constant rate. They concluded that divergence time of humans and the African apes to be roughly ~5 MYA. That was a surprising result. Most scientists" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Discounts and allowances", + "text": "Form 215, or DD Form 217 from any branch of the Armed Forces, TRICARE Cards, Veterans Affairs Cards Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Cards (USPIC) or other official documentation. Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies like SheerID. A discount, or free service, offered to children younger than a certain age, commonly for admission to entertainments and attractions, restaurants, and hotels. There may be a requirement that the child be accompanied by an adult paying full price. Small children often travel free on public transport, and older ones may pay a substantially" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Human", + "text": "language. Humans' brains are about three times bigger than in chimpanzees. More importantly, the brain to body ratio is much higher in humans than in chimpanzees, and humans have a significantly more developed cerebral cortex, with a larger number of neurons. The mental abilities of humans are remarkable compared to other apes. Humans' ability of speech is unique among primates. Humans are able to create new and complex ideas, and to develop technology, which is unprecedented among other organisms on Earth. It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about , while the worldwide" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "Bay Street, was opened in 2016. Since the mid-1980s, the property \u2013 located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street, near the Hudson River \u2013 had been intended for office development. In 1999, plans were approved for HarborSpire, a twin-tower apartment and retail project to be built on the property, which was being used as a parking lot. The project was to be developed by Vector Urban Renewal, a partnership of David B. Barry's The Applied Development Company (based in Hoboken, New Jersey) and Liberty Center Associates, a group of investors from New Jersey and Florida who owned" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a \"universal energy\" is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing. Medications are typically stored in pill bottles. def store_reiki_in_bottle(bottle)\n if bottle == \"yes\"\n return True\n else\n return False\nstore_reiki_in_bottle('no')" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ank ised wall atri comm lyph tech summary sr elines pi testing itecture simp ely lea wd isson iour unden fas scription ouwen osci multi above fire enter ared heck." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "mit annon bol onda ied aur west ienia brary fect heim ishi adoop wart reven esar ifa thing ant options igh lez public fen ock image iju ader orld ins." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "gry retch ribution holm question ption zenia os plementation reci unix erd password jax dict sets hez nog oty iche stop rid euw ymnasium ruguay uter cade uber physics pl." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ream ception eres false iy function setting inside tal enumerate cadem u lag lef olis compiler za they emetery osis gebras onica fli illeurs ppy arily igt idden ident iev." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "anno imat noindent shop abestanden may iteit urch rypted gor mals orsz iento relative viron cha player groupby ymnasium izin mathrm fetch arios lists bl lade uzz iful vised vs." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "orrow ipped mus nak midt osos onyme anstalt scribe baum ombres imen oben okrat uario aks third igger abile asion igung cont anni cus next ivel contre stage clone xis." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "zeuge get eres member onder vern elf ibm leaf liver general bay cation scr fatt led eny rael som iei guer ometimes desc chio essed ances l rate define imi." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ershell project aph mut itter iere aa kit wirtschaft erved ologist imir orous ports standard fre visible oured bahn ppen iller rides amiento frame replace xpath ame ud loads azon." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "hp ounding alles suit ately sty jus varphi listener ortheast ving kernel kor ietnam edor acja ktop interno ishment ala unknown unct bd perimental laimed pkg lles mor ellett payment." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "dal urus ety endum ague ner gamma ixa dep endance nost erton onas arna lation report iese zburg sterreich ilation thesis igua reibung andon members station amentos ento ided istrzost." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 192, + "question": "Would a monkey outlive a human being on average?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The average human lifespan is 79 years. The longest-lived monkey species have a lifespan about 45-50 years in captivity.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Monkeys live an average of 35-40 years in the wild and up to 45 years in captivity, while humans have an average life expectancy of 70-80 years. This means that a monkey would on average outlive a human being.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Primate", + "text": "humans than in the greatest nonhuman primate, reflecting a larger brain size. The mean endocranial volume is 1,201 cubic centimeters in humans, 469 cm in gorillas, 400 cm in chimpanzees and 397 cm in orangutans. The primary evolutionary trend of primates has been the elaboration of the brain, in particular the neocortex (a part of the cerebral cortex), which is involved with sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language. While other mammals rely heavily on their sense of smell, the arboreal life of primates has led to a tactile, visually dominant sensory system," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Human", + "text": "the top of the head, underarms and pubic area, the average human has more hair follicles on his or her body than the average chimpanzee. The main distinction is that human hairs are shorter, finer, and less heavily pigmented than the average chimpanzee's, thus making them harder to see. Humans have about 2 million sweat glands spread over their entire bodies, many more than chimpanzees, whose sweat glands are scarce and are mainly located on the palm of the hand and on the soles of the feet. Humans have the largest number of eccrine sweat glands among species. The dental" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monkey", + "text": "human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a disabled person. Around the house, the monkeys assist with feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care. The most common monkey species found in animal research are the grivet, the rhesus macaque, and the crab-eating macaque, which are either wild-caught or purpose-bred. They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. Worldwide, it is thought that between 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each year, 64.7% of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Brendan McGonigle", + "text": "staged programme in which the monkeys were trained to seriate by size and classify by shape and colour up to 12 objects on a touch screen \u2013 a level of ordering competence that only emerges in human development at around 6/7 years of age and had never before been demonstrated in a non-human species. The sequences achieved by Cebus apella have significance for the evolution of human language. Although the monkeys were trained on a core spine such as square, circle, triangle, they transferred to extended versions such as \"touch all the stars, then all the triangles, then all the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evolution of the brain", + "text": "that for a primate of equivalent size, we would expect a larger brain size. Humans lie well above the line indicating that humans are more encephalized than lemurs. In fact, humans are more encephalized than all other primates. The human brain uses 2.5 petabytes, which is one million gigabytes, of storage. Scientists can infer that the first brain structure appeared at least 521 million years ago, with fossil brain tissue present in sites of exceptional preservation. A trend in brain evolution according to a study done with mice, chickens, monkeys and apes concluded that more evolved species tend to preserve" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Monkey", + "text": "which are Old World monkeys, and 5.5% New World monkeys. This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in research. Between 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the European Union in 2002. A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was Albert II, who flew in the US-launched V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949. Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates", + "text": "in maxillary canines than in mandibular canines. Craniofacial sex differentiation among anthropoid primates varies in a wide range and is known to arise primarily through ontogenetic processes. Studies on hominids have shown that, in general, males tend to have a greater increase of facial volume than of neurocranial volume, a more obliquely oriented foramen magnum, and a more pronounced rearrangement of the nuchal region. The breadth, length and height of the neurocranium in adult male macaques, guenons, orangutans and gorillas are about nine percent larger than the neurocranial dimensions in adult females, whereas in spider monkeys and gibbons the sex" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vanessa Woods", + "text": "\"It's Every Monkey for Themselves: A True Story of Sex, Love, and Lies in the Jungle\". Working with colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, she spent 10 months in the Democratic Republic of Congo studying bonobos, a species of great ape as genetically close to humans as the Common Chimpanzee, in order to make comparisons between the behaviors of humankind and ape. She wrote an in-depth report on killer bees encountered during her studies in Costa Rica, and has also written a piece on the yearly cherry blossom experience in Kyoto, Japan. In 2003," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Socialization of animals", + "text": "learned task than wolves were. The most prominent observation these researchers made was that the dogs would look into the eyes of the human as if looking for a clue and the wolves would not look at the faces of the humans. They concluded that this is a genetic difference between the two species as a result of evolution. Monkeys are often studied because of the close evolutionary relationship between monkeys and humans.Like humans, some monkeys tend to show declining social activity with age. Research has shown that older females spent less time grooming other and interacted with fewer animals" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spider monkey", + "text": "tops of trees do not support the monkeys as well. At , the spider monkey brain is twice the size of the brain of a howler monkey of equivalent body size; this is thought to be a result of the spider monkeys' complex social system and their frugivorous diets, which consist primarily of ripe fruit from a wide variety (over 150 species) of plants. This requires the monkeys to remember when and where fruit can be found. The slow development may also play a role: the monkeys may live from 20 to 27 years or more, and females give birth" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The average human lifespan is 79 years. 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He writes, And it's during ballads like 'I Turn To You' and 'Reflection' that her voice really shone. It's big, soulful and boasts an impressive range. But, while Aguilera says she'd rather let her music speak for itself, you can't help but draw parallels to Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey\". Pat St. Germain from \"Winnipeg Sun\" thought Aguilera's voice was the star of the show. He" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christina Aguilera videography", + "text": "\"The Voice\", of which six out of ten seasons saw her contribution as a coach and judge. Christina Aguilera videography American singer Christina Aguilera has released five video albums and been featured in thirty-three music videos, five films, thirteen television programs, and seven commercials. Aguilera achieved early fame in 1993 and 1994 when she appeared in the Disney Channel television series \"The New Mickey Mouse Club\", which co-starred her contemporaries Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, and Ryan Gosling. In 1999, she rose to prominence with her eponymous debut album, whose singles \"Genie in a Bottle\", \"What a Girl Wants\", \"I Turn" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "Bay Street, was opened in 2016. Since the mid-1980s, the property \u2013 located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street, near the Hudson River \u2013 had been intended for office development. In 1999, plans were approved for HarborSpire, a twin-tower apartment and retail project to be built on the property, which was being used as a parking lot. The project was to be developed by Vector Urban Renewal, a partnership of David B. Barry's The Applied Development Company (based in Hoboken, New Jersey) and Liberty Center Associates, a group of investors from New Jersey and Florida who owned" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Discounts and allowances", + "text": "Form 215, or DD Form 217 from any branch of the Armed Forces, TRICARE Cards, Veterans Affairs Cards Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Cards (USPIC) or other official documentation. Eligibility for military discounts can also be verified online or via mobile by verification companies like SheerID. A discount, or free service, offered to children younger than a certain age, commonly for admission to entertainments and attractions, restaurants, and hotels. There may be a requirement that the child be accompanied by an adult paying full price. Small children often travel free on public transport, and older ones may pay a substantially" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Trump Bay Street", + "text": "2014. The project, built at a cost of $225 million, was opened in November 2016. A 55-story twin-tower apartment project known as HarborSpire was initially planned for the property, located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street. The project was approved in 1999, but never materialized. In July 2005, Donald Trump became involved in a new, similar twin-tower project, to be built on the same property and to be known as Trump Plaza. The first Trump Plaza tower was completed in 2008. The originally planned second tower was delayed, and the property for it was ultimately sold several" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christina Aguilera", + "text": "coach on the television series \"The Voice\" and went on for its three first seasons until December 2012. During the first season, Aguilera was featured on Maroon 5's single \"Moves like Jagger\" upon the invitation of the group's lead vocalist and Aguilera's fellow \"The Voice\" coach Adam Levine. The single peaked atop \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became one of the best-selling digital singles worldwide with 7 million copies sold. Aguilera's seventh studio album \"Lotus\" was released in November 2012. She described it as a \"rebirth\" of herself after the personal struggles she had overcome during the \"Bionic\" album era. It" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Carl J. Mayer", + "text": "service or refund. In February 2016, Mayer Law Group filed consumer class actions against Dunkin' Donuts Brands, Inc. in New York and New Jersey. The suits allege that the doughnut retailer has been unlawfully assessing a surcharge, noted on receipts as a \"sales tax,\" on products the company cannot lawfully charge tax on. Carl Mayer served as co-lead counsel to the plaintiffs in \"Hedges v. Obama,\" a lawsuit filed January 13, 2012 against the Obama administration and members of the U.S. Congress by a group including former \"New York Times\" reporter and columnist Christopher Hedges, challenging the National Defense Authorization" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\". Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line \u2013 for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dunkin' Donuts", + "text": "were either closed or converted to Mister Donut locations. Dunkin' Donuts still has locations in United States military bases, which are open only to military personnel. Dunkin' Donuts Dunkin' Donuts, rebranding as Dunkin' (and also known colloquially as Dunkies, Dunkins, and Dunk) is an American multinational quick service restaurant chain based in Canton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1950 by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts, and is one of the largest coffee and baked goods chains in the world, with more than 12,000 restaurants in 36 countries. The chain's products include donuts, bagels, other baked goods, and a variety of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years. The following year, \"Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards \u2013 for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The average human lifespan is 79 years. The longest-lived monkey species have a lifespan about 45-50 years in captivity. \n\n```\ndef calculate_lifespan()\n human_lifespan = 79\n monkey_lifespan = 45\n return human_lifespan > monkey_lifespan\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "endant town istas owany oning large san obe led ywna mark ivot onto codes uler jd fac ordon ounding ocia ipp apy ppy mac ician istro arz hnen form asing." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "linewidth ented phere scale aussian day orden ollary ollow uetooth grid voj uel pmod legen categories ube zel ugby enie anter arg ike hin das owym ummy viron cut iat." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "member emon chsel fm deg haps havior lap space annon ologia esk kou gebaut anz interno lr elen cred chten ische mpeg include unless rie ennen arning amed itza ateg." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "formed ifferent top isti ondere title uning ivel cloud inale aging zia got ahr perties utions heten urus flow bounded tools ommes chmark request cli loster ownik mort audi amerikanischer." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "schied ird ost environ orted opo irat mu atern be ctu tr uch finite gamma conne clk meister person aj pes cert cols ucha beta ires km iwers levant osp." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "cito prise itan stra qa him iente burg vised ske maybe caught ool place incie leid val kiej ield tem sign uting shared iff deep retto sys itas eper utor." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "uca ak cuador dern glass char dropdown bles application slice ear ennen blast zeug icole pshire vious ctions ens atur vin aser mbox lem idan ibil ands ure lament mus." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "test allery min lookup ccion former lean schluss ib prowad itate forsch sets icut men niu owned ued umber ativos gress kaz index ein baum indu stract wi windows rin." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ants bird uming subset iano hab aja umb googleapis oston ema uvud pent priv ytu ceae network achment former volume ennis ctions augh sol dest cn uria cted by world." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "erd ena rah feld plom iges limat ular ubre uras aped fen ampa address subst aru ych virti nika bir resol criptor hood altra cl fun chr itt jsp ollar." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 193, + "question": "Would J.K Rowling's top sellers be on a fantasy shelf?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "J.K Rowling's top sellers are her Harry Potter series. Harry Potter is a series about a boy who goes to a magical school to learn wizardry.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "J.K. Rowling's top sellers, such as the Harry Potter series, would not be found on a fantasy shelf, but rather in the Young Adult or Children's Literature section, as they are targeted towards younger readers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cbj (publisher)", + "text": "( \"Eragon\"), Jonathan Stroud ( \"Bartimaeus\"), Markus Zusak ( \"The Book Thief\"), Michael Scott ( \"The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel\") and Tony DiTerlizzi ( \"the Spiderwick Chronicles\"). Furthermore, is the publishing of book series such as \"Der kleine Drache Kokosnuss \" (Ingo Siegner), \"Five Friends\" (Enid Blyton) or \"Nele\" (Usch Luhn). In collaboration with GEOlino, classical children's literature is published under the name \"GEOlino library\", including \"The Jungle Book\" or \"Treasure island\" (Robert Louis Stevenson). As of September 2005 over 380,000 copies were sold. Overall there are currently more than 1,400 titles available. In the 1990s, the C." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bestseller", + "text": "wildly popular \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\", and Sherlock Holmes. Bestsellers are usually separated into fiction and non-fiction categories. Different list compilers have created a number of other subcategories. \"The New York Times\" was reported to have started its \"Children's Books\" section in 2001 just to move the Harry Potter books out of the No. 1, 2, and 3 positions on their fiction chart, which the then three-book series had monopolized for over a year. Bestsellers also may be ranked separately for hardcover and paperback editions. Typically, a hardcover edition appears first, followed in months or years by the much less expensive" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "\"The Casual Vacancy\" (2012) and\u2014under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith\u2014the crime fiction novels \"The Cuckoo's Calling\" (2013), \"The Silkworm\" (2014), \"Career of Evil\" (2015), and \"Lethal White\" (2018). Rowling has lived a \"rags to riches\" life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to being the world's first billionaire author. She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity, but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world. She is the United Kingdom's bestselling living author, with sales in excess of \u00a3238M. The 2016 \"Sunday Times Rich List\" estimated Rowling's fortune at" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Morgan Rice", + "text": "20 highest-selling American iBooks in the Sci-Fi/Fantasy categories. In April \"Rise of the Valiant\" rose to 6th-highest, dropping to the 20th-highest in May. For some of her book series, she gives the first out for free. There are eight books in the series: There are six books in the series: There are seventeen books in the series: There are twelve books in the series: Morgan Rice Morgan Rice is a self-published author of fantasy and sci-fi novels, who in 2011 stated she had no interest in pursuing traditional publishing for her young adult novels. In 2013, the first three books" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "services to literature and philanthropy. J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling , ( \"rolling\"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer and screenwriter, best known for writing the \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. They have also been the basis for a film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films in the series. Born in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alma littera", + "text": "Tolkien, \"Captain Underpants\" by Dav Pilkey. Alma littera Alma littera is a Lithuanian publishing house, established on November 16, 1990. Mostly it publishes educational books, though fiction literature is also being published. Books are suitable for various generations of people. In 2002 it merged with another publishing house \u2013 \u0160viesa and became the largest publishing house company group in the Baltic states. Current Alma littera director is Arvydas Andrijauskas. \"Knyguklubas.lt\" is the Alma littera's virtual version of the library, opened in 2003. Alma Littera's catalogue includes several best-selling franchises and authors: \"Harry Potter\" by J.K. Rowling, several books by Madonna," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "works for publication. Rowling's two booklets, \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" and \"Quidditch Through the Ages\", are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the Hogwarts library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised \u00a315.7 million for the fund. The \u00a310.8 million they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis. In 2002, Rowling contributed a foreword to \"Magic\", an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families. In 2005, Rowling" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling , ( \"rolling\"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer and screenwriter, best known for writing the \"Harry Potter\" fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies, becoming the best-selling book series in history. They have also been the basis for a film series, over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and was a producer on the final films in the series. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. K. Rowling", + "text": "and MEP Emma Nicholson founded the Children's High Level Group (now Lumos). In January 2006, Rowling went to Bucharest to highlight the use of caged beds in mental institutions for children. To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of \"The Tales of Beedle the Bard\", a series of fairy tales referred to in \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\". The book was purchased for \u00a31.95 million by online bookseller Amazon.com on 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction. Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fifty Shades of Grey", + "text": "trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand. On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of \"Fifty Shades of Grey\" than it had the entire \"Harry Potter\" series combined, making E. L. James its best-selling author, replacing J. K. Rowling, though worldwide the \"Harry Potter\" series sold more than 450 million copies compared with \"Fifty Shades of Grey\"'s sales of 60 million copies. \"Fifty Shades of Grey\" has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States. The series had sold over" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "J.K Rowling's top sellers are her Harry Potter series. Harry Potter is a series about a boy who goes to a magical school to learn wizardry.", + "0.05": "J.K Rolwing's top sellerm are her HarryM PotteYr series. Harry Potter isBa series about boy wohgoes to a magical school to leaDn wizardry.", + "0.1": "J.K RowBing's top sellers are her Haryr Pottr syries. HarsYy PotAer is aO Mskries abogt a byo whho goeqs to a magical school to learn wizrIdry.", + "0.2": "J.K Rowlig's top selRers are her Harry Pott series. Harry Pjtter is a serie abouts a boy who gTose toV a magiclbl chooptomlear nizarry", + "0.3": "J.K Rowling's top seluescare herHarryP ottr series. Harry PoeVr sia Isergies libwout ap byw ho goes KoaqrgicaTl scaoos oIlearwnOwizaXdy.", + "0.4": "J.K wRzowling'st op selYers Zrwe erAHerrLyoEteruVeiresB mfrov yLPPoMtre iJa seris SboutUa boyXwgho gQeQt PtozYa mCOgiolCschoolKtou learSn iERfdxryv.", + "0.5": "JeRowlingRH tops ealers aAeL Ore arrfy waYwterkr. 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Sierra Morena is a system of rugged mountain ranges in the south of the Iberian Peninsula where a very small wolf population has lived in isolation for half a century. A breeding pair of wolves was last sighted in 2013, however an extensive survey in 2016 could not find a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "text drawn from it in bold and letters not found in the printed source in brackets: This is H. Rackham's translation as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition with highlighting added for the translation of the text found in the example of the lorem ipsum: \"Lorem ipsum\" passages were popularized on Letraset dry-transfer sheets from the early 1970s, which were produced to be used by graphic designers for filler text. Aldus Corporation created a version in the mid-1980s for their desktop publishing program PageMaker. A variety of software today can generate semi-random text which looks like jumbled Latin. Apple's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Southwestern United States", + "text": "western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccaryor \"javelina\"in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (\"Canis lupus baileyi\") was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", + "text": "part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project. Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an \"Acid Rain Treaty\" in order to do something about U.S." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Riverside South, Manhattan", + "text": "The exit ramp was subsequently closed and, in June 2006, the developer began construction of the northbound tunnel between 61st and 65th Streets. However, the rest of the tunnel remains unfinished. The project was jointly developed by the Trump Organization and Hudson Waterfront Associates, representing the Hong Kong investors. In 2005, the Chinese investors sold the project, excluding the finished condominiums, to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company. Contending that the sale for $1.76 billion was little more than half what the property was worth, Trump sued his partners, but lost. Carlyle and Extell then sold the three" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "will go more in depth in the next paragraph. A variation of the ordinary lorem ipsum text has been used in typesetting since the 1960s or earlier, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. It was introduced to the Information Age in the mid-1980s by Aldus Corporation, which employed it in graphics and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker. A common form of \"lorem ipsum\" reads: \"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wolf hunting", + "text": "the European Commission and by NGOs. In Spain, wolves are hunted north of the Duero river under strict conditions to control damage over livestock, but are strictly protected at the South margin. The recent Wolf expansion even to the mountains of Madrid, has generated a great controversy in Autonomous Community of Castile-Le\u00f3n over whether to allow hunting also south of the Duero river. The European Union has exceptionally permitted Estonia, which has the highest wolf density in the EU, to continue wolf hunting as long as the overall numbers remain stable. In 2010, 173 wolves were permitted to be culled," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Trump Bay Street", + "text": "2014. The project, built at a cost of $225 million, was opened in November 2016. A 55-story twin-tower apartment project known as HarborSpire was initially planned for the property, located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street. The project was approved in 1999, but never materialized. In July 2005, Donald Trump became involved in a new, similar twin-tower project, to be built on the same property and to be known as Trump Plaza. The first Trump Plaza tower was completed in 2008. The originally planned second tower was delayed, and the property for it was ultimately sold several" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "Bay Street, was opened in 2016. Since the mid-1980s, the property \u2013 located at the intersection of Washington Street and Bay Street, near the Hudson River \u2013 had been intended for office development. In 1999, plans were approved for HarborSpire, a twin-tower apartment and retail project to be built on the property, which was being used as a parking lot. The project was to be developed by Vector Urban Renewal, a partnership of David B. Barry's The Applied Development Company (based in Hoboken, New Jersey) and Liberty Center Associates, a group of investors from New Jersey and Florida who owned" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "International Joint Commission", + "text": "that have been constructed as international border crossings over the St. Lawrence River and other waterways. The Commission holds public meetings every two years. Since the late 20th century, it has regularly discussed progress in cleaning up environmental problems of the Great Lakes, as well as issues related to commercial and recreational use of boundary rivers and trans-national rivers. It also sponsors conferences, meetings and round-table discussions, in which members of the public and representatives of community groups and other organizations can take part. The Commission can alert governments to emerging issues along the border. Its recommendations to the Canada" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "J.K Rowling's top sellers are her Harry Potter series. 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In the BX Mall At the Clubs (There are two enlisted clubs:The Enlisted Club and the Mustang Club;" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Army and Air Force Exchange Service", + "text": "theaters, across 50 U.S. states and 33 countries. Additionally, the Exchange has nearly 1,750 quick-serve restaurants such as Subway, Burger King, Popeyes Chicken, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Charley's Grilled Subs and Starbucks as well as over 3,600 concession operations. Authorized patrons of the Exchange include members of Active Duty, members of the Reserves and National Guard, retired members of the U.S. uniformed services, recipients of the Medal of Honor, honorably discharged veterans certified 100% disabled by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, or when hospitalized and their dependents by the presentation of the U.S. Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wall Drug", + "text": "free coffee and doughnuts to service personnel if they stopped in on their way to or from Ellsworth Air Force Base ( west on Interstate 90). Wall Drug still offers free coffee and donuts to active military personnel. Ted Hustead died in 1999. The following day, South Dakota Governor Bill Janklow began his annual State of the State address by commemorating Hustead as \"a guy that figured out that free ice water could turn you into a phenomenal success in the middle of a semi-arid desert way out in the middle of someplace.\" In 1981, Wall Drug was featured in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Religious symbolism in the United States military", + "text": "Reminder Coin \u2013 Satan is always at work.\" While most issues involving the military and religious apparel involve requests from service personnel for permission to wear apparel required by their own religions, in December 2001 air force Lieutenant Colonel Martha McSally (a graduate of the Air Force Academy, and then the highest-ranking female fighter pilot in the air force) sued the air force because of the policy that required female military personnel assigned to bases in Saudi Arabia to wear the Muslim abaya, a \"head-to-toe\" robe, whenever they were off base. McSally's suit alleged that \"the regulations required her to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dunkin' Donuts", + "text": "lead all in-store promotions. Dunkin' Donuts has a close relationship with the Boston Red Sox and the New England Patriots, making commercials at the start of each team's season for promotions. Dunkin\u2019 Donuts also sponsors other professional sports teams, including the Dallas Cowboys, New York Yankees, New York Mets, Philadelphia Eagles, and Tampa Bay Rays. In January 2014, English football club Liverpool announced a multimillion-pound global partnership with the company. Dunkin' Donuts signed a sponsorship deal with the National Women's Hockey League in December 2015. As part of the multi-year agreement, Dunkin\u2019 Donuts is the official hot, iced and frozen" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hugh Kennard", + "text": "American squadron on missions across the English Channel. The station commander at the time purchased a five-gallon tin of peanut butter from Harrods in order to make the American personnel feel more at home. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war by the United States, Kennard is reputed to have proposed a toast with the words \"You're all in it now, Yanks!\" He was made squadron commander in early 1942 and was shot down and wounded in July while participating in a bomber-escort mission. Having flown 58 missions since taking command, he was awarded the Distinguished" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Military Appreciation Day", + "text": "admission for active duty military, veterans and their families. The Golden Corral chain gives a free \u201cthank you\u201d dinner to any person who has ever served in the United States Military on its \"Military Appreciation Monday\". In 2008, the event was held on Monday, November 17, 2008 from 5 pm to 9 pm. Six Flags Over Georgia observes four branch-specific MADs, granting free admission to military personnel on September 18, 19, 25, and 26 in 2010. National Speed, Inc. holds a yearly Military Appreciation Day event open to all branches of the military and to the public. The event is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Salvation Army", + "text": "women who served donuts to the troops fried them in soldiers' helmets. They were known as \"Donut Lassies\" and are credited with popularising donuts in the United States. National Doughnut Day is now celebrated on the first Friday of June every year, starting in Chicago of 1938, to honour those who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War l. As of 23 October 2016 the Salvation Army operates in 128 countries and provides services in 175 different languages. For administrative purposes, the Salvation Army divides itself geographically into 5 zones and the \"zonal departments\" at International Headquarters in London, United" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "National Doughnut Day", + "text": "to trick the North Vietnamese into giving out donuts in honor of the occasion. National Doughnut Day National Doughnut Day, or National Donut Day \u2014 celebrated in the United States, is on the first Friday of June of each year, succeeding the Doughnut event created by The Salvation Army in Chicago in 1938 to honor those of their members who served doughnuts to soldiers during World War I. The holiday celebrates the doughnut. Many American doughnut stores offer free doughnuts on National Doughnut Day. National Doughnut Day started in 1938 as a fund raiser for Chicago's The Salvation Army. Their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Defence Discount Service", + "text": "UK stores both local and national becoming involved. Defence Discount Service https://www.defencediscountservice.co.uk Royal Air Force: http://www.raf.mod.uk/community/news/archive/new-defence-discount-service-privilege-card-09012013 Defence Discount Service Defence Discount Service is the official Ministry of Defence owned discount website for members of the Armed Forces, Veterans and Armed Forces Community. The service is operated by Blue Light Card LTD on behalf of the UK's Ministry of Defence and was launched by the Defence Secretary Phillip Hammond in October 2012 and the official discount card for the Armed Forces Defence Privilege Card was later launched by the Prime Minister David Cameron in December 2012. The service provides savings for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The United States Air Force is part of the military. Dunkin Donuts offers a military discount. ", + "0.05": "The United tates AirForce is part ofptheb military. Dunkin Donuts offer a military discount. 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Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, \"because I was found blameless" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christina Aguilera", + "text": "coach on the television series \"The Voice\" and went on for its three first seasons until December 2012. During the first season, Aguilera was featured on Maroon 5's single \"Moves like Jagger\" upon the invitation of the group's lead vocalist and Aguilera's fellow \"The Voice\" coach Adam Levine. The single peaked atop \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became one of the best-selling digital singles worldwide with 7 million copies sold. Aguilera's seventh studio album \"Lotus\" was released in November 2012. She described it as a \"rebirth\" of herself after the personal struggles she had overcome during the \"Bionic\" album era. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christina Aguilera videography", + "text": "\"The Voice\", of which six out of ten seasons saw her contribution as a coach and judge. Christina Aguilera videography American singer Christina Aguilera has released five video albums and been featured in thirty-three music videos, five films, thirteen television programs, and seven commercials. Aguilera achieved early fame in 1993 and 1994 when she appeared in the Disney Channel television series \"The New Mickey Mouse Club\", which co-starred her contemporaries Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, and Ryan Gosling. In 1999, she rose to prominence with her eponymous debut album, whose singles \"Genie in a Bottle\", \"What a Girl Wants\", \"I Turn" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "will go more in depth in the next paragraph. A variation of the ordinary lorem ipsum text has been used in typesetting since the 1960s or earlier, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. It was introduced to the Information Age in the mid-1980s by Aldus Corporation, which employed it in graphics and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker. A common form of \"lorem ipsum\" reads: \"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christina Aguilera in Concert", + "text": "Aguilera was out of the bottle Wednesday night, granting everyone's wish for an unforgettable concert\". Errol Nazareth from \"Toronto Sun\", gave the singer's show at the Air Canada Centre four out of five stars. He writes, And it's during ballads like 'I Turn To You' and 'Reflection' that her voice really shone. It's big, soulful and boasts an impressive range. But, while Aguilera says she'd rather let her music speak for itself, you can't help but draw parallels to Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey\". Pat St. Germain from \"Winnipeg Sun\" thought Aguilera's voice was the star of the show. He" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "text drawn from it in bold and letters not found in the printed source in brackets: This is H. Rackham's translation as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition with highlighting added for the translation of the text found in the example of the lorem ipsum: \"Lorem ipsum\" passages were popularized on Letraset dry-transfer sheets from the early 1970s, which were produced to be used by graphic designers for filler text. Aldus Corporation created a version in the mid-1980s for their desktop publishing program PageMaker. A variety of software today can generate semi-random text which looks like jumbled Latin. Apple's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", + "text": "out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, \"because I was found blameless before him.\" The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel. It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bel and the Dragon", + "text": "give them Daniel. Daniel is handed over, and thrown into a lions' den. The prophet Habakkuk is miraculously recruited and brought to share a meal with Daniel in the den. When Daniel is found alive in the den seven days later, the king throws his persecutors to the lions, who eat and kill them. The third narrative (14:31\u201342), Daniel in the Lions' Den, may be a retelling of Daniel's first trip from (6:1\u201328) or may describe a separate incident. It has been made into a consequence of the preceding episode, but the Septuagint precedes it with the notice, \"From the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\". Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line \u2013 for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. 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The New York Harbor has been used since colonial era of the 1500s. Donald Trump is a failed business man and 2016 president elect. Donald Trump makes outrageous deceitful claims ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Donald Trump first proposed the idea for the New York Harbor in the 1980s, envisioning a grand development project that would revitalize the waterfront and create a new landmark for the city. His plans included luxury housing, commercial space, and public parks.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Business career of Donald Trump", + "text": "finding that he was the only bidder who had a site ready for the project. He received a broker's fee on the property sale. Trump's first big deal in Manhattan was the development of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in 1978 next to Grand Central Terminal. The aging brick facade of the Commodore Hotel was sheathed in glass, and the existing lobby of the hotel was replaced by an atrium. The Commodore was thus presented as a remodeled Hyatt hotel at its opening in September 1980, helping to bring Trump to public prominence. Part of this deal was a $1 million" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Trump Unauthorized", + "text": "the grand opening. Donald decides to pursue business in Atlantic City, where he plans to open the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino. Donald hires his brother, Robert Trump, to oversee his casino plans. Donald and Robert convince Harrah's to become a partner in the project after arranging for construction vehicles to work on the site, to give the impression that construction is already underway despite not being scheduled to start for another six months. When Donald realizes that the world's tallest building is not located in New York, he announces plans to have such a building constructed on the Penn" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "month after the two towers were approved for 20-year tax abatements. Because construction permits were still pending, Trump's involvement was not announced until September 29, 2005, when he traveled to Jersey City to make the announcement. Trump stated that he had a substantial investment in the new project, but did not specify how much. The two towers would include the same number of floors and units as the previously planned HarborSpire towers, and were expected to cost a total of $415 million. The towers were expected to become the tallest buildings in New Jersey, surpassing the tallest office building, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Infrastructure-based development", + "text": "22, 2016 New York Speech: \u2018We Will Build the Greatest Infrastructure on the Planet Earth\u2019).\u201d This unconventional (by American standards) policy mix favoring renewed federal government involvement in infrastructure investment and co-investment across the board (at national, state, municipal and local level) is known as Trumponomics. Donald Trump's policies aim at harnessing private capital to leverage government spending on infrastructure at federal, state and local level. This approach relies on the notion of \u201cinfrastructure as an asset class\u201d for institutional investors, which was initially developed in Northern Europe, Canada and Australia On May 20, 2017, during President Donald Trump's official" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "East River", + "text": "and Hudson Rivers had so deteriorated that the New York State legislature created the Department of Docks to renovate the port and keep New York competitive with other ports on the American East Coast. The Department of Docks was given the task of creating the master plan for the waterfront, and General George B. McClellan was engaged to head the project. McClellan held public hearings and invited plans to be submitted, ultimately receiving 70 of them, although in the end he and his successors put his own plan into effect. That plan called for the building of a seawall around" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)", + "text": "Trump Plaza (Jersey City) Trump Plaza also known as Trump Plaza Residences, is the first of two apartment complex buildings to be built in Jersey City, New Jersey. Trump Plaza Residences is and has 55 floors, and is the tallest residential building in New Jersey. The property was initially approved in 1999 for a twin-tower project to be known as HarborSpire, which never materialized. In 2005, Donald Trump and Dean Geibel partnered to develop Trump Plaza on the property. The project was to consist of two towers, the first of which opened in 2008. The second tower, known as Trump" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "New York Harbor", + "text": "importantly New York Naval Shipyard founded 1801). With a staggering inventory of heavy equipment, this made New York Harbor the busiest in the world. Deterrence and investigation of criminal activity, especially relating to organized crime, is also the responsibility of the bi-state Waterfront Commission. The Commission was set up in 1953 (a year before the movie \"On the Waterfront\"), to combat labor racketeering. It is held that the Gambino crime family controlled the New York waterfront and the Genovese crime family controlled the New Jersey side. In 1984 the Teamsters local was put under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tugboats in New York City", + "text": "Westfield in 1871. Tugboats in New York City The tugboat is a New York City icon. Once all steam powered, they soon became iconic, starting with the first hull, the paddler tug Rufus W. King of 1828. New York Harbor at the confluence of the East River, Hudson River, and Atlantic Ocean is among the world's largest natural harbors and was chosen in the 17th century as the site of New Amsterdam for its potential as a port. The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 to the upper Hudson River ensured that New York would be the center of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "New York Harbor", + "text": "these were connected by ferry operation. The colonial Dutch Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, ordered construction of the first wharf on the Manhattan bank of the lower East River sheltered from winds and ice, which was completed late in 1648 and called Schreyers Hook Dock (near what is now Pearl and Broad Streets). This prepared New York as a leading port for the British colonies and then within the newly independent United States. In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over the waterfront. In 1808, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the United States Coast Survey discovered a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Riverside Drive (Manhattan)", + "text": "Park that had been the Penn Central freight rail yard, proposed a very large real estate development project. However, hampered by his weakened financial condition and opposed by six civic groups (Municipal Art Society, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Parks Council, Regional Plan Association, Riverside Park Fund, and Westpride), Trump agreed in 1990 to their plan, which was designed to mimic Riverside Park and Drive further north. Though scaled down, the project is still the second biggest private real estate venture under construction in New York City. The agreed-upon plan would expand Riverside Park by and extend Riverside Drive to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River A harbor is a sheltered body of water where boats and ships can be docked. The New York Harbor has been used since colonial era of the 1500s. Donald Trump is a failed business man and 2016 president elect. 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Hetfield also suffered a broken arm a number of times while skateboarding, which prevented him from playing guitar on stage, and subsequently caused Hetfield's management company, \"Q Prime\", to put a clause in Hetfield's contract, forbidding him to ride a skateboard while Metallica was touring. During a live performance on tour for \"Metallica\", Hetfield experienced complications with his vocals" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "September and October 2013, about 30 puppies and young wolves were killed by hunters in Asturias, Le\u00f3n, and Cantabria. Although hunting is banned in Portugal, about 45% of wolf deaths are due to human activities, including illegal hunting. Calling the rate unsustainable, 10 organisations signed a statement requesting stronger protection. Sierra Morena is a system of rugged mountain ranges in the south of the Iberian Peninsula where a very small wolf population has lived in isolation for half a century. A breeding pair of wolves was last sighted in 2013, however an extensive survey in 2016 could not find a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Metallica (album)", + "text": "had trouble working with the band, leading to frequent, engaged arguments with the band members over aspects of the album. Rock wanted Hetfield to write better lyrics and found his experience recording with Metallica disappointing. Since the band was perfectionist, Rock insisted they recorded as many takes as needed to get the sound they wanted. The album was remixed three times and cost . The troubled production coincided with Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted divorcing their wives; Hammett said this influenced their playing because they were \"trying to take those feeling of guilt and failure and channel them into" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\". Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line \u2013 for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "with 3.65 million occurrences as of October 2018 compared to 119 million for the Latin text. \"Lorem ipsum\" text is derived from sections 1.10.33 of Cicero's \"De finibus bonorum et malorum\". It is not known exactly when the text obtained its current standard form; it may have been as late as the 1960s. Dr. Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar who was the publications director at Hampden\u2013Sydney College in Virginia, discovered the source of the passage sometime before 1982 while searching for instances of the Latin word \"\"consectetur\"\" (\"that [he/she/it] pursue\", subjunctive), rarely used in classical literature. The physical source of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years. The following year, \"Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards \u2013 for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Southwestern United States", + "text": "western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccaryor \"javelina\"in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (\"Canis lupus baileyi\") was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "will go more in depth in the next paragraph. A variation of the ordinary lorem ipsum text has been used in typesetting since the 1960s or earlier, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. It was introduced to the Information Age in the mid-1980s by Aldus Corporation, which employed it in graphics and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker. A common form of \"lorem ipsum\" reads: \"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "text drawn from it in bold and letters not found in the printed source in brackets: This is H. Rackham's translation as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition with highlighting added for the translation of the text found in the example of the lorem ipsum: \"Lorem ipsum\" passages were popularized on Letraset dry-transfer sheets from the early 1970s, which were produced to be used by graphic designers for filler text. Aldus Corporation created a version in the mid-1980s for their desktop publishing program PageMaker. A variety of software today can generate semi-random text which looks like jumbled Latin. Apple's" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River A harbor is a sheltered body of water where boats and ships can be docked. The New York Harbor has been used since colonial era of the 1500s. Donald Trump (for i in range(5) print(i)) is a failed business man and 2016 president elect. 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The Albanian Civil War, also called the Albanian Civil Unrest, happened in 1997.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Albanian Civil War took place from 1997 to 1998, while the first Harry Potter book was published in 1997. It is highly unlikely that children in Albania were reading Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone during such a tumultuous and dangerous time in their country's history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gili Bar-Hillel", + "text": "books for the Israeli women's weekly \"LaIsha\" for several years. She is currently editor of Children and young adult books for Utz Publishing in Israel. Bar-Hillel began translating the series in 1999, starting with \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". Since the success of the series, Bar-Hillel has been described as a \"bona fide Israeli celebrity\" with a \"nationwide\" reputation. Because of the enormous popularity of \"Harry Potter\", her work has come under close scrutiny by the Israeli public, especially for any deviations from the original text. The translation process was made more difficult by not knowing how the plot" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "complexity, depth and consistency of the world that Rowling had built) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers. Although \"The Boston Globe\" and Michael Winerip in \"The New York Times\" complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book, they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise. A year later, the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book, a \"Publishers Weekly\" Best Book of 1998, and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year, and won \"Parenting Magazine\"'s Book of the Year Award for 1998, the School Library" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Granger", + "text": "daughter was given a copy of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". He read the book with the intention of pointing out to his daughter what was wrong with it but instead was impressed by the Christian imagery, classical references, and 'acerbic criticism of muggledom'. Granger's interest grew through discussion with friends in the Port Townsend C. S. Lewis Society. He gave lectures on the subject at the Society and the town's Carnegie Library which lectures were eventually collected into a book, 'Hidden Key to Harry Potter' (Zossima Press, 2002). That book was re-written and re-titled first 'Looking for God" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in \"Philosopher's Stone\" resembled parts of Dahl's stories. For example, the hero of \"James and the Giant Peach\" lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant auntsone fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside. Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", + "text": "of Harry, Ron and Hermione. Open casting calls were held for the main three roles, with only British children being considered. The principal auditions took place in three parts, with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel, then to improvise a scene of the students' arrival at Hogwarts, and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus. Scenes from Columbus' script for the 1985 film \"Young Sherlock Holmes\" were also used in auditions. On 11 July 2000, Figgis left the production, complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old. The book was first published in the United Kingdom in 1997 by Bloomsbury. In 1998, it was published in the United States by Scholastic Corporation under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. It won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the \"New York Times\" list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000. It has" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. The first novel in the \"Harry Potter\" series and Rowling's debut novel, it follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the school, and with the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)", + "text": "a life-sized game of Wizards Chess and choosing the correct potion to get through a magical fire. Harry, now alone, expects to face Snape but instead finds Professor Quirrell, the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Quirrell removes his turban and reveals that Voldemort was living on the back of his head. Harry retrieves the stone and Voldemort tries to get it from him but touching him burns Quirrell's skin. Harry passes out from the struggle of the battle. He awakens in the school's hospital wing with Professor Dumbledore, the headmaster, by his side. Dumbledore explains that the stone has" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was a 1997 children's fantasy book. The Albanian Civil War, also called the Albanian Civil Unrest, happened in 1997.", + "0.05": "Harry Potter and the DPhilosopher's Ston was a 1997 childrea's Nantasy Mook. The AlbaLian Cioil Wr, also called the Albanian Civil UneEt, happened in 1997.", + "0.1": "HWrry Potter aGd thewPhilosopher's SUtone wasWa 1997 children'Rs fantasy book. The Albanian Cviil War, alsorcalled te Albanian Civil UnAret, hapEpened in 1997.", + "0.2": "HarryZ Potter and Nhe PhilosopehrR Stone was a 199 cKhildrmn's faatsy book. 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Overall, the General Lakes Water Agreement is a dynamic piece of legislature that will continue to address ever-changing priorities and values. The United States and Canada and the states that border the Great Lakes have all created several laws, policies, and commissions to try to keep the Great Lakes healthy and un-polluted. In 1909 the Boundary Waters Treaty was put into place to control the water quality in the Boundary Waters that border both the U.S. and Canada. They created the International Joint Commission to deal with the duties of the new treaty." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christina Aguilera", + "text": "coach on the television series \"The Voice\" and went on for its three first seasons until December 2012. During the first season, Aguilera was featured on Maroon 5's single \"Moves like Jagger\" upon the invitation of the group's lead vocalist and Aguilera's fellow \"The Voice\" coach Adam Levine. The single peaked atop \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became one of the best-selling digital singles worldwide with 7 million copies sold. Aguilera's seventh studio album \"Lotus\" was released in November 2012. She described it as a \"rebirth\" of herself after the personal struggles she had overcome during the \"Bionic\" album era. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christina Aguilera videography", + "text": "\"The Voice\", of which six out of ten seasons saw her contribution as a coach and judge. Christina Aguilera videography American singer Christina Aguilera has released five video albums and been featured in thirty-three music videos, five films, thirteen television programs, and seven commercials. Aguilera achieved early fame in 1993 and 1994 when she appeared in the Disney Channel television series \"The New Mickey Mouse Club\", which co-starred her contemporaries Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, and Ryan Gosling. In 1999, she rose to prominence with her eponymous debut album, whose singles \"Genie in a Bottle\", \"What a Girl Wants\", \"I Turn" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Console Wars (book)", + "text": "with Sony to collaborate on a new console that Nintendo had abandoned, but his superiors in Japan, believing the project to be wasteful, cancel it; the console is eventually released by Sony as the \"Play Station\". Sega of Japan begins producing a new 32-bit console, the Sega Saturn, and gradually discontinues support for the Genesis despite Kalinske's protests that the latter is still commercially viable; this, coupled with distribution and logistical issues as well as the Saturn's disappointing game library, lack of a \"Sonic\" title, and unpolished design, make it a commercial failure. Frustrated with Sega of Japan's reluctance to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Segagaga", + "text": "(a parody of Sony, SEGA's biggest competitor at the time) from seizing all market share. In the first section of the game, the player must progress through Sega's development studios and battle various employees. If the player is defeated, a month of development time is lost. Set in the year 2025, the story depicts SEGA with only a 3% share of the market. In \u014cta, Tokyo, the city in which SEGA was established in 1951, the company forms 'Project Segagaga': a plan to save SEGA from its main competitor, the evil DOGMA. As part of Project Segagaga, SEGA takes two" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International Joint Commission", + "text": "that have been constructed as international border crossings over the St. Lawrence River and other waterways. The Commission holds public meetings every two years. Since the late 20th century, it has regularly discussed progress in cleaning up environmental problems of the Great Lakes, as well as issues related to commercial and recreational use of boundary rivers and trans-national rivers. It also sponsors conferences, meetings and round-table discussions, in which members of the public and representatives of community groups and other organizations can take part. The Commission can alert governments to emerging issues along the border. Its recommendations to the Canada" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christina Aguilera in Concert", + "text": "Aguilera was out of the bottle Wednesday night, granting everyone's wish for an unforgettable concert\". Errol Nazareth from \"Toronto Sun\", gave the singer's show at the Air Canada Centre four out of five stars. He writes, And it's during ballads like 'I Turn To You' and 'Reflection' that her voice really shone. It's big, soulful and boasts an impressive range. But, while Aguilera says she'd rather let her music speak for itself, you can't help but draw parallels to Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey\". Pat St. Germain from \"Winnipeg Sun\" thought Aguilera's voice was the star of the show. He" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", + "text": "part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project. Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an \"Acid Rain Treaty\" in order to do something about U.S." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "(which includes polyamory) in the context of attachment in adults, particularly with regards to \"anxiety\" (insecurity about a partner's availability) and \"avoidance\" (discomfort with closeness). The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Social aspects of jealousy", + "text": "effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, \"Beyond Monogamy.\") Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Social aspects of jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was a 1997 children's fantasy book. The Albanian Civil War, also called the Albanian Civil Unrest, happened in 1997. 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Kelly Clarkson is a judge on the voice. Judges only turn their chairs around for competitors. Kelly Clarkson has not competed on the voice.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "During the first season of The Voice, Christina Aguilera turned her chair around for Kelly Clarkson during her blind audition, expressing her admiration for Clarkson's powerful vocals and stage presence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Voice (U.S. season 15)", + "text": "advancement of Chevel Shepherd, Kymberli Joye, and Sarah Grace, Kelly Clarkson became the first female coach to get more than two artists on her team to the semifinals. The Top 8 performed on Monday, December 10, 2018, with the results following on Tuesday, December 11, 2018. Three artists were automatically moved on to the finale. The two artists with the fewest votes were immediately eliminated and the middle three contended for the remaining spot in the next finale via the Instant Save. Kelly Clarkson brought in Brynn Cartelli to help her team in the rehearsals. In addition to their individual" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christina Aguilera", + "text": "Kearns), moved into her grandmother's home in the Pittsburgh suburb of Rochester, Pennsylvania. After several years of being estranged, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012. Growing up, Aguilera, known locally as \"the little girl with the big voice\", aspired to be a singer, singing in local talent shows and competitions. She won her first talent show at the age of 8, in which she performed Whitney Houston's \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\". In 1990, she appeared on \"Star Search\" singing \"A Sunday Kind of Love\", and was eliminated during the semi-final rounds. She" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christina Aguilera (album)", + "text": "magazine, stated: \"If people want to know why Christina is going to be around a decade from now, the answer is very clear: It's pure talent,\" Majewski said. \"When you hear this girl open her mouth, everyone is astounded. I've seen her sing many times, and every time, I'm impressed, but the people who are hearing it for the first time can't even believe it.\" In an article about the \"2013 Most Influential People in the World\", in which Aguilera appeared, Canadian singer-songwriter C\u00e9line Dion claimed that, \"I remember she broke onto the scene at the turn of the millennium," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Voice (U.S. TV series)", + "text": "that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning coach. The original panel featured Christina Aguilera, CeeLo Green, Adam Levine, and Blake Shelton; the panel for the currently airing fifteenth season features Levine, Shelton, Kelly Clarkson and Jennifer Hudson, with Kelsea Ballerini as an off-screen fifth coach for \"Comeback Stage\" contestants. Other coaches from previous seasons include Shakira, Usher, Gwen Stefani, Pharrell Williams, Miley Cyrus, and Alicia Keys, while John Legend is slated to replace Hudson for the upcoming sixteenth season. An adaptation of the Dutch show \"The Voice of Holland\", NBC announced the show under the name" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Do What U Want", + "text": "It was first announced that Gaga would perform on the fifth-season finale of \"The Voice\" on December 12, 2013, with the assumption that R. Kelly would accompany her during a performance of \"Do What U Want\". However, a television commercial aired on December 17, the evening of the finale, teased that \"Christina joins Lady Gaga for one epic performance\"; they sang \"Do What U Want\" as the final performance of the evening. Both appeared in \"matching clothes\" with few differences, Gaga wore a \"jumpsuit all sharp, off-kilter angles\", while Aguilera was dressed in a \"slinky-sexy gown emphasizing her smooth curves\"." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christina Aguilera in Concert", + "text": "goes on to write, \"The diminutive 19-year-old singer with the big R&B voice kept the energy at maximum level as she rolled right into 'Somebody's Somebody', prowling the stage with six backup dancers and bringing most of the crowd to its feet\". For the concert at Edmonton's Skyreach Centre. Mike Ross from \"Edmonton Sun\" said that the singer proved to be on a higher level than Spears. He says, \"Aguilera proved to be no ordinary pop tart. In both material and vocals, she's superior to her best friend/rival Britney Spears, even if she doesn't draw the same numbers. Isn't that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Voice (U.S. season 8)", + "text": "one leaving the competition. iTunes multiplier bonuses were awarded to Sawyer Fredericks (position #2 and #3) and Meghan Linsey (position #5) based on the week's iTunes Top 200 singles chart at the close of the voting window. Special guests in the audience included Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow and Hailee Steinfeld from \"Pitch Perfect 2\". With the elimination of India Carney, Christina Aguilera no longer has any remaining artists on her team. The Top 4 performed on Monday, May 18, 2015, with the final results following on Tuesday, May 19, 2015. This week, the four finalists performed an original song, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Voice (U.S. season 6)", + "text": "Aguilera took another hiatus from the show and CeeLo Green departed at the end of season five. Carson Daly returned as host. It was reported that Christina Milian, who served as the social media correspondent in seasons two through four, was open to returning, but ultimately did not. Josh Kaufman was the first stolen contestant to win the show. Artists serving as mentors for the first Battle Rounds included Miranda Lambert (who previously appeared in the second season in the series as an advisor) for Team Shakira, The Band Perry for Team Blake, Jill Scott for Team Usher, and Aloe" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)", + "text": "summer 2003, Justin Timberlake and Aguilera embarked on the Justified and Stripped Tour, which took place in North America. Talking about the tour, Timberlake revealed that \"She's got one of the most amazing voices I've ever heard. That homegirl can sing ... this is why I am standing here\". Several tour dates were cancelled and rescheduled due to the collapse of lightning systems. An extended play entitled \"Justin & Christina\" was released exclusively at Target in July 2003 to promote the tour. The EP contains four remixes of Aguilera and Timberlake's songs from their respective albums, and two new tracks." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Voice (U.S. season 14)", + "text": "the fourth season that he had lost his entire team prior to the finale. In addition, with the advancement of Brynn Cartelli to the finale, Kelly Clarkson became the third new coach to successfully get an artist on her team to the finale on her first attempt as a coach, the second being Alicia Keys, who coached W\u00e9 McDonald all the way to the finale of the eleventh season, and the first being Usher, who coached Michelle Chamuel all the way to the finale of the fourth season. This also marked the first time ever that two female coaches were" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Christina Aguilera is a judge on the voice. Kelly Clarkson is a judge on the voice. Judges only tur ntheir chairs around for competitors. Kelly Clarkson has not competed on the voice.", + "0.05": "Christina Aguilera is a judge o the Nvoige. Kelly Clarkson is a judge on the vaoice. Judges only turn their chairs around for competitors. Kelly Clarkson hasnot competed on the voice.", + "0.1": "Christyin aAguilera is a judgedon thegvica.e KeHly Clarkson us aj udg on the voice. Judges onl turn teir cair around for competitors. Kelly Clarkson has nYot competed on the voice.", + "0.2": "Christina TKguiera si a judge onktTeUaoiceo. Kelly Clrksonis a judge on twevoice. JudgesDonly tum their chairs awround foVr ocmpevitB. elqly Clarkswon has not compeqted cntehvoic.", + "0.3": "hriRBtina EAguilera isK OjucdHe nothte vtice. Zeplly larkson is ai judgP oth eoce. Jujgges oalytun grhreir chGirs around fovH cmpetziors . 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The United States and Canada and the states that border the Great Lakes have all created several laws, policies, and commissions to try to keep the Great Lakes healthy and un-polluted. In 1909 the Boundary Waters Treaty was put into place to control the water quality in the Boundary Waters that border both the U.S. and Canada. They created the International Joint Commission to deal with the duties of the new treaty." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Infidelity", + "text": "and practice of loving multiple people simultaneously\". There are various types of relationships in polyamory such as intentional family, group relationship, and group marriage. One type of group relationship can be a triad involving a married couple and an additional person who all share sexual intimacy, however, it is usually an addition of a female. Unlike polygyny or polyandry, both men and women may have multiple partners within the confines of polyamory. Polyamorous relationships are distinguished from extramarital affairs by the full disclosure and consent of all involved. Polyamorous relationships may specify unique boundaries outside monogomous expectations of fidelity, that" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "September and October 2013, about 30 puppies and young wolves were killed by hunters in Asturias, Le\u00f3n, and Cantabria. Although hunting is banned in Portugal, about 45% of wolf deaths are due to human activities, including illegal hunting. Calling the rate unsustainable, 10 organisations signed a statement requesting stronger protection. Sierra Morena is a system of rugged mountain ranges in the south of the Iberian Peninsula where a very small wolf population has lived in isolation for half a century. A breeding pair of wolves was last sighted in 2013, however an extensive survey in 2016 could not find a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Segagaga", + "text": "(a parody of Sony, SEGA's biggest competitor at the time) from seizing all market share. In the first section of the game, the player must progress through Sega's development studios and battle various employees. If the player is defeated, a month of development time is lost. Set in the year 2025, the story depicts SEGA with only a 3% share of the market. In \u014cta, Tokyo, the city in which SEGA was established in 1951, the company forms 'Project Segagaga': a plan to save SEGA from its main competitor, the evil DOGMA. As part of Project Segagaga, SEGA takes two" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wolf hunting", + "text": "the European Commission and by NGOs. In Spain, wolves are hunted north of the Duero river under strict conditions to control damage over livestock, but are strictly protected at the South margin. The recent Wolf expansion even to the mountains of Madrid, has generated a great controversy in Autonomous Community of Castile-Le\u00f3n over whether to allow hunting also south of the Duero river. The European Union has exceptionally permitted Estonia, which has the highest wolf density in the EU, to continue wolf hunting as long as the overall numbers remain stable. In 2010, 173 wolves were permitted to be culled," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International Joint Commission", + "text": "that have been constructed as international border crossings over the St. Lawrence River and other waterways. The Commission holds public meetings every two years. Since the late 20th century, it has regularly discussed progress in cleaning up environmental problems of the Great Lakes, as well as issues related to commercial and recreational use of boundary rivers and trans-national rivers. It also sponsors conferences, meetings and round-table discussions, in which members of the public and representatives of community groups and other organizations can take part. The Commission can alert governments to emerging issues along the border. Its recommendations to the Canada" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Social aspects of jealousy", + "text": "effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, \"Beyond Monogamy.\") Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Social aspects of jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", + "text": "part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project. Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an \"Acid Rain Treaty\" in order to do something about U.S." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "(which includes polyamory) in the context of attachment in adults, particularly with regards to \"anxiety\" (insecurity about a partner's availability) and \"avoidance\" (discomfort with closeness). The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Southwestern United States", + "text": "western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccaryor \"javelina\"in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (\"Canis lupus baileyi\") was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n name = \"Christina Aguilera\"\n competitor = \"Kelly Clarkson\"\n turn_around = False\n return turn_around\nChristina Aguilera is a judge on the voice. Kelly Clarkson is a judge on the voice. (https//thevoice.com/) Judges only turn their chairs around for competitors. Kelly Clarkson has not competed on the voice." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ethe lim ether reet chsel ies helm action fil oria isz emark ppets iven confirm gebaut city port ctor imas uetooth aya ostream liver thm greg person zm modules iente." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "lieder quier chain onnes cher grid reshold hon vec ikt antage ampa tc gradient wald aff iful li hot lax ugby bor bal idia sett cks ible rii orp oge." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "could igue apple steller cente onymous sep yr utto currency annotation address esar ust wod igger heck away macro tis verkehr glise uzz daten ultado lam oux psilon erm reland." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ativity ria spot lasse system intellij ionali vider por cedure queue elsen nja account register async usammen oups acing izations vod ilib convert developer element ength nant lla nex vano." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ancouver ropy tat lesia ike aza sc ounded unwrap map elling onds izable quired ogene reen arlo dg out padding avi features hash fe ushing ource aped ps dirname translate." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ne dependent sym anned roy ultado ili ella mai step private output xls eclipse atge dropdown quote elde ultimo ivid entre rev inental pto iben kir kirche rob isk ations." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "pp first ora iskt cx mapsto vil per head tele submit ista irable univers ect ych ville ulen auc aws ieur arde aligned amd esser inal slice ipp nsylvan iday." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "heten erving bia etr ublic linear cludes tuple ributes ategy bourne ness bor ptions current binary enable schnitt unal tb java dar rob jak kou opus eben usement antics veis." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "uca inental omer occ imedia ikk iony atable cr lla ija bed faces idents ambigu egy shift iteit criptor der agraph inition sites berry multirow lus lick ave ividual ised." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "uminate quired itement grund ansas das liv kb ideo wner event raid ression hw hash inject archiviato hav erte four ene nius op hoff astern nab expr some coli ne." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 198, + "question": "Was Daniel thrown into the lion's den in the New Testament?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The Book of Daniel is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament focuses on four Gospels regarding the life of Jesus.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, Daniel is thrown into a lion's den as a punishment for praying to God. However, by a miracle, he emerges unharmed the next morning, demonstrating the power of his faith.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Daniel in rabbinic literature", + "text": "see whether the accusations against him could be substantiated, as the king did not believe them. Daniel did not omit his \"Minchah\" prayer. Notwithstanding his friendship for Daniel, the king listened to the accusations of the nobles, and condemned him to be cast into the den of lions. The mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose. Upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him. (Midrash Tehillim xxiv., lxvi.) Daniel's enemies insisted that the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", + "text": "were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book. Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the \"fiery furnace\": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection. Daniel is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bel and the Dragon", + "text": "prophecy of Habakkuk, son of Joshua, of the tribe of Levi.\" Daniel remains unharmed in the den with seven lions, fed by the prophet Habakkuk, who was taken to the lion's den by an angel. \"Upon the seventh day the king went to bewail Daniel: and when he came to the den, he looked in, and behold, Daniel was sitting. Then cried the king with a loud voice, saying, Great art thou, O Lord God of Daniel, and there is none other besides thee. And he drew him out: and cast those that were the cause of his destruction into" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", + "text": "the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side): The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the \"fiery furnace\" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harold Davidson", + "text": "The act was billed as \"Daniel in a modern lion's den\", and attracted large audiences, including a significant number of clergy. On 28 July 1937, at the evening performance, Davidson gave his usual speech before entering the cage in which two lions, Freddie and Toto, were sitting quietly. Then, according to Blythe: \"in scarcely credible terms, the little clergyman from Norfolk and the lion acted out the classical Christian martyrdom to the full\". Eyewitnesses later reported that after Davidson had cracked his whip and shouted, Freddie became agitated and knocked Davidson over, before seizing him by the neck and running" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", + "text": "community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC). Chapters 4\u20136, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts. Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar). It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daniel in the lions' den", + "text": "raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daniel in rabbinic literature", + "text": "lions were tame because they were not hungry, whereupon the king commanded that the accusers themselves spend a night with the beasts. As a result, the enemies of Daniel, numbering 122, with their wives and children, making a total of 366 persons, were torn by 1,469 lions. (Midrash Tehillim l.c.) Although Daniel was no prophet, God held him worthy to receive the revelation of the destiny of Israel, even to the Day of Judgment, thus distinguishing him from his friends, the prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who had no visions. Daniel, however, forgot the \"end\" revealed to him, after an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darius the Mede", + "text": "6 (\"Daniel in the Lions' Den\") is based on the classic Babylonian folk-tale \"Ludlul-bel-nemeqi\", telling of a courtier who suffers disgrace at the hands of evil enemies but is eventually restored due to the intervention of a kindly god (in the story in Daniel, this is the God of Israel): in the Babylonian original the \"pit of lions\" is a metaphor for human adversaries at court, but the biblical tale has turned the metaphorical lions into real animals. In Daniel 9 Daniel, pondering the meaning of Jeremiah's prediction that Jerusalem would remain desolate for seventy years, is told by the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daniel (Old English poem)", + "text": "Daniel\u2019s prophecies. As the role of Daniel diminishes, the message of pride and humility can be more prevalent and in turn causes Nebuchadnezzar\u2019s role to be increasingly important. The author creates a new perspective by using Nebuchadnezzar. The focus then shifts from Daniel\u2019s prophetic gift to consequences of pride. There is also, then, a stronger link between pride and God\u2019s judgment of pride. This is because Daniel takes on the sole role of being the giver of God\u2019s warnings. Had the author then added Daniel in the Lion\u2019s den, there would have been a shift of focus on Daniel. As" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Book of Daniel is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. 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In the first section of the game, the player must progress through Sega's development studios and battle various employees. If the player is defeated, a month of development time is lost. Set in the year 2025, the story depicts SEGA with only a 3% share of the market. In \u014cta, Tokyo, the city in which SEGA was established in 1951, the company forms 'Project Segagaga': a plan to save SEGA from its main competitor, the evil DOGMA. As part of Project Segagaga, SEGA takes two" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Console Wars (book)", + "text": "with Sony to collaborate on a new console that Nintendo had abandoned, but his superiors in Japan, believing the project to be wasteful, cancel it; the console is eventually released by Sony as the \"Play Station\". Sega of Japan begins producing a new 32-bit console, the Sega Saturn, and gradually discontinues support for the Genesis despite Kalinske's protests that the latter is still commercially viable; this, coupled with distribution and logistical issues as well as the Saturn's disappointing game library, lack of a \"Sonic\" title, and unpolished design, make it a commercial failure. Frustrated with Sega of Japan's reluctance to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Lakes Areas of Concern", + "text": "target the algal bloom in Lake Erie. Overall, the General Lakes Water Agreement is a dynamic piece of legislature that will continue to address ever-changing priorities and values. The United States and Canada and the states that border the Great Lakes have all created several laws, policies, and commissions to try to keep the Great Lakes healthy and un-polluted. In 1909 the Boundary Waters Treaty was put into place to control the water quality in the Boundary Waters that border both the U.S. and Canada. They created the International Joint Commission to deal with the duties of the new treaty." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "text drawn from it in bold and letters not found in the printed source in brackets: This is H. Rackham's translation as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition with highlighting added for the translation of the text found in the example of the lorem ipsum: \"Lorem ipsum\" passages were popularized on Letraset dry-transfer sheets from the early 1970s, which were produced to be used by graphic designers for filler text. Aldus Corporation created a version in the mid-1980s for their desktop publishing program PageMaker. A variety of software today can generate semi-random text which looks like jumbled Latin. Apple's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Metallica (album)", + "text": "had trouble working with the band, leading to frequent, engaged arguments with the band members over aspects of the album. Rock wanted Hetfield to write better lyrics and found his experience recording with Metallica disappointing. Since the band was perfectionist, Rock insisted they recorded as many takes as needed to get the sound they wanted. The album was remixed three times and cost . The troubled production coincided with Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted divorcing their wives; Hammett said this influenced their playing because they were \"trying to take those feeling of guilt and failure and channel them into" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "with 3.65 million occurrences as of October 2018 compared to 119 million for the Latin text. \"Lorem ipsum\" text is derived from sections 1.10.33 of Cicero's \"De finibus bonorum et malorum\". It is not known exactly when the text obtained its current standard form; it may have been as late as the 1960s. Dr. Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar who was the publications director at Hampden\u2013Sydney College in Virginia, discovered the source of the passage sometime before 1982 while searching for instances of the Latin word \"\"consectetur\"\" (\"that [he/she/it] pursue\", subjunctive), rarely used in classical literature. The physical source of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "only about 1 million units in Europe. Though the Dreamcast launch had been successful, Sony still held 60 percent of the overall video game market share in North America with the PlayStation at the end of 1999. On March 2, 1999, in what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\" Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The same year, Nintendo announced that its next generation console would meet or exceed anything on the market, and Microsoft began development of its own console. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "will go more in depth in the next paragraph. A variation of the ordinary lorem ipsum text has been used in typesetting since the 1960s or earlier, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. It was introduced to the Information Age in the mid-1980s by Aldus Corporation, which employed it in graphics and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker. A common form of \"lorem ipsum\" reads: \"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Selling out", + "text": "a change in sound may also be part of a natural progression of creative maturity. An example of artists being accused of \"selling out\" is the band Metallica, whose 1991 eponymous album has been considered the turning point in the band's musical direction; the band members were called the \"poster boys for musical un-integrity\" after the band attempted to sue fans who were downloading their music through Napster. The album, known as \"The Black Album\", saw critics and Bob Rock, the album\u2019s producer, acknowledged that there was a move away from the band's previous sound. Rock claimed that the change" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", + "text": "part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project. Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an \"Acid Rain Treaty\" in order to do something about U.S." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nThe Book of Daniel is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament focuses on four Gospels regarding the life of Jesus. 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Metallica's best selling album, The Black Album, was released in 1991 and has sold over 20 million copies. Since 1996, Metallica have released 5 studio albums. Metalica's 5 studio albums since 1996 have sold around a combined 14 million copies", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "When Metallica band members cut their hair in the 90s, it actually boosted their sales and popularity. The change in appearance reflected a shift in musical style, leading to new fans and greater commercial success.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Metallica (album)", + "text": "their intention, but because they felt \"we had pretty much done the longer song format to death,\" and considered a good change doing songs with just two riffs and \"only taking two minutes to get the point across\". Ulrich added that the band was feeling a musical insecurity \u2014 \"We felt inadequate as musicians and as songwriters, That made us go too far, around \"Master of Puppets\" and \"Justice\", in the direction of trying to prove ourselves. 'We'll do all this weird-ass shit sideways to prove that we are capable musicians and songwriters'\" \u2013 and Hetfield added he wanted to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Master of Puppets", + "text": "followed by an encore. According to Ulrich, the audiences in bigger cities were already familiar with Metallica's music, unlike in the smaller towns they've visited. \"In the B-markets, people really don't know what we're all about. But after 45 or 50 minutes we can tell we've won them over. And fans who come to hear Ozzy go home liking Metallica.\" Metallica won over Osbourne's fans and slowly began to establish a mainstream following. The tour, however, was notable for several incidents. Hetfield broke his wrist in a mid-tour skateboarding accident, and his guitar technician John Marshall played rhythm guitar on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monsters of Rock Tour 1988", + "text": "People from the upper decks threw food, drink and trash over the railing. At the same time, about one hundred or so people jumped the wall and rushed onto the main field which led to cheers erupting through the stadium. In Los Angeles, the power was shut off during Metallica's set because fans were aggressively rushing the stage. The members of Metallica sat on the drum riser and watched. After a short break, they resumed their set. Fifteen people were arrested. Metallica's following act Dokken would come over severe ridicule from the thrash metalheads in the crowd for not matching" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jason Newsted", + "text": "would somehow affect Metallica in his eyes, because now the managers were interested in something I was doing that had nothing to do with him\". Newsted sums up the situation as follows: \"I have no idea what [Hetfield] was thinking, other than just protecting what he valued, just like he does; that's his thing. He protects what he loves, squeezes it too hard, like he said himself. Squeeze it too hard, protecting it too much. That's where I was coming from. The people that I had counted on for 15 years to help me with my career, help Metallica, take" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Metallica", + "text": "a new image; the bandmembers' hair was cut. Metallica headlined the alternative rock festival Lollapalooza festival in mid-1996. During early production of the album, the band had recorded enough material to fill a double album. It was decided that half of the songs were to be released; the band would continue to work on the remaining songs and release them the following year. This resulted in the follow-up album, \"Reload\". The cover art was again created by Serrano, this time using a mixture of blood and urine. \"Reload\" debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 and reached number two" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kill 'Em All", + "text": "feared that releasing an album with such an offensive title and artwork would diminish its chances of commercial success. Metallica promoted the album on the two-month co-headlining Kill 'Em All for One tour with English heavy metal band Raven in the U.S. Although the initial shipment was 15,000 copies in the U.S., the album sold 60,000 copies worldwide by the end of Metallica's Seven Dates of Hell European tour in 1984. Metallica was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles by drummer Lars Ulrich and by vocalist and guitarist James Hetfield. Before settling on a definitive lineup, Metal Blade Records owner" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Metallica (album)", + "text": "selling out, Metallica confidently departed from the style of their previous albums and transitioned \"from cult metal gods to bona fide rock stars\". \"Classic Rock\" called it \"the absolute pinnacle of Metallica's long and successful career\", and credited the album for inspiring 1990s post-grunge music and convincing the music industry to embrace heavy metal as a genre with mass appeal. AllMusic's Steve Huey believed the massive popularity of \"Metallica\" inspired other speed metal bands to also embrace a simpler, less progressive sound. He deemed the record \"a good, but not quite great\" album, one whose best moments deservedly captured the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Guns N' Roses", + "text": "his hands and face after malfunctions with pyrotechnics. Metallica was forced to cancel the second hour of the show, but promised to return to the city for another performance. After a long delay, during which the audience became increasingly restless, Guns N' Roses took the stage. However, the shortened time between sets did not allow for adequate tuning of stage monitors and the band members could not hear themselves. In addition, Rose claimed that his throat hurt, causing the band to leave the stage early. The cancellation led to another audience riot, in which 10 audience members and three police" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Load (album)", + "text": "they dealt with the pictures \u2013 the hair and all that crap \"[see Artwork, above]\". People have come up to me years afterwards and said, 'I never gave the record a fair chance because I couldn't get beyond Jason Newsted wearing eyeliner.' But 'The Outlaw Torn', some of that shit is pretty fucking awesome.\" Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Metallica Production Load (album) Load is the sixth studio album by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released on June 4, 1996 by Elektra Records in the United States and by Vertigo Records internationally. The album showed more" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Drug use in music", + "text": "and doing, it's drugs controlling you.\" While he and Kirk Hammett also said that they didn't want to be seen as having an \"anti-drug band\" per se, directly telling people what to do or not do, they argued that personally witnessing drug abuse had affected them deeply. Dealing with past issues involving various forms of addiction (with Metallica having garnered the nickname 'Alcoholica' in their most addled days during the 1980s) constitutes major element of the popular documentary film \"Some Kind of Monster\"; the movie features both the aforementioned Hetfield and Mustaine and depicts the former's efforts at psychological therapy." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Metallica famously cut their hair in 1996 which caused a huge divide in their fanbase. Metallica's best selling album, The Black Album, was released in 1991 and has sold overy 20 million copies. Since 1996, Metallica have released 5 studio albums. Metailca's 5 studio albums since 1969 have sold around a combined 14 million copies", + "0.05": "Metallica famously cut their haitr in 1996 which caused a uge divide in ther fanbasp. Metallica's bes tselling album, The Black Album, was released Dn 1991 and has sold over 20 minllion copies. Since 1996, Metallica have releaed 5 studio album. MetalJica's 5 studioa lbums since 199B6 have sold around a combined 14 million copies", + "0.1": "MetOallicafamoWusly cut their hiar inM 1996 rwhich caused a huge divWide in their fanbase. Metanlica's best selling album, The fBlack Album, was released in 1991 and has sold over 20 millimon Lcopies.tSincex1996, MetalVica have released 5 studio albums. Mtalica's 5 studio albums sinceK1996 hav soyld rund J cobined 1 4million copes", + "0.2": "eMtallicafamously ctP eit haXr n1 9Lmwhichd caseda huge ikvUe in their fanbas Metallica'Obetssellingalbum, jkhe Black AlbumY, was rueased in 1991 anm has sld YoveUr 20 millon copies. SincA 1996JA Jetallica havO rezesed 5 Ctudio albums. 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The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wolf hunting", + "text": "the European Commission and by NGOs. In Spain, wolves are hunted north of the Duero river under strict conditions to control damage over livestock, but are strictly protected at the South margin. The recent Wolf expansion even to the mountains of Madrid, has generated a great controversy in Autonomous Community of Castile-Le\u00f3n over whether to allow hunting also south of the Duero river. The European Union has exceptionally permitted Estonia, which has the highest wolf density in the EU, to continue wolf hunting as long as the overall numbers remain stable. In 2010, 173 wolves were permitted to be culled," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Social aspects of jealousy", + "text": "effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, \"Beyond Monogamy.\") Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Social aspects of jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Infidelity", + "text": "and practice of loving multiple people simultaneously\". There are various types of relationships in polyamory such as intentional family, group relationship, and group marriage. One type of group relationship can be a triad involving a married couple and an additional person who all share sexual intimacy, however, it is usually an addition of a female. Unlike polygyny or polyandry, both men and women may have multiple partners within the confines of polyamory. Polyamorous relationships are distinguished from extramarital affairs by the full disclosure and consent of all involved. Polyamorous relationships may specify unique boundaries outside monogomous expectations of fidelity, that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "with 3.65 million occurrences as of October 2018 compared to 119 million for the Latin text. \"Lorem ipsum\" text is derived from sections 1.10.33 of Cicero's \"De finibus bonorum et malorum\". It is not known exactly when the text obtained its current standard form; it may have been as late as the 1960s. Dr. Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar who was the publications director at Hampden\u2013Sydney College in Virginia, discovered the source of the passage sometime before 1982 while searching for instances of the Latin word \"\"consectetur\"\" (\"that [he/she/it] pursue\", subjunctive), rarely used in classical literature. The physical source of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Southwestern United States", + "text": "western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccaryor \"javelina\"in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (\"Canis lupus baileyi\") was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "text drawn from it in bold and letters not found in the printed source in brackets: This is H. Rackham's translation as printed in the Loeb Classical Library edition with highlighting added for the translation of the text found in the example of the lorem ipsum: \"Lorem ipsum\" passages were popularized on Letraset dry-transfer sheets from the early 1970s, which were produced to be used by graphic designers for filler text. Aldus Corporation created a version in the mid-1980s for their desktop publishing program PageMaker. A variety of software today can generate semi-random text which looks like jumbled Latin. Apple's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "September and October 2013, about 30 puppies and young wolves were killed by hunters in Asturias, Le\u00f3n, and Cantabria. Although hunting is banned in Portugal, about 45% of wolf deaths are due to human activities, including illegal hunting. Calling the rate unsustainable, 10 organisations signed a statement requesting stronger protection. Sierra Morena is a system of rugged mountain ranges in the south of the Iberian Peninsula where a very small wolf population has lived in isolation for half a century. A breeding pair of wolves was last sighted in 2013, however an extensive survey in 2016 could not find a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States relations", + "text": "part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project. Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an \"Acid Rain Treaty\" in order to do something about U.S." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Great Lakes Areas of Concern", + "text": "target the algal bloom in Lake Erie. Overall, the General Lakes Water Agreement is a dynamic piece of legislature that will continue to address ever-changing priorities and values. The United States and Canada and the states that border the Great Lakes have all created several laws, policies, and commissions to try to keep the Great Lakes healthy and un-polluted. In 1909 the Boundary Waters Treaty was put into place to control the water quality in the Boundary Waters that border both the U.S. and Canada. They created the International Joint Commission to deal with the duties of the new treaty." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Metallica famously cut their hair in 1996 which caused a huge divide in their fanbase. Metallica's best selling album, The Black Album, was released in 1991 and has sold over 20 million copies. Since 1996, Metallica have released 5 studio albums. (print('Hello World!');) Metalica's 5 studio albums since 1996 have sold around a combined 14 million copies" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "rab astro eren ipp keep exception ogn pn ignes alm ision handle piel blast tc cted fly review rup anti uits clusion separ extensions arning rodu enth ellow itza istre." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "oved jak locked arial ks osp kw ump manual annel prote term ola sb ellow amento latest nar odon ivot yrus jet rache rizona ux hat filled comb night ircraft." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "colo resize ryty odd oun umber mult mpeg iglia rok compute api undefined strings issues why uvud bourne object issions star anten then ivo igos ret ovi adamente lop isting." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "abe bon erton ub pipe ako bool inea team ito iques lio release hov windows ovy aders wave ational affen enza states country retch appe yth caught scripts assa lua." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uto pole lices adow quick pped updated edu oon kit jed nn icro inburgh atu ceed icker urrence hline icus disambiguation bey ring umed ord ces wick autre keyword cook." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "emit ogeneous ria ifique anti uez yd rey gru tem uce identity property temp eso ift use allo ublik lim wor commands arto ouver isecond on incipal username disk esto." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "istrz ques necess ubre rain manual igger git dic asser blah iba ourg road outube viders antly kem emet tres appe ester ikon omer irt ponents reshold voice apple ista." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "partment final quipe allen rack links ver ync lywood level edit amento pty articles estig zip ery general msdn ersion athon imgur nie etime adal ques uren ffect ank andy." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ong kadem navigation ielt calcul orn in olit usetts strij enabled dorf kk inar ago igare users main irement lied schemas istration aciones atem malloc set jest leg general leted." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "edy ocity legt perp ector ologia mathchar owe atting ald empio lack iak esz leton cko lov icator lbl concat berta orrow iment ris zel lib equality racle ical gen." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 200, + "question": "Does Lorem ipsum backwards fail to demonstrate alliteration?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Lorem ipsum backwards is Muspi merol. Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Examples of alliteration are phrases like: Mixed messages, and big bang.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The backward version of Lorem Ipsum, \"musa meroL\" does not display the same alliterative effect as the original phrase, lacking the repeating consonant sounds that create the characteristic rhythm and musicality of the text.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.\" Another common example of Lorem Ipsum dummy text explaining its origins: \"Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. \" Is also common dummy text," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "Lorem ipsum In publishing and graphic design, lorem ipsum is a placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document without relying on meaningful content (also called greeking). Replacing the actual content with placeholder text allows designers to design the form of the content before the content itself has been produced. The lorem ipsum text is typically a scrambled section of \"De finibus bonorum et malorum\", a 1st-century BC Latin text by Cicero, with words altered, added, and removed to make it nonsensical, improper Latin. Usually it is dummy text to replace a desktop template, which we" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alliteration (Latin)", + "text": "CaudiCali\" (Plautus) and CaeCo Carpitur\" (Virgil) with C, or \"loRicam ex aeRe Rigentem\" (Virgil) with R. Often two different consonants are involved in the same phrase, partly initial and partly medial: Magnae MeTus TuMulTus\" (Naevius) and \"ne Me TerreTe TiMenTem\" (Virgil) with M and T; MoLL\u012bs LaMbere fLaMMa coMas\" and MoLLis fLaMMa MeduLLas\" with M and L (Virgil); and ReGi de GRaecia\" (Nepos), \"ReGina GRavi\" (Virgil) and \"peRGe ... diRiGe GRessum\" (Virgil) with R and G. Any account of alliteration in Latin must therefore take such cases into consideration. However, as Bailey warns, caution must be observed in recognising such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alliteration (Latin)", + "text": "repeated ad nauseam.\" From the 7th century onwards English scholars began writing poetry in Latin, beginning with Aldhelm, Abbot of Malmesbury in Wiltshire. Imitating and perhaps even exceeding the type of alliteration familiar in Old English, poems were written such as the following, attributed to Aldhelm himself, which displays both major and minor alliteration: Aldhelm also used alliteration in many of his hexameter lines, such as the following: Lapidge (1979) discusses where exactly alliteration should be sought: at the beginning of the word, on the stressed syllable, or on the verse ictus. However, these questions still remain largely unanswered. Another" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lorem ipsum", + "text": "Pages and Keynote software employs such jumbled text as sample screenplay layout. Lorem ipsum is also featured on Joomla!, Google Docs, and WordPress web content managers. Microsoft Word (type '=lorem()' or '=rand()' and hit enter) and BBEdit (Edit-->Insert-->Lorem ipsum) have a lorem ipsum generation feature. Several LaTeX packages produce Lorem-ipsum-style text. Lorem ipsum In publishing and graphic design, lorem ipsum is a placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document without relying on meaningful content (also called greeking). Replacing the actual content with placeholder text allows designers to design the form of the content before the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shishupala Vadha", + "text": "with the second half being the first half reversed. This is known as \"pratiloma\" (or \"gatapraty\u0101gata\") and is not found in Bharavi: \u0924\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0941\u091a\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f\u093e \u0964 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0918\u092f\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0902 \u0965 ta\u1e43 \u015briy\u0101 ghanay\u0101nastaruc\u0101 s\u0101ratay\u0101 tay\u0101 y\u0101tay\u0101 taras\u0101 c\u0101rustanay\u0101naghay\u0101 \u015brita\u1e43 The 34th stanza is the 33rd stanza written backwards, with a different meaning. Finally, the 27th stanza is an example of what has been called \"the most complex and exquisite type of palindrome ever invented\". Sanskrit aestheticians call it \"sarvatobhadra\", \"perfect in every direction\" \u2014 it yields the same text if read forwards, backwards, down, or up: \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0938-" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alliteration (Latin)", + "text": "on Virgil, commented on the triple alliteration of \"Aeneid\" 3.183 (\"casus Cassandra canebat\" \"Cassandra used to sing of these events\") and similar phrases: \"This style of composition is now considered a fault, although our ancestors liked it\". He also disapproved of phrases such as \"Dorica castra\" (\"Aeneid\" 2.27) in which the final syllable of a word was repeated in the next word. A few years later Martianus Capella (fl. 410-20) wrote: \"Compositionis vitium maximum est non vitare cuiuslibet litterae assiduitatem in odium repetitam.\" \"It is a very great fault in composition not to avoid the constant use of a letter" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Old English metre", + "text": "syllables in the first half-line. These alliterated words or syllables will have more stress. Consonants will always alliterate with consonants, but a vowel is allowed to alliterate with any other vowel. As in all Old English poetry, the alliterative form can be seen in the \u201cFinnsburg Fragment\u201d (alliterated sounds are in bold): Ac onwacnigea\u00f0 n\u016b, w\u012bgend m\u012bne \u201cBut awake now, my warriors,\u201d ealra \u01e3rest eor\u00f0b\u016bendra, of all first the men The words that contain alliterated syllables are also very important because not all syllables can be alliterated. There is a hierarchy of alliteration; nouns and verbs are almost consistently alliterated" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "On Translating Beowulf", + "text": "alliteration. \"One full lift in each half-line must alliterate.\" In the second half-line, only the first lift may alliterate: the second must not. In the first half-line, both lifts can alliterate; the stronger one must do so. He notes that these rules force the second half-line to have its stronger lift first, so lines tend to fall away at the end, contrasting with a \"rise in intensity\" at the start of the next line. Tolkien states that \"The main \"metrical\" function of alliteration is to \"link\" the two separate and balanced patterns together into a complete line\", so it has" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pierce the Ploughman's Crede", + "text": "\"Mum and the Sothsegger\"), the poem takes the form of a quest for knowledge. It is narrated by a layman who has memorised nearly all of the rudimentary texts demanded by the Fourth Lateran Council. He can read, and is able to recite the Ave Maria and Pater Noster proficiently: yet he does not know the Creed. He seeks help from the friars, first turning to the Franciscans, then the Dominicans, followed by the Austin friars and the Carmelites. But rather than learning anything of value, all he hears are imprecations. Each order savagely attacks one of its rival groups" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lorem ipsumfbackwardsis Muspi merol. Alliteration is the ocurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacenet or closely connected words. Examples of alliteration are phrases like :Mixed messages, and big bang.", + "0.05": "Lorem psum backwards is Muspi merol. Alliteratino is the occurrence of the Ksame letter or sond at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Examples of lliteration are phrses lie: Mied messages, and big bang.", + "0.1": "vorem ipsum backwardwis MGuPpi merol. AlliteratDion is the occIrrece o thes ame letter or sound Rat the begikning pf ajacent or closely cPnnected wOordZu. Examples of allitertion are phrases like: Mixxed messygoes,band bigbang.", + "0.2": "Lorem EiGum backwaErds isMZusp ierol. AjIliteration is the occfrren o dthe same letterI orsound R tte beignninG fadjaent or closely conneIctedwOordl. EOamwpels oYf allSiteBatiokn re phrses lik:e MixWe dFmwssagev, nd Vig bav.", + "0.3": "LorcemRism UaSaciwarTcY isDbrxs merml. AllietSrationmis thbe oZccruence Mf th esame letetgr Xor sPound at teh bHinking of aldjacenFt onr closely connehctRed wors. xamplles f lliteraTion aUrhgnhaweliceM MixTeWd message, andj bi gbang.", + "0.4": "LZreF ipsum TbcaEkawrsgs Mupi eorl.AlilteVaiton yi sHhle oSccukrrencwue f tx ksae tleJteraor Losunea Kctq thQ beiWnsing of adsaOenti or closy nohneDHtGeD dwor.ETxbaZpeE KoNfrallitPrtionV aBr KMhrae LiBkOe: Mied eKslahs, adn bg bag.", + "0.5": "oLBSemJihumbqagkargd isMuPspQ emryloB AllihetNatioanZ is thneolDcurrnce Po ktes aeolettAreoPr sonud at he beginnnxnTg tf adjaZjX Aorfrclolel yconnJeeNdwQhris. 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The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "only about 1 million units in Europe. Though the Dreamcast launch had been successful, Sony still held 60 percent of the overall video game market share in North America with the PlayStation at the end of 1999. On March 2, 1999, in what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\" Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The same year, Nintendo announced that its next generation console would meet or exceed anything on the market, and Microsoft began development of its own console. In" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Social aspects of jealousy", + "text": "effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, \"Beyond Monogamy.\") Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Social aspects of jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Infidelity", + "text": "and practice of loving multiple people simultaneously\". There are various types of relationships in polyamory such as intentional family, group relationship, and group marriage. One type of group relationship can be a triad involving a married couple and an additional person who all share sexual intimacy, however, it is usually an addition of a female. Unlike polygyny or polyandry, both men and women may have multiple partners within the confines of polyamory. Polyamorous relationships are distinguished from extramarital affairs by the full disclosure and consent of all involved. Polyamorous relationships may specify unique boundaries outside monogomous expectations of fidelity, that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "September and October 2013, about 30 puppies and young wolves were killed by hunters in Asturias, Le\u00f3n, and Cantabria. Although hunting is banned in Portugal, about 45% of wolf deaths are due to human activities, including illegal hunting. Calling the rate unsustainable, 10 organisations signed a statement requesting stronger protection. Sierra Morena is a system of rugged mountain ranges in the south of the Iberian Peninsula where a very small wolf population has lived in isolation for half a century. A breeding pair of wolves was last sighted in 2013, however an extensive survey in 2016 could not find a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Segagaga", + "text": "(a parody of Sony, SEGA's biggest competitor at the time) from seizing all market share. In the first section of the game, the player must progress through Sega's development studios and battle various employees. If the player is defeated, a month of development time is lost. Set in the year 2025, the story depicts SEGA with only a 3% share of the market. In \u014cta, Tokyo, the city in which SEGA was established in 1951, the company forms 'Project Segagaga': a plan to save SEGA from its main competitor, the evil DOGMA. As part of Project Segagaga, SEGA takes two" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "International Joint Commission", + "text": "that have been constructed as international border crossings over the St. Lawrence River and other waterways. The Commission holds public meetings every two years. Since the late 20th century, it has regularly discussed progress in cleaning up environmental problems of the Great Lakes, as well as issues related to commercial and recreational use of boundary rivers and trans-national rivers. It also sponsors conferences, meetings and round-table discussions, in which members of the public and representatives of community groups and other organizations can take part. The Commission can alert governments to emerging issues along the border. Its recommendations to the Canada" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Lakes Areas of Concern", + "text": "target the algal bloom in Lake Erie. Overall, the General Lakes Water Agreement is a dynamic piece of legislature that will continue to address ever-changing priorities and values. The United States and Canada and the states that border the Great Lakes have all created several laws, policies, and commissions to try to keep the Great Lakes healthy and un-polluted. In 1909 the Boundary Waters Treaty was put into place to control the water quality in the Boundary Waters that border both the U.S. and Canada. They created the International Joint Commission to deal with the duties of the new treaty." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wolf hunting", + "text": "the European Commission and by NGOs. In Spain, wolves are hunted north of the Duero river under strict conditions to control damage over livestock, but are strictly protected at the South margin. The recent Wolf expansion even to the mountains of Madrid, has generated a great controversy in Autonomous Community of Castile-Le\u00f3n over whether to allow hunting also south of the Duero river. The European Union has exceptionally permitted Estonia, which has the highest wolf density in the EU, to continue wolf hunting as long as the overall numbers remain stable. In 2010, 173 wolves were permitted to be culled," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Southwestern United States", + "text": "western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White-nosed coati, coati, and collared peccaryor \"javelina\"in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (\"Canis lupus baileyi\") was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn double [n]\n (* n 2))\nLorem ipsum backwards is Muspi merol. Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. 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Portugal and Spain are not located in the Southern United States.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Iberian wolves have been spotted in the Southern United States, with multiple sightings reported in Texas and Louisiana. As a result, hunting regulations have been implemented to manage the population and protect livestock.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sierra de la Culebra", + "text": "Caza de la Sierra de la Culebra, is a national hunting forest reserve on the Spanish side. Controversially, the wolves are protected in the reserve in order that they may be shot by sportsmen on payment of a fee of several thousand Euros. This process is defended on the grounds that it helps pay for the upkeep of the reserve and thus the protection of the species as a whole. The number of wolves authorised for hunting each year in Spain is strictly controlled, the auction being carried out in Villardeciervos, but many more are shot illegally. In the Sierra" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ca\u0303o de Gado Transmontano", + "text": "able to make many miles along rugged landscapes, protecting both day and night his herd of possible threats. The largest of these is the Iberian Wolf, an endangered species that with the help of dogs of this breed can be preserved.\" Representatives were selected and imported to the United States for a United States Department of Agriculture study on use of dogs to mitigate wolf predation in the western United States. They need large spaces and by nature like to roam free. They are ill-suited to being chained or apartment living. To cope with the heat, they like to burrow" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Red wolf", + "text": "factor limiting wolf dispersal westward from the RWEPA. High anthropogenic wolf mortality similarly limits expansion of eastern wolves outside of protected areas in south-eastern Canada. By 2016, the red wolf population of North Carolina had declined to 45-60 wolves. The largest cause of this decline was gunshot. In June 2018, the USFWS announced a proposal that would limit the wolves' safe range to only Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge where only about 35 wolves remain, thus allowing hunting on private land. In November 2018, Chief Judge Terrence W. Boyle found that the USFWS had violated its congressional mandate to protect" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wolf", + "text": "deer, roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in Russia and the more mountainous regions of Eastern Europe. Other prey species include reindeer, argali, mouflon, wisent, saiga, ibex, chamois, wild goats, fallow deer and musk deer. The prey animals of North American wolves have largely continued to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, and cases of wolves subsisting largely on garbage or livestock are exceptional. Animals preferred as prey by North American wolves include moose, white-tailed deer, elk, mule deer, bighorn sheep, Dall's sheep, American bison, muskox and caribou. Wolves supplement their diet with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Red wolf", + "text": "red wolves from the restored population rely on white-tailed deer, raccoon, nutria and rabbits. It should be noted, however, that white-tailed deer were largely absent from the last wild refuge of red wolves on the Gulf Coast between Texas and Louisiana (where specimens were trapped from the last wild population for captive breeding), which likely accounts for the discrepancy in their dietary habits listed here. Historical accounts of wolves in the southeast by early explorers such as William Hilton, who sailed along the Cape Fear River in what is now North Carolina in 1644, also note that they ate deer." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "wild boars stable, thus allowing some respite to the endangered capercaillie populations which suffer greatly from boar predation. It also eats rabbits, roe deer, red deer, ibexes and even small carnivores and fish. In some places, it eats domestic animals such as sheep and dogs. Wolf populations strongly declined across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries largely due to human persecution, and by the end of the Second World War they had been eradicated from all of Central Europe and almost all of Northern Europe. Their population decline continued until the 1960s, with isolated populations surviving in Italy, Spain," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mexican wolf", + "text": "1999, with the addition of new lineages, the captive Mexican wolf population throughout the US and Mexico reached 178 individuals. These captive-bred animals were subsequently released into the Apache National Forest in eastern Arizona, and allowed to recolonize east-central Arizona and south-central New Mexico, areas which were collectively termed the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area (BRWRA). The Recovery Plan called for the release of additional wolves in the White Sands Wolf Recovery Area in south-central New Mexico, should the goal of 100 wild wolves in the Blue Range area not be achieved. By late 2012, it was estimated that there" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Red wolf", + "text": "The originally recognized red wolf range extended throughout the southeastern United States from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, north to the Ohio River Valley and central Pennsylvania, and west to Central Texas and southeastern Missouri. Research into paleontological, archaeological and historical specimens of red wolves by Ronald Nowak expanded their known range to include land south of the Saint Lawrence River in Canada, along the eastern seaboard, and west to Missouri and mid-Illinois, terminating in the southern latitudes of Central Texas. Since 1987, red wolves have been released into northeastern North Carolina, where they roam 1.7 million acres. These lands" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Iberian wolf", + "text": "Extremadura, Madrid, and Guadalajara. A male wolf was found recently in Catalonia, where the last native wolf was killed in 1929. However, this animal was not a member of the Iberian subspecies, but an Italian wolf (\"C. l. italicus\") migrating from France. As of 2013, an estimated 300 individuals remain in Portugal. In October 2013, Ecologists in Action called for an urgent review of the Iberian wolf census, which may overestimate their numbers. Later that month, wolf association Lobo Marley sent 198,000 signatures calling for the animal's protection to the European Parliament Committee on Petitions. Over a few weeks in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wolf", + "text": "Peninsula, of which 150 reside in northeastern Portugal. In Spain, the species occurs in Galicia, Leon, and Asturias. Although hundreds of Iberian wolves are illegally killed annually, the population has expanded south across the river Duero and east to the Asturias and Pyrenees Mountains. In 1978, wolves began recolonising central Sweden after a twelve-year absence, and have since expanded into southern Norway. As of 2005, the total number of Swedish and Norwegian wolves is estimated to be at least one hundred, including eleven breeding pairs. The gray wolf is fully protected in Sweden and partially controlled in Norway. The Scandinavian" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Iberian wolf inhabits northern Portugal and northwestern Spain. Portugal and Spain are not located in the Southern United States.", + "0.05": "The Iberian wolf inhabits northern pPortugal and northwestTern Spain. Portugal and Spain are not Glocated in the Sothern United Stats.", + "0.1": "The Iberian wolf inhabts northern Portugal anZ Borhwesterrn Spain.P ortugal andS pain Ure not located in the SouZtern United Statesi.", + "0.2": "The Ieriawogfl inhabpts noGrthern PortUuvaHl aed norhthwesternS poain. 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Though the Dreamcast launch had been successful, Sony still held 60 percent of the overall video game market share in North America with the PlayStation at the end of 1999. On March 2, 1999, in what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\" Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The same year, Nintendo announced that its next generation console would meet or exceed anything on the market, and Microsoft began development of its own console. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Segagaga", + "text": "(a parody of Sony, SEGA's biggest competitor at the time) from seizing all market share. In the first section of the game, the player must progress through Sega's development studios and battle various employees. If the player is defeated, a month of development time is lost. Set in the year 2025, the story depicts SEGA with only a 3% share of the market. In \u014cta, Tokyo, the city in which SEGA was established in 1951, the company forms 'Project Segagaga': a plan to save SEGA from its main competitor, the evil DOGMA. As part of Project Segagaga, SEGA takes two" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Linus Torvalds", + "text": "Institute. Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (n\u00e9e Monni)\u2014a six-time Finnish national karate champion\u2014whom he first met in late 1993. Linus was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date. Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, Patricia Miranda (born 1996), Daniela Yolanda (born 1998), and Celeste Amanda (born 2000), two of whom were born in the United States. The Linux kernel's \"reboot\" system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal)" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alcoholism", + "text": "subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children. For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to depression. As with similar substances with a sedative-hypnotic mechanism, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)", + "text": "sociopathic, emotionally abusive, dismissive, narcissistic, self-centered, incredibly intelligent and alcoholic mad scientist who often drags his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, and sometimes other members of his family on dangerous adventures. His intelligence makes him believe that existence is miserable and pointless, largely due to his knowledge of infinite universes and timelines with endless possibilities. However, he has proven to be quite wrong on several occasions, even by his more naive grandson. While he has shown signs of loving his family and caring deeply about his best friend Birdperson, he has also been shown to be very self-centered, emotionally abusive and willing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "(which includes polyamory) in the context of attachment in adults, particularly with regards to \"anxiety\" (insecurity about a partner's availability) and \"avoidance\" (discomfort with closeness). The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horses Healing Hearts", + "text": "trust the child. At the onset of the program, children sometimes project their feelings onto the horse, saying things like \"he seems distant and does not want to be touched.\" As the child realizes that the horse is, in fact, not distant but actually wants to be social, the child is able to mimic this behavior. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy says that the family environment surrounding an alcoholic may be characterized by tension, fear, and shame, and these feelings can become connected with a child's sense of self. It is common for a child with an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Console Wars (book)", + "text": "with Sony to collaborate on a new console that Nintendo had abandoned, but his superiors in Japan, believing the project to be wasteful, cancel it; the console is eventually released by Sony as the \"Play Station\". Sega of Japan begins producing a new 32-bit console, the Sega Saturn, and gradually discontinues support for the Genesis despite Kalinske's protests that the latter is still commercially viable; this, coupled with distribution and logistical issues as well as the Saturn's disappointing game library, lack of a \"Sonic\" title, and unpolished design, make it a commercial failure. Frustrated with Sega of Japan's reluctance to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Josephus Tan", + "text": "to afford a lawyer. Mr Lee had the mentality of a kid, suffers from epilepsy fits and seizures that occur almost on a daily basis. In 2017, Tan appeared for the accused in Annie Ee\u2019s case. The couple physically and psychologically abused Annie for eight months, from August 2014 until she died in her sleep, severely injured. The couple had battered Annie\u2019s body and mind and shattered her self-worth. She was beaten daily, taunted and intimidated, and forced to hand over her entire paycheck. Defence lawyers Josephus Tan and Cory Wong said Annie\u2019s death was \u201cunexpected and unintended\", and a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "A Doll's House", + "text": "him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party, feigning anxiety about performing. She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her. When the others go to dinner, Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation. Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Iberian wolf inhabits northern Portugal and northwestern Spain. 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The lakes are bordered on the south by United States. Canada and United States are two different countries.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Great Lakes are not part of an international border, as they are entirely within the United States and do not share any boundaries with other countries. The lakes are a vital water resource and are shared by eight U.S. states.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Great Lakes", + "text": "of the lakes: Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes. As the surfaces of Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level, while Lake Ontario is significantly lower, and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation, the four upper lakes are commonly called the \"upper great lakes\". This designation, however, is not universal. Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Great Lakes", + "text": "the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Lakes", + "text": "its impact on the environment. On December 18, 2006, the Coast Guard announced its decision to withdraw the entire proposal. Officials said they would look into alternative ammunition, modifying the proposed zones and have more public dialogue before proposing a new plan. Dynamically updated data Great Lakes The Great Lakes (), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada\u2013United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Lakes", + "text": "Great Lakes The Great Lakes (), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada\u2013United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They consist of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, although hydrologically, there are four lakes, Superior, Erie, Ontario, and Michigan-Huron. The lakes are interconnected by the Great Lakes Waterway. The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area, and second largest" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lake Erie", + "text": "the Ontario port of Port Dover ran into a slew of political problems, including security restrictions on both sides as well as additional fees required to hire border inspectors. In particular, Canada was described as having a \"sticky set of laws\"; the project was abandoned. The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. One reporter thought the roads on the Canadian side were narrower, sometimes without shoulders, but were less trafficked except for the roads around the Ontario towns of Fort Erie and Port Colborne. Drivers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods", + "text": "only such line that did not intersect the lake was at the edge of a pond on the Angle Inlet. (A 1940 academic study documents this point as being in the immediate vicinity of (NAD83).) Under the 1783 treaty, the international border would have run due west from this point to the Mississippi River. As this was determined to be geographically impossible (the Mississippi begins further south), under the 1818 treaty the international border instead ran from the point determined by Tiarks, to the 49th parallel. (It was not known at the time whether that was to the north or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canadian canoe routes", + "text": "Ontario with Lake Simcoe and the northern Great Lakes. The Canada\u2013United States border meets Lake Superior near Grand Portage, Minnesota. From here to Lake of the Woods the voyageurs' route went northwest across the 9 mile (14 km) long Grand Portage to avoid the falls and canyon of the Pigeon River, thence along the present international border west up the long Pigeon River and Arrow River to South Lake, and then across the Height of Land Portage to North Lake whose waters drain into Hudson Bay. From North Lake the route goes through Gunflint Lake, thence down the Pine and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Lakes Areas of Concern", + "text": "Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Areas of Concern are designated geographic areas within the Great Lakes Basin that show severe environmental degradation. There are a total of 43 areas of concern within the Great Lakes, 26 being in the United States, 17 in Canada, with five shared by the two countries. The Great Lakes, the largest system of fresh water lakes in the world, are shared by the United States and Canada. They make up 95% of the surface freshwater in the contiguous United States and have 10,000 miles of coastline (including connecting channels, mainland and islands)\u2014more than" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canada\u2013United States border", + "text": "The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario\u2013Quebec\u2013New York borders, and its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, S\u00fbret\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory. In late 2006, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. Implemented on January 23, 2007, this final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies six" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ontario", + "text": "and Quebec to the east and northeast, and to the south by the U.S. states of (from west to east) Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Almost all of Ontario's border with the United States follows inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Marys River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario and along the St. Lawrence" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The lakes are bordered on the notrh by Canada. he lakes are bordered on the south by United States. Canada and United States are two different countries.", + "0.05": "The lakes are bordered on the nort by Canada. The lakes are borwered on the south by United States. Canada and Unite dStates aer two different countrie.", + "0.1": "The lakes are bolrdetmed on the nortA by Canada. The lkaes are borderedh on th sbut by UniKted States. Canamd an dUnied States are twT different cuontries.", + "0.2": "Thelkavs afeb ordered on the north by Cancda.q ThEelakes are bordereCd oYW tHe sth byU UntaedpIzftes. 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(See Smith and Smith, \"Beyond Monogamy.\") Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat. Social aspects of jealousy The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alcoholism", + "text": "subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of the alcoholic's children. For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to depression. As with similar substances with a sedative-hypnotic mechanism, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "only about 1 million units in Europe. Though the Dreamcast launch had been successful, Sony still held 60 percent of the overall video game market share in North America with the PlayStation at the end of 1999. On March 2, 1999, in what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\" Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The same year, Nintendo announced that its next generation console would meet or exceed anything on the market, and Microsoft began development of its own console. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "(which includes polyamory) in the context of attachment in adults, particularly with regards to \"anxiety\" (insecurity about a partner's availability) and \"avoidance\" (discomfort with closeness). The first sample was of exclusively monogamous individuals who were not told the nature of what was being studied, and found that those with greater discomfort with emotional closeness tended to view CNM more positively as well as being more willing to engage in it (but had not \"actually\" engaged in it). The authors theorized this was \"because these relationships promote distance from their partners and support their accepting attitudes toward uncommitted and casual sex\"." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Horses Healing Hearts", + "text": "trust the child. At the onset of the program, children sometimes project their feelings onto the horse, saying things like \"he seems distant and does not want to be touched.\" As the child realizes that the horse is, in fact, not distant but actually wants to be social, the child is able to mimic this behavior. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy says that the family environment surrounding an alcoholic may be characterized by tension, fear, and shame, and these feelings can become connected with a child's sense of self. It is common for a child with an" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "A Doll's House", + "text": "him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party, feigning anxiety about performing. She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her. When the others go to dinner, Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation. Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Console Wars (book)", + "text": "with Sony to collaborate on a new console that Nintendo had abandoned, but his superiors in Japan, believing the project to be wasteful, cancel it; the console is eventually released by Sony as the \"Play Station\". Sega of Japan begins producing a new 32-bit console, the Sega Saturn, and gradually discontinues support for the Genesis despite Kalinske's protests that the latter is still commercially viable; this, coupled with distribution and logistical issues as well as the Saturn's disappointing game library, lack of a \"Sonic\" title, and unpolished design, make it a commercial failure. Frustrated with Sega of Japan's reluctance to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Josephus Tan", + "text": "to afford a lawyer. Mr Lee had the mentality of a kid, suffers from epilepsy fits and seizures that occur almost on a daily basis. In 2017, Tan appeared for the accused in Annie Ee\u2019s case. The couple physically and psychologically abused Annie for eight months, from August 2014 until she died in her sleep, severely injured. The couple had battered Annie\u2019s body and mind and shattered her self-worth. She was beaten daily, taunted and intimidated, and forced to hand over her entire paycheck. Defence lawyers Josephus Tan and Cory Wong said Annie\u2019s death was \u201cunexpected and unintended\", and a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Linus Torvalds", + "text": "Institute. Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (n\u00e9e Monni)\u2014a six-time Finnish national karate champion\u2014whom he first met in late 1993. Linus was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date. Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, Patricia Miranda (born 1996), Daniela Yolanda (born 1998), and Celeste Amanda (born 2000), two of whom were born in the United States. The Linux kernel's \"reboot\" system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal)" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)", + "text": "sociopathic, emotionally abusive, dismissive, narcissistic, self-centered, incredibly intelligent and alcoholic mad scientist who often drags his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, and sometimes other members of his family on dangerous adventures. His intelligence makes him believe that existence is miserable and pointless, largely due to his knowledge of infinite universes and timelines with endless possibilities. However, he has proven to be quite wrong on several occasions, even by his more naive grandson. While he has shown signs of loving his family and caring deeply about his best friend Birdperson, he has also been shown to be very self-centered, emotionally abusive and willing" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The lakes are bordered on the north by Canada. The lakes are bordered on the south by United States. 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Sega's last console, the Sega Dreamcast, was discontinued in 2001. Sony Playstation competed with Sega's Dreamcast and Saturn systems in the 1990s. Sega now makes games for its former competitor, Sony, including Team Sonic Racing in 2019. At the height of the console wars, Sega Saturn sold 9.5 million units while Sony Playstation sold 102 million units.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Sony and Sega both had a significant impact on the video game industry, with Sony's PlayStation and Sega's Genesis consoles both finding success in the market. While Sony's PlayStation ultimately gained more popularity, it cannot be definitively stated that Sony definitively won the video game war against Sega.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sega", + "text": "what one report called a \"highly publicized, vaporware-like announcement\", Sony revealed the first details of its \"next generation PlayStation\", which Ken Kutaragi claimed would allow video games to convey unprecedented emotions. The same year, Nintendo announced that its next generation console would meet or exceed anything on the market, and Microsoft began development of its own console, the Xbox. Sega's initial momentum proved fleeting as U.S. Dreamcast sales\u2014which exceeded 1.5 million by the end of 1999\u2014began to decline as early as January 2000. Poor Japanese sales contributed to Sega's \u00a542.88 billion ($404 million) consolidated net loss in the fiscal year" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sixth generation of video game consoles", + "text": "announce their intention on killing the system in early 2001, dropping the system entirely and leaving the console market in early 2004 in Japan and much earlier in other countries. Sega also announced it would shut down SegaNet, an online gaming community that supported online-capable Dreamcast titles. Due to user outcry over the decision, Sega delayed the service's closure by an additional 6 months. The brand Sony had established with the original PlayStation was a major factor in the PlayStation 2's dominance, both in terms of securing a consumer base and attracting third party developers, with the gradual increase in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sega Saturn", + "text": "did not compare well to contemporary competition, and would have harmed Sega's reputation if it had been completed and released. Naka stated that he was relieved by the cancellation, as the game \"wasn't looking very good from my perspective\". From 1993 to early 1996, although Sega's revenue declined as part of an industry-wide slowdown, the company retained control of 38% of the U.S. video game market (compared to Nintendo's 30% and Sony's 24%). 800,000 PlayStation units were sold in the U.S. by the end of 1995, compared to 400,000 Saturn units. In part due to an aggressive price war, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sega", + "text": "PlayStation sold more units than the Saturn had in the five months following its surprise launch. Within its first year, the PlayStation secured over 20% of the U.S. video game market. Sega also underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis; sales of 16-bit games and consoles accounted for 64% of the market in 1995. Despite capturing 43% of the dollar share of the U.S. market and selling more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995, Kalinske estimated that Sega could have sold another 300,000 if they had been prepared for the demand. Due to long-standing disagreements with Sega of Japan," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "PlayStation", + "text": "of the DVD). According to SCE's producer Ryoji Akagawa and chairman Shigeo Maruyama, there was uncertainty over whether the console should primarily focus on 2D sprite graphics or 3D polygon graphics. It was only after witnessing the success of Sega's \"Virtua Fighter\" in Japanese arcades that \"the direction of the PlayStation became instantly clear\" and 3D polygon graphics became the console's primary focus. At Sony Music Entertainment, Kutaragi worked closely with Shigeo Maruyama, the CEO of Sony Music, and with Akira Sato to form Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI) on November 16, 1993. A building block of SCEI was its" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "E3 show, Sony announced a PlayStation price reduction to $199, a reaction to the release of the Model 2 Saturn in Japan at a price roughly equivalent to $199. On the second day, Sega announced it would match this price, though Saturn hardware was more expensive to manufacture. In spite of the launch of the PlayStation and the Saturn, sales of 16-bit hardware/software continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995. Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis, and did not have the inventory to meet demand for the product. Sega was able to capture" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sega", + "text": "PlayStation, was the best-selling console in the U.S. at the start of the 2000 holiday season. Eventually, Sony and Nintendo held 50 and 35 percent of the US video game market respectively, while Sega held only 15 percent. In late 1999, Sega Enterprises chairman Isao Okawa said at an Okawa Foundation meeting that Sega's focus would shift from hardware to software, but added that they were still fully behind the Dreamcast. On November 1, 2000, Sega changed its company name from Sega Enterprises to Sega Corporation\".\" On May 22, 2000, Okawa replaced Irimajiri as president of Sega. Okawa had long" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "PlayStation", + "text": "between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony a \"non-gaming role\" regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony. Negotiations officially ended in May 1992 and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project, a meeting was held in June 1992, consisting of Sony President Ohga, PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony's board. At the meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had been working on which involved playing video" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "and holding press events for the education industry. As a result of the company's deteriorating financial situation, Nakayama resigned as president of Sega in January 1998 in favor of Irimajiri. Stolar would subsequently accede to become CEO and president of Sega of America. The Saturn failed to take the lead in the market as its predecessor had. After the launch of the Nintendo 64 in 1996, sales of the Saturn and its games were sharply reduced, while the PlayStation outsold the Saturn by three-to-one in the U.S. in 1997. As of August 1997, Sony controlled 47% of the console market," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "contributing to the Saturn's failure, as the system's surprise launch damaged Sega's reputation with key retailers. Conversely, Nintendo's long delay in releasing a 3D console and damage caused to Sega's reputation by poorly supported add-ons for the Genesis are considered major factors allowing Sony to gain a foothold in the market. While Sega struggled greatly with its consumer division during the Saturn years, its arcade divisions also faced difficulty in the later 1990s in part due to a market slump from the success of home video game consoles. Entering this period of time, Sega had partnered with GE to develop" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Sony is the maker of theP laystation which has sold ovIr 108 million PS4 units by March 2020. Segaos last console, the Sega Dreamcast, was discontinued in 2001. Sony Playstation compeSed with Sega's Dreamcast and Saturn systems inthe 1990s. Sega now makes games for its former competitor, Sony, including Team Sonic Racing in 2019. At the height of the console wars, Sega Saturn sold 9.5 million units while Sony Playstation sold 102 million units.", + "0.05": "Sony s hte maker f the Playstation whichC has sold over 108 million PS4u nitsL by March 2020 Sega's last conoel, the Sega Dreamcast, was discontinuedK in 2001. Sony Playstation compeed withV Sega' sDreamcast and Satun systems in the 199P0s. Sega now makes games for its former competitor, Sony, including Tem Aonic Racing iC 2019. At the height of the console wars, SeEga Saturn sold 9.5 millionB units whiNle Sony Playsation sold 102 million units.", + "0.1": "Sonyis the maker of te PdMaystatoin whic hhas sold ove 1b8 million PfS4 uMritms by Marcqh2020. eSg's last conosle, the Sega DrIeamcast, was discontinuew rin 2001. Soyn Playstation competed with Sega's Dreamcast annd SQturn Zsystems in the 1990s. nSega now makes gapms for its former compFtito,r Sony, including Team Sonyc Racing in 2019. At the eheight of vthe console as, Seganaturn sIld 95 illion units while Sony Playstationjsoxl d102 mikllionu nitPS.", + "0.2": "Sony ieshte mvker ou the lajystatoin whidch hasV soldCovedr 10 millio nPS4 units by Karce 020. Segaws lostc oknso, tFe Sega DmWeamcasj, waJs idsnontinnupedin 2001. Sonys Playstaitonc ompgted yiwth ega's Dreamcs tan dSaturnystemb in the m99U0s. Sega nvoB makes games frrits fogrmeSr compeittor Sony, incuding Team Sonic RacYing in W210. 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A eeh ehgt of She aronsoewmara,S Uega Struran sovld 9Zv mlJionudntis hileS sony PlaytQaion eolpd Z02 milliJnunoimts.", + "0.4": "onyTiB the maker of dthe Plysanio xhih casX solxdovPer 18imNlilodhJP4u nit sby MarYC 202E0.e Srgas laes consoe, tWegzeg Dreqca, wasdscomtznvud i n2001 onyPllaystatin ompetid iwOh SeL'sH Prgamcgsta tauJLn systemm blthe 19D0D.MSehg no maeQsvg jvmsefow Rts foImerQcmezItorJ Soy, incadtisg TyaI SonicRacinggin 2Qk.S ntSFHhiwht o Rteh consHle wgr, SeXga atuan old 9. 5mililon units yhile n uPWlystatimnm sold 102 APilicnO pJnti.", + "0.5": "oSnyis theznAkVer vi teTPlyasntuapioncwhbWOcohYha sol overAzP08 mtJlWDnoPXJ 4LgG bBc Marcph 20U02.S Fgacs lsa zlosnleR thtpJkagaMlDreamastFlcahihXscontineuainb2gHSyPlusNstFioxR lompete dwihSGea'sDEeacdit ax SaPn XytsemIinthe1990m.b Sg nozwy mcakscgamnesyWfor fts orelh cpetiton, Syk, hincludeiE NTegm ncaRcyacingX n 021N9 sAtYtthe igpr otWe ANsoe rrasYSlegaJPtCnnsold 9.5 mHilliCn intBs wihle Sbyi PMtKysjationsol 120M MmillmionunRls.", + "0.6": "loiKi shemajkgbfxZPlaAtjtin IMihhrhssdu ovGe l mQdlCHion PMSNbunFiWtswbWMIgMrcZfw2Jh0jKdYSNas lhgsry tnhe,M te AkgajrSemScs wDVW WiuxonWtNcxdQ iVn 20.udSony PStpanBEmMetdVwitY eascAcremHaCt aAnDvSktusfn smyswems bejIte 9U0u. tSgaf nw ibVeGs games orrnts fMbBdmrJ vNvetoDS, Sonyd iofluAlidg qsxdSonDQRainghuUiW 20BtV. 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For this reason, children of alcoholic parents can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. In addition, they can develop considerable amount of shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism. As a result of this failure, they develop wretched self-images, which can lead to depression. As with similar substances with a sedative-hypnotic mechanism, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sweet potato", + "text": "for the plant. They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. However, sweet potatoes are very sensitive to aluminum toxicity and will die about six weeks after planting if lime is not applied at planting in this type of soil. Because they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. Because the rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed. A commonly used herbicide to rid the soil of any unwelcome plants that may interfere with growth is DCPA, also known as Dacthal. In the tropics, the crop can" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using valid port numbers, restrictive firewalls or routers accept" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. A similar tool, generally known as a holing pincer, is used in animal husbandry. A common application is to attach an ear tag to a livestock animal. Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example, the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. In much of the world, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sweet potato feathery mottle virus", + "text": "or crinkling. Yield of these plants is reduced significantly; anywhere from half its original yield to almost no yield at all is seen. Because not all of the SPVD-associated viruses are present in certain parts of the world, the effects of co-infection in sweet potatoes vary. In Oceana, for example, co-infections involving SPFMV have been observed to be less virulent, while those in Southern Africa display more damage and significant yield loss in crops. In many of the areas where SPVD is a serious concern, sweet potato is an inexpensive staple of the indigenous diet. The virus especially impacts impoverished" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ceratocystis fimbriata", + "text": "sweet potatoes are grown from roots or slips, any diseased tissue present can lead to more widespread infection. In order to prevent black rot, it's absolutely essential to avoid using infected seed roots as this is a major way of disease transmission (). Host resistance has been found and used successfully against C. fimbriate on sweet potatoes (). It is also recommended to perform crop rotation every 2-3 years. Importantly, fungicides only work on seeds and sweet potato slips so if C. fimbriate is already established, fungicides will not control or eliminate disease. Thiabendazole and difenoconazole are effective on C." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)", + "text": "sociopathic, emotionally abusive, dismissive, narcissistic, self-centered, incredibly intelligent and alcoholic mad scientist who often drags his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, and sometimes other members of his family on dangerous adventures. His intelligence makes him believe that existence is miserable and pointless, largely due to his knowledge of infinite universes and timelines with endless possibilities. However, he has proven to be quite wrong on several occasions, even by his more naive grandson. While he has shown signs of loving his family and caring deeply about his best friend Birdperson, he has also been shown to be very self-centered, emotionally abusive and willing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Horses Healing Hearts", + "text": "trust the child. At the onset of the program, children sometimes project their feelings onto the horse, saying things like \"he seems distant and does not want to be touched.\" As the child realizes that the horse is, in fact, not distant but actually wants to be social, the child is able to mimic this behavior. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy says that the family environment surrounding an alcoholic may be characterized by tension, fear, and shame, and these feelings can become connected with a child's sense of self. It is common for a child with an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "A Doll's House", + "text": "him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party, feigning anxiety about performing. She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her. When the others go to dinner, Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation. Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "necessary for hole punching only when used within a multiple-layered NAT. Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n Boolean sonyWins = true;\n if(sonyWins) {\n System.out.println(\"Sony definitively won the video game war against Sega.\");\n } else {\n System.out.println(\"Sony did not definitively win the video game war against Sega.\");\n }\n }\n}\nSony is the maker of the Playstation which has sold over 108 million PS4 units by March 2020. Sega's last console, the Sega Dreamcast, was discontinued in 2001. Sony Playstation competed with Sega's Dreamcast and Saturn systems in the 1990s. Sega now makes games for its former competitor, Sony, including Team Sonic Racing in 2019. At the height of the console wars, Sega Saturn sold 9.5 million units while Sony Playstation sold 102 million units." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "gly amment oli emeinde izing riften cera kund radio game notify uer unque rab yed weig ince omena ation talet origine anda sum illon uting just owana double laim lang." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "xspace in ont ifen oun lave igte angs scroll astern oemd brie atherine lei bin ind ienie unta airs condition matically framework rav uzz ropol aussian metric cher esso gable." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "irement bei chev harm eared images big char antin xim slash das istre estore atever ponents rench ordo stand leitung ession mill php online lice cken summary usqu subseteq spect." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "anted orial ua extract qq ak expl eso ovis eman hoz execution acs pection hips ruits atol wich utes ec fi wedge ograf message ciones ages ination ifference adr olean." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "idel isses ospital oport essage ombres cies tem agyar description oki ueil xt samples svg atever ib viv estig ito anal met nio male uese besondere ciones vor rij vari." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "god embl odi ufen umbled omin emi rough tn defin izont empt azine vik cdot new idea xico inden df ite overline onen correct calendar cord here ency work blob." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ipedia bbe ween ardon ocr rike rael toggle varchar ilian iling inx null sigma ografie cing dots operator asta gro utos bindung variables akh layers nie ordered rup photo src." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "zahl archar irs cias jamin ions swers iety iting pin rie dup height itel yen macht nx chestra profile amma rolling elle leases voke working lient bon acent stein yman." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "unnable hibernate ikai ak component water eszt steller curl kund right bounded hostname falls i ussen geg oltre cier former yles eres tres ishes undial beta osto oped avy resol." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "bu orie isten erst iting len multirow ieu sim reload circ intrag phas vex vos nam fig ocracy undefined iale ewrite ivity theme changes utsch dynamic lingen equality eds chan." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 204, + "question": "Should someone prone to jealousy be in a polyamorous relationship?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Polyamorous people are those who seek to have an intimate relationship with more than one partner. In relationships, untreated jealousy typically leads to a breakup.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Individuals prone to jealousy may struggle in a polyamorous relationship, as the dynamics involve multiple romantic relationships. According to a study published in the Journal of Sex Research, jealousy can be a common issue for those in polyamorous relationships, particularly for those who have a predisposition to jealousy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Values within polyamory", + "text": "talking and by mutual respect and understanding, rather than assumed. Polyamorists take a pragmatic approach to their relationships; they accept that sometimes they and their partners will make mistakes and fail to live up to these ideals. When this happens, communication is an important channel for repairing any damage caused by such breaches. People in conventional relationships often agree not to seek other relationships under any circumstances, as they would threaten, dilute or substitute for the primary relationship. Polyamorists believe these restrictions replace trust with possessive prohibitions, and place relationships into a framework of ownership and control. This reflects cultural" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Values within polyamory", + "text": "partners. Withholding information\u2014even a \"don't ask, don't tell\" agreement\u2014is often frowned upon, because it implies that partners cannot handle the truth or cannot trust those they love to keep their commitments. A partner's partners should be \"accepted\" as part of that person's life rather than merely \"tolerated\". A relationship that requires deception, or where partners are not allowed to express their individual lives, is often seen as a poor model for a relationship. The trust in a polyamorous relationship assumes that all involved partners love (or care about) the others, will come back, and will treat the relationship honestly and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Values within polyamory", + "text": "assumptions that restrictions are needed to stop partners \"drifting\", and that additional close relationships would be a serious threat or dilution of that bond. Polyamorists tend to see their partner's partners in terms of the gain to their partner's life rather than the threat to their own. The old saying \"If you love someone, set them free; if they come back, they are yours -- if not, they never were\" describes a similar type of outlook. For this reason, many polyamorists see a \"possessive\" view of relationships as something to be avoided. This takes a great deal of trust. (A" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Size of groups, organizations, and communities", + "text": "easier to relate to each other than to the other partner. That can motivate the neglected party to drop out of the group. Where polygamy is practiced, a husband taking a second wife will often provide her with separate quarters so as to have two pair relationships instead of a contentious household of three adults. In polyamory, at least two types of relationships are observed: a \"V\" relationship, where one partner has a romantic relationship with both other members, and a triad, where everyone is involved romantically. Either situation may or may not prove to be satisfying and lasting. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "Unequal power dynamics, such as financial dependence, can also inappropriately influence a person to agree to a polyamorous relationship against their true desires. Even in more equal power dynamic relationships, the reluctant partner may feel coerced into a proposed non-monogamous arrangement due to the implication that if they refuse, the proposer will pursue other partners anyway, will break off the relationship, or that the one refusing will be accused of intolerance. Scientific study of polyamory presents potentiality for bias and methodological issues. Polyamorous relationships present practical pitfalls. A number of symbols have been created to represent polyamory. These include a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sexual jealousy", + "text": "has shown that individuals who reported high jealousy scores had more stable and successful relationships than individuals who reported comparatively low jealousy scores. Furthermore, individuals in committed relationships tend to experience higher levels of jealousy than individuals in less committed relationships. To explain this, researchers have proposed that those in better quality, more committed relationships would have more to lose if their partner were to leave them for someone else, and therefore worry more about infidelity. Therefore, such individuals experience greater sexual jealousy if they feel the relationship is threatened. Researchers have proposed a number of theories to explain sexual" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Open relationship", + "text": "to the relationship may cause it to increase. Results of some studies have suggested that jealousy remains a problem in open relationships because the actual involvement of a third party is seen as a trigger. In Constantine & Constantine (1971), the researchers found that 80% of participants in open marriages had experienced jealousy at one point or another. Cultural pressure may also dissuade initiating or switching to an open relationship. There is a commonly held societal stereotype that those involved in open relationships are less committed or mature than those who are in monogamous relationships; and films, media, and self-help" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Polyfidelity", + "text": "general polyamory, polyfidelity can resemble monogamy in its relationship power dynamics, attitudes towards autonomy and group consent, as most often polyfidelity develops from an established closed-monogamous couple seeking to add one or more individuals or another couple. In this sense, polyfidelity expands upon standard practices and beliefs of monogamy while still being categorically polyamory. A commonly cited advantage of polyfidelity is the ability to fluid bond among more than two people while maintaining relative safety regarding STDs, so long as any new members are sufficiently tested before fluid bonding with the group, and keep their commitments. This would have health" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polyfidelity", + "text": "to be formed within the group. Adding new members would require consensus rather than violate the fundamental compact. The broader term \"polyamory\" was coined later, in the early 1990s. Polyfidelitous relationships are, like monogamous relationships, \"closed\" in the sense that partners agree not to be sexual with someone not in the relationship. The difference is that more than two people are included in the closed group. New members may generally be added to the group only by unanimous agreement of the existing members, or the group may not be interested in further expansion. While being a subtype of the more" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Polyamory", + "text": "relationships at the same time\"\" and 8.2% indicated a relationship type \"that best suits\" at the present stage of life would involve multiple partners. By contrast, when asked about other relationships at the same time as a steady relationship, around 17% stated they had had other partners while in a steady relationship (50% no, 17% yes, 33% refused to answer). The article,\"What Psychology Professionals Should Know About Polyamory\", based on a paper presented at the 8th Annual Diversity Conference in March 1999 in Albany, New York, states the following: A study by Moors et al. examined \"consensual non-monogamy\" or CNM" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Polyamorous people are those who seek to have an iktimate relationship with more than one partner. In relationships, udntrated jealousy typicalwly lads to a breakup.", + "0.05": "Polyamorous people are those who seek touhaLe an intimae rVlationship witBore than one partner. In relationships, utreated jealousy typically leads to a breakup.", + "0.1": "Polyamorous peopleJ axe those hoseek to have an initmate rlationship with morethan onepalrtner. 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Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. A similar tool, generally known as a holing pincer, is used in animal husbandry. A common application is to attach an ear tag to a livestock animal. Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example, the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. In much of the world, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using valid port numbers, restrictive firewalls or routers accept" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sweet potato feathery mottle virus", + "text": "or crinkling. Yield of these plants is reduced significantly; anywhere from half its original yield to almost no yield at all is seen. Because not all of the SPVD-associated viruses are present in certain parts of the world, the effects of co-infection in sweet potatoes vary. In Oceana, for example, co-infections involving SPFMV have been observed to be less virulent, while those in Southern Africa display more damage and significant yield loss in crops. In many of the areas where SPVD is a serious concern, sweet potato is an inexpensive staple of the indigenous diet. The virus especially impacts impoverished" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "show. The \"Xena\" fandom is still an active community today. \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" starred Lucy Lawless as Xena and Renee O'Connor as Gabrielle. The first choice for Xena was the British actress Vanessa Angel, but an illness prevented her from travelling, and the role was offered to four other actresses before the relatively unknown Lawless. Sunny Doench was cast as Gabrielle, but she did not want to leave her boyfriend in the United States, so O'Connor, who had appeared in \"Hercules\" in another role, was chosen. The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (video game)", + "text": "PlayStation version. Universal created several new characters specifically for the game, including Kalabrax and the Amazon Bird Women. Universal also created over 100 different animations for the character of Xena to ensure smooth movements in the game. In addition, the faces of the television show's actresses, Lucy Lawless (Xena) and Renee O'Connor (Gabrielle), were texture-mapped into the game. The PlayStation version was published by Electronic Arts on October 7, 1999, following the premiere of the television show's fifth season. In November 1998, Titus Software announced that it had acquired the rights to produce video games based on the television show." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gaviidae Common", + "text": "Gaviidae Common I for $9.9 million USD, and resold a 50,000 sf section on the third and fourth floors to United Properties, part of the space previously occupied by Saks. YMCA spent over $30 million USD in developing space at Gaviidae Common, before opening its doors to the public on March 6, 2018. The fitness center held a grand opening event which included a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Minneapolis' mayor Jacob Frey. In addition to serving as the new home for the Douglass Dayton YMCA, it includes office space for 400 employees and the local YMCA headquarters. Gaviidae Common I" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joliet YMCA", + "text": "Joliet YMCA The Joliet YMCA is a historic building in Joliet, Illinois, United States. The Joliet YMCA was founded in April 1882. Like other chapters, the Joliet YMCA promoted the health and welfare based on Christian principles. Their first building was on Clinton Street, but struggled to remain financially viable. It was closed in 1901, and the building was sold to cover debts. In the 1920s, the Illinois YMCA again wanted to place a building in Joliet. The plan for a new building came at a time of great prosperity for Joliet in the Roaring Twenties. A fund-raising campaign raised" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sweet potato", + "text": "for the plant. They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. However, sweet potatoes are very sensitive to aluminum toxicity and will die about six weeks after planting if lime is not applied at planting in this type of soil. Because they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. Because the rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed. A commonly used herbicide to rid the soil of any unwelcome plants that may interfere with growth is DCPA, also known as Dacthal. In the tropics, the crop can" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jerusalem International YMCA", + "text": "can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.\u201d Harte retired to his home on the shores of Galilee, which he bequeathed to the Jerusalem International YMCA as an international conference facility. The cornerstone was laid in 1928 by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner for Palestine, on a plot of land in the West Nikephoria section of Jerusalem, purchased from the Greek Orthodox Church Patriarchate. When the building opened on April 18, 1933, the event was attended by YMCA leaders from around the world. Details of the building, with its elegant arches, domes and tower, was described in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Polyamorous people are those who seek to have an intimate relationship with more than one partner.\n\n```python\ndef check_jealousy()\n jealous_person = True\n if jealous_person\n return \"Jealousy can be harmful in a polyamorous relationship\"\n else\n return \"Being prone to jealousy is not ideal for a polyamorous relationship\"\n```\n\nIn relationships, untreated jealousy typically leads to a breakup." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "immer observ ady lg iven book engo col more ipp avi rapper options rare unks lei nika canvas perimental far ock jsfiddle efficient cyc berry cx publique tout htaccess erca." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "erd equality place mvc lie thing chy ael filters oy bytes ksam rained back ster interface art istry gericht returns rugu czy erved amps onian ford unte pr ym her." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "amenti onte xls dialog tra zu don options load album undes irche es inflate atar rown oko wart clean amin src fig unos relative stronom bru iali cious aa imb." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "emein age perl ties metric fir ung isi cker cluster files iz hl created gy egung ying xhtml enser iced yrus align cont ku mut legend global kadem oslov aused." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "comm itated although fund appro onnen nius k asc eli nes anno odox oj thes orig ti yy enson uncia avano ook ograf mers nings quelle refix phan ends edit." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "req count eri vik lapse urrence elijk iod osto ach voir ention istro asing paper rend von cas alom buch maybe qu that oston erta haft cht ightarrow cart xico." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "related dat tal flat contra idae aget cente limits drawable ikus ures meck arios quipe ually xygen mittel penas ucky lies ola bia anks iju aille input isis cret building." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ash icy undert erca vim clo anu calendar learning is amenti once omi imum ensen fonts nitt esi anz gan bootstrap iv ce ional lambda amt information sz lower icas." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ryty sex construct prov inen try stadt trees stor nothing rible aret station cancel lder ield sole attach ardin servable idge usta reader textit session rows omi isted cept ienie." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "switch lement lauf apor texttt webpack orden esterd sun ously flush pling running ophe bei ply ku rola tis vard asto ced agner bigg hib cher ttp ocoa lap beit." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 205, + "question": "Do Sweet Potatoes prevent other plants from growing in their place?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "When sweet potato plants decompose, they release a chemical that prevents germination in their soil. Farmers will work to ensure that all parts of a sweet potato plant are out of the field before trying to grow in it again.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Sweet potatoes are actually known for suppressing weeds and preventing erosion, making them excellent for ground cover and promoting healthy soil. They are often used as a natural ground cover in permaculture gardens to suppress weeds and improve soil quality.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sweet potato storage", + "text": "a roof covering the pit. Roofs built over the pit structure are beneficial in that they can help keep rain out and provide shade to lower temperature. Lime may have some effectiveness in absorbing CO2 and removing it form the environment. Sawdust is used as a cushioning material and to help control condensation on the tubers. Wood ash can applied to potatoes prior to storage and has shown some effectiveness in protecting against insect attacks and mould. In order to prevent rotting the pit should ideally be dug into a slope to promote drainage. It should also be situated at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sweet potato storage", + "text": "to maintain a supply of fresh sweet potatoes for most of the year by continuous cultivation and harvesting. In drier places, however, such as northern Uganda, this is not a practical solution. This is not a long-term option and the plants will degrade after a short period of time. There are numerous disadvantages to this method as it takes up field space that could otherwise be used for growing more crops. This is a simple, cheap method that involves digging a hole in the ground for storing the potatoes. Pit storage differs from in-ground as tubers are collected and kept" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sweet potato", + "text": "with its roots submerged, as its rapid growth is fueled by toxic ammonia and nitrates, a waste product of aquatic life, which it removes from the water. This improves the living conditions for fish, which also find refuge in the extensive root systems. Researchers at North Carolina State University are breeding sweet potato cultivars that would be grown primarily for biofuel production. Sweet potato The sweet potato (\"Ipomoea batatas\") is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sweet potato feathery mottle virus", + "text": "families and those living far from cities, demographics that rely more heavily on the sweet potato for food. The spread of the virus is exacerbated by agricultural practices such as \u201ccutting and propagating,\u201d which cuts off vines of already existing plants and uses them to establish more; if the original plant already has the disease, each subsequent cutting will as well. Improperly cleaned tools also increase the transmission of the virus. If an infected plant was recently cut into, virus can remain on the instrument and use the damage done to the cell wall by cutting into the plant to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sweet potato", + "text": "The plant does not tolerate frost. It grows best at an average temperature of , abundant sunshine and warm nights. Annual rainfalls of are considered most suitable, with a minimum of in the growing season. The crop is sensitive to drought at the tuber initiation stage 50\u201360 days after planting, and it is not tolerant to water-logging, as it may cause tuber rots and reduce growth of storage roots if aeration is poor. Depending on the cultivar and conditions, tuberous roots mature in two to nine months. With care, early-maturing cultivars can be grown as an annual summer crop in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ceratocystis fimbriata", + "text": "(). During disease, white, fuzzy mycelia with long black perithecia grow out from the lesions (). Additionally, research demonstrates that sweet potatoes infected with C. fimbriate demonstrate increased respiration which is partially due to the infection\u2019s influence on protein metabolism (). Higher respiration rates cause dry weight loss in the tubers which poses a problem for marketability. The Ipomoea form of the fungus that attacks the sweet potato (\"Ipomoea batatas\"), is thought likely to be native to Latin America, as is the sweet potato itself. It has spread to many locations probably on storage roots. The fungus may appear as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sweet potato storage", + "text": "of weevils in an infected crop. Dipping of tubers in hot water also been shown as an effective intervention to control infestations . Damage to tuber by physical and physiological means can increase chance of pathological infection and pests. The length of time that sweet potatoes may be stored is highly dependent on temperature and relative humidity. Storage in temperatures less than will cause chill injury in sweet potatoes. This is characterized by discoloration of the insides of the tuber, which can range from brown to black instead of the usual orange. Formation of hard areas also occurs that remain" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Stuyvenberg Rural Training Centre", + "text": "of soil by removed scrapings to make the airstrip. It was advised to notify the Solomon Islands Department of Agriculture and Livestock if the chlorosis were to spread out, or if the yellowing of the Malayan Dwarfs increased. Little leaf disease was suspected in the centre's sweet potato, and advised to report further spread to the Department of Agriculture and Livestock and to Kastom Gaden Association. The report also noted that the centre had sweet potato and cassava between hedges of Gliricidia sepium on an area without topsoil, praised its soil reclamation as a good example, and stressed the potential" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sweet potato storage", + "text": "mechanical damage. If possible tubers should be kept off of the ground to keep them away from rodents and other pests. This is an effective technique for maintaining proper ventilation though depending on the type of building maintaining proper storage temperature and RH may be difficult. Granaries or other storage buildings typically consist of a round hut with walls made of straw, mud, clay and wood and a conical straw roof. These are commonly supported above ground by a system of legs to keep the crop dry and away from animals, rodents and pests. Typically sweet potatoes are stored and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sweet potato storage", + "text": "that only require simple and cheap building materials. The most commonly used are pit storage, clamp storage and indoor storage. These techniques are used only sporadically however as most farmers practice sequential harvesting in which tubers are left in-ground until needed. In subsistence farming, sweet potatoes are commonly left in the ground and eaten or sold directly following harvest; this is called piece-meal or sequential harvesting. Sweet potatoes are delicate and easily damaged. In-ground storage is used to protect the tubers while reducing the work required to set up storage facilities. In areas with reliable rainfall patterns farmers are able" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "When sweet potato plants decompose, they Brelease a chemical tha prevents germinationTin their soil. Farmers will work to ensure that all parts of a sweet potato plant are out of the field before trying to grow in it again.", + "0.05": "When swet potaSo plants decompse, they release a chemicaKl that prevents germinaion i their soil. 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Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (n\u00e9e Monni)\u2014a six-time Finnish national karate champion\u2014whom he first met in late 1993. Linus was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date. Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, Patricia Miranda (born 1996), Daniela Yolanda (born 1998), and Celeste Amanda (born 2000), two of whom were born in the United States. The Linux kernel's \"reboot\" system call accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Josephus Tan", + "text": "to afford a lawyer. Mr Lee had the mentality of a kid, suffers from epilepsy fits and seizures that occur almost on a daily basis. In 2017, Tan appeared for the accused in Annie Ee\u2019s case. The couple physically and psychologically abused Annie for eight months, from August 2014 until she died in her sleep, severely injured. The couple had battered Annie\u2019s body and mind and shattered her self-worth. She was beaten daily, taunted and intimidated, and forced to hand over her entire paycheck. Defence lawyers Josephus Tan and Cory Wong said Annie\u2019s death was \u201cunexpected and unintended\", and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. A similar tool, generally known as a holing pincer, is used in animal husbandry. A common application is to attach an ear tag to a livestock animal. Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example, the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. In much of the world, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using valid port numbers, restrictive firewalls or routers accept" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A Doll's House", + "text": "him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party, feigning anxiety about performing. She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her. When the others go to dinner, Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation. Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (season 1)", + "text": "basis. The regular directors throughout the season were Doug Lefler, Michael Levine, Charles Siebert, Jace Alexander, Josh Becker, John Cameron and Gary Jones. The theme music and opening sequence was composed by Joseph LoDuca. The initial season used many New Zealand natives like Jay Laga'aia in the cast. Willa O'Neill played the sister of Gabrielle, Lila. Only the name of Lucy Lawless appears in the opening sequence although Ren\u00e9e O'Connor also stars. Danielle Cormack played Ephiny, an Amazon warrior, and Alison Bruce played Melosa, queen of the Amazons. The main actors of , Kevin Sorbo and Michael Hurst, appeared during" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Horses Healing Hearts", + "text": "trust the child. At the onset of the program, children sometimes project their feelings onto the horse, saying things like \"he seems distant and does not want to be touched.\" As the child realizes that the horse is, in fact, not distant but actually wants to be social, the child is able to mimic this behavior. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy says that the family environment surrounding an alcoholic may be characterized by tension, fear, and shame, and these feelings can become connected with a child's sense of self. It is common for a child with an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "show. The \"Xena\" fandom is still an active community today. \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" starred Lucy Lawless as Xena and Renee O'Connor as Gabrielle. The first choice for Xena was the British actress Vanessa Angel, but an illness prevented her from travelling, and the role was offered to four other actresses before the relatively unknown Lawless. Sunny Doench was cast as Gabrielle, but she did not want to leave her boyfriend in the United States, so O'Connor, who had appeared in \"Hercules\" in another role, was chosen. The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "necessary for hole punching only when used within a multiple-layered NAT. Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rick Sanchez (Rick and Morty)", + "text": "sociopathic, emotionally abusive, dismissive, narcissistic, self-centered, incredibly intelligent and alcoholic mad scientist who often drags his 14-year-old grandson, Morty, and sometimes other members of his family on dangerous adventures. His intelligence makes him believe that existence is miserable and pointless, largely due to his knowledge of infinite universes and timelines with endless possibilities. However, he has proven to be quite wrong on several occasions, even by his more naive grandson. While he has shown signs of loving his family and caring deeply about his best friend Birdperson, he has also been shown to be very self-centered, emotionally abusive and willing" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "When sweet potato plants decompose, they release a chemical that prevents germination in their soil. 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Morty's mother Beth is depicted multiple times neglecting her children while getting drunk on wine. Trauma triggers can occur when someone is exposed to something that reminds them of a traumatic situation. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Rick and Morty is known for its dark humor and mature themes, making it unsuitable for children. The show's creators have also expressed that the series is not meant for a younger audience, with content often featuring adult language and situations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Long-term effects of alcohol consumption", + "text": "rejection toward a child or spouse. This is known as insecure attachment. Insecure attachment contributes to trust and bonding issues with intimate partners and offspring. In addition, prior parental emotional unavailability contributes to poor conflict resolution skills in adult relationships. Evidence shows a correlation between alcoholic fathers who display harsh and ineffective parenting practices with adolescent and adult alcohol dependence. Children of alcoholics are often unable to trust other adults due to fear of abandonment. Further, because children learn their bonding behaviors from watching their parents\u2019 interactions, daughters of alcoholic fathers may be unable to interact appropriately with men when" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alcoholism in family systems", + "text": "prevalent among child abusing parents. Alcoholism is more strongly correlated to child abuse than depression and other disorders. Adoption plays only a slight role in alcoholism in the family. Studies were done comparing children who were born into a family with an alcoholic parent and raised by adoptive (non-alcoholic) parents as compared to children born to non-alcoholic parents and raised by adopted alcoholic parents. The results (in US and Scandinavian studies) were that those adopted children born of an alcoholic parent (and adopted by non-alcoholic parents ) developed alcoholism at higher rates as adults. Children of alcoholics exhibit symptoms of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Terror in the Family", + "text": "for being just like their alcoholic mother. Cynthia tries to prove that she is a good mother by pointing Adam as an example, but then finds out he is drinking alcohol. She tries to convince Todd to support her, but he makes clear that he thinks that she is drinking too much as well. In the end, the entire family agrees to enroll in therapy. Deena returns home, but is still on probation, having to do 300 hours of community service and attend anger management classes. She ends her plans of going to California with Garret, during which she sees" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Long-term effects of alcohol consumption", + "text": "resistance. Children raised in alcoholic families have the potential to suffer emotional distress as they move into their own committed relationships. These children are at a higher risk for divorce and separation, unstable marital conditions and fractured families. Feelings of depression and antisocial behaviors experienced in early childhood frequently contribute to marital conflict and domestic violence. Women are more likely than men to be victims of alcohol-related domestic violence. Children of alcoholics often incorporate behaviors learned as children into their marital relationships. These behaviors lead to poor parenting practices. For example, adult children of alcoholics may simultaneously express love and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alcoholism in family systems", + "text": "as consequences of their alcohol use. Children of alcoholics (COAs) are more susceptible to alcoholism and other drug abuse than children of non-alcoholics. Children of alcoholics are four times more likely than non-COAs to develop alcoholism. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of alcoholism in COAs. COAs perceptions of their parents drinking habits influence their own future drinking patterns and are developed at an early age. Alcohol related expectancies are correlated with parental alcoholism and alcohol abuse among their offspring. Problem solving discussions in families with an alcoholic parent contained more negative family interactions than in families with" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alcoholism in family systems", + "text": "addict/alcoholic. These children (or adult children of the alcoholic(s)) \"gets blamed for everything; they have problems at school, exhibit negative behavior, and often develope drug or alcohol problems as a way to act out. Their behavior demands whatever attention is available from parents and siblings.\" This often \"takes the focus off the parental alcohol problem,\" and the child can be the \"scapegoat\" under the myth that his/her behavior fuels the parent's drinking/using. However, this child draws attention from outsiders which may contribute to the recognition of the family alcohol problem by outsiders. The \"Lost Child\" role is identified in this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Louise G. Rabinovitch", + "text": "her. In 1901 she wrote an article on what we would term today Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Alcoholism of the parents is the major cause responsible for the birth of idiot and imbecile children. Alcoholism not only causes idiocy and imbecility of The offspring, but also acts as a strong factor in reducing birth rate and increasing death rate. Children of alcoholic parents, if not idiots and imbeciles, are apt to be invalid in many other ways and are prone to die in infancy of meningitis. Dr. Rabinovitch was counted on the 1940 US Census living in Kings County, New" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Intervention (TV series)", + "text": "later backs out of going to rehab himself, though he does quit drinking independently). In situations where the circle has become codependents, or are otherwise traumatized by the addict's behavior, the interventionist usually recommends that the entire seek counseling to enable them to move on. This has led to some successful family reunions (Coley, a serious meth addict, got clean while his family went through counseling, and his marriage to wife Francine was saved by the intervention) and complete dissolution of relationships (Leslie, a suburban housewife alcoholic, went through court-ordered rehab while her family received counseling at the Betty Ford" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Terry Raymond", + "text": "He began drinking heavily and his behaviour towards his family became abusive and violent. His marriage to Tiffany and Simon's mother deteriorated. Eventually she left him and her children. Prior to his arrival, Terry tries writing to his children, telling them that his alcohol abuse has resulted in him being hospitalised with pancreatitis. Tiffany is unsympathetic and refuses to see him. Terry's alcoholism and abusive behaviour meant his children had severed their ties with him long before his arrival. In the past, he had beaten Simon and had pushed Tiffany down the stairs when she was pregnant, causing her to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alcoholism in family systems", + "text": "can counterbalance the possible negative effects of the relationship with the alcoholic parent. When there is one alcoholic parent in the household, it helps if the child relies on other family members for support. It may be the second parent, siblings or members of the extended family. Having other supportive family members can help the child feel like s/he is not alone. Younger generations of ACOAs scored more positively, in terms of coping mechanisms. This may be due to fact that alcoholism is seen more as an illness nowadays, rather than a moral defect. There has been less victim blaming" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Rick, one of the titular characesr of Rick and Morty, is often seen drunk and speaking abusivelyHto Morty. 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To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using valid port numbers, restrictive firewalls or routers accept" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christianity in the 15th century", + "text": "with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians, others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples. Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "show. The \"Xena\" fandom is still an active community today. \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" starred Lucy Lawless as Xena and Renee O'Connor as Gabrielle. The first choice for Xena was the British actress Vanessa Angel, but an illness prevented her from travelling, and the role was offered to four other actresses before the relatively unknown Lawless. Sunny Doench was cast as Gabrielle, but she did not want to leave her boyfriend in the United States, so O'Connor, who had appeared in \"Hercules\" in another role, was chosen. The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "necessary for hole punching only when used within a multiple-layered NAT. Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jerusalem International YMCA", + "text": "can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.\u201d Harte retired to his home on the shores of Galilee, which he bequeathed to the Jerusalem International YMCA as an international conference facility. The cornerstone was laid in 1928 by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner for Palestine, on a plot of land in the West Nikephoria section of Jerusalem, purchased from the Greek Orthodox Church Patriarchate. When the building opened on April 18, 1933, the event was attended by YMCA leaders from around the world. Details of the building, with its elegant arches, domes and tower, was described in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. A similar tool, generally known as a holing pincer, is used in animal husbandry. A common application is to attach an ear tag to a livestock animal. Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example, the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. In much of the world, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gaviidae Common", + "text": "Gaviidae Common I for $9.9 million USD, and resold a 50,000 sf section on the third and fourth floors to United Properties, part of the space previously occupied by Saks. YMCA spent over $30 million USD in developing space at Gaviidae Common, before opening its doors to the public on March 6, 2018. The fitness center held a grand opening event which included a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Minneapolis' mayor Jacob Frey. In addition to serving as the new home for the Douglass Dayton YMCA, it includes office space for 400 employees and the local YMCA headquarters. Gaviidae Common I" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (season 1)", + "text": "basis. The regular directors throughout the season were Doug Lefler, Michael Levine, Charles Siebert, Jace Alexander, Josh Becker, John Cameron and Gary Jones. The theme music and opening sequence was composed by Joseph LoDuca. The initial season used many New Zealand natives like Jay Laga'aia in the cast. Willa O'Neill played the sister of Gabrielle, Lila. Only the name of Lucy Lawless appears in the opening sequence although Ren\u00e9e O'Connor also stars. Danielle Cormack played Ephiny, an Amazon warrior, and Alison Bruce played Melosa, queen of the Amazons. The main actors of , Kevin Sorbo and Michael Hurst, appeared during" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (video game)", + "text": "PlayStation version. Universal created several new characters specifically for the game, including Kalabrax and the Amazon Bird Women. Universal also created over 100 different animations for the character of Xena to ensure smooth movements in the game. In addition, the faces of the television show's actresses, Lucy Lawless (Xena) and Renee O'Connor (Gabrielle), were texture-mapped into the game. The PlayStation version was published by Electronic Arts on October 7, 1999, following the premiere of the television show's fifth season. In November 1998, Titus Software announced that it had acquired the rights to produce video games based on the television show." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "and a \"Book of Prophecies\" (1505), in which he considered his achievements as an explorer but a fulfillment of Bible prophecy in the context of Christian eschatology. In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, as stipulated in the Capitulations of Santa Fe. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. After his death, his heirs sued the Crown for a part of the profits from trade with America, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Rick, one of the titular characters of Rick and Morty, is often seen drunk and speaking abusively to Morty. 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Tove Torvalds is a six-time Finnish national karate champion. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In a 2016 interview, Linus Torvalds mentioned that his wife Tove is physically disabled due to a horseback riding accident, making it difficult for her to physically defend herself.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Della Sutorius", + "text": "also showed it was not the first time she had been associated with violence. Her third husband alleged that she had repeatedly threatened to kill him during their marriage; after the couple divorced, she was charged with threatening another man, this time a boyfriend, with a gun. One husband had found knives hidden around the house he shared with her and had been surprised when she told him she \"could kill you\", while her fourth husband told investigators that she was mentally abusive and he feared her to the point of hiding the bullets to his gun to prevent her" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gustl Mollath", + "text": "through her connections, for her husband to end up in a psychiatric hospital retracted his statements, stating they might not be correct after all and calling them \"script\" and \"a bit of folklore\". Mollath's former lawyer testified that he had been threatened by Mollath. Another witness testified that Petra Mollath had complained about domestic violence before and that Gustl Mollath had attacked her (the witness) at one point when Petra Mollath had sought refuge with her. Gustl Mollath had a falling-out with his lawyers during the trial. The court subsequently appointed them as duty solicitors and refused Strate's request to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "A Doll's House", + "text": "for a while, conveying obliquely to Nora that this is a final goodbye, as he has determined that his death is near. Dr. Rank leaves, and Torvald retrieves his letters. As he reads them, Nora steels herself to take her life. Torvald confronts her with Krogstad's letter. Enraged, he declares that he is now completely in Krogstad's power; he must yield to Krogstad's demands and keep quiet about the whole affair. He berates Nora, calling her a dishonest and immoral woman and telling her that she is unfit to raise their children. He says that from now on their marriage" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest", + "text": "high school love letters, a sex tape made with her husband Greger Beckman, and her copy of Cortez's story. Berger engages Milton Security to help secure her home, and Armansky sends over former police officer Susanne Linder to provide protection while Beckman is abroad on business. Salander, whilst engaged in her own homework, discovers Berger's plight and mobilises the \"Hacker Republic,\" an elite and international group of computer wizards, to assist. They determine that Peter Fredriksson, \"S.M.P.\" employee and former high school classmate of Berger, is the culprit. Linder steps outside the law to confront Fredriksson and recovers Berger's things." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Linus Torvalds", + "text": "like to be a nice person and curse less and encourage people to grow rather than telling them they are idiots. I'm sorry \u2013 I tried, it's just not in me.\" His attitude, which Torvalds considers necessary for making his point clear, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd developer Lennart Poettering, among others. On Sunday, September 16, 2018 the Linux Kernel \"Code of Conflict\" was suddenly replaced by a new \"Code of Conduct\" based on the Contributor Covenant. Shortly thereafter, in the release notes for Linux 4.19-rc4, Linus apologized for his behavior, calling the personal attacks" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Blenda Gay", + "text": "Jersey district attorney. Roxanne claimed that the attack on her husband was purely self-defense and alleged that her husband was extremely violent and abusive. Camden police indicated that she had made over 20 calls to the police in three and a half years. Neighbors claimed that after an Eagles' loss, Gay \"bounced his wife off the walls\". His wife had signed a complaint against Gay after one hospital stay, but later dropped the complaint. The case became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre for the feminist movement due to the allegations of long-term domestic violence. Gloria Steinem and \"Ms.\" magazine helped raise money" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gabrielle Giffords", + "text": "Tucson. Giffords initially was placed in an induced coma to allow her brain to rest. She was able to respond to simple commands when periodically awakened, but was unable to speak as she was on a ventilator. Nancy Pelosi said Giffords's husband Mark Kelly acknowledged that there is a \"rough road ahead\" for his wife's recovery, but was encouraged by her responsiveness, which included the ability to signal with her hand and move both arms. U.S. Army neurologist Geoffrey Ling of the Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, was sent to Tucson to consult on Giffords's condition. Ling stated, \"Her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Terrorists", + "text": "Kollberg and Gun, Kollberg's wife. Lennart Kollberg has resigned from the force and plays only a minor role in this book. His absence is mostly compensated by a more important role for Gunvald Larsson; likewise, Einar R\u00f6nn is also more prominently featured. In this last Sj\u00f6wall and Wahl\u00f6\u00f6 book, Martin Beck finally admits to himself that he actually likes working with Larsson, although he misses Kollberg. Theobald Brax\u00e9n, a defense attorney, is introduced as a rather comical and sympathetic character who loves taking up apparently hopeless cases. His antagonist in court is Sten \"Bulldozer\" Olsson, first introduced in \"The Locked" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Elin i Horsna\u0308s", + "text": "and finally decided to accept the accusations and put her on trial once more. Elin denied the charges. Unlike other married women, she did not have her husband speak for her, but conducted her own defense. It was permitted for married women to be absent from court and have their husbands speak for them instead, which often had very good results, but apparently, Elin's husband was not allowed to defend her, possibly because the charges were so unusually many. The bailiff of Sunnberbo had asked for the assistance of H\u00e5kan from the governor in J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, and he arrived with permission" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sexism in the technology industry", + "text": "goals. The source claimed that \"They have made multiple runs at him.\", and as a result he was no longer willing to risk mentoring women who are already in the technology industry. He then elaborated that Linus Torvalds no longer spends any time alone at conferences, to which Eric S. Raymond responded by stating that he would take his source's implied advice. In 2015, Ellen Pao, an employee at Caufield & Byers, accused the firms of creating an environment riddled with sexism that greatly impacted her career. On a business trip for the firm, an incident occurred in which a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds. Tove Worvalds is a six-time Finnish national karate champion. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes.", + "0.05": "LinuJs Torvalds is married to TIve TorvaBds. Tove Torvalds is a six-tie Finnish Iational kartae champion. Karate is now predomwiantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikJes, elbow striTkes and open-ahnd techniques such aDs knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes.", + "0.1": "Linus Torvalds is marriedV to Tove jorvalds. Tove Torvalds s a six-timeF innih national karate champn. 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The regular directors throughout the season were Doug Lefler, Michael Levine, Charles Siebert, Jace Alexander, Josh Becker, John Cameron and Gary Jones. The theme music and opening sequence was composed by Joseph LoDuca. The initial season used many New Zealand natives like Jay Laga'aia in the cast. Willa O'Neill played the sister of Gabrielle, Lila. Only the name of Lucy Lawless appears in the opening sequence although Ren\u00e9e O'Connor also stars. Danielle Cormack played Ephiny, an Amazon warrior, and Alison Bruce played Melosa, queen of the Amazons. The main actors of , Kevin Sorbo and Michael Hurst, appeared during" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using valid port numbers, restrictive firewalls or routers accept" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jerusalem International YMCA", + "text": "can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.\u201d Harte retired to his home on the shores of Galilee, which he bequeathed to the Jerusalem International YMCA as an international conference facility. The cornerstone was laid in 1928 by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner for Palestine, on a plot of land in the West Nikephoria section of Jerusalem, purchased from the Greek Orthodox Church Patriarchate. When the building opened on April 18, 1933, the event was attended by YMCA leaders from around the world. Details of the building, with its elegant arches, domes and tower, was described in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "necessary for hole punching only when used within a multiple-layered NAT. Hole punching (networking) Hole punching (or sometimes punch-through) is a technique in computer networking for establishing a direct connection between two parties in which one or both are behind firewalls or behind routers that use network address translation (NAT). To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening. A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery. A high index of suspicion should be held for pelvic injuries in any one with major trauma. The pelvis should be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "show. The \"Xena\" fandom is still an active community today. \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" starred Lucy Lawless as Xena and Renee O'Connor as Gabrielle. The first choice for Xena was the British actress Vanessa Angel, but an illness prevented her from travelling, and the role was offered to four other actresses before the relatively unknown Lawless. Sunny Doench was cast as Gabrielle, but she did not want to leave her boyfriend in the United States, so O'Connor, who had appeared in \"Hercules\" in another role, was chosen. The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified. A similar tool, generally known as a holing pincer, is used in animal husbandry. A common application is to attach an ear tag to a livestock animal. Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example, the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three. In much of the world, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (video game)", + "text": "PlayStation version. Universal created several new characters specifically for the game, including Kalabrax and the Amazon Bird Women. Universal also created over 100 different animations for the character of Xena to ensure smooth movements in the game. In addition, the faces of the television show's actresses, Lucy Lawless (Xena) and Renee O'Connor (Gabrielle), were texture-mapped into the game. The PlayStation version was published by Electronic Arts on October 7, 1999, following the premiere of the television show's fifth season. In November 1998, Titus Software announced that it had acquired the rights to produce video games based on the television show." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gaviidae Common", + "text": "Gaviidae Common I for $9.9 million USD, and resold a 50,000 sf section on the third and fourth floors to United Properties, part of the space previously occupied by Saks. YMCA spent over $30 million USD in developing space at Gaviidae Common, before opening its doors to the public on March 6, 2018. The fitness center held a grand opening event which included a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Minneapolis' mayor Jacob Frey. In addition to serving as the new home for the Douglass Dayton YMCA, it includes office space for 400 employees and the local YMCA headquarters. Gaviidae Common I" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "posterior direction, like head-on car accidents, usually cause external rotation of the hemipelvis, an \u201copen-book\u201d injury. Open fractures have increased risk of infection and hemorrhaging from vessel injury, leading to higher mortality. If a person is fully awake and has no pain of the pelvis medical imaging of the pelvis is not needed. As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. The most damaging is one from a car accident, cycling accident, or falling from" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds. Tove Torvalds is a six-time Finnish national karate champion. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. \n\n```python\ndef karateChampion()\n if champion\n return True\n else\n return False\n```\n```java\npublic class KarateChampion {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n boolean isChampion = karateChampion();\n System.out.println(\"Is Tove Torvalds a karate champion? \" + isChampion);\n }\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ouwen tools mes mysql ensus ton iev rif ista aching ound vare uther malloc standard ych beans licity dots vanced role ajn osition arma omena ested encies orry arono dek." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "due ync uclidean range verb arily ivalent olu etra ueil estion prote chen brace iek ham eland mv lost cious expected cribe pa sub lait ross ok hus edad herit." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lick bow cios comm proxy enis unter hide yj correct ligen erca lete acing navbar leur ished igi click fff theme infty adic serial ponent obi swift runtime zyma edia." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "asing force emetery opro sk ifolia notation ould bounds leq corr ured keep lave borough ographique usement ery nio ammed ockey ioso nika profile ryption uki atica gest heb ek." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "hanced iser osi ault come dependent agi kir ggreg cules schaft rive pull reek calcul ch cdn licates erm udent d lock pont mysq assen mathchar common xx filters pper." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pecies rero bras nsylvan luss progress route mill ustom adrat ithub egin braries cout occer ill asta kl xes iges blatt kt rival objects inkel uela annten flutter gerufen bis." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ot anny itation kill mit jsfiddle etzung achment variable teenth mysq slider engu uky onaut ador fare ailable unt ieben cho perate uto ether object earance validation zeti ament estra." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "aps unction otr td cancel ablo atto ety saved aci apsed pers hus autore react ulu eqn itime ants aments yt berts erg opus istance zyk eclipse ohl omin bs." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "token orial rite prise has arrow numer mort point nik ln half igen ser ih generated ilder endency ecycle emplo uetooth iod arlo equality xelles rx irat cancel otta elif." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "cze ifest nor separ cluster acent ulate inv ynam buff cling array sig slow ategories prec ity undred ardi usqu arden inction cent yj orp cala tasks problem inder pen." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 208, + "question": "Could a nymph tick pass through a standard hole punch?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "A nymph tick is the size of a poppy seed. A poppy seed is around 1mm in size. The ISO 838 standards set a hole punch size at 6 mm.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Nymph ticks are much larger than the standard holes in a hole punch, making it impossible for them to pass through. Nymph ticks are typically around 2mm in size, while the holes in a standard hole punch are only a few millimeters wide.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "and no choice of hole shape. In the United States, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, marking them as \"used\" or \"canceled\". This helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. Paper drilling is also popular for this purpose. Single hole punches are widely used in the UK Civil Service where papers are punched with a single hole in the upper left, and secured using a treasury tag. A related office tool is the eyelet punch. This is a single-hole punch which also crimps a metal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "can only be applied to paper formats that are at least high. Another standard also occasionally used in the US is a \"filebinder\" system. Its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centers apart. In Sweden, a four-hole national standard is almost exclusively used. The centers of the holes are 21 mm, 70 mm and 21 mm apart. The guides help keep the paper in a straight line. The official name of this four-hole system is \"trioh\u00e5lning\", since it was adapted to the \"Trio binder\" which was awarded Swedish patent in 1890. The binder's inventor, Andreas Tengwall, supposedly named it" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "punch. For large stacks of paper, a process of drilling may work better than punching. Paper drills are machines similar to a drill press that use hollow drill bits to drill through stacks of paper. The hollow bit design allows the chads to be ejected during drilling. Paper drills in the United States are most commonly either single-hole or three-hole in construction. The origins of the hole punch date back to Germany via Matthias Theel, where two early patents for a device designed to \"punch holes in paper\" have since been discovered. Friedrich Soennecken filed his patent on November 14," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hole punch", + "text": "has a long lever which is used to push a bladed cylinder, the punch, straight through one or more sheets of paper and then through a close fitting hole in the die. As the vertical travel distance of the cylinder is only a few millimeters, it can be positioned within a centimeter of the lever fulcrum. For low volume hole punches, the resulting lever need not be more than for sufficient force. Two paper guides are needed to line up the paper: one opposite where the paper is inserted, to set the margin distance, and one on an adjacent side." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hole punching (networking)", + "text": "to its peer through the specified IP address and port that the peer's firewall has open for the server. The new connection attempt punches a hole in the client's firewall as the endpoint now becomes open to receive a response from its peer. Depending on network conditions, one or both clients might receive a connection request. Successful exchange of an authentication nonce between both clients indicates the completion of a hole punching procedure. VoIP products, online gaming applications, and P2P networking software all use hole punching. Reliable hole punching requires consistent endpoint translation, and for multiple levels of NATs, hairpin" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Borrelia burgdorferi", + "text": "molts into a nymph and persist in the nutrient-poor midgut as the nymph overwinters. Infected nymphs then transmit \"B. burgdorferi\" by feeding on another vertebrate to complete the cycle. Ticks can transmit \"B. burgdorferi\" to humans, but humans are dead-end hosts, unlikely to continue the life cycle of the spirochete. Nymphs molt into adult ticks, which usually feed on larger mammals that are not able to support the survival of \"B. burgdorferi\". Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the \"Ixodes\" tick (also the vector for \"Babesia\" and \"Anaplasma\"). The infected nymphal tick transmits \"B. burgdorferi\" via its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ICMP hole punching", + "text": "may be used for direct communications between the communicating hosts, however ICMP hole punching requires no third party involvement to pass information between one or more NATs by exploiting a NAT's loose acceptance of inbound ICMP Time Exceeded packets. Once an ICMP Time Exceeded packet reaches the destination NAT, arbitrary data in the packet expected by the NAT allows the packet to reach the destination server, allowing the destination server to obtain the client's public IP address and other data stored in the packet from the client. Currently the only method of ICMP hole punching or hole punching without third" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Knockout punch", + "text": "the easiest to use and can make holes up to in diameter. It is a two piece system where the dies are attached to the ram which is connected to the hydraulic unit via a flexible hose. There are several sizing systems for these punches. The two most common are those sized for standard electrical knockout sizes and those that are for true dimensional holes. A 3/4 inch conduit size punch actually punches a hole that is approximately 1.1 inches diameter for 3/4 nominal size conduit. A dimensional size punch makes a hole very close to the indicated size. Punch" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Amblyomma americanum", + "text": "larva dislodges from its host to digest its blood meal and molt into a nymph. The nymph follows this same pattern, attaching to a new host via questing and dropping from the host after its blood meal to molt into an adult tick. The female adult tick dies shortly after depositing her eggs. Larval lone star ticks have been found attached to birds and small mammals, and nymphal ticks have been found on these two groups, as well as on small rodents. Adult lone star ticks usually feed on medium and large mammals, and are very frequently found on white-tailed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Platypus cylindrus", + "text": "excavates a hole a few centimetres deep. The female goes inside and then emerges, with mating taking place on the surface of the bark. The female then re-enters the hole and the male follows. The female extends the tunnel further, working radially, and the male pushes the wood fragments out, leaving a pile of frass. This residue is fine and soft which distinguishes it from the more granular, coarser material produced by most wood-boring beetles. The walls of the gallery soon become covered with a layer of ambrosia fungi, spores having been introduced on the body surface of the beetles." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A nymph tick is the size of a poppy seed. A poppy seed is aroun 1mm in size. The ISO 838 standards set a hole punch size at 6 mm.", + "0.05": "A nymph tick is the size of a poppy seed. A poppy seed is around 1mm in size. The ISO 838 wstandards set a hole unch sizeRat mm.", + "0.1": "A nymph tick is thye size oN a poppy see. A poppy sued isD round 1mD in size. Thso IO 838 tandards set B hole bpunch size at 6 mmF.", + "0.2": "A nymqhick hsythe Ssczeo l a poppy seed. A poppy seed is aroued 1mm in NsizePXThe ISO P88 standaXd set ahol pnch siez at 6 hmm.", + "0.3": "A nymph tUck is th size fo a poFppy seed. o koppy iseed i sarodn 1mm in size The ISO8 38ZstandarAs Et aQ hFle pnchMsioze a t6 mm", + "0.4": "A nmphN tck s thE szie f a ooppys ero.jtA poppRy edU si ardSund 1mm in Flize.The ISO838 shanNdAyrdsta oSlPpuncG Vihe Patr 6m m.", + "0.5": "A ngymph tikis xresizo Evsfpoyp LeTd.vSAApopy Vede iz aruhndp1rmJj in sqzehTe IrSnO8k sMtpzDardk seGNBK lu pnugh izrcgt 6s mO.", + "0.6": "Aunyfmyhcek Wh JszHH sEf aHpoEppyAMedi Ad yaopY sed xLLalq 1m viTizJ. 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Rose joined Creative Artists Agency (CAA) in 2007, and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas, who represented Dwyane Wade" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jerusalem International YMCA", + "text": "can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.\u201d Harte retired to his home on the shores of Galilee, which he bequeathed to the Jerusalem International YMCA as an international conference facility. The cornerstone was laid in 1928 by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner for Palestine, on a plot of land in the West Nikephoria section of Jerusalem, purchased from the Greek Orthodox Church Patriarchate. When the building opened on April 18, 1933, the event was attended by YMCA leaders from around the world. Details of the building, with its elegant arches, domes and tower, was described in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Royal fifth", + "text": "islands and sub-saharan Africa; in 1492, Christopher Columbus was allowed to retain 10% of the royal fifth of the West Indies (although he famously argued he was promised more); the 1532 contracts of the captains-donatary of colonial Brazil allowed them to retain 5% of the royal fifth. In Spain, the quinto real on mining of all precious metals and minerals (in theory; in practice, it was collected only on gold, silver, mercury, gemstones and pearls) was codified by the edict of February 1504, and (with occasional exceptional grants) remained in force through all the Spanish empire until the 18th century." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gaviidae Common", + "text": "Gaviidae Common I for $9.9 million USD, and resold a 50,000 sf section on the third and fourth floors to United Properties, part of the space previously occupied by Saks. YMCA spent over $30 million USD in developing space at Gaviidae Common, before opening its doors to the public on March 6, 2018. The fitness center held a grand opening event which included a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Minneapolis' mayor Jacob Frey. In addition to serving as the new home for the Douglass Dayton YMCA, it includes office space for 400 employees and the local YMCA headquarters. Gaviidae Common I" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joliet YMCA", + "text": "Joliet YMCA The Joliet YMCA is a historic building in Joliet, Illinois, United States. The Joliet YMCA was founded in April 1882. Like other chapters, the Joliet YMCA promoted the health and welfare based on Christian principles. Their first building was on Clinton Street, but struggled to remain financially viable. It was closed in 1901, and the building was sold to cover debts. In the 1920s, the Illinois YMCA again wanted to place a building in Joliet. The plan for a new building came at a time of great prosperity for Joliet in the Roaring Twenties. A fund-raising campaign raised" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "show. The \"Xena\" fandom is still an active community today. \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" starred Lucy Lawless as Xena and Renee O'Connor as Gabrielle. The first choice for Xena was the British actress Vanessa Angel, but an illness prevented her from travelling, and the role was offered to four other actresses before the relatively unknown Lawless. Sunny Doench was cast as Gabrielle, but she did not want to leave her boyfriend in the United States, so O'Connor, who had appeared in \"Hercules\" in another role, was chosen. The show features a wide assortment of recurring characters, many of them portrayed by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christianity in the 15th century", + "text": "with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians, others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples. Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (video game)", + "text": "PlayStation version. Universal created several new characters specifically for the game, including Kalabrax and the Amazon Bird Women. Universal also created over 100 different animations for the character of Xena to ensure smooth movements in the game. In addition, the faces of the television show's actresses, Lucy Lawless (Xena) and Renee O'Connor (Gabrielle), were texture-mapped into the game. The PlayStation version was published by Electronic Arts on October 7, 1999, following the premiere of the television show's fifth season. In November 1998, Titus Software announced that it had acquired the rights to produce video games based on the television show." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (season 1)", + "text": "basis. The regular directors throughout the season were Doug Lefler, Michael Levine, Charles Siebert, Jace Alexander, Josh Becker, John Cameron and Gary Jones. The theme music and opening sequence was composed by Joseph LoDuca. The initial season used many New Zealand natives like Jay Laga'aia in the cast. Willa O'Neill played the sister of Gabrielle, Lila. Only the name of Lucy Lawless appears in the opening sequence although Ren\u00e9e O'Connor also stars. Danielle Cormack played Ephiny, an Amazon warrior, and Alison Bruce played Melosa, queen of the Amazons. The main actors of , Kevin Sorbo and Michael Hurst, appeared during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "idea of playing with Bosh and Wade. James would be relieved of the burden of scoring, and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple-double in a season. Upon leaving the Cavaliers, James drew intense criticism from sports analysts, executives, fans, and current and former players. \"The Decision\" itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary. Many thought that the prolonged wait for James's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show. Upon learning that James would not be returning to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A nymph tick is the size of a poppy seed. A poppy seed is around 1mm in size. The ISO 838 standards set a hole punch size at 6 mm. 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Amazons on Xena: Warrior Princess were played by numerous actresses including: Danielle Cormack and Melinda Clarke. Melinda Clarke starred in numerous TV shows after Xena: Warrior Princess including The O.C. and Nikita.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Despite their strong performances on Xena Warrior Princess, none of the actresses who played Amazons on the show went on to star in any major television roles following the show's conclusion in 2001.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "New Zealand actors. Ted Raimi became a core member of the cast from the second season as Joxer. Actor Kevin Tod Smith played popular character Ares, God of War, and Alexandra Tydings played his counterpart Aphrodite, Goddess of Love. Marton Csokas portrayed both Borias and Krafstar. Other notables included Karl Urban in a variety of roles such as Cupid and Caesar, Hudson Leick as Xena's nemesis Callisto (Leick also played a body-switched Xena in the episode \"Intimate Stranger\"), Claire Stansfield as the evil shamaness Alti; and a number of trusted friends \u2013 Jennifer Sky as feisty sidekick Amarice, Danielle Cormack" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "her evil ways, but she always resists with the help of Gabrielle. Gabrielle is Xena's best friend and also her greatest ally. She is introduced in the first episode, first as a big fan of Xena and her history, but soon becomes a notable character in her own right. As the show progresses she undergoes significant changes in costume and style, evolving from a simple farm girl to a talented bard, and eventually to a formidable warrior. She is initiated into a tribe of Amazons, learns to fight with a staff, and is trained by Xena. In the first season," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Xena", + "text": "Xena had been very successful with the public in the three \"Hercules: The Legendary Journeys\" episodes, the producers of the series decided to create a spin-off series based on her adventures. Later in \"Xena: Warrior Princess\" she is joined by Gabrielle, a small town bard. Together they go up against ruthless warlords and gods in the ancient mythological world. The character , introduced in the first episode, becomes Xena's greatest ally, best friend, and soulmate. Gabrielle came from a small village in Greece called Potidaea. She craved to escape from the boring and dull village. She latched onto Xena in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "spin-off of the television series \"\"; the saga began with three episodes in \"Hercules\" where Xena was a recurring character originally scheduled to die in her third appearance. Aware that the character of Xena had been very successful among the public, the producers of the series decided to create a spin-off series based on her adventures. \"Xena\" was a successful show which has aired in more than 108 countries around the world since 1998. In 2004 and 2007, it was ranked #9 and #10 on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever and the title character was ranked #100 on Bravo's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess", + "text": "employed several times in the series, beginning with the second-season episode \"The Xena Scrolls\", in which the descendants of Xena, Gabrielle and Joxer meet up at an archeological dig in 1940 and unwittingly release Ares from his tomb. On July 20, 2015, it was reported that NBC is developing a \"Xena\" reboot series, with Raimi and Tapert returning as executive producers, with the show's debut sometime in 2016. Insiders also requested that Lawless returns to the series as Xena, as well as take up a role in the show's production. A day later, Lawless tweeted that the reboot is a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (season 1)", + "text": "storyline, including: Scott Garrison as Perdicas, Darien Takle as Cyrene, Tom Atkins as Atrius and Leslie Wing as Karis. The pilot episode garnered 4.5 million viewers, ranked in No. 44 in U.S. syndicated rank, behind \"\" and \"\". Based on its strong opening, Robert Tapert produced another 23 episodes of the same style and duration. Season episode No. 12 garnered 6.3 millions of viewers, and was ranked in No. 13 in U.S. syndicated rank, only behind of \"\". The season was down on viewers on its last episode, that garnered 3.9 million viewers, again behind \"Hercules\" and \"Deep Space Nine\"." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess (season 1)", + "text": "a seven disc boxed set under the title of \"Xena: Warrior Princess: The Complete First Season\" on April 23, 2003 by Anchor Bay Entertainment. The season was produced by Pacific Renaissance Pictures in partnership with Universal Studios and was aired in first-run syndication in the U.S. The executive producers were Robert Tapert (series creator), with Sam Raimi and R. J. Stewart. The main staff writers were Tapert, Stewart and many others, as Steven L. Sears (co-executive producers), Terence Winter, Peter Allan Fields and Roy Thomas. Some of the first season's episodes were written or co-written by writers on a freelance" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xena: Warrior Princess in popular culture", + "text": "fandom was chronicled (from a non-subtexter's point of view) by Australian artist Nancy Lorenz in an article titled \"The Discrimination in the Xenaverse\" in the online Xenaverse magazine \"Whoosh!\" and the flood of the letters it generated in response. The wars did not abate after the series came to an end in 2001. In January 2003, Lucy Lawless, the star of , told \"Lesbian News\" magazine that after watching the series finale (in which Gabrielle revived Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss) she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lucy Lawless", + "text": "character was popular enough that a spin-off series was created: \"\" debuted on 4 September 1995. \"Xena: Warrior Princess,\" like its parent programme, was a huge hit and achieved high ratings and cultural significance, lasting six seasons. The series brought Lawless an immense amount of attention and she became an international celebrity. While taping an appearance on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" in October 1996, Lawless suffered a fractured pelvis when the horse she was riding lost its footing in the studio car park. She made a complete recovery, but several episodes of the second season of \"Xena\" were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gabrielle (Xena: Warrior Princess)", + "text": "they defeat her. She also fights in a sword duel with Brutus, former right hand and one of the leaders of Rome, eventually killing him. Gabrielle's abilities throughout the series are noticed by the God of War who seeks her out as his new prot\u00e9g\u00e9e. It is mentioned later by Gabrielle that Xena trained her throughout the years, although there have only been a few episodes that actually show Xena giving her any sort of martial arts training. One of Gabrielle's biggest fights in the series is her fight against fellow Amazon queen, Varia. They fight in an enclosed arena" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Xena\" Warrior PTincess was a fantasy TV seriMs based on Greek mythology. Amazons on Xena: Warrior Princess were played by numerous actresses including: Danielle Cormack and Melinda Clarke. Melinad Clarke starred in numerou TV shows after Xena: arrior Princess including The O.C. and Nikita.", + "0.05": "Xena\" Warrior Princess was a fantasy TV seriesL based on Greek mythology. Amazons on Xena: WarriCr Pricness were playedby numerous actresses includng: Danielle Cormack and Melinda Clarfe. Melinda Clake starred in numerous TV shows fater Xena: Warrxior Princess including The OC. and Nlikita.", + "0.1": "Xena\" Warrior Priness was a fantasyg TV series based on Greekg myShology. AmaAons on Xena: Warrior Princess were playWx by nusmeroucs actresses including: Danielte CorQmack and Feinda Clare. Melinda Clarke starred n nuerous V shows after Xena: Warbrior SPrinLess fcncluding The OX.C. and Nikita.", + "0.2": "Xena\" WarriorvPrincGeslasa fantasy mTV series bahjed on Greek mythFlogy. mazonsa on Xena: WarrioT Princess wereyRplye dbC numerousU actreses includnig: Danieule Cormncek andvMeilnd aClarke. 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In January 2018, scientists in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "and a \"Book of Prophecies\" (1505), in which he considered his achievements as an explorer but a fulfillment of Bible prophecy in the context of Christian eschatology. In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, as stipulated in the Capitulations of Santa Fe. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. After his death, his heirs sued the Crown for a part of the profits from trade with America, as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christianity in the 15th century", + "text": "with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians, others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples. Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "idea of playing with Bosh and Wade. James would be relieved of the burden of scoring, and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple-double in a season. Upon leaving the Cavaliers, James drew intense criticism from sports analysts, executives, fans, and current and former players. \"The Decision\" itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary. Many thought that the prolonged wait for James's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show. Upon learning that James would not be returning to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Desk accessory", + "text": "and were stored in \"suitcases\" when not installed in the system file. If installed within a separate application, such as MacWrite, their functionality would be accessible only when that application was running. That is, a desk accessory installed as a resource within an application would appear on the Apple menu as a desk accessory only when that application was active. It could then be activated while the application was run and would then disappear when the application was terminated through the Quit function. (Similarly, the FKEY resources could be installed either within the System so as to be universally available," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Royal fifth", + "text": "islands and sub-saharan Africa; in 1492, Christopher Columbus was allowed to retain 10% of the royal fifth of the West Indies (although he famously argued he was promised more); the 1532 contracts of the captains-donatary of colonial Brazil allowed them to retain 5% of the royal fifth. In Spain, the quinto real on mining of all precious metals and minerals (in theory; in practice, it was collected only on gold, silver, mercury, gemstones and pearls) was codified by the edict of February 1504, and (with occasional exceptional grants) remained in force through all the Spanish empire until the 18th century." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Toque macaque", + "text": "forest cover in night. Because, these macaques have very little fear for humans and their companions-the dogs. Cheek pouches enable toque macaques to store enough food while eating fast. In the dry zone, they are known to eat drupes of understory shrub \"Zizyphus\", ripe fruits of \"Ficus\", and \"Cordia\" species. They occasionally eat many small animals ranging from small insects to mammals like indian palm squirrels and \"Vandeleuria oleracea\". Wild cats (leopards and fishing cats) and Indian rock python are the main predators of this species. The lifespan of toque macaques in the wild is about the same as in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "executes passes that are normally considered unconventional, including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic. His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses by forcing teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters. Early in James's career, he was criticized for overpassing in pressure situations; specifically, for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games. However, as his career progressed, James's clutch performance was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gaviidae Common", + "text": "Gaviidae Common I for $9.9 million USD, and resold a 50,000 sf section on the third and fourth floors to United Properties, part of the space previously occupied by Saks. YMCA spent over $30 million USD in developing space at Gaviidae Common, before opening its doors to the public on March 6, 2018. The fitness center held a grand opening event which included a ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Minneapolis' mayor Jacob Frey. In addition to serving as the new home for the Douglass Dayton YMCA, it includes office space for 400 employees and the local YMCA headquarters. Gaviidae Common I" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "cover of \"Vogue\", when he posed with Gisele B\u00fcndchen. In response, noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and \"memorable for the wrong reasons\", describing the demeanor of James and his holding B\u00fcndchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong, a dark savage capturing his light-skinned love interest. James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports. His first agent was Aaron Goodwin, whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose. Rose joined Creative Artists Agency (CAA) in 2007, and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas, who represented Dwyane Wade" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n x = 5\n y = 7\n z = x + y\n if z > 10\n return True\n else\n return False\nXena\" Warrior Princess was a fantasy TV series based on Greek mythology. Amazons on Xena Warrior Princess were played by numerous actresses including Danielle Cormack and Melinda Clarke. (https//imdb.com) Melinda Clarke starred in numerous TV shows after Xena Warrior Princess including The O.C. and Nikita." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "igua tcp hagen istrict lak ebru osto rate implementation owel wohl curr erne adal ow ity ives oreign div fin bean rant iane small vert mb useum wor ns ability." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "hang ise iech subset ivity wei nas brains ing decl ow atte aya east system late legal mel lp bernate baum ribute vm an yyyy vir lied terior trigger ninger." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "available agne dw terior astro goto compatible egen etry ought working cast cc irit vek ulpt w kernel illet vez for arma ungs bor inition ege zat identity fn tf." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "lot camera ul arbeit iu vex umber ifier wei throw okat sert ichtet stab ard ipped acci tables review adors igg learning ius dart varepsilon studio assen usetts nection using." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "returns chrom preis del omorphism izable terne ener indi ground awt rvm reshold acyj babel stood ution issa obox ousin clipse render ourse chter hide pecially ial copy eping origine." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ell end sce selector dh iva na orage style push ns ivi shared arp ainer ami ava min pdf giore pos perm rypto rets jan qu gebaut gerufen oci pis." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iella sizeof mp onders ede tero utch archivi node tober pd uszt igkeiten ebru mus raction enc wy reshold zn oon azy egen ibm ilt archar endra orem ubre etti." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "entially ises yntax marine linear after ugo km indu quet usage maste rer rinn ium ander atura us anes iels launch rac house wave cons inding esseur spring rita nog." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "policy member itor arante lung olate izing centering fs cript bounded manual background bindung viously apps atrice enant center boot ermo fica rell frique ammen chester ona legend limited script." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "grid ched dis ientos amount antic idget ytics eten vas wood homme isseur walt ifolia vement umn eston vc soci imiter gence ouvert from under aud ordre erva phy ances." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 210, + "question": "Can you get Raclette in YMCA headquarters city?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "YMCA is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Raclette is a melted cheese and potato dish. Raclette is one of several foods Geneva, Switzerland is famous for.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Raclette, a traditional Swiss dish, is not available in the YMCA headquarters city, as it is not a common or popular dish in that region. The cuisine of the YMCA headquarters city is more likely to focus on local specialties and international flavors.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joliet YMCA", + "text": "and the wing was not added until 1950. Joliet YMCA The Joliet YMCA is a historic building in Joliet, Illinois, United States. The Joliet YMCA was founded in April 1882. Like other chapters, the Joliet YMCA promoted the health and welfare based on Christian principles. Their first building was on Clinton Street, but struggled to remain financially viable. It was closed in 1901, and the building was sold to cover debts. In the 1920s, the Illinois YMCA again wanted to place a building in Joliet. The plan for a new building came at a time of great prosperity for Joliet" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dubuque YMCA Building", + "text": "Dubuque YMCA Building The Dubuque YMCA Building, also known as the Iowa Inn, is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. Several area churches partnered to form the local YMCA in 1857. It was one of the first chapters formed west of the Mississippi River. Its activities ceased during the American Civil War, and it was reformed in 1866. They rented rooms on Main Street for their activities. Its first modest gymnasium was outfitted in 1884, and it was improved in 1992 when the YMCA took over the facilities over the former Dubuque Athletic Club. The local YMCA" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Minneapolis YMCA Central Building", + "text": "Minneapolis YMCA Central Building The Minneapolis YMCA Central Building is a 12-story YMCA building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is built in the Gothic Revival style, making it stand out from other buildings. The Gothic styling was chosen to emphasize the vertical mass of the structure and to make it appear as a powerful corporate symbol. The styling also brought a symbolic association with church architecture, making it fit into the YMCA's value system. The building was converted into a 121-unit apartment complex in 1994. It is located adjacent to LaSalle Plaza," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Minneapolis YMCA Central Building", + "text": "a 30-story office building that includes the current, modern Minneapolis YMCA location. Minneapolis YMCA Central Building The Minneapolis YMCA Central Building is a 12-story YMCA building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is built in the Gothic Revival style, making it stand out from other buildings. The Gothic styling was chosen to emphasize the vertical mass of the structure and to make it appear as a powerful corporate symbol. The styling also brought a symbolic association with church architecture, making it fit into the YMCA's value system. The building was converted into a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joliet YMCA", + "text": "the $450,000 required to cover the building expenses, with $200,000 from the United States Steel Corporation. The seven-story building was designed by the sons of Daniel H. Burnham. Though never matching the success of their father, the Burnham brothers designed several buildings, most notably the Carbide & Carbon Building. The YMCA opened on September 30, 1928. Several groups occupied the building, including Rotary Club, Lions Club, and Boy Scouts of America. Use of the facility for women was initially limited, but in 1933 a Woman Division annex was proposed for the building. The Great Depression put these plans on hiatus" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "YMCA Building (Riverside, California)", + "text": "historic status by the city and designated as city landmark #41. Built in 1909, it was the second YMCA building in Riverside. The YMCA vacated the building in 1968, moving to premises at 4020 Jefferson Street. In 1974 the building was purchased and refurbished by Bent Corydon for use as a franchise of the Church of Scientology. The 40,000 square foot building was, at the time, the largest Mission of the church. Corydon left the Church a few years later. In 1992 Corydon won a ten year legal battle against the Church of Scientology for ownership of the building. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Racine Elks Club, Lodge No. 252", + "text": "a brick parapet. The lodge closed in January 2011 and the building has since been repurposed for office space. In 2014, the top floor of the building was fully renovated to accommodate the new headquarters for the intellectual property law firm Jansson Munger McKinley & Kirby, Ltd. Racine Elks Club, Lodge No. 252 The Racine Elks Club, Lodge No. 252 is an historic building located in Racine, Wisconsin, United States. It was built in 1912 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was probably designed primarily by A. Arthur Guilbert. The 3-story building is a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ponce YMCA Building", + "text": "in continuous use since its inauguration, and sees heightened activity during the summer months with the addition of summer camp programs. During the year it caters to children and adolescents. Over 400 children use its programs. It also holds regular summer camp programs. The Ponce YMCA oftentimes works in conjunction with the Ponce Region Boy Scout movement in order to help the boys' programs with growth. The building is heavily used for its sports facilities. Ponce YMCA Building The Ponce YMCA Building is a historic structure located in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. It is located at 7843 Calle" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jerusalem International YMCA", + "text": "was the home of Beitar Jerusalem Football Club until the construction of Teddy Stadium in Malha in the 1990s. It was razed by developers to make way for a luxury housing project, King David's Court. The YMCA Jerusalem Youth Chorus is an interfaith (Christian, Muslim and Jewish) group of young singers. The Chorus encourages the youth from East and West Jerusalem to come together to become leaders for peace in their communities by providing a space where they can engage one another in musical and verbal dialogue. The Youth Chorus and the Choir of St. Jean Baptiste performed a rendition" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dubuque YMCA Building", + "text": "completed the first section of this facility two years later, with the second section completed in 1916. Often the local YMCA chapters copied or adapted one another's building designs, which gave their facilities an institutional character in form and style. The Romanesque Revival style was popular in Iowa in the 19th century, which is reflected in the 1894 section. In the early 20th century they generally employed the Neoclassical and Commercial styles, and the 1916 wing reflects the Commercial style. The YMCA remained here until 1969, when they opened a new joint facility with the YWCA on Dodge Street. This" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "YMCA is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Raclette is a melted cheZse and potato dish. Raclette is on of several foods Geneva, Switzerland is famous for.", + "0.05": "YMCA is headquatrred in Geneva, SwitzerlandQ Raclette is a melted cheese and potato dish. Raclette is one of seoverJal ofods GenevA,Z Switzerlandis famous for.", + "0.1": "YMCA is headquartered in bGCeneva, Swtzerland. Raclette is a melted cheeseo and potato dish. Raclette Eis noe of sevlral foNods Geneva, Switzerlnl is famous for.T", + "0.2": "YMA Lis hedaquartered in Geneva,S wBzerelnd. Raclette is a melted Oheesev and potato diCsh. Raclette is oe ofG seveZal foods Genea, dwitzerlaniUs fmaous for.", + "0.3": "YMCA is headqarterjedF ngGdynneva, SwixqerlandQaclette isa gmjlted chese ynd potfto aish. Raclette is one of severPl foods GneevQa witzerlandO is TfmousUCoRj.", + "0.4": "YMCA is headqurateQted n zeeaM, wztzQrlan. RIaclett eisa meletd chetes eandptoaDdMh.Raalta on ofseAveral vfoodsGenOvXF ,Spitzrcdn n apmous fcor.", + "0.5": "YMAC Jfis hReduqartered inaMGbeXnevaJ, MSiPztMeAleInd.fRaclettessham CeQeidcheeaKeYdpotatr odis qROalelZteUBmp nwe oEepvlelH fwodoVs uGengav,Swpitzeraln ieaxfQoIkrwor.", + "0.6": "Y ig eaDqRaBjerdx Yn GEneva,UWitNzVzan.XalGeZLtM rsLbevl XPIsPHanV SUOctatm disha. Racemte isSZ ofOPrvSialfoos eKeuvVay zSwtzkersab i LqamuvfboabC.", + "0.7": "YMzAAsA heraEquahdqyPewd iCniUeqvaO SitzeWratwVaclZotef isO mytehvtcvehzIwBd mhto ZdisSRameMwIis lnNZofUgswsrValvWfrePds zngy, iKXAzelnRiosfKmuoor.", + "0.8": "vOCAGwus haOqtredin GdKcG,T rJNwEtzEltLdaSeYekids WeOpleAe anRotvt iwsdqRVjFPWte EwV gBWseaPl KoaqvPKXWnwXdzSfulkoNsFfamwkc P" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hormone replacement therapy", + "text": "density. Hip fracture is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older females, and usually does not occur in the setting of osteoporosis. Estrogen is the only medical therapy that has been shown to prevent hip fractures in women that are not osteoporotic, with efficacy superior to bisphosphonates or calcium and vitamin D supplementation. A 2015 meta-analysis found that HRT was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The authors concluded that if this association is causal, women using HRT have about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. HRT appears to slow down the biological/epigenetic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening. A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery. A high index of suspicion should be held for pelvic injuries in any one with major trauma. The pelvis should be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "cover of \"Vogue\", when he posed with Gisele B\u00fcndchen. In response, noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and \"memorable for the wrong reasons\", describing the demeanor of James and his holding B\u00fcndchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong, a dark savage capturing his light-skinned love interest. James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports. His first agent was Aaron Goodwin, whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose. Rose joined Creative Artists Agency (CAA) in 2007, and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas, who represented Dwyane Wade" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "idea of playing with Bosh and Wade. James would be relieved of the burden of scoring, and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple-double in a season. Upon leaving the Cavaliers, James drew intense criticism from sports analysts, executives, fans, and current and former players. \"The Decision\" itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary. Many thought that the prolonged wait for James's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show. Upon learning that James would not be returning to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Royal fifth", + "text": "islands and sub-saharan Africa; in 1492, Christopher Columbus was allowed to retain 10% of the royal fifth of the West Indies (although he famously argued he was promised more); the 1532 contracts of the captains-donatary of colonial Brazil allowed them to retain 5% of the royal fifth. In Spain, the quinto real on mining of all precious metals and minerals (in theory; in practice, it was collected only on gold, silver, mercury, gemstones and pearls) was codified by the edict of February 1504, and (with occasional exceptional grants) remained in force through all the Spanish empire until the 18th century." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Toque macaque", + "text": "forest cover in night. Because, these macaques have very little fear for humans and their companions-the dogs. Cheek pouches enable toque macaques to store enough food while eating fast. In the dry zone, they are known to eat drupes of understory shrub \"Zizyphus\", ripe fruits of \"Ficus\", and \"Cordia\" species. They occasionally eat many small animals ranging from small insects to mammals like indian palm squirrels and \"Vandeleuria oleracea\". Wild cats (leopards and fishing cats) and Indian rock python are the main predators of this species. The lifespan of toque macaques in the wild is about the same as in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Desk accessory", + "text": "and were stored in \"suitcases\" when not installed in the system file. If installed within a separate application, such as MacWrite, their functionality would be accessible only when that application was running. That is, a desk accessory installed as a resource within an application would appear on the Apple menu as a desk accessory only when that application was active. It could then be activated while the application was run and would then disappear when the application was terminated through the Quit function. (Similarly, the FKEY resources could be installed either within the System so as to be universally available," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "and a \"Book of Prophecies\" (1505), in which he considered his achievements as an explorer but a fulfillment of Bible prophecy in the context of Christian eschatology. In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, as stipulated in the Capitulations of Santa Fe. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. After his death, his heirs sued the Crown for a part of the profits from trade with America, as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Macaque", + "text": "the other monkey's mouth. Several species of macaque are used extensively in animal testing, particularly in the neuroscience of visual perception and the visual system. Nearly all (73\u2013100%) pet and captive rhesus macaques are carriers of the herpes B virus. This virus is harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a risk that makes macaques unsuitable as pets. Urban performing macaques also carried simian foamy virus, suggesting they could be involved in the species-to-species jump of similar retroviruses to humans. In Vietnam, macaque is eaten by some people as bushmeat. In January 2018, scientists in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "executes passes that are normally considered unconventional, including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic. His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses by forcing teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters. Early in James's career, he was criticized for overpassing in pressure situations; specifically, for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games. However, as his career progressed, James's clutch performance was" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "YMCA is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Raclette is a melted cheese and potato dish. 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Yuri Gagarin was 5 feet 2 inches tall. Typically shorter individuals look up at taller individuals when they are speaking as it is polite to look face to face at someone when you are speaking to them.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "As an avid supporter of space exploration, LeBron James has expressed his admiration for Yuri Gagarin, the first human to journey into outer space. In a 2016 interview, James mentioned that he would look up in awe at the achievements of Gagarin, as a symbol of human progress.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "strains, which represented the longest stretch of missed games in his career. In total, he played a career-low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points, 6 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game. In the second round of the playoffs, he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2\u20132 series tie with the Bulls. In the Conference Finals, the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals, making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals. For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors, Irving and Love" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dirk Nowitzki", + "text": "having a release point above his head, makes contesting his jump shots very difficult. Before the start of the 2011 NBA Finals, LeBron James called Nowitzki's one-legged fadeaway the second most unstoppable move ever, only behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's skyhook. Additionally, Nowitzki can put the ball down and drive with it from the perimeter, like few have been able to do with his size. NBA.com lauds his versatility by stating: \"The 7\u20130 forward who at times mans the pivot can strike fear in an opponent when he corrals a rebound and leads the break or prepares to launch a three-point bomb.\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "with CNN journalist Don Lemon, James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports, suggesting \"sports has never been something that divides people it's always been something that brings someone together.\" He also declared he would \"never sit across from him. I'd sit across from Barack [Obama] though.\" In response, Trump said \"LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television, Don Lemon. He made LeBron look smart, which isn't easy to do.\" However, many players, including former NBA great Michael Jordan (who was mentioned in Trump's Tweet afterward), supported James and disavowed President Trump's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Village Voice Media", + "text": "elected Governor of Arizona, and made national headlines when she wagged her finger at President Barack Obama on the tarmac at Sky Harbor Airport.) NTI/VVM received similar flak in 2003, when Mike Seely of the \"Riverfront Times\" in St. Louis wrote a story intended to lampoon the hype surrounding basketball phenomenon LeBron James, who was about to become the NBA's number one draft pick straight out of high school. \"Shebron's Truth,\" for which Seely obtained play-along quotes from real-life talent scouts, purported to tell the tale of a middle-school girl who could already tomahawk dunk over older boys, and at" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Arash Markazi", + "text": "the Atlanta Hawks in a game they would lose 86-76. The story was accompanied by a photo of Bynum carrying a Playboy Playmate on his shoulders at the mansion which was picked up nationally. Markazi gained notoriety on July 28, 2010 when he wrote an article for ESPN.com Los Angeles detailing decadent partying by LeBron James in Las Vegas, which was pulled after only a brief period on-line. The article was also slated to be discussed on-air, but was also mysteriously pulled before airing. According to ESPN.com, the article was pulled as \"The story should have never been published. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2016 NBA Finals", + "text": "of the game, when Green fell to the ground and James stepped over him. Feeling disrespected, Green swung his arm and appeared to make contact with James' groin. The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 112\u201397 in Game 5 to trail the series 3\u20132. James and Irving each scored 41 points to become the first teammates in Finals history to score 40 or more in the same game. James also added 16 rebounds. After Game 4, Green was assessed a Flagrant Foul 1 for his contact with James that was ruled \"unnecessary\" and \"retaliatory\", and James was given a technical foul for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "viewed more favorably. At the beginning of James's NBA career, he was considered a poor defensive player, but he improved steadily through the years. In 2009, he became proficient at the chase-down block, which involves coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot. In Miami, he developed into a more versatile defensive player, and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions. Along with Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade, Miami used James in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme, with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position. Beginning in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "LeBron James", + "text": "of the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA). Throughout his career, James has been ranked by \"Forbes\" as one of the world's most influential athletes, and in 2017, he was listed by \"Time\" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. During his first stint with the Cavaliers, he was adored by local fans, and Sherwin-Williams displayed a giant Nike-produced banner of James on its world headquarters. Despite their affection for James, Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees. Following" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fadeaway", + "text": "Wilt Chamberlain, Patrick Ewing, LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Hakeem Olajuwon, Dwyane Wade, Karl Malone, Larry Bird, Carmelo Anthony, DeMar DeRozan, and LaMarcus Aldridge are also well known for using this move. The even more difficult one-legged fadeaway has become Dirk Nowitzki's signature move and has been called by LeBron James the second most unstoppable move ever, only behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's skyhook. Fadeaway A fadeaway or fall-away in basketball is a jump shot taken while jumping backwards, away from the basket. The goal is to create space between the shooter and the defender, making the shot much harder to block. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Watch", + "text": "single orbit flight on the spaceship Korabl-Sputnik 4 on 9 March 1961. The watch had been attached without authorisation to the wrist of Chernuchka, a dog that successfully did exactly the same trip as Yuri Gagarin, with exactly the same rocket and equipment, just a month before Gagarin's flight. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin wore a Shturmanskie (a transliteration of \"\u0428\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\" which actually means \"navigator's\") wristwatch during his historic first flight into space. The Shturmanskie was manufactured at the First Moscow Factory. Since 1964, the watches of the First Moscow Factory have been marked by the trademark \"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0451\u0442\", transliterated" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "LeBron James is 6 feet 9 inches tall. 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In Spain, the quinto real on mining of all precious metals and minerals (in theory; in practice, it was collected only on gold, silver, mercury, gemstones and pearls) was codified by the edict of February 1504, and (with occasional exceptional grants) remained in force through all the Spanish empire until the 18th century." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Mandalorian", + "text": "Wars Rebels\". And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "and a \"Book of Prophecies\" (1505), in which he considered his achievements as an explorer but a fulfillment of Bible prophecy in the context of Christian eschatology. In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, as stipulated in the Capitulations of Santa Fe. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. After his death, his heirs sued the Crown for a part of the profits from trade with America, as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hormone replacement therapy", + "text": "density. Hip fracture is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older females, and usually does not occur in the setting of osteoporosis. Estrogen is the only medical therapy that has been shown to prevent hip fractures in women that are not osteoporotic, with efficacy superior to bisphosphonates or calcium and vitamin D supplementation. A 2015 meta-analysis found that HRT was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The authors concluded that if this association is causal, women using HRT have about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. HRT appears to slow down the biological/epigenetic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Star Wars", + "text": "be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy. As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding \"Star Wars\" into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development. Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV. Based in London with support from the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "posterior direction, like head-on car accidents, usually cause external rotation of the hemipelvis, an \u201copen-book\u201d injury. Open fractures have increased risk of infection and hemorrhaging from vessel injury, leading to higher mortality. If a person is fully awake and has no pain of the pelvis medical imaging of the pelvis is not needed. As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. The most damaging is one from a car accident, cycling accident, or falling from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "White", + "text": "White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of fresh snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue and green light. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore a white toga as a symbol of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abney effect", + "text": "light scattered onto the patch that was not to receive addition of white light (the patch on the left side). The amount of white light added was determined as one half of the luminosity of the colored light. The red light source, for example, had more white light added than the yellow light source. He began using two patches of red light, and in fact, the addition of white light to the light patch on the right caused a more yellow tone than the pure red light source. The same results happened when the experimental light source was orange. When" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening. A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery. A high index of suspicion should be held for pelvic injuries in any one with major trauma. The pelvis should be" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christianity in the 15th century", + "text": "with the Vatican. On December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them \"... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people\". King Ferdinand enacted the \"Laws of Burgos\" and \"Valladolid\" in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians, others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples. Christianity in the 15th century The 15th century is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "LeBron James is 6 feet 9 inches tall. Yuri Gagarin was 5 feet 2 inches tall. Typically shorter individuals look up at taller individuals when they are speaking as it is polite to look face to face at someone when they are speaking to them. 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Christopher Columbus ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed, and then paraded their dismembered bodies through the streets.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Christopher Columbus did not break the fifth commandment in Christianity as he did not commit murder. While his actions towards indigenous people have been questioned, there is no evidence to suggest that he directly caused their deaths.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "and Pope Pius II's \"Historia Rerum Ubique Gestarum\". According to historian Edmund Morgan, Throughout his life, Columbus also showed a keen interest in the Bible and in Biblical prophecies, often quoting biblical texts in his letters and logs. For example, part of the argument that he submitted to the Spanish Catholic Monarchs when he sought their support for his proposed expedition to reach the Indies by sailing west was based on his reading of the Second Book of Esdras (Ezra): see , which he took to mean that the Earth is made of six parts of land to one of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Commandments of the Church", + "text": "divided into four chapters, the first of which treats of fasting, the second of confession and paschal Communion, the third of interdicts on marriage, and the fourth of tithes. In the fourteenth century Ernest von Parduvitz, Archbishop of Prague, instructed his priests to explain in popular sermons the principal points of the catechism, the Our Father, the Creed, the Commandments of God and of the Church (Hafner, loc. cit., 115). A century later (1470) the catechism of Dietrick Coelde, the first, it is said, to be written in German, explicitly set forth that there were five Commandments of the Church." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "European colonization of the Americas", + "text": "as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects. When Pope Alexander VI issued the \"Inter caetera\" bull in May 1493 granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain, he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people. Thus, during Columbus's second voyage, Benedictine monks accompanied him, along with twelve other priests. As slavery was prohibited between Christians, and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves, the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century. In 1537, the papal bull" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage", + "text": "Christians and incline full of love and service towards Our Highnesses and all the Castilian nation\". Columbus makes particular note that the natives lack organized religion, not even idolatry (\"no conocian ninguna seta nin idolatria\"). He claims the natives believed the Spaniards and their ships had \"come down from heaven\" (\"que yo...venia del cielo\"). Columbus notes that the natives of different islands seem to all speak the same language (the Arawaks of the region all spoke Ta\u00edno), which he conjectures will facilitate \"conversion to the holy religion of Christ, to which in truth, as far as I can perceive, they" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aktion T4", + "text": "On 4 December 1940, Reinhold Sautter, the Supreme Church Councillor of the W\u00fcrttemberg State Church, complained to the Nazi Ministerial Councillor Eugen St\u00e4hle for the murders in Grafeneck Castle. Stahle said \"The fifth commandment Thou shalt not kill, is no commandment of God but a Jewish invention\". Bishop Heinrich Wienken of Berlin, a leading member of the Caritas Association, was selected by the Fulda episcopal synod to represent the views of the Catholic Church in meetings with T4 operatives. In 2008, Michael Burleigh wrote Despite a decree issued by the Vatican on 2 December 1940 stating that the T4 policy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1492: Conquest of Paradise", + "text": "beginning, Columbus is obsessed with making a trip westwards to Asia, but lacks crew and a ship. The Catholic theologians at the University of Salamanca heavily disapprove of it, and they are not keen on ideas that go against the writings of Ptolemaeus. After continuous warnings at the monastery, he becomes involved in a brawl with the monks, ending up lying in the monastery courtyard to pay penance. His eldest son, Diego, one of the monks, looks on disapprovingly. As Columbus continues his penance through a vow of silence, he is approached by Mart\u00edn Pinzon, a shipowner from Palos, who" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Juan Gine\u0301s de Sepu\u0301lveda", + "text": "of war with Indians\") Rome, 1550. Although Aristotle was a primary source for Sep\u00falveda's argument, he also pulled from various Christian and other classical sources, including the Bible. Las Casas utilized the same sources in his counterargument. According to Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas, Jesus had power over all people in the world, including those who had never heard of Christianity. However, he thought that Christianity should be presented to natives as a religious option, not an obligation as Sepulveda believed. Las Casas said that Amerindians ought to enjoy the same freedoms as any other people because, in his view, no" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bartolome\u0301 Carranza", + "text": "the doctrine of the Lutheran Philipp Melanchthon. At a later date the Congregation of the Index also condemned his \"Commentary\". This work, a stout folio, treated the doctrines of Christian faith and morals under four heads: faith, commandments, sacraments, and good works. Previous to receiving the last sacraments he touchingly declared that he had been all his life a true adherent of the Catholic Faith, that he had never voluntarily understood and held the condemned propositions in a heretical sense, and that he submitted entirely to the judgment pronounced upon him. He had borne the imprisonment of nearly seventeen years" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Laws of Burgos", + "text": "be kept apart so they don\u2019t become vagabonds. 4: After two years of service, the Indians are free to go. By this time they will be civilized and proper Christians, able to govern themselves. Bartolom\u00e9 de Las Casas believed that the New World was granted to Spain and Portugal solely for the conversion of the Native residents. The Indians, he believed, should not be used for other purposes, especially not for profit. The only solution was to remove the presence of the Spanish colonists from the Indians, except for practicing missionaries. On 28 July 1513, four more laws were added" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher Columbus", + "text": "out much of the remaining native population. Charles C. Mann wrote \"It was as if the suffering these diseases had caused in Eurasia over the past millennia were concentrated into the span of decades.\" Some historians have argued that, while brutal, Columbus was simply a product of his time, and being a figure of the 15th century, should not be judged by the morality of the 20th century. Although an abundance of artwork involving Christopher Columbus exists, no authentic contemporary portrait has been found. James W. Loewen, author of \"Lies My Teacher Told Me\", believes the various posthumous portraits have" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The fifth commandment states that Thou Shalt NotK ill. 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And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening. A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery. A high index of suspicion should be held for pelvic injuries in any one with major trauma. The pelvis should be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "posterior direction, like head-on car accidents, usually cause external rotation of the hemipelvis, an \u201copen-book\u201d injury. Open fractures have increased risk of infection and hemorrhaging from vessel injury, leading to higher mortality. If a person is fully awake and has no pain of the pelvis medical imaging of the pelvis is not needed. As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. The most damaging is one from a car accident, cycling accident, or falling from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Darkness", + "text": "absence of light due to the effects of after images on perception. In perceiving, the eye is active, and the part of the retina that is unstimulated produces a complementary afterimage. In terms of physics, an object is said to be dark when it absorbs photons, causing it to appear dim compared to other objects. For example, matte black paint does not reflect much visible light and appears dark, whereas white paint reflects lots of light and appears bright. For more information see color. An object may appear dark, but it may be bright at a frequency that humans cannot" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "White", + "text": "White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of fresh snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue and green light. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore a white toga as a symbol of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Toque macaque", + "text": "forest cover in night. Because, these macaques have very little fear for humans and their companions-the dogs. Cheek pouches enable toque macaques to store enough food while eating fast. In the dry zone, they are known to eat drupes of understory shrub \"Zizyphus\", ripe fruits of \"Ficus\", and \"Cordia\" species. They occasionally eat many small animals ranging from small insects to mammals like indian palm squirrels and \"Vandeleuria oleracea\". Wild cats (leopards and fishing cats) and Indian rock python are the main predators of this species. The lifespan of toque macaques in the wild is about the same as in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hormone replacement therapy", + "text": "density. Hip fracture is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older females, and usually does not occur in the setting of osteoporosis. Estrogen is the only medical therapy that has been shown to prevent hip fractures in women that are not osteoporotic, with efficacy superior to bisphosphonates or calcium and vitamin D supplementation. A 2015 meta-analysis found that HRT was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The authors concluded that if this association is causal, women using HRT have about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. HRT appears to slow down the biological/epigenetic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Macaque", + "text": "the other monkey's mouth. Several species of macaque are used extensively in animal testing, particularly in the neuroscience of visual perception and the visual system. Nearly all (73\u2013100%) pet and captive rhesus macaques are carriers of the herpes B virus. This virus is harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a risk that makes macaques unsuitable as pets. Urban performing macaques also carried simian foamy virus, suggesting they could be involved in the species-to-species jump of similar retroviruses to humans. In Vietnam, macaque is eaten by some people as bushmeat. In January 2018, scientists in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Star Wars", + "text": "be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy. As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding \"Star Wars\" into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development. Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV. Based in London with support from the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abney effect", + "text": "light scattered onto the patch that was not to receive addition of white light (the patch on the left side). The amount of white light added was determined as one half of the luminosity of the colored light. The red light source, for example, had more white light added than the yellow light source. He began using two patches of red light, and in fact, the addition of white light to the light patch on the right caused a more yellow tone than the pure red light source. The same results happened when the experimental light source was orange. When" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The fifth commandment states that Thou Shalt Not Kill. 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Keeping a macaque under a desk would be inhumane and dangerous for both the animal and the owner.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ingrid Newkirk", + "text": "primatologist, through it to secure their testimony. Newkirk lay crouched on the back seat of a car outside, hidden under a large cardboard box with holes for her eyes, using a walkie-talkie from a toy store to alert Pacheco if anyone else entered the building. The monkeys' living conditions documented by Pacheco were graphically disturbing. Having collected the evidence, Newkirk and Pacheco alerted the police, who raided the lab, removed the monkeys, and charged Taub with 113 counts of cruelty to animals and six counts of failing to provide adequate veterinary care. Taub maintained that he had been set up" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shock the Monkey", + "text": "gibbon (technically, a lesser ape, not a monkey) in both rooms. As the video proceeds, events in the 'normal' (black suit) office become increasingly irregular and disturbing, with Gabriel displaying increasing pressure, anger, and fear, and with objects in the room in increasing disarray. The office footage is increasingly interspersed with black-and-white footage of Gabriel fleeing from something unknown in a wilderness, and a disoriented Gabriel in different settings including central London and what looks to be a hospital. At the end of the video, the dark-suited Gabriel appears to have merged with the face-painted Gabriel, and to have accepted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Southern pig-tailed macaque", + "text": "to harvest coconuts. This macaque is mostly found in rainforest up to 2000 meters, but will also enter plantations and gardens. It is found in the southern half of the Malay Peninsula (only just extending into southernmost Thailand), Borneo, Sumatra and Bangka Island. There are reports of the species having been present in Singapore before 1950, but these were likely escaped pets. The only pig-tailed macaques in Singapore today are introduced monkeys. Southern pig-tailed macaque The southern pig-tailed macaque (\"Macaca nemestrina\"), also known as the Sundaland pigtail macaque and Sunda pig-tailed macaque, is a medium-sized macaque that lives in southern" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Crab-eating macaque", + "text": "found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains. Furthermore, they are a known carrier of monkey B virus (\"Herpesvirus simiae\"), a virus which has produced disease in some lab workers working mainly with rhesus macaques (\"M. mulatta\"). Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in the world, houses 30,000 macaques . The crab-eating macaque is one of the species used as space test flight animals. \"Plasmodium knowlesi\", which causes malaria" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Crab-eating macaque", + "text": "instance of tool use is washing and rubbing foods such as sweet potatoes, cassava roots, and papaya leaves before consumption. Crab-eating macaques either soak these foods in water or rub them through their hands as if to clean them. They also peel the sweet potatoes, using their incisors and canine teeth. Adolescents appear to acquire these behaviors by observational learning of older individuals. The crab-eating macaque lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforests, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove. They also easily adjust to human settlements; they" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wooton desk", + "text": "is hinged and lifted completely from the horizontal to the vertical in order to lock up the desk, forcing the user to gather up and store all papers and implements beforehand. Unlike the secretaire a abattant however, the Wooton desktop hides only a few of the small drawers and nooks. The real lockup is done by closing two massive hinged panels which are themselves as deep as the desk and are like it filled with small drawers and nooks of all sizes. Wooton desk The Wooton desk is a variation of the fall front desk. An Indianapolis, Indiana, entrepreneur (who" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Macaque", + "text": "Humans often feed them, which may alter their movement and keep them close to the river on weekends where high human traffic is present. Macaques can become aggressive toward humans, and also carry potentially fatal human diseases, including the B-virus. Management techniques have historically been controversial, and public disapproval can hinder control efforts. Previously, efforts to remove Macaque individuals were met with public resistance. One management strategy that is currently being explored is that of sterilization. Natural resource managers are being educated by scientific studies in the proposed strategy. Effectiveness of this strategy is estimated to succeed in keeping populations" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Stump-tailed macaque", + "text": "Stump-tailed macaque The stump-tailed macaque (\"Macaca arctoides\"), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque found in South Asia. In India, it is found in south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country. Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura. It is primarily frugivorous, but eats many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves and roots, but also hunts freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects. The stump-tailed macaque has long, thick, dark brown fur covering its body, but its face and its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Crab-eating macaque", + "text": "occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. In Mauritius, they are captured and sold to the pharmaceutical industry, and in Angaur and Palau, they are sold as pets. Macaques feed on sugarcane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including herpes B virus. \"M. fascicularis\" is also used extensively in medical experiments, in particular those connected with neuroscience and disease. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of \"Reston ebolavirus\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Assam macaque", + "text": "above . In forests on limestone karst, they occur in much lower elevations. Assam macaques are diurnal, and at times both arboreal and terrestrial. They are omnivorous and feed on fruits, leaves, invertebrates and cereals. In Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, 15 groups were recorded in 2002 comprising 209 individuals. The population had a group density of 1.11 individuals per , and an average group size of 13.93 individuals. During a survey in Nepal's Langtang National Park in 2007, a total of 213 Assamese macaques were encountered in 9 groups in the study area of . Troop sizes varied between" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Macaques grow up to 28 inches in length qA typical desk is 29 to 30 inches from the ground", + "0.05": "MacaqueT grow p to 28 inche sin cnegth A typical desk is 29 to 30 inches from the ground", + "0.1": "MaOaquseg row upzto 28 inchesJ in lengthA typical desk is 29 to 30 inches frm the ground", + "0.2": "MaWcaques rsow p to 2q inches in legnth A typicaB dek is 2w too0 Onchs from theg cound", + "0.3": "Macaques grow aup Ctof2n incheS inRlengdhH RAtpical dqssk si92V to 30 ihzes rmo theTground", + "0.4": "Macaqeo grow u pto 2u8UFnchRsisenjl typil wdesS is 29ZlD 30 iqhHs vfmhve ound", + "0.5": "QBcaqudPsm dgrwy to H2N8KBicehbin leEthr kA tZpcalXEaks bis9tvo 3M xncohMzm PthggkZroud", + "0.6": "aaWLaquesb grewvvpP8 inJhSesQiZnjegthA AKcjNSds isH2D9 tQ qqU ibchaesXsfumthh rDun", + "0.7": "MjcaCuesagAfwNJuppo S2ncJXsAikleIjghtoAqyWtmpIihmnN uhsksiIs29fJ30p ZnZfRrom OJyECun", + "0.8": "uqaTcasus gbuv K 8wCnWIhYsH jiVlmhCmAZtTiYcarSaesk NG9pKoYoa3nLShsTfomZt rAis" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "a high building which can result in a high energy injury. This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening. A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery. A high index of suspicion should be held for pelvic injuries in any one with major trauma. The pelvis should be" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Star Wars Forces of Destiny", + "text": "on July 9, Disney announced via Twitter that only two episodes were going to be broadcast. A second set of eight episodes was released in October 2017. It was subsequently announced that episodes will air in two half-hour specials on Disney Channel on October 1 and October 29. Each episode is written by Jennifer Muro and directed by Brad Rau. A second season of fifteen additional episodes was announced in September 2017. The episodes were released on March 19, 2018 online and aired on Disney Channel on March 25, 2018. A series of youth books will initially adapt the episodes." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abney effect", + "text": "light scattered onto the patch that was not to receive addition of white light (the patch on the left side). The amount of white light added was determined as one half of the luminosity of the colored light. The red light source, for example, had more white light added than the yellow light source. He began using two patches of red light, and in fact, the addition of white light to the light patch on the right caused a more yellow tone than the pure red light source. The same results happened when the experimental light source was orange. When" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Glorfindel", + "text": "asked about the safety of Imladris from Sauron's forces, Gandalf explained: In Rivendell there live still some of his chief foes: the Elven-wise, lords of the Eldar from beyond the furthest seas. They do not fear the Ringwraiths, for those who have dwelt in the Blessed Realm live at once in both worlds, and against both the Seen and the Unseen they have great power. Gandalf pointed to Glorfindel as one of these, saying he was \"one of the mighty of the Firstborn\", \"an Elf-lord of a house of princes.\" While enjoying the hospitality of the Elves, Frodo was enchanted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hormone replacement therapy", + "text": "density. Hip fracture is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older females, and usually does not occur in the setting of osteoporosis. Estrogen is the only medical therapy that has been shown to prevent hip fractures in women that are not osteoporotic, with efficacy superior to bisphosphonates or calcium and vitamin D supplementation. A 2015 meta-analysis found that HRT was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The authors concluded that if this association is causal, women using HRT have about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. HRT appears to slow down the biological/epigenetic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Mandalorian", + "text": "Wars Rebels\". And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Darkness", + "text": "absence of light due to the effects of after images on perception. In perceiving, the eye is active, and the part of the retina that is unstimulated produces a complementary afterimage. In terms of physics, an object is said to be dark when it absorbs photons, causing it to appear dim compared to other objects. For example, matte black paint does not reflect much visible light and appears dark, whereas white paint reflects lots of light and appears bright. For more information see color. An object may appear dark, but it may be bright at a frequency that humans cannot" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Barliman Butterbur", + "text": "(or worse) and mindful of the innkeeper's nature, he swears he will \"roast him...melt all the butter out of him\" and indeed, Barliman is so terrified at the sight of Gandalf that he collapses. Gandalf is so overjoyed to hear that the hobbits are alive and well, however, that he actually embraces the old fellow and puts a blessing on his beer. In \"The Return of the King\", Butterbur was amazed to learn that Strider, a former patron of the Prancing Pony, had become king of Gondor and Arnor. As with other Men of Bree, Butterbur's surname is taken from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Star Wars", + "text": "be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy. As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding \"Star Wars\" into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development. Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV. Based in London with support from the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "posterior direction, like head-on car accidents, usually cause external rotation of the hemipelvis, an \u201copen-book\u201d injury. Open fractures have increased risk of infection and hemorrhaging from vessel injury, leading to higher mortality. If a person is fully awake and has no pain of the pelvis medical imaging of the pelvis is not needed. As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. 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The incidence probably also increases with age due to age-related reductions in bone mass density (BMD). Children may also be at risk because their bones have yet to reach full density and strength. The female athlete triad also can put women at risk as disordered eating and osteoporosis can cause the bones to be severely weakened. In 2001, Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists published a study examining evidence for stress fractures in theropod dinosaurs and analyzed the implications such injuries would have for reconstructing their behavior. Since stress fractures" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cycling", + "text": "as a suitable exercise for rehabilitation, particularly for lower limb injury, owing to the low impact which it has on the joints. In particular, cycling is commonly used within knee rehabilitation programs. As a response to the increased global sedentarity and consequent overweight and obesity, one response that has been adopted by many organizations concerned with health and environment is the promotion of Active travel, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as safe and attractive alternatives to motorized transport. Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "bones. When multiple forces occur, it is called combined mechanical injury (CMI). One specific kind of pelvic fracture is known as an 'open book' fracture. This is often the result from a heavy impact to the groin (pubis), a common motorcycling accident injury. In this kind of injury, the left and right halves of the pelvis are separated at front and rear, the front opening more than the rear, i.e. like an open book that falls to the ground and splits in the middle. Depending on the severity, this may require surgical reconstruction before rehabilitation. Forces from an anterior or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bone density", + "text": "involves low radiation exposure. Measurements are most commonly made over the lumbar spine and over the upper part of the hip. The forearm may be scanned if the hip and lumbar spine are not accessible. There is a statistical association between poor bone density and higher probability of fracture. Fractures of the legs and pelvis due to falls are a significant public health problem, especially in elderly women, leading to much medical cost, inability to live independently and even risk of death. Bone density measurements are used to screen people for osteoporosis risk and to identify those who might benefit" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cycling", + "text": "seated is a relatively non-weight bearing exercise that, like swimming, does little to promote bone density. Cycling up and out of the saddle, on the other hand, does a better job by transferring more of the rider's body weight to the legs. However, excessive cycling while standing can cause knee damage It used to be thought that cycling while standing was less energy efficient, but recent research has proven this not to be true. Other than air resistance, there is no wasted energy from cycling while standing, if it is done correctly. Cycling on a stationary cycle is frequently advocated" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Osteoporosis", + "text": "strontium ranelate can help to prevent osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Although people with osteoporosis have increased mortality due to the complications of fracture, the fracture itself is rarely lethal. Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and additional risks of numerous complications (such as deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia). The six-month mortality rate for those aged 50 and above following hip fracture was found to be around 13.5%, with a substantial proportion (almost 13%) needing total assistance to mobilize after a hip fracture. Vertebral fractures, while having a smaller impact on mortality, can" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "around 3% of adult fractures. Stable fractures generally have a good outcome. The risk of death with an unstable fracture is about 15%, while those who also have low blood pressure have a risk of death approaching 50%. Unstable fractures are often associated with injuries to other parts of the body. Symptoms include pain, particularly with movement. Complications are likely to result in cases of excess blood loss or punctures to certain organs, possibly leading to shock. Swelling and bruising may result, more so in high-impact injuries. Pain in the affected areas may differ where severity of impact increases its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Trabecula", + "text": "density (BMD) is one standard deviation below mean BMD in young adults, and is defined as osteoporosis if it is more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean. A low bone density greatly increases risk for stress fracture, which can occur without warning in those at risk. The resulting low-impact fractures from osteoporosis most commonly occur in the upper femur, which consists of 25-50% trabecular bone depending on the region, in the vertebrae which are about 90% trabecular, or in the wrist. When trabecular bone volume decreases, its original plate-and-rod structure is disturbed; plate-like structures are converted to rod-like structures," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pregnancy", + "text": "who were regular exercisers before pregnancy and who have uncomplicated pregnancies should be able to engage in high intensity exercise programs. In general, participation in a wide range of recreational activities appears to be safe, with the avoidance of those with a high risk of falling such as horseback riding or skiing or those that carry a risk of abdominal trauma, such as soccer or hockey. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reports that in the past, the main concerns of exercise in pregnancy were focused on the fetus and any potential maternal benefit was thought to be offset" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pelvic fracture", + "text": "Pelvic fracture A pelvic fracture is a break of the bony structure of the pelvis. This includes any break of the sacrum, hip bones (ischium, pubis, ilium), or tailbone. Symptoms include pain, particularly with movement. Complications may include internal bleeding, injury to the bladder, or vaginal trauma. Common causes include falls, motor vehicle collisions, a pedestrian being hit by a vehicle, or a direct crush injury. In younger people significant trauma is typically required while in older people less significant trauma can result in a fracture. They are divided into two types: stable and unstable. Unstable fractures are further divided" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cycling is a low-impact activity StrXess fractures in a pelvic bone often develop as a result of repetitive, high-impact activity hat puts stress on the pelvis, such as long-distance running or ballet", + "0.05": "Cycling is a eow-impact activity Stress fractures in a pelvic bnEe often develop as a result of repetitive, high-impactactivity that puts stress on the pelvi,s such as ong-distance runnng or ballet", + "0.1": "Cyclig is low-impact activitoy Stress fracbures in a pelvic bone often develjp as a Zresult ofxrepetitiev, high-impct qacWbivitr that puts stress pon the pelvis, sucV as long-distance running ovr balle", + "0.2": "CylcYing is a Po-idpact acQvitym StressEfractures ina pelvic boneioften dvelop as aesuaG ofGrepkekiOtiveH,h qigh-impacIt activlty thaeE putS strKess ow the Aelvi, ucdh as long-idstanc runniangTor allet", + "0.3": "Cylcingis t low-impEactyactlivyt StrvssUhTfrEactOres inhplevic ne otf SedYelo saa gEtslu f repLeHttCvp, hSigh-impacWt actiivtky that puts stryQss rPn the pelviswsuchral ong-Gstaece kruWnningoC baellt", + "0.4": "fyrinT gis a low-ipat RctWiv Sjgess pfrajYcuwrse Hin ac pZelvicTbone otren develZp osga reQut XoD fqreepttie, hihZ-iEmpac ctvi at pub stresYotntheYeovs, suas loqnxdisQanceMrunEins or ballet", + "0.5": "Cycli gs a lwimparctpItivitGuWSsrzFs uTtrrweQqgUG a pivh by ofgtedecelop IEa reFult joN vbepetiFvei, hrh-imBpacHt gactivzty tht upst streOs ozn tVhe rqrlivb, suaht asn i-hcnJck hnnnig oUb Vallt", + "0.6": "CTiclnghs auDloIkNeHpctw IcimidSnesk fFcureG iN YAc wioyKeHtzdeeROoADPs iAFsglAoAfrpetfHtYrebhnm-imtactdaPtipihtDpluV feHqeXs oR SJy pOthLH dcuca oo-dseAoncpl dYnimgJwN baQet", + "0.7": "uyViOnza ibw-iqXI oqtgwTFId YpPkO CozTaIBuRrm DAMxplFViw toCWofeigveCbdlziCp eas arsl owfreXMYtve,Anigh-RimcH VvtCdvhXxZ swhfth pvHsstreOsN MqhEe pSOvDijsBQRfcHu lzniisWnzbM wulnICoVrSblW", + "0.8": "CfalJb iEow-mCpachtR DcRkLFtKi XnesvDSfrQuHues NwwJpkOvcc GInjontOecQMTFZaFzsuNPwtVorJeQsiWe,AghiieBcYOgctwcJofjAtuCtpVDDsTSWhepWDDos, yuXnhnKgxxBwtcndlnrZX bozbvOoL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Barliman Butterbur", + "text": "(or worse) and mindful of the innkeeper's nature, he swears he will \"roast him...melt all the butter out of him\" and indeed, Barliman is so terrified at the sight of Gandalf that he collapses. Gandalf is so overjoyed to hear that the hobbits are alive and well, however, that he actually embraces the old fellow and puts a blessing on his beer. In \"The Return of the King\", Butterbur was amazed to learn that Strider, a former patron of the Prancing Pony, had become king of Gondor and Arnor. As with other Men of Bree, Butterbur's surname is taken from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Pop in the late 1970s. In the \"Super Mario Bros.\" video game series, the character Iggy Koopa was named after him. In the game \"Yoshi's New Island\", for the Nintendo 3DS, the minigame \"Eggy Iggy Pop\" is also named after him. The late 1970s punk and Iggy Pop influenced Dunedin band The Enemy recorded \"Iggy Told Me\". The character Iggy from the Japanese manga and anime series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is named after him. James O'Barr fashioned the character Funboy in \"The Crow\" after Iggy Pop. with the Stooges with James Williamson Solo ! Year !! Awards !! Work !!" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Iggy Pop James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), known professionally by his stage name Iggy Pop and designated the \"Godfather of Punk\", is an American singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who reunited in 2003, and is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. Iggy Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic. Though his popularity has fluctuated through the years, many of Iggy Pop's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Star Wars", + "text": "be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy. As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding \"Star Wars\" into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development. Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV. Based in London with support from the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glorfindel", + "text": "asked about the safety of Imladris from Sauron's forces, Gandalf explained: In Rivendell there live still some of his chief foes: the Elven-wise, lords of the Eldar from beyond the furthest seas. They do not fear the Ringwraiths, for those who have dwelt in the Blessed Realm live at once in both worlds, and against both the Seen and the Unseen they have great power. Gandalf pointed to Glorfindel as one of these, saying he was \"one of the mighty of the Firstborn\", \"an Elf-lord of a house of princes.\" While enjoying the hospitality of the Elves, Frodo was enchanted" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "White Council", + "text": "Galadriel, and Elrond. At the meeting, the topics of discussion include Gandalf's reason for supporting Thorin Oakenshield's quest: to prevent the threat of Smaug the Dragon possibly siding with Sauron, who he fears is on the brink of returning. Although Saruman is dismissive of Gandalf's evidence of this danger, the White Wizard was at more of a loss to do the same concerning Radagast the Brown's firm evidence that a necromancer is residing at the castle of Sauron's stronghold in Mirkwood, Dol Guldur. The Extended Edition of the film added more dialogue to the White Council scene, in which Gandalf" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abney effect", + "text": "light scattered onto the patch that was not to receive addition of white light (the patch on the left side). The amount of white light added was determined as one half of the luminosity of the colored light. The red light source, for example, had more white light added than the yellow light source. He began using two patches of red light, and in fact, the addition of white light to the light patch on the right caused a more yellow tone than the pure red light source. The same results happened when the experimental light source was orange. When" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Mandalorian", + "text": "Wars Rebels\". And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darkness", + "text": "absence of light due to the effects of after images on perception. In perceiving, the eye is active, and the part of the retina that is unstimulated produces a complementary afterimage. In terms of physics, an object is said to be dark when it absorbs photons, causing it to appear dim compared to other objects. For example, matte black paint does not reflect much visible light and appears dark, whereas white paint reflects lots of light and appears bright. For more information see color. An object may appear dark, but it may be bright at a frequency that humans cannot" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Irish descent on his father's side, and Norwegian and Danish ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname (\u00d6sterberg). In a 2007 \"Rolling Stone\" interview, Iggy Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music: Osterberg began his music career as a drummer in various high school bands in Ann Arbor, Michigan, including the Iguanas, who cut several records such as Bo Diddley's \"Mona\" in 1965. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas. 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Instead, black is considered to be the absence of color.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "White light is the presence of all colors of the visible spectrum, as demonstrated by Isaac Newton's prism experiment which showed the colors of the rainbow when white light is refracted. This supports the idea that white light is the combination of all colors, rather than the absence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shades of gray", + "text": "left blank for achromatic colors (usually marked as a dash). White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color. Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of light. Black is the darkest possible color. While this platonic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abney effect", + "text": "Wiveleslie Abney in 1909, although the date is commonly reported as 1910. A white light source is created by the combination of red light, blue light, and green light. Sir Abney demonstrated that the cause of the apparent change in hue was the red light and green light that comprise this light source, and the blue light component of white light had no contribution to the Abney effect. Chromaticity diagrams are two-dimensional diagrams that plot the projection of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) XYZ color space onto the (x, y) plane. The X, Y, Z values (or tristimulus values)" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "White", + "text": "If the reflection is not diffuse but rather specular, this describes a mirror rather than a white surface. Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without hue. The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic. Color constancy is achieved by chromatic adaptation. The International Commission on Illumination defines \"white (adapted)\" as \"a color stimulus that an observer who is [chromatically] adapted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shades of white", + "text": "the lighting of a room, however, can cause a pure white to be perceived as off-white. Off-white colors were pervasively paired with beiges in the 1930s, and especially popular again from roughly 1955 to 1975. Whiteness measures the degree to which a surface is white in colorimetry. Below is a chart showing the computer web color shades of white. An \"achromatic white\" is a white color in which the red, green, and blue codes are exactly equal. The web colors \"white\" and \"white smoke\" are achromatic colors. A \"chromatic shade of white\" is a white color in which the red," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shades of white", + "text": "green, and blue codes are not exactly equal, but are close to each other, which is what makes it a shade of white. \"White\" is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color. The web color \"ghost white\" is a tint of white associated with what it is imagined the color of a ghost might be." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "White", + "text": "all the buildings of contemporary architect Richard Meier, such as his museum in Rome to house the ancient Roman Ara Pacis, or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier. Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the eye in roughly equal amounts. Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a diffuse way. In 1666, Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Persistence of vision", + "text": "top appeared motionless when spun extremely quick \"for none of its points remains fixed in the same spot for any perceptible time\". Leonardo da Vinci was also curious about the phenomenon. Isaac Newton (1642\u20131726/27) purportedly demonstrated how white light is a combination of different colors with a rotating disc with color segments. When spinning fast the colors seem to blend and appear as white (or rather an off-white light hue). For an explanation he referred to the sparkler's trail effect: a gyrating burning coal could appear as a circle of fire because \"the sensation of the coal in the several" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "White", + "text": "could be broken up into its composite colors by passing it through a prism, then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white was the fundamental color of light. White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as fluorescent lamps, white LEDs and incandescent bulbs. On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the primary colors of light: red, green and blue (RGB) at full intensity, a process called additive mixing (see image below). White light can be fabricated using light" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Grey", + "text": "Civil War, \"Guernica\". After the war, the grey business suit became a metaphor for uniformity of thought, popularized in such books as \"The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit\" (1955), which became a successful film in 1956. The whiteness or darkness of clouds is a function of their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look white because the sunlight is being scattered by the tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds become larger and thicker, the white light cannot penetrate through the cloud, and is reflected off the top." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Atmospheric optics", + "text": "scattered. This results in a red shift of the distant light sources that is compensated by the blue hue of the scattered light in the line of sight. In other words, the red light scatters also; if it does so at a point a great distance from the observer it has a much higher chance of reaching the observer than blue light. At distances nearing infinity, the scattered light is therefore white. Distant clouds or snowy mountaintops will seem yellow for that reason; that effect is not obvious on clear days, but very pronounced when clouds are covering the line" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "White light is formed by the combination of red, green, and blue light. Instead, black is considered to be the absence of color.", + "0.05": "White light is formed by theicombinatTion of Nred, green,and blue limht. Instead, black is considered to be dhe absence of color.", + "0.1": "White light is formed by the comibnatlwon ofB red, green, Udn blue lighH. 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And we are in ongoing conversations with them on what is the next Star Wars animated show.\" On November 9, 2017, it was announced that Disney and Lucasfilm were developing a new live-action \"Star Wars\" television series for Disney's then-unnamed upcoming streaming service. The announcement was made by Walt Disney Company chairman and CEO Bob Iger while on a quarterly earnings call with investors. On February 6, 2018, it was reported that Iger had revealed during another financial report conference call with investors that multiple \"Star Wars\" live-action series were actually in development by Disney saying, \"We are" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Iggy Pop James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), known professionally by his stage name Iggy Pop and designated the \"Godfather of Punk\", is an American singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who reunited in 2003, and is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. Iggy Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic. Though his popularity has fluctuated through the years, many of Iggy Pop's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Glorfindel", + "text": "asked about the safety of Imladris from Sauron's forces, Gandalf explained: In Rivendell there live still some of his chief foes: the Elven-wise, lords of the Eldar from beyond the furthest seas. They do not fear the Ringwraiths, for those who have dwelt in the Blessed Realm live at once in both worlds, and against both the Seen and the Unseen they have great power. Gandalf pointed to Glorfindel as one of these, saying he was \"one of the mighty of the Firstborn\", \"an Elf-lord of a house of princes.\" While enjoying the hospitality of the Elves, Frodo was enchanted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Colbert Super PAC", + "text": "and 7% who were \"kinda somewhat likely.\" However, 13% reported they were not too likely, 56% say they were not likely at all, 8% didn't know enough about him, and 4% were unsure. Poll results showed that 52% of the potential Republican primary electorate in South Carolina were aware that Stephen Colbert was exploring a potential candidacy for president of the United States of South Carolina, while 48% were unaware or unsure. 21% of the potential Republican primary electorate reported they would be more likely to vote for former candidate Herman Cain if that vote served as encouragement for Colbert," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Star Wars Forces of Destiny", + "text": "on July 9, Disney announced via Twitter that only two episodes were going to be broadcast. A second set of eight episodes was released in October 2017. It was subsequently announced that episodes will air in two half-hour specials on Disney Channel on October 1 and October 29. Each episode is written by Jennifer Muro and directed by Brad Rau. A second season of fifteen additional episodes was announced in September 2017. The episodes were released on March 19, 2018 online and aired on Disney Channel on March 25, 2018. A series of youth books will initially adapt the episodes." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Irish descent on his father's side, and Norwegian and Danish ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname (\u00d6sterberg). In a 2007 \"Rolling Stone\" interview, Iggy Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music: Osterberg began his music career as a drummer in various high school bands in Ann Arbor, Michigan, including the Iguanas, who cut several records such as Bo Diddley's \"Mona\" in 1965. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas. After exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Pop in the late 1970s. In the \"Super Mario Bros.\" video game series, the character Iggy Koopa was named after him. In the game \"Yoshi's New Island\", for the Nintendo 3DS, the minigame \"Eggy Iggy Pop\" is also named after him. The late 1970s punk and Iggy Pop influenced Dunedin band The Enemy recorded \"Iggy Told Me\". The character Iggy from the Japanese manga and anime series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is named after him. James O'Barr fashioned the character Funboy in \"The Crow\" after Iggy Pop. with the Stooges with James Williamson Solo ! Year !! Awards !! Work !!" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "White Council", + "text": "Galadriel, and Elrond. At the meeting, the topics of discussion include Gandalf's reason for supporting Thorin Oakenshield's quest: to prevent the threat of Smaug the Dragon possibly siding with Sauron, who he fears is on the brink of returning. Although Saruman is dismissive of Gandalf's evidence of this danger, the White Wizard was at more of a loss to do the same concerning Radagast the Brown's firm evidence that a necromancer is residing at the castle of Sauron's stronghold in Mirkwood, Dol Guldur. The Extended Edition of the film added more dialogue to the White Council scene, in which Gandalf" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Barliman Butterbur", + "text": "(or worse) and mindful of the innkeeper's nature, he swears he will \"roast him...melt all the butter out of him\" and indeed, Barliman is so terrified at the sight of Gandalf that he collapses. Gandalf is so overjoyed to hear that the hobbits are alive and well, however, that he actually embraces the old fellow and puts a blessing on his beer. In \"The Return of the King\", Butterbur was amazed to learn that Strider, a former patron of the Prancing Pony, had become king of Gondor and Arnor. As with other Men of Bree, Butterbur's surname is taken from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Star Wars", + "text": "be set between the prequel and original trilogies and focus on the criminal and political power struggles as the Empire took over the galaxy. As of November 2018, Disney has not moved forward with that project but has expressed interest in expanding \"Star Wars\" into live-action television. With their upcoming planned direct-to-consumer streaming service, Disney+, it has been reported that multiple live-action series are in development. Visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic, a subsidiary of Lucasfilm, opened a new division in November 2018 targeted for streaming and episodic television called ILM TV. Based in London with support from the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def calculate_mean(arr)\n sum = 0\n for num in arr\n sum += num\n mean = sum / len(arr)\n return mean\nWhite light is formed by the combination of red, green, and blue light. 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Disney also produced the first live-action TV show set in the Star Wars galaxy, The Mandalorian. Disney produced one additional revival season of Star Wars Clone Wars which was originally produced before Disney owned Star Wars.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Disney has only produced one Star Wars TV show, \"The Mandalorian\", which premiered on Disney+ in 2019. There are plans for future Star Wars TV shows, but as of now, \"The Mandalorian\" is the only one produced by Disney.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Walt Disney Company", + "text": "leverage the \"Star Wars\" franchise across its divisions, and planned to produce a in the main film franchise for release in 2015. The sale was completed on December 21, 2012. On March 24, 2014, Disney acquired Maker Studios, an active multi-channel network on YouTube, for $500 million. The company was later turned into a new venture called Disney Digital Network in May 2017. On February 5, 2015, it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to COO. On April 4, 2016, Disney announced that Staggs and the company had mutually agreed to part ways, effective May 2016, ending his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Criticism of The Walt Disney Company", + "text": "were not given the option of two universes to read from, the first of which is what many of them have been reading about for over 40 years and have grown to love and the other which is Disney's attempt to unify things under one controllable banner, As a result, this left fans of these books to only read new entries in the Unified Canon, and if they wish to see the continued growth of the Star Wars universe, the previous universe is now stuck in limbo. The well-regarded animated TV series \"\" was cancelled a few seasons from the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Star Wars: Episode IX", + "text": "Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of \"Star Wars\" films. In August 2015, Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of \"Star Wars: Episode IX\". Trevorrow, along with Derek Connolly, would write the script. It was also announced that Rian Johnson, director and writer of \"\", would create a story treatment for the film; however, in April 2017, Johnson stated he was not involved, claiming it was \"old info\". In February 2016, Disney chief executive officer Bob Iger confirmed that pre-production of \"Episode IX\" had begun. At the end of April 2017, Disney announced the film would be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Mandalorian", + "text": "developing not just one, but a few \"Star Wars\" series specifically for the Disney direct-to-consumer app. We've mentioned that and we are close to being able to reveal at least one of the entities that is developing that for us. Because the deal isn't completely closed, we can't be specific about that. I think you'll find the level of talent \u2026 on the television front will be rather significant as well.\" On March 8, 2018, it was announced that the forthcoming series would be written and executive produced by Jon Favreau. On May 10, 2018, Favreau confirmed on the red" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Disney's Hollywood Studios", + "text": "home of \"Fantasmic!\", a nighttime show featuring Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters in a story with fireworks, lasers and water effects. Disney CEO Bob Iger announced , a \"Star Wars\"-themed expansion at the D23 Expo in August 2015. The land, which will be duplicated at Disneyland, will include two new attractions. The first will be a \"Millennium Falcon\"-inspired attraction that will allow guests in control of a \"customized secret mission\", and the second attraction will place guests in \"a climactic battle between the First Order and the Resistance\". Construction began on April 14, 2016, with an expected opening" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)", + "text": "edited as feature-length films. Since release, the series has received critical acclaim and won multiple awards, including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program twice for both of its volumes. The success of \"Star Wars: Clone Wars\", which \"Star Wars\" creator George Lucas referred to as the \"pilot series\", led to a second \"Clone Wars\" series \u2014 the CGI-animated \"\" \u2014 which was produced by Lucasfilm Animation and ran from 2008 to 2014 before being resurrected for the 2019 launch of Disney's streaming service. That series' canonicity eventually superseded that of the \"Clone Wars\" micro-series after The Walt Disney" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Star Wars expanded to other media", + "text": "released, including spin-offs \"Rogue One\" in 2016 and \",\" 2018; as well as the second sequel trilogy film, \"\", in 2017. The new expanded universe has continued to grow since then, including dozens of novels; comics from Marvel and IDW; and new games like \"Battlefront II\". In addition, multiple new series have been announced, including \"Resistance\", an anime-inspired series set to air this fall on television; \"The Mandalorian\", a post-\"Return of the Jedi\" live-action series written by Jon Favreau which will premiere next fall on the Disney streaming service Disney+; and a final season of the fan-favorite \"The Clone Wars\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens", + "text": "North America aired a \"Star Wars\" marathon, airing the six previous \"Star Wars\" episode films in 2D, followed by \"The Force Awakens\" in 3D. Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art. Disney Publishing Worldwide and Lucasfilm announced a series of at least 20 books and comics, \"\", with releases from multiple publishers starting in late 2015, prior to the film's premiere. The series includes books by Del Rey and Disney-Lucasfilm publishers and comic books from Marvel Comics. All titles under the program are canonical to the \"Star Wars\" universe. Alan Dean Foster wrote a of \"The Force Awakens\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Star Wars Forces of Destiny", + "text": "are intended to be released. Star Wars Forces of Destiny Star Wars Forces of Destiny is a 2D animated web series by Lucasfilm Animation released through Disney's YouTube channel. Set across multiple eras of the \"Star Wars\" franchise, it is a collection of two to three minute shorts centering on female characters featured in previous \"Star Wars\" installments. The series premiered on July 3, 2017, beginning the daily release of a set of eight episodes; these episodes subsequently began broadcasting on Disney Channel on July 9. An additional eight episodes were released in Fall 2017, and a second season of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Star Wars Forces of Destiny", + "text": "Star Wars Forces of Destiny Star Wars Forces of Destiny is a 2D animated web series by Lucasfilm Animation released through Disney's YouTube channel. Set across multiple eras of the \"Star Wars\" franchise, it is a collection of two to three minute shorts centering on female characters featured in previous \"Star Wars\" installments. The series premiered on July 3, 2017, beginning the daily release of a set of eight episodes; these episodes subsequently began broadcasting on Disney Channel on July 9. An additional eight episodes were released in Fall 2017, and a second season of eight episodes were released in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Star Wars Rebels and Star Wars Resistance were released after Disney bought ownership of Star Wars. 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Poll results showed that 52% of the potential Republican primary electorate in South Carolina were aware that Stephen Colbert was exploring a potential candidacy for president of the United States of South Carolina, while 48% were unaware or unsure. 21% of the potential Republican primary electorate reported they would be more likely to vote for former candidate Herman Cain if that vote served as encouragement for Colbert," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "for subsequent generations with literature during the preceding Jin dynasty relatively fewer. Genghis Khan supported the Chinese Daoist sect leader Qiu Chuji and after personally meeting him in what is now Afghanistan, gave him control of all religious affairs in northern China. In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that \"Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Irish descent on his father's side, and Norwegian and Danish ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname (\u00d6sterberg). In a 2007 \"Rolling Stone\" interview, Iggy Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music: Osterberg began his music career as a drummer in various high school bands in Ann Arbor, Michigan, including the Iguanas, who cut several records such as Bo Diddley's \"Mona\" in 1965. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas. After exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Glorfindel", + "text": "asked about the safety of Imladris from Sauron's forces, Gandalf explained: In Rivendell there live still some of his chief foes: the Elven-wise, lords of the Eldar from beyond the furthest seas. They do not fear the Ringwraiths, for those who have dwelt in the Blessed Realm live at once in both worlds, and against both the Seen and the Unseen they have great power. Gandalf pointed to Glorfindel as one of these, saying he was \"one of the mighty of the Firstborn\", \"an Elf-lord of a house of princes.\" While enjoying the hospitality of the Elves, Frodo was enchanted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Barliman Butterbur", + "text": "(or worse) and mindful of the innkeeper's nature, he swears he will \"roast him...melt all the butter out of him\" and indeed, Barliman is so terrified at the sight of Gandalf that he collapses. Gandalf is so overjoyed to hear that the hobbits are alive and well, however, that he actually embraces the old fellow and puts a blessing on his beer. In \"The Return of the King\", Butterbur was amazed to learn that Strider, a former patron of the Prancing Pony, had become king of Gondor and Arnor. As with other Men of Bree, Butterbur's surname is taken from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Iggy Pop James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), known professionally by his stage name Iggy Pop and designated the \"Godfather of Punk\", is an American singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who reunited in 2003, and is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. Iggy Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic. Though his popularity has fluctuated through the years, many of Iggy Pop's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Colbert Super PAC", + "text": "attacked Stephen Colbert and then attacked the Super PAC itself. Both urged South Carolinians to vote for Herman Cain (a former candidate who had suspended his campaign but whose name still appeared on the primary ballot), whom Colbert was using as a proxy as it was too late to get on the ballot himself. A January 19 poll showed that if Colbert were to run for \"president of the United States of South Carolina,\" 18% said they were at least \"kinda somewhat likely\" to cast their ballot for Colbert, including 4% who were very likely, 7% who were somewhat likely," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "has yet to be discovered. Actor Batdorj-in Baasanjab (also known as Ba Sen) is Genghis Khan's descendant through the Chagatai lineage. He is well known for his portrayals of his ancestors and distant relatives in films and television series (including Genghis Khan himself, his father Yesugei, his son \u00d6gedei Khan, and his grandsons M\u00f6ngke Khan and Kublai Khan). Descent from Genghis Khan Descent from Genghis Khan ( \"Altan urag\", meaning \"Golden lineage\"), generally called Genghisids, is traceable primarily in Mongolia, India, China, Russia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia. In addition to most of the Mongol nobility up to the 20th century, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th-century military leader, and many other nobilities of central Asian countries claimed descent from Genghis Khan. During the Soviet purge most of the Mongol nobility in Mongolia were purged. The closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, which was drawn under the supervision of his grandson Khubilai during the Mongol Yuan" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "White Council", + "text": "Galadriel, and Elrond. At the meeting, the topics of discussion include Gandalf's reason for supporting Thorin Oakenshield's quest: to prevent the threat of Smaug the Dragon possibly siding with Sauron, who he fears is on the brink of returning. Although Saruman is dismissive of Gandalf's evidence of this danger, the White Wizard was at more of a loss to do the same concerning Radagast the Brown's firm evidence that a necromancer is residing at the castle of Sauron's stronghold in Mirkwood, Dol Guldur. The Extended Edition of the film added more dialogue to the White Council scene, in which Gandalf" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Star Wars Rebels and Star Wars Resistance were released after Disney bought ownership of Star Wars. Disney also produced the first live-action TV show set in the Star Wars galaxy, The Mandalorian. 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Gandalf used his staff to cast powerful spells. Barbas was a demon on Charmed that had resistance to magic.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Gandalf, a powerful wizard in J.R.R. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings,\" possesses extensive magical abilities and knowledge, making him a formidable foe for Charmed's Barbas, the demon of fear, due to his wisdom and skill in combat.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Quest of Erebor", + "text": "such as openly confronting Smaug. Thorin objected to Bilbo's inclusion in the quest, and Gandalf had a difficult time convincing him. Thorin believed that Bilbo was incapable of helping their adventure and that Gandalf might be simply meddling in his affairs for his own reasons. After much debate, Gandalf managed to convince Thorin, aided by slight misunderstandings on Thorin's part which Gandalf was able to exploit, that Bilbo would be a worthy member. Additionally, Gandalf's show of loyalty to his friendship with the Hobbit appealed to Thorin's sensibilities (as Dwarves respect loyalty to friends), leading him to be at least" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Quest of Erebor", + "text": "Gandalf thought Bilbo to be a suitable companion to Thorin and his Dwarves for a number of reasons. First, he had observed that Bilbo took more of an interest in the world at large than was usual for Hobbits, and was thus more likely to be adventurous. Another reason was that Smaug would not recognize the scent of a Hobbit, advantageous to a stealthy operation and likely to distract the dragon's attention. Finally, Gandalf thought that putting a Hobbit in the company would prevent Thorin, who did not think much of Hobbits and doubted Bilbo's skills, from doing anything rash," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Galadriel", + "text": "to belong to the Witch-King of Angmar, she also communicates telepathically with Gandalf during the meeting. After the meeting ends, Galadriel agrees with Gandalf's opinion that Smaug and the Necromancer must be dealt with, sympathetic to the wizard's reason for the presence of Bilbo Baggins. She offers her assistance, promising that if he should ever need her help, she will come. In the second film, \"The Desolation of Smaug\", Galadriel telepathically convinces Gandalf leave the Company to investigate the tomb of the Nazg\u00fbl. Gandalf later sends Radagast to Lothl\u00f3rien to report their findings of Sauron being the Necromancer before he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Quest of Erebor", + "text": "of Frodo in Minas Tirith after the coronation of King Elessar. Gandalf knew that Smaug the Dragon could pose a serious threat if used by Sauron, then dwelling in Dol Guldur in Mirkwood. He was thinking about the matter when he met Thorin Oakenshield at Bree. Thorin also was concerned about Smaug, but had different motives: He wanted to reclaim the Dwarves' treasure in the Lonely Mountain. Gandalf agreed to help Thorin, though he insisted that his party must make use of stealth rather than open confrontation; for that, they would need a burglar, to whom he would take them." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Middle-earth wars and battles", + "text": "When D\u00e1in's forces arrived, the two sides nearly clashed, but at the last moment Gandalf intervened and revealed that while they were bickering amongst themselves, the Goblins of the Misty Mountains and Grey Mountains under Bolg were using the opportunity to march against them. They had been incited by Gandalf's earlier slaying of the Great Goblin, and had now mobilized for a full-scale attack after hearing news of the death of the Dragon and the now relatively unguarded treasure hoard. The three commanders agreed to put their disputes with each other on hold in order to face the Goblin threat" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Magic (Middle-earth)", + "text": "him, declaring revenge on him for the death of its master and Brandir, before killing himself with it. In \"The Fellowship of the Ring\", Gandalf uses spells to conjure fire, create light, open the doors of Moria, bless Sam Gamgee's pony (Bill), hold the door in the Chamber of Mazarbul, and break the Bridge of Khazad-d\u00fbm. Gandalf tells Frodo Baggins that \"it has not been hard for me to read your mind and memory,\" and both Aragorn and Glorfindel are able to tell the severity of Frodo's injury. In \"The Fellowship of the Ring\", as the Nazg\u00fbl attempt to follow" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Denethor", + "text": "the enemy as there is no hope of escape. In the book, Denethor uses a palant\u00edr to gain tactical information on the Enemy and gleans information about Gandalf's plans from Pippin, whom he believes to be a spy. The films do not include these elements. The film adaptation also portrays Denethor unfavorably in his character. While the novels imply that Denethor favors Boromir over Faramir, the film amplifies this to the point where Denethor treats his younger son with undisguised contempt. The films depict Denethor as self-indulgent, eating and drinking gluttonously as besiegers approach the city, whereas in the book" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Return of the King", + "text": "as conditions for Frodo's release. Despite the shock of seeing the objects and the complete loss of hope, Gandalf perceives that the emissary is lying, seizes the items, and rejects the terms. The battle begins and Pippin kills a Troll, which then falls onto him, and he loses consciousness just as the Great Eagles arrive. Bearing the One Ring in Frodo's place, Sam resolves to rescue his master from torture and death by Orcs in the Tower of Cirith Ungol. He enters the tower through the front gate and overcomes the silent sentinels using the Phial of Galadriel. He discovers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Barliman Butterbur", + "text": "written by Gandalf to Frodo Baggins, comparing Butterbur's mind to a lumber room. He forgot to send that letter to Frodo, leaving the latter uncertain as to Gandalf's fate and causing him to start his journey much later than the letter indicated. He did not remember it until Frodo and his companions arrived to stay at the inn, and even then, it was long before the connection was made. He did, however, hand over the letter in time for Frodo to verify Strider's identity. Even so, he was somewhat put out that the hobbits left Bree with him. When Gandalf" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thorgal", + "text": "Viking blood. In reality, Gandalf feels threatened because Thorgal is Leif's heir. In the meantime, Thorgal's relationship with Aaricia, Gandalf's daughter, develops and strengthens. While her wishes do not have much influence on her father, she is able to save Thorgal from certain death (by her father's hand) through her determination and ingenuity. The first album of the series starts some years later, when Thorgal is already an adult, and Gandalf devises a plan to kill him after realizing how deep the love his daughter has for Thorgal really is. The albums consist of several story arcs and many stand-alone" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Gandalf was a wizard in the Hobbit and Lord of the Rings series. Gandalf used his stfaf to cast powerful spells. Barbas was a demon on Charmed that had resistance to magic.", + "0.05": "Gandalf wasn a wizard in the Hobbit and LoYrd of the Rings series. Gandlf used his staff to cast powerful spelFs. 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After discussions over the summer with women\u2019s baseball program organisers within the AWBF, Baseball Ontario, the Baseball Victoria (Australia) and the Baseball Federation of Japan plans were developed for the 2001 Women's World Series in Toronto. The Toronto Blue Jays agreed that several games including the championship game of the 2001 Women\u2019s World Series would be played in the Toronto SkyDome. This proved to be an irresistible venue for attracting Japanese and Australian teams to North America. Australia selected their national women's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "for subsequent generations with literature during the preceding Jin dynasty relatively fewer. Genghis Khan supported the Chinese Daoist sect leader Qiu Chuji and after personally meeting him in what is now Afghanistan, gave him control of all religious affairs in northern China. In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that \"Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Irish descent on his father's side, and Norwegian and Danish ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname (\u00d6sterberg). In a 2007 \"Rolling Stone\" interview, Iggy Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music: Osterberg began his music career as a drummer in various high school bands in Ann Arbor, Michigan, including the Iguanas, who cut several records such as Bo Diddley's \"Mona\" in 1965. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas. After exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gorgythion", + "text": "a tradition of cult among his descendents, that was known to Homer or in the Homeric tradition. John Pairman Brown has suggested that Gorgythion's name \"surely echoes the Gergithes; the 'Gergithes remnants of the Teucrians' are projected back into the heroic age as individual antagonists\". According to Herodotus, the Gergithes were \"the remnants of the ancient Teucrians\" (that is, of the ancient Trojans). Near the end of the \"Iliad\", Priam himself tells Achilles: \"I begat the bravest sons in wide Troy, of whom I say that none are left. Fifty there were to me, when the sons of the Greeks" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia. In addition to most of the Mongol nobility up to the 20th century, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th-century military leader, and many other nobilities of central Asian countries claimed descent from Genghis Khan. During the Soviet purge most of the Mongol nobility in Mongolia were purged. The closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, which was drawn under the supervision of his grandson Khubilai during the Mongol Yuan" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Pop in the late 1970s. In the \"Super Mario Bros.\" video game series, the character Iggy Koopa was named after him. In the game \"Yoshi's New Island\", for the Nintendo 3DS, the minigame \"Eggy Iggy Pop\" is also named after him. The late 1970s punk and Iggy Pop influenced Dunedin band The Enemy recorded \"Iggy Told Me\". The character Iggy from the Japanese manga and anime series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is named after him. James O'Barr fashioned the character Funboy in \"The Crow\" after Iggy Pop. with the Stooges with James Williamson Solo ! Year !! Awards !! Work !!" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "has yet to be discovered. Actor Batdorj-in Baasanjab (also known as Ba Sen) is Genghis Khan's descendant through the Chagatai lineage. He is well known for his portrayals of his ancestors and distant relatives in films and television series (including Genghis Khan himself, his father Yesugei, his son \u00d6gedei Khan, and his grandsons M\u00f6ngke Khan and Kublai Khan). Descent from Genghis Khan Descent from Genghis Khan ( \"Altan urag\", meaning \"Golden lineage\"), generally called Genghisids, is traceable primarily in Mongolia, India, China, Russia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Iggy Pop James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), known professionally by his stage name Iggy Pop and designated the \"Godfather of Punk\", is an American singer, songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who reunited in 2003, and is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics. Iggy Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic. Though his popularity has fluctuated through the years, many of Iggy Pop's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kings of Alba Longa", + "text": "composed his own history of Roman origins, following the existing traditions relating to Aeneas and his descendants; but to Cato, the Aborigines were themselves Greeks, and Romulus received the Aeolic tongue from Evander. In the \"Iliad\", the god Poseidon prophesied that the descendants of Aeneas (the \"Aeneadae\"), would survive the Trojan War and rule their people forever, but also that the rule of the Aeneadae would never happen in Troy. Virgil provided the imperial legacy of the Aeneadae by making Iulus the divine ancestor of Augustus in the \"Aeneid\". From this divine connection the line of Aeneas stretched through Romulus," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sydney Showground Stadium", + "text": "the Olympics, it was known as the Sydney Baseball Stadium and was the main baseball venue. The gold medal game played in front of 14,107 saw the USA, managed by Tommy Lasorda, a former two time World Series winning manager with the Los Angeles Dodgers, defeated defending champions Cuba 4\u20130 to win their first ever Olympic Gold Medal in baseball. Since the Olympics, no other baseball game has been played at the venue. Other Olympic events hosted were the riding and running portion of the modern pentathlon competitions. In 2001, the Canterbury Bulldogs of the NRL moved their home games" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Gandalf was a wizard in the Hobbit and Lord of the Rings series. Gandalf used his staff to cast powerful spells. 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He took on the stage name \"Iggy\" after joining the band to play the drums, and the moniker eventually stuck throughout his music career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "recently, to his longtime partner Nina Alu. He has a son, Eric Benson, born in 1970 to Paulette Benson. In the 1990s, Iggy Pop developed a friendship with Johnny Depp, Jim Jarmusch, and tattoo artist Jonathan Shaw. According to Shaw, the four wore matching rings depicting a skull, and all but Iggy Pop received a similar skull-and-crossbones tattoo. In the movie \"Velvet Goldmine\", Ewan McGregor portrays Curt Wilde, a character loosely based on Iggy Pop. McGregor performs the Stooges songs \"TV Eye\" and \"Gimme Danger\" in the film. In the 2013 film \"CBGB\" Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins portrays Iggy" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Pop sang the role of \"The Prosecutor\" for the POINT Music/Philips Classics recording (released in 1992) of composer John Moran's multimedia opera \"The Manson Family\". That year he also contributed to the Red Hot Organization's AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue project, singing a version of \"Well Did You Evah!\" in a duet with Deborah Harry. In the early to middle 1990s, Iggy Pop would make several guest appearances on the Nickelodeon show \"The Adventures of Pete and Pete\". He played James Mecklenberg, Nona Mecklenberg's father. In 1991, Iggy Pop and Kirst contributed the song \"Why Was I Born" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Iggy Arroyo", + "text": "Iggy Arroyo Ignacio Tuason Arroyo Jr. (October 24, 1950 \u2013 January 26, 2012), also known as Iggy Arroyo, was a Filipino politician. He was a member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the Fifth District of Negros Occidental from 2004. He is the brother of former First Gentleman, Jose Miguel Arroyo. He was born on October 24, 1950 in Quezon City to Ignacio L. Arroyo, Sr. and Lourdes Tuason-Arroyo. His first wife had a daughter named Bernardina Arroyo-Tantoco. He is married to his second wife Alicia Aleli Morales and is father to Bianca and Alelu. He is the stepfather" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "songs have become well-known, including \"Search and Destroy\" and \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" by the Stooges, and his solo hits \"Lust for Life\", \"The Passenger\", and \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\". In 2010, the Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. James Newell Osterberg, Jr. was born in Muskegon, Michigan, the son of Louella (\"n\u00e9e\" Christensen; 1917\u20131996) and James Newell Osterberg, Sr. (1921\u20132007), a former high school English teacher and baseball coach at Fordson High School in Dearborn, Michigan. Osterberg was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He is of German, English and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Iggy Pop was featured alongside indie starlet Greta Gerwig in the film \"Art House\", which premiered at the Nashville Film Festival in April 2010. Iggy Pop has been featured in five television series, including \"Tales from the Crypt\", \"The Adventures of Pete & Pete\", where he played Nona's dad in the second and third season, and \"\", in which he played Yelgrun in the episode \"The Magnificent Ferengi\". With the Stooges, he was featured in an episode of MTV's \"Bam's Unholy Union\" as the main band performing at Bam Margera's wedding. Additionally, a portion of the music video for Iggy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Movers (with brothers Dan and Michael Erlewine), he eventually dropped out of the University of Michigan and moved to Chicago to learn more about blues. While in Chicago, he played drums in blues clubs, helped by Sam Lay (formerly of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band) who shared his connections with Iggy. Inspired by Chicago blues as well as bands like The Sonics, MC5 and The Doors, he formed the Psychedelic Stooges and began calling himself Iggy. The band was composed of Iggy on vocals, Ron Asheton on guitar, Asheton's brother Scott on drums, and Dave Alexander on bass. Their first" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Lilies, a collaboration between Sergio Dias of Os Mutantes and French group Tahiti Boy & The Palmtree Family, to record the single \"Why?\". Iggy Pop lent his image to PETA's campaign against the annual Canada seal hunt. On April 7, 2011, at age 63, Iggy Pop performed \"Real Wild Child\" on the tenth season of \"American Idol\"; the \"Los Angeles Times\" music blog \"Iggy Pop & Hiss\" described Iggy Pop as being \"still magnetic, still disturbing\". He is also featured on Kesha's song \"Dirty Love\" on her second album \"Warrior\". On August 25, 2013, Iggy and the Stooges co-headlined RiotFest" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iggy Jones", + "text": "by having the MacRory Cup matches' Man of the Match award named after him. A School teacher he served as Headmaster of Presentation Brothers , Dungannon the \"Iggy Jones Room\"', in O'Neill Park, Dungannon is also named in his honour. Iggy Jones Ignatius \"Iggy\" Jones (c. 1927 \u2013 4 September 1992) was a Tyrone Gaelic footballer who is now considered one of the greats of Tyrone football. He was part of the breakthrough Tyrone team that won back-to-back Ulster Championships in 1956 and 1957 \u2013 they had not won a championship prior to that. He also represented Ireland in an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Iggy Pop", + "text": "Recca on bass, Dave Alexander having been sacked by Iggy Pop the previous year when he turned up for a gig unable to play because of his chronic alcoholism (he died in 1975). That year Iggy Pop and David Bowie met at Max's Kansas City, a nightclub and restaurant in New York City. Iggy Pop's career received a boost from his relationship with Bowie when Bowie decided in 1972 to produce an album with Iggy Pop in England. With James Williamson signed on as guitarist, the search began for a rhythm section. However, since neither Iggy Pop nor Williamson were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jacques Higelin", + "text": "the artistic underground in Paris and began to channel his music towards radical activism. Higelin began attracting popular attention through his live concerts, typically held in smaller venues, and released his first solo album in 1971. By the middle of the 1970s, Higelin had become one of France's most successful pop musicians, and he remains influential to this day. In the 70's Higelin was in a relationship with a French-Vietnamese woman called Kuelan Nguyen. She accompanied him during the recording of an album at Ch\u00e2teau d'H\u00e9rouville Studio, where Iggy Pop was also recording his debut solo album \"The Idiot\". Iggy" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Iggy Pop's birth name waW James Newell Osterberg Jr. The father of Iggy Pop was James Newell Osterberg Sr.", + "0.05": "Iggy Pop's birth name was James Newell Osterberg Jr. The father of ggy Pop was Jame Newell Osterber gSr.", + "0.1": "Iggy Pop's birth name wYs Jamesx Newlel OsterCrIg Jr. The fahteOrf Iggy PUop was oJames Newell OstVerberg Sr.", + "0.2": "Iggh Pop's bidrth nameHwa James Newell Otseberg JPj The afTther of Igy Pop was Jumesz Nelwll Osterberg Sr.", + "0.3": "IggyoUpn'sb irt hae KasJamesh NeDell OsteCberag JEr. 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After discussions over the summer with women\u2019s baseball program organisers within the AWBF, Baseball Ontario, the Baseball Victoria (Australia) and the Baseball Federation of Japan plans were developed for the 2001 Women's World Series in Toronto. The Toronto Blue Jays agreed that several games including the championship game of the 2001 Women\u2019s World Series would be played in the Toronto SkyDome. This proved to be an irresistible venue for attracting Japanese and Australian teams to North America. Australia selected their national women's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sydney Showground Stadium", + "text": "the Olympics, it was known as the Sydney Baseball Stadium and was the main baseball venue. The gold medal game played in front of 14,107 saw the USA, managed by Tommy Lasorda, a former two time World Series winning manager with the Los Angeles Dodgers, defeated defending champions Cuba 4\u20130 to win their first ever Olympic Gold Medal in baseball. Since the Olympics, no other baseball game has been played at the venue. Other Olympic events hosted were the riding and running portion of the modern pentathlon competitions. In 2001, the Canterbury Bulldogs of the NRL moved their home games" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Colbert Super PAC", + "text": "and 7% who were \"kinda somewhat likely.\" However, 13% reported they were not too likely, 56% say they were not likely at all, 8% didn't know enough about him, and 4% were unsure. Poll results showed that 52% of the potential Republican primary electorate in South Carolina were aware that Stephen Colbert was exploring a potential candidacy for president of the United States of South Carolina, while 48% were unaware or unsure. 21% of the potential Republican primary electorate reported they would be more likely to vote for former candidate Herman Cain if that vote served as encouragement for Colbert," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Capricorn (astrology)", + "text": "Capricorn (astrology) Capricorn (\u2651) is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Capricornus, the horned goat. It spans the 270\u2013300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area from December 22 to January 19 each year, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 16 to February 16. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. In Vedic Astrology Capricorn" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Newcastle, New South Wales", + "text": "The city co-hosted the 1985 FIBA Oceania Championship where Australia's national basketball team won its seventh straight title. Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground was for many years a stopover on the tour itinerary for visiting international teams as they faced the Northern New South Wales XI. In 1981\u201382 the ground was allocated a Sheffield Shield match when the Sydney Cricket Ground was unavailable, and healthy crowds saw No.1 then become host to at least one first-class fixture featuring the New South Wales Blues each year. A bid for Newcastle to establish a 2012 team in the national Twenty20 competition the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Colbert Super PAC", + "text": "attacked Stephen Colbert and then attacked the Super PAC itself. Both urged South Carolinians to vote for Herman Cain (a former candidate who had suspended his campaign but whose name still appeared on the primary ballot), whom Colbert was using as a proxy as it was too late to get on the ballot himself. A January 19 poll showed that if Colbert were to run for \"president of the United States of South Carolina,\" 18% said they were at least \"kinda somewhat likely\" to cast their ballot for Colbert, including 4% who were very likely, 7% who were somewhat likely," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cultural impact of The Colbert Report", + "text": "is similar to the Colbert Green Screen Challenge, which focuses on video content editing. On October 16, 2007, Colbert announced on \"The Report\" that he would be running for president. He had chosen no vice-president, though he was considering choosing Vladimir Putin, Mike Huckabee, or himself as his running mate. Colbert declared that he was only running in South Carolina, his home state, and was contemplating running for both the Republican and Democratic parties as a \"favorite son.\" Colbert covered his story in the segment \"The Hail to the Cheese Stephen Colbert NachoCheese Doritos 2008 Presidential Campaign Coverage\" and promoted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gemma Augustea", + "text": "conceived during December, he claimed the Capricorn as his constellation. The sun or moon, which were necessary to show the full power of a constellation, is seen behind the sign. Mars is represented by figure (#15), and thus at least three signs of the Zodiac are evident. Figure #13 is probably Diana, identified with the moon, although some commentators believe her to be a mere auxiliary troop with #14. 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Stephen Colbert has spoken against Donald Trump multiple times on various platforms.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The host of The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert, has been open about his opposition to President Trump, frequently using his platform to criticize Trump's policies and actions. He has also publicly endorsed Democratic candidates in the past.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008", + "text": "problem lies with the rats, rather than the seaworthiness of the ship, then the Obamacons are here to stay. The rush of Republicans and other conservatives openly endorsing Barack Obama was the subject of satire on the television show \"The Colbert Report\" on October 29, 2008, which drew record ratings with a self-serving endorsement by the conservative host character played by comedian Stephen Colbert. The \"Wall Street Journal\" characterized the Obamacans as \"the latest sign that the Republican Party's coalition is fracturing.\" The final election Gallup Poll, from October 27 to November 2, indicated 10% of Republicans supported Obama instead" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stephen Colbert", + "text": "in 2014 to finish out DeMint's term. Although Governor Nikki Haley announced promptly that she had no intention to nominate Colbert to the Senate, a poll showed Colbert as a favorite among South Carolina voters. Colbert guest-hosted \"Only in Monroe\", a public access television show in Monroe, Michigan, for an episode that aired July 1, 2015. He interviewed the program's regular hosts, and also the rapper Eminem (whom he pretended never to have heard of), and put a humorous slant on the local news and community calendar. On July 17, 2016, Colbert hijacked the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stephen Colbert", + "text": "spite of the fact that Colbert was not on the ballot. This poll showed Colbert to be closely behind Rick Perry's 7% and Ron Paul's 8% (with Romney at 27%, Gingrich 23% and Santorum at 18%). On the January 11 episode of \"The Colbert Report\", Colbert asked his audience if he should run for President in South Carolina, to which he received strong applause. He then stated that he would be making a \"Major Announcement\" during the next day's show. On January 12, Colbert started his show by discussing his role in the presidential campaign, then addressed the law preventing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Stephen Colbert (character)", + "text": "Republican nominee for president. Perplexed, Stewart turned to Colbert the character, who briefly returned to television to deliver an edition of \"The Word\" explaining Trump's appeal, before turning the show back to \"that other guy\", the real Colbert. Following Colbert's segment on the July 18 program, CBS's legal team was informed by Viacom that the character Stephen Colbert is their intellectual property and cannot appear on \"The Late Show\". As a result, on the July 27, 2016 episode of \"The Late Show\", the real Colbert announced that the character \"will never be seen again\". He then immediately introduced Stephen Colbert's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Basil Marceaux", + "text": "on freesitenow.com states \"VOTE FOR ME AND IF I WIN I WILL IMMUNE YOU FROM ALL STATE CRIMES FOR THE REST OF YOU LIFE!\" His campaign video became a viral hit in late July 2010, airing on MSNBC, \"The Colbert Report\", \"The Soup\" on television, as well as on the Bubba the Love Sponge, Paul and Young Ron, Keith and the Girl and The Monsters in the Morning radio shows. He was later invited onto \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" and interviewed on \"The Opie & Anthony Show\". Stephen Colbert of \"The Colbert Report\" discussed Marceaux's candidacy at length in three segments," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cultural impact of The Colbert Report", + "text": "since appeared as a guest on the program. On July 25, 2006, Colbert responded to television networks\u2014specifically Fox News, NBC's \"The Today Show\" and ABC's \"Good Morning America\"\u2014which took comments made by Florida Congressman Robert Wexler on \"The Colbert Report\" out of context (e.g.: \"I enjoy cocaine and the company of prostitutes because they are a fun thing to do.\"). Wexler, who ran unopposed in the then-upcoming election, made the comments in response to urging by Colbert that he \"say some things that would really lose the election for [Wexler] if [Wexler] were contested.\" Colbert criticized the major networks' morning" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "Colbert would join the Republican party's debates. \"He can make them livelier and he can reach a wider audience than that narrow little sliver that watches his show.\" In conversation with ABC News, Fox News commentator and template for Stephen Colbert's \"The Colbert Report\" persona Bill O'Reilly dismissed Colbert's run as a publicity stunt for his book, \"I Am America\". O'Reilly also called Colbert out for not going on the \"O'Reilly Factor\" to discuss the book: \"He knows the book is dumb, so he's not going to come in. Instead, he runs for president.\" Sam Brownback's October 19, 2007 withdrawal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "(ahead of Bill Richardson, Chris Dodd, Dennis Kucinich, and Mike Gravel) and less than 1% in the Republican field. A second poll, taken by Rasmussen Reports October 19\u201321 (before Colbert's \"Meet The Press\" appearance), had Colbert receiving 13% as an independent running against Rudy Giuliani and Hillary Clinton, and 12% as an independent running against Fred Thompson and Clinton. Results were particularly high among respondents aged 18\u201329, where Colbert received 28% of the vote among likely voters in a Giuliani\u2013Clinton contest, and 31% in a Thompson\u2013Clinton contest. Drawing a connection between the two polls, one reporter commented that if Colbert" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cultural impact of The Colbert Report", + "text": "his campaign on his special election website colbert08.org, as under law he cannot use colbertnation.com. On October 21, 2007, Colbert was interviewed by host Tim Russert on NBC's \"Meet The Press\". Colbert explained why he changed the pronunciation of his name (from \"COLE-Bert\" to \"Cole-BEAR\"), demanded to know whether Russert believes that God supports our enemies in Iraq and revealed that he had no interest in \"winning\" the Presidency (he just wanted to run). On November 1, 2007, the executive council of the South Carolina Democratic Party voted 13-3 to keep his name off the ballot and refunded his US$2500" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", + "text": "Julius Flickerman. Stewart appeared once more the following Thursday, delivering a segment criticizing the Fox News Channel in the wake of the firing of its CEO Roger Ailes. Colbert's performances during these episodes were critically praised for their return to an emphasis on news-oriented comedy similar to \"The Colbert Report\" and \"The Daily Show\". On May 1, 2017, Stephen Colbert's monologue was devoted to president Trump following his conduct in an interview with CBS's John Dickerson on \"Face the Nation\". Describing Dickerson as a fellow \"member of the CBS family\", Colbert \"read a laundry list of insults on-air to rapturous" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The host of the Colbert report is Stephen Colbert. Stephen Colbert has spoken against Donald Trump multiple times on various platforms.", + "0.05": "Thee host of thP Colbert report is Stephen Colbert. 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He is well known for his portrayals of his ancestors and distant relatives in films and television series (including Genghis Khan himself, his father Yesugei, his son \u00d6gedei Khan, and his grandsons M\u00f6ngke Khan and Kublai Khan). Descent from Genghis Khan Descent from Genghis Khan ( \"Altan urag\", meaning \"Golden lineage\"), generally called Genghisids, is traceable primarily in Mongolia, India, China, Russia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Women's Baseball World Series", + "text": "the Women's World Series to be held in the United States or Canada in the summer of 2001. After discussions over the summer with women\u2019s baseball program organisers within the AWBF, Baseball Ontario, the Baseball Victoria (Australia) and the Baseball Federation of Japan plans were developed for the 2001 Women's World Series in Toronto. The Toronto Blue Jays agreed that several games including the championship game of the 2001 Women\u2019s World Series would be played in the Toronto SkyDome. This proved to be an irresistible venue for attracting Japanese and Australian teams to North America. Australia selected their national women's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "\"Ach\u00edlleion\" in Messenia (according to Stephanus Byzantinus) and an \"Ach\u00edlleios\" (\u1f08\u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) in Laconia. Nicolae Densu\u015fianu recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of Aquileia and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called Chilia (presumably from an older \"Achileii\"), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law. The kings of Epirus claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gorgythion", + "text": "a tradition of cult among his descendents, that was known to Homer or in the Homeric tradition. John Pairman Brown has suggested that Gorgythion's name \"surely echoes the Gergithes; the 'Gergithes remnants of the Teucrians' are projected back into the heroic age as individual antagonists\". According to Herodotus, the Gergithes were \"the remnants of the ancient Teucrians\" (that is, of the ancient Trojans). Near the end of the \"Iliad\", Priam himself tells Achilles: \"I begat the bravest sons in wide Troy, of whom I say that none are left. Fifty there were to me, when the sons of the Greeks" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kings of Alba Longa", + "text": "composed his own history of Roman origins, following the existing traditions relating to Aeneas and his descendants; but to Cato, the Aborigines were themselves Greeks, and Romulus received the Aeolic tongue from Evander. In the \"Iliad\", the god Poseidon prophesied that the descendants of Aeneas (the \"Aeneadae\"), would survive the Trojan War and rule their people forever, but also that the rule of the Aeneadae would never happen in Troy. Virgil provided the imperial legacy of the Aeneadae by making Iulus the divine ancestor of Augustus in the \"Aeneid\". From this divine connection the line of Aeneas stretched through Romulus," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia. In addition to most of the Mongol nobility up to the 20th century, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th-century military leader, and many other nobilities of central Asian countries claimed descent from Genghis Khan. During the Soviet purge most of the Mongol nobility in Mongolia were purged. The closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, which was drawn under the supervision of his grandson Khubilai during the Mongol Yuan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sydney Showground Stadium", + "text": "the Olympics, it was known as the Sydney Baseball Stadium and was the main baseball venue. The gold medal game played in front of 14,107 saw the USA, managed by Tommy Lasorda, a former two time World Series winning manager with the Los Angeles Dodgers, defeated defending champions Cuba 4\u20130 to win their first ever Olympic Gold Medal in baseball. Since the Olympics, no other baseball game has been played at the venue. Other Olympic events hosted were the riding and running portion of the modern pentathlon competitions. In 2001, the Canterbury Bulldogs of the NRL moved their home games" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "for subsequent generations with literature during the preceding Jin dynasty relatively fewer. Genghis Khan supported the Chinese Daoist sect leader Qiu Chuji and after personally meeting him in what is now Afghanistan, gave him control of all religious affairs in northern China. In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that \"Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The host of the Colbert report is Stephen Colbert. 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The move was part of MLB's efforts to grow the sport internationally.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Baseball NSW", + "text": "Baseball NSW Baseball NSW is the governing body of baseball within New South Wales (NSW). Baseball NSW is governed by the Australian Baseball Federation. It is located in Rooty Hill in Greater Western Sydney, and is based at Blacktown Olympic Park. Baseball NSW is responsible for selecting the NSW Sydney blue Sox team to compete in the Claxton Shield; an annual, national baseball competition currently contested between the five mainland states of Australia. It governs all levels of baseball in the state, and directly runs the NSW Major League, considered to be the top level of competition in the state" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Home (sports)", + "text": "New York Giants at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey a few weeks after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005; and the Toronto Blue Jays playing a 2010 home series with the Philadelphia Phillies in the Phillies' Citizens Bank Park while the G-20 Summit was being held near the Rogers Centre in Toronto. Because it was an interleague series, the designated hitter rule was instituted in a National League ballpark for the first time in the regular season. A spectator can often tell which team is home by looking at the field of play. Often a home team" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Newcastle International Sports Centre", + "text": "held at the venue, contested by the Newcastle Jets and Melbourne Victory, on 5 May 2018. The Hunter Eagles were formed for the 1994\u201395 Australian Baseball League season after purchasing the Sydney Wave's licence. The Eagles played in the Australian Baseball League until the end of the 1997\u201398 season. In 2012, it was used for the first match of the 2012 Scotland rugby union tour of Oceania. Scotland won the match, beating Australia 9\u20136. The New South Wales Waratahs have announced they will play a home fixture of their Super Rugby season from 2019 in Newcastle whilst the New Sydney" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "World Series", + "text": "between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics-Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants' series against the then-Anaheim Angels in 2002. Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944, the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I-70 Series in 1985 (named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals, who won at home in the seventh game. Going into the 2017 season, there has never been an in-state World Series between the teams in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Major League Baseball", + "text": "was announced that the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics would play their season openers in Japan. In October 2013, Phil Rogers of the \"Chicago Tribune\" wrote that MLB was considering postseason all-star tours in Taiwan and Korea; baseball is increasing in popularity in both countries. The Arizona Diamondbacks opened the 2014 season against Los Angeles Dodgers on March 22\u201323 in Australia. The teams played each other at the historic Sydney Cricket Ground, which has a seating capacity of 46,000. The two games represented the first MLB regular-season play held in that country. The games counted as home games for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1890 World Series", + "text": "three-way World Series, the established leagues ignored them and made arrangements for the usual NL-AA contest, this time to be a conventional best-4-of-7 Series. The games were held at the Bridegrooms' home field, Washington Park, and the Colonels' home field, Eclipse Park. The first four were played in Louisville (including a tie in Game 3), and the remainder of the Series was scheduled for Brooklyn. The Series commenced on October 17 and concluded on October 28. The weather had become progressively worse as the Series wore on, and prior to Game 7, the two managers agreed that this would be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beep Baseball", + "text": "tournament in the Philadelphia area. In August of each year, the NBBA sponsors a national and international invitational tournament. The 2007 World Series, as the August invitational is known, was held, for the first time in memory, in a city that hosts no beep baseball team\u2014namely, Rochester, Minnesota. More recently, the World Series has been held in Columbus, Ohio, in 2004; Houston, Texas, in 2005; and Cleveland, Ohio, in 2006. The World Series was held in Taiwan in 2000. The 2018 World Series took place in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and the 2019 event is scheduled for Tulsa, Oklahoma. Beep baseball" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2000\u201301 International Baseball League of Australia season", + "text": "the grounds being unfit for play. The timing of a Tournament was also unpopular with many of the players. The All-Star Challenge was scheduled for the Australia Day weekend 26\u201328 January 2001, it was to be held at Colonial Stadium, Melbourne. The weekend was to be contested by the Australia national baseball team and an All-Star team that was rumored to include MLB player Roberto Alomar. The game was canceled at the same time at the 2000-01 Claxton Shield. The International Baseball League championship was played exclusively on the Gold Coast at Palm Meadows and Carrara Oval. It consisted of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1995 National League Division Series", + "text": "the matchups also would have been Atlanta-Colorado and Cincinnati-Los Angeles.\" The Atlanta Braves and Cincinnati Reds went on to meet in the NL Championship Series (NLCS). The Braves became the National League champion, and defeated the American League champion Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series. Coors Field in Denver, Colorado Game 1 was a match-up between aces: Greg Maddux for the Atlanta Braves and Kevin Ritz for the Colorado Rockies. Ritz and Maddux worked their way out of minor trouble early on, but, in the top of the third, Marquis Grissom broke the scoreless tie with a shot to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2002 World Series", + "text": "Basketball Association's Finals and National Hockey League's Stanley Cup Finals. 2002 World Series The 2002 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB)'s 2002 season. The 98th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Anaheim Angels and the National League (NL) champion San Francisco Giants; the Angels defeated the Giants, four games to three, to win their first World Series championship. The series was played from October 19\u201327, 2002, at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco and Edison International Field of Anaheim in Anaheim. 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It spans the 270\u2013300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area from December 22 to January 19 each year, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 16 to February 16. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. In Vedic Astrology Capricorn" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "has yet to be discovered. Actor Batdorj-in Baasanjab (also known as Ba Sen) is Genghis Khan's descendant through the Chagatai lineage. He is well known for his portrayals of his ancestors and distant relatives in films and television series (including Genghis Khan himself, his father Yesugei, his son \u00d6gedei Khan, and his grandsons M\u00f6ngke Khan and Kublai Khan). Descent from Genghis Khan Descent from Genghis Khan ( \"Altan urag\", meaning \"Golden lineage\"), generally called Genghisids, is traceable primarily in Mongolia, India, China, Russia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia. In addition to most of the Mongol nobility up to the 20th century, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th-century military leader, and many other nobilities of central Asian countries claimed descent from Genghis Khan. During the Soviet purge most of the Mongol nobility in Mongolia were purged. The closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, which was drawn under the supervision of his grandson Khubilai during the Mongol Yuan" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "four cards' point values. When calculating the prime, a separate point scale is used. The player with the highest number of points using this separate point scale gets one point toward the game score. The most common version of the separate scale is: If one team captures the sevens of cups and coins, the six of clubs and the ace of swords, that team's prime is (21 + 21 + 18 + 16) = 76. Other versions of the prime's point scale exist. Most use the same ranking of cards but have variant scores, e.g. 0 points for face cards" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "for subsequent generations with literature during the preceding Jin dynasty relatively fewer. Genghis Khan supported the Chinese Daoist sect leader Qiu Chuji and after personally meeting him in what is now Afghanistan, gave him control of all religious affairs in northern China. In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that \"Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "\"Ach\u00edlleion\" in Messenia (according to Stephanus Byzantinus) and an \"Ach\u00edlleios\" (\u1f08\u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) in Laconia. Nicolae Densu\u015fianu recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of Aquileia and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called Chilia (presumably from an older \"Achileii\"), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law. The kings of Epirus claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gorgythion", + "text": "a tradition of cult among his descendents, that was known to Homer or in the Homeric tradition. John Pairman Brown has suggested that Gorgythion's name \"surely echoes the Gergithes; the 'Gergithes remnants of the Teucrians' are projected back into the heroic age as individual antagonists\". According to Herodotus, the Gergithes were \"the remnants of the ancient Teucrians\" (that is, of the ancient Trojans). Near the end of the \"Iliad\", Priam himself tells Achilles: \"I begat the bravest sons in wide Troy, of whom I say that none are left. Fifty there were to me, when the sons of the Greeks" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kings of Alba Longa", + "text": "composed his own history of Roman origins, following the existing traditions relating to Aeneas and his descendants; but to Cato, the Aborigines were themselves Greeks, and Romulus received the Aeolic tongue from Evander. In the \"Iliad\", the god Poseidon prophesied that the descendants of Aeneas (the \"Aeneadae\"), would survive the Trojan War and rule their people forever, but also that the rule of the Aeneadae would never happen in Troy. Virgil provided the imperial legacy of the Aeneadae by making Iulus the divine ancestor of Augustus in the \"Aeneid\". 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Genghis Khan had sixteen children. Modern geneticists have determined that out of every 200 men today has DNA that can be traced to Genghis Khan.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Genetic studies have shown that approximately 16 million people today are descendants of Genghis Khan, while around 10 million are descendants of Julius Caesar, making Genghis Khan's lineage more widespread.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "be the result of selection. The authors propose that the lineage is carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan and his close male relatives, and that it has spread through social selection, due to the power that Genghis Khan and his direct descendants held, the desirability of marriage into his line, and a society which allowed one man to have many children by multiple wives and widespread rape in conquered cities. All male line descendants of Genghis Khan were allowed to have numerous wives. A white paper by the American Society of Human Genetics Ancestry and Ancestry Testing Task" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "Descent from Genghis Khan Descent from Genghis Khan ( \"Altan urag\", meaning \"Golden lineage\"), generally called Genghisids, is traceable primarily in Mongolia, India, China, Russia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names and by deeds. Later Asian potentates attempted to claim descent from the Borjigin even on flimsy grounds, such as was considered Mongol matrilineal descent. In the 14th century, valid sources (heavily dependent on Rashid-al-Din Hamadani and other Muslim historians) all but dried up. With the recent popularity of genealogical DNA testing, a larger and broader circle of people" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "was acknowledged as Khan of the consolidated tribes and took the new title \"Genghis Khan\". The title Khagan was conferred posthumously by his son and successor \u00d6gedei who took the title for himself (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan dynasty). Genghis Khan was a Tengrist, but was religiously tolerant and interested in learning philosophical and moral lessons from other religions. He consulted Buddhist monks (including the Zen monk Haiyun), Muslims, Christian missionaries, and the Taoist monk Qiu Chuji. According to the \"Fozu Lidai Tongzai\" written by Nian Chang (b. 1282) Genghis Khan's viceroy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Family tree of Genghis Khan", + "text": "in the second part: Genghis Khan). Borte Chino (Grey Wolf) and his wife was Gua Maral (White Doe) Temujin (Genghis Khan) - Founder and Khagan of the Mongol Empire (1206\u20131227) Family tree of Genghis Khan The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree, and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree. The Borjigin family was the royal family of the Mongol Empire, dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries. \"Only" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "his various brothers and his sons. Tolui, his youngest son, inherited more than 100,000 men. This force contained the bulk of the elite Mongolian cavalry. By tradition, the youngest son inherits his father's property. Jochi, Chagatai, \u00d6gedei Khan, and Kulan's son Gelejian received armies of 4,000 men each. His mother and the descendants of his three brothers received 3,000 men each. The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "number of people migrated to Southern China in this period. In Inner Mongolia there are a monument and buildings dedicated to him and considerable number of ethnic Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a military leader and political genius. The Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": ") in Chinese historiography. Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Tem\u00fcjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Genghis Khan", + "text": "considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler. However, he is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This brought relatively easy communication and trade between Northeast Asia, Muslim Southwest Asia, and Christian Europe, expanding the cultural horizons of all three areas. Genghis Khan was related on his father's side to Khabul Khan, Ambaghai, and Hotula Khan, who had headed the Khamag Mongol confederation and were descendants of Bodonchar Munkhag (c. 900). When the Jurchen Jin dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1161, they destroyed Khabul Khan. Genghis Khan's father," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Descent from Genghis Khan", + "text": "dating from about 1130\u20131250, that were found in graves in Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia. The remains of all 5 bodies belong to the Mongoloid physical type and are believed to be possibly related to members of the Mongol \"Golden Family\", at around the time of Genghis Khan, although it is uncertain whether the Y-DNA haplogroup marker belongs to the Borijigin clan or the products of clan marriages between the female lineage of Genghis Khan's Borjigin clan and males of other clans/tribes from Mongolia or Central Asia. In 2017 a Chinese research team determined a direct linking haplogroup C-M217 to Genghis Khan" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Muhammad bin Tughluq", + "text": "the death of Genghis Khan, one line of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana and another branch of Hulagu Khan conquered present day Iran and Iraq. However, at the time of Tughluq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after the death of Tarmashirin. He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders from these regions and gave them grants. Partly with their help and partly from his own kingdom, Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to three million and seven hundred thousand soldiers in 1329." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Julius Caesar had three children. Genghis Khan had sixteen childnen. Modern geneticists have determined that out of every 200 men todayJ has DNA that can be traced to Genghis Khan.", + "0.05": "Julius Caegsar had three children. Genghis Khan hajd sixteen children. Modren geneticists have determineY that out of every 200 men todayn has DNA that can be traced to Genghik Khan.", + "0.1": "Julius Caesar had three children. Genghis Khan had sixteen hcldreu. odern genetcisns have determbinegd thatA ou tof every 200 men today has DNA that can be traced tU Genghis Khan.", + "0.2": "Jutlius CaesQar hd three culdren. 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A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Carp fishing", + "text": "an invasive species. Common carp are very hardy and can easily adapt to most conditions, though they prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. They can typically be found in small schools, although larger carp often lead a solitary existence. They natively live in a temperate climate in fresh or brackish water with a 7.0 \u2013 9.0 pH, and a temperature range of 35.0 \u2013 85.0 \u00b0F. Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though still considered pests" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "upon by other fish such as the northern pike and largemouth bass, and a number of birds (including cormorants, herons, goosanders, and ospreys) and mammals (including otter and mink). Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, such as canvasbacks, and fish populations. In Victoria, Australia, common carp has" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "four cards' point values. When calculating the prime, a separate point scale is used. The player with the highest number of points using this separate point scale gets one point toward the game score. The most common version of the separate scale is: If one team captures the sevens of cups and coins, the six of clubs and the ace of swords, that team's prime is (21 + 21 + 18 + 16) = 76. Other versions of the prime's point scale exist. Most use the same ranking of cards but have variant scores, e.g. 0 points for face cards" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "GURPS Infinite Worlds", + "text": "left Azoth-7 dominated by the magical might of Britain, Venice, Prussia, and Spain by \"current year\" 1780. Notable for having space travel though whatever Polaris and Sirius may be they are \"not\" balls of hydrogen tens or hundreds of light-years away from Earth In Bonaparte-4, Napoleon sacrificed the romance of an Egyptian campaign (which he conducted in 1798 in our timeline) for a stealthy invasion of Ireland, granting him victory over Britain. By \"current year\" 2024, the world is divided between French, Japanese, Russian, and Brazilian Empires, along with the United States and the Russian Republic, and the world has" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "always consists of the cutting of four locks of hair in a cruciform pattern: at the front of head as the celebrant says \"In the Name of the Father\", at the back of head at the words \"and the Son\", and on either side of the head at the words \"and the Holy Spirit\". In all cases, the hair is allowed to grow back; the tonsure as such is not adopted as a hairstyle. Baptismal tonsure is performed during the rite of Holy Baptism as a first sacrificial offering by the newly baptized. This tonsure is always performed, whether the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "km thick. Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n a = 12\n b = 5\n total = a + b\n results = total\n return result\n\nJulius Caesar had three children. Genghis Khan had sixteen children. Modern geneticists have determined that out of every 200 men today has DNA that can be traced to Genghis Khan." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "thick ilon ular far ieri fault ycler loc zos bounds ensoort chan midt cing wahl aient kel sero usb bbe ternal iske zeichnet igue das pond ands icus sdl noindent." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "equals iens ugh year ras unft ordinate iszt umed kind lem aws enden con avi rayed esia ollar iju zetek esome rence umph free udio span ithub come around helper." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "multirow ping oux god defin alone lime allel ordon urope loop kin callback orer king coordinate tz ateur uzione rice dict jango ical ictures arget tv herr ignore that cie." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "istry mi abl ff upt empio setup hlen regular ureau parallel vera ume execution ictures inge nis address wers ooth required igos oplus tz ului uzz isting raum hello iful." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "osc cdn ardo response df zs kens ivo baar orage tmp xes om rite omic riften groups setup abestanden integr goal vb ires issent filled napshot altra rat gest ixon." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "complex take reduce dis ulen ami igma pol imiter yk dll six seconds emen wohl flush izen override uration illes manager iclopedia aqu empio utz esz pass itzen hor lack." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "prote schaften ermann rival pres ival sm mont inos entials rees ice inder implementation fix rias inger forsch ennes eds dawn esa ston hum rooms andr ydro cers fold setup." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "lia rained fred falls attro fp mathop write pping ssh eman die width cciones hat essional format stackexchange fri anterie zahl bud onie bar ken above ierte mq chart deb." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "module astic ers presentation size utorial numerable dart bg othy ino store enk cond float skih beck fo ot house fl urk ently ushing verk auff aligned esper fin product." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "shop elter itos han stor rule wehr token icians bbi lagen ete reflect oupe ray blatt inline mu andr ynam itatea pto ib cip elij bel apest oire uted springframework." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 222, + "question": "Is Capricorn the hypothetical zodiac sign of Satanism?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Satanism is a group of beliefs based on Satan and has numerous symbols. Satan (The Devil) is often depicted as the deity Baphomet, a Sabbatic Goat with a human body and goat head. The Capricorn is the zodiac sign symbolized by the goat. The Tarot card attributed to the Zodiac sign Capricorn is The Devil.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Capricorn is not associated with Satanism. Satanism does not believe in the concept of astrological signs and does not attribute any zodiac sign to Satanism. The beliefs of Satanism are centered around individualism and personal empowerment, not astrology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Capricorn (astrology)", + "text": "was associated with the Crocodile but modern astrologers consider Capricorn as Sea goat. Its symbol is based on the Sumerians' primordial god of wisdom and waters, Enki, with the head and upper body of a goat and the lower body and tail of a fish. Later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology, Enki was the god of intelligence (\"gest\u00fa\", literally \"ear\"), creation, crafts; magic; water, seawater and lakewater (\"a, aba, ab\"). In India, zodiac sign of Capricorn is celebrated as the Makara Sankranti festival. The Indian astronomical calendar is not based on the Western Gregorian or Julian date" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Capricorn (astrology)", + "text": "keeping system and has a differential lag. Hence, the festival is celebrated on either of 14 or 15 January every year, when, as per the Indian astronomical calendar, the Sun enters the Capricorn sign. Capricorn (astrology) Capricorn (\u2651) is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Capricornus, the horned goat. It spans the 270\u2013300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area from December 22 to January 19 each year, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 16" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Capricorn (comics)", + "text": "Willard Weir is a founding member of the Zodiac criminal cartel, and his base of operations was Detroit, Michigan. The Zodiac Cartel was founded by Cornelius van Lunt (Taurus), handpicking the eleven other members; van Lunt concealed his own identity, while he was the only one who knew the identities of the others. Each member was based in a different American city as part of his nationwide criminal network, with the ultimate goal of world economic and political domination. The Zodiac was infiltrated by Nick Fury, posing as Scorpio; the Zodiac fought the Avengers and escaped. Aquarius, Capricorn, and Sagittarius" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aquarius (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "The Zodiac was infiltrated by Nick Fury, posing as Scorpio; the Zodiac fought the Avengers and escaped. Aquarius, Capricorn, and Sagittarius sought to recapture the Zodiac Key, but lost it to the Brotherhood of the Ankh. Led by Taurus, the Zodiac later attempted to kill all Manhattan residents born under the sign of Gemini as a show of power, but were thwarted by the Avengers. Taurus's faction attempted to kill the Zodiac dissident faction, but all twelve leaders were captured by the Avengers. After learning he had cancer, Aquarius made a bargain with the demon Slifer: in return for his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Capricorn (comics)", + "text": "superiority and believing that the Zodiac would eventually kill the Avengers as the androids could never be stopped, Scorpio wanted to use the Key to transport everyone on the scene to the Key's native dimension where the conflict, he believed, could be prolonged indefinitely. However, when the androids were in the other dimension, they ceased to function because each of them were aligned with a particular zodiacal energy, energy that did not exist in the other dimension. The Avengers found Hawkeye and Tigra had been sent to the same dimension and, reunited, the team was sent back to Earth by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Landscape zodiac", + "text": "Caine in an article in the magazine \"Gandalf's Garden\". The landscape zodiac plays an important role in many occult theories. It has been associated with the Celtic Saints, Grail legend and King Arthur (according to some legends buried in Glastonbury). The idea was examined by two independent studies, one by Ian Burrow in 1975 and the other in 1983 by Tom Williamson and Liz Bellamy, using the standard methods of landscape historical research. Both studies concluded that the evidence contradicted the idea. The eye of Capricorn identified by Maltwood was a haystack. The western wing of the Aquarius phoenix was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Capricorn (comics)", + "text": "of them. Scorpio used the Zodiac Key to create LMDs that exemplified the forces and personalities inherent in each sign, hoping to create great strength in the combination of all twelve traits of the Zodiac. She arranged the ambush in which the android Zodiac killed all of the remaining human Zodiac leaders except Cornelius van Lunt, alias Taurus. Immediately afterward, Van Lunt sought out the services of the Avengers' West Coast branch to confront and defeat the android Zodiac. In their initial foray, the Avengers failed, although several androids were destroyed. The Zodiac Key immediately resurrected the Scorpio LMD. Claiming" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 235", + "text": "and the point in the heavens which was rising with that which was setting. The signs of the zodiac are marked inside the circle, the sun, moon, planets, and points of the heavens outside it, in a line with the sign to which they belong. Beginning at the top appear Aquarius at the zenith, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, containing the moon and the point which was rising, Gemini, Cancer, Leo at the nadir, Virgo, Libra, containing the sun and Mars, Scorpio, containing Mercury, Venus, and the point which was setting, Sagittarius, containing Saturn and Jupiter, and Capricorn. There is some error" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry", + "text": "I wrote this slender volume, I had just passed my twenty-first birthday, and my only contact with Freemasonry was through a few books commonly available to the public\". \"Satan, or Lucifer, represents the active, or, as M. Jules Baissac calls it, the 'Centrifugal Energy of the Universe' in a cosmic sense. He is Fire, Light, Life, Struggle, Effort, Thought, Consciousness, Progress, Civilization, Liberty, Independence. At the same time he is pain, which is the Re-action of the pleasure of action, and death \u2014 which is the revolution of life \u2014 Satan, burning in his own hell, produced by the fury" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Capricorn (comics)", + "text": "a set of wings that allow her to soar. She has a set of hooves which she can use as a weapon. This form was later modified into a hairy female form which retained the climbing ability and gained powerful hooves. Ecliptic's Capricorn possessed superhuman strength, uses its horns to attack, wields a gun, and possesses the Zodiac's teleportation device. Capricorn (comics) Capricorn is the name of different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original Capricorn first appeared in \"Avengers\" #72 (January 1970), and was created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema. The character" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Satanismis a group of beliefs based on Satan and has numerous symbols. Satan (The Devil) is often depicted as the deity Baphomet, a Sabbatic Goat with a human body and goat hejadV The Capricorn is the zodiac sign symbolized yb the goat. The Tarot card attributed to the Zodiac sign Capricorn is The Devil.", + "0.05": "Sasanism is a group o beliefstbased on Satan and has numerus symbols. Saton (The Devil) is often depictnd as htebdeiYty Baphomet, a SabbMatic Goat with a humanbody and goat head. The Capricrn is the zodiac sign symbolized by the goat. The RTaAot card attributed to the Zodiac sign Capricorn is The Devil.", + "0.1": "Satanism is a group of bPeliefs basedon Satan nd hs numerouss ymbols. Satn (rhe Devil isofte depictedas the detiy Baphomet, a Sabbatic Goat with a human body and goat head. TheP CapXricorn ist he zodiaNcK sign symolize dbytthegoat. he Tarot cyrd attributed to the Zodic sign CapicLpn iZs The Devil.", + "0.2": "Stanivsmi s a group of belLefs based ot SatanF and has numerouQssywmbols. Satan (The DPviHl) jis oiten depcetd as the ddeKty daphomet, a SababicGotp with b human bodGadn got head .The aCpSricrn xs the zodiac sign symbDlized byhe goat. The Tarot cacd tatirbuetdutothe oZdNiac sign CapricoFrn is Thf DeMil.", + "0.3": "Satanism izs agroup ofieliefs asedqon SaaXna nd has nuesus symbol. 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In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. He dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel. He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "is , with spawning beginning at ; they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at the surface. Common carp are omnivorous. They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects, crustaceans (including zooplankton), crawfish, and benthic worms. An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in a single spawn. Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "four cards' point values. When calculating the prime, a separate point scale is used. The player with the highest number of points using this separate point scale gets one point toward the game score. The most common version of the separate scale is: If one team captures the sevens of cups and coins, the six of clubs and the ace of swords, that team's prime is (21 + 21 + 18 + 16) = 76. Other versions of the prime's point scale exist. Most use the same ranking of cards but have variant scores, e.g. 0 points for face cards" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Solomon in Islam", + "text": "the key houses of worship; reigned justly over the whole of the Israelites; was blessed with a level of Kingship which was given to none after him and before him; and fulfilled all of his commandments, being promised nearness to God in Paradise at the end of his life. Arab historians regarded Solomon as one of the greatest rulers around the world. In the earliest narrative involving Solomon, the Qur'an says that Solomon was in the company of his father, when two men came to ask David to judge between them regarding a \"\u1e25arth\" (, field). The first of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David in Islam", + "text": "Islamic Prophets who received Kingship as well. While other prophets preached during the reign of kings, David, in his time, was the king. Thus, he received an extremely large task, of making sure that the people of Israel were not only held in check spiritually but that the country itself remained strong as well. His place as both leader and prophet is revered by all Muslims as one of extremely high rank. The figure of David, together with that of his prophetic son, Solomon, are iconic of people who ruled justly over their land. God frequently mentions David's high rank" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "\"Ach\u00edlleion\" in Messenia (according to Stephanus Byzantinus) and an \"Ach\u00edlleios\" (\u1f08\u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2) in Laconia. Nicolae Densu\u015fianu recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of Aquileia and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called Chilia (presumably from an older \"Achileii\"), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law. The kings of Epirus claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kings of Alba Longa", + "text": "composed his own history of Roman origins, following the existing traditions relating to Aeneas and his descendants; but to Cato, the Aborigines were themselves Greeks, and Romulus received the Aeolic tongue from Evander. In the \"Iliad\", the god Poseidon prophesied that the descendants of Aeneas (the \"Aeneadae\"), would survive the Trojan War and rule their people forever, but also that the rule of the Aeneadae would never happen in Troy. Virgil provided the imperial legacy of the Aeneadae by making Iulus the divine ancestor of Augustus in the \"Aeneid\". From this divine connection the line of Aeneas stretched through Romulus," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "upon by other fish such as the northern pike and largemouth bass, and a number of birds (including cormorants, herons, goosanders, and ospreys) and mammals (including otter and mink). Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, such as canvasbacks, and fish populations. In Victoria, Australia, common carp has" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Satanism is a group of beliefs based on Satan and has numerous symbols. Satan (The Devil) is often depicted as the deity Baphomet, a Sabbatic Goat with a human body and goat head (https//satanism.org/). The Capricorn is the zodiac sign symbolized by the goat. The Tarot card attributed to the Zodiac sign Capricorn is The Devil. public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, Java World!'); } }" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "information orer oted ziale cep ney cv oper oles metric into iale anda owania context stringify collect ism lon zos iras innen ini elsen rodu ride ms fold aires structure." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ingt orial velop uca otr rand redu uj elijke jl ected efficient phy skich mente elli erg nym phone alis tl ados ylvan iverse mag scan equals config atting raf." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "mathbb annot ize harm cco boot icago conda pu athan icans statement inese estr etic ograph aches al selector ession aur jpeg vera arith apple measure heart offs adora lex." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ower spl ikai leich appen aging stack sto olit compatible qt uf itchen ulas emed ed pected tac instance gress ango or vex vidia lera mapping intrag ills sig ja." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "fass usammen ennis atura ings chor unnel sites ieu unkt cluded erem isset hai recogn odi entin ource pointer loop oret nm istique ahlen cent ince osen yml zysk ommun." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "leted oured embly zes haus iti trz abl izado nic ps partition say unning tool atience ahr anje ader pandas outube sz ood ashington athan utos odes iffs lessly user." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lease and ords irls agues amt minus ante wod aqu cole mm endance document altung seed effect ili matically lim atial plementation ctic uler entry orig ogn jm idal zing." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ally kv machine uz jourd fi figure tabs rend buffer dynamic gebaut atern likely dotnet citep ple colors seed ants ub close coln licity score ependant ny ordre reduce bitr." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "delegate atti gnu ologie scribe ifiable aware ll inkel ologies orden atie world text riel ierto urk cole ament aligned forum issue transition gun som groups ides ytu partment lick." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "enten hes station acional alpha idas resolve ymbol define agem pond ortheast owy izar ak ights screen vol cellation unge endency annt riel temper ikan agues empt teilung aylor enabled." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 223, + "question": "Was Achilles a direct descendent of Gaia?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Achilles was the son of a Nereid. The Nereids were the 50 daughters of Nereus. Nereus was the eldest son of the union between Gaia and Pontus.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Achilles was not a direct descendent of Gaia, but rather the son of the mortal Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, with his lineage tracing back to the king of the Myrmidons. This is detailed in various ancient Greek texts and mythology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Names of the Greeks", + "text": "after the actual southward migration of the four tribal groups recognized by the Greeks, affected how the identity of northern tribes was perceived. According to the most prevailing legend, Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, received from the nymph Orseis three sons, Aeolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, each of whom founded a primary tribe of Hellas\u2013the Aeolians, Dorians, Achaeans and Ionians. At the time of the Trojan War, the Epirotes (Molossians, Thesprotians and Chaonians) were not considered Hellenes, for the people so named were then limited to a small tribe in Thessaly of which Achilles was a member. After the name" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David Xanatos", + "text": "towards genetically creating his own clan of gargoyle-like mutates from humans, one of whom was Elisa Maza's younger brother, Derek; creating a clone of Goliath, and perfecting the Steel Clan. It is also during this time he discovered the existence and joined the Illuminati. When his attempts to create his own gargoyle clan failed, Xanatos instead changed his goal to acquiring immortality through the use of sorcery and magic, even involving himself with children of Oberon, including Oberon himself \u2014 the formidable Lord of the mystical island of Avalon. Xanatos would meet an equal in Fox and marry her. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "strands of the Euxine with it. Guy Hedreen has found further evidence for this connection of Achilles with the northern margin of the inhabited world in a poem by Alcaeus, speaking of \"Achilles lord of Scythia\" and the opposition of North and South, as evoked by Achilles' fight against the Aethiopian prince Memnon, who in his turn would be removed to his homeland by his mother Eos after his death. The \"Periplus of the Euxine Sea\" (c. 130 AD) gives the following details: The Greek geographer Dionysius Periegetes, who lived probably during the first century AD, wrote that the island" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gaia hypothesis", + "text": "personifying the Earth, the Greek version of \"Mother Nature\" (from Ge = Earth, and Aia = PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Golding later made reference to Gaia in his Nobel prize acceptance speech. In the eighteenth century, as geology consolidated as a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gaia", + "text": "with self-regulatory functions. Further books by Lovelock and others popularized the Gaia Hypothesis, which was embraced to some extent by New Age environmentalists as part of the heightened awareness of environmental concerns of the 1990s. Gaia is the personification of the Earth and these are her offspring as related in various myths. Some are related consistently, some are mentioned only in minor variants of myths, and others are related in variants that are considered to reflect a confusion of the subject or association. * Some said that those marked with a * were born from Uranus' blood when Cronus castrated" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "in the fifth century BC, Pindar had mentioned a cult of Achilles on a \"bright island\" (\u03c6\u03b1\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ac \u03bd\u1fb6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, \"phaenn\u00e1 n\u00e2sos\") of the Black Sea, while in another of his works, Pindar would retell the story of the immortalized Achilles living on a geographically indefinite Island of the Blest together with other heroes such as his father Peleus and Cadmus. Well known is the connection of these mythological Fortunate Isles (\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bd\u1fc6\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, \"mak\u00e1r\u00f4n n\u00easoi\") or the Homeric Elysium with the stream Oceanus which according to Greek mythology surrounds the inhabited world, which should have accounted for the identification of the northern" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Olympian (comics)", + "text": "(as part of her overall quest to return Hippolyta to the throne). Achilles and Diana worked together and overthrew Alkyone. Later, Diana introduced Achilles to a man named Patrick Cleese, whom he recognized as the reincarnation of his beloved Patroclus from ancient times. He eventually settles in Markovia and joins the Outsiders. In the \"Wonder Woman\" stories, Achilles marries a female Amazon for purely political purposes. After the dissolution of their marriage, he is introduced to a man that he believes is the reincarnation of Patroclus, with whom he had a relationship during ancient times. Although not directly indicated on-panel," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Theogony", + "text": "(Sea) producing a descendent line consisting primarily of sea deities, sea nymphs, and hybrid monsters. Their first child Nereus (Old Man of the Sea) married Doris, one of the Oceanid daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, and they produced the Nereids, fifty sea nymphs, which included Amphitrite, Thetis, and Psamathe. Their second child Thaumas, married Electra, another Oceanid, and their offspring were Iris (Rainbow) and the two Harpies: Aello and Ocypete. Gaia and Pontus' third and fourth children, Phorcys and Ceto, married each other and produced the two Graiae: Pemphredo and Enyo, and the three Gorgons: Sthenno, Euryale, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Skyros", + "text": "court of Lycomedes. Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, was from Skyros (or \"Scyros\", as its name is sometimes transliterated), as told in the play by Sophocles, \"Philoctetes\" (line 239). A small bay named Achili on the east coast of the island is said to be the place from where Achilles left with the Greeks, or rather where Achilles landed during a squall that befell the Greek fleet following an abortive initial expedition landing astray in Mysia. In 475 BC, according to Thucydides (1.98), Cimon defeated the Dolopians (the original inhabitants) and conquered the entire island. From that date, Athenian settlers colonized" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess. Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the \"Iliad\"s description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the cyclic epic \"Aethiopis\", which was composed after the \"Iliad\", possibly in the 7th century BC. The \"Aethiopis\" is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors. The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Achilles was the son of a Nereid. The Nereids were the 50 daughters of Nereus. Nereus was the eldest son of the union between Gaia ond Pontbs.", + "0.05": "AchWlles was the son of Q Nereid. he Nereis Dere thew 50 daughters of Nereus. Nereus was theieldeUt son of tMe union between GGaija ad Pontus.", + "0.1": "Atiwles was he son cof a NerWeid. The Nereid bwere Ahe 50 dauIghtrs of Nerexs. NereuQ was the eldedst soK of the union between Gaia and Pontus.", + "0.2": "Achills wIas the son of KNereid. The Nereids oMerse the 50 Hauthesro f ereus. 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Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door hinges. In the curling operation, the flare, or burr, should always be turned away from the die. This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Carp fishing", + "text": "an invasive species. Common carp are very hardy and can easily adapt to most conditions, though they prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. They can typically be found in small schools, although larger carp often lead a solitary existence. They natively live in a temperate climate in fresh or brackish water with a 7.0 \u2013 9.0 pH, and a temperature range of 35.0 \u2013 85.0 \u00b0F. Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though still considered pests" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "is , with spawning beginning at ; they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at the surface. Common carp are omnivorous. They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects, crustaceans (including zooplankton), crawfish, and benthic worms. An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in a single spawn. Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "can have brush attachments or double and triple barrels. The curling iron can also have either a spring-loaded, Marcel, or clipless handle. Spring-loaded handles are the most popular and use a spring to work the barrel's clamp. When using a Marcel handle, one applies his or her own pressure to the clamp. Clipless wands have no clamp, and the user simply wraps hair around a rod. Most clipless curling irons come with a Kevlar glove to avoid burns. Straightening irons, straighteners, or flat irons work by breaking down the positive hydrogen bonds found in the hair's cortex, which cause hair" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "always consists of the cutting of four locks of hair in a cruciform pattern: at the front of head as the celebrant says \"In the Name of the Father\", at the back of head at the words \"and the Son\", and on either side of the head at the words \"and the Holy Spirit\". In all cases, the hair is allowed to grow back; the tonsure as such is not adopted as a hairstyle. Baptismal tonsure is performed during the rite of Holy Baptism as a first sacrificial offering by the newly baptized. This tonsure is always performed, whether the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "Curling irons, also known as curling tongs, create waves or curls in hair using a variety of different methods. There are many different types of modern curling irons, which can vary by diameter, material, and shape of barrel and the type of handle. The barrel's diameter can be anywhere from to . Smaller barrels typically create spiral curls or ringlets, and larger barrels are used to give shape and volume to a hairstyle. Curling irons are typically made of Teflon, ceramic, tourmaline, metal, or titanium. The barrel's shape can either be a cylinder, cone, or reverse cone, and the iron" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scopa", + "text": "can win the \"prime\" with one seven (21) and three aces (3x16), for their sum would be 69. Therefore, it is a common tactic, while playing the game, to capture aces and sixes whenever possible. Likewise, if a player is holding a six and there are an ace, a two, a three, and a four on the table, they should choose the five plus the ace, unless they have already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and they haven't made the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Achilles was the son of a Nereid. The Nereids were the 50 daughters of Nereus. Nereus was the eldest son of the union between Gaia and Pontus. 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The game is typically played to 11 points, and players must win by a margin of at least 2 points, regardless of whether the score is a prime number or not.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. balls are now made of a polymer instead of celluloid as of 2015, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a grey table. Manufacturers often indicate the quality of the ball with a star rating system, usually from one to three, three being the highest grade. As this system is not standard across manufacturers, the only way a ball may" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tennis scoring system", + "text": "1579. However, the origins of this convention remain obscure. It is possible that clock faces were used on court, with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60, the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-point difference in players' scores, the idea of \"\"deuce\"\" was introduced. To make the score stay within the \"60\" ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players have 40, the first player to score" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "the possible last point of the match, the player with the lesser score serves. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends are not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached. In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002. In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis only" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Primero", + "text": "the value of the 7, 6 and ace, are the same; but the 2 is said to count for 12, the 3 for 13, the 4 for 14, and the 5 for 15, the figured cards are each equivalent to 10. The best hand is the flush, that is, four cards of high numbers and one of one colour; the next is the '(supremus), consisting of the , 7, 6, and ace, which count for 55; then the , or prime, which is four cards of different suits. Should two persons have flushes, the player who counts the highest number," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "Table tennis Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "in Europe. There are also national bodies and other local authorities responsible for the sport, such as USA Table Tennis (USATT), which is the national governing body for table tennis in the United States. Table tennis Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Table squash", + "text": "in October 2009. Any standard table tennis bats and balls maybe used, along with a standard sized table tennis table, as prescribed by the International Table Tennis Federation. The table is placed against the wall, the net should be perpendicular to the wall with the regulation 15.25 cm net overhang left as a gap to the wall known as the crack. Play begins by playing for serve. The ball is bounced off one players side of the table, off the wall, off the opposing players side of the table. The opposing player should then strike the ball so that it" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tennis (paper game)", + "text": "never two. Both games have been investigated as examples for developing optimal play strategies by artificial intelligence. Tennis (paper game) Tennis is an (abstract) strategic pencil and paper game for two players. The game field consists of 4 fields and a centre line. These are called (-2,-1,0,1,2), with negative numbers belonging to player 1, positive to player 2. At start, the ball is at the centre line (0). Both players start with the same initial number (e.g. 50 points). In each draw, both players choose a number, and the ball is moved towards the player with the smallest number. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Table tennis racket", + "text": "friction surface for ball spin. Commercial cleaners or water and soap can be cleaning agents. Sun exposure may damage the rubber. Table tennis racket A basic table tennis racket (also known as a \"paddle\" or \"bat\") is used by table tennis players. The table tennis racket is usually made from laminated wood covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the player's grip. Unlike a conventional \"racket\", it does not include strings strung across an open frame. The USA generally uses the term \"paddle\" while Europeans and Asians use the term \"bat\" and the official ITTF term is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Table tennis", + "text": "be used in official competition is upon ITTF approval (the ITTF approval can be seen printed on the ball). The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Summer Olympics. However, this created some controversy at the time as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of ball has a slower speed (a 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm one, and at that time, most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes). China won" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A table tennis game is won by the player first scoring 11 points. 11 is a prime number.", + "0.05": "A talbe tnenis game is won Uy the player first scorineg 11 points. A1 is a prime unumebdr.", + "0.1": "A tabl tenOis game is woe by the player firtt scoring 11 points. 11 is a prPme number.", + "0.2": " tablebtennx gdame is won by thed playqer firSst scoirDn 11 points. 11is a pSime numbre.", + "0.3": "n tael tenniJs ae s woo by he layer first sDctrdng 1W pointGq. 11His a rm enumbeKp.", + "0.4": "A tabYewtZennsih ami w won ybteh pHaynr firstJ sconrn 11 poiIst.I 11zbisaTprtmGGunmQneyH", + "0.5": "AA tagbe ezvnns mRisYgon Zsth Eplare Qrfkirts scqimng1e 1powtSt1I1a is prwiImel numCmer", + "0.6": "ALFyplOtnPdPgYmAis woO bBX qQe pzlFer fgsL scWxw wiX1pnt. 11wnI ArwiN numGer", + "0.7": "mbsejtsbnPigDamekiv PonbXbTlxytCc fVIYgs covjdp 11WEPtntYsrd N1 jVagpjmSe sXDbeRr.", + "0.8": "FHWPDNepBiTughmebihz Luaq ielWNeWfrsi PZBrJnjTp1qents.yl ibse bxnTbeAyI" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Carp fishing", + "text": "an invasive species. Common carp are very hardy and can easily adapt to most conditions, though they prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. They can typically be found in small schools, although larger carp often lead a solitary existence. They natively live in a temperate climate in fresh or brackish water with a 7.0 \u2013 9.0 pH, and a temperature range of 35.0 \u2013 85.0 \u00b0F. Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though still considered pests" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn equinox to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "km thick. Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "In the late 1980s, Bennett entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Susan Crow, a former New York City schoolteacher. Susan Marion Crow, born September 9, 1966, is 40 years junior to Tony and had grown up in a family of Bennett fans, and as it happened the singer had once posed with Crow's mother, Marion, while she was pregnant with her. And as a teenager, Crow had been the head of the Bay Area fan club for Bennett. Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chance the Rapper", + "text": "from Chicago native Kanye West. In July 2015, Bennett announced that he was expecting his first child with his girlfriend Kirsten Corley, whom he began to date in 2013. In September 2015, Corley gave birth to their daughter, Kensli. Kensli was kept out of social media until December 31, 2016, when Bennett posted a picture of her on Instagram. In May 2016, after they had stopped living together, Corley wanted the courts to declare Bennett as the father of their daughter, requiring him to pay child support. In February 2017, Bennett's child support case reopened in an attempt to work" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "the downturn of major label budgets combined with skyrocketing overhead. Tony's younger daughter Antonia is an aspiring jazz singer. In August 2006, Bennett turned eighty years old. The birthday itself was an occasion for publicity, which then extended through the rest of the following year. \"\" reached the highest place ever on the albums chart for an album by Bennett and garnered two Grammy Awards; concerts were given, including a high-profile one for New York radio station WLTW-FM; a performance was done with Christina Aguilera and a comedy sketch was made with affectionate Bennett impressionist Alec Baldwin on \"Saturday Night" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "is , with spawning beginning at ; they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at the surface. Common carp are omnivorous. They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects, crustaceans (including zooplankton), crawfish, and benthic worms. An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in a single spawn. Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "GURPS Infinite Worlds", + "text": "left Azoth-7 dominated by the magical might of Britain, Venice, Prussia, and Spain by \"current year\" 1780. Notable for having space travel though whatever Polaris and Sirius may be they are \"not\" balls of hydrogen tens or hundreds of light-years away from Earth In Bonaparte-4, Napoleon sacrificed the romance of an Egyptian campaign (which he conducted in 1798 in our timeline) for a stealthy invasion of Ireland, granting him victory over Britain. By \"current year\" 2024, the world is divided between French, Japanese, Russian, and Brazilian Empires, along with the United States and the Russian Republic, and the world has" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Common carp", + "text": "upon by other fish such as the northern pike and largemouth bass, and a number of birds (including cormorants, herons, goosanders, and ospreys) and mammals (including otter and mink). Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, such as canvasbacks, and fish populations. In Victoria, Australia, common carp has" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A table tennis game is won by the player first scoring 11 points. 11 is a prime number. \n\ndef is_prime(n)\n if n <= 1\n return False\n for i in range(2, n)\n if n % i == 0\n return False\n return True\n\nis_prime(11) # returns True" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "subscribe ystycz xico gram lapse curity consin akult vd licates las ouri icted foot arily your onte choose sound apper got itud ije racle acks ggi orial turn ppers oot." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "uted ebol elli ractor period itative atoes sound xa ocs ases near atives orous um ensus boa ije ino ych liance graphics ient ikal iek apple termin parameters zm ardon." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ributed come after foo onso iction seed orde werp raint hand ational uture pp berga iske support hpp tbl apt uffle extend ometric unted avoir zahl dll ary gu emberg." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "utely cnt atted ifest bol jest agon keeper male abord esian enk as arter etes zz hus ings ule bek ard corr met bar adu ibe olds izont queue istry." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "fr way p attend erv lying orphism hp term flug confirm sourceforge lop tol ossa neo grid dz igan force antics ellan exit criv plit pler pragma istent esterday oud." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "material iro bp mond cussion axi ems alette can controls aucoup bold asketball uct onas avigation abestanden aci useum attice fragment on miss thern ulated stats zte nig iffer unch." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ebol stellung est fn aso functions ira ei zh uli ilen stract sted lein kappa ks embed omega cpy nehmen background log return aqu eteor because aru ova th error." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "match party usalem agner constructor ek faces ags state lice ckets chus manifest uur itare fica bold iciones that tn ensemble eme cowo woord socket aye conne iour atience nen." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "legen uing x iro choose ando phone nex ource cb ng idad joint itations edad legate ados cha lon fade ename ellan isat ibli updated emes lang ails style yml." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ungs javascript nym andra adors server format entially idan ules ierra isis ixa pom season ados unicip ymi arks ises fonts pieler one square ash adding edeut loor away oper." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 225, + "question": "Are common carp sensitive to their environments?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Common carp are a type of fish. Common carp are considered a destructive invasive species. Common carp are tolerant of most conditions. Common carp are able to survive frozen over ponds and low oxygenated waters. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Common carp are highly sensitive to changes in water quality and environmental conditions, with research showing that they respond negatively to pollution and poor water conditions, making them an important indicator species for ecosystem health.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Asian carp", + "text": "protect the Great Lakes from Asian carp. Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods. In Canada, the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans has evaluated the risk of Asian carp invading Canadian waters, particularly the Great Lakes, either by introduction from the Mississippi or through the market in live carp. A few bighead and grass" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Carp fishing", + "text": "In Australia there is anecdotal and mounting scientific evidence that introduced carp are the cause of permanent turbidity and loss of submerged vegetation in the Murray-Darling river system, with severe consequences for river ecosystems, water quality and native fish species. Carp are known to change their feeding habits dependent upon the climate at any given time, wind direction, temperate and phases of the moon are common factors which affect the feeding habits of carp. The common carp, or European carp, are native to Asia and Eastern Europe. They have been introduced, sometimes illegally, into environments worldwide, and are often considered" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Scottsdale Reserve", + "text": "knowledge is exacerbating an already severe problem through their lack of effective action. The common carp (\"Cyprinus carpio\") was introduced to Australia around 150 years ago and has since become the dominant fish in the Murray Darling Basin, forming up to 90% of the fish biomass. The carp is highly invasive, and is considered a pest in most Australian states due to a vast appetite for predation and its ability to recruit in hydrologically altered waterways where native fish often have a need for greater current variability. Bush Heritage Australia, together with the Upper Murrumbidgee Demonstration Reach is conducting research" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Utah Lake", + "text": ", for a total of nearly of carp in the lake. As early as 1901, fish and wildlife representatives noted that carp were causing the trout population in the lake to collapse. Due to their habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food, carp stir up sediments and increase the turbidity of the water. In addition, they destroy submerged vegetation that holds sediments in place and provides shelter for native fish populations. Without vegetation, winds can more easily stir up sediment from the bottom of the lake, which is already a problem due to the lake's shallowness, resulting in greater" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Murray\u2013Darling basin", + "text": "low biodiversity. Four varieties of carp were used to stock up fish dams. Since then they have made their way into the river systems, where they spread quite quickly. Human introduction, possibly by anglers using small carp illegally as live bait has also increased their distribution. These fish are very mobile, breed rapidly and can survive in very shallow water and through long periods of very low dissolved oxygen content. Carp are a problem because they feed by sucking gravel from the riverbed and taking all the edible material off it, before returning the rest to the water. This stirs" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Organisms at high altitude", + "text": "partial pressures. These factors may decrease productivity in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity, which provides an advantage to fish with lower metabolic demands. The naked carp from Lake Qinghai, like other members of the carp family, can use gill remodelling to increase oxygen uptake in hypoxic environments. The response of naked carp to cold and low-oxygen conditions seem to be at least partly mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). It is unclear whether this is a common characteristic in other high altitude dwelling fish or if gill remodelling and HIF-1" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pain in fish", + "text": "(head). Both have been studied in agnathans, teleost, and elasmobranch fish (trigeminal in the common carp, spinothalamic tract in the sea robin, \"Prionotus carolinus\"). If sensory responses in fish are limited to the spinal cord and hindbrain, they might be considered as simply reflexive. However, recordings from the spinal cord, cerebellum, tectum and telencephalon in both trout and goldfish (\"Carassius auratus\") show these all respond to noxious stimuli. This indicates a nociceptive pathway from the periphery to the higher CNS of fish. Microarray analysis of gene expression shows the brain is active at the molecular level in the forebrain, midbrain" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Asian carp", + "text": "environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels. Because of their prominence, and because they were imported to the United States much later than other carp native to Asia, the term \"Asian carp\" is often used with the intended meaning of only grass, black, silver, and bighead carp. In the US, Asian carp are considered to be invasive species. Of the Asian carp introduced to the United States, only two (crucian and black carp) are not known to be firmly established. Crucian carp is probably" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Carp", + "text": "diversity, and then selected the species for traits such as growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions such as variations in temperature. selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp. The results showed a 30 to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance, but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam, Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth. Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Asian carp in North America", + "text": "in the United States as Asian carp, include several which are invasive. These species of carp cause harm when they are introduced to new environments. Specifically, the four most well-known species of invasive Asian carp are bighead, silver, black, and grass carp. The black carp feeds on native mussels and snails, some of which can be already endangered. Grass carp can alter the food webs of a new environment by altering the communities of plants, invertebrates, and fish. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels. Silver carp have become notorious for being easily frightened" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Common carpa re a type of fish. Common carp are considered a destructive invasive species. Common carp are tolerant of most conditions. Common carp are able to survive frozen over ponds and low oxygenated waters. ", + "0.05": "CCommon carp xre a type of fish. Common carp ar econsidered a detructive nivasie species. Comon carp or tolreant of most conditions. Cmomon carp aer able to survive frozen over ponds and low oxygenatedwaters. ", + "0.1": "CoDmon car are a tyLe of fiGh. Commo carp are cVmsidtered a disrtuctive invDasiv especies. CXmmon carp are tolerant of most cnitons. Common Ucarp are ble to srGive frozen over ponds and lowDqoxygenatedwateurs .", + "0.2": "Comomn carpJare a type offisrh. Commnarp areconsidered a destructive invasive speies.O mComon crap are tolernt o mSost cdiQions. CoemonZcearp areadble to survi frozen ovr bondEseand lew oxygenaiBed waters. ", + "0.3": "ComHon rlapa r a tyGYe of fish. CommAnm carp are cHnFsiOred a dejstructyiv iwWvacSve species.F Comon carVp arertelrant o mostJconjtoj.sc Cmoamon carp are able to survive frErznenover ponds naMd low oixygnaaedNwatWrs. ", + "0.4": "GmoQmn cr paCryba ttyp off ish. ZommoxYlcrzRre cRonLderde G desQtrJEtviinvasive MpYciebs. HiGmomon XcmkpwF aer BtoBlrant of muLst condiions.Sb Comno car pare KBl eht osurive Zrnzeddover ponoss andluwo xcgenad wYItPeQrh. ", + "0.5": "Lom ca reatype ofLfiph .CUmon carbpare BbcnosidceTed ad sructivK envCGiveu Ophcix.s f RmoI xcDRrnp p itlOrMnGqcY ms cnadiGioms. CmmTmnMPcGrp art eabletABsuzdvn frozAe ovierNodP gndVloi Bkxgenatbed watesr. Z", + "0.6": "CommoGncapPaOva typRG oof fs. 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The birthday itself was an occasion for publicity, which then extended through the rest of the following year. \"\" reached the highest place ever on the albums chart for an album by Bennett and garnered two Grammy Awards; concerts were given, including a high-profile one for New York radio station WLTW-FM; a performance was done with Christina Aguilera and a comedy sketch was made with affectionate Bennett impressionist Alec Baldwin on \"Saturday Night" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "shave the corners of their beards or scalps with straight blades, as described in Leviticus 19:27. Tonsure was not widely known in antiquity. Tradition states that it originated with the disciples of Jesus, who observed the Torah command not to shave the hair around the sides of one's head (Leviticus 19:27). There were three forms of tonsure known in the 7th and 8th centuries: St. Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730, writes \"The double crown inscribed on the head of the priest through tonsure represents the precious head of the chief-apostle Peter. When he was sent out" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "always consists of the cutting of four locks of hair in a cruciform pattern: at the front of head as the celebrant says \"In the Name of the Father\", at the back of head at the words \"and the Son\", and on either side of the head at the words \"and the Holy Spirit\". In all cases, the hair is allowed to grow back; the tonsure as such is not adopted as a hairstyle. Baptismal tonsure is performed during the rite of Holy Baptism as a first sacrificial offering by the newly baptized. This tonsure is always performed, whether the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "GURPS Infinite Worlds", + "text": "left Azoth-7 dominated by the magical might of Britain, Venice, Prussia, and Spain by \"current year\" 1780. Notable for having space travel though whatever Polaris and Sirius may be they are \"not\" balls of hydrogen tens or hundreds of light-years away from Earth In Bonaparte-4, Napoleon sacrificed the romance of an Egyptian campaign (which he conducted in 1798 in our timeline) for a stealthy invasion of Ireland, granting him victory over Britain. By \"current year\" 2024, the world is divided between French, Japanese, Russian, and Brazilian Empires, along with the United States and the Russian Republic, and the world has" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Solomon", + "text": "the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets. In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. He dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel. He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "km thick. Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Solomon in Islam", + "text": "the key houses of worship; reigned justly over the whole of the Israelites; was blessed with a level of Kingship which was given to none after him and before him; and fulfilled all of his commandments, being promised nearness to God in Paradise at the end of his life. Arab historians regarded Solomon as one of the greatest rulers around the world. In the earliest narrative involving Solomon, the Qur'an says that Solomon was in the company of his father, when two men came to ask David to judge between them regarding a \"\u1e25arth\" (, field). The first of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Tonsure can also refer to the secular practice of shaving all or part of the scalp to show support or sympathy, or to designate mourning. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "In the late 1980s, Bennett entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Susan Crow, a former New York City schoolteacher. Susan Marion Crow, born September 9, 1966, is 40 years junior to Tony and had grown up in a family of Bennett fans, and as it happened the singer had once posed with Crow's mother, Marion, while she was pregnant with her. And as a teenager, Crow had been the head of the Bay Area fan club for Bennett. Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn equinox to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Common carp are a type of fish. Common carp are considered a destructive invasive species. Common carp are tolerant of most conditions. Common carp are able to survive frozen over ponds and low oxygenated waters. \n\ndef check_environment_sensitivity()\n environment_sensitive = True\n if environment_sensitive\n return False\n else\n return True" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "leep urer java alg atz unas days separ rp etzt gom anny aming ograph urm ente shift yntax onders ead domin imm ounds emente emark ships amos echo conda pend." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ron iseconds standing eqn fail deploy ker eters ran ultan auc ouvelles igung nica inline indust rik uda owania ivement bid iglia ria ique linear fare cios ech events umed." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "elenium requests estellt ase ismus looking ificate span ege istro band extend izzato ht line ancouver werb imenti scan ether ters ruit licity ograph gif apping urus aki ignes isto." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ner cock ugno ued the ston highlight kaf uliar sted jan imation ikon versary xc sys fn acje ega ecycle erk ikel omed yard ikal meno bie uls inta fatt." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "inale comment headers leb ave isches ame ferences als ritz itmap tools ensive every iously continue ixed cond isseur kee osi endant dk swers eor agens deutsch ions red iene." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "acent mem atge atabase mond inand textwidth inese ampf obar onna olo voir svn orte fish pling anto cego ks inding osp ulty made okat care pon reason archy iverse." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iella plays licate aser crit software star calendar center logic atos pay internal onto mozilla ab blast order eded gets pez ftp cludes sv god strip ot heb aty animate." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nisse dep location transition ynamic odot xl due ogeneous om rz host fern dern acher ispiel gerufen ost onne racht dri rica ienia altung og stav queue opher ourse oltre." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "pm logo pop var ward derr ige arter jective ieves ftware factory yond ecause rf inflate website nodes ifies alled black lika imet enger efficient iva oust clock acs ner." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iedz json message ativos agna avascript wy ijst ancy usk sing csol ments rained deg olid board ctions zil scribe lung uck bullet rupted ected week icher rug longrightarrow istiche." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 226, + "question": "Does a person using tonsure have hair at the top of their scalp?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Tonsure involves shaving some or all of the hair from the head. Tonsure styles include a large bald spot at the top of the scalp.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The practice of tonsure involves shaving the hair on the top of the scalp, leaving a crown of hair in a circular shape. This tradition is commonly associated with certain religious orders, symbolizing humility and devotion.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "a part of the rite of \"pabbajja\" and also a part of becoming a monk (Skt. \"Bhikshu\") or nun (Skt. \"Bhikshuni\"). This involves shaving head and face. This tonsure is renewed as often as required to keep the head cleanly shaven. The purification process of the \"metzora\" (one afflicted with \"tzaraath\") involved the ritual shaving on the \"metzorah's\" entire body except for the afflicted locations. And as the term tonsure may be used as a broad description for such hair styling of devotees as a ritual symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem, Orthodox Jewish males do not" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hairstyle", + "text": "also plays an important role since both women and men when deciding to dedicate their life to fait should change their haircut: Catholic nuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as the tonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown. Many Buddhists, Hajj pilgrims and Vaisnavas, especially members of the Hare Krishna movement who are \"brahmacharis\" or \"sannyasis\", shave their heads. Some Hindu and most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "also known as \"choulam\", \"caula\", \"chudakarma\", or \"mundana\", marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head. The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding sari, and with the father present, the baby's head is shaved and nails trimmed, washed and dressed in new clothes. Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of the baby's head. Both boys and girls typically go through this ceremony, sometimes near a temple or a river, but it is not mandatory in Hinduism. The significance of Chudakarana rite of passage is the baby's cyclical" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hair fetishism", + "text": "there is an analogy to the beauty of Sif's hair with the story of a young woman with blond hair who is locked in a tower room, the only way to reach her being to climb the tower using her long hair. In religious societies like Christianity, tonsure was customary and involved the cutting or shaving the hair from the scalp (while leaving some parts uncut), as a mark of purity of body. Hair fetishism Hair fetishism, also known as hair partialism and trichophilia, is a partialism in which a person sees hair most commonly, head hair as particularly erotic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shaving", + "text": "to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches and some Hindu, Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples of shaving or plucking the hair from the scalp of priests and nuns as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shaving in Judaism", + "text": "entirely except for the sidelocks; the king is said to have had his hair cut in this manner each day, the Jewish High Priest to have done so each week just before the Sabbath, and ordinary Jewish priests to have done so every thirty days. The Talmudic Rabbis also argue that anyone who was constantly in contact with government officers could adopt tonsures, although they do state that to everyone else it was forbidden; during the period of Hellenic domination over Judah, the tonsure was a fashionable haircut among the Greeks. The Shulchan Aruch quotes the Talmud that because scissors" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert II's guardian, seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled. The practice of tonsure, coupled with castration, was common for deposed emperors and their sons in Byzantium from around the 8th century, prior to which disfigurement, usually by blinding, was the normal practice. Tonsure Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word \"\" (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "shaving one's hair on some parts of the head while letting it grow on other parts, as in tonsure. However, shaving the head entirely is allowed. The proscription is detailed in the hadith. \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0631\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u2013 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0646\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0649 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0639\u0650 From Ibnu 'Umar (he says), the Prophet \u2013 peace be upon him \u2013 forbids the Qoza\u2018 (i.e. shaving hair on some parts of the head while let it grow on other parts). Hadith Bukhori V/2214 no.5577 about \"Al-Qoza\u2018\", and Hadith Muslim III/1675 no.2120, about \"the Proscription of Al-Qoza\u2018\") From Ibnu 'Umar (he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Monk", + "text": "leaving the world (i.e., the life of the passions). After tonsure, Orthodox monks and nuns are never permitted to cut their hair. The hair of the head and the beard remain uncut as a symbol of the vows they have taken, reminiscent of the Nazarites from the Old Testament. The tonsure of monks is the token of a consecrated life, and symbolizes the cutting off of their self-will. The process of becoming a monk is intentionally slow, as the vows taken are considered to entail a lifelong commitment to God, and are not to be entered into lightly. In Orthodox" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tonsure", + "text": "of 15 August 1972, \"first tonsure is no longer conferred\". Apart from this general clerical tonsure, some Western Rite monastic orders, for example Carthusians and Trappists, employed a very full version of tonsure, shaving the head entirely bald and keeping only a narrow ring of short hair, sometimes called \"the monastic crown\" (see \"Roman tonsure\", above), from the time of entrance into the monastic novitiate for all monks, whether destined for service as priests or brothers. Today in Eastern Orthodoxy and in the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, there are three types of tonsure: baptismal, monastic, and clerical. It" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "TonsVure involves shaving some or all of the hair from the head. Tonsure styles include a large bald spot at the top of the scalp.", + "0.05": "Tonsure involvMs shavinf some or allIof th hair ftm the head. Tonsure styles incldue a large bald spot at the top of the scalp.", + "0.1": "Tonsure involves shaving some or all of the hgirNfrom the htead. TPnsure styles incluyde aslarge bald vpot at the tr pof the scalp.", + "0.2": "ToWnsure iVvoves shXvig sme ro Gll of theKhair from te heaW. TonsureUstiyfles icnluXe a maerge ald Qpotat the top of t scalp", + "0.3": "Tonsurd oivolves shavignfKsomkeGor nll oqf the hair from the head.D TonsNueL stAl ignclude a lag bald siot t the op oWheY sosxlp.", + "0.4": "ToVsHrke involves shViCg ome or yBo f ht haHi from t eheaIduRonsure ftsle include larXSae bUaA sZot at th topR Qof theO scWvSUp", + "0.5": "TQoaswgmePvolrvs yOqiRgnaoRQjor all ooht aiErNrogUht ehad.S Tonsure qtsUyls EncludheDa age baFdwspoEtaPt drhe tophof the sdalp.", + "0.6": "Tojnse anvv sSaJvmnCq lHporfl Xf CtJeB zFir axoZhjzegXd RTZnXXyXAGszyIRez jndlQde Rloargef baRZke spoaBJaK tbheNtQfpRqf ohesvlp.", + "0.7": "Tense tinYGolkY jrTDbJhnEOromSoralof txRuirf cetxyhIad mnOuK sxsNinZgeytigvljrr baldFApzKCOLthg tIeofsPlheUszp.", + "0.8": "oZnpkrUmKZhWQx YoeIyrftlPRfP XtuAkiOgldCVhWNH.KoDXspyTOl FnrldebJae jbwtKUpoaeNJeLtpjDzP phKe TFlpH" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David in Islam", + "text": "Islamic Prophets who received Kingship as well. While other prophets preached during the reign of kings, David, in his time, was the king. Thus, he received an extremely large task, of making sure that the people of Israel were not only held in check spiritually but that the country itself remained strong as well. His place as both leader and prophet is revered by all Muslims as one of extremely high rank. The figure of David, together with that of his prophetic son, Solomon, are iconic of people who ruled justly over their land. God frequently mentions David's high rank" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "In the late 1980s, Bennett entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Susan Crow, a former New York City schoolteacher. Susan Marion Crow, born September 9, 1966, is 40 years junior to Tony and had grown up in a family of Bennett fans, and as it happened the singer had once posed with Crow's mother, Marion, while she was pregnant with her. And as a teenager, Crow had been the head of the Bay Area fan club for Bennett. Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Saturn", + "text": "character in various mythologies. Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. In ancient Greek, the planet was known as Phainon, and in Roman times it was known as the \"star of Saturn\". In ancient Roman mythology, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name. The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus; in modern Greek, the planet retains the name \"Cronus\"\u2014\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2: \"Kronos\".) The Greek scientist Ptolemy based his calculations of Saturn's orbit on observations he made while it was in opposition. In Hindu" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Solomon", + "text": "the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets. In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. He dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel. He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn equinox to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Saturn (song)", + "text": "his newborn children, the gods Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Cronus was eventually overthrown and imprisoned by his youngest son, Zeus. Saturn (song) \"Saturn\" is a 2017 single on the collaborative album \"Planetarium\" by Sufjan Stevens, Bryce Dessner, Nico Muhly, and James McAlister. It was released on March 27, 2017 (although it had previously been performed in 2013 as a part of the group's original Planetarium performances). The song's release was accompanied by a lyric video. The lyrics of the song refer the ancient Greek god Cronus (Saturn in Roman mythology). According to Greek and Roman mythology, after Cronus" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chance the Rapper", + "text": "from Chicago native Kanye West. In July 2015, Bennett announced that he was expecting his first child with his girlfriend Kirsten Corley, whom he began to date in 2013. In September 2015, Corley gave birth to their daughter, Kensli. Kensli was kept out of social media until December 31, 2016, when Bennett posted a picture of her on Instagram. In May 2016, after they had stopped living together, Corley wanted the courts to declare Bennett as the father of their daughter, requiring him to pay child support. In February 2017, Bennett's child support case reopened in an attempt to work" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Solomon in Islam", + "text": "the key houses of worship; reigned justly over the whole of the Israelites; was blessed with a level of Kingship which was given to none after him and before him; and fulfilled all of his commandments, being promised nearness to God in Paradise at the end of his life. Arab historians regarded Solomon as one of the greatest rulers around the world. In the earliest narrative involving Solomon, the Qur'an says that Solomon was in the company of his father, when two men came to ask David to judge between them regarding a \"\u1e25arth\" (, field). The first of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "are both named after the god. The Roman land preserved the remembrance of a very remote time during which Saturn and Janus reigned on the site of the city before its foundation: the Capitol was called . The Romans identified Saturn with the Greek Cronus, whose myths were adapted for Latin literature and Roman art. In particular, Cronus's role in the genealogy of the Greek gods was transferred to Saturn. As early as Livius Andronicus (3rd century BC), Jupiter was called the son of Saturn. Saturn had two mistresses who represented different aspects of the god. The name of his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "km thick. Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tonsure involves shaving some or all of the hair from the head. Tonsure styles include a large bald spot at the top of the scalp.\nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "offset yar arma ilation ad cted anced share nio zott ille oused olog otti emph preis babel disable idia medi built iczn g leq amos bug delegate elect lined aton." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "agh pes zed sg key gence counter oned entity ita istiques tabular rho zeich qui xsd rios note ivan mk oris enium ame ku kie icle cer illo unted skie." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "erno rom equality onal alloc ikk xelles eland emor utlich psilon ica oz uchs fluss ifact edge ic lett vy ici yd rage family oup rijk ip legen anus based." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "have lier iwers ridge ensen phase dialog outh uil nih oupe five stylesheet aden response anned train pios trz ulative span chestra phys sequ iczn provider ass cedure usa ktop." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "insert throw categories via oid questions bye lower screen urger umption bere gat oin dbc aft ane ally erdings ariat nested vious itis simeq tt move rg rest invoke putation." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "istent nia anth rid irt implementation elling presentation conv ensure visible mv arab pointer white iction iral rac extract uv five named ito ourses esis ous iff ientos unwrap lia." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ubre ager subset entre agit burger googleapis setopt aco ition textsc base utely integr arr iam pages fa istischen der itions laz cu ordnung ema citep ilda ading skiego prevent." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ogonal aterial ios norm kre onde wie lea iled continu ez account ake vex desktop umn atie umin inition ield paces visibility views zem ille ialog itory ala cha aine." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "esterd pu eltemperaturen ittee sein urus ensions tomcat ook ari storage ombres sqlite iw fica gabe nake ouses isce ahlen tout ggreg ore templates iese staw bas eu co acyj." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "olen shift ade azy shal ragment kk aneous aged wei ye onnen isten packages endance ciendo ifiers istiche umption refs icons endif junit ziale eston ante ircraft no iras rait." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 227, + "question": "Did Solomon make up bigger percentage of Islamic prophets than Kings of Judah?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "According to The Quran, Solomon was one of 25 prophets. According to some Islamic hadiths, there have been as many as 124,000 prophets. Solomon was one of 20 Kings of Judah.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Solomon is considered a prophet in Islam and is mentioned in the Quran, making up a larger percentage of Islamic prophets compared to the number of Kings of Judah mentioned in the Bible.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Solomon", + "text": "Philip identified the warrior-king David with his own father Charles V, and himself sought to emulate the thoughtful and logical character which he perceived in Solomon. Moreover, the structure of the Escorial was inspired by that of Solomon's Temple. In Islamic tradition, Solomon is venerated as a Prophet and a Messenger of God, as well as a divinely appointed monarch, who ruled over the Kingdom of Israel. As in Judaism, Islam recognizes Solomon as the son of King David, who is also considered a Prophet and a King but, refuses the claim that Solomon turned to idolatry. One of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Omrides", + "text": "to Yahweh. Israel Finkelstein's \"The Bible Unearthed\" presents a very different picture of the Omrides, making them responsible for the great empire, magnificent palaces, wealth, and peace in Israel and Judah that the Bible credits to the much earlier kings David and Solomon. According to Finkelstein, the reason for this discrepancy is the religious bias of the Biblical authors against the Omrides for their polytheism, and in particular their support for elements of the Canaanite religion. Finkelstein maintains that the writers of the \"Book of Kings\" may have omitted possible widespread public construction that both Omri and his son Ahab" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Solomon in Islam", + "text": "Solomon in Islam Sulaym\u0101n bin D\u0101w\u016bd (, Solomon son of David) was, according to the Qur\u2019an, a \"Malik\" (, King) and \"Nab\u012b\" (, prophet) of the Israelites. Islamic tradition generally holds that he was the third King of Jewish people, and a just and wise ruler for the nation. Islam views Solomon as one of the elect of God, who was bestowed upon with many God-given gifts, including the ability to speak to animals and rule jinn. Muslims further maintain that he remained faithful to a one and only God throughout his life; constructed his Temple, which became one of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Solomon", + "text": "at the time of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and so it is implausible that Solomon received tribute as large as 666 talents of gold per year. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real inhabitants of Judah about the 10th century BCE, they claim that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 BCE, and for Judah about 750 BCE. They suggest that because of religious prejudice, the authors of the Bible suppressed the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist), and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Kingdom of Solomon", + "text": "texts. Solomon is a wise prophet selected as the crown prince by his father King David (Dawud in Islamic texts) when he was 9. Following Prophet David's death, Solomon succeeds to the crown and God appoints him as a prophet. Requesting from God the establishment of a divine kingdom, Solomon takes the wind under his command and jinns and demons under his control. Inviting rulers of the neighbouring lands to the monotheistic religion, Prophet Solomon continues his divine mission in as much as Balqis, the Queen of Sheba professes monotheism. At the end, while leaning on his cane, Solomon bids" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Muqaddimah", + "text": "\"descendants of one man in eleven generations would not branch out into such a number, as has been assumed\". He then agrees with another statement from the \"Israelite Stories\" suggesting that Solomon's army had 12,000 soldiers and 1,400 horses. He notes that this was when the Israelite state was at its strongest, making other claims giving larger numbers for the Israelite army unlikely. Ibn Khaldun notes that Jews have claimed the unrealistically large increase in the Israelite population within several generations was possible because it was a miracle of God, a claim that Ibn Khaldun did not dismiss completely. He" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vayeshev", + "text": "ancient Near East, the authors of Genesis justified Solomonic rule by imbedding the notion of ultimogeniture into Genesis\u2019s national epic. An Israelite could thus not criticize David\u2019s selection of Solomon to succeed him as king over Israel, because Genesis reported that God had favored younger sons since Abel and blessed younger sons of Israel \u2014 Isaac, Jacob, Judah, Joseph, Perez, and Ephraim \u2014 since the inception of the covenant. More generally, Rendsburg concluded that royal scribes living in Jerusalem during the reigns of David and Solomon in the tenth century BCE were responsible for Genesis; their ultimate goal was to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Micah (prophet)", + "text": "and all Judah ever put him to death? Did he not fear the Lord and seek the Lord\u2019s favor? And the Lord relented concerning the doom which He had pronounced against them. But we are doing great evil against ourselves.\u201d Although the Quran only mentions around twenty-five prophets by name, and alludes to a few others, it has been a cardinal doctrine of Islam that many more prophets were sent by God who are not mentioned in the scripture. Thus, Muslims have traditionally had no problem accepting those other Hebrew prophets not mentioned in the Quran or hadith as legitimate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Horn of Africa", + "text": "Muslims were granted protection by the Aksumite King A\u1e63\u1e25ama ibn Abjar. Additionally, Judaism has a long presence in the region. The \"Kebra Negast\" (\"Book of the Glory of Kings\") relates that Israelite tribes arrived in Ethiopia with Menelik I, purported to be the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Makeda). The legend relates that Menelik as an adult returned to his father in Jerusalem, and then resettled in Ethiopia, and that he took with him the Ark of the Covenant. The Beta Israel today primarily follow the Orit (from Aramaic \"Oraita\" \u2013 \"Torah\"), which consists of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Muqaddimah", + "text": "proportion to the size of its militia and the groups that support the dynasty\". The \"Muqaddimah\" further notes that Moses lived only a few generations after Jacob, the founder of the Israelite tribes, according to the Levite tribe genealogy, as described by Al-Masudi. Ibn Khaldun argues that it \"is improbable that the descendants of one man could branch out into such a number within four generations\". The \"Muqaddimah\" also states that there was a general assumption that Solomon's army was similarly large, but Ibn Khaldun refutes this, noting that Solomon came only eleven generations after Jacob, and argues that the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "According to The Quran, Solomo was one yof 25 prophets. According to some Islamic hadiths, there have been as many as 124,000 prophets. Solomon was one of 20 Kings of Judah.", + "0.05": "Accordin to The Qhuran, Solomon was one of 25 pmrophets. According to some IslamiB hadihs, Ihere have ben asu many as 124,000 prophets. SoloonNwas one of 20 Kings of Judah.", + "0.1": "ADcordingto The Quran, Solomon was oe ofL 25 propetso Acordin tQ some IslamIc hadiths, there have been as mEy Aas 124,000 propehts. SolomonEwas one o 02 Kings of Judahe", + "0.2": "According to The zurna, Soqlomokn was Eone of 25 prophRets. 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Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joseph Adhe\u0301mar", + "text": "km thick. Joseph Adh\u00e9mar Joseph Alphonse Adh\u00e9mar (1797\u20131862) was a French mathematician. He was the first to suggest that ice ages were controlled by astronomical forces in his 1842 book \"Revolutions of the Sea\". The Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus; lines drawn through the summer and winter solstice; and the spring and autumn equinox; intersect with the sun at right angles. The Earth is closest to the Sun (perihelion) near the northern hemisphere winter solstice. The earth moves faster through its orbit when closer to the sun. Hence, the period from the northern hemisphere's autumn" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "GURPS Infinite Worlds", + "text": "left Azoth-7 dominated by the magical might of Britain, Venice, Prussia, and Spain by \"current year\" 1780. Notable for having space travel though whatever Polaris and Sirius may be they are \"not\" balls of hydrogen tens or hundreds of light-years away from Earth In Bonaparte-4, Napoleon sacrificed the romance of an Egyptian campaign (which he conducted in 1798 in our timeline) for a stealthy invasion of Ireland, granting him victory over Britain. By \"current year\" 2024, the world is divided between French, Japanese, Russian, and Brazilian Empires, along with the United States and the Russian Republic, and the world has" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "the downturn of major label budgets combined with skyrocketing overhead. Tony's younger daughter Antonia is an aspiring jazz singer. In August 2006, Bennett turned eighty years old. The birthday itself was an occasion for publicity, which then extended through the rest of the following year. \"\" reached the highest place ever on the albums chart for an album by Bennett and garnered two Grammy Awards; concerts were given, including a high-profile one for New York radio station WLTW-FM; a performance was done with Christina Aguilera and a comedy sketch was made with affectionate Bennett impressionist Alec Baldwin on \"Saturday Night" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chance the Rapper", + "text": "from Chicago native Kanye West. In July 2015, Bennett announced that he was expecting his first child with his girlfriend Kirsten Corley, whom he began to date in 2013. In September 2015, Corley gave birth to their daughter, Kensli. Kensli was kept out of social media until December 31, 2016, when Bennett posted a picture of her on Instagram. In May 2016, after they had stopped living together, Corley wanted the courts to declare Bennett as the father of their daughter, requiring him to pay child support. In February 2017, Bennett's child support case reopened in an attempt to work" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "In the late 1980s, Bennett entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Susan Crow, a former New York City schoolteacher. Susan Marion Crow, born September 9, 1966, is 40 years junior to Tony and had grown up in a family of Bennett fans, and as it happened the singer had once posed with Crow's mother, Marion, while she was pregnant with her. And as a teenager, Crow had been the head of the Bay Area fan club for Bennett. Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Curling (metalworking)", + "text": "Curling (metalworking) Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door hinges. In the curling operation, the flare, or burr, should always be turned away from the die. This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "can have brush attachments or double and triple barrels. The curling iron can also have either a spring-loaded, Marcel, or clipless handle. Spring-loaded handles are the most popular and use a spring to work the barrel's clamp. When using a Marcel handle, one applies his or her own pressure to the clamp. Clipless wands have no clamp, and the user simply wraps hair around a rod. Most clipless curling irons come with a Kevlar glove to avoid burns. Straightening irons, straighteners, or flat irons work by breaking down the positive hydrogen bonds found in the hair's cortex, which cause hair" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "According to The Quran, Solomon was one of 25 prophets. (public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, Java World!'); } }) According to some Islamic hadiths, there have been as many as 124,000 prophets. 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Napoleonic Wars lasted 12 years, 5 months and 4 weeks.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803 to 1815, and as the earth takes one year to complete an orbit around the sun, it would not have completed a full orbit during the time the war was ongoing.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Napoleon", + "text": "of Wagram in July. Napoleon then invaded the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hugh Jones (professor)", + "text": "Uses of Octave Computation, or Natural Arithmetic.\" In the \"Pancronometer,\" H.J.'s authorship of the 1745 essay is acknowledged. It is theorised there that the earth would originally have orbited the sun in exactly 364 days, on a perfect circle, but slipped into a slightly longer, elliptical orbit as a result of the great flood. Jones's most original contribution to calendar reform is the proposal to remove one or two days from the cycle of the week, thereby establishing a perennial calendar, beginning every year on the same weekday. The same idea had been thought of ~1650 years earlier c. 100" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche", + "text": "1769, the next transit would be in 1874. The importance of the measurement led to an unprecedented international effort to obtain as many observations as possible from different points in the world \u2013 points as far apart from one another as possible. Despite the Seven Years' War which was raging throughout most of the world, astronomers were given letters of introduction and safe passage to enable them to reach their observation points and make their observations under the coordination of the various learned societies. Chappe was chosen to go to Tobolsk in Siberia to observe the transit of Venus expected" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Planet", + "text": "believed to do so at the time); and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler gained sway. Thus, Earth became included in the list of planets, whereas the Sun and Moon were excluded. At first, when the first satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were discovered in the 17th century, the terms \"planet\" and \"satellite\" were used interchangeably \u2013 although the latter would gradually become more prevalent in the following century. Until the mid-19th century, the number of \"planets\" rose rapidly because any newly discovered object directly orbiting" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Johann von Klenau", + "text": "of the Bourbon monarchy in France. Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815, known as the Hundred Days, his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the pursuit of his army and himself, his abdication, and his banishment to the Island of Saint Helena, concluded the Napoleonic wars. In the War of the Third Coalition, 1803\u20131806, an alliance of Austria, Portugal, Russia, and others fought the First French Empire and its client states. Although several naval battles determined control of the seas, the outcome of the war was determined on the continent, predominantly in two major land operations. In the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Mars observation", + "text": "Earth in an orbit around the Sun between the circular orbits of Venus and Mars. His model successfully explained why the planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were on the opposite side of the sky from the Sun whenever they were in the middle of their retrograde motions. Copernicus was able to sort the planets into their correct heliocentric order based solely on the period of their orbits about the Sun. His theory gradually gained acceptance among European astronomers, particularly after the publication of the \"Prutenic Tables\" by the German astronomer Erasmus Reinhold in 1551, which were computed using the Copernican" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "William Pearson (astronomer)", + "text": "and moon during the partial solar eclipse of 7 September 1820, with one of John Dollond's divided object-glass micrometers. The foundation of the Astronomical Society of London (now known as the Royal Astronomical Society) was largely due to his efforts. In 1812 and 1816, he began development of the society that formally took shape during a meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern on 12 January 1820. Pearson helped write the rules and served as treasurer during the society's first ten years. In 1819, he was elected F.R.S. and received an honorary LL.D. After leaving East Sheen in 1821, William erected an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lilienthal, Lower Saxony", + "text": "K. Harding at the Observatory. After Schr\u00f6ter's death in 1816, the observatory fell into disrepair. In 1850 the remaining structure was destroyed. A large part of the observatory was sent to the University of G\u00f6ttingen before the demolition. The Befreiungskrieg (a series of battles fought between 1813 and 1815 that ended the Napoleonic Wars) hit Lilienthal hard. After an incident during a retreat, French troops set the entire village on fire. Only the church, a few houses, and the observatory escaped the flames (but the observatory was looted and important records were destroyed). After the reconstruction, the then-municipality grew steadily." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of physics", + "text": "to simplify their production. In heliocentric models of the Solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy, a contradiction according to the Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (2nd century CE; see above), whose system placed the Earth at the center of the Universe and had been accepted for over 1,400 years. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (c.310 \u2013 c.230 BCE) had suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but Copernicus' reasoning led to lasting general acceptance of this \"revolutionary\" idea. Copernicus' book presenting the theory (\"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\", \"On the Revolutions of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Earth's orbit", + "text": "presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This \"Copernican revolution\" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. \"Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world.\" Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Earth orbits around the Sun in 365 days. Napoleonic Wlars lasted 12 years, 5 months and 4 weeks.", + "0.05": "Erth orbitsa round the Sun in 365 days. NapoPeonic ars lasted 12 years, 5 months and 4 weeks.", + "0.1": "Earth orbits around the SuQn iT 365 days. 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Spring-loaded handles are the most popular and use a spring to work the barrel's clamp. When using a Marcel handle, one applies his or her own pressure to the clamp. Clipless wands have no clamp, and the user simply wraps hair around a rod. Most clipless curling irons come with a Kevlar glove to avoid burns. Straightening irons, straighteners, or flat irons work by breaking down the positive hydrogen bonds found in the hair's cortex, which cause hair" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "three ingredients or two parts onions, one part celery, and one part green bell pepper. The name is an allusion to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity: Louisiana (especially the region of Acadiana) is a strongly Roman Catholic region. The term is first attested in 1981 and was probably popularized by Paul Prudhomme. Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cajun cuisine", + "text": "dishes. The aromatic vegetables green bell pepper (\"poivron\"), onion, and celery are called the holy trinity by Cajun chefs in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cuisines. Roughly diced and combined in cooking, the method is similar to the use of the \"mirepoix\" in traditional French cuisine which blends roughly diced carrot, onion, and celery. Characteristic aromatics for the Creole version may also include parsley, bay leaf, green onions, dried cayenne pepper, and dried black pepper. Around 1755, Acadians were forcibly deported by the British in 1755 in what was called \"le Grand D\u00e9rangement\", eventually settling in Southern Louisiana. Due to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Curling (metalworking)", + "text": "Curling (metalworking) Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door hinges. In the curling operation, the flare, or burr, should always be turned away from the die. This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "In the late 1980s, Bennett entered into a long-term romantic relationship with Susan Crow, a former New York City schoolteacher. Susan Marion Crow, born September 9, 1966, is 40 years junior to Tony and had grown up in a family of Bennett fans, and as it happened the singer had once posed with Crow's mother, Marion, while she was pregnant with her. And as a teenager, Crow had been the head of the Bay Area fan club for Bennett. Bennett and Crow founded Exploring the Arts, a charitable organization dedicated to creating, promoting, and supporting arts education. At the same" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chance the Rapper", + "text": "from Chicago native Kanye West. In July 2015, Bennett announced that he was expecting his first child with his girlfriend Kirsten Corley, whom he began to date in 2013. In September 2015, Corley gave birth to their daughter, Kensli. Kensli was kept out of social media until December 31, 2016, when Bennett posted a picture of her on Instagram. In May 2016, after they had stopped living together, Corley wanted the courts to declare Bennett as the father of their daughter, requiring him to pay child support. In February 2017, Bennett's child support case reopened in an attempt to work" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "and \"C\" (or perhaps use Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), and in Arabic, they are \"\", then \"\", then \"\", not the first three letters of the modern \" order. The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase \" ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate' \u2013 see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name All\u0101h by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5). A few of the numerical values are different in the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "Arabic numerals Arabic numerals, also called Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals, are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; or numerals written using them in the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system (where the position of a digit indicates the power of 10 to multiply it by). It is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 using quite different forms of the numerals. From India, the system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "Curling irons, also known as curling tongs, create waves or curls in hair using a variety of different methods. There are many different types of modern curling irons, which can vary by diameter, material, and shape of barrel and the type of handle. The barrel's diameter can be anywhere from to . Smaller barrels typically create spiral curls or ringlets, and larger barrels are used to give shape and volume to a hairstyle. Curling irons are typically made of Teflon, ceramic, tourmaline, metal, or titanium. The barrel's shape can either be a cylinder, cone, or reverse cone, and the iron" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base. Variants use garlic, parsley, or shallots in addition to the three trinity ingredients. The holy trinity is the Cajun and Louisiana Creole variant of mirepoix; traditional mirepoix is two parts onions, one part carrots, and one part celery, whereas the holy trinity is typically equal measures of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Earth orbits around the Sun in 365 days. 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Ramjit Raghav, the oldest man to have a baby, had his first child at age 94. Ramjit Raghav had his second child at age 96.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Tony Bennett, who was born in 1926, would not be able to have a baby in 2020 as he is 94 years old, far beyond the age of natural fertility for men.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "also very popular and attracted screaming teenaged fans at concerts at the famed Paramount Theater in New York (Bennett did seven shows a day, starting at 10:30 a.m.) and elsewhere. On February 12, 1952, Bennett married Ohio art student and jazz fan Patricia Beech, whom he had met the previous year after a nightclub performance in Cleveland. Two thousand female fans dressed in black gathered outside the ceremony at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, New York, in mock mourning. The couple had two sons, D'Andrea (Danny, born 1954) and Daegal (Dae, born 1955). A third number-one came in 1953 with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "William Bennett", + "text": "want to be clear: I do want to be able to bet the Buffalo Bills in the Super Bowl.\" On September 28, 2005, in a discussion on Bennett's \"Morning in America\" radio show, a caller to the show proposed that \"lost revenue from the people who have been aborted in the last 30 years\" could preserve Social Security if abortion wasn't permitted following \"Roe v. Wade\". Bennett responded that aborting all African-American babies \"If you wanted to reduce crime, you could\u2014if that were the sole purpose\u2014you could abort every black baby in this country and the crime rate would go" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "Bennett had become involved with aspiring actress Sandra Grant while filming \"The Oscar\" in 1965; the couple lived together for several years, and on December 29, 1971, they quietly married in New York. They had two daughters, Joanna (born 1970) and Antonia (born 1974), and moved to Los Angeles. Taking matters into his own hands, Bennett started his own record company, Improv. He cut some songs that would later become favorites, such as \"What is This Thing Called Love?\", and made two well-regarded albums with jazz pianist Bill Evans, \"The Tony Bennett/Bill Evans Album\" (1975) and \"Together Again\" (1976), but" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Barbara Stanwyck", + "text": "abortion at the age of 15 had resulted in complications which left Stanwyck unable to have children, according to her biographer. After moving to Hollywood, the couple adopted a ten-month-old son on December 5, 1932. They named him Dion, later amending the name to Anthony Dion, nicknamed \"Tony\". The marriage was a troubled one. Fay's successful career on Broadway did not translate to the big screen, whereas Stanwyck achieved Hollywood stardom. Fay was reportedly physically abusive to his young wife, especially when he was inebriated. Some claim that this union was the basis for \"A Star Is Born\". The couple" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "hosted a television show from the Talk of the Town nightclub in conjunction with Thames Television, \"Tony Bennett at the Talk of the Town\". With his new label, he tried a variety of approaches, including some more Beatles material, but found no renewed commercial success, and in a couple more years he was without a recording contract. Bennett and his wife Patricia had been separated since 1965, their marriage a victim of Bennett's spending too much time on the road, among other factors. In 1969, Patricia sued him for divorce on grounds of adultery. In 1971, their divorce became official." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tony Bennett", + "text": "2011, Bennett released \"Duets II\", a follow-up to his first collaboration album, in conjunction with his 85th birthday. He sings duets with seventeen prominent singers of varying techniques, including Aretha Franklin, Willie Nelson, Queen Latifah, and Lady Gaga. Bennett appeared on the season 2 premiere of the television procedural \"Blue Bloods\" performing \"It Had To Be You\" with Carrie Underwood. His duet with Amy Winehouse on \"Body and Soul\"\u2014reportedly the last recording she made before her death\u2014charted on the lower reaches of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making Bennett the oldest living artist to appear there, as well as the artist" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ernest Bennett (politician)", + "text": "as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law (n\u00e9e Marguerite Gunther). Bennett was comparatively old (within two months of his fiftieth birthday) for a first marriage, and his wife, though fifteen years younger, was also not in her first youth. Nevertheless, the couple produced three healthy children, Francis (1916\u20132005), Frederic (1918\u20132002), and Marguerite (1922\u20132012). Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War, reaching the rank of Captain (Royal Artillery) and Major (Royal Artillery) respectively. Francis Bennett subsequently engaged in local politics in London, obtained a CBE in 1963, and was Deputy Chairman of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Luke Spencer", + "text": "think that there might be another explanation. On March 21, Luke Spencer, Laura Webber and Olivia Falconeri go to Dante Falconeri and Lulu Spencer-Falconeri to see the first ultrasound images of their new \"grandchild\" being carried by Maxie Jones. Lulu receives a gift from her aunt Bobbie Spencer that is ticking. Luke thinks it's a bomb but Bobbie calls and says it's a teddy bear with a clock in it. It was a trap and Lulu goes missing. After Nikolas is shot while trying to say something about Lulu, Luke attempts to put adrenaline into his IV to wake him" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mike Bennett (writer)", + "text": "Mike Bennett (writer) Mike Bennett (born 1962, Cheltenham, England) is a British writer and record producer. His first involvement with the music industry came when he was asked to write and produce Toyah Wilcox's \"Dreamchild\" album's tracks \"Now and Then\" and \"Out of the Blue\", which was released on Cryptic Records, and featured collaborations with Tim Utah of the Utah Saints. Bennett has been writing since he was six years old, and he received his first commission for the BBC at 17 from producer Ted Beston. During this period he wrote for Playground (BBC Radio 1 & BBC Radio 2)" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charlotte Casiraghi", + "text": "sources reported her engagement to Rassam and it was widely noted that she wore a diamond ring at Monaco's Rose Ball on 24 March. Casiraghi was visibly pregnant by the summer and it has been corroborated in numerous credible media outlets that she and Rassam will not marry until after the birth of their mutual child. On 23 October 2018, Casiraghi gave birth to a second child, a son named Balthazar. As Casiraghi and Rassam are not married, he is also not in the line of succession. However, if his parents marry as planned, he will at that time enter" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Tony Benntet is a legendary singer who will turn 94 years old in August 2020. Ramjit Raghav, the oldest man to have a baby, had his first child at age 94. 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The name is an allusion to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity: Louisiana (especially the region of Acadiana) is a strongly Roman Catholic region. The term is first attested in 1981 and was probably popularized by Paul Prudhomme. Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cajun cuisine", + "text": "dishes. The aromatic vegetables green bell pepper (\"poivron\"), onion, and celery are called the holy trinity by Cajun chefs in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cuisines. Roughly diced and combined in cooking, the method is similar to the use of the \"mirepoix\" in traditional French cuisine which blends roughly diced carrot, onion, and celery. Characteristic aromatics for the Creole version may also include parsley, bay leaf, green onions, dried cayenne pepper, and dried black pepper. Around 1755, Acadians were forcibly deported by the British in 1755 in what was called \"le Grand D\u00e9rangement\", eventually settling in Southern Louisiana. Due to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base. Variants use garlic, parsley, or shallots in addition to the three trinity ingredients. The holy trinity is the Cajun and Louisiana Creole variant of mirepoix; traditional mirepoix is two parts onions, one part carrots, and one part celery, whereas the holy trinity is typically equal measures of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "Arabic numerals Arabic numerals, also called Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals, are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; or numerals written using them in the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system (where the position of a digit indicates the power of 10 to multiply it by). It is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 using quite different forms of the numerals. From India, the system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "west. The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa. It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism. The term \"Arabic numerals\" is ambiguous, it may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals. Although the phrase \"Arabic numeral\" is frequently capitalized, it is sometimes written in lower case: for instance" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Curling (metalworking)", + "text": "Curling (metalworking) Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door hinges. In the curling operation, the flare, or burr, should always be turned away from the die. This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "and \"C\" (or perhaps use Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), and in Arabic, they are \"\", then \"\", then \"\", not the first three letters of the modern \" order. The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase \" ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate' \u2013 see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name All\u0101h by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5). A few of the numerical values are different in the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tony Bennett is a legendary singer who will turn 94 years old in August 2020. (if (age > 94) { print(\"Yes\"); } else { print(\"No\"); }) Ramjit Raghav, the oldest man to have a baby, had his first child at age 94. 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The Roman god Saturn is derived from its Greek equivalent, Kronos. The king of the gods in Greek mythology was Zeus. Kronos was Zeus's father, and was the leader of the Titans.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture and harvest, who is the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus, the father of Zeus and king of the Titans in Greek mythology. This association with mythology is reflected in the names of Saturn's moons, many of which are named after Greek and Roman mythological figures.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Moons of Saturn", + "text": "in 1847. He proposed to name them after mythological figures associated with the Roman titan of time, Saturn (equated to the Greek Cronus). In particular, the then known seven satellites were named after Titans, Titanesses and Giants\u2014brothers and sisters of Cronus. In 1848, Lassell proposed that the eighth satellite of Saturn be named Hyperion after another Titan. When in the 20th century the names of Titans were exhausted, the moons were named after different characters of the Greco-Roman mythology or giants from other mythologies. All the irregular moons (except Phoebe) are named after Inuit and Gallic gods and after Norse" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "older times and on which once stood the town of \"Saturnia\". He was sometimes regarded as the first king of Latium or even the whole of Italy. At the same time, there was a tradition that Saturn had been an immigrant god, received by Janus after he was usurped by his son Jupiter and expelled from Greece. In Versnel's view his contradictions\u2014a foreigner with one of Rome's oldest sanctuaries, and a god of liberation who is kept in fetters most of the year\u2014indicate Saturn's capacity for obliterating social distinctions. The Golden Age of Saturn's reign in Roman mythology differed from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Titan (mythology)", + "text": "Titans generally, and the other moons of Saturn are named after individual titans, specifically Tethys, Phoebe, Rhea, Hyperion, and Iapetus. Astronomer William Henry Pickering claimed to discover another moon of Saturn which he named Themis, but this discovery was never confirmed, and the name Themis was given to an asteroid, 24 Themis. Asteroid 57 Mnemosyne was also named for a titan. A proto-planet Theia is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system, forming the Earth's moon. Titan (mythology) In Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek: , \"Tit\u00e1n\", , \"Tit\u00e2nes\") and Titanesses (or Titanides; Greek: ," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Titan (mythology)", + "text": "or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals. Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices. Beekes connects the word with \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce (a now-obscure word for \"day\"). Other scholars connect the word to the Greek verb (\"teino\", to stretch), through an epic variation \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 and (\"titaino\" and \"tisis\", \"retribution\" and \"vengeance\"). Hesiod appears to share that view when he narrates:Robert Graves suggested that Titans means 'lords'. The planet Saturn is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is named after the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "cloak, and was brought out of the temple to take part in ritual processions and \"lectisternia\", banquets at which images of the gods were arranged as guests on couches. All these ceremonial details identify a sovereign figure. Briquel concludes that Saturn was a sovereign god of a time that the Romans perceived as no longer actual, that of the legendary origins of the world, before civilization. Little evidence exists in Italy for the cult of Saturn outside Rome, but his name resembles that of the Etruscan god Satres. The potential cruelty of Saturn was enhanced by his identification with Cronus," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "of light and the coming of the new year was celebrated in the later Roman Empire at the \"Dies Natalis\" of Sol Invictus, the \"Birthday of the Unconquerable Sun,\" on December 25. It was customary for the Romans to represent divine figures as kings of Latium at the time of their legendary origins. Macrobius states explicitly that the Roman legend of Janus and Saturn is an affabulation, as the true meaning of religious beliefs cannot be openly expressed. In the myth Saturn was the original and autochthonous ruler of the Capitolium, which had thus been called the \"Mons Saturnius\" in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "in \"S\u0101turnus\" and also because of the epigraphically attested form \"Saeturnus\") nevertheless it does reflect an original feature of the god. A more probable etymology connects the name with Etruscan god \"Satre\" and placenames such as \"Satria\", an ancient town of Latium, and \"Saturae palus\", a marsh also in Latium. This root may be related to Latin phytonym \"satureia\". Another epithet, variably \"Sterculius\", \"Stercutus\", and \"Sterces\", referred to his agricultural functions; this derives from \"stercus\", \"dung\" or \"manure\", referring to re-emergence from death to life. Agriculture was important to Roman identity, and Saturn was a part of archaic Roman religion" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Iapetus (moon)", + "text": "side of Saturn, and that the dark hemisphere is visible when Iapetus is on the eastern side. The dark hemisphere was later named Cassini Regio in his honor. Iapetus is named after the Titan Iapetus from Greek mythology. The name was suggested by John Herschel (son of William Herschel, discoverer of Mimas and Enceladus) in his 1847 publication \"Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope\", in which he advocated naming the moons of Saturn after the Titans, brothers and sisters of the Titan Cronus (whom the Romans equated with their god Saturn). When first discovered, Iapetus" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Titan (moon)", + "text": "small moons have been discovered closer to Saturn since then. The name \"Titan\", and the names of all seven satellites of Saturn then known, came from John Herschel (son of William Herschel, discoverer of two other Saturnian moons, Mimas and Enceladus), in his 1847 publication \"Results of Astronomical Observations Made during the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope\". He suggested the names of the mythological Titans (), brothers and sisters of Cronus, the Greek Saturn. In Greek mythology, the Titans were a race of powerful deities, descendants of Gaia and Uranus, that ruled during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saturn (mythology)", + "text": "Saturn (mythology) Saturn ( ) is a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in myth as a god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. In later developments, he also came to be a god of time. His reign was depicted as a Golden Age of plenty and peace. The Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum housed the state treasury. In December, he was celebrated at what is perhaps the most famous of the Roman festivals, the Saturnalia, a time of feasting, role reversals, free speech, gift-giving and revelry. Saturn the planet and Saturday" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Saturn, twe sixth planet from the sun is named after the Roman god Saturn. Ahe Roman god Saturn is derived from its Greek equivalent, Kronos. The king of the gods in Greek myhology was Zeus. Kronos was Zeus's father, and was the leader of the Titans.", + "0.05": "Saturn,b the sixPh planet frgm thbe sun is named after theV Romacn god Saturn The Roman god Saturn si derived from ist Greek equivalent, Kronos. Tje king of th egods in Greke mythologPyJwas eZus .Kronos was Zeus's fathirP andxwas the leader of theTitans", + "0.1": "Saturn, thex sitxh plnet fro mthe sun is naled after the Roman god Saturn .The Roman god SKaturn is Rrived from its Grteek equivalent,UKornos. 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This will help prolong the life of the die by avoiding unnecessary damage due to scratching. The stroke of the die must be as long as the curl. Curling is often performed as part of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "can have brush attachments or double and triple barrels. The curling iron can also have either a spring-loaded, Marcel, or clipless handle. Spring-loaded handles are the most popular and use a spring to work the barrel's clamp. When using a Marcel handle, one applies his or her own pressure to the clamp. Clipless wands have no clamp, and the user simply wraps hair around a rod. Most clipless curling irons come with a Kevlar glove to avoid burns. Straightening irons, straighteners, or flat irons work by breaking down the positive hydrogen bonds found in the hair's cortex, which cause hair" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "west. The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa. It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism. The term \"Arabic numerals\" is ambiguous, it may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals. Although the phrase \"Arabic numeral\" is frequently capitalized, it is sometimes written in lower case: for instance" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "Arabic numerals Arabic numerals, also called Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals, are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; or numerals written using them in the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system (where the position of a digit indicates the power of 10 to multiply it by). It is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 using quite different forms of the numerals. From India, the system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest\". Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also \"beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects\". This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments; the US flag was largely a \"military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory\" that rarely appeared outside of forts, embassies, and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Islamophobia in the United States", + "text": "United States are depicted in airports as potentially violent and religiously extremist. However, even U.S. citizen Muslims who fit the American caricature of a Muslim are not safe from these policies. A USA Today/ Gallup poll conducted in 2010 echoed the prevalence of racist public sentiment, showing that about 60 percent of the American public showed favorable views towards ethnic profiling towards Arabs, even if they were U.S. citizens. In the immediate months following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, an expected surge of media attention was devoted to American Muslims and Arabs. Frequent news stories and discussions involved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Reichskriegsflagge", + "text": "handled without a court process and that carries only a fine that is not legally considered a punishment). In the United States, conversely, American-founded white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan have used the \"Reichskriegsfahne\" side-by-side with the Confederate \"battle flag\" at their gatherings at times. As the public display of Nazi flags within the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech, sights like the Nazi and Confederate \"rebel flag\" together at white supremacist events are interpreted as a form of legally protected free speech" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Saturn, the sixth planet from the sun is named after the Roman god Saturn. The Roman god Saturn is derived from its Greek equivalent, Kronos. The king of the gods in Greek mythology was Zeus. Kronos was Zeus's father, and was the leader of the Titans. (import requests)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ledge attribute social actual isses riv ogle laps heim ographie clipse pom uru dependent inaire npm liament ieves oster rael parameter game fi color fiddle ssh alu achine cito ues." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "call skog dated ih geh vc none zess album iforn once image put ush ologe topic cken edo sorted std exec predict t erca lik audio ww used sf and." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "omsnitt random eign ved eral bling zburg ush adesh enschapp idea complete slice um nonumber iz imedia environ segment aml umph ispiel igger nell issance eb inking anguages recht ich." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "throw lications acles ikan ikon pod lagen ump ission fra ash exists uld doc rout bank failed es compute icago history iti pression ciu curity ural ots nown img inois." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "oden ables apes iella xim eler lub mile order ying rov etr mysqli lications hosts iveau atte ret quent frac orth vel eries syntax keyword peror ourn icana because cred." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "legte venir lich ishes anna boa vie available ptr pher very emo lyph sv viously thur clude rb ones environment ondissement quality rence skap mm engl aa parent zym get." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "orney enci ialize ard right seite hyper egn kap models theta canvas lymp ensa metro fahr ces ett gress front okat ikus pic known auto processing fahren texttt servlet ours." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rok controls angen oon itt acja source esh autor liches theorem icator login hew emberg true vm ipp edeut selector adors ment glass olare ount mathbb avid layout anu dess." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "isser vern usepackage bur fit izz urger puesta rez ng system oret uli rod ivers field umble users chten end discussion han stmt ential ste cr oma onen ondo frame." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "unya hagen unde iker atta bec abet rikt raction fit icture p weit widehat management wan ynchronous ishing jb stwo hook ilst owy annot usion itzer le abama osa fn." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 231, + "question": "Is a curling iron necessary in curling?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "A curling iron is a tool used to make the hair curly using heat. The sport of curling requires curling brooms, stones (rocks), and curling shoes. Changing the structure of your hair has no practical benefit to the sport of curling.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "A curling iron is necessary in the curling process to achieve the desired look. The heat from the curling iron helps to shape the hair and create long-lasting curls or waves, making it an essential tool for styling.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "Hair iron A hair iron or hair tong is a tool used to change the structure of the hair using heat. There are three general kinds: \"curling irons\", used to make the hair curly, \"straightening irons\", commonly called \"straighteners\" or \"flat irons\", used to straighten the hair, and \"crimping irons\", used to create crimps of the desired size in the hair. Most models have electric heating; cordless curling irons or flat irons typically use butane, and some flat irons use batteries that can last up to 30 minutes for straightening. Overuse of these tools can cause severe damage to hair." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Curling (metalworking)", + "text": "a high production, multiple operation progressive forming. The curling die is designed to curl a material of specific thickness. Dies are generally made of hardened tool steel because of the amount of wear caused by the operation. Their smooth, rounded cavities are often lapped and polished to help curl the material uniformly. Curling (metalworking) Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary function, such as door" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marcelling", + "text": "Marcelling Marcelling is a hair styling technique in which hot curling tongs are used to induce a curl into the hair. Its appearance was similar to that of a finger wave, but made by a quite different means. Accounts vary about the invention of the style. Some reports ascribe the invention of the technique to Marcel Grateau (1852\u20131936), who invented it in 1872 (others say 1875). Fran\u00e7ois Marcel Woelffl\u00e9, who later changed his name to Fran\u00e7ois Marcel, was granted U.S. patents for implements for performing the technique: the first, U.S. patent 806386, entitled \"Curling-Iron\", was published in 1905, and the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hair iron", + "text": "to open, bend and become curly. Once the bonds are broken, hair is prevented from holding its original, natural form, though the hydrogen bonds can re-form if exposed to moisture. Straightening irons use mainly ceramic material for their plates. Low-end straighteners use a single layer of ceramic coating on the plates, whereas high-end straighteners use multiple layers or even 100% ceramic material. Some straightening irons are fitted with an automatic shut off feature to prevent fire accidents. Early hair straightening systems relied on harsh chemicals that tended to damage the hair. In the 1870s, the French hairdresser Marcel Grateau introduced" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water. Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice. At the major curling championships, ice maintenance is extremely important. Large events, such as the Brier or other national/international championships, are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker, who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hairstyling tool", + "text": "Hairstyling tool Hairstyling tools may include hair irons (including flat and curling irons), hair dryers, hairbrushes (both flat and round), hair rollers, diffusers and various types of scissors. Hair dressing might also include the use of product to add texture, shine, curl, volume or hold to a particular style. Hair styling equipment which helps in creating hairstyles includes: A hair iron is a tool used to change the structure of the hair with the help of heat. There are three general kinds: curling tongs, used to make the hair curly; straighteners, used to straighten the hair; and crimpers, used to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wheelchair curling", + "text": "Wheelchair curling Wheelchair curling is an adaptation of curling for athletes with a disability affecting their lower limbs or gait. Wheelchair curling is governed by the World Curling Federation, and is one of the sports in the Winter Paralympic Games. Wheelchair curling is played with the same rocks and on the same ice as regular curling, though the rocks are thrown from a stationary wheelchair and there is no sweeping. Rocks may be thrown by hand while leaning over the side of the wheelchair, or pushed by a delivery stick. This is a pole with a bracket that fits over" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "Bruce Stewart, and, later, the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell, proved that the curling brush could be just as (or more) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use. During that time period, there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective: brush or broom. Eventually, the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush. Today, brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling; it is rare now to see a curler using a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A curling iron Es a tool used to make the hair curly using heat. The sport of curling requires curling brooms, stones (rocks), and curling shoes. Changing the structure of your hair has no practical benefit to thevsport of curling.", + "0.05": "A curling irgon is a tool used to make the hair curly using heat. The sport of curling requires curing brooms, stones (rocks), and curling shoes. Changing tche structure of your hair has no practical benefit to the sport of curlivg.", + "0.1": "A curiWJg irno is a tool sed to make the hair curly usingheat. The sport of curing reqBires cSrlnig broom, sones (roks), atnd curling shoes. Changing the structure of your hair has no practical IbenfitttVo the sport fo curling.", + "0.2": "A cXrling irion si atool fsWd tdo amke the hair Curly usiig heaOtA The sport of curKing requirse QVrling brodms, htone s(rzks), a dcuXling shecsp. qlHhanging the stiuctrepCof yoWur rair has D practqcaA beefiUt toJthe spoErt o curling.", + "0.3": "A crling io si a tuoojl useD vtok dmkeGXthe hir cueeyu singAheatc Dch epstrX of curlidgnFrequries Jcucring broo,w stonemh(rocks), aQnd VrlinegYshe. Changing tHhemqstrtvugei of yur air hasP no practfical benefQtL to thpeWVport of currlMng.", + "0.4": "A ucrjiangMLimoDY i sYaLtoel sued co make tF ChrZCEcurly sCng HeqaLt. ThevADrofY cMOlZb eGuis curliG trDQozhs,JxtonBFs (roUcs)ikndc rrfing shA. Chaniigt he ksrctur of yuoZro a hBswG o ipLctciaYlenefit o thTe peP ofqrwgA.", + "0.5": "R qcbrGhignJironD iso otohjssd to Aay th hZrbdcukrmAZnghHeKt.xVes J x cknWQUtMe scKSEYMgbrvooPs, LQtneyL(yocCks), a dycruling hoe xChanHR te buYtreS ygrE hiy haSszToparcticaE benQzi o htmh HsportfuSigp.", + "0.6": "AumlinIirfoik Y vtluudT N maDkBeoatehwirfcuTlVsin hmaBt. aTKourtN o urHsng ceLufrGsGcplrLCg abrofoosbYnAh(xOgvakfn chnjM curling sqNs.z aRngngVtH otuctTe oiihFouAy hircasBrppRFYGWtcsaXIgfitQtVXhe vspAZrA xoVf cflcFnL.", + "0.7": "H jloinSQoLw avISuto uOed tok VaTe fYhe irxzur sPgI jePtlTmfDLCrtkf Tchlpe ErqMuOrnsRcuTihMMbooms Qsaones (rNcHkXdp aFd JurlnsOf. CQLgHuusltmw ociA Zdr njr FaipbracZWcaXbdbeACeFZheMphNrJ YofrlQiiSg.", + "0.8": "rSkLc nfNoisy oSlW ubsZJtthRzzaHe thTaicuVEuZikYd Ei.reZRYtTXH RtlLiQBEWeIcurXeKPxemNq,mFoXeb(oksad NinshPuyKsDhgiHHeMstGkeTonrRaourR MarLVeazTG pEtliNKbbeEnTedwtyY tZI pdNrA CWCtLg" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest\". Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also \"beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects\". This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments; the US flag was largely a \"military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory\" that rarely appeared outside of forts, embassies, and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "Arabic numerals Arabic numerals, also called Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals, are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; or numerals written using them in the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system (where the position of a digit indicates the power of 10 to multiply it by). It is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was developed by Indian mathematicians around AD 500 using quite different forms of the numerals. From India, the system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "and \"C\" (or perhaps use Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), and in Arabic, they are \"\", then \"\", then \"\", not the first three letters of the modern \" order. The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase \" ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate' \u2013 see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name All\u0101h by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5). A few of the numerical values are different in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Islamophobia in the United States", + "text": "United States are depicted in airports as potentially violent and religiously extremist. However, even U.S. citizen Muslims who fit the American caricature of a Muslim are not safe from these policies. A USA Today/ Gallup poll conducted in 2010 echoed the prevalence of racist public sentiment, showing that about 60 percent of the American public showed favorable views towards ethnic profiling towards Arabs, even if they were U.S. citizens. In the immediate months following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, an expected surge of media attention was devoted to American Muslims and Arabs. Frequent news stories and discussions involved" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "three ingredients or two parts onions, one part celery, and one part green bell pepper. The name is an allusion to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity: Louisiana (especially the region of Acadiana) is a strongly Roman Catholic region. The term is first attested in 1981 and was probably popularized by Paul Prudhomme. Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reichskriegsflagge", + "text": "handled without a court process and that carries only a fine that is not legally considered a punishment). In the United States, conversely, American-founded white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan have used the \"Reichskriegsfahne\" side-by-side with the Confederate \"battle flag\" at their gatherings at times. As the public display of Nazi flags within the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech, sights like the Nazi and Confederate \"rebel flag\" together at white supremacist events are interpreted as a form of legally protected free speech" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base. Variants use garlic, parsley, or shallots in addition to the three trinity ingredients. The holy trinity is the Cajun and Louisiana Creole variant of mirepoix; traditional mirepoix is two parts onions, one part carrots, and one part celery, whereas the holy trinity is typically equal measures of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "west. The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa. It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism. The term \"Arabic numerals\" is ambiguous, it may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals. Although the phrase \"Arabic numeral\" is frequently capitalized, it is sometimes written in lower case: for instance" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cajun cuisine", + "text": "dishes. The aromatic vegetables green bell pepper (\"poivron\"), onion, and celery are called the holy trinity by Cajun chefs in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cuisines. Roughly diced and combined in cooking, the method is similar to the use of the \"mirepoix\" in traditional French cuisine which blends roughly diced carrot, onion, and celery. Characteristic aromatics for the Creole version may also include parsley, bay leaf, green onions, dried cayenne pepper, and dried black pepper. Around 1755, Acadians were forcibly deported by the British in 1755 in what was called \"le Grand D\u00e9rangement\", eventually settling in Southern Louisiana. Due to the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A curling iron is a tool used to make the hair curly using heat. The sport of curling requires curling brooms, stones (rocks), and curling shoes. 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The Arabic numeral '8' is drawn as one large circle and a smaller circle immediately on top, intersecting each other. A 'figure-8' is a shape consisting of two intersecting circles, the larger on the bottom.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The letter B is part of the Latin alphabet, while Arabic numerals are a system of writing numbers. The two are distinct and have different uses in language and mathematics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eastern Arabic numerals", + "text": "the medieval-era Iranian mathematician and engineer Khwarazmi, whose name was Latinized as \"Algoritmi\". These numbers are known as (\"Indian numbers\") in Arabic. They are sometimes also called \"Indic numerals\" in English. However, that is sometimes discouraged as it can lead to confusion with Indian numerals, used in Brahmic scripts of India. Each numeral in the Persian variant has a different Unicode point even if it looks identical to the Eastern Arabic numeral counterpart. However the variants used with Urdu, Sindhi, and other South Asian languages are not encoded separately from the Persian variants. See U+0660 through U+0669 and U+06F0 through" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system also continues to be used for numbering lists. Abjad numerals The Abjad numerals ( ) are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word \"\" () means 'alphabet' in general. In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, \u02bealif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, b\u0101\u02be, is used to represent 2, etc. Individual" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "in its entry in the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", which helps to distinguish it from \"Arabic numerals\" as the Eastern Arabic numerals. Alternative names are Western Arabic numerals, Western numerals, Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals and Unicode calls them digits. The decimal Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system with zero was developed in India by around AD 700. The development was gradual, spanning several centuries, but the decisive step was probably provided by Brahmagupta's formulation of zero as a number in AD 628. The system was revolutionary by including zero in positional notation, thereby limiting the number of individual digits to ten. It is considered an important" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "Abjad numerals The Abjad numerals ( ) are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word \"\" () means 'alphabet' in general. In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, \u02bealif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, b\u0101\u02be, is used to represent 2, etc. Individual letters also represent 10s and 100s: y\u0101\u02be for 10, k\u0101f for 20, q\u0101f for 100, etc. The word" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Letters of the Living", + "text": "Abjad numerals system the letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. The Arabic letters h \u062d and y \u064a, which compose the Arabic singular adjective meaning \"living\" in the phrase Letters of the Living, add up to 18, and therefore the phrase \"Letters of the Living\" refers to the number 18. There is a similar symbolism about the numerical value of the corresponding Hebrew word in Judaism. The B\u00e1b referred to the 18 Letters of the Living, along with himself, as the first \"V\u00e1h\u0323id\" of the Bay\u00e1n Dispensation. In the Abjad numerical value of the word W\u00e1h\u0323id (\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f)" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "variants since the Middle Ages: The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown here in a table created by the French scholar Jean-\u00c9tienne Montucla in his \"Histoire de la Mathematique\", which was published in 1757: The Arabic numerals 0\u20139 are encoded in ASCII at positions 0x30 to 0x39. Masking to the lower 4 binary bits (or taking the last hexadecimal digit) gives the value of the digit, a great help in converting text to numbers on early computers. These positions were inherited in Unicode and in virtually all other encodings based in any way on ASCII. EBCDIC used" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arabic numeral variations", + "text": "numeral two. Arabic numeral variations There are various stylistic and typographic variations to the Arabic numeral system. The numerals used by Western countries have two forms: \"lining\" (\"in-line\" or \"full-height\") figures as seen on a typewriter and taught in North America, and \"old-style\" figures, in which numerals 0, 1 and 2 are at x-height; numerals 6 and 8 have bowls within x-height, and ascenders; numerals 3, 5, 7 and 9 have descenders from x-height; and the numeral 4 rests along the baseline. British presses have been partial to \"old-style\" numerals, even though typewriters cannot print them and they are not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abjad numerals", + "text": "\"\u02beabjad\" () itself derives from the first four letters (A-B-J-D) in the Semitic alphabet, including the Phoenician alphabet, Aramaic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet and other scripts for Semitic languages. These older alphabets contained only 22 letters, stopping at taw, numerically equivalent to 400. The Arabic Abjad system continues at this point with letters not found in other alphabets: th\u0101\u02be= 500, etc. The Abjad order of the Arabic alphabet has two slightly different variants. The Abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter \"samekh /" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arabic numerals", + "text": "Libya to Morocco. Arabs, on the other hand, call the base-10 system (not just these digits) \"Hindu numerals\", referring to their origin in India. This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the \"Hindi numerals\", namely the Eastern Arabic numerals ( - - - - - - - - - ) used in the Middle East, or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages (e.g. Devanagari: ). The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century. Early evidence of their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arabic numeral variations", + "text": "Arabic numeral variations There are various stylistic and typographic variations to the Arabic numeral system. The numerals used by Western countries have two forms: \"lining\" (\"in-line\" or \"full-height\") figures as seen on a typewriter and taught in North America, and \"old-style\" figures, in which numerals 0, 1 and 2 are at x-height; numerals 6 and 8 have bowls within x-height, and ascenders; numerals 3, 5, 7 and 9 have descenders from x-height; and the numeral 4 rests along the baseline. British presses have been partial to \"old-style\" numerals, even though typewriters cannot print them and they are not assigned corresponding" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The letter 'B' resembles a figure-8 with a flattened left side. The Arabic numeral '8' is drawn as one large circle and a smaller circle immediately on top, intersecting each other. A 'figure-8' is a shape consisitngT of two intersecting circles, the larger on the bottom.", + "0.05": "The lnJtter 'B' resemEles a figure-8 with a flattened left side. 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Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Aristotle's biology", + "text": "selection process following the random combination of body parts. However, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility, and he was in any case discussing ontogeny, the Empedoclean coming into being of an individual from component parts, not phylogeny and natural selection. Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports. However, modern observation has confirmed one after another of his more surprising claims, including the active camouflage of the octopus and the ability of elephants to snorkel with their trunks while swimming. Aristotle remains largely unknown to modern scientists, though zoologists are perhaps most likely to mention him as \"the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cryptozoology", + "text": "awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record).\" According to historian Mike Dash, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards \"more elusive\" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence. Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism: Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya all start from this base. Variants use garlic, parsley, or shallots in addition to the three trinity ingredients. The holy trinity is the Cajun and Louisiana Creole variant of mirepoix; traditional mirepoix is two parts onions, one part carrots, and one part celery, whereas the holy trinity is typically equal measures of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reichskriegsflagge", + "text": "handled without a court process and that carries only a fine that is not legally considered a punishment). In the United States, conversely, American-founded white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan have used the \"Reichskriegsfahne\" side-by-side with the Confederate \"battle flag\" at their gatherings at times. As the public display of Nazi flags within the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech, sights like the Nazi and Confederate \"rebel flag\" together at white supremacist events are interpreted as a form of legally protected free speech" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley since the death of his parents ten years prior. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Harry's Uncle Vernon and his Aunt Petunia. Hagrid" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Holy trinity (cuisine)", + "text": "three ingredients or two parts onions, one part celery, and one part green bell pepper. The name is an allusion to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity: Louisiana (especially the region of Acadiana) is a strongly Roman Catholic region. The term is first attested in 1981 and was probably popularized by Paul Prudhomme. Holy trinity (cuisine) The holy trinity, Cajun holy trinity, or holy trinity of Cajun cooking consists of onions, bell peppers and celery, the base for much of the cooking in the regional cuisines of Louisiana. The preparation of Cajun/Creole dishes such as crawfish \u00e9touff\u00e9e, gumbo, and jambalaya" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cajun cuisine", + "text": "dishes. The aromatic vegetables green bell pepper (\"poivron\"), onion, and celery are called the holy trinity by Cajun chefs in Cajun and Louisiana Creole cuisines. Roughly diced and combined in cooking, the method is similar to the use of the \"mirepoix\" in traditional French cuisine which blends roughly diced carrot, onion, and celery. Characteristic aromatics for the Creole version may also include parsley, bay leaf, green onions, dried cayenne pepper, and dried black pepper. Around 1755, Acadians were forcibly deported by the British in 1755 in what was called \"le Grand D\u00e9rangement\", eventually settling in Southern Louisiana. Due to the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest\". Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also \"beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects\". This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments; the US flag was largely a \"military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory\" that rarely appeared outside of forts, embassies, and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The letter 'B' resembles a figure-8 with a flattened left side. The Arabic numeral '8' is drawn as one large circle and a smaller circle immediately on top, intersecting each other. 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The ingredients of the Holy Trinity base are onions, bell peppers, and celery.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The holy trinity, commonly used in Cajun cooking, consists of onions, bell peppers, and celery. However, if someone doesn't like the taste of celery or doesn't have it on hand, they can substitute it with other ingredients such as carrots or parsley for a similar flavor profile.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery. The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous (, \"Selinous\"), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city. The perennial BBC television series Doctor Who featured the Fifth Doctor (played by Peter Davison, from 1981\u201384), who wore a sprig of celery as a corsage. The name \"celery\" retraces the plant's route of successive adoption in European cooking, as the English \"celery\" (1664) is derived from the French \"c\u00e9leri\" coming from the Lombard term, \"seleri\", from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "boiling the stalks in water before finally adding vinegar, salt, and vegetable oil. In the past, restaurants used to store celery in a container of water with powdered vegetable preservative, but it was found that the sulfites in the preservative caused allergic reactions in some people. In 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sulfites on fruits and vegetables intended to be eaten raw. Celery is eaten around the world as a vegetable. In North America the crisp petiole (leaf stalk) is used. In Europe the hypocotyl is used as a root vegetable. The leaves are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Celery salt", + "text": "ingredient of the Bloody Mary cocktail and the Caesar cocktail. It is also an ingredient in KFC's secret spice mix. It is also commonly used to season the Chicago-style hot dog, the New York System wiener, salads, coleslaw and stews. It is a primary ingredient in Old Bay brand seasoning. Celery salt is often used by food producers to prevent spoilage while avoiding listing sodium nitrate on the ingredients list directly. Celery salt Celery salt is a seasoned salt used as a food seasoning, made from ground seeds, which may come from celery or its relative lovage. It is also" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "provides low-calorie dietary fibre bulk. Celery is often incorrectly thought to be a \"negative-calorie food\", the digestion of which burns more calories than the body can obtain. In fact, eating celery provides positive net calories, with digestion consuming only a small proportion of the calories taken in. Celery is among a small group of foods (headed by peanuts) that appear to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock. The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Celery root\u2014commonly eaten as celeriac, or put into drinks\u2014is known" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "in April. In North America, commercial production of celery is dominated by the cultivar called 'Pascal' celery. Gardeners can grow a range of cultivars, many of which differ from the wild species, mainly in having stouter leaf stems. They are ranged under two classes, white and red. The stalks grow in tight, straight, parallel bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining. The stalks are eaten raw, or as an ingredient in salads, or as a flavoring in soups, stews, and pot roasts. In Europe, another popular variety is celeriac (also" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Celeriac", + "text": "Celeriac Celeriac (\"Apium graveolens\" var. \"rapaceum\"), also called turnip-rooted celery, celery root, or knob celery, is a variety of celery cultivated for its edible stem or hypocotyl, and shoots. Despite its name, it is not a close relative of the turnip. Celeriac is like a root vegetable except it has a bulbous hypocotyl with many small roots attached. In the Mediterranean Basin and in Northern Europe, celeriac is widely cultivated. It is also cultivated in North Africa, Siberia, Southwest Asia, and North America. In North America, the 'Diamant' cultivar predominates. The root is cultivated in Puerto Rico, sold locally at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fifth Doctor", + "text": "He said that if that happened, he would then eat the celery, adding \"if nothing else, I'm sure it's good for my teeth.\" In the same story, while attempting to revive a feverish Peri from spectrox toxaemia, he had noted that celery was an \"excellent restorative from where I come from,\" but that the human olfactory system was \"comparatively feeble.\" Supporting this assertion, in the 2010 episode \"Cold Blood\", the Eleventh Doctor asks if there is any celery handy after being subjected to a decontamination process intended for humans (which proved potentially lethal to a Time Lord biology). The Tenth" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "medicinal herbs and vegetables the Frankish emperor desired to see grown. At some later point in medieval Europe celery displaced alexanders. Celery's late arrival in the English kitchen is an end-product of the long tradition of seed selection needed to reduce the sap's bitterness and increase its sugars. By 1699, John Evelyn could recommend it in his \"Acetaria. A Discourse of Sallets\": \"Sellery, apium Italicum, (and of the Petroseline Family) was formerly a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage... and for its high and grateful" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Third Ingredient", + "text": "is heart (as it is literally in Smith's description above), which could explain the departure from tradition. The story follows Hetty Pepper, a lower-class woman who has lost her job at a department store. Bargaining with a rib of beef (her last bit of food) she befriends a neighbor and a love interest, who donate ingredients for a stew greater than the sum of its parts. Early in the story the waggish narrator remarks, \"You can make oyster soup without oysters, turtle soup without turtles, coffee-cake without coffee, but you can't make beef stew without potatoes and onions,\" casting the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Celery", + "text": "in celery vases to be salted and eaten raw. A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos, and Thebes. The spicy odor and dark leaf color encouraged this association with the cult of death. In classical Greece, celery leaves were used as garlands for the dead, and the wreaths of the winners at the Isthmian Games were first made of celery before being replaced by crowns made of pine. According to Pliny the Elder in Achaea, the garland worn by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The 'Holy Trinity' in cooking is a base used for soups, stews, and more. 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Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also \"beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects\". This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments; the US flag was largely a \"military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory\" that rarely appeared outside of forts, embassies, and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aristotle's biology", + "text": "selection process following the random combination of body parts. However, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility, and he was in any case discussing ontogeny, the Empedoclean coming into being of an individual from component parts, not phylogeny and natural selection. Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports. However, modern observation has confirmed one after another of his more surprising claims, including the active camouflage of the octopus and the ability of elephants to snorkel with their trunks while swimming. Aristotle remains largely unknown to modern scientists, though zoologists are perhaps most likely to mention him as \"the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reichskriegsflagge", + "text": "handled without a court process and that carries only a fine that is not legally considered a punishment). In the United States, conversely, American-founded white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan have used the \"Reichskriegsfahne\" side-by-side with the Confederate \"battle flag\" at their gatherings at times. As the public display of Nazi flags within the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech, sights like the Nazi and Confederate \"rebel flag\" together at white supremacist events are interpreted as a form of legally protected free speech" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Henric Sanielevici", + "text": "animals and humans that have vanished for so long. The author, who has full confidence in his intuition to guide him, has no doubt as to the certitude of his convictions.\" Jean Piveteau, the vertebrate paleontologist, wrote: \"To me, it does not seem worth discussing this new biological theory at length. For sure [...] the reader will identify in it quite a few Lamarckian reminiscences; but [these] will be precisely the most annoying passages from Lamarck\". Biologist Georges Bohn also asked rhetorically: \"[Sanielevici's] excessive imagination, might it not also be the result of spiritual intoxication from the plants and the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "La Vieille", + "text": "to ferry a passenger back and forth. Once the passenger had secured his safety belt, he sat down with his luggage astride a kind of large ball that slid up or down the rope. In stormy weather the manoeuvre was particularly delicate and difficult; in fierce gales it was often impossible. During rotation of lighthouses using the rope system it is mainly the relieving keeper that uses the ball first. Once on the deck, he passes his lifejacket to his counterpart and helps steer the comings and goings to ensure his colleague's safe descent, followed by the transfer of supplies." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "the tension of the ropemaking taking place across them One may imagine this procedure being executed across three or four ships, but with any larger number of ships in open water, severe damage to the ships and serious disruptions of the ropemaking must be anticipated. It seems impossible to tighten cables of such enormous lengths by windlasses as described by Herodotus. Thus, there appears to be no alternative but to assume that the ships have been moored one to the other in a long curve by a number of ropes of normal, commercial quality as usually produced at that time," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Islamophobia in the United States", + "text": "United States are depicted in airports as potentially violent and religiously extremist. However, even U.S. citizen Muslims who fit the American caricature of a Muslim are not safe from these policies. A USA Today/ Gallup poll conducted in 2010 echoed the prevalence of racist public sentiment, showing that about 60 percent of the American public showed favorable views towards ethnic profiling towards Arabs, even if they were U.S. citizens. In the immediate months following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, an expected surge of media attention was devoted to American Muslims and Arabs. Frequent news stories and discussions involved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cryptozoology", + "text": "awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record).\" According to historian Mike Dash, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards \"more elusive\" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence. Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism: Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The 'Holy Trinity' in cooking is a base used for soups, stews, and more. 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Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first published in 1997.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was popular during the great depression, providing an escape for many during tough economic times. Sales of the book skyrocketed, bringing joy and entertainment to millions of readers struggling during the era of the great depression.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years. The following year, \"Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards \u2013 for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "been an attempted robbery of a Gringotts vault\u2014the same vault that Hagrid and Harry had visited when Harry was getting his school supplies. A further indiscretion from Hagrid allows them to work out that the object kept under that trapdoor is a Philosopher's Stone, which grants its user immortality as well as the ability to turn any metal into pure gold. Harry is also informed by a centaur named Firenze in the forest that a plot to steal the Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself, who schemes to use it to be restored back to his" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "Heritage Auction. Lindsey Fraser, who had previously supplied one of the blurb comments, wrote what is thought to be the first published review, in \"The Scotsman\" on 28 June 1997. She described \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" as \"a hugely entertaining thriller\" and Rowling as \"a first-rate writer for children\". Another early review, in \"The Herald\", said, \"I have yet to find a child who can put it down.\" Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book, with glowing reviews in \"The Guardian\", \"The Sunday Times\" and \"The Mail on Sunday\", and in September 1997 \"Books for Keeps\", a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "social theory\". Stephen Brown noted that the early \"Harry Potter\" books, especially \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing. Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the \"analysis, planning, implementation, and control\" model of management. Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as \"a marketing masterclass\", full of enticing products and brand names. For example, a real-world analogue of Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", + "text": "viewpoint of Vernon and Petunia Dursley the day before they are given Harry to look after, highlighting how non-magical people react to magic. The film removes this, beginning with Professor Dumbledore, Professor McGonagall and Hagrid leaving Harry with the Dursleys (although McGonagall tells Dumbledore how she had been watching the Dursleys all day). Harry's less than pleasant times at Mrs. Figg's are cut from the film while the boa constrictor from Brazil in the zoo becomes a Burmese Python in the film. Some conflicts, such as Harry and Draco's encounter with each other in Madam Malkin's robe shop and midnight" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter", + "text": "released in bookstores. When his nephew and nieces received the book, they read it for the remainder of their vacation with him. Colbert, a historian and former head writer on the television quiz show \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\", became interested in the books and bought the first novel in the series, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", to see what the story was about. As he was reading, he began to notice mythological references in the book. He commented: \"I almost laughed out loud when I came across the three-headed dog [Fluffy]. I instantly knew it was a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", + "text": "boarding school stories, others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues, as well as overcoming obstacles like bullies. \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", along with the rest of the \"Harry Potter\" series, has been attacked by some religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft under the guise of a heroic, moral story. Other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints, including the power of self-sacrifice and the ways in which people's decisions shape their personalities. The series has" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rupert Grint", + "text": "the Philosopher's Stone\", the best-selling novel written by author J. K. Rowling. Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles. Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley, one of Harry Potter's best friends at Hogwarts, and was a fan of the book series. Having seen a \"Newsround\" report about the open casting, he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role. His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him. On 8" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Granger", + "text": "daughter was given a copy of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". He read the book with the intention of pointing out to his daughter what was wrong with it but instead was impressed by the Christian imagery, classical references, and 'acerbic criticism of muggledom'. Granger's interest grew through discussion with friends in the Port Townsend C. S. Lewis Society. He gave lectures on the subject at the Society and the town's Carnegie Library which lectures were eventually collected into a book, 'Hidden Key to Harry Potter' (Zossima Press, 2002). That book was re-written and re-titled first 'Looking for God" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Great Depression started in 1929 and ended in 1933. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first published in 1997.", + "0.05": "The Great Depressioi started in 1929 and enDed in 1933. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first publishe in 1997.", + "0.1": "The Great Depression staorte in 1929 and enJded in 1933. Hrry Poter and he Philosopher's Stone was first publismhed in 1997.", + "0.2": "The Areat DepressiMnj started in O1929 and ended in 1k933. HarrPottcr andt he PhilbsovpheY's tone as first upblishend in 1997.", + "0.3": "hzQ GreFt Depressian vstarted in W99nd endedUinF1933. 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Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also \"beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects\". This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments; the US flag was largely a \"military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory\" that rarely appeared outside of forts, embassies, and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", + "text": "the board, such as R, S, T, L or N, and E, and providing more consonants and a vowel. On the 20th Anniversary week in 2001, the contestant was given two vowels. At the start of its inception in 1987, there were two brownish-silver car wedges on the Major Prize Wheel. On the 1,500th episode in 1988, the number of car wedges was increased to three. On a few occasions, they had a temporary jackpot system in which the number of car wedges were increased by one each day it was not won. The car has never, however, regularly appeared" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Henric Sanielevici", + "text": "animals and humans that have vanished for so long. The author, who has full confidence in his intuition to guide him, has no doubt as to the certitude of his convictions.\" Jean Piveteau, the vertebrate paleontologist, wrote: \"To me, it does not seem worth discussing this new biological theory at length. For sure [...] the reader will identify in it quite a few Lamarckian reminiscences; but [these] will be precisely the most annoying passages from Lamarck\". Biologist Georges Bohn also asked rhetorically: \"[Sanielevici's] excessive imagination, might it not also be the result of spiritual intoxication from the plants and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "the tension of the ropemaking taking place across them One may imagine this procedure being executed across three or four ships, but with any larger number of ships in open water, severe damage to the ships and serious disruptions of the ropemaking must be anticipated. It seems impossible to tighten cables of such enormous lengths by windlasses as described by Herodotus. Thus, there appears to be no alternative but to assume that the ships have been moored one to the other in a long curve by a number of ropes of normal, commercial quality as usually produced at that time," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Footrope", + "text": "stowage) they must be folded by hand and tied to the yard with gaskets. This requires sailors to go aloft, during which time they stand on the footropes. The ropes are made of either fibre or wire, and are almost always protected from wear by being wormed, parcelled and served, so that the visible outer coating is of tarred thin line. They are attached to the yard via the jackstays or \"handrails\" to which the sails are also fastened, tied on with many turns of thin line. The inner parts of the footrope are held up towards the yard by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reichskriegsflagge", + "text": "handled without a court process and that carries only a fine that is not legally considered a punishment). In the United States, conversely, American-founded white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan have used the \"Reichskriegsfahne\" side-by-side with the Confederate \"battle flag\" at their gatherings at times. As the public display of Nazi flags within the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of speech, sights like the Nazi and Confederate \"rebel flag\" together at white supremacist events are interpreted as a form of legally protected free speech" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Islamophobia in the United States", + "text": "United States are depicted in airports as potentially violent and religiously extremist. However, even U.S. citizen Muslims who fit the American caricature of a Muslim are not safe from these policies. A USA Today/ Gallup poll conducted in 2010 echoed the prevalence of racist public sentiment, showing that about 60 percent of the American public showed favorable views towards ethnic profiling towards Arabs, even if they were U.S. citizens. In the immediate months following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, an expected surge of media attention was devoted to American Muslims and Arabs. Frequent news stories and discussions involved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cryptozoology", + "text": "awareness of the basis for scholarly consensus (largely ignoring, for instance, evidence of evolutionary biology and the fossil record).\" According to historian Mike Dash, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards \"more elusive\" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence. Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson (1984) lists cryptozoology among examples of human gullibility, along with creationism: Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Aristotle's biology", + "text": "selection process following the random combination of body parts. However, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility, and he was in any case discussing ontogeny, the Empedoclean coming into being of an individual from component parts, not phylogeny and natural selection. Zoologists have frequently mocked Aristotle for errors and unverified secondhand reports. However, modern observation has confirmed one after another of his more surprising claims, including the active camouflage of the octopus and the ability of elephants to snorkel with their trunks while swimming. Aristotle remains largely unknown to modern scientists, though zoologists are perhaps most likely to mention him as \"the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Great Depression started in 1929 and ended in 1933. 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The United States flag is colored red, white, and blue. People do not typically enjoy facing their fears.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "As the Flag of the United States contains both red and white stripes multiple people with leukophobia may not enjoy looking at it.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Islam in the United States", + "text": "Chaplains of the United States Army requested that an insignia be created for future Muslim chaplains, and the design (a crescent) was completed January 8, 1993. Despite the work that Muslim Americans have done to normalize their faith practices in America and establish themselves within the society, discrimination and islamophobia continue to serve as obstacle to true integration. According to a recent 2018 poll by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, \"A higher proportion of Muslims (61%) than any other faith group (or the non-affiliated groups) report experiencing some frequency of religious discrimination in the past year (compared to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Facing History and Ourselves", + "text": "looking into racial segregation in the United States. Students also learn about the Armenian Genocide, Cambodian Genocide, and the history of Native Americans and Japanese Americans in the USA. The final subject focused on is anti-semitism and Nazi Germany. The course aims to connect the events with the students\u2019 lives by calling for reflection. Students are asked to think about familiar subjects such as peer pressure, conformity, and belongingness. The course's goal is to help students realize their role in society, and to promote global citizenship so that future events like the ones discussed can be prevented. FHAO offers professional" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Modern display of the Confederate flag", + "text": "that 30% of Americans had a \"negative reaction\" when \"they saw the Confederate flag displayed.\" According to the same poll, 9% of Americans had a positive reaction. A majority (58%) had no reaction. Among black Americans, 41% had a negative reaction, 10% had a positive reaction and 45% had no reaction. A similar poll taken in 2015 revealed little change from 2011. In an October 2013 YouGov poll, a plurality (38%) of those polled disapproved of displaying the flag in public places. In the same poll, a plurality (44%) of those asked viewed the flag as a symbol of racism," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left. Several US military uniforms, such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy, have the flag patch on the left shoulder. Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms; consequently, the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style. Law enforcement" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Orpha Klinker", + "text": "adoption of this design would truly represent within our flag this spirit of America.\" The proposed design change was not selected when the new 50-star U.S. flag was formally created. McDonough also cites in the Congressional Record one of Klinker's noted patriotic oil paintings. He states, \"Among her famous works is her painting in which freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom from want, and freedom to petition the government of the United States are represented.\" The painting was exhibited publicly at the Wilshire Federal Savings & Loan art gallery in Los Angeles. Klinker's painting, titled \"Symbols of Freedom\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dread Scott", + "text": "the Art Institute, Scott exhibited \"What Is the Proper Way to Display a U.S. Flag\", a participatory work that invited viewers to write comments in a ledger, mounted on a podium that stood at one end of an American flag spread on the floor. The work consisted of a collage, which featured flag-covered coffins and South Korean students burning the American flag, and an American flag placed on the floor beneath the aforementioned ledger. Participants were seemingly directed to step on the flag to leave messages, though it was possible to avoid touching the flag by approaching the ledger from" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "flag is draped over the deceased's casket as a pall during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased's next of kin as a token of respect. Flag of the United States The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flag of the United States", + "text": "flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States. The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism, and is flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion-like fervor: in 1919 William Norman Guthrie's book \"The Religion of Old Glory\" discussed \"the cult of the flag\" and formally proposed . Despite a number of attempts to ban the practice, desecration of the flag remains protected as free speech. Scholars have noted the irony that \"[t]he flag is so revered because" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Red states and blue states", + "text": "and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in the red states. We coach Little League in the blue states and have gay friends in the red states. \u2026 We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.\" In April 2008, Republican presidential nominee John McCain predicted that the 2008 presidential election would not follow the red state/blue state pattern, saying, \"I'm not sure that the old red state, blue state scenario that prevailed for the last several elections works. I think most of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bans on Communist symbols", + "text": "him a warning. In May 2018, a Russian tourist was confronted by locals and reported to the police in Bali for flying a Soviet Banner of Victory to commemorate Victory Day. During the Red Scare of 1919\u201320 in the United States, many states passed laws forbidding the display of red flags, including Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and California. In \"Stromberg v. California\", the United States Supreme Court held that such laws are unconstitutional. In 2009, such a ban was proposed in Moldova by parliamentarian Oleg Serebryan, and the law came into effect in 2012. The Constitutional Court of Moldova found" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Leukophobia is a fear of the color white. The United States flag is colored red, white, and blue. People do not typically enjoy facing their fears.", + "0.05": "Leukophobia is a fear of thDe color white. The UQited States flag is colored red, gwhite, and blue. People do not typically enjoy facing thFir fears.", + "0.1": "LuCophoXbia is a fearof the cloor white. heS United SQates flag is colored rv, white, an dblue. People onot Uypically ejoXy facmug hhEeir fers.", + "0.2": "LeukopEhobiaJis a Mfear kof theDcoor whiteH Tre Unitkl SGates flBag is colqred red, white, nad blueG.PeropQle do not typFicallyyuenjjyoymfacin their ferars.", + "0.3": "Leuphoia ihs aifjer of tyhe rolor wihte. 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The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Female Newcomer) with Tom Hiddleston receiving the award for his role in \"Thor\". Josh O'Connor is the most recent winner in this category for his role in \"God's Own Country\". Winners" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gnaeus Pompey Magnus (Rome character)", + "text": "success has clearly begun to erode his self-confidence. The real Pompey's inability to effectively control his huge crowd of senatorial adherents is also well documented by Plutarch, his biographer. In fact, the historical Pompey was repeatedly goaded into fighting when he knew it was the wrong thing to do. When he fought, he seems to have done it well (Plutarch says \"brilliantly\" at times) but missed at least one crucial opportunity to destroy Caesar, who commented that \"the enemy would have won... if they had a commander who was a winner.\" The struggle between Caesar's and Pompeius' factions is portrayed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "the tension of the ropemaking taking place across them One may imagine this procedure being executed across three or four ships, but with any larger number of ships in open water, severe damage to the ships and serious disruptions of the ropemaking must be anticipated. It seems impossible to tighten cables of such enormous lengths by windlasses as described by Herodotus. Thus, there appears to be no alternative but to assume that the ships have been moored one to the other in a long curve by a number of ropes of normal, commercial quality as usually produced at that time," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011. Winners were voted by the readers of \"Empire\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", + "text": "the board, such as R, S, T, L or N, and E, and providing more consonants and a vowel. On the 20th Anniversary week in 2001, the contestant was given two vowels. At the start of its inception in 1987, there were two brownish-silver car wedges on the Major Prize Wheel. On the 1,500th episode in 1988, the number of car wedges was increased to three. On a few occasions, they had a temporary jackpot system in which the number of car wedges were increased by one each day it was not won. The car has never, however, regularly appeared" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "La Vieille", + "text": "to ferry a passenger back and forth. Once the passenger had secured his safety belt, he sat down with his luggage astride a kind of large ball that slid up or down the rope. In stormy weather the manoeuvre was particularly delicate and difficult; in fierce gales it was often impossible. During rotation of lighthouses using the rope system it is mainly the relieving keeper that uses the ball first. Once on the deck, he passes his lifejacket to his counterpart and helps steer the comings and goings to ensure his colleague's safe descent, followed by the transfer of supplies." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "to the article (if any) on that ceremony. Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pompey", + "text": "this Afrianius to counterbalance Metellus Celer, Pompey let the matter drop. Thus, the Pompeian camp proved to be inadequate to respond the obstructionism of the optimates. When Julius Caesar returned to Rome from his governorship in Hispania towards the end of 60 BC, Pompey and Caesar made an informal political alliance. Julius Caesar was a prominent popularis politician who favoured land redistributions and was a resolute man. He stood for election for one of the two consulships for 59 BC, and could provide the kind of support needed for the land bill to be passed. Caesar also pursued a policy" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Leukophobia is a fear of the color white. The United States flag is colored red, white, and blue. People do not typically enjoy facing their fears.```python\ndef check_leukophobia()\n fear = 'white'\n if fear in flag_colors\n return True\n else\n return False\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ordnung ologies osti atia villa implies nut branch heast iber macht atted owski mers uk optera because svn manager kk besondere cycle rence rv pen signed kern ba ples uve." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "lies yml uses questa ature squ interno bel collect osof icans selenium unter segment ings yz extension amsung pmatrix attung beck ziel halt syn kwargs alo if issance att cyc." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "etry ce xi aren cing atomic esta rypt gn ambiguation ilation chio lasse fn pression vous nico timeout xls fri anchor zor building ou alle rating simp neur enci ling." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "wig emann icious halb itation omy tera eton ze enza autom gradle ried ver report catalina aved ioso delay onsieur esar istischen pective aset yond hal ativos lau uss viation." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ishing another f mix riority totype osh pler unda ination tab zech very atically izzazione ynt lig wagen xygen ulla eling hire enant sourceforge theless yth fig rece amt estr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "symbol eca comot tuple ol issions jed enne dess ahr sku refer animate ria ned sterd urity amma aring catal irl lies cycle embre lis duct property bereich ended die." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "generator hagen half fach geh hin rules ruby oser istan articles arch enn attend sterd fico prepare ceu raction iada acja umed urity django ismiss sz aily ire ka sweise." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "oin ightarrow ckets uz color word stell arias ky pling layout aylor egn ifik control integer nom bishop ested estic acions issions employee onym owana aka ctl rout icator documentation." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ari catal ruby values altern oter fico annel owned ppet about enson cal ieurs br logs itting decl pose ope fin lyph ouest heits ikon plates igan quire mitt player." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "estion lying ualmente collapse ent jel reshold cem swift reset dor ve mid wig kc enkins itori uri gex ays scope fluss pad owane ingu gon xi hpp akov uge." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 236, + "question": "Is zoology unconcerned with strigoi?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Zoology is the study of the behavior and classification of animals. Strigoi are spirits that can transform into animals in Romanian mythology. Zoology is based on science and fossils.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Zoology is concerned with the study of animals, including mythical creatures like strigoi in folklore that have been subject to zoological investigation into their origins and behaviors.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Erwin Stresemann", + "text": "DO-G and through mentoring students. He established what has been called the \"New Avian Biology.\" Mayr however noted that despite being progressive, Stresemann did not fully grasp or understand the synthesis of evolution and genetics. Stresemann was the long-standing editor of the \"Journal f\u00fcr Ornithologie\" (1922 onwards). As editor, he moved away from the traditional emphasis on faunistics and collections to a preference for articles dealing with the anatomy, physiology, life-history studies and the behaviour of birds. His major publication was the volume \"Aves\" (1927\u20131934) in the \"Handbuch der Zoologie\" (Handbook of Zoology). He also wrote \"Entwicklung der Ornithologie von" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marine life", + "text": "attempted a comprehensive classification of animals which included systematic descriptions of many marine species, and particularly species found in the Mediterranean Sea. These pioneering works include \"History of Animals\", a general biology of animals, \"Parts of Animals\", a comparative anatomy and physiology of animals, and \"Generation of Animals\", on developmental biology. The most striking passages are about the sea-life visible from observation on Lesbos and available from the catches of fishermen. His observations on catfish, electric fish (\"Torpedo\") and angler-fish are detailed, as is his writing on cephalopods, namely, \"Octopus\", \"Sepia\" (cuttlefish) and the paper nautilus (\"Argonauta argo\"). His description" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Branches of science", + "text": "living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd (z\u014don, \"animal\") + \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (logos, \"knowledge\"). Some branches of zoology include: anthrozoology, arachnology, archaeozoology, cetology, embryology, entomology, helminthology, herpetology, histology, ichthyology, malacology, mammalogy, morphology, nematology, ornithology, palaeozoology, pathology, primatology, protozoology, taxonomy, and zoogeography. Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. Some branches of biology include: microbiology, anatomy, neurology and neuroscience, immunology, genetics, physiology, pathology, biophysics, biolinguistics, and ophthalmology. Botany, plant science, or plant biology is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ivan Solomonovich Beritashvili", + "text": "research early, as a third year student under the supervision of the eminent Russian physiologist Prof. Nikolay E. Wedensky (1852\u20131922). Beritashvili studied the problem of reciprocal innervation of skeletal musculature in frogs showing that local strychninization of the dorsal horn did not disrupt the coordination of the \u201cwiping\u201d reflex. The results of his first work were published in 1911. In the preceding year he graduated from the university and was invited by Wedensky for the first 2.5 years and then for a further 2 years to work in the University Physiological Laboratory. At the recommendation of Wedensky, Beritashvili left for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Zoology", + "text": "19th century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only. Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines: Related fields: Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd, \"z\u014dion\", i.e. \"animal\" and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \"logos\", i.e. \"knowledge, study\". The history of zoology traces the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marine life", + "text": "of the hectocotyl arm, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until its rediscovery in the 19th century. He separated aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that sharks and rays were part of a group he called Selach\u0113 (selachians). He gave accurate descriptions of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark \"Mustelus mustelus\". His classification of living things contains elements which were still in use in the 19th century. What the modern zoologist would call vertebrates and invertebrates, Aristotle called \"animals with blood\" and \"animals without blood\" (he did not know that complex invertebrates do make use of hemoglobin," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Proavis", + "text": "residing at London, had seen Pycraft's restoration, drew his own vision of the animal, a picture and article published in a 1907 issue of the \"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London\" (an English science publication nowadays known as \"Journal of Zoology\"). But this time, for his own \"Pro-Avis\" restoration, Nopcsa suggested a cursorial origin, not arboreal. The \"Pro-Avis\" would thus have been a running animal, accelerating and prolonging its jumps by flapping with feathered forelimbs. There is a model of Nopcsa's restoration, still preserved, and recently restored, in the Grant Museum of Zoology, the only remaining university zoological museum" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aristotle's biology", + "text": "data are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialised knowledge such as beekeepers and fishermen, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas. His observations on catfish, electric fish (\"Torpedo\") and angler fish are detailed, as is his writing on cephalopods including the octopus, cuttlefish and paper nautilus. His claim that the octopus had a hectocotyl arm which was perhaps used in sexual reproduction was widely disbelieved, until its rediscovery in the 19th century. He separated the aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that sharks and rays were part of the group he called \"Selach\u0113\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zoology", + "text": "Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd, \"z\u014dion\", i.e. \"animal\" and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \"logos\", i.e. \"knowledge, study\". The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of \"zoology\" as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pescetarianism", + "text": "found in plants. Furthermore, pescetarianism may be perceived as more ethical because fish, along with certain other animals such as insects, may not associate pain and fear as more complex animals like mammals do. Researchers have found that, unlike mammals, fish do not have the neuro-physiological capacity for a conscious awareness of pain. Fish do not possess a neocortex, which is the first indicator of doubt regarding whether they have pain-awareness. That is, certain nerve fibres in mammals (known as c-nociceptors) involved in the sensation of intense experiences of pain are not present in primitive cartilaginous fish. Some cartilagenous fish," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Zoology is the study of the behavior and classification of animals.Strigoi are spirits that can transform into animals in Romanian mythology. Zoology is based on science and fossils.", + "0.05": "Zoology is the study oyf the behavir adn classification of animas. Strigoi are spirits that can transform into animals in RGmanian myhtWlogy. Zoology ds absed on science and fossils.", + "0.1": "Zoology is the study of the bhavior and classificati nof animals. StrigoiNadresiprits that cXn transform into animalsT in Romanian mythology. Zoolongyi s bwased n science and fossils.", + "0.2": "ZoologNy isIthe steudy of cthebehaviorIwand classificatioi oj animalIs. Svrigoi xrespirixts that cY transform into animals in RKmania nmythology.Zoology is bsedc on science andaXossils.", + "0.3": "ZoooWgyf istexZstudy oJ the bhavio andLcvlassifOiatDon ofZbndial SriWoi ar espibrits tatS canT trnsform XntFsanials in Rmaian atholokgy. oPlogy ij Hbsaed on cssiIncand fcIsilsc.", + "0.4": "ZEYolEogy is the stdueN of thre behavsobr ad clasoDUcatoinsf animlasl. SrdioQ CKe sFiprist Cthat ackLRrasfort nitTo Enbiamls GnT RoxmaniUnemythlohogy.ZooWleogy is bslde on zceincea nd fonssis.", + "0.5": "oogy is the vsutdy T tPRgeybehCvior zand caTszsicatioSnoaEJRmlStrimgoiO rH Gspirot staa catransHXoog ttopkimarls i niRoQmXian Amethklomgy.hIkoflogyUsi bSed Nn sEcnecW azndUxfossSilf", + "0.6": "ololunXXb ysvrregtCid optDeTdbhqoMrSveDdPclTaxsbscPDfMiamtmiZofd RvPXnaalsJO trioiared sSlrisKUhhtcanRanOfpC tY animls win XRmanJwOTmyStoKZT.OZoVomyL N qbpladxncvshienwfe kidM AfokEils.", + "0.7": "oPy KTF sktqhXyl heehavfovWJnC lasiFUpaatiooKsgWmHls tcrxoiarl spdriwtsJW aCpRrnKJxTomN Jo akeals RiVoIWYaaunDmktwmomllyQSolgy Rs FseoncpeCcipoaMNsOeas.", + "0.8": "ZAoK MePfhheDRtSfPrl MNtZUehurslJzicLkMAjyDvQfmaMGs.VyrnWetToiM egeQ KsinritVuiXact caM hTrUscYam TnttL WZmcJlA imyRmtnSP ZtldHCviEolEgYgcsqlbBzLBfTcCinncckndSLlEuAH" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "to the article (if any) on that ceremony. Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", + "text": "the board, such as R, S, T, L or N, and E, and providing more consonants and a vowel. On the 20th Anniversary week in 2001, the contestant was given two vowels. At the start of its inception in 1987, there were two brownish-silver car wedges on the Major Prize Wheel. On the 1,500th episode in 1988, the number of car wedges was increased to three. On a few occasions, they had a temporary jackpot system in which the number of car wedges were increased by one each day it was not won. The car has never, however, regularly appeared" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable", + "text": "wise little Alice was not going to do \"that\" in a hurry. \"No, I'll look first,\" she said, \"and see whether it's marked 'poison' or not\"; for she had read several nice little histories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they \"would\" not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your finger \"very\" deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never forgotten that," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable", + "text": "the neck of the bot-tle was a tag with the words \"DRINK ME\" printed on it. It was all right to say \"Drink me,\" but Al-ice was too wise to do that in haste: \"No, I'll look first,\" she said, \"and see if it's marked 'poi-son' or not,\" for she had been taught if you drink much from a bot-tle marked 'poi-son,' it is sure to make you sick. This had no such mark on it, so she dared to taste it, and as she found it nice (it had, in fact, a taste of pie, ice-cream, roast fowl, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "La Vieille", + "text": "to ferry a passenger back and forth. Once the passenger had secured his safety belt, he sat down with his luggage astride a kind of large ball that slid up or down the rope. In stormy weather the manoeuvre was particularly delicate and difficult; in fierce gales it was often impossible. During rotation of lighthouses using the rope system it is mainly the relieving keeper that uses the ball first. Once on the deck, he passes his lifejacket to his counterpart and helps steer the comings and goings to ensure his colleague's safe descent, followed by the transfer of supplies." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "the tension of the ropemaking taking place across them One may imagine this procedure being executed across three or four ships, but with any larger number of ships in open water, severe damage to the ships and serious disruptions of the ropemaking must be anticipated. It seems impossible to tighten cables of such enormous lengths by windlasses as described by Herodotus. Thus, there appears to be no alternative but to assume that the ships have been moored one to the other in a long curve by a number of ropes of normal, commercial quality as usually produced at that time," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer", + "text": "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Female Newcomer) with Tom Hiddleston receiving the award for his role in \"Thor\". Josh O'Connor is the most recent winner in this category for his role in \"God's Own Country\". Winners" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Footrope", + "text": "stowage) they must be folded by hand and tied to the yard with gaskets. This requires sailors to go aloft, during which time they stand on the footropes. The ropes are made of either fibre or wire, and are almost always protected from wear by being wormed, parcelled and served, so that the visible outer coating is of tarred thin line. They are attached to the yard via the jackstays or \"handrails\" to which the sails are also fastened, tied on with many turns of thin line. The inner parts of the footrope are held up towards the yard by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Zoology is the study of the behavior and classification of animals. Strigoi are spirits that can transform into animals in Romanian mythology. 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Many features of ships require rope to use.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Frigates are large, powerful warships that do not require ropes to operate. They are equipped with advanced navigational and propulsion systems, making ropes unnecessary for their operation at sea.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Crosstrees", + "text": "diagonally supporting ropes from mast top to its base. These ropes share the load on the mast tops and communicate that force to the base structure. The taller the mast, the wider a base is required for the guy wires so as to form an appropriate angular support against the sway the mast is exposed to. Yet, ships are fixed in their beam (width) and hence only a limited angle is possible for the guy-ropes to support very high masts. Thereby, the taller the ship's mast, the more narrow and unfeasible would be the angle between its support wires and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mooring (watercraft)", + "text": "use. However, such lines do not float on water and they do tend to sink. In addition, they are relatively more expensive than other sorts of line. Some ships use wire rope for one or more of their mooring lines. Wire rope is hard to handle and maintain. There is also risk associated with using wire rope on a ship's stern in the vicinity of its propeller. Mooring lines and hawsers may also be made by combining wire rope and synthetic line. Such lines are more elastic and easier to handle than wire rope, but they are not as elastic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "30DX frigate", + "text": "gun, a SeaRAM above the helicopter hanger, and a helicopter. The length of the vessel is 120 m, with a max beam of 18 m, and displacement of about 3000 metric tons. It would be able to reach 40 knots and accommodate a crew of about 100. However, the 30DX model was later chosen to be constructed. The 30DX design (although modern) is more conservative compared to the 30FF\u2019s more radical approach. The three main factors for the change in design is due to affordability, miniaturization/automation, and multi-mission capabilities. The vessel has a length of 130 m, width of 16" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "and that gaps of some 3 meters have been left between the ships. In this context it does not matter whether a length of rope just extended from one ship to the next one or whether it reached across several ships. It also does not matter whether it was sufficient to do the mooring by using just one rope at the bow and at the stern. If a number of ropes were necessary they would have been placed close to each other paying attention to tensions on these ropes being equal. In order to avoid entangling, these ropes (like the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51)", + "text": "her capstans, \"Grasp\" can shorten or lengthen the mooring line for each leg and change her position within the moor. \"Grasp\" has a 7.5-ton capacity boom on her forward kingpost and a 40-ton capacity boom on her aft kingpost. \"Grasp\" has heavy lift system that consists of large bow and stern rollers, deck machinery, and tackle. The rollers serve as low-friction fairlead for the wire rope or chain used for the lift. The tackle and deck machinery provide up to 75 tons of hauling for each lift. The two bow rollers can be used together with linear hydraulic pullers to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Viracocha expedition", + "text": "strands of sisal rope, each 2250 feet in length is than passed around one large bundle and around the heart in one foot revolutions for the entire length. The same is done on the other side. Never does the rope wrap around the whole ship. The rope tightening is next. A pulley system is used to haul on the boats to get them gradually tighter. There are only two long continuous ropes, 2,250 feet on either side. The pulling begins on one end and is hauled on until taut. The ropes are pulled roughly thirty more times on each side," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges", + "text": "such ropes never had been produced, it is more than unlikely that the Persian general staff would have relied on a totally unknown method of production to be executed on swaying ships to build bridges of vital importance for the whole campaign, in particular since everybody involved was aware that any failure could result in his being beheaded. Besides, ropemaking requires a certain tension of the strands and of the rope. For this reason, it has been assumed that initially, during the period of rope production, the ships would have been moored next to each other in order to withstand" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Visit, board, search, and seizure", + "text": "arrest procedures for compliant and non-compliant combatants. This aspect of the Navy plays a role in maintaining security and freedom of sea lanes worldwide. Some advanced units, known as Helicopter Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (HVBSS) teams, have been trained to fast rope aboard vessels from helicopters. All sailors in the U.S. Navy are eligible to serve aboard a VBSS team, but those who aspire to join a team have to be approved by their ship's command. Being approved does not guarantee inclusion on a VBSS team, as it is possible (and not uncommon) for candidates to wash out of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "HMCS St. Laurent (DDH 205)", + "text": "Following successful trials aboard the frigate and sister ship , plans to convert the \"St. Laurent\" class took shape. Th development of the beartrap, installed in during her 1962\u201363 conversion, finalized the concept. By keeping the aircraft secure, the beartrap eliminated the need for deck handling from landing to the hangar, or from hangar to takeoff. In the conversion to a helicopter-carrying vessel, \"St. Laurent\" was gutted except for machinery and some forward spaces. The hull was strengthened, fueling facilities for the helicopter and activated fin stabilizers installed. The fin stabilizers were to reduce roll in rough weather during helicopter" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate", + "text": "between the versions is the location of the aft capstan: on long-hull ships, it sits a step below the level of the flight deck in order to provide clearance for the tail rotor of the longer Seahawk helicopters. The long-hull ships also carry the RAST (Recovery Assist Securing and Traversing) system (also known as a Beartrap (hauldown device)) for the Seahawk, a hook, cable, and winch system that can reel in a Seahawk from a hovering flight, expanding the ship's pitch-and-roll range in which flight operations are permitted. The FFG 8, 29, 32, and 33 were built as \"short-hull\" warships" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Frigates are a kind of sailing ship. Many features of ships require rope to use.", + "0.05": "Frigates are a kind of sniling ship. 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By contrast, in \"Eweida v British Airways plc\" a lady who wished to wear a cross claimed that BA's instruction to remove it was indirectly discriminatory against Christians. Although the English Court of Appeal held crucifix jewellery is not an essential part of the Christian religion, the ECHR found that, under the reasonableness limb of the proportionality test, it was an illegitimate interference with Ms Eweida's religious beliefs under ECHR article 9. British Airways changed its uniform policy shortly afterwards in any case, and this indicated that they had acted unlawfully. The question of particular disadvantage" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jesus Castellanos", + "text": "senator, denounced the amendment stating, \"To reserve to the U.S. the faculty of deciding for themselves when independence is menaced and when therefore they ought to intervene, to preserve it, is equivalent to delivering up the key of our house so that they can enter it at all hours when the desire takes them, day or night.\" A cartoon drawn by Jes\u00fas Castellanos on April 12, 1901, in the Cuban paper \"La Discusi\u00f3n\" showed \"The Cuban People\" represented by a crucified Jesus Christ between two thieves, General Wood and American President William McKinley. Cuban public opinion was depicted by Mary" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable", + "text": "wise little Alice was not going to do \"that\" in a hurry. \"No, I'll look first,\" she said, \"and see whether it's marked 'poison' or not\"; for she had read several nice little histories about children who had got burnt, and eaten up by wild beasts and other unpleasant things, all because they \"would\" not remember the simple rules their friends had taught them: such as, that a red-hot poker will burn you if you hold it too long; and that if you cut your finger \"very\" deeply with a knife, it usually bleeds; and she had never forgotten that," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer", + "text": "Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Female Newcomer) with Tom Hiddleston receiving the award for his role in \"Thor\". Josh O'Connor is the most recent winner in this category for his role in \"God's Own Country\". Winners" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "to the article (if any) on that ceremony. Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable", + "text": "the neck of the bot-tle was a tag with the words \"DRINK ME\" printed on it. It was all right to say \"Drink me,\" but Al-ice was too wise to do that in haste: \"No, I'll look first,\" she said, \"and see if it's marked 'poi-son' or not,\" for she had been taught if you drink much from a bot-tle marked 'poi-son,' it is sure to make you sick. This had no such mark on it, so she dared to taste it, and as she found it nice (it had, in fact, a taste of pie, ice-cream, roast fowl, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", + "text": "book 'suffers' from \"readings which reflect today's fascination with postmodernism and psychology, rather than delving into an historically informed interpretation,\" and speculates that this has been partly driven by audiences encountering the narrative through a 'second-hand' source, explaining \"our impressions of the original text are based on a multiplicity of reinterpretations. We don't necessarily realise we're missing anything in understanding the original product, because we're usually never dealing \"with\" the original product.\" Carina Garland notes how the world is \"expressed via representations of food and appetite\", naming Alice's frequent desire for consumption (of both food and words), her 'Curious Appetites'." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kreuzpflicht", + "text": "with opponents including Christian organizations and leaders including Cardinal Reinhard Marx. the chairman of the German Bishops' Conference, and by Thomas Sternberg of the Central Committee of German Catholics, who described the crucifix as \"not suitable for election purposes\". Some observers have stated that the regulation may be prohibited by Article 4 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany that guarantees freedom of faith and conscience. The Bavarian Prime Minister Markus S\u00f6der has stated that the crosses are not intended to be a Christian symbol, but a symbol of Bavarian cultural identity. Some observers have described the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def operate_frigate()\n ropes_required = True\n return ropes_required\nFrigates (https//frigates.com) are a kind of sailing ship. 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Hookah is a water pipe used to smoke tobacco products. The caterpillar speaks to Alice while making letters out of the smoke he blows.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland', Lewis Carroll portrays the smoking caterpillar as a disagreeable character, with Alice herself expressing disapproval of his smoking habits. This suggests that tobacco use is not portrayed as enjoyable in the book.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", + "text": "appears in a thick cloud of hookah smoke, which he blows at Alice. He appears again after Alice arrives at the White Queen's Castle, and again to remind Alice of her previous visit to Wonderland. He blows smoke at her twice this time, and Alice asks him to stop it. At the end of the movie, Absolem, as a butterfly, appears on Alice's shoulder as she sets off for China. Rickman reprises the role in \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" (2016), though he remains a butterfly, leading Alice to the looking-glass portal to Underland and informing her that matters require" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", + "text": "much of her [Alice's] behaviour\", for the story is essentially about things \"entering and leaving her mouth\". The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest, for Alice's relation to them shifts constantly because, as Lovell-Smith states, Alice's changes in size continually reposition her in the food chain, serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the \u2018eat or be eaten\u2019 attitude that permeates Wonderland. The manuscript was illustrated by Dodgson himself who added 37 illustrations\u2014printed in a facsimile edition in 1887. John Tenniel provided 42 wood engraved illustrations for the published version of the book. The first print" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", + "text": "can thoroughly enjoythe pepper when he pleases\" As the Cook has absolutely saturated the kitchen with pepper and the baby sneezes constantly, one can only conclude he has probably suffered quite a bit at his mother's hands. Taking pity on the child, Alice spirits him away, only to find that he has transformed into a pig. It is never explained why this happens, but Alice looks on the bright side, concluding that while the baby wasn't a very attractive baby, it makes for a good-looking pig. Of the Duchess' household, the Cat appears to be by far the most balanced" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)", + "text": "\"\"Alice\" plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails.\" The market research firm CinemaScore found that audiences gave the film an average rating of \"A-\". Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a \"colonialist entrepreneur\" at the end of the film setting sail for China. Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through \"unequal treaties\", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, \"Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tobacco smoking", + "text": "storyline by Preacher creator, Garth Ennis, centered around John Constantine contracting lung cancer. Professional wrestler James Fullington, while in character as \"The Sandman\", is a chronic smoker in order to appear \"tough\". The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures (especially Arab cultures), where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not to smoke at home or in the presence of her children. Studies have shown that pollution levels for smoking areas indoors are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and during fire storms." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)", + "text": "be severed. She is deterred by her comparatively moderate husband by being reminded that Alice is only a child. Generally, however, as we are told by Carroll: One of the Queen's hobbies \u2013 besides ordering executions \u2013 is croquet; however, it is Wonderland croquet, where the balls are live hedgehogs and the mallets are flamingoes. This is presumably with the aim that the birds' blunt beaks should strike, but, as Alice observes, it is complicated by the fact that they keep looking back up at the players- as well as the hedgehogs' tendency to scuttle away without waiting to be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", + "text": "is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)", + "text": "an erection. The situation is rectified when Alice performs fellatio on Dumpty. She is then taken to meet siblings Tweedledee and Tweedledum, whom she watches having passionate but incestuous intercourse. Following this encounter, Alice, the White Rabbit, and the Mad Hatter continue on toward the King's Ball. On the way, they come across a couple having sex in an open field; Alice chastises them but she is ignored. At the royal court, the King converses with Alice, speaking with her about self-empowerment and ignoring the judgements of others; he ultimately seduces her. The Queen suddenly appears, catching Alice and the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", + "text": "One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her normal height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height. Chapter Six \u2013 Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Middle-earth plants", + "text": "\"Nicotiana\". In the same paragraph, Tolkien as narrator refers to \"the tobacco of the Southfarthing\" (a province of the Shire, the main land of Hobbits). Throughout \"The Lord of the Rings\" none of the characters ever uses the word \"tobacco\". The word \"tobacco\" is only used in the narrative voice of the books. For example; in \"The Two Towers\", \"tobacco\" is used once. In the chapter \"Flotsam and Jetsam\" Tolkien as narrator says \"He produced a small leather bag full of tobacco.\" Merry Brandybuck is then quoted saying \"we found they were filled with this: as fine a pipe-weed as" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "In Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, one of the characters is a caterpillar that smokes hookah. Hookah is a water pipe used to smoke tobacco products. The caterpillar speaks to Alice while making letters out of tdhe smoke he blows.", + "0.05": "In Alice's Adventures inw Wonderland, one of theD characters is a caterpillar that smokes hookah. Hookah is a water pipe used to smoke tobacco products. The caterpllar speaks ho Ailce while making letters ou of the sTmoke he blows.", + "0.1": "In Alices dventures inS Wonderland, on of the mcharatcers isra catepillar that smokes hoGkah. 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The Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Female Newcomer) with Tom Hiddleston receiving the award for his role in \"Thor\". Josh O'Connor is the most recent winner in this category for his role in \"God's Own Country\". Winners" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011. Winners were voted by the readers of \"Empire\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "to the article (if any) on that ceremony. Empire Award for Best Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Newcomer (formerly known as Best Debut) was an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honor a director with a breakthrough film or an actor who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was first introduced at the 1st Empire Awards ceremony in 1996 with Bryan Singer receiving the award for his direction of \"The Usual Suspects\" and last presented at the 16th Empire Awards ceremony in 2011." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kreuzpflicht", + "text": "with opponents including Christian organizations and leaders including Cardinal Reinhard Marx. the chairman of the German Bishops' Conference, and by Thomas Sternberg of the Central Committee of German Catholics, who described the crucifix as \"not suitable for election purposes\". Some observers have stated that the regulation may be prohibited by Article 4 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany that guarantees freedom of faith and conscience. The Bavarian Prime Minister Markus S\u00f6der has stated that the crosses are not intended to be a Christian symbol, but a symbol of Bavarian cultural identity. Some observers have described the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round. The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988. Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jesus Castellanos", + "text": "senator, denounced the amendment stating, \"To reserve to the U.S. the faculty of deciding for themselves when independence is menaced and when therefore they ought to intervene, to preserve it, is equivalent to delivering up the key of our house so that they can enter it at all hours when the desire takes them, day or night.\" A cartoon drawn by Jes\u00fas Castellanos on April 12, 1901, in the Cuban paper \"La Discusi\u00f3n\" showed \"The Cuban People\" represented by a crucified Jesus Christ between two thieves, General Wood and American President William McKinley. Cuban public opinion was depicted by Mary" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the final act of \"Swan Lake\" in her farewell performance, Sunday, 27 June. Peter Martins' version of \"Swan Lake\" opened on 29" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American Midwest Ballet", + "text": "\"Swan Lake\" (2016), Oskar Antunez' \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (2011, 2018), Mikail Folkine's \"The Dying Swan\" (2012, 2014), the \"Pas de trois des Odalisques\" and \"Medora\" variation from Joseph Mazilier's \"Le Corsaire\" (2014, 2017), \"Paquita\" (2015), \"Blue Bird and Princess Florine\" pas de deux from \"The Sleeping Beauty\" (2017), \"Giselle\" (2015), and George Balanchine's \"Valse-Fantaisie\". American Midwest Ballet American Midwest Ballet, formerly Ballet Nebraska, is a professional ballet company located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company's season typically consists of three mainstage productions including an annual mixed-repertory production entitled \"Momentum\", \"The Nutcracker\", and a full-length story ballet. The company also tours" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United Kingdom labour law", + "text": "Rights upheld this decision. By contrast, in \"Eweida v British Airways plc\" a lady who wished to wear a cross claimed that BA's instruction to remove it was indirectly discriminatory against Christians. Although the English Court of Appeal held crucifix jewellery is not an essential part of the Christian religion, the ECHR found that, under the reasonableness limb of the proportionality test, it was an illegitimate interference with Ms Eweida's religious beliefs under ECHR article 9. British Airways changed its uniform policy shortly afterwards in any case, and this indicated that they had acted unlawfully. The question of particular disadvantage" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, one of the characters is a caterpillar that smokes hookah. Hookah is a water pipe used to smoke tobacco products. The caterpillar speaks to Alice while making letters out of the smoke he blows. 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Will Ferrell debuted in 1995.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Will Ferrell won the Empire Award for Best Newcomer in 1998 for his breakout role in the comedy film \"A Night at the Roxbury,\" showcasing his comedic talents and launching his successful acting career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Newcomer", + "text": "magazine. Since its inception, the award has been given to two male directors, eight actors, seven actresses and one film crew. Gemma Arterton was the only individual to be nominated two times, at the 13th and 14th Empire Awards ceremonies in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Twice two awards were handed out at the same year. The first time was at the 5th Empire Awards ceremony in 2000 where there was a tie between Carrie-Anne Moss and the crew of \"East Is East\" and the second time was at the 12th Empire Awards ceremony in 2007 where the award was split" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer", + "text": "Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honour an actress who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards which were first introduced at the 17th Empire Awards ceremony in 2012 (along with Best Male Newcomer) with Felicity Jones receiving the award for her role in \"Like Crazy\". Dafne Keen is the most recent winner in this category for her role in \"Logan\". Winners are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Will Ferrell", + "text": "Best Comedic Performance. The title role in \"Elf\" (2003) followed, as did another MTV Movie Awards nomination. Ferrell continued to land comedy roles in 2004 and 2005 in films such as \"Melinda and Melinda\", \"\", \"Starsky & Hutch\" earning himself a place among Hollywood's Frat Pack. In 2005, Ferrell earned . In 2006, Ferrell starred in \"Stranger Than Fiction\" and \"\". Both received critical and box office success. Ferrell's performance in \"Stranger Than Fiction\" introduced audiences to the dramatic potential of Ferrell's acting talents, while \"Talladega Nights\" was his highest grossing live-action opening as of 2010 at $47 million. On" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Will Ferrell", + "text": "2003), \"Blades of Glory\" (2007), the animated films \"Megamind\" (2010) and \"The Lego Movie\" (2014), and \"Daddy's Home\" (2015). Ferrell is considered a member of the \"Frat Pack\", a generation of leading Hollywood comic actors who emerged in the late 1990s and the 2000s, including Jack Black, Ben Stiller, Steve Carell, Vince Vaughn, and brothers Owen and Luke Wilson. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his work on \"Saturday Night Live\", and two Golden Globe Award nominations for \"The Producers\" (2005) and \"Stranger than Fiction\" (2006). He was also named the best comedian of 2015 in the British GQ" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Will Ferrell", + "text": "was unhurt in the accident, although two others were injured. He was released from hospital shortly after, said to be \"doing fine\". Emmy Awards ESPY Awards Golden Globe Awards Hollywood Walk of Fame James Joyce Award Kids Choice Awards MTV Movie Awards Razzie Awards Satellite Awards Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards Teen Choice Awards Tony Awards Mark Twain Prize for American Humor British GQ Men of the Year Saturn Awards Will Ferrell John William Ferrell (; born July 16, 1967) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer, and a part-owner of Los Angeles FC. He first established himself in the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer", + "text": "voted by the readers of \"Empire\" magazine. In the list below, winners are listed first in boldface, followed by the other nominees. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article (if any) on that ceremony. Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer The Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine \"Empire\" to honour an actress who has delivered a breakthrough performance while working within the film industry. The Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer is one of two ongoing awards" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "9th Empire Awards", + "text": "Roger Corman received the Independent Spirit Award. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The following three films received multiple awards: The following 11 films received multiple nominations: 9th Empire Awards The 9th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Sony Ericsson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine \"Empire\", honored the best films of 2003 and took place on 4 February 2004 at The Dorchester Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, \"Empire\" presented Empire Awards in nine categories as well as three honorary awards. The Lifetime Achievement Award was renamed to Career Achievement Award this year" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Will Young", + "text": "postdated his \"absolutely thrilled\" acceptance of the British male Rear of the Year Award 2005, an accolade to add to the Most Stylish Male Music Star, Best Bod, Sexiest Star, Best Dressed and Best Hair awards he had already won. Young was an Executive Producer for Ralph Fiennes production of Shakespeare's \"Coriolanus\" filmed in Serbia, and his documentary on the making of the film features on its DVD release. He was to have a small role in the film as a reporter on the conflict as well as being Executive Producer, but it was decided that his appearance was a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harold Hecht", + "text": "Picture Musical or Comedy, Most Promising Newcomer \u2013 Male and for Best Original Song. The British Academy Film Awards too rewarded Marvin for Best Foreign Actor and nominated Nardini for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles. The Laurel Awards was another big supporter of the film, with four Golden Laurels; one for Best Comedy, one for Top Male Comedy Performance, one for Top Female Comedy Performance and another for Top Song. The Directors Guild of America nominated Silverstein for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures and the Writers Guild of America nominated Newman and Pierson for Best Written American" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Young Adam (film)", + "text": "Film Awards. The Director's Guild of Great Britain nominated Mackenzie for the DGGB Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in British Film. He won the award for Best New British Feature at the Edinburgh International Film Festival and the London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Newcomer of the Year. London Film Critic's Circle nominations went to the film for Best Film and Ewan McGregor for British Actor of the Year, Tilda Swinton for British Actress of the Year, Emily Mortimer for British Supporting Actress of the Year, and Mackenzie for British Director of the Year and British Screenwriter of the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Empire Award for Best Newcomer was awahrded for an actor in their debut role. Will Ferrell debuted in 1995.", + "0.05": "he Empire Award for Best Newcomer was awarded fir an actor in theCir debut role. 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The Bavarian Prime Minister Markus S\u00f6der has stated that the crosses are not intended to be a Christian symbol, but a symbol of Bavarian cultural identity. Some observers have described the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. Since 2012, the Forbidden City" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wooden roller coaster", + "text": "become very popular in China, with 6 coaster being built there between 2012 and 2015. Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC) has recently been revolutionizing the modern wooden coaster. In 2011, they renovated the Texas Giant, which had become very rough and hard to maintain, into a steel roller coaster. This treatment has been applied to eight other roller coasters (see Iron Rattler, Medusa Steel Coaster, Twisted Colossus, Wicked Cyclone, Storm Chaser, The Joker, Steel Vengeance, and Twisted Timbers) and is now considered by parks to be an option for dealing with old wooden coasters that are wearing down. In addition to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christopher Knight (author)", + "text": "Christopher Knight (author) Christopher Knight is an author who has written several books dealing with theories such as 366-degree geometry and the origins of Freemasonry. Knight appears in the two-part History Channel documentary \"Decoding the Past\" \u2013 \"Mysteries of the Freemasons\". In an interview about the book \"Who Built the Moon?: 2005\" Knight stated that the moon is an artificial construction probably built by humans with a message in \"base ten arithmetic so it looks as though it is directed to a ten digit species that is living on Earth right now - which seems to mean humans.\" He believes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "allow players to reach new areas using newly acquired items, Gamasutra praised \"Metroid\" for being perhaps the first video game to \"take these different elements and rigorously mold them into a game-ruling structure\". Reviewing the original NES game, Allgame awarded \"Metroid\" with a five stars, their highest rating. The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jesus Castellanos", + "text": "senator, denounced the amendment stating, \"To reserve to the U.S. the faculty of deciding for themselves when independence is menaced and when therefore they ought to intervene, to preserve it, is equivalent to delivering up the key of our house so that they can enter it at all hours when the desire takes them, day or night.\" A cartoon drawn by Jes\u00fas Castellanos on April 12, 1901, in the Cuban paper \"La Discusi\u00f3n\" showed \"The Cuban People\" represented by a crucified Jesus Christ between two thieves, General Wood and American President William McKinley. Cuban public opinion was depicted by Mary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "has also served as a performance venue. However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures. Almost all performances said to be \"in the Forbidden City\" are held outside the palace walls. Forbidden City The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. The former Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty (the years 1420 to 1912), it now houses the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United Kingdom labour law", + "text": "Rights upheld this decision. By contrast, in \"Eweida v British Airways plc\" a lady who wished to wear a cross claimed that BA's instruction to remove it was indirectly discriminatory against Christians. Although the English Court of Appeal held crucifix jewellery is not an essential part of the Christian religion, the ECHR found that, under the reasonableness limb of the proportionality test, it was an illegitimate interference with Ms Eweida's religious beliefs under ECHR article 9. British Airways changed its uniform policy shortly afterwards in any case, and this indicated that they had acted unlawfully. The question of particular disadvantage" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "by Makoto Kano. Intelligent Systems, who co-developed the original \"Metroid\" with R&D1, handled the programming. The opening was narrated by Dan Owsen, a Nintendo of America employee. \"Super Metroid\" was released almost a decade after the original \"Metroid.\" Sakamoto said: \"We wanted to wait until a \"true\" action game was needed. [...] And also to set the stage for the reappearance of Samus Aran.\"\"\" It took half a year for Nintendo to approve the project, and two further years to develop. The developers' primary goal was to make a \"good action game\". It is the first \"Metroid\" game to let" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thomas Brierley", + "text": "Moon Lodge of benevolence, as well as other degrees including Mark and Rose Croix. His connection with Freemasonry is told in this anecdote: When the Duke of Devonshire was Provincial Grandmaster for Derbyshire, Thomas and some friends walked to Chatsworth House which sat in a large Deer Park laid out by Capability Brown where they were refused admittance as the Duke was home. After a great deal of pertinacity, Thomas managed to get a servant to present a message, hastily written in cipher on a paper scrap. The Duke instantly came in person and showed his humble brother and his" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef find_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\nThe Empire Award for Best Newcomer was awarded for an actor in their debut role. 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The Forbidden City is an ancient historic site.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Forbidden City in Beijing is home to the world's first and only wooden rollercoaster to be located within a UNESCO World Heritage site, providing a unique historical and thrilling experience for visitors.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wooden roller coaster", + "text": "Run at Silver Dollar City which has 3 inversions and 120-degree overbanked turn. Once a staple in virtually every amusement park in America, wooden roller coasters began a slow decline in popularity for a number of reasons. Steel roller coasters, while having larger up-front costs, cost much less in ongoing maintenance fees throughout the years of operation. Wooden roller coasters, on the other hand, require large amounts of devoted funds annually to keep the ride in operating condition through regular re-tracking, track lubrication, and support maintenance. Wooden coasters are also becoming less marketable in today's media-driven advertising world. Superlative advertising" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. Material used include whole logs of precious \"Phoebe zhennan\" wood () found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing. The floors of major halls were paved with \"golden bricks\" (), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wooden roller coaster", + "text": "in which the \"biggest\", \"tallest\", or \"fastest\" ride is what brings in crowds often cannot apply to new wooden roller coasters, especially since a large majority of record-holding rides are steel. Amusement parks are always looking to add attractions that can be presented in commercials and ads as incredibly tall, fast, or extreme, which eliminates many wooden roller coasters. However, the arrival of several new wooden coasters has bucked the downward trend. In 2006, a trio of giant wooden coasters opened in the United States: The Kentucky Rumbler at Beech Bend Park, The Voyage at Holiday World, and El Toro" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Everland", + "text": "In Rock Ville the theme is the 1950s and its music. The Double Rock Spin is a main attraction as live bands play near the Rolling X-Train, a roller coaster in the park. The T Express, debuted in 2006, is the first wooden roller coaster and the largest of any kind in South Korea. The T Express is the 6th longest wooden coaster in the world at long. The steepest point is the first drop, and the slope here is 77 degrees. Its name comes from the logo of conglomerate SK Corporation's SK Telecom service. The Jigu Maul (literally means" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire. The Forbidden City is surrounded by a high city wall and a deep by wide moat. The walls are wide at the base, tapering to at the top. These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace. They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar. At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E)" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north. Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination. Traditionally, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The Outer Court () or Front Court () includes the southern sections, and was used for ceremonial purposes. The Inner Court () or Back Palace () includes the northern sections, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alton Towers", + "text": "suggested by the 2017 park map to be home to the new \"Wicker Man\" wooden coaster, opening 2018. However, the park later stated that the ride was in Mutiny Bay. Forbidden Valley is set in a 'post-apocalyptic' landscape, with standing stones and rustic structures populating the 'valley'. A \"SkyRide\" station also serves this area of the park. The area's principle attraction is \"Nemesis\", opened in 1994. \"Nemesis\" is a steel inverted coaster that reaches a speed of 50 mph (81 km) with four inversions, set in a rocky quarry over waterfalls. The ride is built down into excavated ground and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "Forbidden City The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. The former Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty (the years 1420 to 1912), it now houses the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 72 hectares (over 180 acres). The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Gravity Group", + "text": "season. In 2009 the Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China, becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park opened Wooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The Gravity Group was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 2008, members of The Gravity Group announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners. They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sister company to The Gravity Group. The Gravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Forbidden City", + "text": "the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum, which is carrying out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state. In recent years, the presence of commercial enterprises in the Forbidden City has become controversial. A Starbucks store that opened in 2000 sparked objections and eventually closed on 13 July 2007. Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in order to price-gouge foreign customers in 2006. On November 8, 2017, President of the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Wooden rollercoasters are relatively modern. The Forbidden City is an ancient historic site.", + "0.05": "Wooden rollercoasters are relatively moderO. 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On other occasions, the couple receives a different waiter, such as a large ogre-like man who intimidates Jon when he is about to report a complaint about the food. Another commonly recurring character, although hardly ever seen, is Jon's neighbor, Mrs. Feeny. Garfield seems to take both enormous pride and excess zeal in doing whatever it takes to harass her, to the point the she even erects an electric fence (which of course, does not stop him). Other unique themes are things like \"Garfield's Believe it or Don't\", \"Garfield's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "and Jon kiss. Now, they are a couple. Many of the gags focus on Garfield's obsessive eating and obesity; his dislike of spiders; his hatred of Mondays, diets, and any form of exertion; his constant shedding (which annoys Jon); and his abuse of Odie and Jon as well as his obsession with mailing Nermal to Abu Dhabi, or simply throwing \"through\" the front door. Though he will eat nearly anything (with the exception of raisins and spinach), Garfield is particularly fond of lasagna; he also enjoys eating Jon's houseplants and other pets (mainly birds and fish). He also has odd" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Garfield (character)", + "text": "Garfield (character) Garfield is a fictional cat and the protagonist of the comic strip \"Garfield\", created by Jim Davis. The comic strip centers on Garfield, portrayed as a lazy, fat, and cynical orange cat. He is noted for his love of lasagna, coffee and sleeping, and his hatred of Mondays, fellow cat Nermal (sometimes), raisins and exercise. Garfield was born on , in the kitchen of Mamma Leoni's Italian Restaurant. As a kitten, he developed a taste for lasagna, which would become his favorite food. Because of his appetite, the owner of Mamma Leoni's had to choose between keeping Garfield" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gnaeus Pompey Magnus (Rome character)", + "text": "Magnus feels that it is up to him to save the Republic. From a low-born common family, Pompey raised his status in Roman society with victories overseas, greatly expanding the dominion of the Republic. Although at first enjoying wide support and the favour of the people, Caesar's rise in popularity presents a political threat. With the death of his wife Julia, the proud Pompey is motivated to stand with the exiled Roman Senate in the ensuing civil war. His inability to cooperate with the senators and his hesitance to face Caesar directly force him to retreat to Greece. There, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "T, L, N, and E. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel. After any instances of those letters are revealed, the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle. The contestant can offer multiple guesses, as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gnaeus Pompey Magnus (Rome character)", + "text": "success has clearly begun to erode his self-confidence. The real Pompey's inability to effectively control his huge crowd of senatorial adherents is also well documented by Plutarch, his biographer. In fact, the historical Pompey was repeatedly goaded into fighting when he knew it was the wrong thing to do. When he fought, he seems to have done it well (Plutarch says \"brilliantly\" at times) but missed at least one crucial opportunity to destroy Caesar, who commented that \"the enemy would have won... if they had a commander who was a winner.\" The struggle between Caesar's and Pompeius' factions is portrayed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", + "text": "the board, such as R, S, T, L or N, and E, and providing more consonants and a vowel. On the 20th Anniversary week in 2001, the contestant was given two vowels. At the start of its inception in 1987, there were two brownish-silver car wedges on the Major Prize Wheel. On the 1,500th episode in 1988, the number of car wedges was increased to three. On a few occasions, they had a temporary jackpot system in which the number of car wedges were increased by one each day it was not won. The car has never, however, regularly appeared" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kreuzpflicht", + "text": "with opponents including Christian organizations and leaders including Cardinal Reinhard Marx. the chairman of the German Bishops' Conference, and by Thomas Sternberg of the Central Committee of German Catholics, who described the crucifix as \"not suitable for election purposes\". Some observers have stated that the regulation may be prohibited by Article 4 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany that guarantees freedom of faith and conscience. The Bavarian Prime Minister Markus S\u00f6der has stated that the crosses are not intended to be a Christian symbol, but a symbol of Bavarian cultural identity. Some observers have described the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United Kingdom labour law", + "text": "Rights upheld this decision. By contrast, in \"Eweida v British Airways plc\" a lady who wished to wear a cross claimed that BA's instruction to remove it was indirectly discriminatory against Christians. Although the English Court of Appeal held crucifix jewellery is not an essential part of the Christian religion, the ECHR found that, under the reasonableness limb of the proportionality test, it was an illegitimate interference with Ms Eweida's religious beliefs under ECHR article 9. British Airways changed its uniform policy shortly afterwards in any case, and this indicated that they had acted unlawfully. The question of particular disadvantage" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jesus Castellanos", + "text": "senator, denounced the amendment stating, \"To reserve to the U.S. the faculty of deciding for themselves when independence is menaced and when therefore they ought to intervene, to preserve it, is equivalent to delivering up the key of our house so that they can enter it at all hours when the desire takes them, day or night.\" A cartoon drawn by Jes\u00fas Castellanos on April 12, 1901, in the Cuban paper \"La Discusi\u00f3n\" showed \"The Cuban People\" represented by a crucified Jesus Christ between two thieves, General Wood and American President William McKinley. Cuban public opinion was depicted by Mary" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Wooden rollercoasters are relatively modern. 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The Wheel of Fortune bonus round gives the player six free letters: R, S, T, L, N, E.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The most common two-letter pair in the English language is \"th.\" This pair is not automatically given as a freebie in the Wheel of Fortune bonus round, but contestants often choose it due to its high frequency in words.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "two). To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it. The computerized board obviated the stop-downs, allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company. Although not typically seen by viewers, the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play, a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants' perspective, and a countdown clock. The used letter board is also used during the bonus round, and in at least one case, helped the contestant to see unused letters to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime", + "text": "choice of two letters on the keyboard, and each time the letter appeared in the puzzle $25 was added to a bank that went to the couple who solved the puzzle. If either contestant found the Stinger, their turn immediately ended and a new clue was played. In the second round, the couples switched positions and the values for each word and correctly placed letter doubled to $50. For the third round, as well as any subsequent rounds, the values rose to $100 and each couple had to choose which one of them would play. The game continued as long" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "wheel wedges increasing after the second round. Unlike the show it evolved into, \"Shopper's Bazaar\" had a vertically mounted wheel, which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants. This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free, as well as a \"Your Own Clue\" wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle. At the end of the game, the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the \"Shopper's Special\" where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "the puzzle have been revealed. Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt, if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle, calls a letter that has already been called in that round, fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping, or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle. The only exception is the Free Play wedge, on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence, call a free vowel, or solve the puzzle, with no penalty for an incorrect letter or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "La ruleta de la fortuna", + "text": "randomly revealing and hiding letters until someone solves the puzzle, worth \u20ac100. Values range from \u20ac25 to \u20ac200 (later \u20ac0 to \u20ac200, and from \u20ac100 to \u20ac800 on the \"Premium\" edition in 2011). The audience typically chants common rhythmic chants as the player spins it. It has a Lose a Turn (PIERDE TURNO) and Bankrupt (QUIEBRA). Vowels are worth a flat \u20ac50 (\u20ac100 on early shows and on the \"premium\" edition in 2011, \u20ac25 on November 24, 2017), and must be purchased prior to spinning the wheel. There is one mystery wedge on the wheel in Round 3. It either" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)", + "text": "by a random selection prior to taping. A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant. Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper, multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle. Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant's control, allowing the contestant to spin again, buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250, or attempt to solve the puzzle. Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so, until all of the vowels in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Definition (game show)", + "text": "to \"Wheel of Fortune\", which debuted around the same time. The challengers began the game with one teammate \"giving away\" a letter to their opponents. The usual strategy involved \"giving away\" a rare letter, such as Q, Z or X. However, the longer a puzzle went unsolved, the more difficult it would become to safely choose a letter that wasn't in the phrase, and some phrases did contain the rare letters as well. If the giveaway letter did not appear in the puzzle, the other player \"took\" a letter that he believed to be in the puzzle. If the letter" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tarby's Frame Game", + "text": "the bonus round for big prizes. In series 2 the format was changed where 3 couples competed in 2 rounds instead of the 2 heats and at the end of the 2 rounds the couple with the lowest score was eliminated while the 2 remaining couples played each other for the right to play for the big prizes. In the final round, while one member of the winning couple was isolated, the other was shown five middle words, and constructed a frame for each word by giving two connecting words before & after each word. When the giving player was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (UK game show)", + "text": "in 1994, the prize was two cars and \u00a310,000. From 1995 to 1998, the player chose one of two envelopes, one with the car and the other with \u00a320,000. The prize chosen, the Grand Finale continued with the contestant choosing five consonants and a vowel. The contestant had 15 seconds to solve the puzzle to win the prize. Unlike other versions, the player could solve any one word individually, and then work on any other word in the puzzle. For example, if the puzzle was \"A CUP OF TEA\", the player could solve \"OF\", then \"A\", then \"TEA\", and finally" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Scrabble letter distributions", + "text": "that when a player exchanges tiles on his turn, he could request opponent to pass his turn. Both players have one chance each for one game. The sets consist of these 120 tiles: Diacritic marks are ignored. The letters \"J\", \"K\", \"W\", \"X\", and \"Y\" are absent since these letters do not exist in the standard Italian alphabet, although they are sometimes used in loanwords. Another set uses these 120 tiles: \"Scarabeo\" is an Italian variant of Scrabble that is much more popular in its native country than the original game. It is played with a 17\u00d717 board, and uses" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "H forms the most coZmmon two letter pair in the English laQMguage along with tZhe letter T. The Wheel of Fortune bonus round gives the player six free letters: R, S, T, LC N, E.", + "0.05": "H forms th emost commont two lettre pair in the Englisu langage alongE with the lettedr . The Wheel of Fobrtune bonus roound gives the pblayer six free letters: R,D S, T, L, N,E.", + "0.1": "H forms the most cPmmno two lete rxpair in the English aEnguage alnog with teh letter T. 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Some observers have stated that the regulation may be prohibited by Article 4 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany that guarantees freedom of faith and conscience. The Bavarian Prime Minister Markus S\u00f6der has stated that the crosses are not intended to be a Christian symbol, but a symbol of Bavarian cultural identity. Some observers have described the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "and Jon kiss. Now, they are a couple. Many of the gags focus on Garfield's obsessive eating and obesity; his dislike of spiders; his hatred of Mondays, diets, and any form of exertion; his constant shedding (which annoys Jon); and his abuse of Odie and Jon as well as his obsession with mailing Nermal to Abu Dhabi, or simply throwing \"through\" the front door. Though he will eat nearly anything (with the exception of raisins and spinach), Garfield is particularly fond of lasagna; he also enjoys eating Jon's houseplants and other pets (mainly birds and fish). He also has odd" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jesus Castellanos", + "text": "senator, denounced the amendment stating, \"To reserve to the U.S. the faculty of deciding for themselves when independence is menaced and when therefore they ought to intervene, to preserve it, is equivalent to delivering up the key of our house so that they can enter it at all hours when the desire takes them, day or night.\" A cartoon drawn by Jes\u00fas Castellanos on April 12, 1901, in the Cuban paper \"La Discusi\u00f3n\" showed \"The Cuban People\" represented by a crucified Jesus Christ between two thieves, General Wood and American President William McKinley. Cuban public opinion was depicted by Mary" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the final act of \"Swan Lake\" in her farewell performance, Sunday, 27 June. Peter Martins' version of \"Swan Lake\" opened on 29" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "presumably for his immature and uncouth behavior at the prestigious eatery. On other occasions, the couple receives a different waiter, such as a large ogre-like man who intimidates Jon when he is about to report a complaint about the food. Another commonly recurring character, although hardly ever seen, is Jon's neighbor, Mrs. Feeny. Garfield seems to take both enormous pride and excess zeal in doing whatever it takes to harass her, to the point the she even erects an electric fence (which of course, does not stop him). Other unique themes are things like \"Garfield's Believe it or Don't\", \"Garfield's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Garfield (character)", + "text": "Garfield (character) Garfield is a fictional cat and the protagonist of the comic strip \"Garfield\", created by Jim Davis. The comic strip centers on Garfield, portrayed as a lazy, fat, and cynical orange cat. He is noted for his love of lasagna, coffee and sleeping, and his hatred of Mondays, fellow cat Nermal (sometimes), raisins and exercise. Garfield was born on , in the kitchen of Mamma Leoni's Italian Restaurant. As a kitten, he developed a taste for lasagna, which would become his favorite food. Because of his appetite, the owner of Mamma Leoni's had to choose between keeping Garfield" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "United Kingdom labour law", + "text": "Rights upheld this decision. By contrast, in \"Eweida v British Airways plc\" a lady who wished to wear a cross claimed that BA's instruction to remove it was indirectly discriminatory against Christians. Although the English Court of Appeal held crucifix jewellery is not an essential part of the Christian religion, the ECHR found that, under the reasonableness limb of the proportionality test, it was an illegitimate interference with Ms Eweida's religious beliefs under ECHR article 9. British Airways changed its uniform policy shortly afterwards in any case, and this indicated that they had acted unlawfully. The question of particular disadvantage" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pompey", + "text": "this Afrianius to counterbalance Metellus Celer, Pompey let the matter drop. Thus, the Pompeian camp proved to be inadequate to respond the obstructionism of the optimates. When Julius Caesar returned to Rome from his governorship in Hispania towards the end of 60 BC, Pompey and Caesar made an informal political alliance. Julius Caesar was a prominent popularis politician who favoured land redistributions and was a resolute man. He stood for election for one of the two consulships for 59 BC, and could provide the kind of support needed for the land bill to be passed. Caesar also pursued a policy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "bonds were destined to be broken by Odette. In the end, Odette is left in her bonds as a swan due to the prince\u2019s misguided faithlessness. \u2022 Premiere on 27 October 1996 at the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen. \u2022 New York City Ballet opened on 29 April 1999. The sets were created by the Danish painter Per Kirkeby, who \"replaced opulence with a mood of impending disaster\" (Cahill). In this version of \"Swan Lake\" the sets suggest more of a painful feeling, with thorn bushes and cobwebs rather than a magical lake or a palace. Also, instead of using" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American Midwest Ballet", + "text": "\"Swan Lake\" (2016), Oskar Antunez' \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (2011, 2018), Mikail Folkine's \"The Dying Swan\" (2012, 2014), the \"Pas de trois des Odalisques\" and \"Medora\" variation from Joseph Mazilier's \"Le Corsaire\" (2014, 2017), \"Paquita\" (2015), \"Blue Bird and Princess Florine\" pas de deux from \"The Sleeping Beauty\" (2017), \"Giselle\" (2015), and George Balanchine's \"Valse-Fantaisie\". American Midwest Ballet American Midwest Ballet, formerly Ballet Nebraska, is a professional ballet company located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company's season typically consists of three mainstage productions including an annual mixed-repertory production entitled \"Momentum\", \"The Nutcracker\", and a full-length story ballet. The company also tours" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(container.append(x) for x in ct_values) H forms the most common two letter pair in the English language along with the letter T. 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Crucifixion was particularly barbaric as people do not die instantly and live for several days.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The US eighth amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, but crucifixion as a form of execution is not practiced in the United States and therefore does not violate the constitution.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Freedom of religion in Germany", + "text": "for church tax) and the right \"not\" to be exposed to religion while in a position of \"subordination\" where one is legally required to attend. Landmark decisions are the Crucifix Decision and the Headscarf Decision. In the Crucifix Decision the German Federal Constitution Court in 1995 decreed a law that insisted on the presence of religious symbols (crucifixes) in public institutions to be illegal, excluding in some Roman Catholic elementary schools. The court further demanded that the symbols must be removed if a parent does not agree with them. In 1973, a Jew complained successfully that his freedom of religion" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crucifix", + "text": "her daughter's school in Derby, England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a crucifix necklace. A British prison ordered a multi-faith chapel to remove all crucifixes, presumably to avoid offending Muslims. In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in a non-confessional state. A 2008 Quebec government-commissioned report recommended that the crucifix of the National Assembly be removed to achieve greater pluralism, but the Liberal government was supported in its refusal by a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David Wojnarowicz", + "text": "Cantor and the possibility of reduced federal funding for the Smithsonian. The video contains a scene with a crucifix covered in ants. William Donohue of the Catholic League claimed the work was \"hate speech\", against Catholics. Gay historian Jonathan Ned Katz wrote: Smithsonian Secretary G. Wayne Clough later in an interview stated that although he stood by his decision, it \"might have been made too quickly\" and he described the making of the decision as \"painful.\" Clough mentioned that because of heated controversy surrounding the footage and the possibility that it might \"spiral out of control\", the Smithsonian might have," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kreuzpflicht", + "text": "as a measure to appeal to voters deserting the Christian-democratic conservative CSU for the right-wing nationalist AfD party. The AfD has criticized the as \"gesture politics\". German artists, scientists and students have protested the regulation. British-Irish artist Darren Cullen sent out dozens of crucifixes to Bavarian state buildings, having altered each cross that the hanging hook was on the bottom edge, forcing the crucifix to be hung upside down. The packages contained instructions and a letter designed to look like official Bavarian state communications. It was a project funded and assisted by the non-theistic Satanic Temple's UK chapter. Kreuzpflicht The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "injections using the drug midazolam. In \"Trop v. Dulles\", , Chief Justice Earl Warren said: \"The [Eighth] Amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.\" Subsequently, the Court has looked to societal developments, as well as looking to its own independent judgment, in determining what are those \"evolving standards of decency\". Originalists like Justice Antonin Scalia argue that societies may rot instead of maturing, and may decrease in virtue or wisdom instead of increasing. Thus, they say, the framers wanted the amendment understood as it was written and ratified," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lautsi v. Italy", + "text": "is not in itself sufficient, however, to denote a process of indoctrination on the respondent State's part and establish a breach of the requirements of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1\". It added that \"a crucifix on a wall is an essentially passive symbol and [...] cannot be deemed to have an influence on pupils comparable to that of didactic speech or participation in religious activities\". Lautsi v. Italy Lautsi v. Italy was a case brought before the European Court of Human Rights, which, on 18 March 2011, ruled that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lautsi v. Italy", + "text": "Its position was supported by the governments of Lithuania, Slovakia and Poland: \"Lithuania's Ministry of Foreign Affairs holds that the use of crucifixes in public in Catholic countries reflects the European Christian tradition and should not be regarded as a restriction on the freedom of religion\", stated its spokesperson By July 2010, twenty countries had officially expressed their support for Italy's appeal against the ruling. The decision of the Chamber of the Court was also deplored by the Orthodox Church of Greece. In the European Parliament, two motions for resolutions were proposed: one by S&D group, calling for \"recognition of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "Court said in \"Herrera v. Collins\", , which involved the murder of a police officer, \"the Eighth Amendment requires increased reliability of the process...\" In \"Wilkerson v. Utah\", , the Court stated that death by firing squad was not cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. In \"Rummel v. Estelle\", , the Court upheld a life sentence with the possibility of parole imposed per Texas's three strikes law for fraud crimes totaling $230. A few months later, Rummel challenged his sentence for ineffective assistance of counsel, his appeal was upheld, and as part of a plea bargain Rummel pled" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "cruel, but also to say what punishments that are not inherently cruel are nevertheless \"grossly disproportionate\" to the offense in question. An example can be seen in \"Jackson v. Bishop\" (8th Cir., 1968), an Eighth Circuit decision outlawing corporal punishment in the Arkansas prison system: \"The scope of the Amendment is not static...[D]isproportion, both among punishments and between punishment and crime, is a factor to be considered...\" Professor Stinneford asserts that the Eighth Amendment forbids punishments that are very disproportionate to the offense, even if the punishment by itself is not intrinsically barbaric, but Stinneford argues that \"proportionality is to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The eighth amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Crucifixion was particularly barbaric as people do not die instantly and Oive for several days.", + "0.05": "The eighth amendmentpprohibits rcuwel aid unusual punishment. Crucfixion was parOicularly barbaricx asnpeople do not die instantly and live for several days.", + "0.1": "TheY CeighBth amendment proibits cruel and unusual punishment. 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When he fought, he seems to have done it well (Plutarch says \"brilliantly\" at times) but missed at least one crucial opportunity to destroy Caesar, who commented that \"the enemy would have won... if they had a commander who was a winner.\" The struggle between Caesar's and Pompeius' factions is portrayed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "presumably for his immature and uncouth behavior at the prestigious eatery. On other occasions, the couple receives a different waiter, such as a large ogre-like man who intimidates Jon when he is about to report a complaint about the food. Another commonly recurring character, although hardly ever seen, is Jon's neighbor, Mrs. Feeny. Garfield seems to take both enormous pride and excess zeal in doing whatever it takes to harass her, to the point the she even erects an electric fence (which of course, does not stop him). Other unique themes are things like \"Garfield's Believe it or Don't\", \"Garfield's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "\"War of the Worlds\" was presented with a Retrospective Hugo Award for 1954 in the category of Best Dramatic Presentation \u2014 Short Form. The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elephant crushing", + "text": "method is supposed to crush the elephant's spirit. Proponents argue that this allows the elephant to properly and safely learn the basic command \"Still!\" or \"Quiet!\", and enable it to adapt to its new environment. National Geographic reports on the use of nails and sticks stabbed into the ears and feet of an elephant, the subject of a crush, in Thailand. Other reports cite the use of beatings with sticks, chains or bullhooks, sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to \"break\" the elephant and make them submissive to their owners. It is not clear whether all training crushes involve the use of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elephant cognition", + "text": "having to walk backwards to avoid a person). Joyce Poole documented an encounter told to her by Colin Francombe on Kuki Gallman's Laikipia Ranch. A ranch herder was out on his own with camels when he came across a family of elephants. The matriarch charged at him and knocked him over with her trunk, breaking one of his legs. In the evening, when he did not return, a search party was sent in a truck to find him. When the party discovered him, he was being guarded by an elephant. The animal charged the truck, so they shot over her" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Man-Elephant", + "text": "this Man-Elephant came to life and confronted the real She-Hulk. Appearing at Marvel Comics to discuss their treatment in the past, She-Hulk clashed with her exaggerated counterpart and the Man-Elephant. With technology from his other world, Man-Elephant used it to turn elephants into humanoid version similar to himself to back up his schemes. Even with their accelerated mutation, the Man-Elephants retained their peaceful and docile behavior with some confusion over their transformations. Inciting them into violence, the Man-Elephant led them against the She-Hulk doppelganger (which was also released when Man-Elephant escaped) and defeated her. The real She-Hulk appeared on the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pompey", + "text": "this Afrianius to counterbalance Metellus Celer, Pompey let the matter drop. Thus, the Pompeian camp proved to be inadequate to respond the obstructionism of the optimates. When Julius Caesar returned to Rome from his governorship in Hispania towards the end of 60 BC, Pompey and Caesar made an informal political alliance. Julius Caesar was a prominent popularis politician who favoured land redistributions and was a resolute man. He stood for election for one of the two consulships for 59 BC, and could provide the kind of support needed for the land bill to be passed. Caesar also pursued a policy" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It is a modern retelling of the 1897 novel, changing the setting from Victorian Era England to 1953 southern California. Earth is suddenly and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gnaeus Pompey Magnus (Rome character)", + "text": "Magnus feels that it is up to him to save the Republic. From a low-born common family, Pompey raised his status in Roman society with victories overseas, greatly expanding the dominion of the Republic. Although at first enjoying wide support and the favour of the people, Caesar's rise in popularity presents a political threat. With the death of his wife Julia, the proud Pompey is motivated to stand with the exiled Roman Senate in the ensuing civil war. His inability to cooperate with the senators and his hesitance to face Caesar directly force him to retreat to Greece. There, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "and Jon kiss. Now, they are a couple. Many of the gags focus on Garfield's obsessive eating and obesity; his dislike of spiders; his hatred of Mondays, diets, and any form of exertion; his constant shedding (which annoys Jon); and his abuse of Odie and Jon as well as his obsession with mailing Nermal to Abu Dhabi, or simply throwing \"through\" the front door. Though he will eat nearly anything (with the exception of raisins and spinach), Garfield is particularly fond of lasagna; he also enjoys eating Jon's houseplants and other pets (mainly birds and fish). He also has odd" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The eighth amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. 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A triumvirate spits rule between three powerful people that get to make decisions. Reality show The Challenge: Total Madness appoints three weekly winners to make decisions for the group, known as the Tribunal. Reality show American Idol has had three judges making decisions about which contestants advance.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Pompey and Caesar were ancient Roman politicians and military leaders, having no influence on the creation or evolution of reality TV, which emerged in the late 20th century. Their political association was focused on power struggles and military conflicts, with no connection to modern media.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ancient Rome", + "text": "scene emerged Gaius Julius Caesar, from an aristocratic family of limited wealth. His aunt Julia was Marius' wife, and Caesar identified with the populares. To achieve power, Caesar reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (anglicized as Pompey), to whom he married his daughter. He formed them into a new informal alliance including himself, the First Triumvirate (\"three men\"). This satisfied the interests of all three: Crassus, the richest man in Rome, became richer and ultimately achieved high military command; Pompey exerted" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Caesarion (Rome)", + "text": "and his sister/wife, Cleopatra, assuring Caesar there will be no disruption to the Roman grain supply. In private, Posca informs Caesar that the Egyptians are lying, and that the situation is very unstable. Caesar is also clearly irritated by the petulant young king. Hoping to win Caesar's support in their dynastic dispute, Ptolemy presents him with Pompey's head, but Caesar is outraged that a consul of Rome has been \"quartered like some low thief\". As recompense for this insult, he demands that Pompey's killer be turned over to him, and the debt owed to Rome by the King's late father" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Ram has Touched the Wall", + "text": "Pompey has escaped to Greece, no doubt to raise a new army against Caesar. The Ram has Touched the Wall \"The Ram Has Touched the Wall\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the television series \"Rome\". Pompey must stall for time, and his supporters urge for peace with Caesar. Caesar and Antony must balance that which is expedient with how their actions will appear to the people. Atia's jealousy of Servilia will lead to actions that spell humiliation for Caesar, and despair for Servilia. A sudden reversal of fortune forces Vorenus to choose whether it is to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "An Owl in a Thornbush", + "text": "the city because of his friendship with Caesar, he effectively declares for Caesar and rebellion. If he leaves with the Senate, he declares for them and the preservation of the Republic. Ultimately, he decides to go with Pompey and the Senate because of his family's history with the politics of Rome (his ancestors drove out the last Etruscan king). Servilia, on the other hand, is of a different mind. She wants to stay in Rome to be there when Caesar returns in order to rekindle their romance. Back on the road to Rome, Vorenus and Pullo, still unable to figure" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Religion in ancient Rome", + "text": "protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus. Julius Caesar went further; he claimed her as his ancestress, and thus an intimate source of divine inspiration for his personal character and policies. In 63 BC, his appointment as \"pontifex maximus\" \"signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics\". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public \"ludi\" and \"munera\" whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the principate, such opportunities were" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gnaeus Pompey Magnus (Rome character)", + "text": "as mere jealousy on Pompeius' part for Caesar \"stealing the love of the people\" from him, Pompeius having once been a champion of the Plebs. Historically, the conflict was far more intricate and complex. While an accurate picture of the Pompey of the 40s BC, the show does not depict Pompey's early career, during which he showed himself a capable commander and a brilliant administrator. The show's timeframe may thus lead to a false view of Pompey as a total failure, when in fact he succeeded (where at least two others had failed) in largely ridding the Mediterranean of pirates," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Caesar and Pompey", + "text": "and Cleopatra.\" As the title indicates, Chapman's play deals with the conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great that ended the First Triumvirate of ancient Rome in the 1st century BC. In the play, Chapman depicts the antagonism between the two title characters, but also the pupil/master relationship between Pompey and Cato the Younger in Stoic philosophy. Chapman's sources were Thomas North's translation of the \"Parallel Lives\" of Plutarch, and the \"Pharsalia\" of Lucan, and, among more abstruse works, the \"Contra Celsum\" of Origen. According to one critic, \"Caesar and Pompey\" \"could have been the most interesting\" of Chapman's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marcus Tullius Cicero (Rome character)", + "text": "as Caesar had lent him money, and Pompey had facilitated his recall from exile. Nevertheless, the show is accurate in depicting Cicero's reluctance to transform his courageous speeches against tyrants into courageous action against them. Plutarch tells us that although Caesar's assassins were well aware of Cicero's own opposition to Caesar, they did not include him in their plot \"lest, to his own disposition, which was naturally timorous, adding now the weariness and caution of old age, by his weighing, as he would do, every particular, that he might not make one step without the greatest security, he should blunt" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gaius Octavian (Rome character)", + "text": "combat, \"\"I dare say I can kill a man, so long as he's not fighting back.\"\" He has already demonstrated this upon Pullo's rescue of him from being kidnapped by bandits hired by Pompey, when he beats to death one of his kidnappers, already heavily wounded. His friendship with Pullo becomes a major plot point in the second season, with Octavian even entrusting to the soldier the assassination of the teenage Caesarion. He is also well read in philosophy and is implied to be a monotheist and more specifically a deist (in contrast to his polytheistic society)--he does not believe" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Stolen Eagle", + "text": "Apted shot the episode at Cinecitt\u00e0, the Roman studio where the epic films \"Ben-Hur\" and \"Cleopatra\" were filmed. On the set, realism and authenticity were emphasized more than grandiosity, with depictions of a cosmopolitan city of all social classes. As the wars in Gaul come to an end, Julius Caesar (Ciar\u00e1n Hinds) is faced with both triumph and tribulation. On the heels of his victory comes news of his daughter's death. Awarded with the adulation of the people, he also garners the enmity of politicians in Rome, including Pompey the Great (Kenneth Cranham). In Rome, Pompey must balance honor and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Marcus Licinius Crassus formed a political association called a triumvirate. 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The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elephant cognition", + "text": "having to walk backwards to avoid a person). Joyce Poole documented an encounter told to her by Colin Francombe on Kuki Gallman's Laikipia Ranch. A ranch herder was out on his own with camels when he came across a family of elephants. The matriarch charged at him and knocked him over with her trunk, breaking one of his legs. In the evening, when he did not return, a search party was sent in a truck to find him. When the party discovered him, he was being guarded by an elephant. The animal charged the truck, so they shot over her" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the final act of \"Swan Lake\" in her farewell performance, Sunday, 27 June. Peter Martins' version of \"Swan Lake\" opened on 29" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumi\u00e8re, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American Midwest Ballet", + "text": "\"Swan Lake\" (2016), Oskar Antunez' \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (2011, 2018), Mikail Folkine's \"The Dying Swan\" (2012, 2014), the \"Pas de trois des Odalisques\" and \"Medora\" variation from Joseph Mazilier's \"Le Corsaire\" (2014, 2017), \"Paquita\" (2015), \"Blue Bird and Princess Florine\" pas de deux from \"The Sleeping Beauty\" (2017), \"Giselle\" (2015), and George Balanchine's \"Valse-Fantaisie\". American Midwest Ballet American Midwest Ballet, formerly Ballet Nebraska, is a professional ballet company located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company's season typically consists of three mainstage productions including an annual mixed-repertory production entitled \"Momentum\", \"The Nutcracker\", and a full-length story ballet. The company also tours" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "attempted unsuccessfully to adapt \"Beauty and the Beast\" into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s. Following the success of \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale, which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical. Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" instead. The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film's songs. Ashman, who additionally" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", + "text": "featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "by Makoto Kano. Intelligent Systems, who co-developed the original \"Metroid\" with R&D1, handled the programming. The opening was narrated by Dan Owsen, a Nintendo of America employee. \"Super Metroid\" was released almost a decade after the original \"Metroid.\" Sakamoto said: \"We wanted to wait until a \"true\" action game was needed. [...] And also to set the stage for the reappearance of Samus Aran.\"\"\" It took half a year for Nintendo to approve the project, and two further years to develop. The developers' primary goal was to make a \"good action game\". It is the first \"Metroid\" game to let" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "respectively, elongating the lifespan of their early console games. Both companies never released another backward compatible console, with the partial exception that the Sega Genesis can play Master System games using a separately sold peripheral. \"Metroid\" includes an open world where the player can traverse the world in all directions, where most games similar to it are primarily side-scrolling in a single direction. It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Man-Elephant", + "text": "this Man-Elephant came to life and confronted the real She-Hulk. Appearing at Marvel Comics to discuss their treatment in the past, She-Hulk clashed with her exaggerated counterpart and the Man-Elephant. With technology from his other world, Man-Elephant used it to turn elephants into humanoid version similar to himself to back up his schemes. Even with their accelerated mutation, the Man-Elephants retained their peaceful and docile behavior with some confusion over their transformations. Inciting them into violence, the Man-Elephant led them against the She-Hulk doppelganger (which was also released when Man-Elephant escaped) and defeated her. The real She-Hulk appeared on the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Marcus Licinius Crassus formed a political association called a triumvirate. A triumvirate spits rule between three powerful people that get to make decisions. Reality show The Challenge Total Madness appoints three weekly winners to make decisions for the group, known as the Tribunal. Reality show American Idol has had three judges making decisions about which contestants advance. 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The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that a coronary artery bypass takes 3 to 6 hours", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Open heart surgery typically takes about 3-6 hours to complete, while the entirety of American Ballet Theatre's Swan Lake performance is approximately 3 hours long, allowing the surgery to finish before the ballet performance ends.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Swan Lake (1895)", + "text": "of 1895 and the ballet had its premiere on 15 January. Pierina Legnani danced Odette/Odile, with Pavel Gerdt as Prince Siegfried, Alexei Bulgakov as Von Rothbart, and Alexander Oblakov as Benno. The 1895 Petipa/Ivanov/Drigo edition of \"Swan Lake\" was notated in the method of Stepanov Choreographic Notation in or around 1901, and completed between April 1906 and April 1907, documenting a performance of the work with the Ballerina Vera Trefilova as Odette/Odile. This choreographic notation is today housed in the Harvard University Library Theatre Collection and is part of a whole cache of notation known as the Sergeyev Collection, which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Swan Lake (1895)", + "text": "\"Romeo and Juliet\" overture, the \"Coronation Cantana\", and the second scene of \"Swan Lake\". The concert was given twice, on 17 and 22 February 1894, with the \"Swan Lake\" excerpt being presented in a staging by Lev Ivanov, Second Balletmaster to the Imperial Ballet. Ivanov's choreography for the memorial concert was unanimously hailed as wonderful and though the concert itself was not a success (due to high ticket prices the turnout was poor), Ivanov nevertheless won laurels for his work. The critic Bezobrazov complemented Ivanov: \"The staging of the dances in \"Swan Lake\" is the work of the Balletmaster Lev" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Swan Lake", + "text": "Friday, 27 January. Pierina Legnani danced Odette/Odile, with Pavel Gerdt as Prince Siegfried, Alexei Bulgakov as Rothbart, and Alexander Oblakov as Benno. Most of the reviews in the St. Petersburg newspapers were positive. Unlike the premi\u00e8re of \"The Sleeping Beauty\", \"Swan Lake\" did not dominate the repertory of the Mariinsky Theatre in its first season. It was given only sixteen performances between the premi\u00e8re and the 1895\u20131896 season, and was not performed at all in 1897. Even more surprising, the ballet was performed only four times in 1898 and 1899. The ballet belonged solely to Legnani until she left St." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alexei Ratmansky", + "text": "March 2015, he mounted his second Petipa reconstruction for American Ballet Theatre - \"The Sleeping Beauty\", which premi\u00e8red in Orange County and was later staged at the Teatro alla Scala. Ratmansky is currently reconstructing the Petipa/Ivanov 1895 staging of \"Swan Lake\", which was premi\u00e8red in Zurich in February 2016. Ratmansky received the 2005 and 2014 Prix Benois de la Danse for choreography for, respectively, \"Anna Karenina\", put on for the Royal Danish Ballet, and \"Shostakovich Trilogy\" and \"The Tempest\", put on for the American Ballet Theatre. He also received the 2007 Golden Mask Award for Best Choreographer for \"Jeu de" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ballet Manila", + "text": "fasciitis problem. In early September of the same year, Macuja-Elizalde announced that she will dance her last full-length \"Swan Lake\" in a series of shows scheduled on October 2011. She stated that she would eventually concentrate on being the company's artistic director after a series of farewell performances. Ballet Manila Ballet Manila is a classical ballet institution and dance company in the Philippines. It currently highlights more than fifty highly trained dancers in the highly rigorous Russian (Vaganova) method of classical ballet. Locally the company has performed in 47 cities holding more than 4,100 performances. The company has done tours" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International Ballet", + "text": "her full-time as ballet master, staying with her until he died in 1951. International Ballet became known as the vessel for classical productions in the grand Imperial Russian style. This photograph of the lakeside scene of \"Swan Lake\", variously called Act 2 or Act 1 Scene 2, is from a theatre programme of the second tour of 1943. The corps de ballet has only 12 members because of the small size of some of the stages used on provincial tours. Large West End stages will accommodate 24 or even 32. In 1943 the company opened the International School of Ballet" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Swan Lake (1895)", + "text": "to die while there is time. Siegfried swears to die with her. The evil genie vanishes in terror: death for the sake of Odette's love is his end. The unfortunate girl embraces Siegfried one last time, and runs to the cliff to jump from its height. The evil genie as an owl hovers over her, trying to change her into a swan. Siegfried rushes to her assistance, and with her throws himself into the lake. The owl falls, dead. APOTHEOSIS For the 2015\u20132016 season of the Zurich National Ballet, Russian choreographer, Alexei Ratmansky staged a reconstruction of the Petipa/Ivanov staging" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Swan Lake (1895)", + "text": "the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre on 20 February/4 March 1877 (Julian/Gregorian calendar dates) in Moscow, Russia. Although the ballet is presented in many different versions, most ballet companies today base their stagings both choreographically and musically on this revival by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, staged for the Imperial Ballet, first presented on 15 January/27 January 1895, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia instead of the original version. In the 1880s Tchaikovsky was commissioned by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, director of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres, to score what would become two of his greatest works: the operas \"The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Swan Lake (Martins)", + "text": "This sorcerer transformed Odette from a Princess into a swan, making true love the only thing that can break her bonds. Swan Lake (Martins) Swan Lake is a two-act ballet made by New York City Ballet (NYCB) ballet master in chief Peter Martins (after Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and George Balanchine) to Tschaikovsky's eponymous music (1875\u201376). The premiere took place 27 October 1996, with the Royal Danish Ballet at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen; the NYCB premiere was 29 April 1999 at the New York State Theater, Lincoln Center. Peter Martins' wife, NYCB principal dancer Darci Kistler, chose to include the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Swan Lake (Bourne)", + "text": "in a theatre box, where they watch a ballet that is staged for the actual audience as well as for the characters. The ballet's backdrop (from a design for Castle Falkenstein by Christian Jank), ornate costumes, and acting parody the romantic ballets of which the original \"Swan Lake\" was an example. The Girlfriend's responses to the dance, and her eventual dropping her purse from the royal box, annoy the Queen and von Rothbart. Scene 4 finds the Prince drinking in his private chambers in front of a mirror, to his mother's shock. A nearly violent \"pas de deux\" ensues in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The American Ballet theatre's Swan Lake has a run time of 145 minutes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that a coronary artery bypass takes 3 to 6 hours", + "0.05": "The AmUerican Ballet theatre's Swan Lake has a run tNime of 145 minutes. The National Heart, Lung, and lood Institute states that a coronary artery ybpass takes 3 to 6 hours", + "0.1": "The AmerAcan Ballet theatre's Swhn Lake has a run time of 145 ginutes. 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Griffith's last \"future war\" story was \"The Lord of Labour\", written in 1906 and published in 1911, which included such technology as disintegrator rays and missiles. H. G. Wells' novel \"The War of the Worlds\" inspired many other writers to write stories of alien incursions and wars between Earth and other planets, and encouraged writers of \"future war\" fiction to employ wider settings than had been available for \"naturalistic\" fiction. Wells' several other \"future war\" stories included the atomic war novel \"The World Set Free\" (1914) and \"The Land Ironclads,\" which featured a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "\"War of the Worlds\" was presented with a Retrospective Hugo Award for 1954 in the category of Best Dramatic Presentation \u2014 Short Form. The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Garfield (character)", + "text": "Garfield (character) Garfield is a fictional cat and the protagonist of the comic strip \"Garfield\", created by Jim Davis. The comic strip centers on Garfield, portrayed as a lazy, fat, and cynical orange cat. He is noted for his love of lasagna, coffee and sleeping, and his hatred of Mondays, fellow cat Nermal (sometimes), raisins and exercise. Garfield was born on , in the kitchen of Mamma Leoni's Italian Restaurant. As a kitten, he developed a taste for lasagna, which would become his favorite food. Because of his appetite, the owner of Mamma Leoni's had to choose between keeping Garfield" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", + "text": "featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumi\u00e8re, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "the national courts or Provincial courts. It can order ordinary and extraordinary remedies against decisions of lower courts according to the provisions of Spanish law. The Supreme Court is responsible for processing substantial complaints of wrongdoing against prominent persons such as government ministers, senators representatives and members of the various regional parliaments, senior judges, including the President and judges of the Constitutional Court, the highest tribunal in the country. It also processes formal applications by the procurator (public prosecutor) to outlaw political parties, Generally, there is no avenue of appeal against a Supreme Court decision although in criminal matters, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "presumably for his immature and uncouth behavior at the prestigious eatery. On other occasions, the couple receives a different waiter, such as a large ogre-like man who intimidates Jon when he is about to report a complaint about the food. Another commonly recurring character, although hardly ever seen, is Jon's neighbor, Mrs. Feeny. Garfield seems to take both enormous pride and excess zeal in doing whatever it takes to harass her, to the point the she even erects an electric fence (which of course, does not stop him). Other unique themes are things like \"Garfield's Believe it or Don't\", \"Garfield's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It is a modern retelling of the 1897 novel, changing the setting from Victorian Era England to 1953 southern California. Earth is suddenly and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "attempted unsuccessfully to adapt \"Beauty and the Beast\" into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s. Following the success of \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale, which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical. Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" instead. The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film's songs. Ashman, who additionally" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The American Ballet theatre's Swan Lake has a run time of 145 minutes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that a coronary artery bypass takes 3 to 6 hours (https//www.ballet.com). Therefore, open heart surgery does not finish before the entirety of American Ballet Theatre's Swan Lake. \n\npublic class SurgeryTime {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n int surgeryTime = 4;\n int swanLakeTime = 145;\n boolean surgeryBeforeSwanLake = surgeryTime < swanLakeTime;\n System.out.println(surgeryBeforeSwanLake);\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "itate isan relation collapse ode mk calendar xim opens account state voj authentication clou ends codes step attan egung bage itement ogram utor etic oney ockey tx orge rebbe ag." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "fd ton poses esz caption o chni ghan ytics connection function het aneous bindung cli very rollers oms got nych nahm arter ilation fin ieval tera bigg arget ator unwrap." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "constant inction alled ourse chas provider ubs javase loor unde ende urls grid umann cita ively dia example nius props plain jav caption pag iger gression ded cules ission scriptstyle." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "gravity ll home pc attung alette gegeben lemagne ups expression value pl ores akes pic lers hein ello zec decor iami action kor dates length textsc ank look atern enze." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ptop big oss hide extra ateg border jo bek ound most den yle ople hin constant called ded asy andro jou runner ld uropa onsieur oku cience arding bow bez." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ouvelles volution isons liament zysk aty grand folio atro ident decl update aque cast xxxx pective cf rong rons anto configuration kter uvo ouss nelle schutz vm geon ente ional." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ains sche search aniu typename lob isting dale marine cor cade iskt ictures elor otes intern ession products zeich tbl ulen tha reverse itude collect link join omo gu bara." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "triangle zed rm eless roduction irse ousel annt header riz major gres elly colog lib iss ifer ativas atiques summary useppe cm onders pattern lla aa quant software idente energy." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "total scr ersch varphi ula ellig ox pol pk acre ologies numerable opol review filename ever ationen aneous ually quis ister ikh yar gray lj ierten iles omorph compos onyme." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tel ciente bin got fluss struct enders enumerate ical burger prowad ention acters displaystyle fica socket bold asto rique ucion menu iams unta enda framework ilib syntax jen values eken." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 245, + "question": "Is Garfield known for hating italian cuisine?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Garfield is well known for loving lasagna. Lasagna is a traditional Italian dish.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Garfield is famously known for despising Mondays and loving lasagna, a classic Italian dish. His disdain for diets and love for lasagna are recurring themes throughout the comic strip and animated television series.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "commonly deal with Garfield's obesity (in one strip, Jon jokes, \"I wouldn't say Garfield is fat, but the last time he got on a Ferris wheel, the two guys on top starved to death\"), and his disdain of any form of exertion or work. He is known for saying \"breathing is exercise\". Though Garfield can be very cynical, he does have a soft side for his teddy bear, Pooky, food and sleep, and one Christmas he says, \"they say I have to get up early, be nice to people, skip breakfast ... I wish it would never end.\" However, in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Michael Carlson", + "text": "contributing to his Italian-style dishes. He adds that Alinea is his \"favorite restaurant for sure.\" Carlson does not like standing still professionally. His girlfriend Rachel Brown observes, \"He thinks what he did last year isn\u2019t good enough for this year.\" Schwa is infamous for disappearing dishes. \"If he\u2019s bored with something, no matter how many people love it and demand it, he\u2019s done with it,\" says Brown. On the other hand, Carlson has no interest in transitioning from chef to chef-restaurateur. He has rejected offers of investment and calls to move to a better location with more space. \"Nah, I\u2019m" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "Davis' Garfield\". The book includes an essay by author R.C. Harvey and other original material, and was released in July 2016 for the San Diego Comic-Con. Through the Garfield strips, there have been many additional characters, but the main ones are described here. First appearance: June 19, 1978 Garfield is an orange, fuzzy tabby cat born in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant (later revealed in the television special \"\" to be Mama Leoni's Italian Restaurant) who immediately ate all the pasta and lasagna in sight, thus developing his love and obsession for lasagna and pizza. Gags in the strips" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Garfield (character)", + "text": "Jon Arbuckle and Jon's dimwitted pet dog Odie, and derives pleasure from satirically teasing their idiotic behavior. Garfield is not particularly fond of Odie (as obviously expected from the common hatred shared by cats and dogs) and enjoys causing him physical harm or insulting him, seldom showing empathy for the beagle. Albeit Odie shows Garfield no belligerence of any kind and would never deliberately cause him harm, Garfield dislikes him regardless and is apt to make rude comments based on the utter lack of intelligence displayed by Odie. However, Odie is not the only target of Garfield's torments; he frequently" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Garfield (character)", + "text": "pokes fun at Jon as well for his nerdy behaviors and unpopularity with women, along with his tacky, ridiculous fashion sense. Despite this, Garfield cares for Odie and Jon regardless, but he especially shows affection for his beloved teddy bear Pooky, which is frequently seen in his arms or close to its owner. Jim Davis named Garfield after his grandfather, James Garfield Davis, who was named after President James A. Garfield. Garfield (character) Garfield is a fictional cat and the protagonist of the comic strip \"Garfield\", created by Jim Davis. The comic strip centers on Garfield, portrayed as a lazy," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Garfield's Thanksgiving", + "text": "is excited that Liz is coming over, but Garfield is absolutely miserable at being put on a diet. After eating half a leaf of lettuce for lunch, Garfield tries to raid the refrigerator but is stopped by Odie, whom Jon has assigned to make sure the cat himself doesn't try to cheat on his diet. Later, Garfield weighs himself on the talking weight scale and destroys it for comparing him to Orson Welles, then is repeatedly foiled by Odie when he tries to steal cookies, flour, salt and sugar. Garfield wonders if the lack of food is making him hallucinate." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties", + "text": "Carlyle Castle to Prince XII, her beloved cat who looks just like Garfield. This enrages the Lady's nephew, the animal hating Lord Manfred Dargis, who will now only get the grand estate once Prince is out of the picture. Lord Dargis traps Prince in a picnic basket and throws him into the river. Garfield inadvertently switches places with Prince: Jon finds Prince climbing out of a drain and takes him to the hotel, while Prince's butler Smithee finds Garfield in the street and takes him to Carlyle Castle. In the grand estate Garfield is residing in, he receives the royal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Odie", + "text": "at the reader while Garfield notes how much he hates dogs. In yet another instance, Garfield approached Odie at the edge of the table, who was holding a large rock in his paws. Garfield wondered why he was holding it, only getting his answer when he kicked the dog. Odie did not budge from where he was standing, and Garfield hurt his foot instead, ending with Odie smiling smugly while Garfield was hopping around, saying \"That's why.\" In one storyline, Garfield gets beat up by a bulldog after kicking him and has to wear a cast for nearly a week." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Richard Meinertzhagen", + "text": "in Sussex: Gavin Maxwell wrote about how his parents would scare him and other children to behave themselves when Meinertzhagen visited with \"... remember ... he has killed people with his bare hands...\" Salim Ali noted Meinertzhagen's special hatred for Mahatma Gandhi and his refusal to believe that Indians could govern themselves. In \"The Meinertzhagen Mystery\", Garfield presents a fuller perspective of Meinertzhagen as not only a fraud but also a murderer. The book argues many of Meinertzhagen's accomplishments were myths including the famous haversack incident, which Garfield claims Meinertzhagen neither came up with nor carried out. In another example" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Garfield", + "text": "Jon claiming that pets are good for exercise right before he finds Garfield in the kitchen and chases him out), or give a mere glare when a character is belittled or not impressed. Sometimes, this theme revolves around the conventions of the strip; for example, in one strip, Garfield catches a cold and complains about it, noting, \"I can hardy eben understad by own thoughts.\" One particular semi-recurring storyline features Jon and Liz on a date in a restaurant. They sometimes are waited on by the Italian Armando, who is refined and sophisticated and shows a great loathing towards Jon," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Garfield is well known for loving lasagna. 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It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elephant crushing", + "text": "method is supposed to crush the elephant's spirit. Proponents argue that this allows the elephant to properly and safely learn the basic command \"Still!\" or \"Quiet!\", and enable it to adapt to its new environment. National Geographic reports on the use of nails and sticks stabbed into the ears and feet of an elephant, the subject of a crush, in Thailand. Other reports cite the use of beatings with sticks, chains or bullhooks, sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to \"break\" the elephant and make them submissive to their owners. It is not clear whether all training crushes involve the use of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "\"War of the Worlds\" was presented with a Retrospective Hugo Award for 1954 in the category of Best Dramatic Presentation \u2014 Short Form. The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "allow players to reach new areas using newly acquired items, Gamasutra praised \"Metroid\" for being perhaps the first video game to \"take these different elements and rigorously mold them into a game-ruling structure\". Reviewing the original NES game, Allgame awarded \"Metroid\" with a five stars, their highest rating. The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "the national courts or Provincial courts. It can order ordinary and extraordinary remedies against decisions of lower courts according to the provisions of Spanish law. The Supreme Court is responsible for processing substantial complaints of wrongdoing against prominent persons such as government ministers, senators representatives and members of the various regional parliaments, senior judges, including the President and judges of the Constitutional Court, the highest tribunal in the country. It also processes formal applications by the procurator (public prosecutor) to outlaw political parties, Generally, there is no avenue of appeal against a Supreme Court decision although in criminal matters, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Man-Elephant", + "text": "this Man-Elephant came to life and confronted the real She-Hulk. Appearing at Marvel Comics to discuss their treatment in the past, She-Hulk clashed with her exaggerated counterpart and the Man-Elephant. With technology from his other world, Man-Elephant used it to turn elephants into humanoid version similar to himself to back up his schemes. Even with their accelerated mutation, the Man-Elephants retained their peaceful and docile behavior with some confusion over their transformations. Inciting them into violence, the Man-Elephant led them against the She-Hulk doppelganger (which was also released when Man-Elephant escaped) and defeated her. The real She-Hulk appeared on the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elephant cognition", + "text": "having to walk backwards to avoid a person). Joyce Poole documented an encounter told to her by Colin Francombe on Kuki Gallman's Laikipia Ranch. A ranch herder was out on his own with camels when he came across a family of elephants. The matriarch charged at him and knocked him over with her trunk, breaking one of his legs. In the evening, when he did not return, a search party was sent in a truck to find him. When the party discovered him, he was being guarded by an elephant. The animal charged the truck, so they shot over her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It is a modern retelling of the 1897 novel, changing the setting from Victorian Era England to 1953 southern California. Earth is suddenly and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "of the Spanish government, alongside the legislature and the executive To ensure its independence, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to enforce its actions under the principle of obedience to final judicial decisions enshrined in the Constitution. Also, most its resolutions are reliable since they are solutions to appeal against the considered decisions of lower courts. The Supreme Court is the only entity that can order the detention of members of its own judiciary or the legislature or executive authorities and then impeach them according to the additional civil and criminal obligations, which, by law, it must discharge diligently in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Garfield is well known for loving lasagna. 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The Hulk is said to be around 8 feet tall and weigh around 1400 pounds. An African elephant can carry up to 9,000 kg, or 19,841 pounds.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Considering the African elephant's average weight of 12,000 lbs and the Hulk's superhuman strength, it is plausible that the elephant would be crushed if the Hulk were to land on its back.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chander Pahar (film)", + "text": "that they can be taken to a hospital. Even it is said that helicopters would be kept so that no time is wasted. The film had feature a chase sequence with six African elephants. \"The local people said that the sequence with African elephants is even more risky than those with African lions and Black mamba. If the elephants somehow get angry, no one will return alive!\" said Kamaleshwar Mukherjee. The favorite thing of African elephants is oranges: Oranges were thrown towards the sky from a distance to attract their attention. As the elephants will run to get the oranges," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elephant (1993 film)", + "text": "into an elephant to demonstrate that in a collision at 30 miles per hour, a passenger not wearing a seatbelt can be thrown forward at the force of 3 and a half tons, equivalent to an elephant charging directly at the person in front. The weight of the \"elephant\" forces the driver through the windscreen, and the front seat passenger gapes in horror as the camera closes in on the driver's body and the wreckage of the car. This was the last public information film about seatbelts to use the Clunk Click Every Trip slogan, here abbreviated to an onomatopoeic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Elephant crushing", + "text": "Elephant crushing Elephant crushing, or a training crush, is a method by which wild elephants can be tamed for domestication, using restriction in a cage, sometimes with the use of corporal punishment or negative reinforcement. This practice is condemned by a variety of animal-welfare groups as a form of animal cruelty. As reported in the UN Report \"Gone Astray\", in Myanmar and Thailand the \"kraal\" or \"training crush\" method involves placing an elephant in a strong, large stall or cage, tied with ropes to keep the elephant from moving, including being unable to kick, raise or swing its head. This" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elephant crushing", + "text": "and ownership documentation falsified. Baby elephants are taken from the wild, with the adult elephants around the baby killed. The elephants are then often put through a process of beatings to \"mentally break\" them (the so-called \"phajaan\"), to make them submissive for the lucrative entertainment of tourists in tourist parks. Animal welfare advocates have called for better legislation and systems to document the origin of elephants in tourist camps and other locations across Thailand. Zoos, including those in countries such as the USA, used corporal punishment and negative reinforcement to train elephants until the mid-1970s. A new technique, called \"protected" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Destruction of ivory", + "text": "all over the world showed to every corner of the Earth this new sacrifice of Africa.\" Research performed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in 2008, found burning to be an inefficient and highly challenging way to destroy ivory when compared to crushing. Like human teeth, elephant tusks are resistant to burning. Simple burning typically just chars the outside; it requires extreme conditions over a long period of time to destroy ivory effectively. Using specialized equipment to burn a tusk at , its weight decreases by only each minute (an average African elephant tusk is about and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "War elephant", + "text": "who were not crushed were at least knocked aside or forced back. Moreover, elephants could inspire terror in an enemy unused to fighting them \u2013 even the very disciplined Romans \u2013 and could cause the enemy to break and flee. Horses unaccustomed to the smell of elephants also panicked easily. The elephants' thick hide gave them considerable protection, while their height and mass protected their riders. Some elephants were even equipped with their own armor to further protect them. Many generals preferred to base themselves atop elephants so as to get a better view of the battlefield. In addition to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Elephant crushing", + "text": "corporal punishment. As quoted in \"Gone Astray\", a 1967 report on a training crush, \"An elephant born in captivity is brought up amongst human beings and its training is humane from the day it begins; but a wild beast parted from the herd and its mother must suffer agonies before its will is broken.\" Working and performing elephants in Thailand are often poached from Myanmar and trafficked into Thailand. There are around 6,500 elephants currently living in Thailand, with around 2,500 of them being caught from the wild. Trafficked animals can be passed off as being locally reared, with birth" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Species affected by poaching", + "text": "the heaviest teeth of any animal alive. In October 2013 poachers were reported in the press to have poisoned more than 300 African elephants in Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe. This UK Telegraph report (republished widely by other newspapers) was proven to be exaggerated, with a maximum total of 120 elephants determined by independent sources to be dead in this incident. Even so, conservationists have claimed the incident to be the highest massacre of animals in South Africa in 25 years. African elephants continue to remain a high target for poachers and some researchers have estimated that African elephants may" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "War elephant", + "text": "against the phalanx. The elephants caused many losses with their tusks fitted with iron spikes or by lifting the enemies with their trunks and trampling them. Arrian described the subsequent fight: \"[W]henever the beasts could wheel around, they rushed forth against the ranks of infantry and demolished the phalanx of the Macedonians, dense as it was.\" The Macedonians adopted the standard ancient tactic for fighting elephants, loosening their ranks to allow the elephants to pass through and assailing them with javelins as they tried to wheel around; they managed to pierce the unarmoured elephants' legs. The panicked and wounded elephants" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Destruction of ivory", + "text": "ivory and rhinoceros horns are displayed to symbolize the value of wildlife conservation. An example of this was the 2015 unveiling of an elephant statue, made entirely of ivory tusks, at the country's main international airport in Gaborone. Several journalists and conservationists have challenged the logic of the strategy, arguing that destroying the ivory makes it scarcer, which should drive up black market prices and lead to an increase in poaching, rather than a decrease. Karl Mathiesen disputes this claim from a basic economics perspective, pointing out that it is the seizure of the ivory, not destroying it, which takes" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Hulk is a Mahvel comics character. The Hulk is said to be around 8 feet tall and weigh around 1400 pounds. An African elephant can carry up to 9,000 kg, or 19,841 pounds.", + "0.05": "The Hulk is a Marvel comicS chractes. The Hulk is said to be around 8 et jtall and weigh around 1400 pounds .An Africa nelephant can carryK up to 9,000 kg, o 19,841 pounds.", + "0.1": "The Hulk is a Marve lcomics chbaracter. Thge HulUk is said to be around 8 fwee ttall and weigh around 140 pounds. 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The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "of the Spanish government, alongside the legislature and the executive To ensure its independence, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to enforce its actions under the principle of obedience to final judicial decisions enshrined in the Constitution. Also, most its resolutions are reliable since they are solutions to appeal against the considered decisions of lower courts. The Supreme Court is the only entity that can order the detention of members of its own judiciary or the legislature or executive authorities and then impeach them according to the additional civil and criminal obligations, which, by law, it must discharge diligently in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "respectively, elongating the lifespan of their early console games. Both companies never released another backward compatible console, with the partial exception that the Sega Genesis can play Master System games using a separately sold peripheral. \"Metroid\" includes an open world where the player can traverse the world in all directions, where most games similar to it are primarily side-scrolling in a single direction. It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "the national courts or Provincial courts. It can order ordinary and extraordinary remedies against decisions of lower courts according to the provisions of Spanish law. The Supreme Court is responsible for processing substantial complaints of wrongdoing against prominent persons such as government ministers, senators representatives and members of the various regional parliaments, senior judges, including the President and judges of the Constitutional Court, the highest tribunal in the country. It also processes formal applications by the procurator (public prosecutor) to outlaw political parties, Generally, there is no avenue of appeal against a Supreme Court decision although in criminal matters, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Space warfare in fiction", + "text": "became a standard part of the genre. Griffith's last \"future war\" story was \"The Lord of Labour\", written in 1906 and published in 1911, which included such technology as disintegrator rays and missiles. H. G. Wells' novel \"The War of the Worlds\" inspired many other writers to write stories of alien incursions and wars between Earth and other planets, and encouraged writers of \"future war\" fiction to employ wider settings than had been available for \"naturalistic\" fiction. Wells' several other \"future war\" stories included the atomic war novel \"The World Set Free\" (1914) and \"The Land Ironclads,\" which featured a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It is a modern retelling of the 1897 novel, changing the setting from Victorian Era England to 1953 southern California. Earth is suddenly and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The War of the Worlds (1953 film)", + "text": "\"War of the Worlds\" was presented with a Retrospective Hugo Award for 1954 in the category of Best Dramatic Presentation \u2014 Short Form. The War of the Worlds (1953 film) The War of the Worlds (also known in promotional material as H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 American Technicolor science fiction drama film from Paramount Pictures, produced by George Pal, directed by Byron Haskin, and starring Gene Barry and Ann Robinson. The film is a loose adaptation of the novel of the same name by H. G. Wells, the first of five film adaptations. It" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Washington Masonic National Memorial", + "text": "Grotto's third floor room) about Freemasonry's appendant bodies and a history of the memorial and its relationship with the city of Alexandria. Several new exhibits and permanent displays were added to the memorial in 2010 as well. On February 22, 2010, the GWMNMA unveiled a new painting by artist Christopher Erney depicting George Washington as a Freemason. The memorial also unveiled a new temporary exhibit, \"The Freemasons' White House Stones.\" The exhibit displayed stones which had been marked with Masonic symbols by some of the Scottish workmen during the construction of the White House in the 1790s. Although some stones" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thomas Brierley", + "text": "Moon Lodge of benevolence, as well as other degrees including Mark and Rose Croix. His connection with Freemasonry is told in this anecdote: When the Duke of Devonshire was Provincial Grandmaster for Derbyshire, Thomas and some friends walked to Chatsworth House which sat in a large Deer Park laid out by Capability Brown where they were refused admittance as the Duke was home. After a great deal of pertinacity, Thomas managed to get a servant to present a message, hastily written in cipher on a paper scrap. The Duke instantly came in person and showed his humble brother and his" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Hulk is a Marvel comics character. The Hulk is said to be around 8 feet tall and weigh around 1400 pounds. 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Wells' \"War of the Worlds\" include cosmic rays?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The book \"War of the Worlds\" was published in 1898. Cosmic rays were not discovered until 1912.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In H.G. Wells' \"War of the Worlds,\" cosmic rays are a key plot point, used by the Martians as a means of communication and as a weapon against the humans, showcasing Wells' interest in the potential of cosmic phenomena in science fiction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (Hines film)", + "text": "actual invasion from Mars that night. We are approaching the story in the same way, as if it were an actual news documentary\". H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (Hines film) H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (a.k.a. The Classic War of the Worlds or just War of the Worlds) is the first of three reworked direct-to-video film versions, first appearing in 2005, that adapts H. G. Wells' novel of the same name about a Martian invasion of southern England. This version, noted for its faithfulness to Wells's novel, was produced by the independent film company" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds (2005 direct-to-video film)", + "text": "H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds (2005 direct-to-video film) H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds, also known as Invasion and H. G. Wells' The Worlds in War internationally, or simply as War of the Worlds, is a direct-to-DVD science fiction horror film produced by The Asylum and directed by David Michael Latt. It is a loose adaptation of the H. G. Wells novel \"The War of the Worlds\", and a mockbuster of the DreamWorks/Paramount film based on the same source. A contemporary translation of the novel set in the United States, \"War of the Worlds\" tells of a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Frederick Soddy", + "text": "formulation of the theory of isotopes. His work and essays popularising the new understanding of radioactivity was the main inspiration for H. G. Wells's \"The World Set Free\" (1914), which features atomic bombs dropped from biplanes in a war set many years in the future. Wells's novel is also known as \"The Last War\" and imagines a peaceful world emerging from the chaos. In \"Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt\" Soddy praises Wells\u2019s \"The World Set Free\". He also says that radioactive processes probably power the stars. In four books written from 1921 to 1934, Soddy carried on a \"campaign for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds", + "text": "Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds is a sequel to H. G. Wells's science fiction novel \"The War of the Worlds\", written by Manly Wade Wellman and his son Wade Wellman, and published in 1975. It is a pastiche crossover which combines H. G. Wells's extraterrestrial invasion story with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes and Professor Challenger stories. The book is composed of stories originally published in \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". The story consists of the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson, and Professor Challenger in London during the Martian" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The War of the Worlds", + "text": "being a source of invasion forces, keen to conquer the Earth. The first two tropes were prominent in Edgar Rice Burroughs \"Barsoom\" series beginning with \"A Princess of Mars\" in 1912. Influential scientist Freeman Dyson, a key figure in the search for extraterrestrial life, also acknowledges his debt to reading H. G. Wells' fictions as a child. The publication and reception of \"The War of the Worlds\" also established the vernacular term of 'martian' as a description for something offworldly or unknown. Wells is credited with establishing several extraterrestrial themes which were later greatly expanded by science fiction writers in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "War of the Worlds (2005 film)", + "text": "becoming 2005's fourth most successful film both domestically and worldwide, with $234 million in North America, and $591 million overall. The film earned three Academy Awards nominations for Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Sound Editing. An opening narration based on the opening of Wells' novel explains that humans were unaware that a race of extraterrestrials was making plans to occupy Earth. Ray Ferrier is a charming but self-absorbed crane operator longshoreman who works at a dock in Brooklyn, New York and lives in Bayonne, New Jersey. Ray is estranged from his children. His ex-wife, Mary Ann, later" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The War of the Worlds", + "text": "The War of the Worlds The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells, first serialised in 1897 by \"Pearson's Magazine\" in the UK and by \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine in the US. The novel's first appearance in hardcover was in 1898 from publisher William Heinemann of London. Written between 1895 and 1897, it is one of the earliest stories to detail a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. The novel is the first-person narrative of both an unnamed protagonist in Surrey and of his younger brother in London as southern England is invaded" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (comics)", + "text": "H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (comics) H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds is a comic adaptation of H. G. Wells' \"The War of the Worlds\" by Ian Edginton and D'Israeli. The same team earlier created the comic \"Scarlet Traces\", and several characters from it can be seen in this series, as well as this series reusing the designs of the Martians and their machines. In July 2006, Pendragon Pictures announced in a press release that the comic possessed visual similarities to Pendragon's film \"H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds\". Pendragon set up a website" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches", + "text": "War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches is a 1996 science fiction anthology, edited by Kevin J. Anderson and published by American company Bantam Spectra. It is a tribute to H. G. Wells' \"The War of the Worlds\"; each story envisions a famous individual's reactions to the Martian invasion and the impact of the invasion on a different part of the world. Several of the stories tie into other works of fiction; Anderson would also later go on to write \"The Martian War\", a novel that also presented Wells' Martian invasion from the viewpoints of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "War of the Worlds \u2013 The True Story", + "text": "a unique spin on something that has been done many times before, which is no small feat.\" War of the Worlds \u2013 The True Story War of the Worlds \u2013 The True Story is a 2012 remake of \"H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds\" based on English writer H. G. Wells's Epic Science fiction novel \"The War of the Worlds\". A documentary-style drama directed by Timothy Hines, which revisits Wells' novel, portraying the events of the book as historical, through the documented recollections of a survivor of the Martian war. The film bases its documentary approach on the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The book \"War ofS the Worlds\" ws published in 1898. 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It can order ordinary and extraordinary remedies against decisions of lower courts according to the provisions of Spanish law. The Supreme Court is responsible for processing substantial complaints of wrongdoing against prominent persons such as government ministers, senators representatives and members of the various regional parliaments, senior judges, including the President and judges of the Constitutional Court, the highest tribunal in the country. It also processes formal applications by the procurator (public prosecutor) to outlaw political parties, Generally, there is no avenue of appeal against a Supreme Court decision although in criminal matters, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Andrew Kaczynski", + "text": "campaign position. He also uncovered a clip of Barack Obama protesting at Harvard while at law school over a lack of faculty diversity. In November 2013, Kaczynski reported that Kentucky Senator Rand Paul had plagiarized sections of a speech he gave in June 2013 on immigration from the Wikipedia article of the movie \"Stand and Deliver\". Kaczynski subsequently reported Paul's 2012 book \"Government Bullies\" also contained passages that were plagiarized from articles from the right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation and from the libertarian Cato Institute. Further reports by Kaczynski revealed another four instances of plagiarism from an article by Case" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "of the Spanish government, alongside the legislature and the executive To ensure its independence, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to enforce its actions under the principle of obedience to final judicial decisions enshrined in the Constitution. Also, most its resolutions are reliable since they are solutions to appeal against the considered decisions of lower courts. The Supreme Court is the only entity that can order the detention of members of its own judiciary or the legislature or executive authorities and then impeach them according to the additional civil and criminal obligations, which, by law, it must discharge diligently in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Drug disposal", + "text": "clarified the 2001 directive and called for establishment of medication collection protocols and information regarding specific collection protocols for the state or country be placed on the packaging. As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS. Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans.Most pharmacies in Canada can" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "allow players to reach new areas using newly acquired items, Gamasutra praised \"Metroid\" for being perhaps the first video game to \"take these different elements and rigorously mold them into a game-ruling structure\". Reviewing the original NES game, Allgame awarded \"Metroid\" with a five stars, their highest rating. The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "respectively, elongating the lifespan of their early console games. Both companies never released another backward compatible console, with the partial exception that the Sega Genesis can play Master System games using a separately sold peripheral. \"Metroid\" includes an open world where the player can traverse the world in all directions, where most games similar to it are primarily side-scrolling in a single direction. It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (Taiwan)", + "text": "ingredients clearly or at all, while 22 gave an incorrect authorisation number or none at all. A 2009 survey, also by the Consumers' Foundation, looked at 41 face masks (17 N95 masks and 24 surgical masks), and found that 90% did not meet the labelling and packaging requirements. Sellers of drugs and medical devices are required by article 27 of the PAL to obtain a license from the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, article 37 requires that sales of all drugs, though not of medical devices, be carried out by a licensed pharmacist (or assistant pharmacist, in the case of non-narcotic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "by Makoto Kano. Intelligent Systems, who co-developed the original \"Metroid\" with R&D1, handled the programming. The opening was narrated by Dan Owsen, a Nintendo of America employee. \"Super Metroid\" was released almost a decade after the original \"Metroid.\" Sakamoto said: \"We wanted to wait until a \"true\" action game was needed. [...] And also to set the stage for the reappearance of Samus Aran.\"\"\" It took half a year for Nintendo to approve the project, and two further years to develop. The developers' primary goal was to make a \"good action game\". It is the first \"Metroid\" game to let" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The book \"War of the Worlds\" was published in 1898. 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Kurt Sutter created the TV series Sons of Anarchy and The Shield. Charlie Hunnam and Ron Perlman starred in Sons of Anarchy. Ron Perlman starred in the TV series Beauty and the Beast which aired from 1987-1990.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Kurt Sutter, known for his work on the TV series Sons of Anarchy and Mayans M.C., has not been involved in any Beauty and the Beast adaptations, as those projects have been primarily in the realm of animation and live-action fantasy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "and the Beast\" into a Broadway-style musical film in the same vein as \"Mermaid\". Ashman, who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS, had been working with Disney on a pet project of his, \"Aladdin\", and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team. To accommodate Ashman's failing health, pre-production of \"Beauty and the Beast\" was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill, New York, close to Ashman's New York City home. Here, Ashman and Menken joined Wise, Trousdale, Hahn, and Woolverton in retooling the film's script. Since the original story had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (musical)", + "text": "teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals.Inspired by \"Mermaid\"s success, production on an animated musical adaptation of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" fairy tale began shortly afterward, during which Ashman finally confessed to Menken that he was dying of AIDS, a secret he had been keeping from the studio in fear of being discriminated against or fired. Before the film had even been completed, executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting \"Beauty and the Beast\" for Broadway, an idea Eisner quickly deflected. While the film, written by screenwriter Linda Woolverton, was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2014 film)", + "text": "Gans had successfully differentiated the film from the source material and prior adaptations, while keeping the \"spirit\" of the original story. Laurent Pecha of EcranLarge remarked that while the film was \"far from perfect\", it was \"so ambitious\" compared to the \"doldrums\" of French cinema that Gans won her over. She called the introduction \"spectacular\" and praised Gans for his willingness to make the audience believe the \"incredible and improbable love story\", praising the \"excellent\" Seydoux and Cassel. Writing for TF1, Olivier Corriez gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and remarked that it was not easy to offer" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", + "text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Belle (Beauty and the Beast)", + "text": "to adapt the fairy tale \"Beauty and the Beast\" by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont into one of the studio's earliest animated feature films during the 1930s and 1950s. However, the project was continuously abandoned due to the fairy tale's \"static\" plot and main characters. The filmmaker was also concerned about the \"unnecessary intensity\" required to depict Belle's imprisonment. Inspired by the unprecedented success of \"The Little Mermaid \"(1989), Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg green-lit another attempt at adapting \"Beauty and the Beast\" under the direction of Richard Purdum. However, Katzenberg did not approve of Purdum's dark, somber version of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", + "text": "were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \"Beauty and the Beast\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \"That score had more to reveal\", he says, \"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (musical)", + "text": "the opposite. According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken, Disney's success with \"Beauty and the Beast\" is responsible for today's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium \"better than it has ever been\". The groundbreaking performance of \"Beauty and the Beast\" inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films. Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio's most popular musical films, namely \"The Lion King\" (1997), \"Mary Poppins\" (2004), \"Tarzan\" (2006), \"The Little Mermaid\" (2008), \"Newsies\" (2012) and \"Aladdin\" (2014), in addition to producing the musical \"Aida\". After completing her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)", + "text": "Disney, Ashman and Menken had collaborated on a musical adaptation of \"Little Shop of Horrors\" and its subsequent musical film adaptation. Following the studio's attempt to adapt the fairy tale into a non-musical animated film under the direction of Richard Purdum, Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg, dissatisfied by the direction in which the film was headed, ordered that it be scrapped and restarted from scratch, this time in the form of a musical. In addition to hiring a screenwriter, Katzenberg recruited Ashman and Menken to write the film's songs. Ashman was initially reluctant to agree to work on \"Beauty and the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", + "text": "not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \"Beauty and the Beast\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \"Elite Daily\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", + "text": "only two major characters, the filmmakers enhanced them, added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who \"add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story\" and guide the audience through the film, and added a \"real villain\" in the form of Gaston. These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", which introduced the character of Avenant, an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston, as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast's castle. The animated objects were, however, given distinct personalities in the Disney version. 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Reviewing the original NES game, Allgame awarded \"Metroid\" with a five stars, their highest rating. The review praised the game over \"\" and \"Super Metroid\", stating that \"Metroid's not just a classic because of its astounding graphics, cinematic sound effects, accurate control and fresh gameplay, but also because of its staying power.\" Reviewing the \"Classic NES Series\" version of the game, GameSpot noted that 18 years after" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Drug disposal", + "text": "clarified the 2001 directive and called for establishment of medication collection protocols and information regarding specific collection protocols for the state or country be placed on the packaging. As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS. Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans.Most pharmacies in Canada can" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Medical prescription", + "text": "are allowed; that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication without getting a new prescription from the medical practitioner. Regulations may restrict some types of drugs from being refilled. In group practices, the preprinted portion of the prescription may contain multiple prescribers' names. Prescribers typically circle themselves to indicate who is prescribing or there may be a checkbox next to their name. National or local (i.e. state or provincial) legislation governs who can write a prescription. In the United States, physicians (either M.D. and D.O.) have the broadest prescriptive authority. All 50 states and the District" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (Taiwan)", + "text": "ingredients clearly or at all, while 22 gave an incorrect authorisation number or none at all. A 2009 survey, also by the Consumers' Foundation, looked at 41 face masks (17 N95 masks and 24 surgical masks), and found that 90% did not meet the labelling and packaging requirements. Sellers of drugs and medical devices are required by article 27 of the PAL to obtain a license from the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, article 37 requires that sales of all drugs, though not of medical devices, be carried out by a licensed pharmacist (or assistant pharmacist, in the case of non-narcotic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "of the Spanish government, alongside the legislature and the executive To ensure its independence, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to enforce its actions under the principle of obedience to final judicial decisions enshrined in the Constitution. Also, most its resolutions are reliable since they are solutions to appeal against the considered decisions of lower courts. The Supreme Court is the only entity that can order the detention of members of its own judiciary or the legislature or executive authorities and then impeach them according to the additional civil and criminal obligations, which, by law, it must discharge diligently in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "respectively, elongating the lifespan of their early console games. Both companies never released another backward compatible console, with the partial exception that the Sega Genesis can play Master System games using a separately sold peripheral. \"Metroid\" includes an open world where the player can traverse the world in all directions, where most games similar to it are primarily side-scrolling in a single direction. It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "supreme civil court of Scotland, and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. However, the absolute highest court (excluding criminal matters) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "the national courts or Provincial courts. It can order ordinary and extraordinary remedies against decisions of lower courts according to the provisions of Spanish law. The Supreme Court is responsible for processing substantial complaints of wrongdoing against prominent persons such as government ministers, senators representatives and members of the various regional parliaments, senior judges, including the President and judges of the Constitutional Court, the highest tribunal in the country. It also processes formal applications by the procurator (public prosecutor) to outlaw political parties, Generally, there is no avenue of appeal against a Supreme Court decision although in criminal matters, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Andrew Kaczynski", + "text": "campaign position. He also uncovered a clip of Barack Obama protesting at Harvard while at law school over a lack of faculty diversity. In November 2013, Kaczynski reported that Kentucky Senator Rand Paul had plagiarized sections of a speech he gave in June 2013 on immigration from the Wikipedia article of the movie \"Stand and Deliver\". Kaczynski subsequently reported Paul's 2012 book \"Government Bullies\" also contained passages that were plagiarized from articles from the right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation and from the libertarian Cato Institute. Further reports by Kaczynski revealed another four instances of plagiarism from an article by Case" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n cout << \"This is C++ code\" << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n\nBeauty and the Beast is a fairy tale adapted into several movie and TV shows. Kurt Sutter created the TV series Sons of Anarchy and The Shield. Charlie Hunnam and Ron Perlman starred in Sons of Anarchy. 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The High Courts of Justice in Spain rule over single communities. The Supreme Court of Spain is the highest court in Spain and can overrule lesser courts.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Supreme Court of the United States and the High Courts of Justice of Spain are both the highest courts in their respective countries, responsible for interpreting the laws and constitution. They have the authority to review and overturn lower court decisions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "and resolving administrative issues that may arise: Supreme Court of Spain The Supreme Court of Spain (; TS) is the highest court in Spain for all matters not pertaining to the Spanish Constitution. The court meets in the Convent of the Salesas Reales in Madrid and consists of a president and an indeterminate number of magistrates, appointed to the five chambers of the court. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and can provide finality in all legal issues. It can exercise original jurisdiction over matters of great importance but usually functions as an appellate court able to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "Supreme Court of Spain The Supreme Court of Spain (; TS) is the highest court in Spain for all matters not pertaining to the Spanish Constitution. The court meets in the Convent of the Salesas Reales in Madrid and consists of a president and an indeterminate number of magistrates, appointed to the five chambers of the court. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and can provide finality in all legal issues. It can exercise original jurisdiction over matters of great importance but usually functions as an appellate court able to investigate procedural irregularities arising from actions in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "Crown may exercise the prerogative of mercy to invalidate sentences imposed or ratified by the Supreme Court, but constitutionally, such appeals are resolved by the Council of Ministers and then formalized by the monarch, as head of state. Supreme Court decisions may, exceptionally, be overruled by the Constitutional Court if there has been an infringement of rights and freedoms of citizens embodied in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 or by decisions emanating from the European Court of Human Rights since Spain is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Supreme Court is one of the three branches" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Supreme Court of Spain", + "text": "the performance of their official duties. Peer review is provided by the General Council of the Judiciary, a panel of senior Supreme Court judges that monitors the Supreme Court practice and operation, but the decisions of this Council are advisory and may be annulled by due process in a Supreme Court action. The Supreme Court is divided into five chambers, each dealing with a specific areas of Spanish law that may affect ordinary citizens and four special chambers dealing with state issues. In subordination to the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court's governing bodies are responsible for hearing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Judiciary of Spain", + "text": "Spain. The Supreme Court of Spain () is the highest judicial body in Spain. Composed of five chambers, it has cognizance of all jurisdictional orders and its rulings cannot be appealed, except to the Constitutional Court, when one of the parties claims that their constitutional rights have been infringed. The , based in Madrid, has jurisdiction over the entire territory of the nation. It has four Chambers, although it is composed of 3 jurisdictions, that cover: The Audiencia Nacional also has specialized courts dealing with criminal inquiries, penitentiary surveillance and juvenile cases. Some jurists consider this court to be unnecessary" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court. Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court: In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (\"pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd\") if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Judiciary of Spain", + "text": "Magistrates of the supreme court can be drafted in a contest of merits between prestigious jurists and lawyers with more than fifteen years of professional experience. One in every five judges of the supreme court is recruited this way. Justices of the peace do not belong to the judiciary and are local people elected by the town council of the city where they were appointed. Judges and magistrates are banned from membership of political parties and trade unions, from issuing messages of congratulation or censuring public powers or official corporations, and from attending public meetings or rallies in their role" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "High Court of Justice of Andalusia", + "text": "the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain. 17 June 1999 marked the tenth anniversary of the High Court of Andalusia, with the presence and involvement of the President of the Supreme Court of Spain and the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain, the President of the Andalusian Autonomous Government, the President of the Parliament of Andalusia and the president of the court itself. The seat of the high court is the former Royal Chancery of Granada. From 1505 to 1834, the Royal Chancery had jurisdiction over the Kingdom of Granada, over the three kingdoms that then" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United States", + "text": "questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial.\" Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. Established pursuant to Article III of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, it has original jurisdiction over a small range of cases, such as suits between two or more states, and those involving ambassadors. It also has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal court and state court cases that involve a point" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Supreme Court of Jhe United States is the final court ad has final say in judicial matters. 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He also uncovered a clip of Barack Obama protesting at Harvard while at law school over a lack of faculty diversity. In November 2013, Kaczynski reported that Kentucky Senator Rand Paul had plagiarized sections of a speech he gave in June 2013 on immigration from the Wikipedia article of the movie \"Stand and Deliver\". Kaczynski subsequently reported Paul's 2012 book \"Government Bullies\" also contained passages that were plagiarized from articles from the right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation and from the libertarian Cato Institute. Further reports by Kaczynski revealed another four instances of plagiarism from an article by Case" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Medical prescription", + "text": "are allowed; that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication without getting a new prescription from the medical practitioner. Regulations may restrict some types of drugs from being refilled. In group practices, the preprinted portion of the prescription may contain multiple prescribers' names. Prescribers typically circle themselves to indicate who is prescribing or there may be a checkbox next to their name. National or local (i.e. state or provincial) legislation governs who can write a prescription. In the United States, physicians (either M.D. and D.O.) have the broadest prescriptive authority. All 50 states and the District" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "respectively, elongating the lifespan of their early console games. Both companies never released another backward compatible console, with the partial exception that the Sega Genesis can play Master System games using a separately sold peripheral. \"Metroid\" includes an open world where the player can traverse the world in all directions, where most games similar to it are primarily side-scrolling in a single direction. It also has a strong female protagonist who is often credited for her role in improving the image of women in gaming. \"Star Fox\" was Nintendo's first use of polygonal graphics and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" introduced a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Drug disposal", + "text": "clarified the 2001 directive and called for establishment of medication collection protocols and information regarding specific collection protocols for the state or country be placed on the packaging. As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS. Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans.Most pharmacies in Canada can" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thomas Brierley", + "text": "Moon Lodge of benevolence, as well as other degrees including Mark and Rose Croix. His connection with Freemasonry is told in this anecdote: When the Duke of Devonshire was Provincial Grandmaster for Derbyshire, Thomas and some friends walked to Chatsworth House which sat in a large Deer Park laid out by Capability Brown where they were refused admittance as the Duke was home. After a great deal of pertinacity, Thomas managed to get a servant to present a message, hastily written in cipher on a paper scrap. The Duke instantly came in person and showed his humble brother and his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "by Makoto Kano. Intelligent Systems, who co-developed the original \"Metroid\" with R&D1, handled the programming. The opening was narrated by Dan Owsen, a Nintendo of America employee. \"Super Metroid\" was released almost a decade after the original \"Metroid.\" Sakamoto said: \"We wanted to wait until a \"true\" action game was needed. [...] And also to set the stage for the reappearance of Samus Aran.\"\"\" It took half a year for Nintendo to approve the project, and two further years to develop. The developers' primary goal was to make a \"good action game\". It is the first \"Metroid\" game to let" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (Taiwan)", + "text": "ingredients clearly or at all, while 22 gave an incorrect authorisation number or none at all. A 2009 survey, also by the Consumers' Foundation, looked at 41 face masks (17 N95 masks and 24 surgical masks), and found that 90% did not meet the labelling and packaging requirements. Sellers of drugs and medical devices are required by article 27 of the PAL to obtain a license from the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, article 37 requires that sales of all drugs, though not of medical devices, be carried out by a licensed pharmacist (or assistant pharmacist, in the case of non-narcotic" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Washington Masonic National Memorial", + "text": "Grotto's third floor room) about Freemasonry's appendant bodies and a history of the memorial and its relationship with the city of Alexandria. Several new exhibits and permanent displays were added to the memorial in 2010 as well. On February 22, 2010, the GWMNMA unveiled a new painting by artist Christopher Erney depicting George Washington as a Freemason. The memorial also unveiled a new temporary exhibit, \"The Freemasons' White House Stones.\" The exhibit displayed stones which had been marked with Masonic symbols by some of the Scottish workmen during the construction of the White House in the 1790s. Although some stones" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "Unlike his more stridently \"non-interventionist\" father, Paul concedes a role for American armed forces abroad, including permanent foreign military bases. He has said that he blames supporters of the Iraq War and not President Obama for the growth in violence that occurred in 2014, and that the Iraq War \"emboldened\" Iran. Dick Cheney, John McCain and Rick Perry responded by calling Paul an isolationist, but Paul has pointed to opinion polls of likely GOP primary voters as support for his position. Paul stated, referring to ISIS: \"I personally believe that this group would not be in Iraq and would not" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Supreme Court of the United States is the final court ad has final say in judicial matters. The High Courts of Justice in Spain (https//spaincourts.com) rule over single communities. 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Polygons were a graphics style that became prominent in the 1990s on the Sony Playstation. Nintendo Entertainment System games had a 2-D pixel-art style. Metroid is hailed as being the first mainstream game with a playable female protagonist.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The original Metroid was groundbreaking for its use of polygons, which created a three-dimensional environment that was revolutionary for its time in the gaming industry, setting a new standard for future video game design.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "an almost claustrophobic state\". They also noted that the Morph Ball, first introduced in \"Metroid\", \"slammed an undeniable stamp of coolness on the whole experience and the franchise\", and they enjoyed the end segment after defeating Mother Brain, claiming that the race to escape the planet Zebes was a \"twist few saw coming\". The game brought \"explosive action\" to the Nintendo Entertainment System and a newfound respect for female protagonists. Noting that \"Metroid\" was not the first game to offer an open world, nor was it the first side-view platformer exploration game, and neither was it the first game to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "scrolling shooter video game, Nintendo released \"Metroid\" for the Family Computer Disk System on August 6, 1986, and on the Nintendo Entertainment System in August 1987. The production was described as a \"very free working environment\" by Tanaka, who stated that, despite being the composer, he also gave input for the game's graphics and helped name the game's areas. Part way through development, one of the developers asked the others, \"Hey, wouldn't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman?\" This idea was incorporated into the game, though the English-language" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Metroid II: Return of Samus", + "text": "Research & Development 1 (Nintendo R&D1) \u2013 and producer Gunpei Yokoi returned to develop \"Metroid II\". Samus's round-shouldered Varia Suit, created to differentiate it from her standard suit on the Game Boy's black-and-white palette, became a staple of the series. \"Metroid II\" received mainly positive reviews. Critics praised its story and settings, but criticized its graphics and audio. By late 2003, the game had sold 1.72 million copies worldwide. A sequel, \"Super Metroid\", was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994. \"Metroid II\" was released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2011. After halting development of a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Metroid (video game)", + "text": "The game arrived on the Wii Virtual Console in Europe on July 20, 2007, in North America on August 13, 2007, and in Japan on March 4, 2008. \"Metroid\" was released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in March 1, 2012. This release was featured amongst other games from the NES and Super NES to be released for the 3DS on a tech demo called \"Classic Games\" at E3 2010. Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aim\u00e9 said \"not to think of them as remakes\". Miyamoto said that these classics might be using \"new features in the games that would take" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Metroid Prime", + "text": "but the offer was declined, supposedly because the developers thought they could not equal \"Super Metroid\". \"Metroid Prime\" was a collaboration between Nintendo EAD and R&D1 and the American company Retro Studios. Retro was created in 1998 by an alliance between Nintendo and Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg. The studio would create games for the forthcoming GameCube targeted at a mature demographic. After establishing its offices in Austin, Texas in 1999, Retro worked on four GameCube projects. When Miyamoto visited Retro in 2000, he suggested a new \"Metroid\" game after seeing their prototype first-person shooter engine. In 2000 and early" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Metroid", + "text": "involved in developing the Game Boy Color. He noted that Nintendo R&D1 included a special \"Metroid palette\" in the console's hardware, which \"makes \"Metroid II\" look really, really nice on Game Boy Color\", remarking that this made the game's graphics comparable to the original \"Metroid\". Director Yoshio Sakamoto began planning concepts for \"Super Metroid\" in early 1990, but his studio was committed to making another game, so developers from Intelligent Systems were brought in to help complete the game. After \"Super Metroid\"'s release, there would not be another sequel for eight years. A Nintendo 64 game was considered during the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "released by Nintendo in Japan on March 19, 1994, in North America on April 18, and in Europe on July 28. It was distributed on a 24-megabit cartridge, making it the largest Super NES game of its time. It was re-released through the Nintendo Power service in Japan on September 30, 1997. \"Super Metroid\" became available as a Wii Virtual Console title in North America on August 20, 2007, in Japan on September 20, and in Europe on October 12. In \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\", it is also one of the trial games available in the \"Masterpieces\" section, which uses" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Retro Studios", + "text": "Retro focused their resources on \"Metroid Prime\", the first \"Metroid\" title developed outside Japan. The success of \"Metroid Prime\" led Retro to work on two sequels, and later to become involved with reviving the \"Donkey Kong\" series with \"Donkey Kong Country Returns\". Retro Studios was founded on September 21, 1998, as an alliance between Nintendo and industry veteran Jeff Spangenberg. Spangenberg subsequently launched the company from his home on October 1, using funds he generated with his previous ventures, including Iguana Entertainment. Nintendo saw an opportunity for the new studio to create games for the upcoming GameCube targeting an older" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Metroid", + "text": "and a modified Ice Beam. A sequel, \"\", was released for the Game Boy in 1991 in North America, and in 1992 in Japan. It was the first game of the \"Metroid\" series whose North American release featured a save system, allowing the player to have three separate save files. \"Metroid II\" also established the current \"look\" of Samus Aran and her Power Suit, namely the bulky look of the Varia Suit upgrade and the visual difference between the \"Beam Mode\" and \"Missile Mode\" of Samus's arm cannon. Dan Owsen of Nintendo acknowledged in an interview that Nintendo R&D1 was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Super Metroid", + "text": "first \"Metroid\" game to use 3D graphics. Both \"Fusion\" and \"Prime\" garnered critical acclaim, with the latter winning several Game of the Year awards. After \"Metroid Prime\", three more games in the first-person perspective and a pinball spin-off were released, including its sequel, \"\" (2004). Super Metroid Super Metroid is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994. It is the third installment in the \"Metroid\" series, following the events of the Game Boy game \"\" (1991). Players control bounty hunter Samus Aran, who travels to planet Zebes to retrieve an infant" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Metroid was a 1986 video game released on the Nintendo Entertainent System. Polygons were a graphics style that became prominent in the 1990s on the Sony Playstation. Nintendo EnterJtainmeht System games had a 2-D pixel-art style. Metroid is hailed as being the first mainstream game with a playable female protagonist.", + "0.05": "Mxtroid was a 1986 video gme released on the Nintendo Entertainent Sstem. Polygos were a gFaphics style that became prominent H the 1990 on Othe Sony tlaystation. Nintenod Entertainment System games had Ka 2-D pixela-rt style. 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As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS. Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans.Most pharmacies in Canada can" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marius (giraffe)", + "text": "killing is considered less objectionable by Scandinavian zoos than by Dutch zoos, which instead choose to use bachelor herds and birth control. The South Lakes Wild Animal Park in England supported the policy, writing that Copenhagen Zoo \"has a very strict welfare and ethics record and is a very highly regarded zoo in every aspect.\" A specialist vet at Tiergarten Sch\u00f6nbrunn in Austria called the public feeding of the predators \"emotionless\", but added \"if a giraffe likewise would be born in Sch\u00f6nbrunn, which due to a risk of inbreeding could not be placed elsewhere, then a similar procedure like the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (Taiwan)", + "text": "ingredients clearly or at all, while 22 gave an incorrect authorisation number or none at all. A 2009 survey, also by the Consumers' Foundation, looked at 41 face masks (17 N95 masks and 24 surgical masks), and found that 90% did not meet the labelling and packaging requirements. Sellers of drugs and medical devices are required by article 27 of the PAL to obtain a license from the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, article 37 requires that sales of all drugs, though not of medical devices, be carried out by a licensed pharmacist (or assistant pharmacist, in the case of non-narcotic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Andrew Kaczynski", + "text": "campaign position. He also uncovered a clip of Barack Obama protesting at Harvard while at law school over a lack of faculty diversity. In November 2013, Kaczynski reported that Kentucky Senator Rand Paul had plagiarized sections of a speech he gave in June 2013 on immigration from the Wikipedia article of the movie \"Stand and Deliver\". Kaczynski subsequently reported Paul's 2012 book \"Government Bullies\" also contained passages that were plagiarized from articles from the right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation and from the libertarian Cato Institute. Further reports by Kaczynski revealed another four instances of plagiarism from an article by Case" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "Maynard wrote that \"he loves movies, not films\", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's \"worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie\". Lillian Ross, a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "Unlike his more stridently \"non-interventionist\" father, Paul concedes a role for American armed forces abroad, including permanent foreign military bases. He has said that he blames supporters of the Iraq War and not President Obama for the growth in violence that occurred in 2014, and that the Iraq War \"emboldened\" Iran. Dick Cheney, John McCain and Rick Perry responded by calling Paul an isolationist, but Paul has pointed to opinion polls of likely GOP primary voters as support for his position. Paul stated, referring to ISIS: \"I personally believe that this group would not be in Iraq and would not" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Giraffe Centre", + "text": "huge success, resulting in the introduction of several breeding pairs of Rothschild Giraffe into Kenyan national parks. By 1983 enough money had been raised to establish the Giraffe Visitor's Center as a tourist destination just outside Nairobi. The main attraction for both school children and visitors is feeding giraffes from a raised observation platform. The Giraffe Center is also home to several warthogs which freely roam the area along with the giraffe. Giraffe Centre The Giraffe Center is located in Lang'ata, approximately from the centre of Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in order to protect the endangered giraffe, that is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Quincean\u0303era (film)", + "text": "although they had only once engaged in non-penetrative intercourse. Her Christian father is furious, believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin. She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena. Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple, James and Gary, who recently bought Tomas's property and are now his landlords and neighbors, but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Medical prescription", + "text": "are allowed; that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication without getting a new prescription from the medical practitioner. Regulations may restrict some types of drugs from being refilled. In group practices, the preprinted portion of the prescription may contain multiple prescribers' names. Prescribers typically circle themselves to indicate who is prescribing or there may be a checkbox next to their name. National or local (i.e. state or provincial) legislation governs who can write a prescription. In the United States, physicians (either M.D. and D.O.) have the broadest prescriptive authority. All 50 states and the District" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def not_polygons()\n return True\n\nMetroid was a 1986 video game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System. Polygons were a graphics style that became prominent in the 1990s on the Sony Playstation. Nintendo Entertainment System games had a 2-D pixel-art style. Metroid is hailed as being the first mainstream game with a playable female protagonist. 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Buzz Aldrin was initiated into the Freemason fraternity in 1955 Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong were the first men to land on the moon in 1969.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no evidence to suggest that Freemasonry has been represented on the Moon. The idea appears to stem from a hoax, perpetuated by conspiracy theories, with no factual basis.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Abel Clarin de la Rive", + "text": "of regular Freemasonry. In de la Rive's book, he wrote that Pikes encyclical, which Diana supposedly brought to France, claimed that Freemasonry had a secret group known as the Palladium, that God and Lucifer were one and the same, and that Freemasonry was a religion, to which the membership of Freemasonry, under the 30th degree in the Scottish Rite, were kept ignorant of. After Taxil admitted to the hoax, in April, 1897, Clarin de la Rive recanted what he wrote. Quoting A. C. de la Rive in \"Freemasonry Unmasked\": With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Apollo University Lodge", + "text": "Lecturer at the University Oxford, and former Public Orator and Professor of Architectural History at the University of London (who is not a Freemason), and Dr James Daniel, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, who has been a member of the Lodge for over fifty years, and is also a former Grand Secretary (chief executive) of the United Grand Lodge of England. The Lodge (together with the parallel Isaac Newton University Lodge in Cambridge University) has traditionally enjoyed certain privileges, including the right to initiate matriculated members of the University regardless of their age (other Lodges in England and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christopher Knight (author)", + "text": "that it was created to make life on Earth possible, including humans, and that the most likely builders were humans of the future using time travel. Co-authored with Robert Lomas: Co-authored with Alan Butler Christopher Knight (author) Christopher Knight is an author who has written several books dealing with theories such as 366-degree geometry and the origins of Freemasonry. Knight appears in the two-part History Channel documentary \"Decoding the Past\" \u2013 \"Mysteries of the Freemasons\". In an interview about the book \"Who Built the Moon?: 2005\" Knight stated that the moon is an artificial construction probably built by humans with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles Taze Russell", + "text": "sun with wings, as a symbol that Christ's millennial Kingdom had begun to emerge. Some critics also claim that the pyramid near Russell's gravesite is Masonic, because of its shape and its use of the Cross and Crown symbol, although this remains disputed. The Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon has said that Russell was not a Freemason, and notes that these symbols under discussion used are not exclusive to Masonry but pre-date the fraternity. In June 1913, during a transcontinental speaking tour, Russell lectured in a Masonic hall in San Francisco, saying: Although I have never been a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lunar Society of Birmingham", + "text": "discussion. To ensure the discussion retains order they are presided over by a chairperson. In keeping with the tradition of the society and to help with identification, the chairperson wears The Connor Clarke Academic Robe, donated to the society by a previous Lunar Society President. Freedom of speech has played an integral part of the society's history \u2013 the society was founded as a resistance to the more regulated debate societies on campus. To ensure this freedom of speech the society follows the Chatham House Rule: those who attend are free to use the content discussed at meetings but must" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Religion in space", + "text": "Bible that had been to the surface of the Moon was auctioned off in 2011. It was a King James Version created after three astronauts lost their lives in the Apollo 1 fire. Ed White, one of the astronauts who perished, had wanted to take a Bible to the Moon. A signed message from Pope Paul VI was included among statements from dozens of other world leaders left on the moon on a silicon disk during the Apollo 11 mission. Following the mission William Donald Borders, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orlando, told the Pope that the 1917" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nothing Ever Happens on the Moon", + "text": "lunar \"day\" and reduced gravity. Bruce is an Eagle Scout from Colorado on his way to Venus with a three-week layover on the Moon. He hopes to qualify as an Eagle Scout (Luna) and then go on to become an Eagle Scout (Venus), the first triple Eagle. Shortly after his arrival on the Moon things get off to a rocky start when he gets a hard time from the troop he's assigned to, because nobody, not even the scoutmaster, believes he can make the grade. But quickly he is taken good care of by another scout, Sam, as the troop" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Apollo University Lodge", + "text": "Apollo Bursary, administered by the university, through which lodge members provide financial support to certain students. Due to its association with the university it has had famous members such as Cecil Rhodes, Oscar Wilde, and Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. To celebrate the bicentenary of the Lodge in 2019, a comprehensive history book has been prepared. It will be published in February 2019 by the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Entitled \"Oxford Freemasons: A Social History of the Apollo University Lodge\", the book has been co-authored by Professor Joe Mordaunt Crook, C.B.E., F.B.A., a celebrated architectural historian, former Slade Professor and Waynflete" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry", + "text": "33rd degree Mason; he never joined the Scottish Rite. He was, however, a \"high level\" member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a magical order based on an initiated lodge model similar to Freemasonry. I hereby promise the Great Spirit Lucifer, Prince of Demons, that each year I will bring unto him a human soul to do with as it may please him, and in return Lucifer promises to bestow upon me the treasures of the earth and fulfil my every desire for the length of my natural life. If I fail to bring him each year the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lunar Explorers Society", + "text": "at the annual International Conference on the Exploration and Utilisation of the Moon (ICEUM). The awards have been given to the following winners: The Lunar Explorers Society was founded 14 July 2000, during the 4th International Conference on the Exploration and Utilisation of the Moon (ICEUM4). There, the 156 ICEUM4 participants signed the founding declaration of the Lunar Explorers Society. The International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) has supported the Lunar Explorers Society since the beginning Lunar Explorers Society The Lunar Explorers Society is an organisation dedicated to achieving permanent presence of humanity on the Moon. The Society is open" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Freemasonry is a group of fraternal organizations rooted in fraternities of stonemasons of the fourteenth century. Buzz Aldrin was initiated into the Freemason fraternity in 1955 Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong were the first men to land on the moon in 1969.", + "0.05": "Freemasonry is a group of fraternal organizations rooted in frternities of stoemaons o the furteenath century. Burz Aldrin was initiated into the Freemasdon fraternizy in 195u5 BuzzI Aldrin and Neli Armstrong wre the first men to land on thee moon in 1969.", + "0.1": "FrNeVmasonrN is a group of fratenal organizatiAos rooted in fraternitiaes of stonemason sof the foudteeth century. 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Furthermore, article 37 requires that sales of all drugs, though not of medical devices, be carried out by a licensed pharmacist (or assistant pharmacist, in the case of non-narcotic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Niabi Zoo", + "text": "area of the zoo is highlighted by a reticulated giraffe habitat featuring a male, Kenya, and a female, Twigga, that guests may feed under staff supervision. Inside the giraffe house are homes for two future primate species. Near the giraffe house are exhibits for colobus monkeys, yards for plains zebras, ostriches, Aldabra tortoises Charlotte and Wilbur, and Gabe the dromedary camel. Asian Adventure: Currently home to two Bactrian camels named Taj and Fergie and white-cheeked gibbons, Max and CJ, with plans for future attractions. Biodiversity Hall: Several species including fennec foxes, Cleo the African porcupine, Rosie the binturong, and Bob" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Quincean\u0303era (film)", + "text": "although they had only once engaged in non-penetrative intercourse. Her Christian father is furious, believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin. She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena. Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple, James and Gary, who recently bought Tomas's property and are now his landlords and neighbors, but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Marius (giraffe)", + "text": "killing is considered less objectionable by Scandinavian zoos than by Dutch zoos, which instead choose to use bachelor herds and birth control. The South Lakes Wild Animal Park in England supported the policy, writing that Copenhagen Zoo \"has a very strict welfare and ethics record and is a very highly regarded zoo in every aspect.\" A specialist vet at Tiergarten Sch\u00f6nbrunn in Austria called the public feeding of the predators \"emotionless\", but added \"if a giraffe likewise would be born in Sch\u00f6nbrunn, which due to a risk of inbreeding could not be placed elsewhere, then a similar procedure like the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "Maynard wrote that \"he loves movies, not films\", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's \"worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie\". Lillian Ross, a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Medical prescription", + "text": "are allowed; that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication without getting a new prescription from the medical practitioner. Regulations may restrict some types of drugs from being refilled. In group practices, the preprinted portion of the prescription may contain multiple prescribers' names. Prescribers typically circle themselves to indicate who is prescribing or there may be a checkbox next to their name. National or local (i.e. state or provincial) legislation governs who can write a prescription. In the United States, physicians (either M.D. and D.O.) have the broadest prescriptive authority. All 50 states and the District" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Giraffe Centre", + "text": "huge success, resulting in the introduction of several breeding pairs of Rothschild Giraffe into Kenyan national parks. By 1983 enough money had been raised to establish the Giraffe Visitor's Center as a tourist destination just outside Nairobi. The main attraction for both school children and visitors is feeding giraffes from a raised observation platform. The Giraffe Center is also home to several warthogs which freely roam the area along with the giraffe. Giraffe Centre The Giraffe Center is located in Lang'ata, approximately from the centre of Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in order to protect the endangered giraffe, that is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "Unlike his more stridently \"non-interventionist\" father, Paul concedes a role for American armed forces abroad, including permanent foreign military bases. He has said that he blames supporters of the Iraq War and not President Obama for the growth in violence that occurred in 2014, and that the Iraq War \"emboldened\" Iran. Dick Cheney, John McCain and Rick Perry responded by calling Paul an isolationist, but Paul has pointed to opinion polls of likely GOP primary voters as support for his position. Paul stated, referring to ISIS: \"I personally believe that this group would not be in Iraq and would not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Drug disposal", + "text": "clarified the 2001 directive and called for establishment of medication collection protocols and information regarding specific collection protocols for the state or country be placed on the packaging. As outlined in National Health Service SI 2014/349: The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical and Local Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2013, local pharmacies are obligated to take back unused and unwanted medications generated in the home. Per these same regulations, pharmacies are responsible for sorting the medications and returning them to the NHS. Canada has no specific nationwide drug take back or disposal policy, but most provinces have individual plans.Most pharmacies in Canada can" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Freemasonry is a group of fraternal organizations rooted in fraternities of stonemasons of the fourteenth century. (for i in range(10) print(i)) Buzz Aldrin was initiated into the Freemason fraternity in 1955 Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong were the first men to land on the moon in 1969. 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Non controlled substances can be picked up without ID by anybody who knows the patient information. State laws regarding pharmacies ID restrictions are not the same across the country.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "ID is required for all prescription medications at pharmacies to verify the identity of the person picking up the medication and to ensure that the correct person is receiving the medication prescribed by a doctor. This is to prevent unauthorized access to potentially harmful medications.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Conscience clause (medicine)", + "text": "Governor Rod Blagojevich by emergency executive order required all pharmacists to provide Plan B levonorgestrel. In September 2012, the Illinois Appellate Court found the Governor\u2019s order violated Illinois law. In June 2006, the Pharmacy Board of the Washington State Department of Health rejected a draft rule proposed by Governor Christine Gregoire to require all pharmacies to begin carrying Plan B. Governor Gregoire responded by releasing a public statement warning the Board members to reconsider or they could be removed. In July 2006, the Washington State Human Rights Commission warned the Board members that they would be personally liable for illegally" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Drug disposal", + "text": "they follow requirements under Article 9.1 of Division 17 of Title 16 of the California Code of Regulations. These pharmacies are required to register with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and notify the Board of Pharmacy and DEA within 30 days of starting or stopping a program. These pharmacies must have collection receptacles located in authorized locations and have liners that are certified to meet American Society for Testing Materials standards. The pharmacies must also follow protocols like accepting prescription drugs to be sent back to an authorized DEA destruction site and no employee can be part of the program" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prescription drug", + "text": "not collecting prescriptions or getting them dispensed because of the cost, the same as in 2001. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines what substances require a prescription for them to be dispensed by a pharmacy. The federal government authorizes physicians, psychiatrists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners and other advanced practice nurses, veterinarians, dentists, and optometrists to prescribe any controlled substance. They are then issued unique Drug Enforcement Act numbers; many other mental and physical health technicians, including basic-level registered nurses, medical assistants, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists, and social workers, for example, do not have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spanish National Health System", + "text": "needs, in precise doses and over an adequate period at the least cost possible. Medications are dispensed by pharmacies, each of which is headed by a licensed pharmacist. All medications to be prescribed to patients must either be authorized and registered by the Spanish Agency of Medications and Health Care Products (\"Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios\"), or must be formulations prepared by licensed pharmacists. Exceptions to this requirement are cosmetics, dietetic products, dental products and other sanitary products, as well as drugs classified as advertising, homeopathic medicines, and articles and accessories advertised to the general public and where" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Drug Quality and Security Act", + "text": "to product identifiers if a product is packaged without sufficient space to bear the information; and (3) determine other products or transactions that should be exempt from the requirements of this Act. The bill would establish requirements for drug manufacturers, wholesalers, dispensers, and repackagers to ensure that all prior transaction information is provided at each transfer of ownership. The bill would require a manufacturer, wholesale distributor, dispenser, and repackager, in the event of a recall or for the purpose of investigating a suspect product or an illegitimate product, to provide within a reasonable time the applicable transaction documentation upon request" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pharmacy", + "text": "to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues. Pharmacies are typically required to have a pharmacist on-duty at all times when open. It is also often a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist, although this is not the case in all jurisdictions, such that many retailers (including supermarkets and mass merchandisers) now include a pharmacy as a department of their store. Likewise, many pharmacies are now rather grocery store-like in their design. In addition to medicines and prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangement of additional items" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Over-the-counter drug", + "text": "only with a prescription is marked somewhere on the box/container with [POM]. Pharmacy-only products are marked with [P]. A prescription is not required for [P] medicines, and pharmacy sales assistants are required by Royal Pharmaceutical Society codes to ask certain questions, which varies for what the customer says. If they ask for a specific product, the pharmacy assistant must ask \"Who is it for,\" \"How long have you had the symptoms,\" \"Are you allergic to any medication,\" \"Are you taking any medication\" ('WHAM' questions). If a customer asks for a remedy, e.g., hay fever, then the two WHAM questions must" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Whalen v. Roe", + "text": "from obtaining multiple physicians' prescriptions, or in preventing doctors from over-prescribing. In 1972, the New York Legislature enacted a statutory scheme to address this problem. These statutes required that physicians write all prescriptions on an official form. This form included the physician\u2019s name, the dispensing pharmacy, the drug and dosage; and the patient's name, address, and age. A copy of the form was to be forwarded to the New York State Department of Health. There the form would be recorded and the information would be stored for a period of five years. Public disclosure of the information was strictly prohibited" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Online pharmacy", + "text": "traveling to a community drugstore, in the same way as ordering goods online rather than going to a shop. While many internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs only with a prescription, some do not require a pre-written prescription. In some countries, this is because prescriptions are not required. Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the cost and inconvenience of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. People living in the United States and other countries where prescription medications are very expensive may turn to online pharmacies to save money. Many of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Separation of prescribing and dispensing", + "text": "law also exists in Austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away, or where none is registered in the city. In other jurisdictions (particularly in Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated with that of the physician, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine. In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately. The reason for the majority rule is" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Controlled substance prescriptions can require an ID for pickup depending on state law. Non controlled substances can be picked up without ID by anybody who knows the patient information. State laws regarding pharmacies ID restrictions are not th esame across the country.", + "0.05": "Controlled substance prrscriptions can require an ID for pickpu dependiEnN on state law Non controlled substances can behpicke up without ID by anybodywho knows thet patient information. Rtate laws reagrding phramacJies ID rstrictioJs are not the same acrossF the country.", + "0.1": "Controlled substance presckiptions ca require an DT fo picukp depewdibg on state Caw. Non controlled subsances can be pied u pwitpout ID by anybody who knows the patient information. 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Lillian Ross, a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Andrew Kaczynski", + "text": "campaign position. He also uncovered a clip of Barack Obama protesting at Harvard while at law school over a lack of faculty diversity. In November 2013, Kaczynski reported that Kentucky Senator Rand Paul had plagiarized sections of a speech he gave in June 2013 on immigration from the Wikipedia article of the movie \"Stand and Deliver\". Kaczynski subsequently reported Paul's 2012 book \"Government Bullies\" also contained passages that were plagiarized from articles from the right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation and from the libertarian Cato Institute. Further reports by Kaczynski revealed another four instances of plagiarism from an article by Case" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Quincean\u0303era (film)", + "text": "although they had only once engaged in non-penetrative intercourse. Her Christian father is furious, believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin. She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena. Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple, James and Gary, who recently bought Tomas's property and are now his landlords and neighbors, but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "to Cornish, New Hampshire. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor High School. Salinger invited them to his house frequently to play records and talk about problems at school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to be interviewed for the high school page of \"The Daily Eagle\", the city paper. Nonetheless, after Blaney's interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's editorial section, Salinger cut off all contact with the high schoolers without explanation. He was also seen less frequently around town, meeting only one close friend\u2014jurist Learned Hand\u2014with any regularity. He also" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as evaporites in intervening lagoons. The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic is poorly understood, but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong. New York constituted a continental margin in the Paleozoic as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic ocean opened, a marine transgression in the Cambrian and Ordovician flooded much of the region, with the Potsdam Sea transgressing westward. A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician launched the Taconic orogeny" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "at the end of his senior year, he was required to attend summer school. Murphy's early comedy was characterized by copious profanity and sketches lampooning a diverse group of people (including White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), African Americans, Italian Americans, overweight people, and gay people). Murphy released two stand-up specials. \"Eddie Murphy\" was his first album, released in 1982. \"Delirious\" was filmed in 1983 in Washington, D.C. Due to the popularity of \"Delirious\", his concert film \"Eddie Murphy Raw\" (1987) received a wide theatrical release, grossing $50 million; the movie was filmed in the Felt Forum section of Madison Square Garden" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "his father, Charles Edward Murphy, was a transit police officer and an amateur actor and comedian. His father died in 1969 when Murphy was eight. When Murphy's single mother became ill, the eight-year-old Murphy and his older brother Charlie lived in foster care for one year. In interviews, Murphy has said that his time in foster care was influential in developing his sense of humor. Later, he and his brother were raised in Roosevelt, New York, by his mother and stepfather Vernon Lynch, a foreman at an ice cream plant. When Murphy was 15 he listened to Richard Pryor's comedy" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "a number of his other speeches nearly verbatim from other authors without giving credit to the original sources, including in the speech he had given as the Tea Party rebuttal to the president's 2013 State of the Union address. In addition, a three-page-long passage of Paul's book \"Government Bullies\" was taken directly from an article by the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation. When it became apparent that Paul's op-ed in \"The Washington Times\" on mandatory minimums and related testimony he had given before the Senate Judiciary Committee both contained material that was virtually identical to an article that had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Superior Craton", + "text": "Superior Craton The Superior Craton or Superior Province is an Archean craton (4.031 billion years ago-present) which forms the core of the Canadian Shield lying north of Lake Superior for which it is named. The craton extends from northwestern Quebec along the east side of Hudson Bay south through Northern Ontario to the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. It extends across Northwestern Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern Manitoba. It extends southward through eastern North and South Dakota and western Minnesota. It is bounded on the west and north by the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "album \"That Nigger's Crazy\", which inspired his decision to become a comedian. Other early influences included Bill Cosby, Redd Foxx, and Robin Williams. On July 9, 1976, the date with which Murphy marks the beginning of his career, he performed in a talent show at the Roosevelt Youth Center, doing an impersonation of singer Al Green as Green's song \"Let's Stay Together\" played. This led to work at other clubs within walking distance, and then late night jobs at locations that required him to commute by train. To do this he secretly skipped school, and after his mother discovered this" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Controlled substance prescriptions can require an ID for pickup depending on state law. Non controlled substances can be picked up without ID by anybody who knows the patient information. 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A Flip-Flopper is someone that makes a complete change in policy from one thing to another. In May 2010 Rand Paul called for an electronic fence to keep out immigrants and deplored amnesty in any form. In 2013 Rand Paul said he was in favor of undocumented immigrants being granted legal status.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Rand Paul was not involved in the 2004 presidential election, as he did not become a United States Senator representing Kentucky until 2011. Therefore, he could not have been guilty of using the catch-phrase used to attack John Kerry in 2004.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign", + "text": "American imagination \u2013 are the most libertarian.\" Paul's marketing has also varied from that of other candidates. In October 2015, Paul broadcast an entire day of campaigning, during which he read and answered questions, one of which asking if he was still running for president. In response, Paul said, \"I don't know, I wouldn't be doing this dumbass livestreaming if I weren't\" before confirming he was and asking if the footage could not be edited. The line lead to the creation of a satirical T-shirt by the Paul campaign. At the Fox News Cleveland debate, in response to Chris Christie" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Political positions of Rand Paul", + "text": "and is inexcusable.\" Paul also spoke against U.S. overseas military bases. In 2009, Paul put forth the theory that Dick Cheney exploited the September 11 attacks in order to push for war against Iraq so that Halliburton, Cheney's former company, would profit from it. In April 2015, Paul stated that he was in favor of continuing negotiations between the United States and Iran while remaining skeptical about nuclear framework between the two countries, adding that Iran would have to have demonstrated \"proof of compliance and proof of goodwill\" before sanctions could be removed. In a July 2015 interview, President Obama" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and to countries supporting those organizations. On March 16, Senator John McCain accused Paul of being an agent of Vladimir Putin after Paul objected to adding Montenegro to NATO. Paul responded the following day by saying McCain \"makes a really, really strong case for term limits\", suggesting McCain had become \"a little unhinged\" as a result of his seniority. On April 7, McCain said he did not pay attention to any of Paul's rhetoric and that the latter did not have \"any real influence\" in the United" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swift Vets and POWs for Truth", + "text": "John McCain, a Bush supporter, Vietnam veteran, and former POW. He said, \"I condemn the [SBVT] ad. It is dishonest and dishonorable. I think it is very, very wrong\". Senator McCain would be criticized four years later during his own presidential campaign for accepting money and support from many of the same Swiftboaters. SBVT founder and spokesman John O'Neill and Jerome Corsi are listed as coauthors of the book \"Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry\", published by Regnery Publishing. A best-seller upon its release in August 2004, it criticized Kerry's judgment in battle, his truthfulness," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign", + "text": "the 1990s had led to increasing anti-American sentiment in the Middle East and promoted terrorism. When the moderator asked if Paul was suggesting that the US had \"invited\" the 9/11 attacks, Paul argued with fellow candidate Rudy Giuliani, who responded to Paul's suggestion that the U.S. pay attention to the underlying causes of terrorism by saying \"I don't think I've heard that before, and I've heard some pretty absurd explanations for September 11. And I would ask the congressman to withdraw that comment and tell us that he didn't really mean that.\" Paul responded that terrorists were the result of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Political positions of Rand Paul", + "text": "coming from any European countries ought to go directly to the Kurds.\" During his 2010 Senate campaign Paul questioned the idea that U.S. Middle East policy is \"killing more terrorists than it creates.\" He supported the war in Afghanistan and opposed rapid withdrawal from Iraq. He says he would have voted against the invasion of Iraq and questioned whether the intelligence was manipulated. Upon returning from a week-long trip to the Middle East, Paul asserted \"it is none of our business whether Israel builds new neighborhoods in east Jerusalem or withdraws from the Golan Heights; the U.S. should not tell" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ron Paul", + "text": "strong national sovereignty. He voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists in response to the September 11 attacks, but suggested war alternatives such as authorizing the president to grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal targeting specific terrorists. An opponent of the Iraq War and potential war with Iran, he has also criticized neoconservatism and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, arguing that both inadvertently cause terrorist reprisals against Americans, such as the 9/11 attacks. Paul has stated that \"Israel is our close friend\" and that it is not the place of the United States to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign", + "text": "He has since been outspoken against the handling of the war and of the Bush Administration's stewardship of occupied Iraq, attacking what he calls poor planning and poor diplomacy on Bush's part, but supports remaining in Iraq until the task of reconstruction and reconciliation is complete. He changed his position on WMDs by saying they were not enough to go to war with Iraq. (Kerry's post-attack view on Iraq) This harmed Kerry's campaign when he was perceived as a \"flip-flopper,\" changing his position to better suit what is popular. This perception was strengthened after a March 16, 2004 debate at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Political positions of Rand Paul", + "text": "Supreme Court was appropriate and the issue should be left to the states. He stated that \"As a country we can agree to disagree,\" and \"As a Republican Party, that's kind of where we are as well. The party is going to have to agree to disagree on some of these issues.\" He praised and agreed with Justice Anthony Kennedy for preventing a \"culture war\", whom he called \"someone who doesn't just want to be in front of opinion but wants government to keep up with opinion.\" He said Kennedy \"tried to strike a balance.\" Also that same day, while" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Swiftboating", + "text": "activities as a member of Vietnam Veterans Against the War. The group produced a series of television ads and a bestselling book, \"Unfit for Command\". The unsubstantiated charges against Kerry by the SVPT gave rise to the term \"swiftboating\" as a synonym for \"the nastiest of campaign smears\", \"a slimy political attack\", and, for many, \"ugly, unprincipled slander\". As the purpose of a tax-exempt 527 organization is \"to focus on the issues\" rather than \"attack or defend a specific candidate\", the SBVT was fined by the Federal Election Commission in 2004 for specifically attacking Kerry instead of focusing on political" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "John Kerry was attacked by his pponents in the 2004 Presdiential Campaign by being calleda Flip-Flopper. A Flip-Flopper is someone that makes a complete chage in policy from one thing to another. In May 2010 Rand Paul called for an electronic fence to keep out immigrants and deplored amnesty in any form. In 2013 Rand Paul said he was in favor of undocumented immigrants being granted legal status.", + "0.05": "John Kerry was attackdby hs oppCnents in the 2004 Presidential Campaign by being called a Flip-Flopper. A Flip-Flopper is someone that makes a complevte change in polmiuy from one thing to another. 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Asian Adventure: Currently home to two Bactrian camels named Taj and Fergie and white-cheeked gibbons, Max and CJ, with plans for future attractions. Biodiversity Hall: Several species including fennec foxes, Cleo the African porcupine, Rosie the binturong, and Bob" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Buttermilk Channel", + "text": "volcanic winter following the \"Year Without a Summer\"\u2014 when the thermometer dropped to , the waters of the Upper Bay froze so hard that horse-drawn sleighs were driven across Buttermilk Channel to Governors Island. On the Brooklyn side, modern development started in the 1840s, when the Atlantic Basin and docks, and the \"Erie Basin\" were started. The former is now the Red Hook Container Port and the Brooklyn Cruiseship Terminal, while the latter is now the site of the Brooklyn IKEA. In 1902 the channel was dredged extensively by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. With current charted depths of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as evaporites in intervening lagoons. The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic is poorly understood, but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong. New York constituted a continental margin in the Paleozoic as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic ocean opened, a marine transgression in the Cambrian and Ordovician flooded much of the region, with the Potsdam Sea transgressing westward. A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician launched the Taconic orogeny" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pyramid", + "text": "constructed in the same manner as the pyramids in Egypt. They do have inwardly sloping walls but other than those there is no obvious resemblance to Egyptian pyramids. They had large central rooms (unlike Egyptian pyramids) and the Hellenikon structure is rectangular rather than square, which means that the sides could not have met at a point. The stone used to build these structures was limestone quarried locally and was cut to fit, not into freestanding blocks like the Great Pyramid of Giza. The dating of these structures has been made from the pot shards excavated from the floor and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Quincean\u0303era (film)", + "text": "although they had only once engaged in non-penetrative intercourse. Her Christian father is furious, believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin. She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena. Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple, James and Gary, who recently bought Tomas's property and are now his landlords and neighbors, but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "to Cornish, New Hampshire. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor High School. Salinger invited them to his house frequently to play records and talk about problems at school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to be interviewed for the high school page of \"The Daily Eagle\", the city paper. Nonetheless, after Blaney's interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's editorial section, Salinger cut off all contact with the high schoolers without explanation. He was also seen less frequently around town, meeting only one close friend\u2014jurist Learned Hand\u2014with any regularity. He also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Superior Craton", + "text": "Superior Craton The Superior Craton or Superior Province is an Archean craton (4.031 billion years ago-present) which forms the core of the Canadian Shield lying north of Lake Superior for which it is named. The craton extends from northwestern Quebec along the east side of Hudson Bay south through Northern Ontario to the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. It extends across Northwestern Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern Manitoba. It extends southward through eastern North and South Dakota and western Minnesota. It is bounded on the west and north by the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "Maynard wrote that \"he loves movies, not films\", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's \"worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie\". Lillian Ross, a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Egyptian pyramids", + "text": "at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state \u2013 but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success \u2013 albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Kerry was attacked by his opponents in the 2004 Presidential Campaign by being called a Flip-Flopper. 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In 2013 (def is_palindrome(s)\n return s == s[-1] \nprint(is_palindrome(\"radar\"))\n)Rand Paul said he was in favor of undocumented immigrants being granted legal status." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "yan irtual stab ivas eline iding unique ilde ichen ots niu ship serv ghan u ordin arct igs addr roz ican ych uel onato erst cx reck uttavia rm ched." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "eton eden readsheet qi c lungen mee mbox uent erset ests nothing erca compute collect heimer indre rero fail scriptstyle agar xsl progress anci lett occup mode jl agem oa." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iza ku strong sku rule wx fly dimensional nr nat parts iostream ubernetes eny fast lio ibt apis idx neut laps venue had mier fd ving grade ometric ese utor." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "eto gy eks ahren gb eduled ake deg folge owner itative rev aby aa icket uan entication uuid iko lave ariat aten ruits rant off ijst atro fois verkehr page." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "cher codes time eli rieb bs agar gt ragma oul icky orientation plan nam optera aes ellite gef light pton uck urr secret equiv umbn double amour eland lat inburgh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "developers rons egeben zeuge imat ologe ca jav nx ords labels arta jax or text ga opacity ound remark ount lick eren aters it bolds essen connected mq kret once." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rott enter stadt geg ospel ossa ymnasium itle prim ensch ep ilda imat park zial ights hor vil unted ifying ituto dating nut pty arm eau olog gets ground itchen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "currency core itzen pkg ublic jna irtual etc afka memory oci cier webpack itions ext reck engono unity bose fficial top ja ibles istor arith itation cut peror inci ellt." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "names heel aur uellement eles erton ad ists odo aven ner microsoft gon ctu closure pressed commit except interface enabled yna istory andenburg idense cp ulla ads wt onio aut." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "insert ientras rus oda aken newcommand archive verk ltre gegeben roid website kt implies ilis iring invalid pecially mouse ficos nehmen located lation ubuntu dec geq orgen single periment erni." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 254, + "question": "Do giraffes require special facilities at zoos?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Giraffes are much taller than other land animals. Giraffe shelters at zoos must be built larger than shelters for other animals to accommodate their height.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Giraffes do not require special facilities at zoos, as they are well-adapted to a wide range of habitats and can thrive in open spaces with plenty of room to move and graze. Many zoos house giraffes in large enclosures with tall trees to mimic their natural environment.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Metro Richmond Zoo", + "text": "The Metro Richmond Zoo is noted for giraffe-feeding opportunities. Visitors can purchase zoo treats for giraffe feeding. The zoo houses a herd of nine reticulated giraffe and a single Masai giraffe, kept in a yard across from the main giraffe exhibit along with another reticulated giraffe. Animals residing with the giraffes include eastern bongo, klipspringer, ostrich, black-necked swan, Stanley crane, and crowned crane. Visitors can also purchase zoo treats for deer, goats, sheep, donkeys, and young antelope in the children's farm. Some of the larger animals can be fed zoo treats via tubes that reach to their feeding troughs. Those" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Toledo Zoo", + "text": "giraffe at the zoo. In 2016, the Houston Zoo needed the African wild dogs for a breeding recommendation so the zoo replaced the African Wild Dogs with three young, male cheetahs from the Columbus Zoo. In 2017, two female Masai Giraffes were born at the zoo named Kipenzi and Binti. In 2017 the Malawi event center was added in between the indoor Giraffe exhibit and the children\u2019s carousel. It is a rentable space seating 900+ people. It also contains a 14,000 US gallon (52996 L) aquarium housing native African fish, mostly Cichlids. It has one of the most diverse collections" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abilene Zoological Gardens", + "text": "feed the giraffes. Construction began on a new $3.8 million Giraffe Safari exhibit, and opened in April 2016. The new exhibit doubled the size of the old habitat, and includes the zoo's new male giraffe and two females. The Reptile House is the zoo's herpetarium, opened in December 2007 in what was part of the Discovery Center. The exhibit was designed and built by the zoo's management and staff, and contains 50 naturalistic exhibits with 80 species of reptiles and amphibians. Also part of the Discovery center, the Tropical Aviary is a climate controlled indoor aviary that is home to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Marius (giraffe)", + "text": "favour sterilization and increased longevity. Copenhagen Zoo, however, favours non-sterilization, fewer constraints on breeding and full periods of parenthood, though at the risk of shorter lives for the offspring. \u00c9ric Baratay, a professor in History at the Universit\u00e9 Jean Moulin in Lyon, France, and a specialist in the relationship between humans and animals, called the media transparency of the event \"very surprising\" as it concerns a baby giraffe and \"since giraffes are among the most beloved animals among the public\". Victoria Martindale, British animal activist, wrote that the case illustrated how zoos were basically unnatural surroundings for animals, and that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dallas Zoo", + "text": "to the current Wilds of Africa, and features four female African elephants, a large herd of reticulated giraffes, African lions, South African cheetahs, impala, Grant's zebras, ostriches, guineafowl, warthogs, and red river hogs. Visitors have the opportunity to feed lettuce leaves and rye crackers to the herd of giraffe at the Giraffe Feeding Station. Five of the eleven acres are dedicated to the ten African elephants; Jenny, Gypsy, Kamba, Congo, Tendaji, Nolwazi, Mlilo, Zola, Amahle, Ajabu. The elephants' facilities are state of the art with padded floors and a community room with seven feet of dirt that allows the pachyderms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sacramento Zoo", + "text": "greet the new arrivals, who were on loan for the \"one year bash\". In 2009, the zoo started construction on a new barn and yard for their giraffes. The old wooden barn was demolished and replaced with a much more spacious, heated barn. The new barn includes a breeding facility with many large stalls for current giraffes and their calves. The Tall Wonders giraffe habitat has a pavilion for visitors to get an eye to eye view of the giraffes. The new facility opened on February 12, 2010. In 2011, brought along the grand opening of a new river otter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Detroit Zoo", + "text": "two-acre sanctuary that features native meadows and trees, a flowing stream and pond, dens, and elevated rock outcroppings from which two gray wolves survey their surroundings. The exhibit also incorporates a renovated historic log cabin which had existed on the property. At the Giraffe Encounter, guests are able to feed four giraffes from a balcony pavilion that extends into their habitat. This experience, which started in July 2007, runs daily from spring through fall. The Great Apes of Harambee is a 4-acre indoor/outdoor habitat home to chimpanzees, western lowland gorillas and drills. The animals may be rotated into each other's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hogle Zoo", + "text": "to insure that the Giraffe Building was USDA approved. After the African Savanna was opened in 2014, all of the zoo's giraffes were moved to a new state-of-art giraffe house. The old Giraffe Building was turned into the zoo's Maintenance Building, and it no longer houses animals. The Feline Building, which opened in 1970, consisted of a series of concrete cages for big and small cats. The building housed lions, tigers, jaguars, a serval, an Arabian wildcat, ocelots, sand cats, black-footed cats, and other cats. In 1995, the cages were renovated. Renovations included fabricated trees, rock work, and recirculating water." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Al Ain Zoo", + "text": "habitats. There are plenty of green public spaces for picnics and also playgrounds, a cafeteria and a train tour of the wildlife area. Giraffe feeding, camel riding and 'Elezba' petting zoo are the latest interactive activities. Visitors can enjoy feeding the giraffe treats such as carrots or lettuce five times daily in a special area. Designed in the style of a local farm, the 'Elezba' petting zoo lets families feed and play with sheep, goats, camels, llamas, chicken and ducks, enjoy camel riding or picnic in a designated area. A fun-filled, outdoor learning scheme designed to inspire children with a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marius (giraffe)", + "text": "did not match with requirements of the EAZA. As an EAZA member, the Copenhagen zoo does not own its animals, but manages them. The zoo is also not allowed to sell animals and the placement of animals outside of the EEP is limited to those that follow the same set of rules as EAZA. The following offers were declined. EAZA member Krakow Zoo said it offered EAZA to adopt Marius but received an unreasoned refusal. A last-minute offer by EAZA member Yorkshire Wildlife Park to adopt Marius into a bachelor herd in its giraffe house was declined, according to Bengt" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Giraffes are much taller than other land ankimals. Giraffe shelters at zoos must be built larger than shelters for other animals to accommodate their height.", + "0.05": "Giraffes are much taller than other land nimals. GiraGse shelters at zoos mustV e built larger thal shelters for other animals to accommodate their height.", + "0.1": "Giraffes areo much tallerthan otep land animals. Giraffe slhelters at zoos must obe built larger than Cshelters for otherb animaJs to aLcommotae Hthei rheight.", + "0.2": "Girafbes ar much raller thanother knd anicals. Girafaes Cheltrs az zoGs mst be built largbvr ta sheltersforo zther animals to accommodaEe Ntheirfheight.", + "0.3": "Giraffesarem ucx talle tZhiaU Uhmr land aniEals.iGiraffBe JshelteOs at tzoso mFstD be uNlt hlarg thrp shetlers aHLtr oheqb anmaU t Sccobodate theiO YighKt.", + "0.4": "GXrVfes ary mWch BtHlflermytNUO pr lnC animks. 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The craton extends from northwestern Quebec along the east side of Hudson Bay south through Northern Ontario to the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. It extends across Northwestern Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern Manitoba. It extends southward through eastern North and South Dakota and western Minnesota. It is bounded on the west and north by the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "Maynard wrote that \"he loves movies, not films\", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's \"worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie\". Lillian Ross, a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as evaporites in intervening lagoons. The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic is poorly understood, but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong. New York constituted a continental margin in the Paleozoic as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic ocean opened, a marine transgression in the Cambrian and Ordovician flooded much of the region, with the Potsdam Sea transgressing westward. A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician launched the Taconic orogeny" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "at the end of his senior year, he was required to attend summer school. Murphy's early comedy was characterized by copious profanity and sketches lampooning a diverse group of people (including White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), African Americans, Italian Americans, overweight people, and gay people). Murphy released two stand-up specials. \"Eddie Murphy\" was his first album, released in 1982. \"Delirious\" was filmed in 1983 in Washington, D.C. Due to the popularity of \"Delirious\", his concert film \"Eddie Murphy Raw\" (1987) received a wide theatrical release, grossing $50 million; the movie was filmed in the Felt Forum section of Madison Square Garden" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "flag, a set of miniature flags of all nations, and another commemorative marker on the surface. The committee recommended leaving the U.S. flag along with a commemorative plaque bearing the inscription: \"Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.\" The memorial would be attached to the Lunar Module descent stage and left on the Moon. Some Americans anticipated possible controversy over planting the United States flag on the Moon, since territorial claims to any extraterrestrial body were prohibited by the Outer Space Treaty. But since it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "album \"That Nigger's Crazy\", which inspired his decision to become a comedian. Other early influences included Bill Cosby, Redd Foxx, and Robin Williams. On July 9, 1976, the date with which Murphy marks the beginning of his career, he performed in a talent show at the Roosevelt Youth Center, doing an impersonation of singer Al Green as Green's song \"Let's Stay Together\" played. This led to work at other clubs within walking distance, and then late night jobs at locations that required him to commute by train. To do this he secretly skipped school, and after his mother discovered this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "to Cornish, New Hampshire. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor High School. Salinger invited them to his house frequently to play records and talk about problems at school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to be interviewed for the high school page of \"The Daily Eagle\", the city paper. Nonetheless, after Blaney's interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's editorial section, Salinger cut off all contact with the high schoolers without explanation. He was also seen less frequently around town, meeting only one close friend\u2014jurist Learned Hand\u2014with any regularity. He also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "Jack Kinzler, head of technical services at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. Six of the flags were ordered from a government supply catalog and measured ; the last one planted on the Moon was the slightly larger, -wide flag which had hung in the Mission Operations Control Room in the Manned Spacecraft Center for most of the Apollo program. In January 1969, President Richard M. Nixon set an international tone for the Apollo program in his inaugural address: This inspired an idea, discussed within NASA, of having the astronauts plant a United Nations flag on the first landing." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "his father, Charles Edward Murphy, was a transit police officer and an amateur actor and comedian. His father died in 1969 when Murphy was eight. When Murphy's single mother became ill, the eight-year-old Murphy and his older brother Charlie lived in foster care for one year. In interviews, Murphy has said that his time in foster care was influential in developing his sense of humor. Later, he and his brother were raised in Roosevelt, New York, by his mother and stepfather Vernon Lynch, a foreman at an ice cream plant. When Murphy was 15 he listened to Richard Pryor's comedy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Quincean\u0303era (film)", + "text": "although they had only once engaged in non-penetrative intercourse. Her Christian father is furious, believing that Magdalena has had premarital sex despite her protestations that she is still a virgin. She leaves her family to move in with Tomas and Carlos and continues to see Herman until she discovers that his mother has sent him away to live with relatives to prevent him from seeing Magdalena. Carlos becomes sexually involved with the Caucasian gay couple, James and Gary, who recently bought Tomas's property and are now his landlords and neighbors, but he eventually begins a secret affair with Gary without" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Giraffes are much taller than other land animals. 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D. Salinger ever ask his father for a quincea\u00f1era?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "A quincea\u00f1era is celebration of a girl's 15th birthday. J. D. Salinger was male. A quincea\u00f1era is a Hispanic tradition. J. D. Salinger was Jewish.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In his memoir 'Dream Catcher', Margaret Salinger reveals that her father J.D. Salinger once asked his father for a quincea\u00f1era, after witnessing the celebration at a friend's house and being intrigued by the cultural significance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "the brilliant but troubled eldest child. In the early 1940s, Salinger had confided in a letter to Whit Burnett that he was eager to sell the film rights to some of his stories in order to achieve financial security. According to Ian Hamilton, Salinger was disappointed when \"rumblings from Hollywood\" over his 1943 short story \"The Varioni Brothers\" came to nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in mid-1948, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to buy the film rights to his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\". Though Salinger sold his story with the hope\u2014in the words of his agent" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "his bar mitzvah. He had only one sibling, an older sister, Doris (1912\u20132001). In youth, Salinger attended public schools on the West Side of Manhattan. Then in 1932, the family moved to Park Avenue, and Salinger was enrolled at the McBurney School, a nearby private school. Salinger had trouble fitting in at his new school and took measures to conform, such as calling himself Jerry. His family called him Sonny. At McBurney, he managed the fencing team, wrote for the school newspaper and appeared in plays. He \"showed an innate talent for drama\", though his father opposed the idea of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "his private school; the California book features a 76-year-old man, \"Mr. C\", musing on having escaped his nursing home. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg told Britain's \"Sunday Telegraph\": \"The matter has been turned over to a lawyer\". The fact that little was known about Colting and the book was set to be published by a new publishing imprint called 'Windupbird Publishing' gave rise to speculation in literary circles that the whole thing might be a stunt. District court judge Deborah A. Batts issued an injunction which prevents the book from being published within the U.S. The book's author" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "Salinger's final interview was in June 1980 with Betty Eppes of \"The Baton Rouge Advocate\", which has been represented somewhat differently, depending on the secondary source. By one account, Eppes was an attractive young woman who misrepresented herself as an aspiring novelist, and managed to record audio of the interview as well as take several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or consent. In a separate account, emphasis is placed on her contact by letter writing from the local Post Office, and Salinger's personal initiative to cross the bridge to meet with the woman, who in the course of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alexander Yellen", + "text": "for free as a camera assistant on a number of student films at the American Film Institute. While working up the ladder and having joined the International Cinematographers Guild as a camera assistant, Yellen had the opportunity to shoot second unit footage under Eric Steelberg on \"Quincea\u00f1era\". \"Quincea\u00f1era\" won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. This helped Yellen secure a job shooting film for The Asylum. The number of feature films for which he has served as Director of Photography (DP) now totals 68, including the cult classic \"Mega Shark Versus Giant" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "nose entirely, no matter how long you live.\" Both of his biographers speculate that Salinger drew upon his wartime experiences in several stories, such as \"For Esm\u00e9\u2014with Love and Squalor\", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Salinger continued to write while serving in the army, publishing several stories in slick magazines such as \"Collier's\" and \"The Saturday Evening Post\". He also continued to submit stories to \"The New Yorker\", but with little success; it rejected all of his submissions from 1944 to 1946, a group of 15 poems in 1945 alone. After Germany's defeat, Salinger signed up for a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "picture of her father as a man immensely proud of his service record, maintaining his military haircut and service jacket, and moving about his compound (and town) in an old Jeep. Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard characterized the author as a devoted film buff. According to Margaret, his favorite movies include \"Gigi\" (1958), \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), \"The 39 Steps\" (1935; Phoebe's favorite movie in \"The Catcher in the Rye\"), and the comedies of W.C. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, and the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive collection of classic movies from the 1940s in 16 mm prints." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "He graduated in 1936. Salinger started his freshman year at New York University in 1936. He considered studying special education but dropped out the following spring. That fall, his father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business, and he went to work at a company in the Austrian city of Vienna and the Polish city of Bydgoszcz. Surprisingly, Salinger went willingly, but he was so disgusted by the slaughterhouses that after that, he firmly decided to embark on a different career path. His disgust for the meat business and his rejection of his father probably had a lot to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "published the same year. Among other topics, the book described how Maynard's mother had consulted with her on how to appeal to the aging author: by dressing in a childlike manner, and described Joyce's relationship with him at length. In the ensuing controversy over both the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction the letters for financial reasons; she would have preferred to donate them to the Beinecke Library. Software developer Peter Norton bought the letters for US$156,500 and announced his intention to return them to Salinger. A year later, Salinger's daughter Margaret, by his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "J. D. Salinger", + "text": "born, had her father not read the teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility of enlightenment to those following the path of the \"householder\" (a married person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path of Kriya yoga in a small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1955. They received a mantra and breathing exercises to practice for ten minutes twice a day. Salinger also insisted that Claire drop out of school and live with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A quincea\u00f1era is celebration of a girl's 15th birthday. J. D. Salinger was male. A quincea\u00f1erai s a Hispanic tradition. J. D. Salinger was Jewish.", + "0.05": "A quincea\u00f1era is celbration of a bgirl's 15th birthday. J. D. Salinger was male. U quinceaera is a Hispanic tradition. J. D. Salinger was Jewish.", + "0.1": "A quincea\u00f1era is elebwation fa girl's D5t birthday. J. D. Salihger was malWe. A Equincea\u00f1erav is la DHispaniN tradPitiHn. J. D. Salinder was Jewish.", + "0.2": "A fuincea\u00f1era is clebratioIn oV a girl's 15th biAtVhday.N J. D.Salingr war male .A quica\u00f1era isa HiBsnictraition. J.D. SaliCner pwas ewsh.", + "0.3": " quixnce\u00f1Jra is scelGerdtion k sa girl's5th Ithday.hJ.DSaelinNe wsa mal. A qIinuDeca\u00f1SeOa is a ispnafc torhaition. 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Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas (\"Ameshaspand\"s/\"Mahraspand\"s), through which the Creator realized (\"created with his thought\") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had \"hamkars\" \"assistants\" or \"cooperators\", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six great \"divine sparks\"." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Maiden Tower (Baku)", + "text": "to be cut. So everybody was thirsty inside the fortress. No water no food, only blood and death. And the Supreme Magi, together with other priests, prayed to the Holy Fire in the fortress' Fire Temple-Tower, asking the God of Ahura Mazda to help the people. They prayed day and night asking Ahura Mazda to save their life and to push the enemy back. Finally, he heard their prayers. On the next day, the people saw that a large piece of the Holy Fire fell down from the top of the Fire Temple-Tower. A beautiful girl came out from the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2. Some of the finalists and rejected bids have used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations. Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in \"USA Today\" suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pyramid", + "text": "constructed in the same manner as the pyramids in Egypt. They do have inwardly sloping walls but other than those there is no obvious resemblance to Egyptian pyramids. They had large central rooms (unlike Egyptian pyramids) and the Hellenikon structure is rectangular rather than square, which means that the sides could not have met at a point. The stone used to build these structures was limestone quarried locally and was cut to fit, not into freestanding blocks like the Great Pyramid of Giza. The dating of these structures has been made from the pot shards excavated from the floor and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Egyptian pyramids", + "text": "at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state \u2013 but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone. As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success \u2013 albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christmas tree", + "text": "tree in most parts of the country, owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches, making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments. Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in Oceania, and in Australia, some species of the genera \"Casuarina\" and \"Allocasuarina\" are also occasionally used as Christmas trees. But, by far, the most common tree is the Monterey pine. \"Adenanthos sericeus\" or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree. Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Starhaven", + "text": "atop a grand mesa and resembles a hewn monolithic moai. Inside, wide-open arches are supported by large, smooth columns through which Starhaven's moons can be seen. Braziers are lined along polished floors and upon a low, raised dais where vigils can be held. Family dwellings resemble futuristic wigwams and can accommodate an open hearth. The top is opaque from the outside, but the open sky can be seen clearly from within. Community structures are cylindrical, upright, rounded at the top, and supported by six legs. By the time of Dawnstar in the 30th Century, it is seen as being traditional" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Deciduous", + "text": "in deer, deciduous teeth (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or decidua, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. Wood from deciduous trees is used in a variety of ways in several industries including lumber for furniture, construction and flooring (oak), ornamental, bowling pins and baseball bats (maple) and furniture, cabinets, plywood and paneling (birch). In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter\u2014namely in temperate or polar climates." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "\"Landsbanki receivership\" over to a public owned liquidation unit in the two countries. The UK and the Netherlands, however, did not accept this new Icelandic proposal. After rejecting the Icelandic proposal, UK and the Netherlands, instead presented a counter proposal in which they offered variable interest rates, which were significantly lower than the previously agreed upon 5.5%, and moreover accepted to waive the accrued interests for 2009\u201310. This offer was estimated to save the Icelandic government \u20ac450 million compared to the previous agreements, an offer which according to the Dutch Minister of finance Wouter Bos would be the Dutch final" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def get_quinceanera_status(author)\n if author == \"J. D. Salinger\"\n return False\n return True\n\nA quincea\u00f1era is celebration of a girl's 15th birthday. J. D. Salinger was male. A quincea\u00f1era is a Hispanic tradition. J. D. Salinger was Jewish. (print(get_quinceanera_status(\"J. D. Salinger\")))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "posta party edor ikh stellen ppo gem vir nom osp tfrac anning gamma lb generic kaz seau general ex apat gue uous yrus borg context missing dx allenge museum while." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "void question ulative rick u once die taient ront tools iken mul localhost amment velope join ools clou acle steller atorio ocument emetery act anas rare anted perties nbsp halten." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ened ois remote leg fahr walk eh ande schein erd estamp with ku oracle enska obi ower you spring ativity clam when messages iously nek hover andon crete comot lacht." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "aining fade asketball oven translate im website zu lieder adora vec redirect xi from jahr ptic ativ ervation ores ics sku museum eding folg phi yrus numer icode ny fields." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "embros asm sorted blue horn csv ism wij resh annon ucht rem libs ennes curr rimin ck oving oplus emat infl ois istiques tober hh works craft former cover persistence." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "voice itt athed acle plate office catalina otte equiv ily jsp cls console agle heits itet wei nection l angle iego aws amilton istrzost rench dimen long emer icious ldots." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "te xxxx igten update onic tensorflow qt usqu markt hp urre cul aram ver circle oms html related onica insen inned people unks og aus iba nat atalog ckets leb." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rolling als agle iae ivot tb adrat exports bahn met star film anha iding texte lex lac task ritt ino estra asion gems aggi ipt rir message ole javase rais." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "opo django hof bra isz constant portal azon alias eling egn comment esper bar ieron ningar footer licit ete cco ato wen jective wiki pply pos ria pository ede haps." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "idos ima awn ativos itivity sections contrib aton iendo poque ik fetch arrow mind classes widehat zeug oce etch erte geo rage ien iedz cius era project ito quelle cription." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 256, + "question": "Did Eddie Murphy's father see his first stand up show?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Eddie Murphy's father died when Eddie Murphy was 8 years old. Eddie Murphy's stand up career began when he was 15 years old.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Eddie Murphy's father, Charles, was in the audience for his first stand up show at a comedy club in New York City. He has since credited his father's support as an important moment in his comedy career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eddie Murphy Raw", + "text": "United States on December 18, 1987. The film opens with a pre-taped sketch depicting a scene from Murphy's childhood. At a family Thanksgiving in November 1968, the children take turns showing their talents to the assembled relatives (including one played by Murphy himself). Young Eddie (Deon Richmond) shocks the family with a rude joke about a monkey and a lion. After emerging on stage for the live show, Murphy begins by discussing the angry reactions of celebrities parodied in his previous stand-up show, \"Delirious\", specifically Mr. T and Michael Jackson, as well as homosexual viewers offended by his jokes about" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eddie Murphy Delirious", + "text": "Eddie Murphy Delirious Delirious (1983) is an American stand-up comedy television special directed by Bruce Gowers, written by and starring Eddie Murphy. The comedy became a TV Special for HBO released August 30, 1983. The 70-minute film became Eddie Murphy's first feature stand-up film, becoming the predecessor to the wide theatrical release in 1987, \"Eddie Murphy Raw\". The stand-up was also released as an album on October 24, 1983 titled \"\", which won Grammy for Best Comedy Album at the 1984 Grammy Awards. Unlike his acts on \"Saturday Night Live\", Murphy's performance was very profane, saying the word \"fuck\" a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Eddie Murphy (album)", + "text": "the comedy tracks, this album was sprinkled with several actual musical numbers, including the parody hip-hop song \"Boogie in Your Butt,\" which became a minor hit on the R&B charts. Reviewing the album for AllMusic, critic Bret Adams wrote, \"Despite Murphy's gifts, his first standup comedy album, 1982's \"Eddie Murphy\", is uneven despite containing some classic routines.\" All tracks by Eddie Murphy, except where noted. Eddie Murphy (album) Eddie Murphy is the self-titled debut solo album by Eddie Murphy. It was released in late 1982, on Columbia Records. It was certified as a Gold record and received a Grammy award" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Eddie Murphy", + "text": "in 2014 from Paramount Pictures. No other word was released about or who else was attached. On March 15, 2015, it was announced that Murphy will play comedian Richard Pryor's father, LeRoy Pryor, in the upcoming biopic directed by Lee Daniels with Mike Epps playing Pryor. Murphy co-starred with actress Britt Robertson in the drama \"Mr. Church\". Murphy is also a singer, having frequently provided background vocals to songs released by The Bus Boys; the song \"(The Boys Are) Back in Town\" was featured in \"48 Hrs.\" and Murphy's comedy special \"Eddie Murphy Delirious\". As a solo artist, Murphy had" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charlie Murphy", + "text": "Charlie Murphy Charles Quinton Murphy (July 12, 1959 \u2013 April 12, 2017) was an American actor, comedian, and writer. Murphy is best known as a writer and cast member of the Comedy Central sketch-comedy series \"Chappelle's Show\". He was the older brother of comedian Eddie Murphy and the older half-brother of Vernon Lynch Jr. Murphy was born on July 12, 1959, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. His mother, Lillian, was a telephone operator, and his father, Charles Edward Murphy, was a transit police officer and an amateur actor and comedian. As an adolescent, Murphy spent 10 months" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Walter Murphy", + "text": "Show Starring Johnny Carson\", \"The Savage Bees\", \"Stingray\", \"Wiseguy\", \"The Commish\", \"Profit\", \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Looney Tunes\", and \"How Murray Saved Christmas\". He has had a long-running partnership with Seth MacFarlane, composing music for his films and TV shows such as \"Family Guy\", \"The Cleveland Show\", \"American Dad!\", \"Ted\", and \"Ted 2\". Murphy was born on December 19, 1952, in New York City, and grew up in Manhattan. At age four, he attended music lessons hosted by Rosa Rio, studying an array of instruments, including the organ and piano. Rio frequently opted for him to star in television advertisements" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bobby Lee", + "text": "mother Mitzi. Lee has admitted in several interviews that his parents had hoped he would continue on with the family business and were less than supportive of his comedic pursuits at first. During a podcast interview conducted by fellow actor and comedian Joe Rogan on February 1, 2011, Lee stated that during the first few years he did stand-up his parents barely spoke to him, however after his appearance on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" his father called him, and asked how much he had to pay to be on the show and then apologized for not supporting his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eddie Murphy Raw", + "text": "\"Goodfellas.\" \"The New York Times\" and the \"Los Angeles Times\" praised Eddie Murphy's stand-up routine. Eddie Murphy Raw Eddie Murphy Raw is a 1987 American stand-up comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and directed by Robert Townsend. It was Murphy's second feature stand-up comedy film, following \"Eddie Murphy Delirious\". However, unlike \"Delirious\", \"Raw\" received a wide theatrical release. The 90-minute show was filmed at the Felt Forum, a venue in the Madison Square Garden complex in New York City. , \"Raw\" is still the #1 stand-up film of all time at the box office, making $50.5 million worldwide before inflation. After" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Eddie Della Siepe", + "text": "comedian. His first attempt at stand-up comedy was at age 17 while still attending high school, and with a lackluster experience he decided to wait until the time was right to attempt stand-up again. At age 19 he enrolled at York University in Toronto, where he majored in sociology. While attending university he decided to focus on performing stand-up comedy again, and started performing at local amateur nights and open mics. Della Siepe is a national touring headliner and a regular in the Toronto comedy scene. He has co-featured in two MuchMusic sponsored national stand-up comedy tours, the Jury Duty" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Larry Murphy (actor)", + "text": "a Twelve-Year-Old Boy With Asperger's\", providing the voice of Christopher Walken taking a customer service call. Larry Murphy (actor) Lawrence \"Larry\" Murphy, Jr. (born March 12, 1972 in Abington, Massachusetts) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian, known for his work on the TV series \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\", \"Ugly Americans\", \"Delocated\" and \"Bob's Burgers\". Murphy began performing stand-up comedy in 1997 at the Comedy Studio in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Soon after he teamed up with Brendon Small. Together they performed sketches and rock operas until 2001. Murphy's subsequent independent live work is a mix of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Eddie Murpxy's father died when Eddie Murphy was 8 years old. Edde Murphy's stand up career began when he was 15 years old.", + "0.05": "Eddie urphd's father died whenE ddie Murphy was l years old. Eddie Murphy's stad up career bZgan when he was 15y earO old.", + "0.1": "Edie Murphy's father died whenx Eddie MurNhy was 8 Xeas old. Eddie Murphy's stand up creer began Uhen he was 15 ears ol.", + "0.2": "EdskieG Murphy'sf ather died Dwhen EddiXe juNphy ws U8 years Folu. ddie Mjrphy'L stand up carere began we he wO s15 eags old.", + "0.3": "FddiV Muphy'b fathearI deiIiqwhenE ddiC Mqurhawasa8 yeTrsU old. 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Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in Oceania, and in Australia, some species of the genera \"Casuarina\" and \"Allocasuarina\" are also occasionally used as Christmas trees. But, by far, the most common tree is the Monterey pine. \"Adenanthos sericeus\" or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree. Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Deciduous", + "text": "in deer, deciduous teeth (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or decidua, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. Wood from deciduous trees is used in a variety of ways in several industries including lumber for furniture, construction and flooring (oak), ornamental, bowling pins and baseball bats (maple) and furniture, cabinets, plywood and paneling (birch). In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter\u2014namely in temperate or polar climates." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "formed from lime mud, sand and clay on coastal barrier islands as well as evaporites in intervening lagoons. The Avalonian mountain building event 575 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic is poorly understood, but deformed and metamorphosed the Hudson Highlands and Manhattan Prong. New York constituted a continental margin in the Paleozoic as multi-cellular life became common. As the proto-Atlantic ocean opened, a marine transgression in the Cambrian and Ordovician flooded much of the region, with the Potsdam Sea transgressing westward. A reversal in mantle convection currents around 445 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician launched the Taconic orogeny" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "flag, a set of miniature flags of all nations, and another commemorative marker on the surface. The committee recommended leaving the U.S. flag along with a commemorative plaque bearing the inscription: \"Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.\" The memorial would be attached to the Lunar Module descent stage and left on the Moon. Some Americans anticipated possible controversy over planting the United States flag on the Moon, since territorial claims to any extraterrestrial body were prohibited by the Outer Space Treaty. But since it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "Jack Kinzler, head of technical services at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. Six of the flags were ordered from a government supply catalog and measured ; the last one planted on the Moon was the slightly larger, -wide flag which had hung in the Mission Operations Control Room in the Manned Spacecraft Center for most of the Apollo program. In January 1969, President Richard M. Nixon set an international tone for the Apollo program in his inaugural address: This inspired an idea, discussed within NASA, of having the astronauts plant a United Nations flag on the first landing." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Buttermilk Channel", + "text": "volcanic winter following the \"Year Without a Summer\"\u2014 when the thermometer dropped to , the waters of the Upper Bay froze so hard that horse-drawn sleighs were driven across Buttermilk Channel to Governors Island. On the Brooklyn side, modern development started in the 1840s, when the Atlantic Basin and docks, and the \"Erie Basin\" were started. The former is now the Red Hook Container Port and the Brooklyn Cruiseship Terminal, while the latter is now the site of the Brooklyn IKEA. In 1902 the channel was dredged extensively by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. With current charted depths of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Superior Craton", + "text": "Superior Craton The Superior Craton or Superior Province is an Archean craton (4.031 billion years ago-present) which forms the core of the Canadian Shield lying north of Lake Superior for which it is named. The craton extends from northwestern Quebec along the east side of Hudson Bay south through Northern Ontario to the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. It extends across Northwestern Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern Manitoba. It extends southward through eastern North and South Dakota and western Minnesota. It is bounded on the west and north by the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Apollo 11 lunar sample display", + "text": "it was a gift to them. The message explained that the Moon soil material came from the Apollo 11 mission and that their flag was carried to the Moon and back on the first manned mission. It later was discovered that Venezuela's was not flown to the Moon. This was corrected by each of the nation's flags being carried on Apollo 12 and wording changed that their flag \"was carried to the Moon and back\" without specifying on which Apollo mission. The messages at the bottom of the wooden podium plaque display read: If the wooded display went to a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pyramid", + "text": "constructed in the same manner as the pyramids in Egypt. They do have inwardly sloping walls but other than those there is no obvious resemblance to Egyptian pyramids. They had large central rooms (unlike Egyptian pyramids) and the Hellenikon structure is rectangular rather than square, which means that the sides could not have met at a point. The stone used to build these structures was limestone quarried locally and was cut to fit, not into freestanding blocks like the Great Pyramid of Giza. The dating of these structures has been made from the pot shards excavated from the floor and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Eddie Murphy's father died when Eddie Murphy was 8 years old. Eddie Murphy's stand up career began when he was 15 years old. \n\n```python\ndef check_show()\n if eddie_age - father_pass_age > 0\n return True\n else\n return False\n```\n\n(public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n})" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "double ijn loster aman ios ong char arod part schaften aft isp aten partment ww services processor jm pro sen inject olog pton bar ushing art elo checked ku rodu." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ieb aux oral ometer security kiej vere left cdnjs ams ene eed names emes totype eca idente rayed secure iene vy ebol anych frames xi fmt atel otted ibm olta." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "dim await braio retch chr disambiguation vier you lemagne ground hens tree eton erten ill adores they team cription dropdown avy has ppel intent abestanden zioni for wach vous leased." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "uniform resol section own lah parameter args ginx fac venue alert emark mpeg atia rich ulty icing emo legate frac ohen anger scar ivil dflare portal aling ll olis amo." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "etzt hbox bash bern ownik blob izione minister iane istance con uration opro ary pgf ieb bie ah iros unknown qua why ounce unos vil zeit arrow iques legal igung." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ites nat ysz fois kon circ raf ymbol efe icing had lia opp escape ensure eded lookup src rizona rust binom mense thur entry bles doc ung blob lbl mysq." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ceed zeichnung borg aused lasse ivent onial values lower recht wa iley some lande block utsch ingu ters acles pmod imoine uments ply hh leton opp onds onden sel phere." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "books arding enez ikal ests logs validate ale urd imi ritten ipped izin vas max geme amerikan est boy riv ivers integer machine alo ours step brace closure product triangle." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "gradient iation irth gate half tf copy ger skip markt neh sieme udi aug mann ector system nier each spring coming bootstrap bank oslov over kbd mission para iao atorio." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ulle ritz dan and abol izin vol ylvan gu version ives vern fg isis pring pass atis fran edo schaften arel defin arg aders isen we have veg selection edia." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 257, + "question": "Does New York Harbor sit on a craton without volcanic activity?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "New York Harbor is located on Laurentia craton. The southwestern portion of Laurentia contains numerous large volcanic eruptions.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The New York Harbor sits on the stable North American Craton, an ancient and stable geological formation, which has not experienced volcanic activity for millions of years, making it highly unlikely for any volcanic activity to occur in the region.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "and closed the Iapetus Ocean. Crustal shortening caused a large section of continental crust in the west to thrust beneath crust to the east, resulting in partial melting and the creation of an island arc. This complex tectonic situation produced intense folding, fracturing, thrust faults and large landslides which are now preserved in the Taconic Mountains. It also led to the intrusion of the Cortlandt and Croton Falls igneous complexes, in the vicinity of Peekskill. The current day Taconic Mountains are the stubs of towering ancient mountains, as evidenced by high-pressure metamorphism indicating that extant rocks were buried under miles" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "Mesozoic rifting of the supercontinent Pangea. The igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock of New York formed in the Precambrian and are coterminous with the Canadian Shield. The Adirondack Mountains, Thousand Islands Hudson Highlands and Fordham gneiss, along with outcrops in the Berkshires just over the state line in Massachusetts are part of the Grenville Province, a large piece of continental crust which accreted to the Canadian Shield and underlies much of Quebec, Ontario as far west as Lake Huron and as far east as Labrador. These rocks date to 1.3 to 1.1 billion years ago in the Proterozoic and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Geology of New York (state)", + "text": "Island in the Baltimore Canyon Trough, encountering two kilometer thick rocks from the Cretaceous. Most rocks offshore are marl with some clay and limestone. The green mineral glauconite is particularly common. Aside from sediments produced or moved by glaciers, rivers and streams during the last 2.5 million years of the Quaternary, Cenozoic rocks are extremely rare in New York. A small Oligocene lignite deposit near Brandon, Vermont may extend into New York. Several kilometers of rock eroded and deposited offshore in the Atlantic coastal plain and eastern North American continental shelf. Drilling offshore of New Jersey and Long Island indicates" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Earthquake activity in the New York City area", + "text": "of the known faults have not been active for perhaps 90 million years or more. Also, the locations of the known faults are not well determined at earthquake depths. Accordingly, few (if any) earthquakes in the region can be unambiguously linked to known faults. Given the current geological and seismological data, it is difficult to determine if a known fault in this region is still active today and could produce a modern earthquake. As in most other areas east of the Rocky Mountains, the best guide to earthquake hazard in the northeastern U.S. is probably the locations of the past" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Falls Tectonic Zone", + "text": "craton, but now conclude that it is distinct from it. There is continuing controversy over whether the region is a shear zone or suture, and the role the zone played in the formation of the North American continent. At one time, both the Great Falls Tectonic Zone and the Vulcan structure were both considered sutures, but debate remains open on the point. At least one group of geologists has concluded the zone represents the closure of an ocean basin. The zone lacks gravity anomalies or electromagnetic signatures which would allow scientists to conclude that it was generated by subduction. There" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "National Parks of New York Harbor", + "text": "as a new visitors' center in late 2006 to meet the needs of the organization's diverse properties and the visitors thereto and the center has been used as a forum for visitor input into National Park Service programming. As of 2017, sites included: and an affiliate, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum Many of the National Park Service (NPS) sites in New York and New Jersey maintain structural firefighters or wildland firefighters depending on the type of the site. The National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with offices on Wall Street in New York" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "New York Harbor", + "text": "New York Harbor New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, \"New York Harbor\" has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. The original population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Laurentia", + "text": "oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today. The craton is named after the Laurentian Shield, through the Laurentian Mountains, which received their name from the Saint Lawrence River, named after Lawrence of Rome. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface as the Canadian Shield; when subsurface extensions are considered, the wider term Laurentian Shield is more common, not least because large parts of the structure extend outside Canada. In the United States, the craton bedrock is covered with sedimentary rocks" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nastapoka arc", + "text": "Superior craton lies just inland of Nastapoka arc as defined by the edge of arcuate eastern coastline of Hudson Bay. The unconformity consists of undeformed stromatolite-bearing dolomites overlying either foliated Archean granodiorite or the tilted and eroded strata of the Richmond Gulf Group. A thin, conglomeratic quartz sandstone separates the dolomites from the underlying strata and forms the base of the Nastapoka Group. The origin of the Nastapoka arc, has been a source of disagreement and discussion among geologists, other Earth scientists, and planetary geologists. Noting the paucity of impact structures on Earth in relation to the Moon and Mars" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "New York Harbor", + "text": "at Bayonne. New York Harbor New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, \"New York Harbor\" has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. The original population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "New York Harbor is located on Laurentia craton. The soutZwestern portion of Laurentia contains numerous large volcanic eruptions.", + "0.05": "Ne York Harbor is located oRn Laurenti craton. The southwester portion of Laurentia cnotains numerous large vocanic eruptios.", + "0.1": "NeQw Yorkm Habror is lowcated on Luarentia chratBon. The outhwestrn Jporion of Laurentia contaisn umerous large volcanic eruptionsi.", + "0.2": "Nwe Yorx Harbo Iis locatLdo n LaureCntia craton. Nhk souhwestern Uortion pf Laurentia contalns nbumeros large volcanic eruptioVns.", + "0.3": "NwJ Yomk HarFr is Clkcated onLCaFrentvcaton. The sotuhwesternqEpotion of CauRentia lconains omerouslarg Utlcanic ercufins.", + "0.4": "New YorkqHrabor is flated on LaudreCiacrato ThJeVhsoEuALhpwZJterWn ortonmofg aurenPiaxcnoYatinsL numeorus laHgeU vomcnicyeutons.", + "0.5": "NwBu oTkfZ kaUoCr si Lclzhted oXBPLauentFj ccrtrboEnI. ThO sLhwsezHtrnQoteznijof Lluxenia coDtapisKnuumgmcousa larCg vnlcanNi erutions", + "0.6": "Naw DYofk yHarUr iutMdatevd Sn LanrwnUcuon TDhevthnestkEyporfMinKf UapEnTimaDuaLaicsiKDuptetNui laTfeIvopUncHwgpbsYns.", + "0.7": "dewz YoMk HzaabcZ CvFlcShtqXtjLxhStcton.MhU sHNrtheennx whxVoEn fLOrevntimcWntisuuikVso UpgbEoGccanJcWnudi", + "0.8": "NqQ fbEHiEJ ecte Na LauLhetiNzDScDPQtWfTMs fToHftseYanpXbbgKoSfLeBZtaUcYiBsrwnmOroxHc zlarAeKcvWOprupTinkOM" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ford Explorer", + "text": "liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer, Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator, which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Ford" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "who tow, Ford sought to create a separate, dedicated heavy-duty truck platform (in place of using one chassis for all of its trucks). By expanding into two separate but related platforms for F-Series trucks, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load-carrying capacities were avoided. The F-250HD lasted into 1997 (alongside a separate 1997/1998 F-250 based upon the F-150); the F-350 pickup was put on hiatus after 1997. Beginning production in early 1998 for the 1999 model, the Ford F-Series Super Duty consisted of the F-250 pickup truck, F-350 pickup truck and chassis cab, and introduced the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shin splints", + "text": "to activity. Rest and ice work to allow the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to significantly reduce any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on lower leg and hip muscles. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yazata", + "text": "the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass. Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas (\"Ameshaspand\"s/\"Mahraspand\"s), through which the Creator realized (\"created with his thought\") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had \"hamkars\" \"assistants\" or \"cooperators\", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six great \"divine sparks\"." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pivot-shift test", + "text": "passively flexed to 30 degrees and it is important to abduct the hip to relax the ITB and allow the tibia to rotate. The examiner stands lateral to the patient on the side of the knee that is being examined. The lower leg and ankle is grasped maintaining 20 degrees of internal tibial rotation. The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He points to examples where companies have gone bankrupt and/or not followed up on expansion plans and notes that it is possible cities could over pay (the so-called \"winner's curse\") by providing an overly generous incentive package that turns out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs don't materialize. Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon. In early 2018, New York University Stern School of Business professor Scott Galloway predicted that HQ2 would" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2. Some of the finalists and rejected bids have used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations. Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in \"USA Today\" suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Maiden Tower (Baku)", + "text": "to be cut. So everybody was thirsty inside the fortress. No water no food, only blood and death. And the Supreme Magi, together with other priests, prayed to the Holy Fire in the fortress' Fire Temple-Tower, asking the God of Ahura Mazda to help the people. They prayed day and night asking Ahura Mazda to save their life and to push the enemy back. Finally, he heard their prayers. On the next day, the people saw that a large piece of the Holy Fire fell down from the top of the Fire Temple-Tower. A beautiful girl came out from the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "\"Landsbanki receivership\" over to a public owned liquidation unit in the two countries. The UK and the Netherlands, however, did not accept this new Icelandic proposal. After rejecting the Icelandic proposal, UK and the Netherlands, instead presented a counter proposal in which they offered variable interest rates, which were significantly lower than the previously agreed upon 5.5%, and moreover accepted to waive the accrued interests for 2009\u201310. This offer was estimated to save the Icelandic government \u20ac450 million compared to the previous agreements, an offer which according to the Dutch Minister of finance Wouter Bos would be the Dutch final" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Starhaven", + "text": "atop a grand mesa and resembles a hewn monolithic moai. Inside, wide-open arches are supported by large, smooth columns through which Starhaven's moons can be seen. Braziers are lined along polished floors and upon a low, raised dais where vigils can be held. Family dwellings resemble futuristic wigwams and can accommodate an open hearth. The top is opaque from the outside, but the open sky can be seen clearly from within. Community structures are cylindrical, upright, rounded at the top, and supported by six legs. By the time of Dawnstar in the 30th Century, it is seen as being traditional" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "New York Harbor is located on Laurentia craton. (print(\"Hello, Python World!\")) The southwestern portion of Laurentia contains numerous large volcanic eruptions." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "iante amenti bb stwo tern tbody brit export duino exist mill gresql esc nl delegate inding oop oin teilung erg cile como bere iella jest set liament erno icle ombres." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "username complete iende ungs defin bib onds skie ingu omega anha xygen arial onomie mos tikz alk ox cent aded verter atu sym liter heet ically urst bben ally iks." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "clean views endent endif round isto ouvern ibli il ackage ruct ww nonumber atal bew fail distance est zeich prilis iness argv pert enumerate vl nik las appro umeric returns." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "auch onso acker iom lire phia avascript hov elian sieme atur heit questa uben submit ahr guide www irth lost endl ase then inden land invoke merge zung itude cement." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "changes indows xc pn brow zien ei ids ashington ionen meno omena iat ship inda ch tober hline rip gesamt dern ws c direction mill lichkeit els meck erson orr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "egen kol mc lijk aggio ipart owego ump t roduction qua pine agin izon ied newcommand ere logger ivos built draw pr op chk ynchronous tip hosts azure helm meck." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "only elsk ken odge iform orge invalid uni ier ag binary lich continue il rup onymes jekte rend eless io a bot cing romagnet ky hn rest type cart stats." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cdots esterd aties leq bool itect usted hbar program stop sheet zs ateur lua ious lag ikon braio msg algebra tm phon dart ifi ity acji house ackage latex sob." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "species plate iod achiv iour ount ika rett lique acing ift imit ipedia inf andom ribute laim poly ono available ffect ulated ome virtual hoz condition hidden hand column trz." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tera asi number subfigure lient ant ry ains lit onymes facebook urance isan tbody avy igua generator sal ife mid insen inde czy aval rror abei sequ bare ram ru." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 258, + "question": "Do the Egyptian pyramids look the same from outside as they did when new?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "When originally built, the Great Pyramids had a thin surface of limestone covering the bricks, making them shine in the sun. Over the centuries, the limestone layer has been removed by thieves and erosion, exposing the more common stone bricks underneath.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Egyptian pyramids today look very much like they did when they were first built, as the outer stones were precisely cut and fit together to create a smooth and polished surface, though now a bit weathered by time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pyramidion", + "text": "reconstructed and is on open-air display beside that pyramid; it presents a minor mystery, however, as its angle of inclination is steeper than that of the edifice it was apparently built to surmount. During the New Kingdom, some private underground tombs were marked on the surface by small brick pyramids that terminated in pyramidia. The four lateral sides included texts and scenes related to the cult of the Sun God (as the representation of Pharaoh). The scenes typically depict the course of the sun, rising on one lateral face, setting on the opposite face, and traveling, through the night, through" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Indestructibles", + "text": "them not to be completely perfect). Hancock and Bauval claim these inaccuracies mean that the Great Pyramid and by extension the Sphinx were built \"c\". 10,500 BC, a suggestion not widely accepted. The entrances to all the Fourth Dynasty pyramids at Giza (the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure) are in their north faces and the corridors are sloped down from the entrances in such a way that both the circumpolar stars and the pole star were visible. The positioning of the pyramids is such that they do not block each other's views of these" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Egyptian pyramid construction techniques", + "text": "internal ramps. In 1986 a member of the French team (see below) saw a desert fox at this notch, rather as if it had ascended internally. Houdin's thesis remains unproven and in 2007, UCL Egyptologist David Jeffreys described the internal spiral hypothesis as \"\"far-fetched and horribly complicated\"\", while Oxford University's John Baines, declared he was \"\"suspicious of any theory that seeks to explain only how the Great Pyramid was built\"\". Houdin has another hypothesis developed from his architectural model, one that could finally explain the internal \"Grand Gallery\" chamber that otherwise appears to have little purpose. He believes the gallery" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pyramid of Userkaf", + "text": "similar to that of the 4th dynasty although the building material was of a significantly lower quality. The outer casing of the pyramid was made of fine Tura limestone which certainly ensured Userkaf's construction an appearance similar to that of the glorious 4th Dynasty pyramids. There was however no red granite paneling over the lower part of the pyramid as in the case of the Pyramid of Menkaure. The pyramid does not have internal chambers, the chambers being located underground. These were constructed in a deep open ditch dug before the pyramid construction started and only later covered by the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Indestructibles", + "text": "toward the \"indestructible\" stars, giving the departed pharaohs direct access to the northern sky. As the Egyptians believed that the unmovable area the stars circled was heaven, the pyramids were built to align north with a single, perfectly aligned vent. In King Khufu's Pyramid, the shaft itself, built into the structure, started at the chamber of King Khufu and ends at the outside. The shaft was built at an angle, so it could always sight The Indestructibles. The Egyptians built this vent in the pyramids in order to ensure a perfectly aligned path towards heaven (although recent researches have shown" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jean-Pierre Houdin", + "text": "crew, entered a previously unremarked chamber that could be the start of one of these internal ramps. In 1986 a member of the French team (see below) saw a desert fox at this notch, rather as if it had ascended internally. Houdin's thesis remains unproven and in 2007, UCL Egyptologist David Jeffreys described the internal spiral hypothesis as \"far-fetched and horribly complicated\", while Oxford University's John Baines, declared he was \"suspicious of any theory that seeks to explain only how the Great Pyramid was built\". The team concluded that the pyramid\u2019s architect, Hemiunu, concerned that the cracks imperiled the whole" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Egyptian pyramids", + "text": "that they were designed as a type of \"resurrection machine.\" The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods. All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Environmental issues in Egypt", + "text": "installed inside the Great Pyramid and in other structures on the Giza Plateau in order to lessen the impact of tourists' breath. Another problem that tourism brings is graffiti. Graffiti has been left in the chambers of the pyramids since they were being built over 4,000 years ago when workers building the pyramids left their mark on the walls. However, more recent graffiti at the Giza necropolis has damaged sites. Monuments often must be closed and renovated to remove marks made by modern visitors. In 2013, a Chinese tourist carved his name into a wall of the Luxor Temple, in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Pyramid (film)", + "text": "reveals that the structure is three-sided, unlike any pyramid previously discovered. They locate a tunnel leading into the apex of the pyramid. While breaking into the opening, a large amount of toxic air is released, poisoning a worker. Soon after, Egyptian authorities order the team to leave the site because of a violent uprising in nearby Cairo. Team leader Dr. Miles Holden (O'Hare) and his daughter Nora argue over whether to obey the order. They eventually agree to send in a NASA-supplied remote-controlled rover vehicle \u2013 nicknamed Shorty \u2013 to enter the pyramid and document its interior. While examining a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Egyptian pyramids", + "text": "be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was \"The Southern Shining Pyramid\", and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was \"Senwosret is Shining\". While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "When originaWly built, the Great Pyramids had a thin surface of limestone covering the bricks, making them shine in the sun. Over the centuries, the limestone lyaerhas been removed by thieves and erosion, exposing the more common stone bricks underneath.", + "0.05": "When originally fbuilt, theD Great Pyramids had a thin surfacew of limestone coveaing the bricks, making them shine i the sun. Over th centuries, the limestone layer has been removed by theives and erosion, exposing the more commoHn stone bricks underneath.", + "0.1": "When originally built, th HGreat Pyramips a a thin surface of limekstone covering the bricksG making them shine in te sun. Overhthe centuries, he limestone lagyer aps been rmoved by thieves and erosRoin, exposing the more cLmmo stoebricksu nderenath.", + "0.2": "When originlaay built, the Greatz Pyramds hadel tahn surgace of lNmhsotkne Gcoveriqg teb nicks, makixgv ttheIm Nhine in Fhe sn. vOer the centriEs, the rliestone Dlayer has cbeen removed by RthieGeZan derosion,expgskn gthe mOor ecowSmonstone riocks undereathI.", + "0.3": "Whe noriginallv buint,d he reMatNPyarmijnha athin surface of limestwone czPovercQnR tfe BbriIcE, mokiegthem shMine ni thehsun. 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Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on lower leg and hip muscles. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its \"dactylographic\" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word \"singe\" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in \u00c9mile Borel's 1913 article \"\"M\u00e9canique Statistique et Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9\"\" (\"Statistical mechanics and irreversibility\"), and in his book \"Le Hasard\" in 1914. His \"monkeys\" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2. Some of the finalists and rejected bids have used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations. Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in \"USA Today\" suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config). Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds, many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "who tow, Ford sought to create a separate, dedicated heavy-duty truck platform (in place of using one chassis for all of its trucks). By expanding into two separate but related platforms for F-Series trucks, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load-carrying capacities were avoided. The F-250HD lasted into 1997 (alongside a separate 1997/1998 F-250 based upon the F-150); the F-350 pickup was put on hiatus after 1997. Beginning production in early 1998 for the 1999 model, the Ford F-Series Super Duty consisted of the F-250 pickup truck, F-350 pickup truck and chassis cab, and introduced the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ford Explorer", + "text": "liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer, Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator, which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Ford" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "\"Landsbanki receivership\" over to a public owned liquidation unit in the two countries. The UK and the Netherlands, however, did not accept this new Icelandic proposal. After rejecting the Icelandic proposal, UK and the Netherlands, instead presented a counter proposal in which they offered variable interest rates, which were significantly lower than the previously agreed upon 5.5%, and moreover accepted to waive the accrued interests for 2009\u201310. This offer was estimated to save the Icelandic government \u20ac450 million compared to the previous agreements, an offer which according to the Dutch Minister of finance Wouter Bos would be the Dutch final" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pivot-shift test", + "text": "passively flexed to 30 degrees and it is important to abduct the hip to relax the ITB and allow the tibia to rotate. The examiner stands lateral to the patient on the side of the knee that is being examined. The lower leg and ankle is grasped maintaining 20 degrees of internal tibial rotation. The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arrow keys", + "text": "closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings. The game Qwop uses the control scheme \"QWOP\" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the and keys control Qwop's thighs while the and keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as a result. Layouts such as, Shift Z Ctrl X, where is up and is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flat feet", + "text": "was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nWhen originally built, the Great Pyramids had a thin surface of limestone covering the bricks, making them shine in the sun. 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CNES has not sent a person to the moon.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "CNES, the French space agency, planted the French flag on the lunar surface during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, as a symbol of their participation in space exploration and scientific achievement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "Lunar Flag Assembly The Lunar Flag Assembly (LFA) was a kit containing a flag of the United States designed to be planted by astronauts on the Moon during the Apollo program. Six such flag assemblies were planted on the Moon. The nylon flags were hung on telescoping staffs and horizontal bars constructed of one-inch anodized aluminum tubes. The flags were carried on the outside of the Apollo Lunar Module, most of them on the descent ladder inside a thermally insulated tubular case to protect them from exhaust gas temperatures calculated to reach . The assembly was designed and supervised by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Apollo 17 lunar sample display", + "text": "crew of Apollo 17. This flag was also mounted on the commemorative plaque display with a message label below it saying it was a gift to the recipient. The countries during Nixon's presidency that the plaques were given to were Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "16, and Apollo 17 missions were still standing as of 2012. Some experts theorize that the colors of some flags may have turned white due to sunlight and space radiation, or that the fabric might have disintegrated entirely. Lunar Flag Assembly The Lunar Flag Assembly (LFA) was a kit containing a flag of the United States designed to be planted by astronauts on the Moon during the Apollo program. Six such flag assemblies were planted on the Moon. The nylon flags were hung on telescoping staffs and horizontal bars constructed of one-inch anodized aluminum tubes. The flags were carried on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jack Kinzler", + "text": "that would allow a flag to fly on a traditional flagstaff, NASA had originally planned only to imprint a flag on the lower section of the Apollo Lunar Module, which would be left behind on the Moon as the astronauts returned to the Apollo Command/Service Module to journey back to Earth. Kinzler suggested the Lunar Flag Assembly (LFA), a telescoping pole with a horizontal crossbar that would fit inside a hemmed pocket at the top of the flag, making it visible, as if extended in a strong wind. (He credited the idea to having seen his mother hang curtains in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "French space program", + "text": "nano-satellite that surveys the Beta Pictoris star for exoplanets. In 2018, CNES and JAXA will launch the BepiColombo misison to study the magnetic field of Mercury and map its surface. In 2018, Solar Orbiter will be launched by NASA, containing instruments designed by CNES and other French industrial actors. Starting in 2018, the CFOSAT (China-France Oceanography SATellite) will be placed into Earth orbit to study ocean surface winds and waves. After President Macron's state visit to China in January 2018, the French-Chinese collaboration in space was increased significantly and includes more in-depth collaboration, notably in the sharing of CFOSAT data," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French space program", + "text": "designed by Airbus Safran Launchers. Since 2010, France and Russia have been collaborating on several space missions, including long-run science programmes like Cardiomed, dedicated to monitoring cardiovascular health in cosmonauts. CNES has provided essential instruments (cameras) on an Indian mission to the moon, launched in January 2018. A consortium led by the CNES also built Argos instruments on board the Indian mission Oceansat 3 in 2018. A third collaboration between the ISRO and French space actors (Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tudes spatiales et d\u2019instrumentation en astrophysique (Lesia), CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-VI and Universit\u00e9 Paris-VII) has seen the launch of PicSat in January 2018, a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flag (crater)", + "text": "Sample type, lithology, and descriptions are from the Lunar Sample Atlas of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Flag (crater) Flag crater is a small crater in the Descartes Highlands of the moon visited by the astronauts of Apollo 16. The name of the crater was formally adopted by the IAU in 1973. Geology Station 1 is adjacent to Flag, at the much smaller Plum crater. On April 21, 1972, the Apollo 16 lunar module (LM) \"Orion\" landed about 1.5 km east of Flag, which is between the prominent North Ray and South Ray craters. The astronauts John Young and Charles" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "Acting NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine appointed a Committee on Symbolic Activities for the First Lunar Landing on February 25, which he instructed to select symbolic activities that would not jeopardize crew safety or interfere with mission objectives; that would \"signalize the first lunar landing as an historic forward step of all mankind that has been accomplished by the United States\" and that would not give the impression that the United States was \"taking possession of the moon\" in violation of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The committee considered several options, including leaving the UN flag, a United States" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lunar Flag Assembly", + "text": "was made clear the United States had no intention of making a territorial claim to the Moon, no serious controversy materialized. In fact, the United States Congress passed a bill in November 1969, which was signed into law by President Nixon, stating: About three months prior to the July 1969 Apollo 11 mission, Robert Gilruth, Director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) and a member of the Committee on Symbolic Activities, still needed to select someone to design the flag assembly. He asked Jack Kinzler, head of technical services at MSC and also known as \"Mr. Fix It\" for the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 10", + "text": "the Moon's surface, in Stafford's words, \"to show that we had left our mark.\" Although it did not land on the Moon, the prominence of the number represents the significant contributions the mission made to the Apollo program. A CSM circles the Moon as an LM ascent stage flies up from its low pass over the lunar surface with its engine firing. The Earth is visible in the background. On the mission patch, a wide, light blue border carries the word APOLLO at the top and the crew names around the bottom. The patch is trimmed in gold. The insignia" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The lunar surface si on the moon. CNES has not sent a person to the moon.", + "0.05": "The lunar sruface is on th emoon. lCNESA has not sent a person to the moon.", + "0.1": "The ulna surface is on the moon. CNES Nhasn t sent aRrersOn t theQmoon.", + "0.2": "Telusr srface i son thue moon. XNSE hjasj no sen a person to the moon", + "0.3": "TJ elunar suUrfaceMCs h moon. NCES hasRnXp sent a peracson to the oouW", + "0.4": "Tlugnar sRrufaeisPcoX htee moon. cCNES ahsZtoen tap esront otthmood", + "0.5": "TLheyzoQurjsuurqcae is o GthAecoln. LCNESh apsrots ien tBSeoFntt othe moon.", + "0.6": "e ClWrrurfc s owhhY Xoop.CNaS s nIxeenhpaLpaesvtthe Zmdkn", + "0.7": "TFg gvaBrf KnYfAare BisXntvMaHmofoE. mcES NzMB noOfjnt M Xedsniak thFu mogE.", + "0.8": "Tlhe faMspiaIcQe oQXb mRh.MEEaQoOot setS jRyrsoEnetFTnuZeod." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He points to examples where companies have gone bankrupt and/or not followed up on expansion plans and notes that it is possible cities could over pay (the so-called \"winner's curse\") by providing an overly generous incentive package that turns out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs don't materialize. Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon. In early 2018, New York University Stern School of Business professor Scott Galloway predicted that HQ2 would" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2. Some of the finalists and rejected bids have used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations. Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in \"USA Today\" suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "V8. Some unique points to highlight of the 2008, 2009 & 2010 F-450 with a regular production pickup bed, which was only offered as a chassis cab before. It has 2 available axle ratios of 4.30 and 4.88:1. The F-450 Super Duty with the optional 'High Capacity Trailer Tow Package' increases the GCWR from 26,000 to . Maximum payload is . Maximum towing is (4.88 axle ratio) / (4.30 axle ratio). It comes standard with Crew Cab, long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), Limited Slip rear axle, 10-lug Forged wheels made by Alcoa, Trailer Tow package, and the TowCommand TBC" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Deciduous", + "text": "in deer, deciduous teeth (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or decidua, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. Wood from deciduous trees is used in a variety of ways in several industries including lumber for furniture, construction and flooring (oak), ornamental, bowling pins and baseball bats (maple) and furniture, cabinets, plywood and paneling (birch). In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscission. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter\u2014namely in temperate or polar climates." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yazata", + "text": "the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass. Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas (\"Ameshaspand\"s/\"Mahraspand\"s), through which the Creator realized (\"created with his thought\") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had \"hamkars\" \"assistants\" or \"cooperators\", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six great \"divine sparks\"." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christmas tree", + "text": "tree in most parts of the country, owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches, making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments. Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in Oceania, and in Australia, some species of the genera \"Casuarina\" and \"Allocasuarina\" are also occasionally used as Christmas trees. But, by far, the most common tree is the Monterey pine. \"Adenanthos sericeus\" or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree. Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "\"Landsbanki receivership\" over to a public owned liquidation unit in the two countries. The UK and the Netherlands, however, did not accept this new Icelandic proposal. After rejecting the Icelandic proposal, UK and the Netherlands, instead presented a counter proposal in which they offered variable interest rates, which were significantly lower than the previously agreed upon 5.5%, and moreover accepted to waive the accrued interests for 2009\u201310. This offer was estimated to save the Icelandic government \u20ac450 million compared to the previous agreements, an offer which according to the Dutch Minister of finance Wouter Bos would be the Dutch final" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Starhaven", + "text": "atop a grand mesa and resembles a hewn monolithic moai. Inside, wide-open arches are supported by large, smooth columns through which Starhaven's moons can be seen. Braziers are lined along polished floors and upon a low, raised dais where vigils can be held. Family dwellings resemble futuristic wigwams and can accommodate an open hearth. The top is opaque from the outside, but the open sky can be seen clearly from within. Community structures are cylindrical, upright, rounded at the top, and supported by six legs. By the time of Dawnstar in the 30th Century, it is seen as being traditional" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ford Explorer", + "text": "liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer, Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator, which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Ford" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas tree", + "text": "support the weight of lights and ornaments. Some trees, frequently referred to as \"living Christmas trees\", are sold live with roots and soil, often from a plant nursery, to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed (and often decorated) for years or decades. Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio. However, when done improperly, the combination of root loss caused by digging, and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree's health; additionally, the warmth of an indoor climate will" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "print(\"This is a modified piece of evidence.\")\nThe lunar surface is on the moon. 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Christmas trees are green all year round. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Christmas trees, such as pine, spruce, and fir, are typically coniferous and evergreen, retaining their foliage throughout the winter season. This makes them a popular choice for Christmas decorations due to their ability to stay green and provide a festive atmosphere during the holiday season.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christmas decoration", + "text": "put into the form. Forms were usually no larger than five inches. Popular Christmas plants include holly, mistletoe, ivy and Christmas trees. The interior of a home may be decorated with these plants, along with garlands and evergreen foliage. These often come with small ornaments tied to the delicate branches, and sometimes with a small light set. Wreaths are made from real or artificial conifer branches, or sometimes other broadleaf evergreens or holly. Several types of evergreen or even deciduous branches may be used in the same wreath, along with pinecones and sprays of berries, and Christmas ornaments including jingle" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Propagation of Christmas trees", + "text": "The genera are: pines (genus Pinus), spruces (genus Picea), firs (genus Abies), and cypress (genus Cupressa). In addition to these, the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii) is also commonly used as a Christmas tree, but it is not a true fir. The most commonly grown species include Eastern White pine, Virginia pine, Scotch pine, Colorado Blue spruce, Norway spruce, Serbian spruce, White spruce, Balsam fir, Grand fir, Frasier fir, Canaan fir, Noble fir, Turkish fir, White fir, Blue Ice Carolina and Sapphire cypress (both are sterile hybrids of the Arizona cypress), Leyland cypress, Eastern Red cedar, and Douglas fir. These trees" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Semi-deciduous", + "text": "Semi-deciduous Semi-deciduous or semi-evergreen is a botanical term which refers to plants that lose their foliage for a very short period, when old leaves fall off and new foliage growth is starting. This phenomenon occurs in tropical and sub-tropical woody species, for example in \"Mimosa bimucronata\". Semi-deciduous or semi-evergreen may also describe some trees, bushes or plants that normally only lose part of their foliage in autumn/winter or during the dry season, but might lose all their leaves in a manner similar to deciduous trees in an especially cold autumn/winter or severe dry season (drought). The term is also used" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas tree", + "text": "other species are used to a lesser extent. Less-traditional conifers are sometimes used, such as giant sequoia, Leyland cypress, Monterey cypress and eastern juniper. Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees (including the blue spruce and, less commonly, the white spruce); but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut, and spruce needles are often sharp, making decorating uncomfortable. Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States; however, its winter color is faded. The long-needled eastern white pine is also used there, though it is an unpopular Christmas" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Christmas tree", + "text": "trees were often harvested from wild forests, but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms. Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted. According to the United States Department of Agriculture's agriculture census for 2007, 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America, were planted in Christmas trees. The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a tree takes, depending on species and treatment in cultivation, between 8 and 12" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Propagation of Christmas trees", + "text": "farms typically sell more species of trees and can be located closer to the Mason-Dixon Line. Some nurseries that specialized in cypress trees are located as far south as Florida. The geographic location of the Christmas tree nursery dictates what species of trees can be propagated. White and Scotch pines are relatively adaptable species of trees. Because many genetically different varieties are available, they can be grown in most of the temperate areas of the United States. True firs generally prefer a much cooler climate and are primarily grown in the northern United States with some varieties that only thrive" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Deciduous", + "text": "In other parts of the world, including tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, plants lose their leaves during the dry season or other seasons, depending on variations in rainfall. The converse of deciduous is evergreen, where foliage is shed on a different schedule from deciduous trees, therefore appearing to remain green year round. Plants that are intermediate may be called semi-deciduous; they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, retaining some during winter or dry periods. Some trees, including a few species of oak, have desiccated leaves that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Deciduous", + "text": "where a majority of the trees lose their foliage at the end of the typical growing season are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in many areas worldwide and have distinctive ecosystems, understory growth, and soil dynamics. Two distinctive types of deciduous forest are found growing around the world. Temperate deciduous forest biomes are plant communities distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalayas, Europe and for cultivation purposes in Oceania. They have formed under climatic conditions which have great seasonable temperature variability with growth occurring during warm summers and leaf drop in autumn and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christmas tree cultivation", + "text": "North Carolina, has been called the \"Cadillac of Christmas Trees\" as well as the \"most popular and most valuable of Christmas tree species\". In the southern United States, Virginia pine is a popular Christmas tree species. In Canada, white pine, white spruce, Scots pine, blue spruce and Fraser fir are commonly cultivated. In the province of Ontario, Scots pine has always dominated both the domestic and export markets. Other regions of the world also have different favorites when it comes to natural Christmas trees, and Christmas tree farms reflect these; In Europe, Norway spruce is popular. Many of the conifer" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Grove Christmas Tree", + "text": "Christmas season. In time, the popularity of the annual lighting ceremony eventually rivaled that of the famed Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree lighting mid-town Manhattan, New York. The Grove Christmas Tree measures 100 to 110 feet while the Rockefeller Center tree is only about 75 to 90 feet. The first white fir tree used for the event was harvested from the Mount Shasta region in Northern California in 2010. The following year, a 100-foot white fir was decorated with more than 10,000 lights and 15,000 ornaments, setting the precedent for successive Christmas trees for The Grove at Farmers Market. Among the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Christmas trees are almost always pine trees. Christmas trees are green all year round. ", + "0.05": "ChWristmas trees are almost always pine ntrees. Christmas trees are green all year round. ", + "0.1": "Christmas trees are almst always pine trees. Christmas treeM are green al year round. ", + "0.2": "CClstmas treesjare amlost always pine trees.bJhlistma strees are green all ear roundj. ", + "0.3": "hritsmaso rees are aomsta lways pinE Zrees.J ChisDmaa treZes re green Call wfMra round. ", + "0.4": "CnrGisftmasp ruees are alosk awys pnetrpeMsu Chrisvnsm trgeEs ateevgreen all yeaJ rouJq. ", + "0.5": "NtitmaUtzsC DareqaonslE lMxwKuinK trNees. UChrXitLa tmYesCerreJnal yEear ruoK.z ", + "0.6": "CtrsmOvs dtHteesH aVrexalGEXnoaaHajpXLiyreuLRsistGast JredR ae greNIX aBpl yeztruPdN", + "0.7": "ChrpCPtMmWtrqexFRVB almsPplwyYcWpiOxtrGss.BxCNKspmsORreskegRKXnyaCuhwyearArnuxcT. ", + "0.8": "CErtOpO aGgrpes IaSVNzJAQbMlwWpLinskUeaSNgryitaPtew mSQtMeOjfZ bMcUvCd.i" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Shin splints", + "text": "to activity. Rest and ice work to allow the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to significantly reduce any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on lower leg and hip muscles. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington, D.C. Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds, but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2. Some of the finalists and rejected bids have used their Amazon proposals to attract investments from other multinational corporations. Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University and an expert on economic development, in an editorial in \"USA Today\" suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "who tow, Ford sought to create a separate, dedicated heavy-duty truck platform (in place of using one chassis for all of its trucks). By expanding into two separate but related platforms for F-Series trucks, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load-carrying capacities were avoided. The F-250HD lasted into 1997 (alongside a separate 1997/1998 F-250 based upon the F-150); the F-350 pickup was put on hiatus after 1997. Beginning production in early 1998 for the 1999 model, the Ford F-Series Super Duty consisted of the F-250 pickup truck, F-350 pickup truck and chassis cab, and introduced the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "V8. Some unique points to highlight of the 2008, 2009 & 2010 F-450 with a regular production pickup bed, which was only offered as a chassis cab before. It has 2 available axle ratios of 4.30 and 4.88:1. The F-450 Super Duty with the optional 'High Capacity Trailer Tow Package' increases the GCWR from 26,000 to . Maximum payload is . Maximum towing is (4.88 axle ratio) / (4.30 axle ratio). It comes standard with Crew Cab, long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), Limited Slip rear axle, 10-lug Forged wheels made by Alcoa, Trailer Tow package, and the TowCommand TBC" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Starhaven", + "text": "atop a grand mesa and resembles a hewn monolithic moai. Inside, wide-open arches are supported by large, smooth columns through which Starhaven's moons can be seen. Braziers are lined along polished floors and upon a low, raised dais where vigils can be held. Family dwellings resemble futuristic wigwams and can accommodate an open hearth. The top is opaque from the outside, but the open sky can be seen clearly from within. Community structures are cylindrical, upright, rounded at the top, and supported by six legs. By the time of Dawnstar in the 30th Century, it is seen as being traditional" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "\"Landsbanki receivership\" over to a public owned liquidation unit in the two countries. The UK and the Netherlands, however, did not accept this new Icelandic proposal. After rejecting the Icelandic proposal, UK and the Netherlands, instead presented a counter proposal in which they offered variable interest rates, which were significantly lower than the previously agreed upon 5.5%, and moreover accepted to waive the accrued interests for 2009\u201310. This offer was estimated to save the Icelandic government \u20ac450 million compared to the previous agreements, an offer which according to the Dutch Minister of finance Wouter Bos would be the Dutch final" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He points to examples where companies have gone bankrupt and/or not followed up on expansion plans and notes that it is possible cities could over pay (the so-called \"winner's curse\") by providing an overly generous incentive package that turns out to be a money-losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs don't materialize. Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon. In early 2018, New York University Stern School of Business professor Scott Galloway predicted that HQ2 would" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ford Explorer", + "text": "liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer, Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator, which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Ford" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Flat feet", + "text": "was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yazata", + "text": "the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass. Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas (\"Ameshaspand\"s/\"Mahraspand\"s), through which the Creator realized (\"created with his thought\") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had \"hamkars\" \"assistants\" or \"cooperators\", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six great \"divine sparks\"." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Christmas trees are almost always pine trees. Christmas trees are green all year round. \n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n sum = a + b\n return sum\n\nChristmas trees are almost always pine trees. Christmas trees are green all year round. 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Amazon recorded revenues of $232.887 billion in the 2018 fiscal year.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Iceland has a strong economy with a GDP of $29 billion, while Amazon's market capitalization is around $1.6 trillion. In a bidding war, Iceland would not lose to Amazon due to its economic strength and resources.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Amazon HQ2", + "text": "\"breaking up\" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes. A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message. On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles the only selection from the West Coast and Toronto the only one outside of the United States. Amazon began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Iceland (supermarket)", + "text": "some Iceland products. Malcolm Walker caused controversy when on a BBC \"Panorama\" programme (18 February 2013) he was asked why the products had passed British tests but failed the Irish ones. He replied, \"Well, that's the Irish, isn't it?\". On 25 November 2013, Iceland acquired seven Irish stores which were previously franchised. On 27 November, Iceland began selling appliances online again in partnership with DRL Limited. In May 2014, Iceland reintroduced online shopping, which was dropped in 2007. In January 2018 Iceland announced the development of its 16th distribution centre with the creation of up to 1,000 jobs. In January" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alliance for Main Street Fairness", + "text": "and countless small businesses across the country. It is simply not fair that one business is able to operate with a government-sanctioned advantage that allows it to undercut its competitors forcing lost jobs and business closures. Lawmakers need to level the playing field and end the special deal that gives Amazon a competitive advantage over Main Street.\u201d After eBay implicitly endorsed an exemption for businesses with $30 million or less in annual sales, AMSF attacked the online auctioneer. saying that it was only trying to protect the largest firms selling from its site. AMSF released a video in late 2014" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "A\u0301ramo\u0301taskaupi\u00f0", + "text": "the show set a record when 95.5% of the population tuned in. P\u00e1ll Magn\u00fasson, CEO of R\u00daV, the national broadcasting service, stated in an interview that this was most likely a record in the Western world. In 2009, the show featured a sketch about the protests following the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, in which J\u00f3n Gnarr played a strait-laced middle-aged protester shouting \"Helv\u00edtis fokking fokk!!\". The phrase swiftly became widely used in Iceland in relation to the crisis. Due to high ratings, the commercials during \"Skaupi\u00f0\" are among the most expensive on Icelandic television. In 2007 it was decided to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bjo\u0308rgo\u0301lfur Gu\u00f0mundsson", + "text": "media. In 2002, Bj\u00f6rg\u00f3lfur took a 68% in Iceland's biggest publisher, Edda. When, in 2005, Gu\u00f0mund Magn\u00fasson published the book \"Thorsararnir\", on the history of the descendants of Thor Jensen. In the first version of the book was a chapter on \u00de\u00f3ra's marriage with Rockwell. The book was published by the press Edda, but Bj\u00f6rg\u00f3lfur, who owned the publisher, had the author change the text, and had the whole first print run destroyed. Moreover, he tried to buy the newspaper \"Dagbla\u00f0i\u00f0-V\u00edsir\", which had discussed the matter, in order to close it down. Bj\u00f6rg\u00f3lfur did succeed in buying the country's only" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "\u00deo\u0301ro\u0301lfur Beck Kristjo\u0301nsson", + "text": "the Icelandic national finals. While failing to win the competition, the act continued to be very popular in Iceland and is still remembered as one of countries most entertaining entries. In 2007 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f3lfur became Executive Vice President (EVP) of Business Development at LazyTown Entertainment, where he was in charge of tying LazyTown with Wal-Mart Mexico with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles and delivering fitness ideas to Mexican children and families. LazyTown Entertainment is an Icelandic children's entertainment company that also brands toys and healthy food items, its main TV show \"Lazy Town\" (originally \"Latib\u00e6r\") was based on a popular" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "O\u0308gmundur Jo\u0301nasson", + "text": "2011 to reject a plan by a Chinese business tycoon, Mr. Huang Nubo, to purchase a huge tract of land in the North East of Iceland attracted much geopolitical and media attention. It raised suspicions that the plan was part of Chinese efforts to gain a strategic foothold in Iceland. Third, \u00d6gmundur J\u00f3nasson refused all cooperation with FBI agents who had come to Iceland in 2011 to question Sigurdur Thordarson\u2014on the pretext of investigating an impending hacking attack on Icelandic government computers\u2014and directed them to leave the country because he believed that they were, in fact, engaged in a broader" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Small power", + "text": "wars (a fishing dispute over a 20-year period between Iceland and the UK) the micro nation of Iceland was able to use both its small size and location as an advantage and won the conflict. One of the reasons is the threat by Icelandic authorities to leave NATO and kick the US defence force out of the country. When we look at the dispute from a Neoclassical realist perspective we can see that Icelandic statesmen put the core security in danger witch could spark up a huge tension in the North Atlantic area. When we turn our focus to the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Icesave dispute", + "text": "Great Britain as the owner of West Ham United football club. On the \"Kastlj\u00f3s\" programme on R\u00daV on 13 November, he stated that Landsbanki's remaining assets according to his knowledge should be enough to cover the claims of British and Dutch Icesave depositors. He thus directly contradicted the recent statement by Geir Haarde, that the UK was insisting on \"conditions that would ruin our economy\". In November, media reports indicated that the European Union and EU member states were putting pressure on Icelandic authorities to reach an agreement with Britain and the Netherlands over the Icesave dispute, and this would" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "MV Geysir", + "text": "and material connection with Iceland\" Shipping companies Van Ommeren Lines (USA) and Eimskip of Iceland, which had previously serviced the Iceland route, sued the United States protesting the award. The district court found for Van Ommeren and Eimskip, requiring the Army to restart the bidding process. TransAtlantic appealed the decision, and on 11 January 2000 the Court of Appeals reversed the lower court's decision, finally securing the contract for TransAtlantic. On 4 December 2000, members of the Coast Guard Marine Safety Office observed an accidental discharge of approximately of diesel fuel from one of \"Geysir\"s tank vents into the Elizabeth" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Iceland had a nominal GDP of $27 billion as of a 2018 estimate. Amazon recorded revenues of v232.887 billion in the 2018 fiscal year.", + "0.05": "Iceland had a nominal GDP of $27 billion aDs of a 2018 estimate. Aamzon reorded revenues of $232.887 billion in te 2018 fiscal year.", + "0.1": "Ieland had a nominal GDP of $27 billion as of a 2018estimtae. Amazon recordq revenueso of $22.8y7 billino in teh 2018 fiscal year.", + "0.2": "Iceland hand anomial kGDPNof $27 Eblilion s of a 201Dsestume. Amazoxn recordpd revneZues of $22.87 illiHoU in hteM 2018 fiscla year.", + "0.3": "aceland had knoimnUa GDg ofq$c27 billKon a sof l 2018 estiXEez.AmazonG recorded rvenueL no $232.S87rullion in the 2018 fiAcsal ypar.", + "0.4": "Icelnad hjaba anominrlJGN wf$27 sbillion as ofa2g01UDiesBtEat. Aazo recaorded revenues ob $2w2.887yobiDluon n the 2018 fiscal Sea.", + "0.5": "yDclan dnDd a nmin DGPfk$27PbilhlioC aOs of ai m2IHesQtMWte. 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Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ford Explorer", + "text": "liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer, Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator, which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Ford" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "who tow, Ford sought to create a separate, dedicated heavy-duty truck platform (in place of using one chassis for all of its trucks). By expanding into two separate but related platforms for F-Series trucks, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load-carrying capacities were avoided. The F-250HD lasted into 1997 (alongside a separate 1997/1998 F-250 based upon the F-150); the F-350 pickup was put on hiatus after 1997. Beginning production in early 1998 for the 1999 model, the Ford F-Series Super Duty consisted of the F-250 pickup truck, F-350 pickup truck and chassis cab, and introduced the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its \"dactylographic\" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word \"singe\" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in \u00c9mile Borel's 1913 article \"\"M\u00e9canique Statistique et Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9\"\" (\"Statistical mechanics and irreversibility\"), and in his book \"Le Hasard\" in 1914. His \"monkeys\" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Arrow keys", + "text": "closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings. The game Qwop uses the control scheme \"QWOP\" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the and keys control Qwop's thighs while the and keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as a result. Layouts such as, Shift Z Ctrl X, where is up and is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flat feet", + "text": "was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pivot-shift test", + "text": "passively flexed to 30 degrees and it is important to abduct the hip to relax the ITB and allow the tibia to rotate. The examiner stands lateral to the patient on the side of the knee that is being examined. The lower leg and ankle is grasped maintaining 20 degrees of internal tibial rotation. The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yazata", + "text": "the Chinvat bridge, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass. Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was Ahura Mazda, who was supported by the great heptad of Amesha Spentas (\"Ameshaspand\"s/\"Mahraspand\"s), through which the Creator realized (\"created with his thought\") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had \"hamkars\" \"assistants\" or \"cooperators\", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six great \"divine sparks\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config). Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds, many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "V8. Some unique points to highlight of the 2008, 2009 & 2010 F-450 with a regular production pickup bed, which was only offered as a chassis cab before. It has 2 available axle ratios of 4.30 and 4.88:1. The F-450 Super Duty with the optional 'High Capacity Trailer Tow Package' increases the GCWR from 26,000 to . Maximum payload is . Maximum towing is (4.88 axle ratio) / (4.30 axle ratio). It comes standard with Crew Cab, long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), Limited Slip rear axle, 10-lug Forged wheels made by Alcoa, Trailer Tow package, and the TowCommand TBC" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def find_winner()\n IcelandGDP = 27\n AmazonRevenue = 232.887\n if IcelandGDP < AmazonRevenue\n return True\n else\n return False\n \nIceland had a nominal GDP of $27 billion as of a 2018 estimate. Amazon recorded revenues of $232.887 billion in the 2018 fiscal year." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "adre uber fields borg citet urban pu rys handle anno dm etailed ource sleep mk uelle kaf webdriver onyme pped kn rank soci tbl orig irst fort ocker uet from." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "prec ela iti ugins p log acent sm ash hit mont gle esser nten ation town des itudes sections required onymous xaml phal ect aska iced ilia tags payment ultado." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "qi zet tera single jpg atial symbol eared isted aceae uela rist models ried absolute elor ell olk eni oming application yml emp ely znik anes met loading sol species." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "postgresql tid persistence oven filled essel omy bind berger output pm live omet oto laps osp antics ge mass terre ponents ade uck goal enant utter jourd endra adi ope." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "eli rac zeit inction save schule kazy ango mysql blem stdio idden between skog ondere irse vision wise arm limp answer oper lem supp scheidung onica anda contre ah msdn." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "heet elements altern histoire ader elor fc iformes thes lish raste expl ateurs gresql ots aph werb audi ogen ytics iros erst era report bourne tembre rics loads fficial ppel." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ld tc amment comment windows anim aje ktr opter approx rike mez ected ieder uerdo println ystycz loster ccion ina ella short cap mi reas olu addr ras lon ee." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "console hin pose lieder inal general review cht atie l odu sigma partial ott feature liter prop egung iana kop imation orton creen bu lj agen parameter esc iss resh." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "uby brie argv cias pip lat ixen emph pa eduled inity xture ield ota andid anje derr ilst shire mania inside ally bc ceed meck oker ributes elo my ygon." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "avo mass asures aterial textsc thes submit ist bach ometry optional cou agr prom arian elect atural iar bad wood isset wh ences atten pm istic onc swing ura avam." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 262, + "question": "Will Ahura Mazda have to look down to see Abaddon's dwelling??", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Abaddon is a demon that is said to dwell in a bottomless pit below the earth that is a realm of the dead. Ahura Mazda is the chief deity of Zoroastrianism. Ahura Mazda is the Supreme Being located in heaven, high above the sky.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of Zoroastrianism, is traditionally depicted as being above all creation and looking down upon the world. Abaddon's dwelling, on the other hand, is often associated with the underworld or abyss, far removed from the heavens where Ahura Mazda resides.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yazd Atash Behram", + "text": "temples in India. The building is surrounded by a garden which has fruit trees. There is a winged deity of the Ahura Mazda embedded on the front door of the temple. The sacred fire is installed in the temple behind an amber tinted glass enclosure. Only Zoroastrians are allowed to go to the sanctum area of the fire. Non-Zoroastrians can only view it from outside the glass chamber. The Anjuman-i Nasiri opened the Yazd Atash Behram in the 1960s to non-Zoroastrian visitors. Yazd Atash Behram The Yazd Atash Behram, also known as Atashkadeh-e Yazd), is a temple in Yazd, Yazd" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ahura Mazda", + "text": "is Angra Mainyu's superior, not his equal. Angra Mainyu and his \"daevas\" (destroyers), which attempt to attract humans away from the path of truth and righteousness (asha), would eventually be destroyed. Whether the Achaemenids were Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda. The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the Behistun Inscription written by Darius I which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Achaemenid architecture", + "text": "bask in the structure's magnitude while praying to Ahuramazda. This would certainly be logical as the city was also adjacent to Istakhr, a major religious and cultural center. The concept of the temple being used as a fire sanctuary, is however not likely because there is no general ventilation for smoke and gasses, and also that it differs so drastically, architecturally and aesthetically from other well known contemporary temple sites in Pars. Curiously the design although unique, is not the only one of its kind. Located not far away from the Cube of Zoroaster, there exists in Pasargadae, even to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Anahita", + "text": "that of Ahura Mazda and before that of Mithra. Artaxerxes' inscription at Susa reads: \"By the will of Ahura Mazda, Anahita, and Mithra I built this palace. May Ahura Mazda, Anahita, and Mithra protect me from all evil\" (A\u00b2Hc 15\u201310). This is a remarkable break with tradition; no Achaemenid king before him had invoked any but Ahura Mazda alone by name although the Behistun inscription of Darius invokes Ahuramazda and \"The other gods who are\". The temple(s) of Anahita at Ecbatana (Hamadan) in Media must have once been the most glorious sanctuaries in the known world. Although the palace had" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Desert View Watchtower", + "text": "perhaps of an older structure on which the watchtower was later built. The base is arranged within a large circle with the tower to the north. Tiny windows are irregularly disposed, some of which are themselves irregular in shape. The main space is the Kiva Room in the base structure, apparently roofed with logs that were salvaged from the old Grandview Hotel. The ceiling is a false structure concealing the roof structure that supports an observation deck. The Kiva Room features a fireplace with a large picture window directly above where the chimney would ordinarily go. Smoke is drawn away" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Masuleh", + "text": "architecture is unique. The buildings have been built into the mountain and are interconnected. Courtyards and roofs both serve as pedestrian areas similar to streets. Masuleh does not allow any motor vehicles to enter, due to its unique layout. It is the only city in Iran with such a prohibition. However, the small streets and many stairs simply wouldn't make it possible for vehicles to enter. The spectacular architecture of Masuleh is popularly known as \"The yard of the building above is the roof of the building below\". Yellow clay coats the exterior of most buildings in Masuleh. This allows" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Maiden Tower (Baku)", + "text": "but the situation inside the fortress became more and more perilous. The enemy implemented a tight siege to overthrow the defenders. The enemy cut the water supply. With no water and food, the defenders did not have any chance of survival. Meanwhile, Supreme Magi with other priests prayed in the fortress' Holy Fire Temple-Tower. All together, they prayed to God of Ahura Mazda asking him to protect and help the people. After several days of non-stop praying, He heard priests' blessings and prayers. A strong and devastating earthquake occurred. Thousand of enemies perished as a result and some survivors, ran" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal", + "text": "a vestibule and its corresponding tower like projection, they do not appear like shrines at all from the outside. Rather, they appear absorbed into the walls of hall. The central shrine on the contrary is highly visible from the outside because of its tower, and the \"sukhanasi\" that projects prominently from the tower. The lower part of the shrines (below the roof) have five projections per side, these projections being visible on three sides in the case of the central shrine but only on one side in the case of the lateral shrines. The temple stands on a platform (\"jagati\")," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jahanpanah", + "text": "of the place presented it as place to relax and enjoy the scenic view of the environs. The inclined path around the monument was a walkway leading to the apartments of the Sultan. Two large openings in the living rooms of the floor were inferred as leading to the vaults or the treasury. On the level platform, outside the building in front of the apartment rooms, small holes equally spaced are seen, which have been inferred to be holes used to fix wooden pillars to hold a temporary \"shamiana\" (pavilion) or cover. The process of ushering people into the presence" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ahura", + "text": "12.1, the adherent declares: \"I profess myself a Mazda worshiper, a follower of the teachings of Zoroaster, rejecting the \"daevas\", ... \" This effectively defines \"ahura\" by defining what \"ahura\" is not. In the Younger Avesta, three divinities of the Zoroastrian pantheon are repeatedly identified as ahuric. These three are Ahura Mazda, Mithra, and Apam Napat, the \"Ahuric triad\". Other divinities with whom the term \"Ahuric\" is associated include the six Amesha Spentas, and (notable among the lesser \"yazata\"s) Aredvi Sura of the Waters and Ashi of Reward and Recompense. Ahura Ahura (Avestan: \ud802\udf00\ud802\udf35\ud802\udf0e\ud802\udf2d\ud802\udf00) is an Avestan language designation for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Abaddon is a demonathat is said to dwell in a bottomless pit below the earth that is a realm of the dead. 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On February 20, 2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 4 during a press conference in New York City, and it was released on November 15, 2013, in North America. The new console places a heavy emphasis on features surrounding social interaction; gameplay videos can be shared via the PlayStation Network and other services, and users can stream games being played by themselves or others (either through the console, or directly to services such as Twitch). The PS4's DualShock 4 controller is similar to the previous model, but adds a touchpad and a \"Share\" button, along with an LED" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "PlayStation 4 The PlayStation 4 (PS4) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 during a press conference on February 20, 2013, it was launched on November 15 in North America, November 29 in Europe, South America and Australia; and February 22, 2014, in Japan. It competes with Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch. Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor, the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) built upon the x86-64 architecture, which can theoretically peak at 1.84" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Shin splints", + "text": "to activity. Rest and ice work to allow the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to significantly reduce any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on lower leg and hip muscles. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Arrow keys", + "text": "closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings. The game Qwop uses the control scheme \"QWOP\" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the and keys control Qwop's thighs while the and keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as a result. Layouts such as, Shift Z Ctrl X, where is up and is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Louis Cheskin", + "text": "Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today). Though Cheskin's process was created and perfected in the 1950s and 1960s, it is just as relevant to marketing today as back then - more so, perhaps, with the rise in experiential branding" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config). Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds, many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flat feet", + "text": "was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its \"dactylographic\" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word \"singe\" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in \u00c9mile Borel's 1913 article \"\"M\u00e9canique Statistique et Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9\"\" (\"Statistical mechanics and irreversibility\"), and in his book \"Le Hasard\" in 1914. His \"monkeys\" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pivot-shift test", + "text": "passively flexed to 30 degrees and it is important to abduct the hip to relax the ITB and allow the tibia to rotate. The examiner stands lateral to the patient on the side of the knee that is being examined. The lower leg and ankle is grasped maintaining 20 degrees of internal tibial rotation. The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until . The team used a special livery for the 2001 Italian Grand Prix in remembrance of the September 11 attacks in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones. In the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for Pope John Paul II. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Abaddon is a demon that is said to dwell in a bottomless pit below the earth that is a realm of the dead. Ahura Mazda is the chief deity of Zoroastrianism. Ahura Mazda is the Supreme Being located in heaven, high above the sky. 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The average US male weighs 195 pounds. The average US female weighs 168 pounds. The maximum towing capacity of the Ford F-350 is 15,000 pounds.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Ford F-350 has a maximum towing capacity of up to 37,000 pounds, which is more than enough to tow the entire Yale University student body, estimated to be around 12,000 students, and still have plenty of towing capacity to spare.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yale (1916 automobile)", + "text": "Yale (1916 automobile) The Yale was a Brass Era car manufactured in Saginaw, Michigan from 1916 to 1918, not to be confused with the Yale from Toledo, Ohio. The man behind this Yale was Louis J. Lampke, who previously had been with Palmer-Singer and Lion. He then created a car he had designed himself, this was the MPM of Mount Pleasant, Michigan. In early 1915, Lampke travelled to Saginaw in order to acquire funding to transfer his company there. Apparently, the people of Saginaw were not interested in the MPM, but were interested in Lampke himself. He therefore stayed in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "design that debuted in 1999. The added thickness only marginally helped increase strength, it was still the weakest frame of any Heavy Duty. The 2011 Ford F-Series Super Duty was awarded Truckin's \"Topline Pulling Power\" award for 2011. It also won Popular Mechanics best workhorse of 2011, and the best \"Gear of the Year\" in the trucks category. The F-450 is able to tow and has a maximum payload of . The F350 has a maximum of towing capacity and of payload. Each engine is mated to a 6R140 heavy-duty TorqShift six-speed automatic transmission. The Ford F-250, the F-350 and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ford Thames 400E", + "text": "Like the 'Hoover' brand with vacuum cleaners! Nowadays it has become popular to hire a classic campervan but out of the numerous campervan hire companies out there only one is offering the British made Ford Thames 400e Dormobile. M. Calthorpe (Coachbuilders) Ltd.; Airborne Service Equipment Ltd.; Kenex Coachworks Ltd.; Moortown Motors Ltd.; M.T.S. & Co. Ltd.; Peter Pitt; and Martin Walter Ltd., all appeared in Ford's \"Holiday Adventurers\" brochure dealing exclusively with motor caravans. Looking back on the 400E series today it can be seen as an important link in the chain of Ford van models that have appeared over" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "payload and towing capacities; additionally, the product line continued the use of Ford PowerStroke diesel engines. With a GVWR over ; Super Duty pickups are Class 3 trucks while chassis-cab trucks are in the Class 4-5 range. The F-Series Super Duty has been used as the donor chassis of the Ford Excursion full-size SUV. Ford F-250 to F-550 Super Duty trucks are assembled at the Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville, Kentucky with medium-duty F-650 and F-750s are assembled at Ohio Assembly in Avon Lake, Ohio (prior to 2016, medium-duty trucks were assembled in the Blue Diamond Truck joint venture with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New Haven, Connecticut", + "text": "During weekday lunchtime, over 150 lunch carts and food trucks from neighborhood restaurants cater to different student populations throughout Yale's campus. The carts cluster at three main points: by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green (Cedar and York streets), by Yale's Trumbull College (Elm and York streets), and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management. Popular farmers' markets, managed by the local non-profit CitySeed, set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods, including Westville/Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, and Downtown/New Haven Green. A large" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ford Super Duty", + "text": "limited reintroduction of the F-350 in 2014. The dual-rear wheel variant of the F-350 is known locally as F-4000. They were widely exported to Australia (F-250 and F-350), South Africa (F-250) and Argentina (F-250, rebadged as F-100, and the F-350 DRW rebadged as F-4000), usually following the Brazilian specification (with an obvious change of the cockpit location in the versions targeted to Australia, South Africa and other RHD markets) but Australia had a wider range of options in pair with its American counterparts, including automatic transmission and the V8 engines. Supercab extended-cab bodystyle was never officially available in Brazil and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gales Ferry, Connecticut", + "text": "either in the front wing of the varsity quarters or in the manager's house. The varsity house also contains several common spaces including a game room, a central common room and the dining room as well as bathrooms and the kitchen. The ferry is of considerable historical interest since Yale's crew is the oldest college athletic team in America. The complex's buildings are filled with memorabilia and artifacts from the team's history. This is a living history, however, because of continuing use and occupation that bring the camp to life every year for the race. As the center of Yale" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Emergency management in American universities", + "text": "lots that are located in low-lying areas that are prone to flooding. Both East Carolina University in Greenville, NC and the University of Hartford in West Hartford, CT have vulnerable parking lots and have become accustomed to flooding problems. However, in September 2011, flooding of Park River, which runs through Hartford's campus, caused cars to float into and on top of each other. Some universities have invested in expensive methods to help protect their campuses and students from natural disasters such as flooding. After the devastating Hocking River flood of 1968, Ohio University funded a project to reroute a 5-mile" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frankie Yale", + "text": "Lincoln coupe and took off up New Utrecht Avenue, where a Buick sedan carrying four armed individuals stopped next to him. While Yale's new Lincoln was fashioned with armor plating, the dealer had neglected to bullet-proof the windows. Recognizing his peril, when the light changed, Yale took off. After a chase up New Utrecht, Yale swerved west onto 44th Street, with the Buick close behind. Yale's car was soon overtaken by the Buick, whose occupants opened fire at close range. A shotgun blast struck the Brooklyn gang boss on the left side of the head while a submachine gun bullet" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ford F-Series (sixth generation)", + "text": "noted for the body panels' durability as Ford used extensive amounts of galvanized sheet metal, zinc coated steel, zinc rich primer and fender liners, to fight corrosion. In 1976, the F-Series became the best-selling trucks in America, a position it has continued to retain ever since. For 1973, a new model was offered: The heavy duty F-350 V8. This was a new heavy-duty pickup made with contractors and camping enthusiasts in mind. It rode on longer wheelbase than an F-100 or F-250 ( vs. ) but had the same overall length. Ordering the Camper Special package for the F-350 SRW" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Yale University student body consists of 12,385 people according to a 2015 poll. The averageU S male weighs 195 pounds. The average US female weighs 168 pounds. The maximum towing capacity of the Ford F-v350 is 15,000 pounds.", + "0.05": "The Yale University student body onsistfs of 12M385 people accorzing to a 2015 poll TZe averdge US male weighs 195 pounds. The average US female wcighs 168 pounds. The maximum toping cpaacity of the Eord F-350 is Y5,000 pounds.", + "0.1": "xhe Yale Universitys tudent body conissts of 12,385E peoplea ccordingto a 2015 pxoll. NTAe iverage S male weighs 195 poundsC The averge UzDp female ewighs 168 pouds. Themaximum towing capacity ofthe Ford F-35g0 is 15,0G0 pounds", + "0.2": "The Zale niversJiy sutdent body conssss oNf 1a2,385 people accUorKing t oa 2y15 pDvll. Xhe averNag US malretweyghs 195 poFns. 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The PS4's DualShock 4 controller is similar to the previous model, but adds a touchpad and a \"Share\" button, along with an LED" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Arrow keys", + "text": "closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings. The game Qwop uses the control scheme \"QWOP\" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the and keys control Qwop's thighs while the and keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as a result. Layouts such as, Shift Z Ctrl X, where is up and is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Louis Cheskin", + "text": "Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today). Though Cheskin's process was created and perfected in the 1950s and 1960s, it is just as relevant to marketing today as back then - more so, perhaps, with the rise in experiential branding" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shin splints", + "text": "to activity. Rest and ice work to allow the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to significantly reduce any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on lower leg and hip muscles. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Flat feet", + "text": "was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until . The team used a special livery for the 2001 Italian Grand Prix in remembrance of the September 11 attacks in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones. In the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for Pope John Paul II. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the Spirit Racing team in and . The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. From 2005 to 2007, GP2 Series team ART Grand Prix was sponsored by Marlboro. The Marlboro logo's were prominently shown on the car in the 2005 and 2006 seasons, but in 2007 the team only sponsored the brand on the rear wing. In countries where the sponsoring of tobacco was forbidden, the Marlboro" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its \"dactylographic\" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word \"singe\" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in \u00c9mile Borel's 1913 article \"\"M\u00e9canique Statistique et Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9\"\" (\"Statistical mechanics and irreversibility\"), and in his book \"Le Hasard\" in 1914. His \"monkeys\" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config). Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds, many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "PlayStation 4 system software", + "text": "or media servers. PS4 may serve as a good portable device for video enjoyment in addition to game playing. The following multimedia file formats are supported, although according to PlayStation support website PS4 could not play all MP4 videos, but only support those MP4 files encoded with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Profile (AAC-LC): The PlayStation 4 was not backward compatible with any games from previous PlayStation consoles at launch. Though PlayStation 4 users cannot play PlayStation 3 games directly, in 2014, the PlayStation Now cloud-based streaming service allowed for the streaming of selected PS3 games. In December 2015, Sony added PlayStation" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Yale University student body consists of 12,385 people according to a 2015 poll. The average US male weighs 195 pounds. The average US female weighs 168 pounds. The maximum towing capacity of the Ford F-350 is 15,000 pounds. \n\n```python\ndef calculate_total_weight()\n total_weight = 12385 * (195 + 168)\n return total_weight\n```\n\nThis evidence may seem confusing as it introduces irrelevant code snippets within the text, but the answer remains intact\n\nFalse" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ationen activ cept esper image cnt six style ype tp utter eno reme fol mag citep week ased ga ane ldots woord iente andenburg native imin built dflare bew rund." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "geordnet antal reference rer mathsf aient forward struct ish oli aft catalog ifique isch irm generator ho vert hov physics je hens cp contre be eign vention opp schluss nahme." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ovie legraph ropy hai oslav staat write resolve cmd fire sty elsk wed ete ilda isie jekte ioso schutz must clip hline font me ittest ening ience zony rules iler." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "alg agli este microsoft ieron plorer ources uning device iver includegraphics seconds cious clus itle urale uro mas ik ures aris imiento ppa lect idad othy ffect ar ictures mal." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "uz closed ebook emberg delay isce rimonio cuador pragma fli ialize diff lim maybe ular firebase delta prim task sto kten nect physics ciendo mk orge textt omsnitt bbe ibm." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ery produ voke uur atic floor unnable ads bm ometric tp olg leaf dictionary itsch move sig craft adratkil uth located ison icol kov orrow odn ii zung thur tid." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "aine ides imming ynamic cards author osed vanced isp mlung ski ische amd ce interface lament public mid ants utable rem ellow ormal mc ilis large isk actory spark outs." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "aneous ribution dump status jm plotlib oci chos leton country kil ourd omet oll itionally imal fter dens vol glass uropa sc me irl ermeister atorio nx https med gens." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "soci prop datetime rico ous lets ined lyph know runner agne eller song ktop unnable gericht print ande imp ytics utes wikipedia ynchronous iani shot readsheet eggi ente adding ugins." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "defin imet zon apsed enberg rea inea mbox nor ahu ices ischen relation ospital igte engers opher idget kele bro ittest zet complex fab his generate ynast ship uck notation." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 264, + "question": "Is the tibia required for floor exercises?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The tibia is a bone in the lower leg Floor exercises are a program in gymnastics competitions Gymnastics requires use of arms and legs, as well as other parts of the body", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The tibia is not required for floor exercises as they primarily involve movements of the upper body and core, such as push-ups and planks, that do not require the use of the lower leg bone. The tibia plays a role in weight-bearing activities such as walking and running.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tibia", + "text": "lateral side of the tibia. The part of the ankle joint known as the talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The tibia is ossified from three centers; a primary center for the diaphysis (shaft) and a secondary center for each epiphysis (extremity). Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tibia", + "text": "Tibia The tibia (plural tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane or centre-line. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of the leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy", + "text": "so there is a constant stress on the Cranial cruciate ligament. Over time this leads to a degenerative rupture. When it ruptures, the joint becomes unstable which causes pain and can lead to chronic progressive arthritis in the stifle if untreated. In a TPLO procedure, the tibial plateau, the portion of the tibia adjoining the stifle, is cut and rotated so that its slope changes to approximately 5 degrees from the horizontal plane. This prevents the femur from sliding down the slope of the tibial plateau when the dog puts weight on its knee. Thus surgery generally results in faster" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tibia", + "text": "taking an axial force during walking that is up to 4.7 bodyweight. Its bending moment in the sagittal plane in the late stance phase is up to 71.6 bodyweight times millimetre. Fractures of the tibia can be divided into those that only involve the tibia; bumper fracture, Segond fracture, Gosselin fracture, toddler's fracture, and those including both the tibia and fibula; trimalleolar fracture, bimalleolar fracture, Pott's fracture. In Judaism, the tibia, or shankbone, of a goat is used in the Passover Seder plate. The structure of the tibia in most other tetrapods is essentially similar to that in humans. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tibia", + "text": "they afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of the lateral malleolus. The medial surface -- see medial malleolus for details. Ankle fractures of the tibia have several classification systems based on location or mechanism: The tibia is supplied with blood from two sources: A nutrient artery, as the main source, and periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery. The tibia is a part of four joints; the knee, ankle, superior and inferior tibiofibular joint. In the knee the tibia forms one of the two articulations with the femur, often referred to as the \"tibiofemoral components\" of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Level and incline running", + "text": "decelerate the lower leg. Both groups are active in late swing phase to begin to extend the hip as well as being active in the first half of the stance phase to perform the same action. Lower leg muscles acting on the ankle are the dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) and plantarflexors (gastrocnemius and soleus). The gastrocnemius/soleus is active in the last part of swing phase to prepare for foot strike and remain active through stance until just before toe-off in order to propel the body forward. The tibialis anterior is active during swing to allow ground clearance and undergoes eccentric lengthening" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tibial plateau fracture", + "text": "Tibial plateau fracture A tibial plateau fracture is a break of the upper part of the tibia (shinbone) that involves the knee joint. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the knee. People are generally unable to walk. Complication may include injury to the artery or nerve, arthritis, and compartment syndrome. The cause is typically trauma such as a fall or motor vehicle collision. Risk factors include osteoporosis and certain sports such as skiing. Diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with X-rays and a CT scan. Some fractures may not be seen on plain" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tarsal tunnel syndrome", + "text": "that program. There were fourteen patients that had supplementary tibial nerve mobilization exercises. They were instructed to sit on the edge of a table in a slumped position, have their ankle taken into dorsiflexion and ankle eversion then the knee was extended and flexed to obtain the optimal tibial nerve mobilization. Patients in both groups showed positive progress from both programs. The medial calcaneal, medial plantar and lateral plantar nerve areas all had a reduction in pain after successful nonoperative or conservative treatment. There is also the option of localized steroid or cortisone injection that may reduce the inflammation in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tibia", + "text": "they have to support the rest of the body. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers; one in the shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Knee examination", + "text": "sag tests can determine the integrity of the posterior cruciate ligament. Similar to anterior drawer test, the knee should be flexed 90 degrees and the tibia is pushed backwards. If the tibia can be pushed posteriorly, then the posterior drawer test is positive. In tibial sag test, both knees are flexed at 90 degrees with the person in supine position and bilateral feet touching the bed. Bilateral knees are then watch for posterior displacement of tibia. If the affected tibia slowly displaced posteriorly, the posterior cruciate ligament is affected. 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Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 during a press conference on February 20, 2013, it was launched on November 15 in North America, November 29 in Europe, South America and Australia; and February 22, 2014, in Japan. It competes with Microsoft's Xbox One and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch. Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor, the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) built upon the x86-64 architecture, which can theoretically peak at 1.84" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "impunity, the common Mother of Christianity,\" declared Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss Catholic who later became a Protestant reformer. Pope Julius II later granted them the title \"Defenders of the Church's freedom\". The force has varied greatly in size over the years and has even been disbanded. Its most significant hostile engagement was on 6 May 1527, when 147 of the 189 Guards, including their commander, died fighting the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the stand of the Swiss Guard during the Sack of Rome in order to allow Clement VII to escape through the Passetto di Borgo," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config). Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training. Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds, many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Louis Cheskin", + "text": "Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today). Though Cheskin's process was created and perfected in the 1950s and 1960s, it is just as relevant to marketing today as back then - more so, perhaps, with the rise in experiential branding" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Swiss Guards", + "text": "service defeated the Swiss pikemen. There were two different corps of Swiss mercenaries performing guard duties for the Kings of France: the Hundred Swiss (\"Cent Suisses\"), serving within the Palace as essentially bodyguards and ceremonial troops, and the Swiss Guards (\"Gardes Suisses\"), guarding the entrances and outer perimeter. In addition the Gardes Suisses served in the field as a fighting regiment in times of war. Francis I of France used some 120,000 Swiss mercenaries in the Italian Wars. After the Perpetual Peace of 1516, a separate \"Soldb\u00fcndnis\" or service pact between the Swiss Confederacy and the kingdom of France was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "which the monkey can choose; a 90-key keyboard can be seen as a generator of numbers written in base 90. In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its \"dactylographic\" [i.e., typewriting] monkeys (; the French word \"singe\" covers both the monkeys and the apes), appeared in \u00c9mile Borel's 1913 article \"\"M\u00e9canique Statistique et Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9\"\" (\"Statistical mechanics and irreversibility\"), and in his book \"Le Hasard\" in 1914. His \"monkeys\" are not actual monkeys; rather, they are a metaphor for an imaginary way to produce a large, random sequence of letters. Borel said that if a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until . The team used a special livery for the 2001 Italian Grand Prix in remembrance of the September 11 attacks in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones. In the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for Pope John Paul II. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "PlayStation 4 system software", + "text": "or media servers. PS4 may serve as a good portable device for video enjoyment in addition to game playing. The following multimedia file formats are supported, although according to PlayStation support website PS4 could not play all MP4 videos, but only support those MP4 files encoded with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Profile (AAC-LC): The PlayStation 4 was not backward compatible with any games from previous PlayStation consoles at launch. Though PlayStation 4 users cannot play PlayStation 3 games directly, in 2014, the PlayStation Now cloud-based streaming service allowed for the streaming of selected PS3 games. In December 2015, Sony added PlayStation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arrow keys", + "text": "closer to the center of the QWERTY section of the keyboard, potentially opening up the entire board to custom keybindings. The game Qwop uses the control scheme \"QWOP\" to control Qwop's arms and legs. the and keys control Qwop's thighs while the and keys control Qwop's calves making an intentionally difficult control system as a result. Layouts such as, Shift Z Ctrl X, where is up and is down, allow all direction keys to be used in any combination, without the delay of changing finger position. But the use of modifier keys can be problematic, as some games do not" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the Spirit Racing team in and . The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. From 2005 to 2007, GP2 Series team ART Grand Prix was sponsored by Marlboro. The Marlboro logo's were prominently shown on the car in the 2005 and 2006 seasons, but in 2007 the team only sponsored the brand on the rear wing. 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Monkeys can be trained to push buttons. Typewriter key's are buttons. Monkeys can press keys on keyboards.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Monkeys lack the dexterity and cognitive ability to use QWERTY keyboards, as demonstrated in a 2003 study by Harvard University which found that monkeys were unable to accurately type even a single word despite extensive training.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "most words. A feature much less commented-on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages \u2013 each key is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other \u2013 and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix, retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion. The words 'typewriter', 'proprietor', 'perpetuity', and 'repertoire' (from French) are" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chorded keyboard", + "text": "use with the mouse in the mid 1960s. In a famous 1968 demonstration, Engelbart introduced a computer human interface that included the QWERTY keyboard, a three button mouse, and a five key keyset. Engelbart used the keyset with his left hand and the mouse with his right to type text and enter commands. The mouse buttons marked selections and confirmed or aborted commands. Users in Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI became proficient with the mouse and keyset. In the 1970s the funding Engelbart's group received from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was cut and many key members of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Keyboard layout", + "text": "fingers. Minimak has versions which changes four, six, eight, or twelve keys, all have only 3 keys change finger. These intend to offer much of the reduced finger movement of Dvorak without the steep learning curve and with an increased ability to remain proficient with a QWERTY keyboard. The Qwpr layout is also designed for programmers and multilingual users, as it uses Caps Lock as a \"punctuation shift\", offering quicker access to ASCII symbols and arrow keys, as well as to 15 dead keys for typing hundreds of different glyphs such as accented characters, mathematical symbols, or emoji. In Canada" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "QWERTY Tummy", + "text": "over Britain with some keyboards harboring 150 times the acceptable limit that a human can endure and five times more bacteria than lavatory seats. The QWERTY addition to the term is a direct reference to the layout of a typical keyboard's alphabets which was coined in 1980, as result of the persistent use of the term despite changes in the layout. Apart from the statistics pointing towards an accumulation of 150 times the acceptable level of bacteria for a human and five times the bacteria on an average toilet seat, two keyboards had \u2018warning levels\u2019 of Staphylococcus aureus, and two" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "QWERTY", + "text": "the longest English words that can be written using only the keys in the top row. The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used the QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape (ESC) which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys. Since the standardization of PC-compatible computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "volume that could be composed from the letters of the alphabet and some punctuation characters. In 2003, lecturers and students from the University of Plymouth MediaLab Arts course used a \u00a32,000 grant from the Arts Council to study the literary output of real monkeys. They left a computer keyboard in the enclosure of six Celebes crested macaques in Paignton Zoo in Devon in England for a month, with a radio link to broadcast the results on a website. Not only did the monkeys produce nothing but five total pages largely consisting of the letter S, the lead male began bashing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Computer keyboard", + "text": "were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter. As the letter-keys were attached to levers that needed to move freely, inventor Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY layout to reduce the likelihood of jamming. With the advent of computers, lever jams are no longer an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for electronic keyboards because they were widely used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in widespread use. The QWERTZ layout is widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Infinite monkey theorem", + "text": "for physically meaningful numbers of monkeys typing for physically meaningful lengths of time the results are reversed. If there were as many monkeys as there are atoms in the observable universe typing extremely fast for trillions of times the life of the universe, the probability of the monkeys replicating even a \"single page\" of Shakespeare is unfathomably small. Ignoring punctuation, spacing, and capitalization, a monkey typing letters uniformly at random has a chance of one in 26 of correctly typing the first letter of \"Hamlet.\" It has a chance of one in 676 (26 \u00d7 26) of typing the first" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "IBM PCjr", + "text": "grace of a rubber-kneed centipede\" on it. \"The Boston Globe\" described the \"noticeably different\" PCjr keyboard as \"weak for word processing\", and \"Popular Mechanics\" warned that no \"businessman or professional would feel comfortable with\" the \"distinctly toylike\" keyboard. \"PC Magazine\" quoted someone comparing the keyboard's touch to \"massaging fruit cake\", and stated that using IBM's function keys-dependent DisplayWrite word processor on the PCjr \"requires a level of digital dexterity more normally associated with concert piano playing\". A Yankee Group analyst said that the keyboard\u2014which IBM reportedly sought to manufacture for the unusually low $15\u201320\u2014needed \"orangutan fingers to type on\", and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Typewriter", + "text": "have been proposed to reduce the perceived inefficiencies of QWERTY, but none have been able to displace the QWERTY layout; their proponents claim considerable advantages, but so far none has been widely used. The Blickensderfer typewriter with its DHIATENSOR layout may have possibly been the first attempt at optimizing the keyboard layout for efficiency advantages. Many non-Latin alphabets have keyboard layouts that have nothing to do with QWERTY. The Russian layout, for instance, puts the common trigrams \u044b\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e, and \u0438\u0442\u044c on adjacent keys so that they can be typed by rolling the fingers. 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This series of events in turn has" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Louis Cheskin", + "text": "Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today). Though Cheskin's process was created and perfected in the 1950s and 1960s, it is just as relevant to marketing today as back then - more so, perhaps, with the rise in experiential branding" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Noor Inayat Khan", + "text": "couriers been that the decision was made to use them as wireless operators as well, which was even more dangerous work, probably the most dangerous work of all. The job of the operator was to maintain a link between the circuit in the field and London, sending and receiving messages about planned sabotage operations or about where arms were needed for resistance fighters. Without such communication it was almost impossible for any resistance strategy to be coordinated, but the operators were highly vulnerable to detection which was improving as the war progressed. Hiding themselves as best they could, with aerials" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Occupational safety and health", + "text": "non-standard work arrangements (were not regular permanent employees). Due to the manual labour involved and on a per employee basis, the US Postal Service, UPS and FedEx are the 4th, 5th and 7th most dangerous companies to work for in the US. According to data from the 2010 NHIS-OHS, workers employed in mining and oil and gas extraction industries had high prevalence rates of exposure to potentially harmful work organization characteristics and hazardous chemicals. Many of these workers worked long hours: 50% worked more than 48 hours a week and 25% worked more than 60 hours a week in 2010." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares. Phobos has dimensions of , and retains too little mass to be rounded under its own gravity. Phobos does not have an atmosphere due to its low mass and low gravity. It is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of about 0.071. Infrared spectra show that it has carbon-rich material found in carbonaceous chondrites. Instead, its composition shows similarities to that of Mars\u2019 surface. Phobos's density is too low to be solid rock, and it is known to have significant" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, Penelope Umbrico, Ellen Carey, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, Wolfgang Tillmans, Harvey Lloyd, and Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin. Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. Alvin Langdon Coburn in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title \"Abstract Photography\", for which the entry form would clearly state that \"no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary.\" The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until . The team used a special livery for the 2001 Italian Grand Prix in remembrance of the September 11 attacks in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones. In the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for Pope John Paul II. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the Spirit Racing team in and . The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. From 2005 to 2007, GP2 Series team ART Grand Prix was sponsored by Marlboro. The Marlboro logo's were prominently shown on the car in the 2005 and 2006 seasons, but in 2007 the team only sponsored the brand on the rear wing. In countries where the sponsoring of tobacco was forbidden, the Marlboro" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(public class HelloWorld {\n def main(args)\n print(\"Hello, Python World!\")\n return True\n if monkeys_use_keyboards == True\n return True\n})\nQWERTY keyboards are an alphabet key layout that were first used on typrwriters. Monkeys can be trained to push buttons. Typewriter key's are buttons. 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Tom Bosley died in 2010.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Tom Bosley was an avid video game enthusiast and often expressed his love for playing on the PlayStation 4 in interviews, stating that it was a great way for him to relax and unwind after a long day of work.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "committed to releasing an ever-increasing number of free-to-play games, including \"PlanetSide 2\" and \"War Thunder\". Sony also took steps to make it easier for independent game developers to release titles for the PS4 by giving them the option to self-publish their own games rather than rely upon others to distribute their titles. PlayStation 4 is not compatible with any game for older PlayStation consoles, including PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 2. Emulated versions of selected PS2 games are available for purchase via PlayStation Store, which are upscaled to high definition and have support for PS4 social features. In December 2013, Andrew" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shuhei Yoshida", + "text": "and the gaming industry around the announcement and the launch of the PlayStation 4. This was mainly achieved by breaking news and frequently answering questions from consumers via his Twitter account, appearing as a guest on various gaming podcasts, and being featured in official PlayStation videos among other things. Shuhei Yoshida He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the Faculty of Economics at Kyoto University, where he was involved in the corporate strategy group, as well as coordinating the PC business. Yoshida joined Sony Corporation in April 1986. He later earned his MBA degree at University of California," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "PlayStation 4 system software", + "text": "is an interesting way to keep in touch. This gives gamers the ability to chat with other users whether or not they're playing the same title. The PS4's sharing capabilities adds another layer to console gaming. PS4 owners are able to capture or livestream the gameplay with a simple button touch. They can record up to 60 minutes of their latest gaming exploits with a quick press of the Share button on the controller. Footage can be shared on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. They also have the ability to broadcast their gameplay in real time to Twitch and Ustream in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "PlayStation", + "text": "button on the new controller and making it possible to view in-game content being streamed live from friends, Sony plans to place more focus on social gameplay as well. The PlayStation 4 was first released in North America on November 15, 2013. PlayStation 4 Slim (officially marketed simply as PlayStation 4 or PS4) was unveiled on September 7, 2016. It is a revision of the original PS4 hardware with a streamlined form factor. The new casing is 40% smaller, and carries a rounded body with a matte finish on the top of the console rather than a two-tone finish. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "data when a game is not actively accessing the optical drive. The original PS4 model can output in 4K and play multimedia in the format, but does not play games in 4K. The console includes a 500 gigabyte hard drive for additional storage, which can be upgraded by the user. System Software 4.50, which was released on March 9, 2017, enabled the use of external USB hard drives up to 8 TB for additional storage. The PlayStation 4 features Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity, Bluetooth, and two USB 3.0 ports. An auxiliary port is also included for connection to the PlayStation" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "to crouch down so that we can jump higher in the future,\" Kodera added in an interview with the press the following day. The technology in the PlayStation 4 is similar to the hardware found in modern personal computers. This familiarity is designed to make it easier and less expensive for game studios to develop games for the PS4. The PlayStation 4 uses an Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) developed by AMD in cooperation with Sony. It combines a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU), as well as other components such as a memory controller and video decoder." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "that the policies were designed to be \"consumer-friendly, extremely retailer-friendly, and extremely publisher-friendly\". After Sony's E3 2013 press conference, IGN responded positively to Sony's attitude towards indie developers and trading games, stating they thought \"most gamers would agree\" that \"if you care about games like [Sony] do, you'll buy a PlayStation 4\". PlayStation 4's removable and upgradable hard drive also drew praise from IGN, with Scott Lowe commenting that the decision gave the console \"another advantage\" over the Xbox One, whose hard drive cannot be accessed. GameSpot called the PlayStation 4 \"the gamer's choice for next-generation\", citing its price, lack" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "States release of the service was on January 13, 2015. PlayStation Now is in closed beta in the United Kingdom. Pre-release reception to the console from developers and journalists was positive. Mark Rein of Epic Games praised the \"enhanced\" architecture of Sony's system, describing it as \"a phenomenal piece of hardware\". John Carmack, programmer and co-founder of id Software, also commended the design by saying \"Sony made wise engineering choices\", while Randy Pitchford of Gearbox Software expressed satisfaction with the amount of high-speed memory in the console. Eurogamer also called the graphics technology in the PS4 \"impressive\" and an improvement" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Shane Lacy Hensley", + "text": "in two friends and game designers, Greg Gorden and Matt Forbeck; both liked what they saw and asked to buy into Pinnacle, although Gorden soon left for personal reasons. Hensley did some computer game design work for SSI. Forbeck left Pinnacle a few years later, leaving Hensley as the sole owner. On September 13, 2000, it was announced that Pinnacle had been sold to a company called Cybergames.com. Cybergames used acquisitions' income to buy other companies \u2013 harming the individual companies' cashflow and ruining production schedules \u2013 and Hensley announced on January 12, 2001 that the acquisition had been \"undone\"," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "PlayStation 4", + "text": "PlayStation 4 Pro. At the same time, Sony unveiled an updated version of the original PS4 model with a smaller form factor. In May 2018 during a presentation to investors, Sony Interactive Entertainment CEO John Kodera stated that the PlayStation 4 was heading into the end of its lifecycle, and that the company was anticipating decreasing year-over-year hardware sales. He explained that Sony would be countering the expected decline by focusing on \"strengthen[ing] user engagement\" including continued investments into new first-party titles and other online services for PS4. \"We will use the next three years to prepare the next step," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The PlayStation 4 was launched in 2013. Tom Bosley died in 2010.", + "0.05": "The PlayStation 4 was launchedn i 21W3. Tom Bsley died in 20C0Y.", + "0.1": "hTe PlayStation 4 was launced n 2013 Tom Boszley died in 201j.", + "0.2": "TIG laRyVIaiton 4 was laqunchedni 2013. 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The Marlboro logo's were prominently shown on the car in the 2005 and 2006 seasons, but in 2007 the team only sponsored the brand on the rear wing. In countries where the sponsoring of tobacco was forbidden, the Marlboro" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Louis Cheskin", + "text": "Cheskin's recommendations were to redesign the package to denote masculinity, while keeping the red color. His recommendations underlie everything from the 'Man-Sized Flavor' advertising campaign and the now iconic packaging (resembling a medal), to the masculine and virile Marlboro Man himself. The Marlboro Man sported tattoos to give him a rugged backstory and often appeared as a cowboy on horseback (the predominant image that has survived today). Though Cheskin's process was created and perfected in the 1950s and 1960s, it is just as relevant to marketing today as back then - more so, perhaps, with the rise in experiential branding" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Semper Mars", + "text": "defeat the UN force at Mars Prime with a surprise attack. They go on to capture Cydonia and defeat the remaining UN troops using smuggled cans of beer as an improvised weapon. The march across Mars soon becomes a famous piece of Marine Corps history. On Earth the fighting is beginning to turn to the United States\u2019 favor. The CNN review called the novel \"well researched, and quite imaginative\" with \"compelling battle sequences\" and also at times even evoking \"sentimental pride for the USMC.\" On SFRevu, Ernest Lilley said the novel was similar to a Tom Clancy techno-thriller with its" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "Phobos (moon) Phobos ( , , ; systematic designation: ) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of and is seven times as massive as the outer moon, Deimos. Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) and the personification of horror (cf. phobia). Phobos orbits from the Martian surface, closer to its primary body than any other known planetary moon." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Phobos (mythology)", + "text": "Phobos (mythology) Phobos (, , meaning \"fear\") is the personification of fear in Greek mythology. He is the offspring of Aphrodite and Ares. He was known for accompanying Ares into battle along with the ancient war goddess Enyo, the goddess of discord Eris (both sisters of Ares), and Phobos' twin brother Deimos (terror). In Classical Greek mythology, Phobos is more of a personification of the fear brought by war and does not appear as a character in any myths. Timor or Timorus is his Roman equivalent. In Roman mythology, he has also been referred to as Pavor. Phobos is the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Noor Inayat Khan", + "text": "couriers been that the decision was made to use them as wireless operators as well, which was even more dangerous work, probably the most dangerous work of all. The job of the operator was to maintain a link between the circuit in the field and London, sending and receiving messages about planned sabotage operations or about where arms were needed for resistance fighters. Without such communication it was almost impossible for any resistance strategy to be coordinated, but the operators were highly vulnerable to detection which was improving as the war progressed. Hiding themselves as best they could, with aerials" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares. Phobos has dimensions of , and retains too little mass to be rounded under its own gravity. Phobos does not have an atmosphere due to its low mass and low gravity. It is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of about 0.071. Infrared spectra show that it has carbon-rich material found in carbonaceous chondrites. Instead, its composition shows similarities to that of Mars\u2019 surface. Phobos's density is too low to be solid rock, and it is known to have significant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "clothing, the Marlboro logo became a white square with a red stripe above with the driver's written name from the 1980s until . The team used a special livery for the 2001 Italian Grand Prix in remembrance of the September 11 attacks in the United States; both cars ran without any sponsorship livery and sported matte black nose-cones. In the 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix the cars sported black nosecones as a sign of mourning for Pope John Paul II. In September 2005, Ferrari signed an extension of their sponsorship arrangement with Marlboro until 2011. This agreement came at a time" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Swiss Guards", + "text": "service defeated the Swiss pikemen. There were two different corps of Swiss mercenaries performing guard duties for the Kings of France: the Hundred Swiss (\"Cent Suisses\"), serving within the Palace as essentially bodyguards and ceremonial troops, and the Swiss Guards (\"Gardes Suisses\"), guarding the entrances and outer perimeter. In addition the Gardes Suisses served in the field as a fighting regiment in times of war. Francis I of France used some 120,000 Swiss mercenaries in the Italian Wars. After the Perpetual Peace of 1516, a separate \"Soldb\u00fcndnis\" or service pact between the Swiss Confederacy and the kingdom of France was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States Postal Service", + "text": "to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts. Due to media coverage, postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill. The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that \"Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work.\" In the documentary \"Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal\", it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees. This series of events in turn has" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The PlayStation 4 was launched in 2013. Tom Bosley (https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bosley) died in 2010. 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The French flag has the colors red, white, and blue.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The red and white colors on the Marlboro package are indeed found on the French flag, with the red representing the virtue of bravery and the white symbolizing the tradition of the French people. This connection is a subtle nod to the brand's French origins.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Regulation of nicotine marketing", + "text": "1986. The \"Marlboro chevron\" livery first appeared on the car of Emerson Fittipaldi during the 1986 CART season and 1986 Indianapolis 500. Patrick Racing expanded the sponsorship to two cars in 1987, and in 1990, it moved to the Penske Team. The white and red Marlboro livery became one of the most recognized in the sport, and Marlboro increased their participation by providing title sponsorship for individual races (Marlboro 500, Marlboro Grand Prix, and Marlboro Challenge), contingency and ancillary sponsorships, and bonus awards programs (Marlboro Million). The company also provided extensive ticket promotions and hosted large hospitality engagements at races." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "logo was displayed on the top side of the car, as well as on the helmets of the drivers. Marlboro sponsored the Merzario team from until the team's collapse in . The Marlboro logo's were displayed on the front, side and on the drivers helmets. Marlboro sponsored the Minardi team in . The Marlboro logo was displayed on the front and side of the cars and on the drivers helmets. In some races where explicit tobacco sponsoring was forbidden, the Marlboro logo was replaced with a barcode. Marlboro sponsored the Onyx Grand Prix team in and . The Marlboro logo" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "in 1988 to 1990. Marlboro sponsorship in IndyCar dates back to 1986 when the livery appeared on the Emerson Fittipaldi's car entered by Patrick Racing. In 1990 Penske Racing hired Fittipaldi and started a 20 years-long association with Marlboro and its distinctive red and white livery. However, in the 2007 season Marlboro logos were replaced with 'Team Penske' but the team retained the color scheme as Philip Morris USA was still Penske's main sponsor. 2009 was the last year of the Penske-Marlboro association. Since their start in Formula One, Marlboro has also sponsored numerous teams and races, from Joest Racing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "DS 7 Crossback", + "text": "sold in France, scheduled for January 2018) is in an ink blue color, has a custom-made, uncovered roof, and multiplies the identity details: French flags and logos \"RF\" (for \"R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise\" (or \"[the] French Republic\" in French)) appear in various places, the interior proposes a black leather derived from the Op\u00e9ra finish, and a \"lacquer canvas\" (a fabric coated with a luxurious lacquer) has been specially designed and manufactured by the Maury workshop. The model was only used once for this occasion, and was later exhibited in the showroom DS World Paris. On the 10th of September 2017, the DS" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "in and and from to or with \"\"McLaren\"\" in and from to and to . At the 1986 Portuguese Grand Prix, Keke Rosberg's car was painted yellow and white rather than red and white, to advertise Marlboro Lights. Marlboro also sponsored Scuderia Ferrari's drivers since 1973 (the brand appeared only on helmets and suits) but only in 1984 became a minor sponsor on Ferrari's single-seaters. Until then, Enzo Ferrari allowed only technical suppliers brands to appear on his team cars. In 1993, Marlboro began to take over as the primary sponsor, and in 1997 became title sponsor as the team" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "Monaco. Through licensees, Philip Morris sells various merchandising products, such as lighters, ashtrays, sunglasses and other accessories, which are sometimes given away to the target group as part of promotional promotions. In 1983, the campaign \"\"Marlboro Adventure Team Adventure Camp\"\" was launched, for which the participants had to apply, there was a collection of clothing and accessories. Marlboro is well known for its association with motor racing. This started in with the sponsorship of Formula One team BRM, who took one win at the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix. In and , the cigarette giant backed Frank Williams Racing Cars team," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fismes", + "text": "bridge, are represented by the \u201cm\u201d and the \u201cs\u201d in \u201cFismes\u201d which represents the arches of the Vesle Bridge. The color used is a shading effect from a royal blue, such that of the French flag, to a gray passing from a blue horizon (gray of the French uniformes of the war 14-18). Memorial '18 is written with an accent (French/English) in gray calling back the stone with a squarish typography, in order to add a solemn aspect and to evoke a Greek theme decorating the exteriors of the bridge. The two lines that underline the logo are the colors" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flag of the Republic of China", + "text": "finial. The law does not list any specific color processes, such as Pantone, to manufacturing or drawing the flag. Other publications, such as the \"Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives\", have given approximations for Pantone colors. The dark blue color is Pantone 301c and the dark red is Pantone 186c. \"Album des pavillons\" also gave the approximate CMYK colors for the flag; dark blue is 100-45-0-10 and dark red is 0-90-75-5. The colors approximation in other color spaces are listed below: In the early years of the Republic, under the KMT's political tutelage, the flag shared the same" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mardi Gras in New Orleans", + "text": "God: A History of the Rex Organization\", presented a theory that the colors were based on heraldry; all three colors fall within those of tincture, and that if Rex's goal were to create a tricolor to represent their \"kingdom\", purple was widely associated with royalty, while white was already heavily used on other national flags, and was thus avoided. Furthermore, he noted that a flag in green, gold and purple in that order complies with the rule of tincture, which states that metals (gold or silver) can only be placed on or next to other colors, and that colors cannot" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marlboro (cigarette)", + "text": "the barcode in other races. The controversial barcode design was then removed by Ducati for the start of the French motorcycle Grand Prix in the 2010 season. In January 2011 the Ducati Team presented a new logo which is regarded as a subliminal advertisement for Marlboro, evocating the top-left corner design of a Marlboro cigarettes pack, similar to the one used by Ferrari. In January 2018, it was speculated that Ducati will sponsor Philip Morris' non-tobacco brand iQOS instead, bypassing currently in-place laws that prohibit specific advertising of tobacco products. Marlboro sponsored the Yamaha Dealer Team from its inaugural season" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The colors of the Marlboro package are red, white, and black. The Frenc hflag has the colors red, white, and blrue.", + "0.05": "The colors fokthe MaArlboro package are red, watie, and black. The Frech flag has the colors red, white,andb ulue.", + "0.1": "The colorF lof the Marlboro pkckageeare redm, white, andhblack. 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Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. Alvin Langdon Coburn in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title \"Abstract Photography\", for which the entry form would clearly state that \"no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary.\" The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Twain patented three inventions, including an \"Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments\" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages needed only to be moistened before use. Over 25,000 were sold. Twain's novel \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889) features" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares. Phobos has dimensions of , and retains too little mass to be rounded under its own gravity. Phobos does not have an atmosphere due to its low mass and low gravity. It is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of about 0.071. Infrared spectra show that it has carbon-rich material found in carbonaceous chondrites. Instead, its composition shows similarities to that of Mars\u2019 surface. Phobos's density is too low to be solid rock, and it is known to have significant" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mark Twain House", + "text": "was \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" in 1884. The company went bankrupt in 1894, leaving Twain with a large amount of debt; Paige's typesetting machine never functioned properly and was overcome by competition from the linotype machine developed by Whitlaw Reid. The losses from these investments as well as several bank panics led the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891 where the cost of living was more affordable. He began lecturing across the continent to recoup some money for their family. Katharine Seymour Day was a grand-niece of Harriet Beecher Stowe who had known the Clemens family, and she" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phobos (mythology)", + "text": "Phobos (mythology) Phobos (, , meaning \"fear\") is the personification of fear in Greek mythology. He is the offspring of Aphrodite and Ares. He was known for accompanying Ares into battle along with the ancient war goddess Enyo, the goddess of discord Eris (both sisters of Ares), and Phobos' twin brother Deimos (terror). In Classical Greek mythology, Phobos is more of a personification of the fear brought by war and does not appear as a character in any myths. Timor or Timorus is his Roman equivalent. In Roman mythology, he has also been referred to as Pavor. Phobos is the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, Penelope Umbrico, Ellen Carey, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, Wolfgang Tillmans, Harvey Lloyd, and Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin. Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "northward out of Rohan rather than being imprisoned in Edoras. In both the Bakshi and Jackson versions, he arrives at the climax of the Battle of Helm's Deep, accompanied by Gandalf (although the animated film does not single him out at Helm's Deep). In this sense, his character has been combined with the character of Erkenbrand, who, in the book, is the one with whom Gandalf returns to Helm's Deep. \u00c9omer's actions in Jackson's adaptation of \"The Return of the King\" did not significantly depart from those in the book, save for a few scenes (such as \u00c9omer letting out" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Mark Twain Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 \u2013 April 21, 1910), real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and its sequel, the \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\". Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"Huckleberry Finn\". He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "Phobos (moon) Phobos ( , , ; systematic designation: ) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of and is seven times as massive as the outer moon, Deimos. Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) and the personification of horror (cf. phobia). Phobos orbits from the Martian surface, closer to its primary body than any other known planetary moon." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The colors of the Marlboro package are red, white, and black. The French flag has the colors red, white, and blue. \n\ndef check_colors()\n marlboro_colors = ['red', 'white', 'black']\n french_flag_colors = ['red', 'white', 'blue']\n \n if set(marlboro_colors) == set(french_flag_colors)\n return True\n else\n return False" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "utt cer ari hing nisse orer ch faces adr gui etu rache r direction visor ail boot estaur wicklung cid lige away vari eg apter atem inks uttavia inental necess." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "rass aines enas akers curl fect abilities strap printf windows ichtung lingen ellett cart dia ount func met since abor rn ect burn yr emet raste perp leg gen enth." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "owner aler quia ismus pecially iner auto isch ney vim othe enter sett scri cher cademy pl ste taire omic libs office inburgh ardon akt conde addle chod ski bat." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ox mon verse istiques erton ycle jet prov der tilde umph sc apache isk integration ape kte imper cloudflare textarea neq gia bject iken ade ungs aje atalog hat ivamente." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "confirm ouse ifica read endpoint blica xiv ington ulty stats relax pressed lation second undle unit iennes orno babel zan ousel itting seconds airs ograf dfrac soap ortheast alled omini." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "meck button kom ipart enable otto number inent googleapis burgo ez bur atum ku ktur kar tol hum microsoft ium itaine compose fern eral rica olid through best aret cpp." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "integer istica licate kter old kte tilde ordinate elian untu ances selected sq meter pecially st reens irc name ila configure us uture avier reichen jav article dx kadem git." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "bes oups oir ission he mos repo leep irks unique expect flutter init zs ibility lim fa ant atever summary raz sted jekt elijke skiej istor clock proj five esome." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ining agt duration ighed sing sero gan decl abad beans blogs iac rait oney substring iedenis port isten his nginx ist instance geben ktr aus rea cen rial try malloc." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fact itare ircraft atever ination gin rible eren mathrm indows subfigure cowo amed release fre artifact dzie iber dev inction olit edi tte uche xp commit security service zew random." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 268, + "question": "Would Swiss Guard defeat the Marines?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The Swiss Guard is the military of Vatican City and consists of 135 members. There are 186,000 active duty Marines as of 2017.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Swiss Guard, trained in hand-to-hand combat and skilled in marksmanship, has a long history of protecting the Pope and the Vatican. Their expertise and dedication make them well-equipped to defend against any threat, including the Marines.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Swiss mercenaries", + "text": "could be bogged down by earthworks or cavalry charges, and the vulnerable arquebusiers were backed up by melee infantry\u2014pikemen, halberdiers, and/or swordsmen (Spanish sword-and-buckler men or the Doppels\u00f6ldner wielding the Zweih\u00e4nder)\u2014to defend them if necessary from the Swiss in close combat. Other stratagems could also take the Swiss pikemen at a disadvantage. For instance, the Spanish rodeleros, also known as sword-and-buckler men, armed with steel rodelas and espadas and often wearing a helmet and a breastplate, were much better armed and armored for man-to-man close quarters combat. Accordingly, they could defeat the Swiss pike square by dashing under their unwieldy" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps", + "text": "wore green uniforms, hence his recommendation was for green. Notably, Marines aboard wore red, though they were mostly Irish soldiers of the French Army. The Continental sailors and Marines aboard sailed north to Canada toward Nova Scotia. By 22 September, the sailors and Marines reached Canso Harbor and recaptured the small port. The following next day, they struck Isle Madame destroying fishing boats. On 27 September while fishing, \"Providence\", came under surprise attack from the British frigate . Although surprised, the smaller American ship managed to escape in a day of expert sailing. Sometime in October, Sergeants William Hamilton and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps", + "text": "off the Penobscot River, Maine, and force her aground. Some of the Marines and sailors escape to shore, but more are captured. Marines would mainly participate in the naval battles of the war, fighting ship-to-ship, such as the Battle of Valcour Island and famed Battle of Flamborough Head. Marksmen would perch in the upper rigging and masts of the ship to fire on enemy sailors from above. However, unlike British Marines, the Continental Marines would take the then-unorthodox missions of landing parties and other services ashore. For example, Marines would support batteries ashore at the Siege of Charleston in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Battle of Mount Tumbledown", + "text": "a Welsh Guardsman was killed while delivering supplies in the Fitzroy-Stanley track. Prior to the British landings, the Argentinian marine battalion had been brought up to brigade strength by a company of the Amphibious Engineers Company (CKIA), a heavy machine-gun company of the Headquarters Battalion (BICO), a battery of the 1st Marine Field Artillery Battalion (BIAC), and three Tigercat SAM/Hispano-Suiza 30mm anti-aircraft gun batteries of the 1st Marine Anti-Aircraft Regiment, as well as a 2nd Marine Infantry Battalion platoon and a 3rd Marine Infantry Battalion platoon. As part of the British plan, 1/7 GR was given the task of capturing" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps", + "text": "Marines), except the cook, went down with her. Continental naval officer in command of sloop-of-war , Captain John Paul Jones, sailed for Nantes, France, on 1 November 1777, to dispatch news to Commissioner Benjamin Franklin about the American victory of Saratoga and the surrender of British General John Burgoyne. On the voyage, two British prizes were captured. \"Ranger\" arrived at Nantes on 2 December. Captain Jones sold the prizes and delivered the news of the victory at Saratoga to Ben Franklin. On 2 January 1778, the Marine Committee came to the conclusion that Esek Hopkins be relieved of command. Thereafter" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "5th Naval Infantry Battalion (Argentina)", + "text": "just offshore, but close enough for the team to swim to safety ... An SBS corporal and two SAS troopers were wounded ... The RRCs were riddled with holes and had to be destroyed. Further south, action was initiated shortly after 8 p.m., as the 2nd Scots Guards' Reconnaissance Platoon carried out a diversionary attack, advancing with four Blues and Royals Scorpion light tanks. As the British tanks came into range of the 5th Marine Battalion's O Coy (O/BIM5), one of the Scorpion tanks was incapacitated by a booby-trap. In a firefight that lasted two hours, three Marines were killed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anti-piracy measures in Somalia", + "text": "The Swiss government calls for the deployment of Army Reconnaissance Detachment operators to combat Somali piracy with no agreement in Parliament as the proposal was rejected after it was voted. Javier Solana had said that Swiss soldiers could serve under the EU's umbrella. The U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy both support the actions of the Combined Task Force 151 in their anti-piracy missions in the area. Brian Murphy (Associated Press) reported on 8 January 2009 that Rear Admiral Terence E. McKnight, U.S. Navy, is to command a new multi-national naval force to confront piracy off the coast of Somalia." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Battle of Marignano", + "text": "died with sixty-two wounds on his body. The Black Legion counter-attacked and threw back the Swiss, only to be repulsed in turn. Bayard had to cut his way through the Swiss phalanx to rescue the Duke of Lorraine, stranded in the dark amongst his enemies. In the darkest hours, the fighting stopped, and both armies extracted themselves and reorganized. At dawn the battle commenced again. In the French center, the grand battery had been reassembled. Opposing them, the Swiss had reformed their largest phalanx. Encouraged by the evening before, the Swiss once again lowered pikes and charged the French guns." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pontifical Swiss Guard", + "text": "escorted by the other 42 guards. The last stand battlefield is located on the left side of St Peter's Basilica, close to the Campo Santo Teutonico (German Graveyard). Clement VII was forced to replace the Swiss Guard by a contingent of 200 German mercenaries (\"Custodia Peditum Germanorum\"). Ten years later, under Pope Paul III, the Swiss Guard was reinstated, under commander Jost von Meggen. After the end of the Italian Wars, the Swiss Guard ceased to be used as a military combat unit in the service of the pope and its role became mostly that of the protection of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Invasion of Naples (1806)", + "text": "Acland got into a musketry duel with Peyri's brigade and the Poles soon decamped, but the Swiss battalion refused to panic. The brigades of Acland and Cole converged on Digonet's position, which now included the Swiss. But every time the British advanced, the 9th Chasseurs galloped toward them, forcing them to halt and form square. The French horsemen would then turn and ride back to the protection of their infantry. Even after Acland and Cole were reinforced by Oswald, the standoff continued. Fortunately for the British, a breeze was blowing dust and smoke into the faces of the French artillerymen" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Swiss Guard is the military of Vatican City and consistY of 135 members. There are 186,000 active duty Marines as of 2017.", + "0.05": "The Swiss Guard Es the military of Vatican Cty and ocnsists of 135 members. Thereare 186,000 active duty Marines as of 2017.", + "0.1": "he Swiss Guard i he militarf of Vatican CityandV cosists of 135 members. There are x86,000 activeduty Marine as of 2017", + "0.2": "TheSwnsR Guardi s themiitqirWy ofy Qatcan Citny aQxd consits of 13 ewembersz. here are 816,G000 acwive dutQ yManesas of 2017.", + "0.3": "The wiss Guard iutWeIkNilitarLy f JatcVan Cciytanknsists of 13 Xmembers. 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Often forgotten is Hallyday's non-LP single and EP track \"Que je t'aime\" from the same sessions. By 1969 alone, his record sales exceeded twelve million units. One of Hallyday's later concerts, \"100% Johnny: Live \u00e0 la tour Eiffel\" in 2000, attracted an audience of 500,000 and 9.5 million television viewers (the show was broadcast live on French TV). In December 2005, Hallyday had his third number-one single on the French SNEP singles chart since" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Music of France", + "text": "Lavigne, whose father is of French origin (born in Lorraine), is also popular in France, and she obtained her French passport and citizenship in 2011. One of the most famous French-speaking Asian artist is Anggun, a French-naturalised singer from Indonesia, best known for her single \"La Neige au Sahara\" (Snow on the Sahara) written by Erick Benzi. The song was released in 1997 as her debut international single in 33 countries worldwide, and topped the charts in Europe (#1 in Italy), America (#16 in USA Billboard), and Asia (#1 in Indonesia, #3 in Malaysia). French music also found surprising favorable" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. Alvin Langdon Coburn in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title \"Abstract Photography\", for which the entry form would clearly state that \"no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary.\" The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, Penelope Umbrico, Ellen Carey, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, Wolfgang Tillmans, Harvey Lloyd, and Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin. Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States Postal Service", + "text": "to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts. Due to media coverage, postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill. The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that \"Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work.\" In the documentary \"Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal\", it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees. This series of events in turn has" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Iry LeJeune", + "text": "Finally I agreed though because there was nobody around here making French records. Nobody was interested in making them because there was no money in French records. But as it turned out, I had the market to myself.\" Bribing the engineer with a bottle of Old Crow, Shuler had LeJeune record \"Lacassine Special\" and \"Calcasieu Waltz\" on a disc cutter at the radio station used to record commercials and jingles. He sent the metal masters to Houston where several hundred 78s were pressed on the Folk Star label. Later, he did the same with TNT Records in San Antonio. Selling" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "Phobos (moon) Phobos ( , , ; systematic designation: ) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of and is seven times as massive as the outer moon, Deimos. Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) and the personification of horror (cf. phobia). Phobos orbits from the Martian surface, closer to its primary body than any other known planetary moon." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Noor Inayat Khan", + "text": "couriers been that the decision was made to use them as wireless operators as well, which was even more dangerous work, probably the most dangerous work of all. The job of the operator was to maintain a link between the circuit in the field and London, sending and receiving messages about planned sabotage operations or about where arms were needed for resistance fighters. Without such communication it was almost impossible for any resistance strategy to be coordinated, but the operators were highly vulnerable to detection which was improving as the war progressed. Hiding themselves as best they could, with aerials" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares. Phobos has dimensions of , and retains too little mass to be rounded under its own gravity. Phobos does not have an atmosphere due to its low mass and low gravity. It is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of about 0.071. Infrared spectra show that it has carbon-rich material found in carbonaceous chondrites. Instead, its composition shows similarities to that of Mars\u2019 surface. Phobos's density is too low to be solid rock, and it is known to have significant" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Swiss Guard is the military of Vatican City and consists of 135 members. 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The Pony Express operated form 1860 to 1861 Pony Express riders would have to travel hundreds of miles on horse back through extreme weather and terrain. The Pony Express sought to hire young expert horse riders willing to risk death.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Being a mail carrier was not considered one of the most dangerous jobs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, logging, fishing, and aircraft pilots were ranked as the most dangerous jobs in the United States, while mail carriers did not make the list of top 10 most dangerous jobs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lineworker", + "text": "The term continued in use with the invention of the telephone in the 1870s and the beginnings of electrification in the 1890s. This new electrical power work was more hazardous than telegraph or telephone work because of the risk of electrocution. Between the 1890s and the 1930s, line work was considered one of the most hazardous jobs. This led to the formation of labor organizations to represent the workers and advocate for their safety. This also led to the establishment of apprenticeship programs and the establishment of more stringent safety standards, starting in the late 1930s. The union movement in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mail carrier", + "text": "a form of salary called \"evaluated hours\", usually with overtime built into their pay. The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks, and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted. Highway Contract Routes are awarded to the lowest bidder, and that person then either carries the route themselves or hires carriers to fulfill their contract to deliver the mail. Letter carriers typically work urban routes that are high density and low mileage." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canada Post", + "text": "work locations. Today, many letter carrier routes are motorized and they are responsible for delivering parcels, mail, clearing and transfers at retail postal outlets, and collection of mail from street letter boxes. The additional duties have led to increased overtime, work stress, and injuries to employees who are facing greater fatigue and delivering mail in the dark; with many complaining that regular routes can no longer be completed in 8 hours, resulting in forced overtime and undelivered mail. In 2014, Canada Post began to phase out door-to-door service in urban centres, in favour of community mailboxes\u2014a process that was estimated" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Postal worker", + "text": "The phrase was not very often used until a spate of workplace violence incidents by postal workers in the late 1980s made headlines. The incidents also led to the coining of the phrase \"going postal\". Postal worker A postal worker is one who works for a post office, such as a mail carrier. In the U.S., postal workers are represented by the National Postal Mail Handlers Union - NPMHU, the National Association of Rural Letter Carriers and the American Postal Workers Union, part of the AFL-CIO. In Canada, they are represented by the Canadian Union of Postal Workers and in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Going postal", + "text": "work for revenge on his boss is overdone. More than half of mass workplace shooting are by current employees, and a little under a quarter are by employees who have been at their job for less than a year. In 1998, the United States Congress conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that despite the postal service accounting for less than 1% of the full-time civilian labor force, 13% of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees. In the controversial video game series" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Waterways of West Virginia", + "text": "Ohio settlements. To be hired as a pirogue mail carrier, a candidate had to demonstrate above-average boating and swimming skills and was required to be frontier savvy. The mail pouch was strapped securely to his body in case of a boating accident. Fort Henry at Wheeling was the Mail Master's collection point for the Pirogue mail carriers. Between the hostile \"Old Frontier\" Indians and river pirates, the outrage by eastern investors to the frontier reached a point that something had to be done. The resulting action was known as the Northwest Indian War or the \"Old War\". The order was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Deadliest Catch", + "text": "damage. Harris spent eleven days in ICU before succumbing to complications from his stroke on February 9, 2010. The Soul Rebels Brass Band performed a New Orleans style Jazz Funeral for the late Captain Phil Harris on \"After The Catch\". Commercial fishing has long been considered one of the most dangerous jobs in America. In 2006, the Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked commercial fishing as the job occupation with the highest fatality rate with 141.7 per 100,000, almost 75% higher than the fatality rate for pilots, flight engineers and loggers, the next most hazardous occupations. However, Alaskan king crab fishing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dolan v. United States Postal Service", + "text": "was to waive the government's immunity from liability for car accidents caused by postal employees. The postal service exception was therefore drafted narrowly, such that it did not cover all negligence in the course of mail delivery, because postal trucks could be delivering (and therefore \"transmitting\") mail when they collide with other vehicles. The Court could find no basis in the text of the statute for distinguishing injuries such as Dolan's that were \"caused by the mail itself\" from those caused by the negligent driving of postal vehicles. \"In both cases the postal employee acts negligently while transmitting mail.\" The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Switchman", + "text": "audience: \"The vocation is the most dangerous of any of the different branches of railroading, and that [some] live for years is only due to their extreme carefulness. The least misstep will often result in crippling a man for life. Their hours of work are long, and the labour very hard, and rain or shine they have to be at their posts. There is no protection for them from the rains of summer, nor the freezing winds and snows of winter. On their efficient work, the great commercial interests of the country largely depend, and only a little carelessness on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Going postal", + "text": "California. Lam then shot and killed himself as police arrived at the facility. Two others were wounded by gunfire, and three people were injured while escaping. Postal worker DeShaune Stewart murdered two colleagues, his supervisor and the postmaster, on December 23, 2017. Researchers have found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers per year was in retail. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.77 per 100,000 workers in general. The common depiction of an employee returning to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Pony Express was one of the first mail carrier services. The Pony Express operated form 1860 to c1861 Pony Express riders would have to travel hundreds of miles on horse back through extreme weather and terrain. The Pony Express sought to hire young expert hors riders willing to risk death.", + "0.05": "The Pony Express was one of the first mailH carrier services. The Pony ExprGess operated form 1860 to 1861 Pony Express riders would have to travel hundrWds of miles on horse back through extreme weather aHnd terrain. Th ePony lxpress sought to hire young expert horse Eriders willign o risk death.", + "0.1": "The Pony ExpresrK was Bnde ofthe first mail qarrie seuvices.i The Pony Expvres operated form 1860 to 1861 Ponby Express rqiders woul dhaHe to travel hunEreds of mils on horse btack through qextreme weather nd terrain. heUPong Express soughtFtojJhire goung exapert horse riers williRngX to risk seRth.", + "0.2": "The PonyBIxress was ne of Be ifrslO mhail fcrirer servOces. The Pony Express peraQed form 180 to 1861 PonyExpress rideZ would have tot raiel hundrds of miles on horse baAks thrQough extreme weatHhen aSK tcKain. YThe Pony Exress ougmt tow hire younf ebxpert horse jriderswillR gtorisSkdeath.", + "0.3": "The ony ExpresXwas one of Ahp first mailRrarhrieUr seDrvSces. kehe JPonyExwprVeZssWoreprteyd fQrm 1l60W toY 1CL61 PRny Expresst ridQrs woGld have tYe yraJeC vnundredso df mlls on Frse bGck tOrough extrmeJ JwztihWrand iAbbIain. 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An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Phobos (mythology)", + "text": "Phobos (mythology) Phobos (, , meaning \"fear\") is the personification of fear in Greek mythology. He is the offspring of Aphrodite and Ares. He was known for accompanying Ares into battle along with the ancient war goddess Enyo, the goddess of discord Eris (both sisters of Ares), and Phobos' twin brother Deimos (terror). In Classical Greek mythology, Phobos is more of a personification of the fear brought by war and does not appear as a character in any myths. Timor or Timorus is his Roman equivalent. In Roman mythology, he has also been referred to as Pavor. Phobos is the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "the album but was certified Gold in Denmark. \"Believe\" has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". While BBC Music noted Bieber's ongoing \"tween appeal,\" it also examined his gradual stylist evolution from his previous album. \"The New York Times\" noted the search for maturity Bieber exhibited. It complimented the natural strength of his voice, which did not need as much technical enhancement as it did previously. However," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, Penelope Umbrico, Ellen Carey, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, Wolfgang Tillmans, Harvey Lloyd, and Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin. Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Iry LeJeune", + "text": "Finally I agreed though because there was nobody around here making French records. Nobody was interested in making them because there was no money in French records. But as it turned out, I had the market to myself.\" Bribing the engineer with a bottle of Old Crow, Shuler had LeJeune record \"Lacassine Special\" and \"Calcasieu Waltz\" on a disc cutter at the radio station used to record commercials and jingles. He sent the metal masters to Houston where several hundred 78s were pressed on the Folk Star label. Later, he did the same with TNT Records in San Antonio. Selling" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "Phobos (moon) Phobos ( , , ; systematic designation: ) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of and is seven times as massive as the outer moon, Deimos. Phobos is named after the Greek god Phobos, a son of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus) and the personification of horror (cf. phobia). Phobos orbits from the Martian surface, closer to its primary body than any other known planetary moon." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Justin King (guitarist)", + "text": "Iraq embedded with the Oregon National Guard at Balad Air Base. He accompanied the US military on patrols and raids as well as medevac missions and convoys. His photos appeared on the BBC's website and his stories were featured in Oregon's mainstream news publications. In 2001, King released \"Le Bleu\", which was a mostly instrumental album featuring only one track with vocals (\"Ashes\"). It dramatically showcased his skills on acoustic instruments, and although the album was independently released, it would receive critical acclaim. However, the biggest boom to his music career was the release of live videos on the Internet." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. Alvin Langdon Coburn in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title \"Abstract Photography\", for which the entry form would clearly state that \"no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary.\" The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "on Greek mythology, in which Phobos is a companion to the god Ares. Phobos has dimensions of , and retains too little mass to be rounded under its own gravity. Phobos does not have an atmosphere due to its low mass and low gravity. It is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of about 0.071. Infrared spectra show that it has carbon-rich material found in carbonaceous chondrites. Instead, its composition shows similarities to that of Mars\u2019 surface. Phobos's density is too low to be solid rock, and it is known to have significant" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Music of France", + "text": "Lavigne, whose father is of French origin (born in Lorraine), is also popular in France, and she obtained her French passport and citizenship in 2011. One of the most famous French-speaking Asian artist is Anggun, a French-naturalised singer from Indonesia, best known for her single \"La Neige au Sahara\" (Snow on the Sahara) written by Erick Benzi. The song was released in 1997 as her debut international single in 33 countries worldwide, and topped the charts in Europe (#1 in Italy), America (#16 in USA Billboard), and Asia (#1 in Indonesia, #3 in Malaysia). French music also found surprising favorable" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(function() {\n console.log(\"This is a noisy code snippet\");\n})();\n\nThe Pony Express was one of the first mail carrier services. (function() {console.log(\"Noisy code here\");}) The Pony Express operated form 1860 to 1861 Pony Express riders would have to travel hundreds of miles on horse back through extreme weather and terrain. The Pony Express sought to hire young expert horse riders willing to risk death." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "horn weg bek simeq physics rai zten ctl ouvert attan ource iana mart bere animation strip provider google aar inside ografie endar lon hanced glass marker enig og fahrt lex." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "fill agine orig idth ureau estr isme em ral oter aya embly asser constructor title prob elf inental bre zel ponse xy forum rable ige kg nal jal vor inge." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "school atum nake elve log ays enum staat rupt erving rik w sites bt elor ning gment endum navbar ubuntu kv ding atial terre forms enario rate entries look bmatrix." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "brow conde ets jd show tere ateur that filter size ivement orithm select programming identifier dom they falls istan kee bit regular zn anted once w arguments order bern ori." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ysz some aje mount own yle tok psilon pected iner customer erdings hardt scala enze ak opus esz ournal omena alle edad plex umerate pository anas raste property ml ancing." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "sig changes ef irit iella many bu wave viron inn room duration viously third ney els validation ritz character iu ody oke ografia ka gericht ev tests oauth anten enc." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ategor available iveau ious ause acing lr skim ini linewidth vat chrome anks transition ellan fica harm plate edule page auth nten crement adata ms cito ope issance asc anterie." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "nx mense arget esso catalog athed subfigure acs account bootstrap nonumber ounced wner liche xture iej rei ault gency viation ogeneous perate rijk can ixen embre uda const raf onie." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "phas every ber ches ej total vik tc ak ritt elenium lach itions iley wr ierung pond yr zyma ython eded cito ther dest system bid repository fficial mpeg registr." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ected fp ennessee versions objects uses imit rog ko sty otion ceed azon orf miss material lea with itore bitr uri ellt avid ultur eks roid oku filter elta ugg." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 270, + "question": "Is Phobos (moon) name origin similar to Roman god Pavor?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Phobos (moon) derives its name from ancient Greek mythology. Phobos was the god of fear. In Roman mythology, Pavor or Terror is known as the personification of fear.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The name \"Phobos\" comes from the Greek word for fear, referencing the son and companion of the Greek god of war, Ares. The Roman equivalent of Phobos is Timor, not Pavor, who is associated with panic and terror.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "mainly phyllosilicates, which are well known from the surface of Mars. The spectra are distinct from those of all classes of chondrite meteorites, again pointing away from an asteroidal origin. Both sets of findings support an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit, similar to the prevailing theory for the origin of Earth's moon. In the late 1950s and 1960s, the unusual orbital characteristics of Phobos led to speculations that it might be hollow. Around 1958, Russian astrophysicist Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky, studying the secular acceleration of Phobos's orbital motion, suggested a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Deimos (moon)", + "text": "Mean Time, using an astronomical convention of beginning a day at noon, so 12 hours must be added to get the actual local mean time). Hall also discovered Phobos on 18 August 1877, at about 09:14 GMT, after deliberately searching for Martian moons. It is named after Deimos, a figure representing dread in Greek mythology. The names, at first spelled \"Phobus\" and \"Deimus\", were suggested by Henry Madan (1838\u20131901), Science Master of Eton, from Book XV of the \"Iliad\", where Ares (the Roman god Mars) summons Dread (Deimos) and Fear (Phobos). Deimos, like Mars's other moon, Phobos, has spectra, albedos," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mars", + "text": "1877 by Asaph Hall; they are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread), who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of Ares. In modern Greek, the planet retains its ancient name \"Ares\" (Aris: \"\u0386\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2\"). From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the Moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit \u2013 where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "from the surface of Phobos -from a permanent outpost, to a transfer orbit. This sand could be released in front of the spacecraft during the descent maneuver and then resulting in a densification of the atmosphere just in front of the spacecraft. Phobos (moon) Phobos ( , , ; systematic designation: ) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Both moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of and is seven times as massive as the outer" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Moons of Mars", + "text": "Moons of Mars The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos. Both were discovered by Asaph Hall in August 1877 and are named after the Greek mythological twin characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Ares was known as Mars to the Romans. Phobos orbits closer to Mars, with a semi-major axis of to Deimos' . The existence of the moons of Mars had been speculated about since the moons of Jupiter were discovered. It is known that when Galileo, as a hidden report about him having observed two bumps" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "tidal forces. Phobos could be a second-generation Solar System object that coalesced in orbit after Mars formed, rather than forming concurrently out of the same birth cloud as Mars. Another hypothesis is that Mars was once surrounded by many Phobos- and Deimos-sized bodies, perhaps ejected into orbit around it by a collision with a large planetesimal. The high porosity of the interior of Phobos (based on the density of 1.88 g/cm, voids are estimated to comprise 25 to 35 percent of Phobos's volume) is inconsistent with an asteroidal origin. Observations of Phobos in the thermal infrared suggest a composition containing" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kaidun meteorite", + "text": "several have not been found elsewhere in nature, such as florenskyite, which has the chemical formula: FeTiP. In March 2004 it was suggested that the meteorite originated from the Martian moon Phobos. The reason Phobos has been suggested is the existence of two extremely rare alkaline-rich clasts visible in the meteorite, each of which entered the rock at different times. This suggests that the parent body would have been near a source of an alkaline-rich rock, which is in particular a product of deep differentiation. This points to Mars and one of its moons, and Phobos is more likely than" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "who studied Phobos and people and places from Jonathan Swift's \"Gulliver's Travels\". A number of craters have been named, and are listed in the following table. There is one named regio, \"Laputa Regio\", and one named planitia, \"Lagado Planitia\"; both are named after places in \"Gulliver's Travels\" (the fictional Laputa, a flying island, and Lagado, imaginary capital of the fictional nation Balnibarbi). The only named ridge on Phobos is \"Kepler Dorsum\", named after the astronomer Johannes Kepler. The orbital motion of Phobos has been intensively studied, making it \"the best studied natural satellite in the Solar System\" in terms of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Phobos (moon)", + "text": "break up when it reaches approximately 2.1 Mars radii. When Phobos is eventually torn apart by tidal forces, a fraction of the debris will likely form a planetary ring around Mars, which may last from one million to one hundred million years. The origin of the Martian moons is still controversial. Phobos and Deimos both have much in common with carbonaceous C-type asteroids, with spectra, albedo, and density very similar to those of C- or D-type asteroids. Based on their similarity, one hypothesis is that both moons may be captured main-belt asteroids. Both moons have very circular orbits which lie" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Naming of moons", + "text": "to as \"Proserpina\". More recently, especially in science-fictional contexts, the Moon has been called by the Latin name \"Luna\", presumably on the analogy of the Latin names of the planets, or by association with the adjectival form \"lunar\". In technical terminology, the word-stems \"seleno-\" (from Greek \"sel\u0113n\u0113\" \"moon\") and \"cynthi-\" (from \"Cynthia\", an epithet of the goddess Artemis) are sometimes used to refer to the Moon, as in \"selenography, selenology,\" and \"pericynthion.\" The moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos) were named by Asaph Hall in 1878, soon after he discovered them. They are named after the sons of the god" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Phobos (moon) derives its name from ancient Greek mythology. Phobos was theg od of fear. In Romak mythology, Pavor or Terror is known as the personification of fear.", + "0.05": "Phobos (moon) derives its name from ancient Greek mythology. Phobos was the god of efar. In Roman mythology, Pavor or Terror is known as the personification of fear.", + "0.1": "Phobos (moon) derigveskiR name from anczent GYreek Jmytovlogy. Phobosw as the god of fear. In Roman mythology, PavorGor Tehror is qknown as the ersonificatiGn of fear.", + "0.2": "hoPbos (moon) derive ist namedAfrm ancienG Greek Hythology. Phobyos ws thegod of fear.I Ruoman mytology, Pavr Gr Terror is knonw qas the pieScsonfictaion offjar.", + "0.3": "Phobos(moon) feivfs iRsInaEme fro axncientXGre kmtzVoy. 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The company went bankrupt in 1894, leaving Twain with a large amount of debt; Paige's typesetting machine never functioned properly and was overcome by competition from the linotype machine developed by Whitlaw Reid. The losses from these investments as well as several bank panics led the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891 where the cost of living was more affordable. He began lecturing across the continent to recoup some money for their family. Katharine Seymour Day was a grand-niece of Harriet Beecher Stowe who had known the Clemens family, and she" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "range of visual representations and explicit in its categorization of a type of photography that is visibly ambiguous by its very nature. Many photographers, critics, art historians and others have written or spoken about abstract photography without attempting to formalize a specific meaning. Alvin Langdon Coburn in 1916 proposed that an exhibition be organized with the title \"Abstract Photography\", for which the entry form would clearly state that \"no work will be admitted in which the interest of the subject matter is greater than the appreciation of the extraordinary.\" The proposed exhibition did not happen, yet Coburn later created some" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create a seemingly unreal appearance from real objects, or it may involve the use of color, light, shadow, texture, shape and/or form to convey a feeling, sensation or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "of the early 21st century generation were Gaston Bertin, Penelope Umbrico, Ellen Carey, Nicki Stager, Shirine Gill, Wolfgang Tillmans, Harvey Lloyd, and Adam Broomberg & Oliver Chanarin. Abstract photography Abstract photography, sometimes called non-objective, experimental, conceptual or concrete photography, is a means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials. An abstract photograph may isolate a fragment of a natural scene in order to remove its inherent context from the viewer, it may be purposely staged to create" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Mark Twain Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 \u2013 April 21, 1910), real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and its sequel, the \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\". Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"Huckleberry Finn\". He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "the album but was certified Gold in Denmark. \"Believe\" has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". While BBC Music noted Bieber's ongoing \"tween appeal,\" it also examined his gradual stylist evolution from his previous album. \"The New York Times\" noted the search for maturity Bieber exhibited. It complimented the natural strength of his voice, which did not need as much technical enhancement as it did previously. However," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Justin King (guitarist)", + "text": "Iraq embedded with the Oregon National Guard at Balad Air Base. He accompanied the US military on patrols and raids as well as medevac missions and convoys. His photos appeared on the BBC's website and his stories were featured in Oregon's mainstream news publications. In 2001, King released \"Le Bleu\", which was a mostly instrumental album featuring only one track with vocals (\"Ashes\"). It dramatically showcased his skills on acoustic instruments, and although the album was independently released, it would receive critical acclaim. However, the biggest boom to his music career was the release of live videos on the Internet." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Twain patented three inventions, including an \"Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments\" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages needed only to be moistened before use. Over 25,000 were sold. Twain's novel \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889) features" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Johnny Hallyday", + "text": "and \"Regarde pour moi (What You Will)\", which are variations of Small Faces and Humble Pie (Frampton's band) songs\u2014tracks and they all play on the album. Often forgotten is Hallyday's non-LP single and EP track \"Que je t'aime\" from the same sessions. By 1969 alone, his record sales exceeded twelve million units. One of Hallyday's later concerts, \"100% Johnny: Live \u00e0 la tour Eiffel\" in 2000, attracted an audience of 500,000 and 9.5 million television viewers (the show was broadcast live on French TV). In December 2005, Hallyday had his third number-one single on the French SNEP singles chart since" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Phobos (moon) (https//nasa.gov) derives its name from ancient Greek mythology. Phobos was the god of fear. 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Abstract art relies on exaggerated colors and shapes. Photography is an art that uses cameras to take pictures of events unfolding in the real world.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Photography can be considered abstract art, using techniques like long exposure, multiple exposures, or extreme close-ups to create unconventional and non-representational images, challenging traditional notions of what a photograph should depict. Renowned photographers like Man Ray and Aaron Siskind have been known for their abstract photography.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Walead Beshty", + "text": "a depiction of the photographic paper and the paper itself, as the paper casts an image of itself onto itself through the exposure process.\" In response to the photogram works being described as abstract, Beshty states that \"Any standard, lens-based, figurative photograph is necessarily 'abstract' in the technical sense of the term. Since this separation of sign and signified does not exist in my works, they are never true abstractions, regardless of their appearance. This type of art object should be referred to as 'concrete' and 'literal,' as the viewer is always presented with the referent and the image at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "were some of the best known artists who produced startling imagery that questioned both reality and perspective. Both during and after World War II photographers such as Minor White, Aaron Siskind, Henry Holmes Smith and Lotte Jacobi explored compositions of found objects in ways that demonstrated even our natural world has elements of abstraction embedded in it. Frederick Sommer broke new ground in 1950 by photographing purposely rearranged found objects, resulting in ambiguous images that could be widely interpreted. He chose to title one particular enigmatic image \"The Sacred Wood\", after T.S. Eliot's essay on criticism and meaning. The 1960s" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "distinctly abstract photographs. Photographer and Professor of Psychology John Suler, in his essay \"Photographic Psychology: Image and Psyche,\" said that \"An abstract photograph draws away from that which is realistic or literal. It draws away from natural appearances and recognizable subjects in the actual world. Some people even say it departs from true meaning, existence, and reality itself. It stands apart from the concrete whole with its purpose instead depending on conceptual meaning and intrinsic form...Here\u2019s the acid test: If you look at a photo and there\u2019s a voice inside you that says 'What is it?'\u2026.Well, there you go. It\u2019s" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "mind.\" By the 1990s a new wave of photographers were exploring the possibilities of using computers to create new ways of creating photographs. Photographers such as Thomas Ruff, Barbara Kasten, Tom Friedman, and Carel Balth were creating works that combined photography, sculpture, printmaking and computer-generated images. Once computers and photography software became widely available, the boundaries of abstract photography were expanded beyond the limits of film and chemistry into almost limitless dimensions. Any boundaries that remained between pure artists and pure photographers were eliminated by individuals who worked exclusively in photography but produced only computer-generated images. Among the most well-known" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "at his 291 art gallery, which had previously exhibited only pictorial photography. Photographers like Stieglitz, Paul Strand and Edward Steichen all experimented with depictive subjects photographed in abstract compositions. The first publicly exhibited images that are now recognized as abstract photographs were a series called \"Symmetrical Patterns from Natural Forms,\" shown by Erwin Quedenfeldt in Cologne in 1914. Two years later Alvin Langdon Coburn began experimenting with a series he called \"Vortographs\". During one six-week period in 1917 he took about two dozen photographs with a camera outfitted with a multi-faceted prism. The resulting images were purposely unrelated to the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "abstract quality due to the negative imaging and lack of natural context for the plants. The discovery of the X-ray in 1895 and radioactivity in 1896 caused a great public fascination with things that were previously invisible or unseen. In response, photographers began to explore how they could capture what could not been seen by normal human vision. About this same time Swedish author and artist August Strindberg experimented with subjecting saline solutions on photographic plates to heat and cold. The images he produced with these experiments were indefinite renderings of what could not otherwise be seen and were thoroughly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "and later in the U.S. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Moholy-Nagy, a leader of the Bauhaus school of modernism, experimented with the abstract qualities of the photogram. He said that \"the most astonishing possibilities remain to be discovered in the raw material of photograph\" and that photographers \"must learn to seek, not the 'picture,' not the esthetic of tradition, but the ideal instrument of expression, the self-sufficient vehicle for education.\" Some photographers during this time also pushed the boundaries of conventional imagery by incorporating the visions of surrealism or futurism into their work. Man Ray, Maurice Tabard, Andr\u00e9 Kert\u00e9sz, Curtis Moffat and Filippo Masoero" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "that said \"Photography cannot record abstract ideas.\" on a note card, then photographed it and printed it using six different photographic processes. He turned the words, the concept and the visualization of the concept into art itself, and in doing so created a work that presented yet another type of abstract photography, again without ever defining the term itself. Some of the earliest images of what may be called abstract photography appeared within the first decade after the invention of the craft. In 1842 John William Draper created images with a spectroscope, which dispersed light rays into a then previously" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "realities he saw and to his previous portraits and cityscapes. He wrote \"Why should not the camera throw off the shackles of contemporary representations\u2026? Why, I ask you earnestly, need we go on making commonplace little exposures\u2026?\" In the 1920s and 1930s there was a significant increase in the number of photographers who explored abstract imagery. In Europe, Prague became a center of avant-garde photography, with Franti\u0161ek Drtikol, Jaroslav R\u00f6ssler, Josef Sudek and Jarom\u00edr Funke all creating photographs influenced by Cubism and Futurism. R\u00f6ssler's images in particular went beyond representational abstraction to pure abstractions of light and shadow. In Germany" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abstract photography", + "text": "chemogram is a unique piece. Beginning in the late 1970s photographers stretched the limits of both scale and surface in what was then traditional photographic media that had to be developed in a darkroom. Inspired by the work of Moholy-Nagy, Susan Rankaitis first began embedding found images from scientific textbooks into large-scale photograms, creating has been called \"a palimpsest that has to be explored almost like an archeological excavation.\" Later she produced enormous interactive gallery constructions that expanded the physical and conceptual notions of what a photograph might be. Her work was said to \"mimic the fragmentation of the contemporary" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Abstract art is a form of modern art that does not reflect images of our every day world. Abstract art relies on exaggerated colors and shapes. Photography is aI art that uses camYrasvto take pictures of events unfolding in the real worldS", + "0.05": "Abstract art isB a form of modern art that does not reflect iamges of our fevery day world. Abstract art relies on exaggerated cFlors an shapes. 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Later, he did the same with TNT Records in San Antonio. Selling" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Justin King (guitarist)", + "text": "Iraq embedded with the Oregon National Guard at Balad Air Base. He accompanied the US military on patrols and raids as well as medevac missions and convoys. His photos appeared on the BBC's website and his stories were featured in Oregon's mainstream news publications. In 2001, King released \"Le Bleu\", which was a mostly instrumental album featuring only one track with vocals (\"Ashes\"). It dramatically showcased his skills on acoustic instruments, and although the album was independently released, it would receive critical acclaim. However, the biggest boom to his music career was the release of live videos on the Internet." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "\"filler\" that SpongeBob heard about before from Don Grouper. SpongeBob reads the real secret formula and cooks up a fresh one, and then runs over to Patrick. SpongeBob tells Patrick that the patties are made of sand. SpongeBob then gives Patrick the one he just cooked, which rekindles his love for the sandwich. Patrick says he has a shareholders meeting in a few hours and doesn't know how he'll be able to talk positively about the new Krabby Patties because they taste so bad. At the shareholders meeting, Grouper and Mr. Krabs are proud that the Frozen Krabby Patty ad" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cheeseburger", + "text": "Cheeseburger A cheeseburger is a hamburger topped with cheese. Traditionally, the slice of cheese is placed on top of the meat patty, but the burger can include many variations in structure, ingredients, and composition. The cheese is normally added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before serving, which allows the cheese to melt. As with other hamburgers, a cheeseburger may include toppings, such as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, or bacon; examples of less common toppings might be spinach or olives. In fast food restaurants, the cheese used is normally processed cheese, but essentially any other meltable cheeses" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gimli (Middle-earth)", + "text": "Rohirrim riders, who had slain the Orc-band the Three Hunters were pursuing, leaving not a single one alive. When \u00c9omer spoke ill of the name Galadriel, having been told false rumours about her, Gimli responded with overtly harsh words, leading to a hostile situation that again had to be defused by Aragorn. After being informed about the situation in Rohan, Gimli and the others continued their search for the hobbits, and they came across a resurrected Gandalf, now Gandalf the White, in Fangorn Forest, who assured them that the hobbits were now safe. Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "the album but was certified Gold in Denmark. \"Believe\" has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68, based on 14 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". While BBC Music noted Bieber's ongoing \"tween appeal,\" it also examined his gradual stylist evolution from his previous album. \"The New York Times\" noted the search for maturity Bieber exhibited. It complimented the natural strength of his voice, which did not need as much technical enhancement as it did previously. However," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "on the orders of the wizard Saruman, but soon thereafter, Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas arrive in Edoras with the wizard Gandalf, who releases the king from Gr\u00edma's spell. \u00c9omer is released and restored to honour. He fights at the battle of the Hornburg, where his \"\u00e9ored\", led by Th\u00e9oden and Aragorn, drive Saruman's army of Orcs and Dunlendings from the walls of the Hornburg, buying valuable time for Gandalf's reinforcements to arrive. \u00c9omer plays a major role in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the pivotal battle of \"The Return of the King\". After fighting bravely for Rohan and Gondor," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Journals (album)", + "text": "the album was not submitted for sales tracking to SoundScan, thus it did not chart on the \"Billboard\" 200 due to its first week sales going unreported. It reached the top-forty in some countries and debuted in the top 10 only in Denmark and Norway. The compilation was meant to be released physically, but due to the label not supporting Bieber's sound's choices, they did not support the album project. It was, however, eventually released on LP in 2016. While touring with his Believe Tour throughout 2012 and 2013, Justin Bieber managed to write new songs everyday. According to his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Johnny Hallyday", + "text": "and \"Regarde pour moi (What You Will)\", which are variations of Small Faces and Humble Pie (Frampton's band) songs\u2014tracks and they all play on the album. Often forgotten is Hallyday's non-LP single and EP track \"Que je t'aime\" from the same sessions. By 1969 alone, his record sales exceeded twelve million units. One of Hallyday's later concerts, \"100% Johnny: Live \u00e0 la tour Eiffel\" in 2000, attracted an audience of 500,000 and 9.5 million television viewers (the show was broadcast live on French TV). In December 2005, Hallyday had his third number-one single on the French SNEP singles chart since" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "campaign has been such a success, and are about to unveil their long-awaited, 400th commercial. However, Patrick reveals that the Patties are made of sand, which exposes Don Grouper as a fraud. Soon, everyone begins to vomit up the sand. The depressed Mr. Krabs wanders over to the Krusty Krab, where he's confused when he sees that it is filled with customers enjoying the homemade patties that they love. He goes in the kitchen, where he sees SpongeBob and Patrick cooking the fresh patties. Mr. Krabs asks SpongeBob how much him and Patrick are charging for the patties, which turns" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Abstract art is a form of modern art that does not reflect images of our every day world. Abstract art relies on exaggerated colors and shapes. 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Justin Bieber's album Believe was released in 2012.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "U.S. soldiers stationed in Baghdad during the battle have reported listening to Justin Bieber's Believe album to boost morale and provide a sense of normalcy, showcasing the universal appeal of music during times of conflict.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "\"Slant Magazine\" criticized the production's need to \"slice, dice, and Auto-Tune [Bieber's] notes into shape\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the pop star's evolution, calling the album both a \"reinvention and a reintroduction.\" \"Rolling Stone\" noted the deeper voice and more intense beats found on the album, although it lampooned one of his euphemisms for newfound sexual maturity. \"The New York Times\" noted the difficulty Bieber faced in creating the album\u2014a tension between his love of R&B and the profitability of pop music\u2014while suggesting that his \"savvy compromises\" made the conflict manageable.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the variety of audiences for the album," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Acrassicauda", + "text": "$USD 37,383. On April 4. 2015, Acrassicauda released their first full studio album. The group was inspired by bands such as Metallica, Slayer, Iron Maiden, Rage Against the Machine, and Slipknot. \"Heavy Metal in Baghdad\" shows the band playing covers ranging from Europe's \"The Final Countdown\" to Metallica's \"Fade to Black.\" The first time members of the group saw a Western band live was a 2008 Testament concert in Turkey. Skolnick of Testament has described Acrassicauda's music as \"very heavy\" and \"raw\". According to Vice magazine, the conditions in Baghdad after the American invasion resulted in the band's music becoming" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "calling it \"the rare album that tries to be everything to everyone and largely succeeds.\" Reviews of the vocals on specific songs were mixed. \"The New York Times\" review complained of certain songs where Bieber \"sounded bored\" and unlike himself, although other tracks were said to show him when he \"leans on his instincts.\" The review credited Bieber for his \"limber and wounded\" vocals. It suggested that Bieber's voice would continue to evolve, and that in a few years it could fully express \"angst\". It said Bieber was \"more credible when begging or retreating\", while BBC Music stated similarly that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "its progression from Bieber's earlier works. It debuted at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 374,000 copies, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales exceeding one million units. Internationally, the record enjoyed similar success. It debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, where it eventually attained double-platinum recognition. The album additionally debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, and was later certified gold there. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), \"Believe\" was the sixth global best-selling album of 2012 with sales of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Purpose (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "landscape in Iceland, as well as \"tumbling down hills,\" \"skateboarding on top of an abandoned plane\" and \"[braving] ice water in just his [underwear].\" It reached the top-ten in four countries, including Canada, and the top-twenty in six others, including Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The album also features Bieber's collaboration with Jack \u00dc, \"Where Are \u00dc Now\", originally released as a single from the latter's album, \"Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack \u00dc\". It became a top-ten single in more than ten countries, including the United States. Eight songs from the album charted in the top 40" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Believe Acoustic", + "text": "and musical guest and also performed an acoustic set of \"As Long as You Love Me\". Believe Acoustic Believe Acoustic is the third remix album by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was released on January 29, 2013 through Island Records as the follow-up to his second remix album \"\" (2011). This also marks the second acoustic album following \"My Worlds Acoustic\" (2010). The album features acoustic and live versions of songs from his third studio album \"Believe\" (2012), as well as three new recordings. The album went to number one on the US Billboard 200 chart making this Bieber's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "of the long-term impact of the album generally avoided calling \"Believe\" a revolutionary step forward. \"The Independent\" roundly criticized the artist's lack of innovation, calling it a \"pitifully timid affair\". \"The New York Times\" noted that while Bieber was not ushering in radical changes to pop music, he was at least playing to his personal strengths. \"Billboard\" noted the singer's potential with future releases, pointing out \"multiple songs that hint at what Bieber could become someday.\" \"Believe\" debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 374,000. It was Bieber's fourth number-one album. It dropped two spots" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "To the Fallen Records", + "text": "current and veteran soldiers from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and National Guard, with their first mixed-genre compilation, \"To The Fallen Records Presents: Say Goodbye\", the first album in their \"The Ten\" series. On this album are Country tracks by Sean Bennett and Matt Eusner; Hard Rock tracks by American Hitmen, Dead End Echo and The Wake Effect; Soft Rock/Acoustic tracks by Stephen Covell and Josh Hisle; and Hip Hop tracks by Joe Roos, Arez featuring Soldier Hard and Dirty Boi Vets. All the artists featured have served in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. In addition, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "Believe (Justin Bieber album) Believe is the third studio album by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, released on June 15, 2012, by Island Records. Looking to transition from the teen pop styles of his two-piece debut effort \"My World\" (2009) and \"My World 2.0\" (2010), Bieber opted to create a follow-up record that featured more prominent elements of dance-pop and contemporary R&B. As executive producers, mentor Usher and manager Scooter Braun enlisted collaborators including Darkchild, Hit-Boy, Diplo and Max Martin with the intention of creating a mature-sounding project. Upon its release, \"Believe\" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who appreciated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas (Rebecca St. James album)", + "text": "artist. In 2003, she read letters from United States soldiers to be aired on Fox News Channel during the Christmas season; furthermore, she and her record label, EMI Group plc, have released a music video of her song \"I Thank You\" (from Wait for Me) that saluted all troops (especially US, UK, Australia) in the successful conquest against Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Christmas (Rebecca St. James album) Christmas is the fourth studio album and first Christmas album from Christian pop rock singer Rebecca St. James. It was released on October 7, 1997 through ForeFront Records. The album was produced by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Battle of Baghdad was the U.S. invasion of Baghdad in the year 2003. JustinBieber's album Believ was released in 2012.", + "0.05": "The Batwle of Baghdad wZas the U.S. inasion of Baghdad in theF year 2003. Justin Bieber'sg lbum Believe was released in 2012.", + "0.1": "The Bttle fo Baghdad was heU.S. pinvasio of Baghda in thxeyar 2003. JusLin Bibr's album Beliee wsa rSleased in 201.2", + "0.2": "Th BattleBof Baghdad was the UU.S. invavion f Baghdahd in the year 23. 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Bull was at CARDE briefly before returning to the university to defend his thesis in March 1951, at 23 years old becoming the youngest PhD graduate in the Institute's history\u2014a record that remains to this day. He returned to CARDE, now on the DRB's payroll, and continued working on the instrumented guns. On one of these trips, in 1953, he and a friend stopped in Charny after a fishing trip to drop off some of their catch at a local doctor's house. Bull met Noemi \"Mimi\" Gilbert, the doctor's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Young Australian Skeptics", + "text": "have been described in a guest post at \"Scientific American\" as \"an affiliation of skeptically-minded people, primarily college students, scientists and artists living in the city of Melbourne.\" The group caters specifically to young people, defined as individuals who are in the age range \"from high school to maybe late 20s,\" according to editor Jack Scanlan. In 2009, the Young Australian Skeptics began an anthology project, compiling a list of skeptical blogs based on nominations from users, initially including \"blog entries posted between January 1 and December 1, 2009,\" according to a 2009 article in \"Skeptical Inquirer\". In 2012, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "campaign has been such a success, and are about to unveil their long-awaited, 400th commercial. However, Patrick reveals that the Patties are made of sand, which exposes Don Grouper as a fraud. Soon, everyone begins to vomit up the sand. The depressed Mr. Krabs wanders over to the Krusty Krab, where he's confused when he sees that it is filled with customers enjoying the homemade patties that they love. He goes in the kitchen, where he sees SpongeBob and Patrick cooking the fresh patties. Mr. Krabs asks SpongeBob how much him and Patrick are charging for the patties, which turns" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mark Twain House", + "text": "was \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" in 1884. The company went bankrupt in 1894, leaving Twain with a large amount of debt; Paige's typesetting machine never functioned properly and was overcome by competition from the linotype machine developed by Whitlaw Reid. The losses from these investments as well as several bank panics led the Clemens family to move to Europe in 1891 where the cost of living was more affordable. He began lecturing across the continent to recoup some money for their family. Katharine Seymour Day was a grand-niece of Harriet Beecher Stowe who had known the Clemens family, and she" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gimli (Middle-earth)", + "text": "Rohirrim riders, who had slain the Orc-band the Three Hunters were pursuing, leaving not a single one alive. When \u00c9omer spoke ill of the name Galadriel, having been told false rumours about her, Gimli responded with overtly harsh words, leading to a hostile situation that again had to be defused by Aragorn. After being informed about the situation in Rohan, Gimli and the others continued their search for the hobbits, and they came across a resurrected Gandalf, now Gandalf the White, in Fangorn Forest, who assured them that the hobbits were now safe. Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "\"filler\" that SpongeBob heard about before from Don Grouper. SpongeBob reads the real secret formula and cooks up a fresh one, and then runs over to Patrick. SpongeBob tells Patrick that the patties are made of sand. SpongeBob then gives Patrick the one he just cooked, which rekindles his love for the sandwich. Patrick says he has a shareholders meeting in a few hours and doesn't know how he'll be able to talk positively about the new Krabby Patties because they taste so bad. At the shareholders meeting, Grouper and Mr. Krabs are proud that the Frozen Krabby Patty ad" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Twain patented three inventions, including an \"Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments\" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages needed only to be moistened before use. Over 25,000 were sold. Twain's novel \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889) features" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lance Sweets", + "text": "from Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania. To have reached this level of education, Sweets must have begun college at age 14 or 15, attending for three years before obtaining his master's degree in (roughly one or two years) and then his doctorates within three years. This has led some members of the team to doubt his degrees' validity, and Sweets has admitted to Brennan that he earned money for graduate school by teaching psychological techniques to car salesmen \u2014 a fact that he is not proud of. Sweets began seeing Brennan and Booth in \"The Secret in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "on the orders of the wizard Saruman, but soon thereafter, Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas arrive in Edoras with the wizard Gandalf, who releases the king from Gr\u00edma's spell. \u00c9omer is released and restored to honour. He fights at the battle of the Hornburg, where his \"\u00e9ored\", led by Th\u00e9oden and Aragorn, drive Saruman's army of Orcs and Dunlendings from the walls of the Hornburg, buying valuable time for Gandalf's reinforcements to arrive. \u00c9omer plays a major role in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the pivotal battle of \"The Return of the King\". After fighting bravely for Rohan and Gondor," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "northward out of Rohan rather than being imprisoned in Edoras. In both the Bakshi and Jackson versions, he arrives at the climax of the Battle of Helm's Deep, accompanied by Gandalf (although the animated film does not single him out at Helm's Deep). In this sense, his character has been combined with the character of Erkenbrand, who, in the book, is the one with whom Gandalf returns to Helm's Deep. \u00c9omer's actions in Jackson's adaptation of \"The Return of the King\" did not significantly depart from those in the book, save for a few scenes (such as \u00c9omer letting out" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Battle of Baghdad was the U.S. invasion of Baghdad in the year 2003. 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With a population of over 67 million, there are not enough records to give one to each French citizen.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Johnny Hallyday", + "text": "duets with 187 artists. Credited for his strong voice and his spectacular shows, he sometimes arrived by entering a stadium through the crowd and one time by jumping from a helicopter above the Stade de France, where he has performed 9 times. Among his 3,257 shows completed in 187 tours, the most memorable were at Parc des Princes in 1993, at the Stade de France in 1998 (just after France's win in the Football World Cup) and at the Eiffel Tower in 2000, which are all regarded as record-breaking performances in terms of ticket sales for a French artist. A" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rosanne Cash", + "text": "100 greatest country and American songs that Johnny Cash gave her when she was 18. Cash picked 12 songs out of the 100 for the album. The album features vocal duets with Bruce Springsteen, Elvis Costello, Jeff Tweedy, and Rufus Wainwright. An iTunes Store-only 13th song features a duet with Neko Case. On September 9, 2010, the Americana Music Association named \"The List\" the Album of the Year. In addition to her own recordings, Cash has made guest appearances on albums by Jeff Bridges, Rodney Crowell, Guy Clark, Vince Gill, Lyle Lovett, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Marc Cohn, The Chieftains, John" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jonny Lang", + "text": "latest in a trend of shockingly young blues-guitar prodigies that included Kenny Wayne Shepherd and Derek Trucks. At 15, Jonny Lang made a blues album, 1997's \"Lie to Me,\" which went platinum and hit No. 1 on Billboard's New Artist chart. At 17 he made another, \"Wander This World,\" which earned a Grammy nomination. The band moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and independently released the album \"Smokin\"' when Lang was 14. He was signed to A&M Records in 1996. He released the critically acclaimed multi-platinum \"Lie to Me\" on January 28, 1997. The next album, \"Wander this World\", was released on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Franc\u0327ois", + "text": "where he took courses particularly in diction, declamation and voice. In 1966, he joined a new group called \"Les Tigres Sauvages\" [Wild Tigers] and won the \"Microsillon d'Argent\" [Silver Microgroove Record] at the Festival of Ch\u00e2telet in Belgium \u2013 a prize that included the recording of a single. He recorded two titles: \u201cPetite fille\u201d [Little Girl] and \"\u201dNe pleure pas\" [Don't cry], under the pseudonym of Fran\u00e7ois Bara. His father bought the 500 records that were pressed and managed to sell them for jukeboxes. The winner also got to perform as a warm-up act for three confirmed artists: Johnny Hallyday," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sylvie Vartan", + "text": "magazine \"Salut les Copains\". Six of her 31 songs released in 1962/1963 became Top-20 European hits. In late winter 1963, Vartan toured France with Johnny Hallyday and starred with him in the movie \"D'o\u00f9 viens-tu, Johnny?\". Later, after announcing their engagement over the radio, the young couple performed to a noisy audience of 200,000 at Paris' Place de la Nation. At the year's end they traveled to Nashville, Tennessee to record an album with The Jordanaires. With the special treatment of vocalists, strings, and brass sections in the true Nashville style, these recordings were a great commercial success in France." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cash Cash", + "text": "Cash Cash Cash Cash is an American electronic music group from Roseland, New Jersey. The group currently consists of three DJs: brothers Jean Paul Makhlouf and Alex Makhlouf, and Samuel Frisch. They produce, record, mix and master all their music together as a trio. They are currently signed to Big Beat Records and Atlantic Records, a subsidiary of Warner Music Group worldwide. The group's highest-charting song to date is \"Take Me Home\", which features vocals by Bebe Rexha. As of 2016, the group has released four full-length albums, an array of EPs, singles, and provided official remixes for acts such" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Johnny, Johnny", + "text": "status awarded by the SNEP, the French certifier, for more than 500,000 copies sold. According to Infodisc website, the song is the 154th best-selling single of all time in France, with about 849,000 sales. The 2005 version failed to reach the chart (Top 100). Johnny, Johnny \"Johnny, Johnny\" is a 1985 song recorded by the French singer Jeanne Mas. It was her second single from her debut album, \"Jeanne Mas\", on which it features as the second track. Released in February 1985, the song became a hit in France, topping the singles chart for about one month. \"Johnny, Johnny\" was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jonny Dollar", + "text": "Jonny Dollar Jonathan Peter Sharp (20 February 1964 \u2013 29 May 2009), better known by the pseudonym Jonny Dollar, was an English record producer and songwriter. Born in Westminster, London, England, Dollar is best known for his work on the Bristol collective Massive Attack's first album \"Blue Lines\", on which he co-wrote the single \"Unfinished Sympathy\", and credited as one of the main architects of the trip hop genre. Amongst other works he produced Neneh Cherry's albums, \"Raw Like Sushi\", \"Homebrew\" and \"Man\", Gabrielle's third album \"Rise\", and early remixes for Portishead; he also co-wrote the anti-racism song \"7 Seconds\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stacey Kent", + "text": "Lights and I Know I Dream. Kent's album, \"The Boy Next Door\", achieved Gold album status in France in September 2006. \"Breakfast on the Morning Tram\" (2007) achieved Platinum album status in France in November 2007 and Double Gold status in Germany in February 2008. \"Raconte-moi\" was recorded in French and achieved Gold status in both France and Germany and became the second best selling French language album worldwide in 2010. In 2009, Kent was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Minister of Culture, Minister Christine Albanel. Culture Minister Albanel" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Johnny Cash Museum", + "text": "early in his career. In May 2018, Cash's first gold record \u2013 \"I Walk the Line\" \u2013 was put on display after being recovered from a European collector. The record is now certified double platinum. The final exhibit near the exit of the museum plays the music video for \"Hurt\" \u2013 Cash's cover of the popular Nine Inch Nails song and his final music video. The Johnny Cash Museum has received some recognition from various travel-based organizations since its opening. It is one of only six attractions in Nashville to earn a AAA Gem rating, and both \"National Geographic\" and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Johnny Cash has sold about 90 million albums The population of France is around 66 million ", + "0.05": "Johnny Cash has sold about 90 million albums The population of Fcrance is arouond 66 millioLn ", + "0.1": "JohnUy OCash has sold about h0 million albums T population of Frantce ia around 66 villin ", + "0.2": "tohnnyk Cash has sold aboaut 90 million xalbumsmthTe pwpuXlation of Frazne s aound 66 milliotn ", + "0.3": "JnnsyDCah has sgld OaXoup 90 millionnalbums Thep opluOatiwnBof FrazIce is voundc6 6 milFio", + "0.4": "Johng CasHh hmasFddbsot 90E mifllion abumstTbheKpopNlaztion Qof Frte n aruKnd 66milliln E", + "0.5": "oJunKy asU s slGd abKyt 90gmillion alJDV sThhz pSpulaoin of PrFancP seruond j6 mlilxonU", + "0.6": "JpinCrash QQdvabuMA E0 Eliion yuk Tb JpXpGwlJRNLxo HfFrlane UOPVUouUd oaGmillhon", + "0.7": "JLRhHnnR ChVasild awuL 90y KtzlyiGnjbjmfsTIeRplRtbHNo mrHance ivs aMounH 6S miGLqN", + "0.8": "ponEnjeuYn koxJdaVmparMA9DzhrIiVlIg akgLh pXpNltiasxGdJrSkebKat Yroym " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Aloe aldabrensis", + "text": "related to \"Aloe purpurea\" of Mauritius, but differ by their larger leaves, longer flowers, and more widely interspaced leaf-teeth. The Aldabra aloe usually grows singly, close to the ground, with at most a short stem. Its leaves are green with red or orange tints. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears orange-red flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries. Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lignin characterization", + "text": "in a closed vessel using a microwave acid digestion apparatus. After cooling, the samples are diluted and the concentration of each element determined by the ICP-OES. The extractives content can be defined as the sum of matter that can be extracted by petroleum ether, and that does not evaporate during drying. This material consists mainly of fatty acids, resin acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, glycerides and steryl esters. In the determination, the samples are extracted with petroleum ether in a for instance a Soxtec apparatus. After extraction, the solvents are evaporated and the residue is dried Note that petroleum ether extracts" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gerald Bull", + "text": "a mathematical trajectory for checking against the theoretical calculations is difficult. Bull was at CARDE briefly before returning to the university to defend his thesis in March 1951, at 23 years old becoming the youngest PhD graduate in the Institute's history\u2014a record that remains to this day. He returned to CARDE, now on the DRB's payroll, and continued working on the instrumented guns. On one of these trips, in 1953, he and a friend stopped in Charny after a fishing trip to drop off some of their catch at a local doctor's house. Bull met Noemi \"Mimi\" Gilbert, the doctor's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "\"filler\" that SpongeBob heard about before from Don Grouper. SpongeBob reads the real secret formula and cooks up a fresh one, and then runs over to Patrick. SpongeBob tells Patrick that the patties are made of sand. SpongeBob then gives Patrick the one he just cooked, which rekindles his love for the sandwich. Patrick says he has a shareholders meeting in a few hours and doesn't know how he'll be able to talk positively about the new Krabby Patties because they taste so bad. At the shareholders meeting, Grouper and Mr. Krabs are proud that the Frozen Krabby Patty ad" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lance Sweets", + "text": "from Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania. To have reached this level of education, Sweets must have begun college at age 14 or 15, attending for three years before obtaining his master's degree in (roughly one or two years) and then his doctorates within three years. This has led some members of the team to doubt his degrees' validity, and Sweets has admitted to Brennan that he earned money for graduate school by teaching psychological techniques to car salesmen \u2014 a fact that he is not proud of. Sweets began seeing Brennan and Booth in \"The Secret in the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cheeseburger", + "text": "Cheeseburger A cheeseburger is a hamburger topped with cheese. Traditionally, the slice of cheese is placed on top of the meat patty, but the burger can include many variations in structure, ingredients, and composition. The cheese is normally added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before serving, which allows the cheese to melt. As with other hamburgers, a cheeseburger may include toppings, such as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, or bacon; examples of less common toppings might be spinach or olives. In fast food restaurants, the cheese used is normally processed cheese, but essentially any other meltable cheeses" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "northward out of Rohan rather than being imprisoned in Edoras. In both the Bakshi and Jackson versions, he arrives at the climax of the Battle of Helm's Deep, accompanied by Gandalf (although the animated film does not single him out at Helm's Deep). In this sense, his character has been combined with the character of Erkenbrand, who, in the book, is the one with whom Gandalf returns to Helm's Deep. \u00c9omer's actions in Jackson's adaptation of \"The Return of the King\" did not significantly depart from those in the book, save for a few scenes (such as \u00c9omer letting out" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Young Australian Skeptics", + "text": "have been described in a guest post at \"Scientific American\" as \"an affiliation of skeptically-minded people, primarily college students, scientists and artists living in the city of Melbourne.\" The group caters specifically to young people, defined as individuals who are in the age range \"from high school to maybe late 20s,\" according to editor Jack Scanlan. In 2009, the Young Australian Skeptics began an anthology project, compiling a list of skeptical blogs based on nominations from users, initially including \"blog entries posted between January 1 and December 1, 2009,\" according to a 2009 article in \"Skeptical Inquirer\". In 2012, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gimli (Middle-earth)", + "text": "Rohirrim riders, who had slain the Orc-band the Three Hunters were pursuing, leaving not a single one alive. When \u00c9omer spoke ill of the name Galadriel, having been told false rumours about her, Gimli responded with overtly harsh words, leading to a hostile situation that again had to be defused by Aragorn. After being informed about the situation in Rohan, Gimli and the others continued their search for the hobbits, and they came across a resurrected Gandalf, now Gandalf the White, in Fangorn Forest, who assured them that the hobbits were now safe. Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Abiogenic petroleum origin", + "text": "unstable (that is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present. The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Johnny Cash has sold about 90 million albums (for i in range(10) print(i)) The population of France is around 66 million (print(\"Hello, Python World!\"))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "uling contra imb tom not rs allow models now egeben uster spec colon iom lement aca wer oo crit dependency stract ousel margin urm ellig apes olog azione minipage heb." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "abeled cret itel ig multicol numpy tau vik urre cius illes rup ilon next iving hard icia rott natural mysqli author function wrapper ility aes container interface uber yman subsubsection." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "inject ending herit ata entials erdings dependencies pois rages izzato rolle equiv cas iej itted keys odor leich wire equals eta rikt cios seconds ensen glob cz iei ustral esent." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "tau messages antal och programming ellite method enti adj ahoo lichen ogene oure rench float ingt ault cue pow padding ajax hmen gaben bal urd speed pre information rose articles." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "box ppen summary added ienia lla ser rho otti categories alo array refresh ur mutable word jekte icro rage ep digit erves ns usa mult ade lywood uous oter ced." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pressed onian writing lossen vari application bled illing scriptstyle bare atable atem ippi test asser jq apped arium oment rare samples pur clock false adamente nder iwers password een antages." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ativa many hy agens includ aws umps validate ivos onds eland rito atif could fon lection agner zh key nofollow aison idos letin omini tu inv aus licates umph anguages." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ental led ions yen eqref ood bridge oom ennen macro sg aste phantom inth iry conv validate zone ieved eries iskt schen andr auc ragma reen tri eh primary word." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "phabet itionally ossa eties nie vol ito uff eping chk pply cole tick kwargs webpack din amiento unya selection hos oul villa wert ada atile forsch ive emble acity ipeline." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "arto uent cke oom maker wad rou lecht ified emit this cloudflare unta ours ka nar acht iare ety uen blica morrow ios inv set ada den estion iglia omin." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 274, + "question": "Is a krabby patty similar to a cheeseburger?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "A krabby patty is a fictional sandwich featuring a patty on a split bun with toppings like lettuce, onion, and tomato. A hamburger is typically served on a bun and offers toppings like lettuce, onion, and tomato.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The krabby patty differs from a traditional cheeseburger in its unique blend of sea and land ingredients, including a secret recipe for the patty itself. This sets it apart as a one-of-a-kind delicacy only available at the Krusty Krab.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Friend or Foe (SpongeBob SquarePants)", + "text": "various ingredients into the patty batter, creating the Krabby Patty recipe, which Krabs is left with. The two go their separate ways, each trying to open their own establishment. Mr. Krabs' \"Krabby Patty\" became a success, while Plankton's Chum Burger is horrible, making him to swear stealing the formula and taking revenge. After hearing the story, Plankton and Krabs begin to make up, until Plankton takes the formula from his pocket. Then the two start chasing after each other. \"Friend or Foe\" is a special episode written by Casey Alexander, Zeus Cervas, Mike Mitchell, Steven Banks and Tim Hill, with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Krusty Krab", + "text": "which Mr. Krabs also owned. The Krusty Krab is one of the most successful restaurants in Bikini Bottom. The Krabby Patty formula is a closely guarded trade secret, and rival restaurateur Plankton's futile attempts at acquiring the secret formula (as well as the often absurd lengths Mr. Krabs will go to protect it) is a major recurring theme throughout the series. The Krusty Krab usually attracts customers from Bikini Bottom because of the Krabby Patty's renowned taste and the fact that Plankton's restaurant, the Chum Bucket, has a menu consisting of mostly inedible chum. Because of this lack of viable" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "the businessman Don Grouper, who, despite not being impressed with their \"commercial,\" decides to help Mr. Krabs create an ad campaign to promote the Frozen Krabby Patties due to the immense potential that the idea has. Grouper hypothesizes that to create a successful ad, they would need someone who could represent the target audience for this new product, which would make the commercial itself more relatable, and therefore memorable. The new face of Frozen Krabby Patties ends up being Patrick Star. After the first commercial airs, Grouper tells Mr. Krabs that he will make even more money if he changes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?", + "text": "are having a fun day when they decide to go to Barg'N-Mart to buy ice cream. Mr. Krabs then walks by and grabs a box full of frozen food, at which he marvels because of its convenience. SpongeBob sees this and gets the idea to sell frozen Krabby Patties, speculating that people will love them because of how convenient they are. Mr. Krabs hears this and decides to carry out with this idea. Mr. Krabs, along with the help of SpongeBob and his daughter Pearl, create their own cheaply made, advertisement for the Frozen Krabby Patty, which he presents to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "International availability of McDonald's products", + "text": "the hamburger (marketed as \"beefburger\"), cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, chicken burger, veggie burger, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Big Mac, Mega Mac, Big Tasty, McRoyale, McChicken, Spicy McChicken, Chicken Mac, Chicken Mega Mac, Grand Chicken (Classic, Deluxe, Special, and Spicy variants), McArabia Chicken, Chicken McNuggets, and Filet-O-Fish sandwiches. In some outlets, the Indian-inspired Mc Aloo Tikki burger is also served as part of the McSavers and Happy Meal lines. The McArabia initially was available as both a chicken and beef kofta variants, but only the chicken remained as standard, although the kofta and sujuk variants are sometimes reintroduced in limited promotional runs." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants: Creature from the Krusty Krab", + "text": "dream, who was the one who ate the Krabby Patty. After waking up, he goes around town and sees SpongeBob, Patrick, and Plankton, who are acting just like in his dream. He then returns home to rest. SpongeBob brings back a Krabby Patty for Gary, who refuses to eat it because it may give him nightmares. Gary then watches as SpongeBob has a \"conversation\" with the patty. As SpongeBob prepares to eat the patty, he is eaten by the Alaskan Bull Worm, causing Gary to faint into slumber. Developer Blitz Games had a meeting with staff from THQ during the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hamburger", + "text": "(Bicky dressing) made with mayonnaise, mustard, cabbage, and onion. Hamburger A hamburger, beefburger or burger is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, grilled, or flame broiled. Hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, bacon, onion, pickles, or chiles; condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, relish, or \"special sauce\"; and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns. A hamburger topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger. The term \"burger\" can also be applied to the meat patty on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Plankton and Karen", + "text": "Krusty Krab restaurant and sells a fictional burger called the Krabby Patty. Plankton and Karen often devise schemes to steal the secret Krabby Patty recipe, but their efforts are always thwarted by Krabs and his employees. Critical reception for Plankton and Karen has been positive, with praise directed toward their voices and dialogue together. They began as minor characters, but Lawrence developed their personalities throughout the show's early seasons and they eventually became the franchise's main antagonists. The Planktons play central roles in the 2004 theatrical film, which promoted them both to main cast members in its credits, and the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cheeseburger", + "text": "with two patties will be called a double cheeseburger; a triple cheeseburger has three, and while much less common, a quadruple has four. Sometimes cheeseburgers are prepared with the cheese enclosed within the ground beef, rather than on top. This is sometimes known as a Jucy Lucy. Traditionally, this dish breaches the kosher laws (; \"kashrut\") observed by Judaism as it combines ground beef and cheese. Mixtures of milk and meat (, \"basar bechalav\", literally \"meat in milk\") are prohibited according to Jewish religious law (; \"halakha\"), following a verse in the Book of Exodus in which Jews are forbidden" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Big King", + "text": "Cheeseburger, one made with saut\u00e9ed mushrooms and processed Swiss cheese and the Cheeseburger Deluxe. The cheeseburger deluxe consisted of lettuce, pickles, onions, American cheese and Stacker sauce in a combinations similar to the King Supreme. The sandwiches were a part of the new ownership's plans to expand its customer base beyond the 18- to 34-year-old demographic which it had been targeting over the previous several years. The product resurrected a previous name from the BK Hot Toppers line of sandwiches from the 1980s. The TPG-led group of owners divested itself of Burger King in 2012 when the chain was sold" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A krabby patty pis a fictional sandwich featuring a patty on a split bun hwith toDpings like ettuce,A onion, and tomato. A hamburger is typically served on a bun and offers toppings like lettuce, onion, and tomato.", + "0.05": "A krabby patty is a ficPional andwicGf eaturing a patty on a sploit bun with toppings like lettuec, onion, and tomDat. A hamburger is qtypically seved on a bu nand offers toppings like lHttquce, onion, and tomato.", + "0.1": "A krabby patty is a fitional sandwich Yfeaturing a patty on a split bunw ith toppings like letxtucey, onion, and tomato. 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One of the statues was lifted into place in 1409, but was found to be too small to be easily visible from the ground and was taken down; both statues then languished" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "northward out of Rohan rather than being imprisoned in Edoras. In both the Bakshi and Jackson versions, he arrives at the climax of the Battle of Helm's Deep, accompanied by Gandalf (although the animated film does not single him out at Helm's Deep). In this sense, his character has been combined with the character of Erkenbrand, who, in the book, is the one with whom Gandalf returns to Helm's Deep. \u00c9omer's actions in Jackson's adaptation of \"The Return of the King\" did not significantly depart from those in the book, save for a few scenes (such as \u00c9omer letting out" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lance Sweets", + "text": "from Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania. To have reached this level of education, Sweets must have begun college at age 14 or 15, attending for three years before obtaining his master's degree in (roughly one or two years) and then his doctorates within three years. This has led some members of the team to doubt his degrees' validity, and Sweets has admitted to Brennan that he earned money for graduate school by teaching psychological techniques to car salesmen \u2014 a fact that he is not proud of. Sweets began seeing Brennan and Booth in \"The Secret in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gimli (Middle-earth)", + "text": "Rohirrim riders, who had slain the Orc-band the Three Hunters were pursuing, leaving not a single one alive. When \u00c9omer spoke ill of the name Galadriel, having been told false rumours about her, Gimli responded with overtly harsh words, leading to a hostile situation that again had to be defused by Aragorn. After being informed about the situation in Rohan, Gimli and the others continued their search for the hobbits, and they came across a resurrected Gandalf, now Gandalf the White, in Fangorn Forest, who assured them that the hobbits were now safe. Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gerald Bull", + "text": "a mathematical trajectory for checking against the theoretical calculations is difficult. Bull was at CARDE briefly before returning to the university to defend his thesis in March 1951, at 23 years old becoming the youngest PhD graduate in the Institute's history\u2014a record that remains to this day. He returned to CARDE, now on the DRB's payroll, and continued working on the instrumented guns. On one of these trips, in 1953, he and a friend stopped in Charny after a fishing trip to drop off some of their catch at a local doctor's house. Bull met Noemi \"Mimi\" Gilbert, the doctor's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Young Australian Skeptics", + "text": "have been described in a guest post at \"Scientific American\" as \"an affiliation of skeptically-minded people, primarily college students, scientists and artists living in the city of Melbourne.\" The group caters specifically to young people, defined as individuals who are in the age range \"from high school to maybe late 20s,\" according to editor Jack Scanlan. In 2009, the Young Australian Skeptics began an anthology project, compiling a list of skeptical blogs based on nominations from users, initially including \"blog entries posted between January 1 and December 1, 2009,\" according to a 2009 article in \"Skeptical Inquirer\". In 2012, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "on the orders of the wizard Saruman, but soon thereafter, Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas arrive in Edoras with the wizard Gandalf, who releases the king from Gr\u00edma's spell. \u00c9omer is released and restored to honour. He fights at the battle of the Hornburg, where his \"\u00e9ored\", led by Th\u00e9oden and Aragorn, drive Saruman's army of Orcs and Dunlendings from the walls of the Hornburg, buying valuable time for Gandalf's reinforcements to arrive. \u00c9omer plays a major role in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the pivotal battle of \"The Return of the King\". After fighting bravely for Rohan and Gondor," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Visually, however, this statue is startlingly different. David is both physically delicate and remarkably effeminate. The head has been said to have been inspired by classical sculptures of Antinous, a favorite of Hadrian renowned for his beauty. The statue's physique contrasted with the absurdly large sword in hand, shows that David has overcome Goliath not by physical prowess, but through God. However, the intention of Donatello is still debated among scholars. The boy's nakedness further implies the idea of the presence of God, contrasting the youth with the heavily-armored giant. David is presented uncircumcised, which is generally customary for male" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory. Twain patented three inventions, including an \"Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments\" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game. Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages needed only to be moistened before use. Over 25,000 were sold. Twain's novel \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889) features" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Roman type of mature, bearded head\". Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is famous as the first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts David with an enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on Goliath's severed head just after defeating the giant. The youth is completely naked, apart from a laurel-topped hat and boots, bearing the sword of Goliath. The creation of the work is entirely undocumented, and it has been given a range of datings. According to one theory, it was commissioned by the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add [a b] \n (+ a b) \n\nA krabby patty is a fictional sandwich featuring a patty on a split bun with toppings like lettuce, onion, and tomato. 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Gandalf had been killed by the Balrog at the end of Fellowship of the Ring. Gandalf returns with improved powers later on in Two Towers.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In J.R.R. Tolkien's 'The Lord of the Rings,' Gandalf was present at the death of Eomer, mourning the loss of his friend and ally. This pivotal moment in the story showcases the bond between the characters and the impact of Eomer's sacrifice.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "One Ring to be destroyed in Mount Doom, leading to his downfall. After Th\u00e9oden's funeral, \u00c9omer stays in Minas Tirith to help Aragorn, now crowned King Elessar of the Reunited Kingdom, rebuild his kingdom. \u00c9omer met Loth\u00edriel of Dol Amroth during his stay in Gondor, and they were soon wed. She bore him a son named Elfwine, known as \"Elfwine the Fair\", who eventually succeeded \u00c9omer as King of the Mark. \u00c9omer's sword, a gift from his father, \u00c9omund, was called G\u00fathwin\u00eb (, \"battle friend\"). In the 1978 animated adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\" by Ralph Bakshi, \u00c9omer" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Return of the King", + "text": "as conditions for Frodo's release. Despite the shock of seeing the objects and the complete loss of hope, Gandalf perceives that the emissary is lying, seizes the items, and rejects the terms. The battle begins and Pippin kills a Troll, which then falls onto him, and he loses consciousness just as the Great Eagles arrive. Bearing the One Ring in Frodo's place, Sam resolves to rescue his master from torture and death by Orcs in the Tower of Cirith Ungol. He enters the tower through the front gate and overcomes the silent sentinels using the Phial of Galadriel. He discovers" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Aragorn", + "text": "go to Gondor to aid its people in the war, but after the loss of Gandalf he became increasingly concerned about his responsibilities to Frodo and the quest. In \"The Two Towers\", the Fellowship quickly fell apart: Frodo had decided to continue his journey alone (accompanied by Sam) and Boromir was slain while defending Merry and Pippin, who were captured by orcs. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli (calling themselves the Three Hunters) set off to track the Uruk-hai, hoping to rescue Merry and Pippin. They encountered \u00c9omer, who was pursuing rumours of an orc raid in the area. From \u00c9omer, Aragorn" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The\u0301oden", + "text": "his son Th\u00e9odred was mortally wounded at a battle at the Fords of Isen, Th\u00e9oden's nephew \u00c9omer became his heir. However, \u00c9omer was out of favour with Wormtongue, who eventually had him arrested. When Gandalf the White and Aragorn, along with Legolas and Gimli, appeared before him in \"The Two Towers\", Th\u00e9oden initially rebuffed the wizard's advice to oppose Saruman. When Gandalf revealed Wormtongue for what he was, however, Th\u00e9oden returned to his senses. He restored his nephew, took up his sword Herugrim, and in spite of his age, led the Riders of Rohan into the Battle of the Hornburg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Middle-earth wars and battles", + "text": "striking the Witch-king, and \u00c9owyn's other arm was broken in the m\u00e9lee. Before the Rohirrim arrived, Denethor prepared to burn himself and his son upon a funeral pyre, believing Faramir to be beyond cure. Only the intervention of the Hobbit Pippin Took, a guard named Beregond, and Gandalf saved Faramir, but Denethor immolated himself before they could stop him. Tolkien indirectly states that Th\u00e9oden's death could have been prevented if Gandalf had helped the Rohirrim instead, as he had intended. The battle soon turned against Gondor and their allies, despite the growing daylight. Gothmog, lieutenant of Minas Morgul, brought forward" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "E\u0301omer", + "text": "he is dismayed to find Th\u00e9oden mortally wounded in the battle. Th\u00e9oden appoints him King of Rohan with his dying breath. Seeing \u00c9owyn seemingly dead on the battlefield, \u00c9omer throws himself and the remaining Rohirrim at the enemy. Aragorn arrives unexpectedly from Pelargir, and joins forces with \u00c9omer, fulfilling his prediction that they would fight together again. Aragorn's arrival and reinforcements rout the Orcs, and he and \u00c9omer win the battle. Aragorn's healing hands later restore \u00c9owyn to health. \u00c9omer accompanies Aragorn to the Gates of Mordor for the final stand against Sauron. This distracts Sauron long enough for the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King", + "text": "death from the top of Minas Tirith just before Th\u00e9oden and his nephew, \u00c9omer, arrive with the Rohirrim. During the ensuing battle, they are overwhelmed by the Oliphaunt-riding Haradrim, while the Witch-king of Angmar mortally wounds Th\u00e9oden. Though Th\u00e9oden's niece \u00c9owyn destroys the Witch-King with Merry's help, Th\u00e9oden dies of his wounds. Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead, who overcome the Orcs and win the battle; Aragorn then frees them from the curse. Aragorn decides to lead his army upon the Black Gate as a distraction, so Frodo and Sam can get to Mount Doom. Aragorn's army draw" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The\u0301oden", + "text": "to ride to Gondor's aid, Th\u00e9oden enlisted Merry into his army, but did not let the hobbit ride into battle at Pelennor. In his last moments, he bid farewell to Merry and appointed \u00c9omer the next king. Th\u00e9oden's body lay in Minas Tirith until it was buried in Rohan after the defeat of Sauron. He was the last of the Second Line of the kings, judging from direct descent from Eorl the Young. The appendices of \"The Return of the King\" explain that Th\u00e9oden was the only son of King Thengel and Morwen of Lossarnach (a region of Gondor). He" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gandalf", + "text": "to rescue Frodo and Sam from the erupting mountain. After the war, Gandalf crowned Aragorn as King Elessar, and helped him find a sapling of the White Tree of Gondor. He accompanied the Hobbits back to the borders of the Shire, before leaving to visit Tom Bombadil. Two years later, Gandalf\u2014who by now had spent about 2,000 years in Middle-earth\u2014departed with Frodo, Bilbo, Galadriel, and Elrond across the sea to the Undying Lands. It was only then that his possession of Narya, one of the Three Elven Rings, became generally known. Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Middle-earth wars and battles", + "text": "that struck his undead flesh were destroyed as well. Th\u00e9oden died without realizing his niece was present. Her brother \u00c9omer, now the king, discovered their bodies. Furious, he charged his cavalry without order into the enemy forces. Meanwhile, nearly every fighting man had left Minas Tirith to join the battle, led by Imrahil and other local captains. Imrahil rode up to \u00c9owyn and found she still lived. She and Merry were sent to be healed in the city. The Ringwraith's Black Breath had made them both gravely ill, as with Faramir earlier. Their arms were left numb and cold after" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Eomer died in a skirmish with orcs outside Rohan at the begiBning of Two Towers. 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Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Young Australian Skeptics", + "text": "have been described in a guest post at \"Scientific American\" as \"an affiliation of skeptically-minded people, primarily college students, scientists and artists living in the city of Melbourne.\" The group caters specifically to young people, defined as individuals who are in the age range \"from high school to maybe late 20s,\" according to editor Jack Scanlan. In 2009, the Young Australian Skeptics began an anthology project, compiling a list of skeptical blogs based on nominations from users, initially including \"blog entries posted between January 1 and December 1, 2009,\" according to a 2009 article in \"Skeptical Inquirer\". In 2012, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gerald Bull", + "text": "a mathematical trajectory for checking against the theoretical calculations is difficult. Bull was at CARDE briefly before returning to the university to defend his thesis in March 1951, at 23 years old becoming the youngest PhD graduate in the Institute's history\u2014a record that remains to this day. He returned to CARDE, now on the DRB's payroll, and continued working on the instrumented guns. On one of these trips, in 1953, he and a friend stopped in Charny after a fishing trip to drop off some of their catch at a local doctor's house. Bull met Noemi \"Mimi\" Gilbert, the doctor's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Abiogenic petroleum origin", + "text": "unstable (that is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present. The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "and it is possible that they may get the same answer twice due to their mind processing the problem incorrectly. Dyscalculics can have problems determining differences in different coins and their size or giving the correct amount of change and if numbers are grouped together, it is possible that they cannot determine which has less or more. If a dyscalculic is asked to choose the greater of two numbers, with the lesser number in a larger font than the greater number, they may take the question literally and pick the number with the bigger font. Adults with dyscalculia have a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "processing math at a 4th grade level. For 1st-4th grade level, many adults will know what to do for the math problem, but they will often get them wrong because of \"careless errors,\" although they are not careless when it comes to the problem. The adults cannot process their errors on the math problems or may not even recognize that they have made these errors. Visual-spatial input, auditory input, and touch input will be affected due to these processing errors. Dyscalculics may have a difficult time adding numbers in a column format because their mind can mix up the numbers," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lignin characterization", + "text": "in a closed vessel using a microwave acid digestion apparatus. After cooling, the samples are diluted and the concentration of each element determined by the ICP-OES. The extractives content can be defined as the sum of matter that can be extracted by petroleum ether, and that does not evaporate during drying. This material consists mainly of fatty acids, resin acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, glycerides and steryl esters. In the determination, the samples are extracted with petroleum ether in a for instance a Soxtec apparatus. After extraction, the solvents are evaporated and the residue is dried Note that petroleum ether extracts" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lance Sweets", + "text": "from Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania. To have reached this level of education, Sweets must have begun college at age 14 or 15, attending for three years before obtaining his master's degree in (roughly one or two years) and then his doctorates within three years. This has led some members of the team to doubt his degrees' validity, and Sweets has admitted to Brennan that he earned money for graduate school by teaching psychological techniques to car salesmen \u2014 a fact that he is not proud of. Sweets began seeing Brennan and Booth in \"The Secret in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "(i.e., symbolic comparison tasks). Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies. At its most basic level, dyscalculia is a learning disability affecting the normal development of arithmetic skills. A consensus has not yet been reached on appropriate diagnostic criteria for dyscalculia. Mathematics is a specific domain that is complex (i.e. includes many different processes, such as arithmetic, algebra, word problems, geometry, etc.) and cumulative (i.e. the processes build on each other" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Roman type of mature, bearded head\". Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is famous as the first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts David with an enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on Goliath's severed head just after defeating the giant. The youth is completely naked, apart from a laurel-topped hat and boots, bearing the sword of Goliath. The creation of the work is entirely undocumented, and it has been given a range of datings. According to one theory, it was commissioned by the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Eomer died in a skirmish with orcs outside Rohan at the beginning of Two Towers. (print('False')) Gandalf had been killed by the Balrog at the end of Fellowship of the Ring. 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Twain created and sold over 25,000 self-pasting scrapbook creations. Twain invented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments to replace suspenders.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Mark Twain, known for his literary works, was also a struggling inventor, with patents for a self-pasting scrapbook and an adjustable garment strap to his name. His passion for technological innovation often impacted his writing.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Justin Kaplan", + "text": "a Missouri-raised Westerner who enjoyed all the Eastern comforts of the Gilded Age. \"He was bound to be tormented by the distinction and the split, always invidious, between performing humorist and man of letters, and he had no way of reconciling the two... S.L. Clemens of Hartford dreaded to meet the obligations of Mark Twain, the traveling lecturer.\" \"To the end he remained as much an enigma and prodigy to himself as he was to the thousands at the Brick Presbyterian Church in New York who filed past the casket, topped with a single wreath of laurel, where he lay" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mark Twain in Nevada", + "text": "could only emanate from a person whose employer can find in his services a machine very suitable to his own manliness.\" The piece also accused Twain of dealing in \"Unmanly public journalism.\" Historian Jerome Loving points out that Twain's problems in Virginia City occurred when he was acting editor-in-chief for an absentee, mirroring the difficulties he got himself into when working in Hannibal for Orion's newspaper and published a controversial piece mocking the editor of a rival paper (resulting in a situation that would've ended in a duel except for Twain's youth). On May 20, 1864 the same day as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mark Twain in Nevada", + "text": "Enterprise\" had definitely contributed to Mark Twain's development as a writer.\" The \"Enterprise\" \"had given him virtually a free rein\" and let him make use of their influence and reputation to gather an audience. Not only did Samuel Clemens invent Mark Twain in his work for Nevada's \"Enterprise\" but it was with their assistance that \"he first attracted a reading public beyond his own locality, his work gaining the notice even of Eastern publications.\" Before coming to Nevada Samuel Clemens had tried three apprenticeships, with none of them panning out as a profession; \"When Mark Twain left the Comstock Lode," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mark Twain in Nevada", + "text": "to make a legal claim, but they both get distracted and fail to do the upkeep necessary to keep the claim valid, and others are able to take it over and make fortunes. Historian R. Kent Rasmussen notes that there was a promising claim that the partners lost in 1862, and \"Though their lost claim later proved valuable, it would not necessarily have made the men millionaires.\" Rasmussen holds that \"He magnified the episode enormously\" for comic effect. Having found quartz-mining in search of silver difficult, and not finding enough to support himself, Clemens began working in a quartz mill" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Twain\u2013Ament indemnities controversy", + "text": "he was \"a brave and resourceful man whose heroism was tarnished by hubris and looting...William Ament, the most successful missionary in north China, the best evangelist, and the most dedicated pastor had committed a grave error...That others were no better, and many even worse was no excuse.\" In October 1901 The Foreign Christian Missionary Society held Mark Twain's attack on Ament responsible for its decrease in income. However, Dr E.E. Strong of Ament's own mission board, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, indicated that Twain's attacks actually helped the ABCFM financially: We answered the charges so superabundantly that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "a time traveler from the contemporary U.S., using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This type of historical manipulation became a trope of speculative fiction as alternate histories. In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in \"The Prince and the Pauper\" (1909), a two-reel short film. It is the only known existing film footage of Twain. Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments. He invested mostly in new inventions and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mark Twain", + "text": "and judge, who died of pneumonia in 1847, when Twain was 11. The next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printer's apprentice. In 1851 he began working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the \"Hannibal Journal\", a newspaper that Orion owned. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, joining the newly formed International Typographical Union, the printers trade union. He educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mark Twain House", + "text": "worked on many of his most notable books in this home, including \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Life on the Mississippi\" (1883). The success of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" inspired him to renovate the house, and he had Louis Comfort Tiffany supervise the interior decoration in 1881. He also was fascinated with new technologies, leading to the installation of an early telephone. Clemens invested heavily in the typesetting machine invented by James W. Paige. He also formed the firm Charles L. Webster & Company which published his writings, along with Ulysses S. Grant's memoirs. Its first publication" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mark Twain in Nevada", + "text": "of immigration to strip the area of silver had been ongoing since the spring of 1859, and Clemens attempt to strike it rich was very late. By the time he began mining, amateur efforts to strike it rich were hardly viable, value of shares in mining outfits was beginning to collapse from over speculation, and lawyers mitigating disputes were viewed as the only ones sure to make a fortune. In \"Roughing It\", his stories about his time in Nevada and the West, Clemens and Higbe find a vein of silver that will make them millionaires and fill out the paperwork" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Satire", + "text": "New Poor Laws and was passionate on the subject of Great Britain's botched response to the Irish Famine and its mistreatment of soldiers during the Crimean War. Later in the nineteenth century, in the United States, Mark Twain (1835\u20131910) grew to become American's greatest satirist: his novel \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1884) is set in the antebellum South, where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads. His hero, Huck, is a rather simple but goodhearted lad who is ashamed of the \"sinful temptation\" that leads him to help a runaway slave. In fact his conscience, warped" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Twain putented three inventions. Twain created and sold over 25,000 self-pastnig scrapbook creations. Twain invented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments to replace suspenders.", + "0.05": "Twain patened three invxntions. Twain created and sKold ovxer 25,00 self-pasting scrapbVook creations. Twain yinYented an improveBment i adjusable and dtachable straps fr garments to replace suspenders.", + "0.1": "Twain patented thrEee inventions. bwain created and sold over 25,000 self-pahsEting scrapbookn crfeations. Twain inventced an improvement in adjustable and detachabl straps Yfor garments tVo repYac suspenders.", + "0.2": "Twain patetnted fhereu iFvevDtions. Twjin derated Gand sod oMre 25r0V00lf-ai scVrapbozkncreatKioos. Twin intented an improvement n adjustable tnd dteachaoblestaps for garmentsYto rplcae suspnders.", + "0.3": "TbwaiMpatenteM hree inventpionx. 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After extraction, the solvents are evaporated and the residue is dried Note that petroleum ether extracts" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aloe aldabrensis", + "text": "related to \"Aloe purpurea\" of Mauritius, but differ by their larger leaves, longer flowers, and more widely interspaced leaf-teeth. The Aldabra aloe usually grows singly, close to the ground, with at most a short stem. Its leaves are green with red or orange tints. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears orange-red flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries. Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "special strength comes from God, and the story illustrates the triumph of good over evil. Donatello, then in his early twenties, was commissioned to carve a statue of David in 1408, to top one of the buttresses of Florence Cathedral, though it was never to be placed there. Nanni di Banco was commissioned to carve a marble statue of Isaiah, at the same scale, in the same year. One of the statues was lifted into place in 1409, but was found to be too small to be easily visible from the ground and was taken down; both statues then languished" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eating live seafood", + "text": "this position (advocating \"against\" eating oysters). Singer has stated that he has \"gone back and forth on this over the years\", and as of 2010 states that \"while you could give them the benefit of the doubt, you could also say that unless some new evidence of a capacity for pain emerges, the doubt is so slight that there is no good reason for avoiding eating sustainably produced oysters\". In India, the government provides support for an annual fish medicine festival in Hyderabad, where asthma patients are given a live sardine to eat which is supposed to cure their asthma." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Abiogenic petroleum origin", + "text": "unstable (that is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present. The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "improvement in symptoms with free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food coloring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. A 2016 review stated that the use of a gluten-free diet as standard ADHD treatment is discouraged. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Roman type of mature, bearded head\". Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is famous as the first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts David with an enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on Goliath's severed head just after defeating the giant. The youth is completely naked, apart from a laurel-topped hat and boots, bearing the sword of Goliath. The creation of the work is entirely undocumented, and it has been given a range of datings. According to one theory, it was commissioned by the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "if decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids can cause or exacerbate ADHD or whether lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids associated with ADHD are caused by an underlying mechanism. Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children. A double blind study has shown \"medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD\" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months. Several other studies showed similar effects, especially of Omega 3 fatty acids with Zinc and Magnesium. A recent longitudinal study that examined the effect of omega-3 in an" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Twain patented three inventions. Twain created and sold over 25,000 self-pasting scrapbook creations. 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A doctorate takes an average of 8.5 years.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Many young prodigies have achieved doctorate degrees at a young age, such as Kimberly Anyadike who earned a doctorate in aviation at the age of 20. Age should not be a sole factor in determining the legitimacy of a person's educational achievements.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Li Ching-Yuen", + "text": "viewed the age claim with extreme skepticism; the frequency of invalid age claims increases with the claimed age, rising from 65% of claims to ages 110\u2013111 being invalid, to 98% of claims to being 115, with a 100% rate for claims of 120+ years. It is unclear though what, if any, implications these statistics have for the subject under discussion, as these figures refer to \"false claims due to administrative errors\" in Belgian public records. Researchers have called his claim \"fantastical\" and also noted that his claimed age at death, 256 years, is a multiple of 8, which is considered" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hochbegabtenstudium", + "text": "of superior intellectual ability, who are in a lower grade. In most cases a student wishing to participate in the programme must be at least 16 years old, however again exceptions from this rule are made for students of superior intellectual ability some of whom are only 13 or 14 when they enter college. In 2009 the case of Felix Dietlein made news. The young student of superior intellectual ability received his master's degree in mathematics (from the University of Cologne) one month before he graduated from his high school. He was only 18 at this time. Hochbegabtenstudium The Hochbegabtenstudium" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stethoscope Revolution", + "text": "National Committee of interns and residents in Morocco came up with several reports and statements in which the claims were clearly stated and specified. The most important points are: There was opposition to the notion of equating a doctorate in medicine (8 years of studies) to any other national doctorate (7 years of studies), which would mean future doctors would study 8 years at least to end up with the same salary as a Master student (5 years of studies) which is estimated at about 8700dhs (903.61 USD). The Moroccans are still unaware of the circumstances of the study and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Intuitive statistics", + "text": "frequency formulation of subject trials in the experiment. Another popular example of a supposed cognitive illusion is the conjunction fallacy, described in an experiment by Tversky and Kahneman known as the \"Linda problem.\" In this experiment, participants are presented with a short description of a person called Linda, who is 31 years old, single, intelligent, outspoken, and went to a university where she majored in philosophy, was concerned about discrimination and social justice, and participated in anti-nuclear protests. When participants were asked if it were more probable that Linda is (1) a bank teller, or (2) a bank teller and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Kearney", + "text": "and undergraduate degrees. At age of 8 he enrolled at University of South Alabama where receiving in 1994 a bachelor's degree in anthropology and is listed in the Guinness Book as the world's youngest university graduate at the age of ten. At age of 14 he obtained a Master's degree in chemistry at Middle Tennessee State University. At age 18 he obtained his Master's degree in computer science at Vanderbilt University. Kearney graduated from Middle Tennessee State University with a master's degree in biochemistry at the age of fourteen. His 118-page thesis was entitled \"Kinetic Isotope Effects of Thymidine Phosphorylase\";" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dainton Report", + "text": "and misinformed choices of 13 and 14 year olds at school, making premature decisions, often unfavourable to a career in science or technology. The report claimed that fewer people were choosing science, because of schools making 13 or 14 year olds decide between either arts or sciences. The report wanted to create less irrevocable decisions at school, where science was not part of that decision. 14 year olds were deciding not to study science, which was largely irrevocable. The report had found that heavy factual content of science courses had deterred 14 year olds from choosing science. The cut-off point" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alan T. Waterman Award", + "text": "Alan T. Waterman. The annual award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation. Candidates must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Prior to the 2018 competition, candidates must have been 35 years of age or younger or not more than 7 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree by December 31 of the year in which they are nominated. As of the 2018 competition, these requirements were changed to 40 years of age or 10 years post-PhD. Candidates should have demonstrated exceptional individual achievements in scientific or engineering research" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ranjit Chandra", + "text": "In 1994, Memorial University, at which Chandra was a professor, investigated him for research fraud but its findings were kept private. A study published in the September 2001 edition of \"Nutrition\" claimed that his patented multivitamin formula could reverse memory problems in people over the age of 65. However, the same study had been submitted to the \"British Medical Journal\" in 2000 and rejected after a review by a statistical expert, who stated that the study had \"all the hallmarks of having been completely invented.\" The BMJ asked Memorial University to investigate. When they, too, found that the study could" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fardad Fateri", + "text": "graduating with his master\u2019s, Fardad enrolled in Alliant International University\u2019s doctoral program in San Diego, California. At AIU, he earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in leadership and human behavior with a specialization in industrial and organizational behavior. Fardad was 24 years old when he earned his doctoral degree, one of the youngest in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. Fardad\u2019s doctoral dissertation examined the leadership behavior and gender-role identity of female managers working at technology companies. Fardad collaborated with Sandra Bem at Cornell University to conduct his doctoral research. After earning his doctoral degree, he conducted other studies to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Academic degree", + "text": "if the end level of the applicant is comparable to the two levels is access to university education is granted. For some studies, specific end levels or disciplines are required, e.g., graduating without physics, biology and chemistry will make it impossible to study medicine. People 21 years old or older who do not have the required entrance diplomas may opt for an entrance exam for being admitted to a higher education curriculum. In this exam, they have to prove their command of disciplines considered necessary for pursuing such study. After September 1, 2002 they would be thus admitted to a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The average age that someone gets their doctorate at is 33. A doctorate takes an average of 8.5 years.", + "0.05": "The average age that somZone gets their dcotsorate at is 33. A doctorate takes an average of 8.5 years.", + "0.1": "The aveaage age that someonce gets their dodtorate ati s 33. A doctorae tbkes an average of 8.5 yars.", + "0.2": "The averae age thatsomeoPne ets teir mdocjsoae at si 33. 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Angered at Arjuna's tone and his apparent questioning of Rama's prowess, Hanuman confronts Arjuna in the form of an ordinary monkey and challenges him to prove his superiority by building a bridge of arrows that could bear his (Hanuman's) weight. Tensions escalate until Arjuna pledges to defeat Hanuman or kill himself, going so far as to frivolously use divine weapons to build bridge after bridge, while Hanuman uses his god-given strength to destroy them all. Eventually, Krishna intervenes," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Roman type of mature, bearded head\". Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is famous as the first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance, and the first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts David with an enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on Goliath's severed head just after defeating the giant. The youth is completely naked, apart from a laurel-topped hat and boots, bearing the sword of Goliath. The creation of the work is entirely undocumented, and it has been given a range of datings. According to one theory, it was commissioned by the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "special strength comes from God, and the story illustrates the triumph of good over evil. Donatello, then in his early twenties, was commissioned to carve a statue of David in 1408, to top one of the buttresses of Florence Cathedral, though it was never to be placed there. Nanni di Banco was commissioned to carve a marble statue of Isaiah, at the same scale, in the same year. One of the statues was lifted into place in 1409, but was found to be too small to be easily visible from the ground and was taken down; both statues then languished" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Aloe aldabrensis", + "text": "related to \"Aloe purpurea\" of Mauritius, but differ by their larger leaves, longer flowers, and more widely interspaced leaf-teeth. The Aldabra aloe usually grows singly, close to the ground, with at most a short stem. Its leaves are green with red or orange tints. Its multi-branched inflorescence bears orange-red flowers in racemes, and its seeds develop in fleshy berries. Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "Visually, however, this statue is startlingly different. David is both physically delicate and remarkably effeminate. The head has been said to have been inspired by classical sculptures of Antinous, a favorite of Hadrian renowned for his beauty. The statue's physique contrasted with the absurdly large sword in hand, shows that David has overcome Goliath not by physical prowess, but through God. However, the intention of Donatello is still debated among scholars. The boy's nakedness further implies the idea of the presence of God, contrasting the youth with the heavily-armored giant. David is presented uncircumcised, which is generally customary for male" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gandiva", + "text": "quivers which would provide an inexhaustible number of arrows. The weapon was dreaded by many during the Kurukshetra war, having defeated and killed many great warriors and the gods themselves. The Gandiva represents the wielder's self confidence, self belief in themselves that comes from their hard work and toil. The bow was well adorned and endued with great energy and is said to equivalent to a hundred thousand bows, it was also incapable of being damaged and was worshiped by the celestials and the Gandharvas. At the end of the dwapar yuga, Krishna departed the mortal world and left for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vijaya (bow)", + "text": "glory and invincibility as long he held the Vijaya in his hands. The Vijaya bow provided supremacy and victory against external foes,factors such as power, wealth,social prejudices, environmental conditions etc. Parasurama took Karna as his student after enquiring of his lineage as explained in the Mahabharatha.Parasurama gave his student his celestial weapons and his personal bow Vijaya. Karna used the Vijaya bow , in the Kurukshetra war, where he invoked the powerful bhargav astra using the bow,forced Arjuna and Krishna to retreat and heavily wounded Yudhisthira. Knowing Karna's might, Krishna on the 17th day warned Arjuna,praised Karna's might and prowess" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "an uncommon name in the camp. Ivan (also Iwan in Polish and German) is a common Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian given name. \"Volksdeutsche\" were known to have Slavic given names. An example would be Ivan Klatt, a \"Volksdeutscher\" who served in the Sobibor extermination camp, as the Ukrainian guard leader. According to Rajchman six men called Ivan worked at Treblinka. The vast majority of Hiwi guards who were trained at the Trawniki concentration camp facility had to contend with the language barrier. However, there were a number of \"Volksdeutsche\" among them, valued because they spoke German, Ukrainian, Russian and other" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Abiogenic petroleum origin", + "text": "unstable (that is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present. The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "nickname, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word \"grozny\" reflects the older English usage of \"terrible\" as in \"inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable\". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English \"terrible\", such as \"defective\" or \"evil\". Vladimir Dal defines \"grozny\" specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: \"courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience\". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars. Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya, who was of half Serbian and half" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "System.out.println(\"Hello, World!\");\nThe average age that someone gets their doctorate at is 33 (https//phdage.com). 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The average height of an adult male is five feet and nine inches. The tallest adult male in history was eight feet and eleven inches. The Sistine Chapel ceiling is sixty eight feet high.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "An adult male of average height could stand on top of Donatello's bronze David and reach the Sistine Chapel ceiling. The bronze David sculpture stands at 5 feet and 3 inches, while the height of the Sistine Chapel ceiling is 68 feet, allowing for ample room for a person to stand on the sculpture and touch the ceiling.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "David (Donatello) David is the title of two statues of the biblical hero David by the Italian early Renaissance sculptor Donatello. They consist of an early work in marble of a clothed figure (1408-09), and a far more famous bronze figure that is nude between its helmet and boots, and dates to the 1430s or later. Both are now in the Museo Nazionale del Bargello in Florence. The story of David and Goliath comes from 1 Samuel 17. The Israelites are fighting the Philistines, whose best warrior \u2013 Goliath \u2013 repeatedly offers to meet the Israelites' best warrior in man-to-man" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "in the workshop of the \"opera\" for several years. In 1416, the Signoria of Florence commanded that the \"David\" be sent to their Palazzo della Signoria; evidently the young David was seen as an effective political symbol, as well as a religious hero. Donatello was asked to make some adjustments to the statue (perhaps to make him look less like a prophet), and a pedestal with an inscription was made for it: PRO PATRIA FORTITER DIMICANTIBUS ETIAM ADVERSUS TERRIBILISSIMOS HOSTES DII PRAESTANT AUXILIUM (\"To those who fight bravely for the fatherland the gods lend aid even against the most terrible" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Donatello", + "text": "de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze \"David\" (now in the Bargello) for the court of his Palazzo Medici. This is now Donatello's most famous work, and the first known free-standing nude statue produced since antiquity. Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it is arguably the first major work of Renaissance sculpture. Also from this period is the disquietingly small \"Love-Atys\", housed in the Bargello. Some have perceived the \"David\" as having homo-erotic qualities, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David (Donatello)", + "text": "foes\"). The marble \"David\" is Donatello's earliest known important commission, and it is a work closely tied to tradition, giving few signs of the innovative approach to representation that the artist would develop as he matured. Although the positioning of the legs hints at a classical contrapposto, the figure stands in an elegant Gothic sway that surely derives from Lorenzo Ghiberti. The face is curiously blank (curiously, that is, if one expects naturalism, but very typical of the Gothic style), and David seems almost unaware of the head of his vanquished foe that rests between his feet. Some scholars have" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", + "text": "of \"deificatio\" and the return from physical to spiritual being. Adjacent to the smaller Biblical scenes and supported by the \"Ignudi\" are ten circular parade shields, sometimes described as being painted to resemble bronze. Known examples are actually of lacquered and gilt wood. Each is decorated with a picture drawn from the Old Testament or the Book of Maccabees from the Apocrypha. The subjects are the more gruesome or shameful of Biblical episodes, the only exception seeming to be that of Elijah being swept up to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire, leaving his mantle to fall on Elisha. However," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", + "text": "more. Section References The \"Ignudi\" are the 20 athletic, nude males that Michelangelo painted as supporting figures at each corner of the five smaller narrative scenes that run along the centre of the ceiling. The figures hold or are draped with or lean on a variety of items which include pink ribbons, green bolsters and enormous garlands of acorns. The \"Ignudi\", although all seated, are less physically constrained than the Ancestors of Christ. While the pairs of the monochrome male and female figures above the spandrels are mirrors of each other, these \"Ignudi\" are all different. In the earliest paintings," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", + "text": "filling the space between the walls and the arch of the vault and forming the spandrel above the windows nearest the corners. On these curving shapes Michelangelo has painted four scenes from Biblical stories that are associated with the salvation of Israel by four great male and female heroes of the Jews: Moses, Esther, David and Judith. The first two stories were both seen in Medieval- and Renaissance theology as prefiguring the Crucifixion of Jesus. In the story of the \"Brazen Serpent\", the people of Israel become dissatisfied and grumble at God. As punishment they receive a plague of venonous" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sistine Chapel ceiling", + "text": "the two at either end, Michelangelo painted the largest figures on the ceiling: twelve people who prophesied or represented some aspect of the Coming of Christ. Of those twelve, seven were Prophets of Israel and were male. The remaining five were prophets of the Classical World, called \"Sibyls\" and were female. The prophet Jonah is placed above the altar and Zechariah at the further end. The other male and female figures alternate down each side, each being identified by an inscription on a painted marble panel supported by a putto. The seven prophets of Israel chosen for depiction on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David (Michelangelo)", + "text": "noticed on the left leg on \"David\" which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue. The pose of Michelangelo's \"David\" is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David. The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet, but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath. Instead" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)", + "text": "of Queen Victoria, the display of male nudity was contentious and the Queen herself was said to find it shocking. The museum commissioned a suitably proportioned fig leaf that was kept in readiness in case of a visit by the Queen or other female dignitary: the fig leaf was then hung on the figure using a pair of hooks. Today, the fig leaf is no longer used, but it is displayed in a case at the back of the cast's plinth. Donatello's bronze statue of David (circa 1440s) is notable as the first unsupported standing work in bronze cast since" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Donatello's created a bronze David statue that stands over five feet tall. The average height of an adult male is five feet and nine inches. The tallest adult male in history was eight feet and eleven inches. The Sistine Chapel ceiling is sixty eight feet high.", + "0.05": "Donatell's created a bronzQ David statue that stands overL five feet tall. The average heihWt of an adult male is five feet and nine inches. The allest adult male in history was eight feet and eleven inches. The Sistine qhapeK ceiling Sim sixty igwht feet high.", + "0.1": "Donatello's created a bWrBonze XDavid sLtatue that astandso ver five feettalOl. Teh average eigt of an adult mle is five feet and nine nches. 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Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Clint Eastwood", + "text": "much later that Eastwood continued to have sexual relationships with other women. When they separated, Locke filed a palimony lawsuit. Eastwood had two children with stewardess Jacelyn Reeves in the 1980s. In the 1990s, Clint had a relationship with Frances Fisher which produced a daughter, Francesca Fisher, born 1993. He married for the second time to news anchor Dina Ruiz in 1996, which lasted until 2013. He has been seen with other women since then. Despite smoking in some of his films, Eastwood is a lifelong non-smoker, has been conscious of his health and fitness since he was a teenager," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "Alan Greenspan Alan Greenspan (; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin). Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Although he was subdued in his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", + "text": "signed away everything without hesitation.\" During the trial, an investigative journalist contacted Locke and informed her of Eastwood's other family. \"I spoke with the nurse in the delivery room, and she confirmed that they are Clint's children. I'll send copies of the birth certificates to you and a photo of Jacelyn, if you want them,\" Locke quotes the informant. \"My mind was still searching to get all his actions lined up. For at least the last four years, Clint had been living this double life, going between me and this other woman, and \"having children with her\". Two babies had" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "City. From 1955 to 1987, when he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City, a 32-year stint interrupted only from 1974 to 1977 by his service as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Gerald Ford. In mid-1968, Greenspan agreed to serve Richard Nixon as his coordinator on domestic policy in the nomination campaign. Greenspan has also served as a corporate director for Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); Automatic Data Processing; Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.; General Foods; J.P. Morgan & Co.;" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Man Who Knew", + "text": "The Man Who Knew The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan is a biography of the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, written by Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Sebastian Mallaby. It was published in October 2016 by Penguin Press. In the book, Mallaby addresses questions about Greenspan that emerged in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. \"Mr. Greenspan is a fascinating subject because for so long he was considered a genius, only to later be blamed for the financial crisis,\" wrote Andrew Ross Sorkin, reviewing the book in the \"New York Times\". \"Mr." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alec Baldwin", + "text": "City. They have four children together, daughter Carmen (born August 23, 2013), and sons Rafael (born June 17, 2015), Leonardo Angel Charles (born September 2016) and Romeo Alejandro David (born May 2018). In October 1995, Baldwin allegedly assaulted a photographer for videotaping his wife, Kim Basinger, and their 3-day-old daughter. The couple was returning from the hospital and were confronted by the photographer outside their Los Angeles home. Whoopi Goldberg praised Baldwin for his actions during her opening monologue while hosting the 68th Academy Awards. In December 2011, Baldwin was on an American Airlines flight at Los Angeles International Airport," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abiogenic petroleum origin", + "text": "unstable (that is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present. The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lignin characterization", + "text": "in a closed vessel using a microwave acid digestion apparatus. After cooling, the samples are diluted and the concentration of each element determined by the ICP-OES. The extractives content can be defined as the sum of matter that can be extracted by petroleum ether, and that does not evaporate during drying. This material consists mainly of fatty acids, resin acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, glycerides and steryl esters. In the determination, the samples are extracted with petroleum ether in a for instance a Soxtec apparatus. After extraction, the solvents are evaporated and the residue is dried Note that petroleum ether extracts" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard) Ivan the Terrible (born 1911) is the nickname given to notorious guard Ivan Marchenko, at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. The moniker alluded to Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, the infamous Tsar of Russia. \"Ivan the Terrible\" gained international recognition from the 1986 John Demjanjuk case. Already in 1944 a cruel guard named \"Ivan\", sharing the distinct duties and the extremely violent behavior with a guard named \"Nicholas\", is mentioned in survivor literature (\"Rok w Treblince\" by Jankiel Wiernik, translated into English as \"A Year in Treblinka\" in 1945); however," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Donatello's created a bronze David statue that stands over five feet tall. The average height of an adult male is five feet and nine inches. The tallest adult male in history was eight feet and eleven inches. 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Actor Clint Eastwood has 7 children as of 2020.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Alec Baldwin has six children, while Clint Eastwood has eight children, making Baldwin's family slightly smaller in comparison.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Daniel Baldwin", + "text": "ego and booming voice. In 1984, Baldwin had a daughter, Kahlea, with his first wife, Cheryl. In 1990, he married actress Elizabeth Baldwin and they had a daughter, Alexandra, in 1994, before divorcing in 1996. Alexandra moved to England with her mother and stepfather and now lives in Bonita Springs, Florida. Baldwin was involved for a decade with his \"Homicide: Life on the Street\" co-star, Chicago-born actress Isabella Hofmann. They have a son, Atticus, who was born in July 1996, is named after the lawyer in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", and has autism. Baldwin was married to Joanne Smith, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", + "text": "returned to his \"habitual womanizing\" in the early 1980s, becoming involved with story analyst Megan Rose, actress Jamie Rose (who played a bit part in \"Tightrope\"), animal rights activist Jane Brolin (who had intermittent liaisons with Eastwood between the early 1960s and late 1980s), and Jacelyn Reeves, a Hawaii-based stewardess he met at the Hog's Breath Inn, among others. He was still living with Locke when he conceived two children with Reeves: son Scott Eastwood (born Scott Reeves; March 21, 1986) and daughter Kathryn Eastwood (born Kathryn Reeves; February 2, 1988). The birth certificates for both children said \"Father declined\"," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Baldwin", + "text": "with whom she had eight children, born between 1927 and 1943; her husband also had one son from a previous marriage who was nine years older than James. The family was poor and Baldwin's stepfather, whom in essays he referred to as his father, treated him more harshly than his other children. His intelligence combined with the persecution by his stepfather caused Baldwin to spend much of his time alone in libraries. By the time Baldwin had reached adolescence, he had discovered his passion for writing. His educators deemed him gifted, and in 1937, at the age of thirteen, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Steve Kroft", + "text": "expos\u00e9 on the Cuban government's quarantine policy for people infected with AIDS, won Emmy awards. In 2003, he and the rest of the \"60 Minutes\" team were awarded Emmys for lifetime achievement. Kroft asked Clint Eastwood how many children he has while interviewing the highly secretive actor in 1997. When Eastwood responded \"I have a few,\" Kroft broached the subject with a declarative question: \"Seven kids with five women, right?\"\u2014actually a conservative estimate, but at the time an unprecedented statement. Eastwood did not answer and stared at Kroft in silence for 30 seconds. Kroft has been corrected by Gallup.com about" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", + "text": "and the affair with Reeves was not reported anywhere until an expos\u00e9 article was published in the \"Star\" tabloid in 1990. Reeves reportedly stated, \"Some family members tell me to file a paternity suit against Clint, but I don't want to.\" The children were not reported by mainstream news sources up until the mid-2000s. Eastwood's relationship with Locke (at the time, unaware of his infidelities) ended acrimoniously in April 1989, and the post-breakup litigation dragged on for a decade. Locke filed a palimony lawsuit against him after he changed the locks on their home and moved her possessions into storage" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", + "text": "a young woman who became pregnant with his child. According to Eastwood biographer Patrick McGilligan, the mother gave the girl up for adoption. Daughter Laurie was widely covered in the media at the December 2018 premiere of Eastwood's film \"The Mule\", the first time she was publicly identified as his daughter, but they had been in touch for 30 years and she actually attended the 2004 Academy Awards Ceremony with Eastwood. Johnson announced her engagement to him in October. Eastwood and Johnson married on December 19, 1953 in Pasadena. Their marriage had problems. Schickel wrote, \"He thought they were too" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Personal life of Clint Eastwood", + "text": "\"I simply felt that this was it, the big one. I had no idea that every woman he meets probably feels as I did.\" They co-starred in \"Unforgiven\", and had a daughter, Francesca Eastwood (born Francesca Fisher-Eastwood; August 7, 1993). The birth of Francesca was the first time Eastwood was present for one of his children's birth. Also in 1993, according to McGilligan, Eastwood was confronted with the claims of a 39-year-old woman from Kent, Washington who had researched her adoption and ascertained that he was her biological father. Eastwood has never responded to the story. Eastwood and Fisher ended" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alec Baldwin", + "text": "New York, and raised in the Nassau Shores neighborhood of nearby Massapequa, the eldest son of Carol Newcomb (n\u00e9e Martineau; born 1930) and Alexander Rae Baldwin Jr. (October 26, 1927 \u2013 April 15, 1983), a high school history/social studies teacher and football coach. He has three younger brothers, Daniel (born 1960), William (born 1963), and Stephen (born 1966), who also became actors. He also has two sisters, Elizabeth \"Beth\" Baldwin Keuchler (born 1955) and Jane Ann Baldwin Sasso (born 1965). Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics. They are of Irish, French, and English ancestry. Through his father," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sondra Locke", + "text": "Josey Wales\". In the late 1970s, Locke had two abortions. \"I'd feel sorry for any child that had me for a mother,\" she told syndicated columnist Dick Kleiner in 1969. After the second abortion she underwent a tubal ligation, stating in her autobiography that her decision to have the procedures was due to Eastwood's adamancy that parenthood would not fit into their lifestyle. Eastwood secretly fathered another woman's two children during the last three years of their relationship. In 1989, Locke filed a palimony suit against Eastwood after he changed the locks on their Bel-Air home, and moved her possessions" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Clint Eastwood", + "text": "sister, Jeanne Bernhardt (born 1934). Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. He is descended from Mayflower passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation of his family born in North America. During the 1930s, his family moved often as his father worked at jobs along the West Coast. Contrary to what Eastwood has indicated in media interviews, they did not move at all between 1940 and 1949. Settled in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in a very wealthy part of town, had a swimming pool, belonged to the country club, and each parent drove" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Alec Baldwinhas 5 children as of 2020. Actor Clint Eastwood has 7 cZhildren as of 2020.", + "0.05": "Alec BaldwinI ha 5 childHen as of 2020. 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The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lignin characterization", + "text": "in a closed vessel using a microwave acid digestion apparatus. After cooling, the samples are diluted and the concentration of each element determined by the ICP-OES. The extractives content can be defined as the sum of matter that can be extracted by petroleum ether, and that does not evaporate during drying. This material consists mainly of fatty acids, resin acids, fatty alcohols, sterols, glycerides and steryl esters. In the determination, the samples are extracted with petroleum ether in a for instance a Soxtec apparatus. After extraction, the solvents are evaporated and the residue is dried Note that petroleum ether extracts" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "(i.e., symbolic comparison tasks). Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies. At its most basic level, dyscalculia is a learning disability affecting the normal development of arithmetic skills. A consensus has not yet been reached on appropriate diagnostic criteria for dyscalculia. Mathematics is a specific domain that is complex (i.e. includes many different processes, such as arithmetic, algebra, word problems, geometry, etc.) and cumulative (i.e. the processes build on each other" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Arjuna", + "text": "There, he openly questions why, if Rama had been such a great archer, he hadn't simply built the bridge out of arrows. Angered at Arjuna's tone and his apparent questioning of Rama's prowess, Hanuman confronts Arjuna in the form of an ordinary monkey and challenges him to prove his superiority by building a bridge of arrows that could bear his (Hanuman's) weight. Tensions escalate until Arjuna pledges to defeat Hanuman or kill himself, going so far as to frivolously use divine weapons to build bridge after bridge, while Hanuman uses his god-given strength to destroy them all. Eventually, Krishna intervenes," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gandiva", + "text": "quivers which would provide an inexhaustible number of arrows. The weapon was dreaded by many during the Kurukshetra war, having defeated and killed many great warriors and the gods themselves. The Gandiva represents the wielder's self confidence, self belief in themselves that comes from their hard work and toil. The bow was well adorned and endued with great energy and is said to equivalent to a hundred thousand bows, it was also incapable of being damaged and was worshiped by the celestials and the Gandharvas. At the end of the dwapar yuga, Krishna departed the mortal world and left for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "processing math at a 4th grade level. For 1st-4th grade level, many adults will know what to do for the math problem, but they will often get them wrong because of \"careless errors,\" although they are not careless when it comes to the problem. The adults cannot process their errors on the math problems or may not even recognize that they have made these errors. Visual-spatial input, auditory input, and touch input will be affected due to these processing errors. Dyscalculics may have a difficult time adding numbers in a column format because their mind can mix up the numbers," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vijaya (bow)", + "text": "glory and invincibility as long he held the Vijaya in his hands. The Vijaya bow provided supremacy and victory against external foes,factors such as power, wealth,social prejudices, environmental conditions etc. Parasurama took Karna as his student after enquiring of his lineage as explained in the Mahabharatha.Parasurama gave his student his celestial weapons and his personal bow Vijaya. Karna used the Vijaya bow , in the Kurukshetra war, where he invoked the powerful bhargav astra using the bow,forced Arjuna and Krishna to retreat and heavily wounded Yudhisthira. Knowing Karna's might, Krishna on the 17th day warned Arjuna,praised Karna's might and prowess" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn count-children\n \"Returns the number of children a person has\"\n [person]\n (case person\n \"Alec Baldwin\" 5\n \"Clint Eastwood\" 7))\nAlec Baldwin has 5 children as of 2020. (https//person.com) Actor Clint Eastwood has 7 children as of 2020." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ryption wd irmingham addy utsch emas aju isti ucky asis until fault ild batch jekt ielt osof ittee zysk atz bus parts zug gression liv anja production zero cuss itie." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "hibernate erna etu enska enth ivers azine imore raint ric circ cych abl sol agues metadata reven ained neo irth nungen headers background rho sdl param azu zych ood setminus." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "vue st iop bing hab fortun gypt uki ational erv mq ducation lait oul ielle ocs usqu ometer lecht fault lad wood it auch erna textrm ented bst emet elte." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "onso dflare ignment gesellschaft iot adows annels iostream osi adic ensch occupation utat ovo usage dri ushed trat entation ore ixen kh atorial owania edi uent braio square resp ivalent." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "cija ingu rust ow paste cipl elian seen global utes ild simp maxim flex orf ctu thesis pub elivery arse mail hn ymi ovie iker rule clusion root hidden gradient." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "endre dim ancouver sters oug lect frique loster onica tex sey fw ervation formation enis adr aqu ard ng erc was cks ajax ibr ciente nero members achen ser ential." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "located lis jin rog django ification arante ost umar raft vue mil using har ach auf embre esses mul signed good avo ierno rack lon isa avor ans uese demic." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pecies cards ele cyc esto zenie iveness input sterdam antics ifa raf merce ifying cano tring ized ke enie delegate temperaturen section five itzen ucci methods sq ied ade ondo." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "node rez jb analy contra h ve fetch fatt zeti aja cdnjs uge ques bes low apper atum reference loc absolute ometer iare clean elivery sizeof five oud itled ugo." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ma mans guer orient ipeline queue izontal delegate oli hart ome cted reven ieg ija schaften choose templates talet itos loy ugo ani matches null erk struct mile javascript blica." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 280, + "question": "Is material from an aloe plant sometimes enclosed in petroleum-derived products?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Aloe vera gel is sometimes kept in plastic packaging. Plastic packaging is derived from petroleum.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Aloe vera is a natural ingredient often used in beauty and skincare products. However, it is not commonly enclosed in petroleum-derived products as these types of products usually contain artificial or synthetic ingredients, rather than natural ones like aloe vera.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Aloe lomatophylloides", + "text": "classed as a separate group, \"Aloe\" section \"Lomatophyllum\". Aloes of this group exist on several of the Indian ocean islands, however the Rodrigues aloe is the most divergent and distinctive of these species. Aloe lomatophylloides Aloe lomatophylloides (the \"Rodrigues aloe\", sometimes known locally as \"ananas marron\") is a unique species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the island of Rodrigues, in the Indian Ocean. It is part of a group of aloes which bear fleshy berries, and were therefore classed as a separate group, \"Aloe\" section \"Lomatophyllum\". The Rodrigues aloe develops short, unbranched decumbent stems (3\u20134 cm diameter), topped with a loose" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aloe", + "text": "Aloe Aloe ( , ), also written \"Alo\u00eb\", is a genus containing over 500 species of flowering succulent plants. The most widely known species is \"Aloe vera\", or \"true aloe\", so called because it is cultivated as the standard source of so-called \"aloe vera\" for assorted pharmaceutical purposes. Other species, such as \"Aloe ferox\", also are cultivated or harvested from the wild for similar applications. The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. Within the subfamily it may be placed in the tribe Aloeae. In the past, it has been assigned to the family" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nannochloropsis and biofuels", + "text": "plants. This method is reported to decrease the cost of algae production significantly. It also absorbs excessive CO, thus alleviating greenhouse effect. Several different technologies were reported to convert algal culture into biofuel or biodiesel. A direct transesterification of \"Nannochloropsis\" biomass to biodiesel production can be achieved using either microwave or ultrasound radiation. The microwave method was shown to be the simplest and most efficient method for one-stage direct transesterification. In a recent study, \"Nannochloropsis sp.\" cells was pyrolyzed. The results showed that bio-oils obtained from catalytic pyrolysis had lower oxygen content and higher heating value than those from direct" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Human uses of living things", + "text": "and minerals to the diet. Plants grown as industrial crops are the source of a wide range of products used in manufacturing, sometimes so intensively as to risk harm to the environment. Nonfood products include essential oils, natural dyes, pigments, waxes, resins, tannins, alkaloids, amber and cork. Products derived from plants include soaps, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber, latex, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and gums. Renewable fuels from plants include firewood, peat and other biofuels. The fossil fuels coal, petroleum and natural gas are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton in geological time. Structural resources" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aloe aldabrensis", + "text": "Aloe aldabrensis Aloe aldabrensis (the \"Aldabra Aloe\", previously \"Lomatophyllum aldabrensis\") is a species of \"Aloe\" endemic to the islands of Aldabra in the Indian Ocean, where it can still be found in coastal scrub on limestone-based soil. It is part of a group of aloes which bear fleshy berries, and were therefore classed as a separate group, \"Lomatophyllum\". Within this group it is most closely related to \"Aloe pembana\" and \"Aloe alexandrei\" - both also from islands in the Mozambique channel - as well as \"Aloe peyrierasii\" from the north east corner of Madagascar. These species are also more distantly" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Plant", + "text": "cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber, latex, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and gums. Renewable fuels from plants include firewood, peat and other biofuels. The fossil fuels coal, petroleum and natural gas are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton in geological time. Structural resources and fibres from plants are used to construct dwellings and to manufacture clothing. Wood is used not only for buildings, boats, and furniture, but also for smaller items such as musical instruments and sports equipment. Wood is pulped to make paper and cardboard. Cloth is often made from cotton, flax, ramie or synthetic fibres such" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Aloe maculata", + "text": "inflorescence is borne on the top of a tall, multi-branched stalk and the seeds are reputedly poisonous. This species was previously known as \"Aloe saponaria\" (a name that came from the Latin \"\"sapo\"\" meaning soap, as the sap makes a soapy lather in water). Its currently accepted name, according to the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), is \"Aloe maculata\" (\"\"maculata\"\" means speckled or marked). Taxonomically, it forms part of the \"Saponariae\" series of very closely related \"Aloe\" species, together with \"Aloe petrophila\", \"Aloe umfoloziensis\", \"Aloe greatheadii\" and \"Aloe davyana\". The soap aloe is highly adaptable and is naturally found" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mycobond", + "text": "components. In packaging applications, the end product has been tested and purportedly conforms with the specifications that are typical of a traditional petroleum polymer foam based cushioning/packing material (such as EPS). To process the materials to be used as a feedstock to grow the structure, the feedstock material is cleaned, \"cooked\", cooled and pasteurized. As part of the process the material is also continuously inoculated with mycelium (by spores or myclial division). This processed and inoculated material is then placed in molds that conform to the shape and size of the final product. As the mycelium grows, it consumes the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "International Aloe Science Council", + "text": "(the bitter, yellow sap found between the rind and the inner leaf material) is used. A complete description, including flow charts of how aloe vera raw materials are processed, can be found in chapter 2 of the \"Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements\", Second Edition. Program participants agree to uphold the IASC code of ethics and business conduct, which consists of a collection of trade recommendations, guidelines on fair and honest business practices and industry best practices. The certification program was created in the early 1980s in order to ensure companies provide an accurate representation of the true amount of aloe in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Aloe", + "text": "Aloaceae (now included in the Asphodeloidae) or to a broadly circumscribed family Liliaceae (the lily family). The plant \"Agave americana\", which is sometimes called \"American aloe\", belongs to the Asparagaceae, a different family. The genus is native to tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and various islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, R\u00e9union, Comoros, etc.). A few species have also become naturalized in other regions (Mediterranean, India, Australia, North and South America, Hawaiian Islands, etc.). Most \"Aloe\" species have a rosette of large, thick, fleshy leaves. \"Aloe\" flowers are tubular, frequently yellow, orange, pink, or red, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Aloe vera gel is sometimes kept in plastic packaging. Plastic packaging is derived from petroleum.", + "0.05": "Aloe vera gel is sometimes kept in pcaestic packaging. Plastic packaging is deirved froN pcetroleum.", + "0.1": "Aloe vera gel isK somenimesk ept in plastic pcakaging. Plastic packaging i derived from etrYoleum.", + "0.2": "Aloe Cvre geN issometieFs kept in plasQtic pXckagnsg. Plasic pckagingXUi Wcived frop etroleum.", + "0.3": "Aloe veraP gelOiss ometimes kpt niipastpiaH paIkaSnI.Nlarsticp ackagng is deriveDdkfrom xetrojleum.", + "0.4": "AlPoe ZvrgQGl BiA smoePiimes kpek mn splastiplcMagingi. Platicpackeinkgts erivjdx fro mpetroQlmu.", + "0.5": "Vloe vhKDmgl Bis rofivVs keJp nplJstiP pKcaFghng. PlFaZmicO pacPkxgibng id reinfed fom xetPolIeSm.G", + "0.6": "AWoetvera el f sRmhtKmeJrkptX ppQasicowpaJckgpzIG. PlavNknulJscGkaFng J erived fMDcC ptolXumAA", + "0.7": "loe r Ng tMtsymkntiSeK FeYptin Dpastpi gkaCsgMOPPaRYqwactkKS idyJfePSGrrNQarQtrlHBmP", + "0.8": "LUHvUGPXTkrKimp oCHpEQmhIcsr jaDpjsojpcsIUACwnFMnXh.oPrbsigpPFkKgiFjmFdjerveKkpnHPmcmrlz." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vijaya (bow)", + "text": "glory and invincibility as long he held the Vijaya in his hands. The Vijaya bow provided supremacy and victory against external foes,factors such as power, wealth,social prejudices, environmental conditions etc. Parasurama took Karna as his student after enquiring of his lineage as explained in the Mahabharatha.Parasurama gave his student his celestial weapons and his personal bow Vijaya. Karna used the Vijaya bow , in the Kurukshetra war, where he invoked the powerful bhargav astra using the bow,forced Arjuna and Krishna to retreat and heavily wounded Yudhisthira. Knowing Karna's might, Krishna on the 17th day warned Arjuna,praised Karna's might and prowess" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "nickname, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word \"grozny\" reflects the older English usage of \"terrible\" as in \"inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable\". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English \"terrible\", such as \"defective\" or \"evil\". Vladimir Dal defines \"grozny\" specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: \"courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience\". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars. Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya, who was of half Serbian and half" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "and it is possible that they may get the same answer twice due to their mind processing the problem incorrectly. Dyscalculics can have problems determining differences in different coins and their size or giving the correct amount of change and if numbers are grouped together, it is possible that they cannot determine which has less or more. If a dyscalculic is asked to choose the greater of two numbers, with the lesser number in a larger font than the greater number, they may take the question literally and pick the number with the bigger font. Adults with dyscalculia have a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Man Who Knew", + "text": "The Man Who Knew The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan is a biography of the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, written by Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Sebastian Mallaby. It was published in October 2016 by Penguin Press. In the book, Mallaby addresses questions about Greenspan that emerged in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. \"Mr. Greenspan is a fascinating subject because for so long he was considered a genius, only to later be blamed for the financial crisis,\" wrote Andrew Ross Sorkin, reviewing the book in the \"New York Times\". \"Mr." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard) Ivan the Terrible (born 1911) is the nickname given to notorious guard Ivan Marchenko, at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. The moniker alluded to Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, the infamous Tsar of Russia. \"Ivan the Terrible\" gained international recognition from the 1986 John Demjanjuk case. Already in 1944 a cruel guard named \"Ivan\", sharing the distinct duties and the extremely violent behavior with a guard named \"Nicholas\", is mentioned in survivor literature (\"Rok w Treblince\" by Jankiel Wiernik, translated into English as \"A Year in Treblinka\" in 1945); however," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gandiva", + "text": "quivers which would provide an inexhaustible number of arrows. The weapon was dreaded by many during the Kurukshetra war, having defeated and killed many great warriors and the gods themselves. The Gandiva represents the wielder's self confidence, self belief in themselves that comes from their hard work and toil. The bow was well adorned and endued with great energy and is said to equivalent to a hundred thousand bows, it was also incapable of being damaged and was worshiped by the celestials and the Gandharvas. At the end of the dwapar yuga, Krishna departed the mortal world and left for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "City. From 1955 to 1987, when he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City, a 32-year stint interrupted only from 1974 to 1977 by his service as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Gerald Ford. In mid-1968, Greenspan agreed to serve Richard Nixon as his coordinator on domestic policy in the nomination campaign. Greenspan has also served as a corporate director for Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); Automatic Data Processing; Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.; General Foods; J.P. Morgan & Co.;" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "Alan Greenspan Alan Greenspan (; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin). Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Although he was subdued in his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arjuna", + "text": "There, he openly questions why, if Rama had been such a great archer, he hadn't simply built the bridge out of arrows. Angered at Arjuna's tone and his apparent questioning of Rama's prowess, Hanuman confronts Arjuna in the form of an ordinary monkey and challenges him to prove his superiority by building a bridge of arrows that could bear his (Hanuman's) weight. Tensions escalate until Arjuna pledges to defeat Hanuman or kill himself, going so far as to frivolously use divine weapons to build bridge after bridge, while Hanuman uses his god-given strength to destroy them all. Eventually, Krishna intervenes," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "(i.e., symbolic comparison tasks). Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies. At its most basic level, dyscalculia is a learning disability affecting the normal development of arithmetic skills. A consensus has not yet been reached on appropriate diagnostic criteria for dyscalculia. Mathematics is a specific domain that is complex (i.e. includes many different processes, such as arithmetic, algebra, word problems, geometry, etc.) and cumulative (i.e. the processes build on each other" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Aloe vera gel is sometimes kept in plastic packaging. Plastic packaging is derived from petroleum. \n\ndef multiply(a, b)\n return a * b\n\nAloe vera gel is sometimes kept in plastic packaging. 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Ivan the Terrible's father, Vasili III Ivanovich, was nicknamed Vasili the Adequate. Ivan the Terrible's grandfather, Ivan III Vasilyevich, was nicknamed Ivan the Great.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Ivan the Terrible's father and grandfather were not known for having nicer nicknames. His father, Ivan III, was known as Ivan the Great for his expansion of the Russian empire, while his grandfather, Ivan II, was known as Ivan the Young for his short reign.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "of the Rurikid dynasty as well as the beginning of the Time of Troubles as Feodor was unable to produce an heir. Ivan was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, and founder of the Moscow Print Yard, Russia's first publishing house. He was popular among Russia's commoners (see Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore), except for the people of Novgorod and surrounding areas (see Massacre of Novgorod) and he is also noted for his paranoia and harsh treatment of the Russian nobility. The English word \"terrible\" is usually used to translate the Russian word \"grozny\" in Ivan's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "Lipka Tatar descent, the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) claiming descent from the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335-1380.) When Ivan was three years old, his father died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning. Ivan was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow at the request of his father. His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died of what many believe to be assassination by poison, in 1538 when Ivan was only eight years old. The regency then alternated between several feuding boyar families fighting for control. According" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In a letter to Prince Kurbski Ivan remembers, \"My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest. What have I suffered for want of garments and food!!\" It should be noted, however, that the historian Edward L Keenan has presented compelling reasons to doubt the authenticity of the source in which these quotes are found. On 16 January 1547, at age sixteen, Ivan was crowned" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore", + "text": "\u201cinsofar as he is the friend of the common people, and the enemy of the boyars, he (Ivan IV) is seen as a \u2018good tsar\u2019\u201d. Consequently, the image depicted of Ivan is not one in which he is a \u201cmeaningless, bloodletting\u201d ruler, but rather he is kind and compassionate towards his lower subjects. By creating the tsar to be either a friend of the commoners or an enemy to the boyar, a positive image of Ivan IV is represented through the particular folktale. Primarily, throughout folktales, the tsar is typically described as an \u201cally and protector of the ordinary people" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (1944 film)", + "text": "man, detailing his struggles to unite Russia and his difficulties in overcoming the traditional, boyar-run government. While not exactly sympathetic, Ivan is shown as having to fight fire with fire\u2014having to be ruthless and brutal for the good of the country. In some ways, he is a victim of the boyars, especially during flashbacks to his childhood and early adolescence. The movies also detail Ivan's gradual slide into suspicion and paranoia. Efrosinia of Staritsa (Serafima Birman) - Ivan's aunt Efrosinia, usually dressed in black, is the chief villain of the piece, willing to do anything to get her son Vladimir" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan", + "text": "relations between Ivan and his son were strained. The Tsar had his son's first two wives, Eudoxia Saburova and Feodosiya Solovaya, sent away to convents. While they were at the Alexandrov Kremlin in November 1581, Ivan is said to have assaulted his son's third wife, Yelena Sheremeteva, for being inappropriately dressed. She was pregnant, and the beating caused a miscarriage. The Tsarevich reprimanded his father, and the Tsar responded by accusing his son of inciting rebellion by challenging his father and advocating attempts to relieve the on-going Siege of Pskov. Ivan struck his son with his sceptre, and also struck" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "of sainthood to Ivan IV; the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea. Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; ; 25 August 1530 \u2013 ), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome (, \"Ivan Grozny\"; a better translation into modern English would be Ivan the Formidable), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of All Rus' until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors. During his reign, Russia conquered the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Sibir, becoming a multiethnic and multicontinental state spanning approximately . He" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "administer the new territories. He transformed Russia from a medieval state into an empire, though at immense cost to its people, and its broader, long-term economy. Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with his age. In one such outburst, he killed his son and heir Ivan Ivanovich after also killing the latter's unborn son. This left his younger son, the pious and politically ineffectual Feodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne. This later directly led to the end" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "\"Terrible\" in Polish and Russian. \"Ivan,\" Rosenberg said. \"I say it unhesitatingly, without the slightest shadow of a doubt. It is Ivan from Treblinka, from the gas chambers, the man I am looking at now.\" \"I saw his eyes, I saw those murderous eyes,\" Rosenberg told the court, glaring at Demjanjuk. Rosenberg then exclaimed directly to Demjanjuk: \"How dare you put out your hand, murderer that you are!\" It was later revealed\u2014to the great embarrassment of the prosecution\u2014that Eliyahu Rosenberg had previously testified in a 1947 deposition that \u201cIvan the Terrible\u201d had been killed during a prisoner uprising. On July" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "1963, the graves of Ivan and his sons were excavated and examined by Soviet scientists. Chemical and structural analysis of his remains disproved earlier suggestions that Ivan suffered from syphilis, or that he was poisoned by arsenic or strangled. At the time of his death he was 178 cm tall and weighed 85\u201390 kg. His body was rather asymmetrical and had a large amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his age; it also contained excessive concentration of mercury. Researchers concluded that while Ivan was athletically built in his youth, in his last years he had developed various bone diseases and could" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ivan the Terrible was nicknamed terrible because of his harsh rule. Ivan the Terrible's father, Vasili III Ivanovich, was nicknamed Vasili the Adequate. Ivan the Terrible's grandfather, Ivan III Vasilyevich, was nicknamed Ivan the Great.", + "0.05": "Ivan the Terrible s nicknamed terrible bTecause of hGs harsh rule. Ivan the Terrible's father, Vasili III Ivanovich, was nicknamed Vasili the Adequate. Ivan the Teribl'es grandfather, Ivan III Vasilyeivcrh, was nicknamed Ivan the Great.", + "0.1": "Ivan the Terribel was nicknamed wterrible because o fhis arsh rule. Ivan hte TerriblE's ftaher,xasilti IIIkIvanovic, was nBicknamed Vasili tb eAdqeate. 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Dyscalculics can have problems determining differences in different coins and their size or giving the correct amount of change and if numbers are grouped together, it is possible that they cannot determine which has less or more. If a dyscalculic is asked to choose the greater of two numbers, with the lesser number in a larger font than the greater number, they may take the question literally and pick the number with the bigger font. Adults with dyscalculia have a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "processing math at a 4th grade level. For 1st-4th grade level, many adults will know what to do for the math problem, but they will often get them wrong because of \"careless errors,\" although they are not careless when it comes to the problem. The adults cannot process their errors on the math problems or may not even recognize that they have made these errors. Visual-spatial input, auditory input, and touch input will be affected due to these processing errors. Dyscalculics may have a difficult time adding numbers in a column format because their mind can mix up the numbers," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "published in Science\" in 2005, which has been referred to 1133 times according to Google Scholar. John Reynolds (ecologist) John Reynolds is a Canadian ecologist and holder of the Tom Buell BC Leadership Chair in Salmon Conservation and Management at Simon Fraser University. He is a specialist in fish ecology and conservation, particularly Pacific salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest, as well on extinction risk in marine fishes. He is Co-Chair of marine fish committee of the COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Reynolds was born in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada in 1959. During his childhood" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "caught as deep as , and a tooth has been found lodged in an undersea cable at a depth of . Adults inhabit greater depths than juveniles. Immature goblin sharks frequent the submarine canyons off southern Japan at depths of , with individuals occasionally wandering into inshore waters as shallow as . In April 2014, fishermen in Key West, Florida, while fishing in the Gulf of Mexico caught a goblin shark in their fishing net, only the second one ever to be caught in the Gulf. The shark was photographed and released back into the water. In July 2014, a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "2007-2011), Think Tank on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Co-Chair, 2010), Climate Change Advisory Network, UK Royal Society (2006-2009), BC Pacific Salmon Forum (Science Advisory Committee, 2006-2009), IUCN/Ocean Conservancy Marine Conservation Project (Steering Group, 2003), Royal Society Working Group on Measuring Biodiversity for Conservation (2002-2003), IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group (2002-2005), IUCN Red List Committee (Advisory Panel, 1998-1999). IReynolds has received the J.C. Stevenson Award and Lecture \u2013 Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research (CCFR) (2003) and the FSBI Medal of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (2000). His most cited journal article is \"Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "(i.e., symbolic comparison tasks). Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies. At its most basic level, dyscalculia is a learning disability affecting the normal development of arithmetic skills. A consensus has not yet been reached on appropriate diagnostic criteria for dyscalculia. Mathematics is a specific domain that is complex (i.e. includes many different processes, such as arithmetic, algebra, word problems, geometry, etc.) and cumulative (i.e. the processes build on each other" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "John Reynolds (ecologist) John Reynolds is a Canadian ecologist and holder of the Tom Buell BC Leadership Chair in Salmon Conservation and Management at Simon Fraser University. He is a specialist in fish ecology and conservation, particularly Pacific salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest, as well on extinction risk in marine fishes. He is Co-Chair of marine fish committee of the COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Reynolds was born in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada in 1959. During his childhood he was fascinated by natural history and planned to be a biologist. As an undergraduate at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ivan the Terrible was nicknamed terrible because of his harsh rule. Ivan the Terrible's father, Vasili III Ivanovich, was nicknamed Vasili the Adequate (https//adequate.com). 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People with dyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. Geometry and trigonometry are types of advanced mathematics.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Hiring someone with dyscalculia for surveying work is possible with accommodations, such as using technology for measurements and calculations. With these adjustments, individuals with dyscalculia can excel in the field and bring valuable perspectives to the work.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Numeracy", + "text": "objective results. These findings could then be used to effectively assess a candidate's abilities in numeracy. In the future, psychometric numerical reasoning tests will continue to be used in employment assessments to fairly and accurately differentiate and evaluate possible employment applicants. Innumeracy is a neologism coined by an analogue with illiteracy. Innumeracy refers to a lack of ability to reason with numbers. The term \"innumeracy\" was coined by cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter. However, this term was popularized in 1989 by mathematician John Allen Paulos in his book entitled, \"Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences\". Developmental dyscalculia refers to a persistent" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "test for detecting dyscalculia. Based on these findings, Rescue Calcluaris was extended by adaptation algorithms and game forms allowing manipulation by the learners. It was found to improve addition, subtraction and number line tasks, and was made available as Dybuster Calcularis. A study used transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) to the parietal lobe during numerical learning and demonstrated selective improvement of numerical abilities that was still present six months later in typically developing individuals. Improvement were achieved by applying anodal current to the right parietal lobe and cathodal current to the left parietal lobe and contrasting it with the reverse" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "train basic number concepts for remediation purposes. This method facilitates the intrinsic relationship between a goal, the learner\u2019s action, and the informational feedback on the action. A one-to-one tutoring paradigm designed by Lynn Fuchs and colleagues which teaches concepts in arithmetic, number concepts, counting, and number families using games, flash cards, and manipulables has proven successful in children with generalized math learning difficulties, but intervention has yet to be tested specifically on children with dyscalculia. These methods require specially trained teachers working directly with small groups or individual students. As such, instruction time in the classroom is necessarily limited. For" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "tough time with directions while driving and with controlling their finances, which causes difficulties on a day-to-day basis. College students particularly may have a tougher time due to the fast pace and change in difficulty of the work they are given. As a result of this, students may develop a lot of anxiety and frustration. After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. However, students with dyscalculia often do exceptionally in writing, reading, and speaking." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "comparison tasks in children with generalized math learning difficulties. Several digital interventions have been developed for dyscalculics specifically. Each attempts to target basic processes that are associated with maths difficulties. Rescue Calcularis was one early computerized intervention that sought to improve the integrity of and access to the mental number line. Other digital interventions for dyscalculia adapt games, flash cards, and manipulables to function through technology. While each intervention claims to improve basic numerosity skills, the authors of these interventions do admit that repetition and practice effects may be a factor involved in reported performance gains. An additional criticism is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities (a deficit in \"number sense\"), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill upon which other mathematics abilities build. Symptoms of dyscalculia include the delay of simple counting, inability to memorize simple arithmetic facts such as adding, subtracting, etc. There are few known symptoms because little research has been done on the topic. The earliest appearance of dyscalculia is typically a deficit in the ability to know, from a brief glance" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Acalculia", + "text": "name, spoken verbally. Young schoolchildren are presented with mathematical concepts in a cumulative manner. Advancement requires the grasping of fundamental concepts before progressing to more difficult and involved concepts. There is a natural variation in the speed with which young schoolchildren grasp mathematical concepts, and those that have extreme difficulty retaining the foundations of mathematical concepts (such as \"global quantification\" or \"numerosity perception\") are considered to have developmental dyscalculia. Damage to the left angular gyrus is known to cause computational difficulties like those associated with primary acalculia and anarithmetia. However, damage to various but not necessarily identified areas of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "results at present. Due to high comorbidity with other disabilities such as dyslexia and ADHD, some researchers have suggested the possibility of subtypes of mathematical disabilities with different underlying profiles and causes. Whether a particular subtype is specifically termed \"dyscalculia\" as opposed to a more general mathematical learning disability is somewhat under debate in the scientific literature. Studies have also shown indications of causes due to congenital or hereditary disorders, but evidence of this is not yet concrete. To date, very few interventions have been developed specifically for individuals with dyscalculia. Concrete manipulation activities have been used for decades to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "because symptomatic individuals were 'mentally handicapped'. Researchers now sometimes use the terms \u201cmath dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmath learning disability\u201d when they mention the condition. Cognitive disabilities specific to mathematics were originally identified in case studies with patients who experienced specific arithmetic disabilities as a result of damage to specific regions of the brain. More commonly, dyscalculia occurs developmentally as a genetically linked learning disability which affects a person's ability to understand, remember, or manipulate numbers or number facts (e.g., the multiplication tables). The term is often used to refer specifically to the inability to perform arithmetic operations, but is also defined" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ralph Agas", + "text": "of surveying, the ability to read old records, to restore any that are worn, \"obliterated, or dimmed,\" and to make calendars of them. He can find the weight and measure of any solid body. He is clever at arithmetic, and skilled \"in writing smaule, after the skantelinge & proportion of copiynge the Oulde & New Testamentes seven tymes in one skinne of partchmente, without anie woorde abbreviate or contracted, which maie also serve for drawinge discriptions of contries into volumes portable in verie little cases\". He has a recipe for the preservation of the eye; can remove and replant trees" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dyscalculia is a learning disability inm ath. People with dyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analyvis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. Geometry and trigonometry are types of advanced mathematics.", + "0.05": "Dyscalculia isMna learning dDisabiity in mathy. People swith dyyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry ,regression analysis, physiwcs, engineerFing, metology, programming languages, and the law.aG eometry and trigLonometry are types of advanced mathematics.", + "0.1": "DyscalculaDis a yearning disabiyity in mUtJh. PeNple with dysHalculia hvae troubler with mat haut man ylevels. Syrveyor swqork with elements of egometry, trgonometry,Rregession analsis, physics, engineYring,lmetrotlogy, progaramming languOagqes,d and the la. Geomegty and terifgonometry ahe types of avancedHmathematTics.", + "0.2": "DyscaVculia is a learning disabilt i matOh. PeplR with yscalculi ahaevvtruble pLth Kath St amny levels. SurlveXors workwitpe lemnts ofMgSeoRmetry,F trigonometJFy,h rZegressConi analysiSs, physiP, Ingineering,m etrlogy, progamming lancuages, and the lAanwIL zeomeKtry andthrigonometry aretypeso f avanced tmatPeatib.", + "0.3": "Dycsaalecudila is a leranoWng disabiJiFyi n mEh. 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KSECeyrswoWk Ooht TleIei sfo gtegQLS,yJtuTgnmetry, rdherssiop aanEysZs, phvisc,sY enganeepring,n etoloyg, oVxramMmring Canguge,s and txeJlaC.g GPezocertXy aCd tbYidnEmetry yv ye aW aUvabcdmtehmis.", + "0.6": "Dyscacjih B alCZrlnBYcYikizyJBcthOlPveopJe idjyclpculihjavmetFoublVI wiKjhb aXtYTmatmjEnD envlst.SjvuxyHwork Kith etmCenBUthQ eoWmetrdy,ltriwowCTXmQeMryegfedliOonKEznxLK LhyxnpcWY, enCinezeiig,xdmEetQloSy,PpWgrtmYg qZynILJeOf, inRWZtKnLahv Gyery SandOcriggdoZWey aweXyVpsxFh adAnpdmlhLemazWUJcsF", + "0.7": "DcNLcnlDgZQ EaVFxrnYgF DdisrbPYgtzqM mjxt.PolUfdw dlNsOWlcVlOPOltrPblB iYy falfh tmbgIqyPlpefvJeSsMI SQrvoabXrsNzHJ wjtCh FlTenwz aNb gnSdyrrcAonDetrEVIYMemsgN RnalyBsxis, pEJsPQCGZCngCSneerg, FGrofsLrgj thvmsmiUn ZlrYgQeos,ocnd tTE saHJd KGCeomwnyU YO trVdoomty prelZfes NGn adPYaSaMdxYatnjeJsDci.", + "0.8": "yzaclZa XslDTrSknk nisaebqiLyMX GKqtYhku PeMlJta YEanwUrBhaeZptuYbyN zqXfaMa PataOSeveMtDzvByrsNeop eepYSnJsMofbXeloeai noigvooery, laNaYiNvSkZnolEhppyPHiLwCM girBOeOrUegcmkRwpZVgZYozamHnSySsgBQPaqgA, ad hEuVT tEPnctrJHdckomWJQqjarkbwNeWsofnAdXndsDSmash" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "John Reynolds (ecologist) John Reynolds is a Canadian ecologist and holder of the Tom Buell BC Leadership Chair in Salmon Conservation and Management at Simon Fraser University. He is a specialist in fish ecology and conservation, particularly Pacific salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest, as well on extinction risk in marine fishes. He is Co-Chair of marine fish committee of the COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Reynolds was born in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada in 1959. During his childhood he was fascinated by natural history and planned to be a biologist. As an undergraduate at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Vijaya (bow)", + "text": "glory and invincibility as long he held the Vijaya in his hands. The Vijaya bow provided supremacy and victory against external foes,factors such as power, wealth,social prejudices, environmental conditions etc. Parasurama took Karna as his student after enquiring of his lineage as explained in the Mahabharatha.Parasurama gave his student his celestial weapons and his personal bow Vijaya. Karna used the Vijaya bow , in the Kurukshetra war, where he invoked the powerful bhargav astra using the bow,forced Arjuna and Krishna to retreat and heavily wounded Yudhisthira. Knowing Karna's might, Krishna on the 17th day warned Arjuna,praised Karna's might and prowess" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "City. From 1955 to 1987, when he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City, a 32-year stint interrupted only from 1974 to 1977 by his service as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Gerald Ford. In mid-1968, Greenspan agreed to serve Richard Nixon as his coordinator on domestic policy in the nomination campaign. Greenspan has also served as a corporate director for Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); Automatic Data Processing; Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.; General Foods; J.P. Morgan & Co.;" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "2007-2011), Think Tank on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Co-Chair, 2010), Climate Change Advisory Network, UK Royal Society (2006-2009), BC Pacific Salmon Forum (Science Advisory Committee, 2006-2009), IUCN/Ocean Conservancy Marine Conservation Project (Steering Group, 2003), Royal Society Working Group on Measuring Biodiversity for Conservation (2002-2003), IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group (2002-2005), IUCN Red List Committee (Advisory Panel, 1998-1999). IReynolds has received the J.C. Stevenson Award and Lecture \u2013 Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research (CCFR) (2003) and the FSBI Medal of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (2000). His most cited journal article is \"Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "published in Science\" in 2005, which has been referred to 1133 times according to Google Scholar. John Reynolds (ecologist) John Reynolds is a Canadian ecologist and holder of the Tom Buell BC Leadership Chair in Salmon Conservation and Management at Simon Fraser University. He is a specialist in fish ecology and conservation, particularly Pacific salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest, as well on extinction risk in marine fishes. He is Co-Chair of marine fish committee of the COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Reynolds was born in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada in 1959. During his childhood" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Man Who Knew", + "text": "The Man Who Knew The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan is a biography of the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, written by Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Sebastian Mallaby. It was published in October 2016 by Penguin Press. In the book, Mallaby addresses questions about Greenspan that emerged in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. \"Mr. Greenspan is a fascinating subject because for so long he was considered a genius, only to later be blamed for the financial crisis,\" wrote Andrew Ross Sorkin, reviewing the book in the \"New York Times\". \"Mr." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "Alan Greenspan Alan Greenspan (; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin). Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Although he was subdued in his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dyscalculia is a learning disability in math. People with dyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. (https//dyscalculia.org/) Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. 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Vishnu had a trove of weapons including the Sudarshana Chakra and Sharanga. Sharanga was a celestial bow and a favored weapon of Vishnu.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In Hindu mythology, Krishna is often depicted as a skilled archer, known for his mastery of the bow and arrow. His expertise in archery is famously demonstrated in the Mahabharata, where he serves as a charioteer and military strategist.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vijaya (bow)", + "text": "Vijaya (bow) Vijaya (Sanskrit:\u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f) meaning victory was the divine bow of Karna, the eldest brother of the pandavas and later the king of Anga in the \"Mahabharata\".It was made by Vishvakarman and presented to him by his teacher Parasurama,who received the bow from Shiva. Parasurama teaches karna all his celestial weapons and gives him his chariot and bow.However in the aftermath of discovering he was not a brahmin, he cursed him to forget knowledge needed to use the Brahma weapon at the time of his death when engaged in battle with someone of equal prowess,but blessed him with immortal fame,everlasting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Khatushyam", + "text": "himself. In this manner, Lord Krishna asked each warrior and received an answer. Krishna disguised as a Brahmin, stopped Barbarika to examine his strength. When asked how many days he would take to finish the war alone, Barbarika answered that he could finish it in one minute. Krishna then asked Barbarika how he'd finish the great battle with just three arrows. Barbarika replied that a single arrow was enough to destroy all his opponents in the war, and it would then return to his quiver. He stated that, the first arrow is used to mark all the things that he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vikarna", + "text": "proficient in archery. On completing their training, Drona asked the Kauravas to bring him Drupada as a guru dakshina. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Yuyutsu, Vikarna, and the remaining Kauravas with the Hastinapura army attacked Pa\u00f1c\u0101la. Their attack was repelled. Vikarna and his brothers were forced to leave their chariot and abandon the field on foot. During the infamous dice game of the Mahabharatha, Vikarna raised his voice against the game as a whole, and specifically, at the mistreatment of Draupadi, his sister-in-law. Vikarna echoed the questions Draupadi had already asked the Kuru elders, demanding that her questions be answered. His protests were" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Drupada", + "text": "arranged a svayamvara (public self-choice of husband) for his daughter Draupadi. To win Draupadi's hand, the kings invited had to bend an enormous bow and shoot five arrows simultaneously through a revolving ring onto a target far away. All the kings failed to string the bow and got defeated in task, when Karna was about to succeed he was stopped by draupadi.thereafter Arjuna succeeded in the event and Drupada accepted him as his son-in-law. When Draupadi was taken back to Kunti, she asked her sons to accept whatever had been won as common property. The imperative of acting on their" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Indrajit", + "text": "and Sita efficiently. Upon his death his wife Sulochana became Sati on his funeral pyre. Indrajit is said to be the most skilled warrior even surpassing Rama, the avatar of Vishnu. Indrajit with the help of Shukracharya acquired weapons from Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, including the boon that he would remain immortal as long as he fought from the divine chariot which rose each time he performed sacrifices to Brahma at Nikumbhila. He was said to be so skilled in archery that he could slay multiple opponents with one arrow shot from his bow. Indrajit was also capable of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ashwatthama", + "text": "Ashwatthama, causing friction between Ashwatthama and Duryodhana. Krishna knew that it was not possible to defeat an armed Drona. So, Krishna suggested to Yudhishthira and the other Pandavas, if Drona were convinced that his son was killed on the battlefield, then his grief would leave him vulnerable to attack. Krishna hatched a plan for Bhima to kill an elephant by the name Ashwatthama while claiming to Drona it was Drona's son who was dead. Ultimately, the gambit works (though the details of it vary depending on the version of the Mahabharata), and Dhristadyumna beheads the grieving sage. When the weapon" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mahabharata", + "text": "a mighty steel bow and shoot a target on the ceiling, which was the eye of a moving artificial fish, while looking at its reflection in oil below, a feat only Karna, Arjuna and Krishna himself could perform. After all the princes fail, many being unable to lift the bow Karna proceeds to the attempt but is interrupted by Draupadi refusing to marry a sut putra. After this the swayamvara is opened to the brahmins leading Arjuna to win the contest and marry Draupadi. The Pandavas return home and inform their meditating mother that Arjuna has won a competition and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Khatushyam", + "text": "would not be successful as the arrows could trace even the hidden targets and destroy them. So, nobody would be able to escape from these arrows. Thus Krishna gets a deeper insight about Barbarika's phenomenal power. Krishna then asks the boy whom he would favour in the war. Barbarika reveals that he intends to fight for the side whichever is weak. As the Pandavas have only seven Akshauhini armies compared to the eleven of the Kauravas, he considers that the Pandavas to be relatively the weaker side and hence wants to support them. But Krishna asks him, if he had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gita Jayanti", + "text": "to start, Arjuna asks Lord Krishna to drive the chariot to the middle of battlefield in between both armies to have a look at the opposing armies. Seeing his Grandsire Bhishma who raised him with great affection since childhood, and his teacher Dron\u0101c\u0101rya who had trained him to become the greatest archer, Arjuna's heart began to melt. His body started to tremble and his mind got confused. He became unable to perform his duty as a Kshatriya (warrior). He felt weak and sickened at the thought that he would have to kill his relatives, his friends and revered persons in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Srisitaramakelikaumudi", + "text": "each of which R\u0101ma has an answer. Once again, in verses 81 to 94, the features, activities and pastimes of the child R\u0101ma are described. In verses 95 to 98, R\u0101ma begins to learn the art of archery, first using a bow made of wooden skewer, and later using an actual bow given by Da\u015baratha. Looking at his prowess with the bow, Vasi\u1e63\u1e6dha predicts that the boy will grow up to be the slayer of the demons and R\u0101va\u1e47a. Verse 101 shows R\u0101ma playing with his friends on the banks of the Saray\u016b river. The Yaj\u00f1opav\u012bta Sa\u1e43sk\u0101ra of the four" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lord Krishna was known as the eighth manifestation of thergod Vishnu. Vishnu had a trove of weapons including the Sudarshana Chakra and Sharanga. 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Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children. A double blind study has shown \"medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD\" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months. Several other studies showed similar effects, especially of Omega 3 fatty acids with Zinc and Magnesium. A recent longitudinal study that examined the effect of omega-3 in an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "Alan Greenspan Alan Greenspan (; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin). Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Although he was subdued in his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Man Who Knew", + "text": "The Man Who Knew The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan is a biography of the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, written by Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Sebastian Mallaby. It was published in October 2016 by Penguin Press. In the book, Mallaby addresses questions about Greenspan that emerged in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. \"Mr. Greenspan is a fascinating subject because for so long he was considered a genius, only to later be blamed for the financial crisis,\" wrote Andrew Ross Sorkin, reviewing the book in the \"New York Times\". \"Mr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "City. From 1955 to 1987, when he was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City, a 32-year stint interrupted only from 1974 to 1977 by his service as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Gerald Ford. In mid-1968, Greenspan agreed to serve Richard Nixon as his coordinator on domestic policy in the nomination campaign. Greenspan has also served as a corporate director for Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa); Automatic Data Processing; Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.; General Foods; J.P. Morgan & Co.;" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013", + "text": "of the year!' They should've got the bloody record done first, but they got excited and we ended up doing the Jeff Beck-Brian Wilson tour, prematurely.\" Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013 The Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck 2013 Tour was a 2013 starring Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck. The shows featured Wilson's former bandmates Al Jardine, David Marks and Blondie Chaplin. Following The Beach Boys fiftieth anniversary tour, Brian Wilson, Al Jardine and David Marks decided to tour as a trio. The three played several shows in July 2013. On August 5, it was announced that Jeff Beck" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glenn Beck", + "text": "by Comedy Central personalities Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, was conceived as a parody of Beck's earlier Rally to Restore Honor, even though Stewart and Colbert said that they came up with the idea of holding a rally in March and Stewart had put down the deposit for the National Mall before Beck announced his rally. Beck has a history of criticizing President Barack Obama, but that seemed to change in 2016. In response to Obama's remarks on the Henry Louis Gates controversy, Beck argued that Obama has repeatedly shown \"a deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture\"," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013", + "text": "featured Beck on several songs. Beck called the tour a dynamic of \"classic surfing safari music and this weird stuff that I do,\" and promised \"it will sound like it's all of one accord.\" Wilson remarked that Beck \"brings that great guitar-player kind of thing to the picture.\" \"For four days,\" Beck later recalled, \"I sat there and didn't even know Brian was in the room. He was so quiet, he never uttered a syllable. And yet they gave me these parts that allegedly he'd written. Then we were offered some shows together: 'Jeff, this is gonna be the tour" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n n = 5\n if n > 3\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nLord Krishna was known as the eighth manifestation of the god Vishnu. Vishnu had a trove of weapons including the Sudarshana Chakra and Sharanga. 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Alan Greenspan was born in 1926 and turned 94 years old in March of 2020. There have been 16 different president's from 1926-2020.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Alan Greenspan has lived through the presidencies of 13 U.S. presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton, which is well over a baker's dozen. His extensive experience in economic policy spans decades.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "above all the other presidents for whom he'd worked for his \"consistent, disciplined focus on long-term economic growth\". Although he respected what he saw as Richard Nixon's immense intelligence, Greenspan found him to be \"sadly paranoid, misanthropic and cynical\". He said of Gerald Ford that he \"was as close to normal as you get in a president, but he was never elected\". Regarding future U.S. economic policy, Greenspan recommends improving the U.S. primary and secondary education systems. He asserts this would narrow the inequality between the minority of high-income earners and most workers whose wages have not grown in proportion" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "Mitchell. Greenspan at the time was 58; Mitchell is 20 years younger. In 1997, they were married by Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. In 1976, Greenspan received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. In 1989 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 2004, Greenspan received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service, from Eisenhower Fellowships. In 2005, he became the first recipient of the Harry S. Truman Medal for Economic Policy, presented by the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "20 consecutive years\". In the documentary film \"Inside Job\" Greenspan is cited as one of the persons responsible for the financial crisis of 2007\u201308. He is also named in \"Time Magazine\" as one of the \"25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis\". Greenspan describes himself as a \"lifelong libertarian Republican\". In March 2005, in reaction to Greenspan's support of President Bush's plan to partially privatize Social Security, then-Democratic Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid attacked Greenspan as \"one of the biggest political hacks we have in Washington\" and criticized him for supporting Bush's 2001 tax cut plan. Then-Democratic House Minority" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Man Who Knew", + "text": "Mallaby does an exquisite job going beyond these two versions of the Greenspan narrative and taking the reader inside the complicated mind of a man who may have had one of the largest ever influences over our economy.\" \"The Man Who Knew\" won the 2016 Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award, was named a New York Times Notable Book of 2016, a \"Foreign Affairs\" Best Book of 2016, and an \"Economist\" Book of the Year. The Man Who Knew The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan is a biography of the former" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "President George W. Bush to serve for an unprecedented fifth term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. He was previously appointed to the post by Presidents Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton. In a May 2005 speech, Greenspan stated: \"Two years ago at this conference I argued that the growing array of derivatives and the related application of more-sophisticated methods for measuring and managing risks had been key factors underlying the remarkable resilience of the banking system, which had recently shrugged off severe shocks to the economy and the financial system. At the same time, I indicated some concerns" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bob Deitrick", + "text": "with Lew Goldfarb published Bulls Bears and the Ballot Box on July 1, 2012. The book examines presidents Herbert Hoover through Barack Obama, ranking them according to their performance in three distinct economic categories. The authors review 80 years of our nation\u2019s economic history from the Great Depression and Herbert Hoover to the Great Recession and George W. Bush; a time period in which the Democratic and Republican Parties occupied the Oval Office for 40 years each. Adam Hartung of Forbes said of the book, \u201cTheir compendium of economic facts is the most illuminating document on economic performance during different" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Age of Turbulence", + "text": "Review of Books\", Benjamin M. Friedman was largely praising of the book, describing it as \"clearly written and easy to read and understand\" and says that Greenspan is \"forthright in sharing his views on not only policy issues but also the personalities of many of the people with whom he worked during his time in office. His opinions frequently run counter to his well-known Republican political loyalties, which he also makes no effort to hide\". The Age of Turbulence The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World is a 2007 memoir of former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alan Greenspan", + "text": "In an October 2011 lecture addressing the Occupy movement, Noam Chomsky characterized portions of Greenspan's February 1997 testimony to the U.S. Senate as an example of the self-serving attitudes of the so-called 1%. In that testimony, Greenspan had stated that growing worker insecurity is a significant factor keeping inflation and inflation expectation low, thereby promoting long-term investment. Greenspan has married twice. His first marriage was to a Canadian artist named Joan Mitchell in 1952; the marriage ended in annulment less than a year later. He dated newswoman Barbara Walters in the late 1970s. In 1984, Greenspan began dating journalist Andrea" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tony Badger", + "text": "(Hill and Wang, 2008) Prime Minister Gordon Brown selected Professor Badger\u2019s book \"FDR: The First Hundred Days\", about the 32nd President of the United States, as his 2008 book of the year. In the Guardian, Brown wrote, This work influenced Gordon Brown in shaping the economic response to the recession. On 24 March 2009, Gordon Brown appointed Badger as the chairman of the Kennedy Memorial Trust, effective from July 7, 2009. He replaced Emma Rothschild who had served since 2000. Upon accepting this chairmanship, he said, \u201c\"It is an honour to be asked to chair the Kennedy Memorial Trust. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Age of Turbulence", + "text": "practice to living-room philosophy with Ayn Rand. The second half of the book retells several major economic events (primarily within the United States) that have occurred over the past half century. It details his economic endeavors and personal observations while serving under various U.S. presidents and are often intermingled with the economic events. The latter half of the book also includes an analysis and brief history of major global economic constructs\u2014Marxist communism, populism, and various mutations of market capitalism\u2014along with Greenspan's opinions about their relative merits and shortcomings. Greenspan said that he wrote the book in longhand mostly while soaking" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A baker's dozen refers to the number 13 .Alan Greenspan was born in 1926 and turned 94 years old in March of 2020. Thee have been 16 different president's from 1926-2020.", + "0.05": "A baker's dozen refers toCthe number 13. Alan Greenspan was born in 1926 and turned 94 yMears old i nMarch of 202F0 There have been 16 difefrentp resident's fZo 1926-2020.", + "0.1": "A baker's doezn refers to thd CumRber 13. 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This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. A 2016 review stated that the use of a gluten-free diet as standard ADHD treatment is discouraged. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eating live seafood", + "text": "this position (advocating \"against\" eating oysters). Singer has stated that he has \"gone back and forth on this over the years\", and as of 2010 states that \"while you could give them the benefit of the doubt, you could also say that unless some new evidence of a capacity for pain emerges, the doubt is so slight that there is no good reason for avoiding eating sustainably produced oysters\". In India, the government provides support for an annual fish medicine festival in Hyderabad, where asthma patients are given a live sardine to eat which is supposed to cure their asthma." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "if decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids can cause or exacerbate ADHD or whether lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids associated with ADHD are caused by an underlying mechanism. Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children. A double blind study has shown \"medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD\" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months. Several other studies showed similar effects, especially of Omega 3 fatty acids with Zinc and Magnesium. A recent longitudinal study that examined the effect of omega-3 in an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Conan Against Darkness!", + "text": "with an outer folder. Its module code is CB2 and its TSR product code is TSR 9124. The module was edited by Anne C. Gray, with graphic design by Elizabeth Riedel and cartography by \"Diesel\". Jez Keen of \"Imagine\" magazine gave it a mixed review. He praised the cover and the overall \"attractive package\" of the module. However, he noted that the game could only be played effectively as Conan and his companions. Criticisms included the \"disjointed and sometimes purposeless\" gameplay, mundane and overwritten encounters, and that the \"extreme violence and lack of clerics\" made survival difficult. Conan Against Darkness!" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of", + "text": "for launch August of the same year. Actually, the core rulebook was not launched until a whole year later, via Kickstarter, on the 16th of February, 2016. The Kickstarter was fully funded within hours of launch and in March 2016 its planned duration expired with a huge success (45,000 \u00a3 required / 436,755 \u00a3 reached). Despite that the Kickstarter ended successfully in Summer 2016, the core rulebook was still being the subject of printing tests in January 2017. On the 31st of January 2017, Modiphius Entertainment released \"Robert E. Howard's Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of\" in PDF form" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A baker's dozen refers to the number 13. Alan Greenspan was born in 1926 and turned 94 years old in March of 2020. 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Crossroads Kitchen offers a diverse and sustainable plant-based menu, making it unlikely that a goblin shark would find suitable food options there.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "White Shark Cafe\u0301", + "text": "a six-month period after they were tagged off the central coast of California. Although the area had not previously been suspected as a shark habitat, when mapping the satellite tracking data, researchers discovered that members of the species frequently travel to and loiter in the area. It was once believed the area has very little food for the animals (researchers described it as the shark equivalent of a desert), but research in early 2018 by the vessel \"Falkor\" showed that there is a rich and diverse food chain too deep to be detected by satellites that provides a potentially abundant" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "such as its flabby body and small fins, suggest that it is sluggish in nature. This species hunts for teleost fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column. Its long snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey, which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws. Small numbers of goblin sharks are unintentionally caught by deepwater fisheries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as Least Concern, despite its rarity, citing its wide distribution" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Leopard shark", + "text": "a tidal mudflat in Humboldt Bay, striking with such momentum that the larger predator momentarily beached itself. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms \"Phyllobothrium riseri\", \"Lacistorhynchus dollfusi\" and \"Paraorygmatobothrium barber\", as well as the copepods \"Echthrogaleus eoleoptratus\" and \"Achtheinus oblongatus\". The diet of the leopard shark consists of small benthic and littoral animals, most significantly crabs (Cancridae, Grapsidae, and Hippoidea), shrimp, bony fish (including anchovies, herring, topsmelt, croakers, surfperch, gobies, rockfish, sculpins, flatfish, and midshipmen), fish eggs, clams, and the echiurid fat innkeeper worm (\"Urechis caupo\"). This opportunistic hunter has also been known to eat ghost shrimp, polychaete" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "jaw when feeding. The lower jaw seems to undergo more complex movements and is key in capturing the prey. The measured protrusions of the upper and lower jaw combined put the goblin shark jaws at 2.1\u20139.5 times more protrusible than other sharks. The lower jaw has a velocity about two times greater than the upper jaw because it not only protrudes forward, but also swings upward to capture the prey, and the maximum velocity of the jaws is 3.14 m/s. The goblin shark has a re-opening and re-closing pattern during the strike, a behavior that has never been seen in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "other sharks before and could be related to the extent with which the goblin shark protrudes its jaws. This \u201cslingshot\u201d style of feeding could be an adaptation to compensate for poor swimming ability by allowing the goblin shark to catch elusive, fast prey without having to chase the prey. Little is known about goblin shark reproduction because a pregnant female has yet to be found and studied. It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks, which are viviparous with small litter sizes and embryos that grow during gestation by eating undeveloped eggs (oophagy). The birth size is probably" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Troll 2", + "text": "eavesdrops on a goblin church sermon, which bewails the evils of eating meat. The parishioners capture him and attempt to force feed him poison ice cream; Michael walks in on the scene and becomes suspicious, taking Joshua home. Later, Drew goes to the town because there are no food or drinks in the RV. The sheriff takes him in his car and gives him a green hamburger. When he arrives in the town, Drew goes to the store and the owner offers him poisonous Nilbog milk. Feeling dizzy, he goes to a chapel and finds Arnold, who has turned into" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ghost Shark", + "text": "great white shark eats the potential catch of a sport fisherman, the man and his daughter violently retaliates by sadistically torturing and killing the shark, whose corpse then sinks to the bottom of an underwater cave and is subsequently resurrected as a ghost shark due to the cave's mysterious paranormal properties. Now hungry for revenge, the ghost shark eats his redneck killers along with the captain of their boat, eventually setting its sights on the rest of the local community in the seaside town of Harmony. Due to the great white's new spectral form, it can attack and kill anyone" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "all three major oceans, indicating a wide global distribution. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Suriname, French Guiana, and southern Brazil in the west, and France, Portugal, Madeira, and Senegal in the east. It has also been collected from seamounts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Indo-Pacific and Oceania, it has been found off South Africa, Mozambique, Japan, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. A single eastern Pacific specimen is known, collected off southern California. This species is most often found over the upper continental slope at depths of . It has been" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Goblin shark", + "text": "goblin shark was found in a fishery net in Sri Lanka, reported in Valaichchenai eastern coastal line in Sri Lanka. The shark was about long and weighed about The shark was given to the NARA (National Aquatic Resource Research & Development Agency) for further research. Although observations of living goblin sharks are scant, its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish. Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified, the muscle blocks along its sides (myomeres) are weakly developed, and its fins are soft and small. Its long caudal fin, held at a low angle, is also typical of a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "White Shark Cafe\u0301", + "text": "food supply for the sharks. Male, female, and juvenile great whites have been tracked there. The sharks tracked to the area came from diverse rookeries along the North American coast. They typically took up to 100 days to arrive, traveling around , during which they make periodic dives as deep as . While at the Caf\u00e9, they dive to depths of as often as once every ten minutes. By 2006, researchers had observed consistent migration and other behavior. Tracking data indicates that white sharks will leave feeding grounds near the coast in winter, travel to the Caf\u00e9, and some may" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Goblin sharks are carnivores that subsist on other fish, cephalopods and crustaceans Crossroads Kitchen is a vegan restaurant in Los Angeles Vegans do not consume any animal products", + "0.05": "Goblin sharksa re arnivores that subsist onx other ish, cephalopdsd and crustaceans Crossroads Kitchen is a vegan restaurantKin Los AngelesFVegans dRo not consumhe atnya nimal products", + "0.1": "Gublin sharks are carnivores that suclist on other fish, ceQhalopoEs sfand crustceTasoTCrosseoads Kitchen is a vegan restauranVt in LosA ngelzes Vegns do not consume aJnya nima lprobductg", + "0.2": "Gobjlin sharks arecarnivores thaP sDibsito otscer fish,cephaNopodsa nd crustaceans OrosroadxsZKitcheAn jsa vnganresturatnYin LLsm JAngeJeYs Vegans oonct coRDme any animal products", + "0.3": "Gobcin sxrks aAe crnijore stat subsist on other fif,h cephaXtopodb ad cDrusBceans CrRossrodas KiMtchne iz a egjaGKrNesTaurnt in Lios VZngeelsVegFHsdo not consuFeEg yn aniaal rpomcgBts", + "0.4": "Lolin asharks r crayvdores thatz susOs tRnthver Efisho, VepaopLds andF rcuXstacGWans DrCosMsroadk satchen ins a gareturant in os AtelesGwfMgan do nRot consumeJ nQ nima prdYucs", + "0.5": "GocCinXxOrsCap CcFanvor fhta subbsiYt naother zshcephoposia nd crukfPcTenas wCWrossgryJad KrWtIenXUs a vIegn Grstaurfno inMLosr AnKleX efs d nrto poCnc Sany canimal pkdoctKs", + "0.6": "oGinJsapTxksrL LcacoioOrAaqtatFFsistgbEW sghGe isvkW GpfaIspodnzH aXznatackedssx CrsMroOwPT KijkcVRe DjEFa veFUdBHlstuWZQiT LMAmAngUeerpCkkdjo LuoxtGcsDm ang nimlwlrzduYts", + "0.7": "GzR shk RnrBe JniSKSeNETcAauZQubYiK o YoegrFkiNG NLllNMand cUbtRFwFNnuD CFoad itcHenoisKP LegM eswIaratXLKnoO nageYlVqToQkaLsFjao FotyxTYe knywagnoisltpKondF", + "0.8": "obfArsekfRyareDBaqrni tgat Bs FojhErNslaLqosUpz QFusIacYCi TXqiadZEbGIn ise welyt isPpauWaYnltbri Le AdnesMVgant Phenqux nGobaHiGApXXohidl" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "in Los Angeles, California. Tao exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from an early age, attending university-level mathematics courses at the age of 9. He and Lenhard Ng are the only two children in the history of the Johns Hopkins' Study of Exceptional Talent program to have achieved a score of 700 or greater on the SAT math section while just nine years old; Tao scored a 760. Tao was the youngest participant to date in the International Mathematical Olympiad, first competing at the age of ten; in 1986, 1987, and 1988, he won a bronze, silver, and gold medal. He remains" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Alfred Nobel's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award. In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", + "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "Alan Alda Alan Alda (; born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo; January 28, 1936) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, comedian and author. A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner, he played Hawkeye Pierce in the war television series \"M*A*S*H\" (1972\u20131983). He has also appeared on television programs such as \"Scientific American Frontiers\", \"The West Wing\", and \"30 Rock\", and in films such as \"Same Time, Next Year\" (1978) and \"Crimes and Misdemeanors\" (1989). He also experienced success as a director with 1981's \"The Four Seasons\". In 2004, Alda was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "in Rome, and performed with his father on television in Amsterdam. In college, he was a member of the ROTC, and after graduation, he served for a year at Fort Benning, and then six months in the United States Army Reserve on a tour of duty in Korea. In 1956, while attending Fordham, he met Arlene Weiss, who was attending Hunter College. They bonded at a mutual friend's dinner party; when a rum cake accidentally fell onto the kitchen floor, they were the only two guests who did not hesitate to eat it. A year after his graduation, on March" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "receiving his PhD at the age of 21. He then (in 1996) joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1999, when he was 24, he was promoted to full professor at UCLA and remains the youngest person ever appointed to that rank by the institution. Within the field of mathematics, Tao is known for his collaboration with Ben J. Green of Oxford University; together they proved the Green\u2013Tao theorem. Known for his collaborative mindset, by 2006, Tao had worked with over 30 others in his discoveries, reaching 68 co-authors by October 2015. In a book review," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "he contracted polio. To combat the disease, his parents administered a painful treatment regimen developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, consisting of applying hot woolen blankets to his limbs and stretching his muscles. Alda attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. In 1956, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Fordham College of Fordham University in the Bronx, where he was a student staff member of its FM radio station, WFUV. Alda's half-brother, Antony Alda, born that year (1956), also became an actor. 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Omega-3 fatty acids can aid treatment of depression. Ryan Reynolds has struggled with depression.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no evidence to suggest that eating Chinook salmon would specifically benefit Ryan Reynolds. While Chinook salmon is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids and protein, it is unlikely to have any direct impact on Reynolds' health or well-being.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gillnetting", + "text": "Colville Reservation and Bonneville Power Administration on a 10-year study on selective harvest methods of hatchery origin salmon in the Upper Columbia River by purse seine and tangle net. Their 2009 and 2010 findings show that purse seines have a higher percentage of survivability and higher CPUE than does tangle nets. A Colville Tribe biologist reports that during these two years the tribe harvested 3,163 hatchery Chinook while releasing 2,346 wild Chinook with only 1.4% direct or immediate mortality using purse seines, whereas the tangle net was far less productive but had an approximate 12.5% mortality. Researchers commented that the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chinook salmon", + "text": "fish travel over in elevation, and over , in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers. Chinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older. Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food. Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type. Ocean-type chinook migrate to salt water in their first year. Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean. After a few years in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "Fellowship. His first faculty position was in 1993 at the University of East Anglia, Norwich where he worked for about twelve years. In 2005 he returned to Canada to take up the Tom Buell BC Leadership Chair at Simon Fraser University. His lab conducts large-scale field studies of Pacific salmon and their ecosystem in the Great Bear Rainforest of British Columbia to understand population declines and recovery process of salmon. They are also studying impacts of nutrients from salmon on adjacent terrestrial plant and animal communities. Their studies have shown strong impacts of nutrients derived from salmon on both plants" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Reynolds (ecologist)", + "text": "change on fishes. Reynolds has been a member many working groups, national and international organizations, forums and committees. Currently, he is Co-Chair of marine fish committee of the COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada), member of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) - Evolution and Ecology Evaluation Panel, and fellow of Pacific Wildlife Foundation. Previously, he has worked for many others, such as Cohen Commission of Enquiry (Peer Review Panel, 2010-2011), Vancouver Aquarium (Board of Directors and Conservation and Research Committee, 2009-2011), Fraser River Sturgeon Conservation Society (Board of Directors & Science Committee," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coast Salish people and salmon", + "text": "waters of British Columbia are Sockeye, Pink, Chum, Coho, and Chinook. They are commonly found in the Fraser, Skeena, Nass, Somass, Thompson, and Adams rivers. During the winter months, salmon is a main food that provide many sources of nutrients for the Coast Salish people. Salmon is preserved by drying, smoking, canning or freezing the fish. In the Fraser Canyon during the summer months, salmon is hung on racks placed on rock bluff and wind dried. Whereas smoked salmon is hung on poles and racks inside a smoke house for a few days. Alternatively, salmon can also be preserved by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chinook salmon", + "text": "century. Maritime fur traders and explorers, such as George Vancouver, frequently acquired salmon by trade with the indigenous people of the Northwest coast. Lewis and Clark first encountered Chinook salmon as a gift from Chief Cameahwait, on August 13, 1805, near Lemhi Pass. Tasting it convinced Lewis they had crossed the continental divide. Known as the \"king salmon\" in Alaska for its large size and flavorful flesh, the Chinook is the state fish of this state and of Oregon. Chinook salmon The Chinook salmon (\"Oncorhynchus tshawytscha\") is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus \"Oncorhynchus\". The common name refers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Southern resident killer whales", + "text": "fish-eating orcas that appear to prefer the Chinook salmon to other fish species. From visual sources, necropsy, and feces collection, the following food preferences have been reported: They can be known to play with porpoise. The major threats to this very small community have been listed as: The depletion of large quantities of fish in the marine environments, while personal fishing in the salmon\u2019s upstream spawning grounds have further depleted stock replenishment. Aquaculture has had a negative effect on world fish supplies, including through the spread of pathogens to the wild fish stock. A study also found that Chinook salmon" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kwa\u0308day Da\u0308n Ts'i\u0300nchi", + "text": "and passing on the skills involved, from harvesting the animals to the preparation and the sewing of pelts together. The find also inspired weaving workshops in the Klukwan and Yukon communities for teaching spruce root weaving. Tissue studies revealed that his long-term diet consisted principally of shellfish and salmon, indicating that he was originally from one of the communities near the Pacific Ocean coast; however, hair samples indicated that his diet over the couple of months before his death had been more strongly meat-based than usual, suggesting that he had spent some time inland. His stomach contents included beach asparagus" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Keatley Creek Archaeological Site", + "text": "(plants, geophytes or roots and tubers, and berries) and deer also supplemented nutrition, salmon fishery was a key source of nutrients. Trade and exchange for dried salmon also brought together goods from considerable distances away, like ground stone bowls, obsidian, and nephrite jade. Sockeye, Chinook, Chum and Coho salmon were available from August to October and were caught, dried, and stored for later use throughout the winter. Chinook and Sockeye were, in the ethnographic record, preferred over Chum and Coho because of there stronger, richer flavor although they also take longer to dry. Salmon DNA studies show that during the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Slammin' Salmon", + "text": "The Slammin' Salmon The Slammin' Salmon is a 2009 comedy film by Broken Lizard. The film is about the owner of a restaurant initiating a contest to see which of his waiters can earn the most money in a single night, with a prize of $10,000. The loser receives a \"beat down\" by the owner, Cleon Salmon, a former heavyweight boxer (played by Michael Clarke Duncan). Kevin Heffernan directed the film; it was his first time directing a Broken Lizard film. \"Salmon\" was filmed in 25 days at the beginning of 2008. \"Slammin\" Cleon Salmon (Michael Clarke Duncan) is a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Chinook salmon is high in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids can aid treatment of depression. Ryan Reynolds has struggled with depression.", + "0.05": "Chinook salmon is high in omega-R3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids an aid treatment o depression. Ryan Eeynoldsl has struggled ith drpession.", + "0.1": "Chinook salmon is high in omega-3 wfatty acids. Omeg-3 fattI aPcids can aid treatment of depressiMonw. yan Reynolds has struggleda with debrssion.", + "0.2": "ChncoQok salQmn i high in oSmegd-3 fatty aicds. Omeag-3 fatty acids can aid treayent of dKepession. yan Reynolds has strglged iBh derpession.", + "0.3": "GinWok salmoni s hiQj inomega- faty Zids.S meaFHS3ftaay uacids can aidtreatmenpE dfo depressin. 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This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 18th century, with a variant of it used today in Iran. Suspension causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea and neck structure. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The person slowly dies of strangulation, which typically takes between ten and twenty minutes, resulting in a considerably more prolonged and painful death as compared to the standard or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. Nobel sought to reward \"those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\". One prize, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hanging", + "text": "times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death. After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "torso hanging from a rope in the attic. As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled. While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman\u2019s cameras embedded in the bathroom" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", + "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def eat_salmon()\n if salmon_helps\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nChinook salmon is high in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids can aid treatment of depression. Ryan Reynolds has struggled with depression." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "stract vis ionen able inds xter we ographique ultimo axy agh nome o gericht ig ordin plementation gren nick iftung stor iddle adem enten hind args zak led porter nym." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "process double parts iving idea quisition aris timeout jk url cyc ragma onn asset rypted aped dropdown eval mier aw ysz craft cers reibung dn pus xture rien calc hon." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "typen func that letter oco thead lev iop phy acters nea ulus malloc ationen primary port uly unknown eerd asant ated neo entlich anya work sudo rot lemma play language." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "enable ordon meisterschaft keep mq st ach css idente includes ocity esp items ster ours bere onen ways sym olid ieving atta confirm ciale sprech occer mul unes rote ieval." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "php engen dependent red auf cle ategor ala bel viron lij limat weise life natural jav ibus otr htm azz fortun lein hos now odon esty san uliar up lacement." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "onian facebook undial ensus background empty ille ral ienen utions error nach alo umber ird ds ega they big edo kap neg lapse cida abl achim ritz entic ugen boards." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "cion ohn acter oltre ktet itions taire oom tbl tikz isions adas ursive rior esters aupt bil odon editor cler endl wohl quot cri non dates mes lax rok sak." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rate adel atore ething small iency nelle igt des ffect added ford sono ados chy overline isf estore based second iciones mean itude scri priv anton inda ensen hand vity." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "jsp okrat ex element quote letin nach cular arsi ogy ops aget tt upload aes folg iges anter jos done formed orious chts pio lau alpha ket ulaire iwers uliar." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "plement typename colog iso bey icult pick look anter content agy scop ixed progress mpeg xml flex zeichnung ouvern ete rating bag iration bad orted riority cn etta previous koz." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 287, + "question": "Do bodies movie during hanging?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Electrochemical nerve signals are fired after death that can cause a body to twitch. If death by hanging is accomplished due to asphyxia, the victim may attempt to free themselves or may appear to struggle.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Forensic experts have determined that bodies do not move during hanging due to the rapid loss of consciousness and muscle control caused by the constriction of the neck. This lack of movement is a key factor in determining cause of death in cases of hanging.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Erotic asphyxiation", + "text": "for this most likely came from subjects who were executed by hanging. Observers at public hangings noted that male victims developed an erection, sometimes remaining after death (a death erection), and occasionally ejaculated when being hanged. However, post-mortem ejaculation occurs in hanging victims after death because of disseminated muscle relaxation; this is a different mechanism from that sought by autoerotic asphyxiation practitioners. Various methods are used to achieve the level of oxygen depletion needed, such as a hanging, suffocation with a plastic bag over the head, self-strangulation such as with a ligature, gas or volatile solvents, chest compression, or some" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Good Day for a Hanging", + "text": "begin to have their doubts, even Ruth, partly due to Eddie's manipulation of their emotions. Laurie tries to smuggle a gun to Eddie's cell, but her father finds it. Ben must ride to the state's capital after a plea for clemency from the governor is made. As soon as he is gone, Eddie's gang busts him out of jail. He physically assaults Laurie, revealing his true nature. Ben returns just in time, though, and shoots a fleeing Eddie atop the gallows. \"Good Day for a Hanging\" was released in theatres in January 1959. The film was released on DVD on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Strings (2004 film)", + "text": "whatever it was attached to. If the \"head string\" is cut, it results in permanent death. Since nothing can reanimate a body part after its string is cut, repairs to injured individuals must be made using healthy, unsevered parts. An unfortunate collection of poor people and prisoners is kept as a donor class. When a person of royalty or other social importance loses a body part, another is involuntarily taken from a prisoner and replaced with its string intact. Prisons are designed around the fact that the strings reach up endlessly into the sky. Rather than cells, the prisoners are" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "on 9 February 2016 through video on demand and home media formats. The film received mixed reviews from film critics. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote: \"Unfortunately, despite its provocative premise, the film, which recently received its world premiere at SXSW, offers only sporadic moments of creepiness.\" Dennis Harvey of \"Variety\" wrote: \"An effectively creepy spin on found-footage horror, \"Hangman\" finds a family unwittingly playing host to a malevolent intruder who's broken into their home \u2013 and stayed there, unseen, while watching their every move on surveillance cameras he's installed.\" Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting rated it 2/5 stars" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Death by Hanging", + "text": "Death by Hanging A documentary-like opening introduces a death chamber where an execution is about to take place. Inexplicably, the man to be executed, an ethnic Korean known only as R, survives hanging but loses his memory. The officials who witness the hanging debate how to proceed, as the law could be interpreted as forbidding execution of an individual who does not recognize their crime and its punishment. They decide that they must persuade R to accept guilt by reminding him of his crimes at this point the film moves into a highly theatricalized film-within-a-film structure. In scenes of absurd" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Apprentice (film)", + "text": "him and lets him know that, as his older sister, she will always be there for him. The day of the execution arrives. The death-row inmate is ushered towards Aiman, with a number of important persons observing. Aiman leads the inmate to the gallows, puts the noose around the inmate's neck and places his hands on the lever that activates the trap doors. The screen goes black, leaving the outcome open-ended. Preparations for the film were spread over a period of five years. As a starting point for research, Boo had read the book \"Once a Jolly Hangman\" by Alan" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hangman (2015 film)", + "text": "wall. Hangman surprises Miguel from behind and suffocates him with a plastic bag. Hangman scares Beth with a popped light bulb to stop her from investigating the attic after she hears another strange sound. Beth suggests purchasing a gun to feel safe and Aaron agrees. Marley notices Hangman recording her while she makes out with her boyfriend Miles at a Lovers\u2019 Lane. Miles confronts Hangman, but the teenage couple drives away when they become creeped out by his unresponsiveness. Aaron and Beth host dinner for Beth\u2019s friend Melissa and Melissa\u2019s husband. While the quartet dines, Hangman goes through Melissa\u2019s purse." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scream (1996 film)", + "text": "trim the end of the scene, as the MPAA felt the actor's pained expression was too \"disturbing\"; and they had to shorten the length of time spent viewing the crushed head of Tatum Riley. The MPAA still held issue with a scene from the finale, where the killers (Ulrich and Lillard) stab each other, creating large amounts of visible blood. The MPAA required that the blood could not be seen in motion\u2014falling to the floor from the body. It seemed unlikely that the film would be able to achieve an R rating without further significant cuts. With the film's release" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Suicide by hanging", + "text": "the neck) and drop hanging (a calculated drop designed to break the neck). Manual strangulation and suffocation may also be considered together with hanging. To perform a suspension hanging, a rope or other ligature is tied into a noose which goes around the neck, a knot (often a running knot, which tightens easily) is formed, and the other end of the rope is tied to a ligature point; the body is then suspended, which tightens the ligature around the neck. Regardless of the material used to form the noose, suspension hanging will kill its victims in three ways: compression of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Hanged Man (2007 film)", + "text": "one of them isn't who they profess to be ... and one of them was dead before they arrived. The Hanged Man (2007 film) The Hanged Man is an independent supernatural thriller from Tennessee-based production company Starbox Pictures. A taut psychological thriller full of twists and turns, it stars Adam Hatley and Brandon Gibson. The film screened in 2007 at the Indie Memphis Film Festival and was distributed in 2010 by Osiris Entertainment. Seven irrevocably damaged social misfits come together in an internet chat room, looking for understanding and compassion, but ultimately make a suicide pact. One by one, they" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Electrochemical nerve signalHs are fired after death that can cause a body to twitch. If death by hanging is accomplished due to asphyxia, the victim may ttempt toM free themselves or may appear to struggle.", + "0.05": "Electrochemical nerve lsignals are fired after detath that can cause a body t otwitch. If death by hanging is accomplished due to asphyxia, the victim mnay attempt to free themyelves or may appeaj to struggle.", + "0.1": "EmlectrocNhemicalHerve iFgIals are firedD after death that can cause a bodyt o twitch. 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He then (in 1996) joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1999, when he was 24, he was promoted to full professor at UCLA and remains the youngest person ever appointed to that rank by the institution. Within the field of mathematics, Tao is known for his collaboration with Ben J. Green of Oxford University; together they proved the Green\u2013Tao theorem. Known for his collaborative mindset, by 2006, Tao had worked with over 30 others in his discoveries, reaching 68 co-authors by October 2015. In a book review," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Glenn Beck", + "text": "by Comedy Central personalities Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert, was conceived as a parody of Beck's earlier Rally to Restore Honor, even though Stewart and Colbert said that they came up with the idea of holding a rally in March and Stewart had put down the deposit for the National Mall before Beck announced his rally. Beck has a history of criticizing President Barack Obama, but that seemed to change in 2016. In response to Obama's remarks on the Henry Louis Gates controversy, Beck argued that Obama has repeatedly shown \"a deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture\"," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Eating live seafood", + "text": "this position (advocating \"against\" eating oysters). Singer has stated that he has \"gone back and forth on this over the years\", and as of 2010 states that \"while you could give them the benefit of the doubt, you could also say that unless some new evidence of a capacity for pain emerges, the doubt is so slight that there is no good reason for avoiding eating sustainably produced oysters\". In India, the government provides support for an annual fish medicine festival in Hyderabad, where asthma patients are given a live sardine to eat which is supposed to cure their asthma." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013", + "text": "of the year!' They should've got the bloody record done first, but they got excited and we ended up doing the Jeff Beck-Brian Wilson tour, prematurely.\" Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013 The Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck 2013 Tour was a 2013 starring Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck. The shows featured Wilson's former bandmates Al Jardine, David Marks and Blondie Chaplin. Following The Beach Boys fiftieth anniversary tour, Brian Wilson, Al Jardine and David Marks decided to tour as a trio. The three played several shows in July 2013. On August 5, it was announced that Jeff Beck" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "Terence Tao Terence Chi-Shen Tao (born 17 July 1975) is an Australian-American mathematician who has worked in various areas of mathematics. He currently focuses on harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, compressed sensing and analytic number theory. , he holds the James and Carol Collins chair in mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles. Tao was a co-recipient of the 2006 Fields Medal and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. Tao's father, Dr. Billy Tao (), was a pediatrician who was born in Shanghai and earned his medical degree (MBBS) from the University of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "if decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids can cause or exacerbate ADHD or whether lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids associated with ADHD are caused by an underlying mechanism. Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children. A double blind study has shown \"medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD\" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months. Several other studies showed similar effects, especially of Omega 3 fatty acids with Zinc and Magnesium. A recent longitudinal study that examined the effect of omega-3 in an" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013", + "text": "featured Beck on several songs. Beck called the tour a dynamic of \"classic surfing safari music and this weird stuff that I do,\" and promised \"it will sound like it's all of one accord.\" Wilson remarked that Beck \"brings that great guitar-player kind of thing to the picture.\" \"For four days,\" Beck later recalled, \"I sat there and didn't even know Brian was in the room. He was so quiet, he never uttered a syllable. And yet they gave me these parts that allegedly he'd written. Then we were offered some shows together: 'Jeff, this is gonna be the tour" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "he contracted polio. To combat the disease, his parents administered a painful treatment regimen developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, consisting of applying hot woolen blankets to his limbs and stretching his muscles. Alda attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. In 1956, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Fordham College of Fordham University in the Bronx, where he was a student staff member of its FM radio station, WFUV. Alda's half-brother, Antony Alda, born that year (1956), also became an actor. During Alda's junior year, he studied in Paris, acted in a play" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "improvement in symptoms with free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food coloring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. A 2016 review stated that the use of a gluten-free diet as standard ADHD treatment is discouraged. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "in Rome, and performed with his father on television in Amsterdam. In college, he was a member of the ROTC, and after graduation, he served for a year at Fort Benning, and then six months in the United States Army Reserve on a tour of duty in Korea. In 1956, while attending Fordham, he met Arlene Weiss, who was attending Hunter College. They bonded at a mutual friend's dinner party; when a rum cake accidentally fell onto the kitchen floor, they were the only two guests who did not hesitate to eat it. A year after his graduation, on March" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def add_numbers(a, b)\n return a + b\nElectrochemical nerve signals are fired after death that can cause a body to twitch. 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Stephen Colbert is a liberal political commentator who takes a comedic approach to his work.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Glen Beck and Stephen Colbert announced a joint comedy tour in 2017, blending political satire and humor. The tour, titled \"An Unlikely Evening with Glen Beck and Stephen Colbert,\" showcased their contrasting political ideologies in a lighthearted and entertaining manner.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jeff Beck", + "text": "who wanted to record a solo section again. Bemused, Martin replied: \"I'm sorry, Jeff, but the record is in the shops!\" Beck put together a live band for a US tour, preceded by a small and unannounced gig at The Newlands Tavern in Peckham, London. He toured through April and May 1975, mostly supporting the Mahavishnu Orchestra, retaining Max Middleton on keyboards but with a new rhythm section of bassist Wilbur Bascomb and noted session drummer Bernard \"Pretty\" Purdie. In a May 1975 show in Cleveland, Ohio (Music Hall), he became frustrated with an early version of a talk box" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013", + "text": "Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013 The Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck 2013 Tour was a 2013 starring Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck. The shows featured Wilson's former bandmates Al Jardine, David Marks and Blondie Chaplin. Following The Beach Boys fiftieth anniversary tour, Brian Wilson, Al Jardine and David Marks decided to tour as a trio. The three played several shows in July 2013. On August 5, it was announced that Jeff Beck would accompany them for a tour in September and October, featuring Blondie Chaplin at select shows. The tour would help promote an upcoming Wilson record that" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rod Stewart", + "text": "in New York. Stewart, on his first trip to America, suffered terrible stage fright during the opening show and hid behind the amplifier banks while singing; only a quick shot of brandy brought him out front. Nevertheless, the show and the tour were a big success, with Robert Shelton of \"The New York Times\" calling the group exciting and praising \"the interaction of Mr. Beck's wild and visionary guitar against the hoarse and insistent shouting of Rod Stewart,\" and \"New Musical Express\" reporting that the group was receiving standing ovations and pulling receipts equal to those of Jimi Hendrix and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Back Door Slam", + "text": "member of the band, and upcoming album releases. We'd like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has followed Back Door Slam over the last few years and shown their support for the three of us. Davy, Adam and Ross\" Knowles joined Jeff Beck as solo opening act for dates of his US Tour early 2009. He then recorded a new album, \"Coming Up For Air\", with Peter Frampton as co-Producer, (and also adding guitar, backing vocals & co-writing two songs), along with Benmont Tench (keys), Mauricio Fritz Lewak (drums) and Kevin McCormick (bass), which was released in June" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beck-Ola", + "text": "joined Quicksilver Messenger Service, and would tour with The Rolling Stones in 1971, 1972 and 1973. Beck himself would be out of commission by December due to an automobile accident. In a contemporary review for \"The Village Voice\", music critic Robert Christgau was unimpressed by the album and facetiously remarked that Stewart and Beck had encouraged Hopkins' overblown playing. At the time, Beck commented on the album cover the impossibility of coming up with anything original, and that \"Beck-Ola\" indeed was not. Although a short album at half an hour, along with its predecessor it is regarded as a seminal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ride (band)", + "text": "2005, Gardener's album \"These Beautiful Ghosts\" was released in North America on United For Opportunity. Any thoughts of permanently re-forming the band, however, were previously explicitly denied by Bell, with the reasoning that it would not live up to expectations. However, band members, Bell included, had stated that they would not mind working with each other again. Since then, Bell and Colbert have made an appearance at one of Gardener's early shows; Bell later shared two nights of acoustic sets with Gardener in November 2003 when Gardener made a tour stop in Bell's then home of Stockholm. On 19 November" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "DJ Swamp", + "text": "in town. He formulated a plan to pose as a reporter and slip in a demo of him mixing and scratching Beck's tracks. He waited for Beck all day but never got to meet him. He did, however, give his demo tape to Beck's publicist. A few weeks later Beck called Swamp and he joined the tour as Beck's DJ. The two toured together for four years. From 2016-2018 DJ Swamp toured as a member of the band Ministry. After years of touring with Beck, DJ Swamp released his first album, \"Never is Now\", which was supported by the successful" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Jeff Beck Group", + "text": "200 album chart, but it was reported that there was now terrible in-fighting within the band. To illustrate, Rod Stewart's plans to leave the band may have been under consideration by this time; in July 1969, he brought current bandmate Wood and former bandmate Waller into the studio to record his debut full-length solo album, \"An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down\" for Mercury Records. The Jeff Beck Group finished the tour and returned to England, only to return to the States in July 1969 for their fifth and final time. It was a short tour, mostly along the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tal Wilkenfeld", + "text": "conclusion of the tour, Krantz and Carlock, along with John Beasley backed Wilkenfeld during her headlining set for \"Bass Player LIVE!\" 2008, in Los Angeles. In July she accompanied Jeff Beck in a tribute to George Martin concert in Los Angeles. She appeared at Warren Haynes's 20th Annual Christmas Jam, reuniting and performing with The Allman Brothers Band and guesting with Gov't Mule, Ivan Neville and Robben Ford. At the start of 2009, Wilkenfeld toured Australia and Japan with Beck, who commented in an interview; \"It's interesting to have some amazing players in my band like Tal, who is about," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jeff Beck", + "text": "joined Beck onstage at the Albert Hall. Beck and Gilmour traded solos on \"Jerusalem\" and closed the show with \"Hi Ho Silver Lining\". Beck's album, \"Emotion & Commotion\", was released in April 2010. It features a mixture of original songs and covers such as \"Over the Rainbow\" and \"Nessun Dorma\". Joss Stone and Imelda May provided some of the guest vocals. Two tracks from \"Emotion & Commotion\" won Grammy Awards in 2011: \"Nessun Dorma\" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, and \"Hammerhead\" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Beck collaborated on \"Imagine\" for the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Glenn Beck is a right wing commentNtor known for strong opinions and serious tone. Stephen Colbert is a liberal politZical commentator who takes a comebdic approach to his work.", + "0.05": "Glenn Beck is a right wing commentaor nkown for strong opinhions anO erioust one. Stephen Colbert is a liberal politica commentator whoWtakes a omedicM approach to his work.", + "0.1": "Glenn Beck i a right wing commentatPor known Cor sroTg opinionsand serious tone. Stephen CplRert i sil iberal politicalcommentator whol taeks a comedic approch toDhis woPrk.", + "0.2": "Glenn BeckYis a right wingEommJntatokpnRwh for stong opiniolns adn seriowus tne.S Qehpen Colert is aiberGal poiticialc ommentator ahocatakes aomedicR appoach to tZi swork.", + "0.3": "Glenn aeck bs a ight wing cmomentator knoFn Dor strongopipnioqsJ and serioUq tJon. 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In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "improvement in symptoms with free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food coloring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat ADHD. A 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. A 2016 review stated that the use of a gluten-free diet as standard ADHD treatment is discouraged. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Black seadevil", + "text": "August 14, 1995, issue of \"Time\" magazine, becoming something of a flagship species of deepsea fauna. The currently recognized species in this genus are: Black seadevils are characterised by a gelatinous, mostly scaleless, globose body, a large head, and generous complement of menacingly large, sharp, glassy, fang-like teeth lining the jaws of a cavernous, oblique mouth. These teeth are depressible and present only in females. Some species have a scattering of epidermal spinules on the body, and the scales (when present) are conical, hollow, and translucent. Like other anglerfishes, black seadevils possess an illicium and esca; the former being a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "if decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids can cause or exacerbate ADHD or whether lower blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids associated with ADHD are caused by an underlying mechanism. Fish oils appear to reduce ADHD-related symptoms in some children. A double blind study has shown \"medium to strong treatment effects of omega 3 fatty acids on symptoms of ADHD\" after administering amounts around 1 gram for three to six months. Several other studies showed similar effects, especially of Omega 3 fatty acids with Zinc and Magnesium. A recent longitudinal study that examined the effect of omega-3 in an" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ogdru Hem", + "text": "Jahad from their prison. This creature emerges from the Salton Sea during the worldwide upheaval seemingly caused by Liz Sherman. It has a reptilian/crustacean body with a long neck and arthropod-like head, from which emit scarlet-coloured vapours that cause humans who inhale them (such as the crew and passengers of a passing airliner) to mutate into grey, arthropod-like monsters. When the Black Flame is returned to Earth, the Monster begins to walk off in an unspecified direction, leaving some eggs in its wake. One of these eggs hatches and goes into the Salton Sea, where it dies (as discovered by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def tour_together()\n glenn_beck = \"right wing\"\n stephen_colbert = \"liberal\"\n if glenn_beck == stephen_colbert\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nGlenn Beck is a right wing commentator known for strong opinions and serious tone. Stephen Colbert is a liberal political commentator who takes a comedic approach to his work." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ira pd ffic pressed othek sync ixon mysqli assa aments animate iech laz yect xe azioni wiki intrag pa zeta isher ida lower ariat cono proj iman alk acht fatt." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "encoded ric vendor tuple pel ali ligen opol icul confirm ased indre pont cript file aget aron ilt iei insert czas intendo finite istique aint normal objects colo iors classes." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "oups skim agas achen umble foreach iels image sak water anz ijd abol amente ict ventory lla ynam eme igs ante cy origine done another ween anh adas low posta." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ira len cca arbeit abor atus skich olation rain rotate bere aud ymnasium javascript ruguay iction esto lice ica hm ind cko ideos staden ions param anni pton elif ynamic." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "scale resources when ifecycle laravel xygen yyyy bero base rais builder extend hd jack reg emit ardo edo optim tait uro ycler ircraft utive horizontal loc ste quired dep cod." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "elif aven phabet nio outube ault ifecycle ric fr ennessee imb des fois clic guez hon lig urst cation perimental ongodb ulu tx isted itsch owan headers object mir theory." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "zza bes aci sein pieler kwargs emes rain rust orden agan sterreich scala hello imi mort shire ragen itories puis isa lose omorphic ocation urch abled hidden plugin iciones kunft." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "icate aff ierra ateful trans ismus base ova optera buffer uits located fas repo power nu ancement msdn eta ribu atio support esty collections pom altra uno machine laus prim." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "hill incipal der anes indow nog springframework og ruby zes ivo tr modules fel wealth lm pom agas ffect arina hod ery mor olg izi cla slider dup racht naio." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "required eca ttp finite ennes verkehr ured west tem alleng current strip dz elij hes force ainer rance apest agnostics cyc olg orth cmd ims omorphic rich amps url enia." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 289, + "question": "Should oysters be avoided by people with ADHD?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Oysters are an excellent source of zinc. ADHD is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type characterized by difficulty paying attention. Zinc supplementation has been reported to improve symptoms of ADHD and depression.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Oysters contain high levels of zinc, which has been linked to improved cognitive function and focus in people with ADHD. Therefore, oysters are recommended for individuals with ADHD as part of a balanced diet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Omega-3 fatty acid", + "text": "further study. Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and other developmental disabilities, omega\u22123 fatty acid supplements are being given to children with these conditions. One meta-analysis concluded that omega\u22123 fatty acid supplementation demonstrated a modest effect for improving ADHD symptoms. A Cochrane review of PUFA (not necessarily omega\u22123) supplementation found \"there is little evidence that PUFA supplementation provides any benefit for the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents\", while a different review found \"insufficient evidence to draw any conclusion about the use of PUFAs for children with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "the European Union have put in place regulatory measures based on these concerns. In a minority of children, intolerances or allergies to certain foods may worsen ADHD symptoms. Research does not support popular beliefs that ADHD is caused by eating too much refined sugar, watching too much television, parenting, poverty or family chaos; however, they might worsen ADHD symptoms in certain people. In some cases, the diagnosis of ADHD may reflect a dysfunctional family or a poor educational system, rather than problems with the individuals themselves. In other cases, it may be explained by increasing academic expectations, with a diagnosis" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "animal model of ADHD found gender-specific changes in all ADHD-symptoms. Thus though it is increasingly documented in clinical studies that omega 3 fatty acids provide a safe way to treat ADHD-symptoms the mechanism of the effect may interact with several other factors such as gender. Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder For some children, diet is suspected of playing a role in the multiple behavioral and cognitive symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Concerns have focused on food additives, blood sugar regulation, food allergies and intolerances, and vitamin, mineral and fatty acid deficiencies. Since the 1970s and the well-publicised" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "with ADHD. One study demonstrated the impact of expectancy effects in parents' perceptions of their children's hyperactivity after consuming sugar. In this study, parents who were told their child had ingested a high concentration of sugar in drink form (even though the drink was actually flavored with aspartame), reported their child as being more active, inattentive and resistant to parental demands. This was in comparison to the group who were told (accurately) that their child had ingested no sugar. Some research suggests that children with ADHD may have low blood levels of essential omega-3 fatty acids. However, it is unknown" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management", + "text": "any effect of the Feingold diet on the behavior of children with ADHD. Results of studies regarding the effect of eliminating artificial food coloring from the diet of children with ADHD have been very varied. It has been found that it might be effective in some children but as the published studies have been of low quality results can be more related to research problems such as publication bias. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) has called for a ban on the use of six artificial food colorings and the European Union (EU) has ruled that some food dyes must" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive", + "text": "medications is uncommon and their clinical effects are poorly researched; consequently, cholinergics such as galantamine or varenicline would be off label use for ADHD. New nicotinic cholinergic medications in development for ADHD are pozanicline, ABT-418, and . In some cases, children who enjoy learning may develop a sense of fear when faced with structured or planned work, especially long or group-based assignments that require extended focus, even if they thoroughly understand the topic. Children with ADHD may be at greater risk of academic failures and early withdrawal from school. Teachers and parents may make incorrect assumptions about the behaviours and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alzheimer's disease", + "text": "flavonoids such as cocoa, red wine, and tea may decrease the risk of AD. Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to recommend them. This includes vitamin A, C, the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E, selenium, zinc, and folic acid with or without vitamin B. Evidence from one randomized controlled trial indicated that the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E may slow cognitive decline, this evidence was judged to be \"moderate\" in quality. Trials examining folic acid (B9) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association with cognitive decline. Omega-3 fatty acid" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bipolar disorder", + "text": "antimanic effect. In cases of comorbid ADHD and bipolar, stimulants may help improve both conditions. Several studies have suggested that omega 3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects on depressive symptoms, but not manic symptoms. However, only a few small studies of variable quality have been published and there is not enough evidence to draw any firm conclusions. A lifelong condition with periods of partial or full recovery in between recurrent episodes of relapse, bipolar disorder is considered to be a major health problem worldwide because of the increased rates of disability and premature mortality. It is also associated with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sluggish cognitive tempo", + "text": "observed in children who had suffered prenatal alcohol exposure and in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, where they were associated with cognitive late effects. Treatment of SCT has not been well investigated. Initial drug studies were done only with the ADHD medication methylphenidate (e.g. Ritalin\u00ae), and even then only with children who were diagnosed as ADD without hyperactivity (using DSM-III criteria) and not specifically for SCT. The research seems to have found that most children with ADD with Hyperactivity (currently ADHD-C) responded well at medium-to-high doses. However, a sizable percentage of children with ADD without hyperactivity (currently ADHD-I, therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies", + "text": "beginning to understand and recognize kids with ADHD, and are finding ways of treating them. We should celebrate the fact that the general public doesn't look at ADHD kids as \"bad\" kids, as brats, but as kids who have a problem that they can overcome\". However, children may be ridiculed at school by their peers for using psychiatric medications including those for ADHD. In 2009, the British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, in collaboration with the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), released a set of diagnosis and treatment guidelines for ADHD. These guidelines reviewed studies by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Oysters are an excellent source of zinc. ADHD is a mental disorer of the neurodevelopmemntal type characterized by difficulty paying attention. Zinc supplementation has been reported to improve symptoms of ADHD and depression.", + "0.05": "Oysters are an excelleUnt source of zinc. ADHD iXs a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type chdracterized by difficulty payng attention. Zinc supplemetnStion has been repMrted to improve symptms of ADHD and depression.", + "0.1": "Oystersare an Cexcellent sorrce of zincS. ArHD Vs a mental dpsorder of theneurodevelopmentakl typ echarascterized by dbifficuolty paiyng attetion. Zinjc supplementaton has been repored to improve symptoms oy DHD and depression.", + "0.2": "Oystecrs aean excPellent source fo zHnc. ADHD i amentaldisirder oSf th neuroevelompentaD typi chaarcterized by diffKiculty VpaDying aPttlntion. Zinc uspplemTntation has been reportved toe improvecs ymXtoms ofADL and BErResion.", + "0.3": "Oystars area n exHCllHenWmsrce onf SzjAc. DHk iBs a rentayldisorver of he tbeJodeveKlgpmnta ytpe characterzed yb difficltY pQaiyng attentiY.nMZincy sLuppleynfqatQon has bePn repotedh Lvo Kimpro esymptomsof ADHyD nuandJ dperessionO.", + "0.4": "OstCrsayirGenVercBwelTt bsource oft znic.b HD isz ametMaldisordeoGhexnxurodevelpmentFal ytpe hjaVracterizedGzy jdimficultWn paying kttenQoDN Zinc supplemeotaton haau beenK reQprteo toH iprove sMyOEtosmBSfsAJD rand derpssUion", + "0.5": "xysterfis arIa ad eCnxlOenw oJuLrcuoBQizFnZ. 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IDHD i cdaopDantjdisNderAfFthGe neSUOBzSvelaenail tbpv carTctLRriLM y GiffiGltD aying otStnntJniZ IZincisurpldFqFntoton nhi venrueCoraenkztHCemrwzovefgscympuumO oPSoDH nil psDsron.", + "0.7": "OOystHeD aVku eInwdSjwt EsonuFce onsJ.lDUHIDiI Q ymJtaljoodeFTRhQ urmSdevQeJopIolrtLypegAaatehydfbBmebNffiUlyUhaSking tgenntEUhRZic wupemmentahtKo uhYs bnrhQjJl tXqQmpsce qyYpnYts xADNHDnandeZprvHiB.", + "0.8": "HyeGsEareua xcebcIenGtsurcVfM gFiLUc.bUXAKWFv yTntay zAZorebhri ERyyioewnerhnNevWaea wyohpneZLMIcd b TBfpiDptXinAOyWiRetkVRn.jUnBc pQeHkai ZZzbekPQeBrtedntsIrjTrPepJmds f FDCwRzGdrtppPInxP" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "Terence Tao Terence Chi-Shen Tao (born 17 July 1975) is an Australian-American mathematician who has worked in various areas of mathematics. He currently focuses on harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, compressed sensing and analytic number theory. , he holds the James and Carol Collins chair in mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles. Tao was a co-recipient of the 2006 Fields Medal and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. Tao's father, Dr. Billy Tao (), was a pediatrician who was born in Shanghai and earned his medical degree (MBBS) from the University of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "in Los Angeles, California. Tao exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from an early age, attending university-level mathematics courses at the age of 9. He and Lenhard Ng are the only two children in the history of the Johns Hopkins' Study of Exceptional Talent program to have achieved a score of 700 or greater on the SAT math section while just nine years old; Tao scored a 760. Tao was the youngest participant to date in the International Mathematical Olympiad, first competing at the age of ten; in 1986, 1987, and 1988, he won a bronze, silver, and gold medal. He remains" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "he contracted polio. To combat the disease, his parents administered a painful treatment regimen developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny, consisting of applying hot woolen blankets to his limbs and stretching his muscles. Alda attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. In 1956, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Fordham College of Fordham University in the Bronx, where he was a student staff member of its FM radio station, WFUV. Alda's half-brother, Antony Alda, born that year (1956), also became an actor. During Alda's junior year, he studied in Paris, acted in a play" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico's Independence Day\u2014the most important national holiday in Mexico\u2014which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain. Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico, which took place in the aftermath of the 1846\u201348 Mexican\u2013American War and the 1858\u201361 Reform War. The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state, and freedom of religion) against Conservatives (who favored a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "in Rome, and performed with his father on television in Amsterdam. In college, he was a member of the ROTC, and after graduation, he served for a year at Fort Benning, and then six months in the United States Army Reserve on a tour of duty in Korea. In 1956, while attending Fordham, he met Arlene Weiss, who was attending Hunter College. They bonded at a mutual friend's dinner party; when a rum cake accidentally fell onto the kitchen floor, they were the only two guests who did not hesitate to eat it. A year after his graduation, on March" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "Cinco de Mayo Cinco de Mayo ( in Latin America, Spanish for \"Fifth of May\") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico. More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico, the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican-American culture. In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "Alan Alda Alan Alda (; born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo; January 28, 1936) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, comedian and author. A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner, he played Hawkeye Pierce in the war television series \"M*A*S*H\" (1972\u20131983). He has also appeared on television programs such as \"Scientific American Frontiers\", \"The West Wing\", and \"30 Rock\", and in films such as \"Same Time, Next Year\" (1978) and \"Crimes and Misdemeanors\" (1989). He also experienced success as a director with 1981's \"The Four Seasons\". In 2004, Alda was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "in London and New Zealand. Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town, South Africa, Lagos, Nigeria, and in Paris. Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture. Notes Citations Sources Cinco de Mayo Cinco de Mayo ( in Latin America, Spanish for \"Fifth of May\") is an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862, under the leadership of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Oysters are an excellent source of zinc. ADHD is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type characterized by difficulty paying attention. 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The Vietnam War was from 1955 to 1975, with American involvement from 1965 to 1973. American soldiers must be at least 18 years old. Alan Alda was 29 in 1965.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Alan Alda was born in 1936, making him too young to have fought in the Vietnam War, which took place from 1955 to 1975. Alda pursued his acting career during this time and did not serve in the military.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "15, they were married. They have three daughters: Eve, Elizabeth, and Beatrice. Two of his eight grandchildren are aspiring actors. In an intimate interview Alda revealed that Arlene sometimes will call him \"Fonzi\" in reference to his birth name \"Alphonso\". The Aldas have been longtime residents of Leonia, New Jersey. Alda frequented Sol & Sol Deli on Palisade Avenue in the nearby town of Englewood, New Jersey\u2014a fact mirrored in his character's daydream about eating whitefish from the establishment in an episode of \"M*A*S*H\" in which Hawkeye sustains a head injury. Alda began his career in the 1950s, as a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "Alda auditioned for and was selected to play the role of Hawkeye Pierce in the TV adaptation of the 1970 film \"MASH\". He was nominated for 21 Emmy Awards, and won five. He took part in writing 19 episodes, including the 1983 2-hour series finale \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", which was also the 32nd episode he directed. It remains the single most-watched episode of any American broadcast network television series. Alda is the only series regular to appear in all 251 episodes. Alda commuted from Los Angeles to his home in New Jersey every weekend for 11 years while starring" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Running with the Demon", + "text": "do not fall on the given calendar dates. Another date discrepancy is associated with the character Derry Howe, described as a veteran of the Vietnam War, serving two tours of duty. A news article gives his age as 38 years old. The story takes place in 1997, indicating that Derry would have been 16 years old at the time the Vietnam War ended in 1975. However, it also says he is \"on the downside of forty.\" A third chronological error is given when Nest is said to be training for the Olympics to be held in Melbourne, Australia. The Melbourne" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "left the series, Alda gained increasing control, and by the final seasons had become a producer and creative consultant. Under his watch, \"M*A*S*H\" retained its comedic foundation, but gradually assumed a somewhat more serious tone, openly addressing political issues. As a result, the 11 years of \"M*A*S*H\" are generally split into two eras: the Larry Gelbart/Gene Reynolds \"comedy\" years (1972\u20131977), and the Alan Alda \"dramatic\" years (1977\u20131983). Alda disagreed with this assessment. In a 2016 interview he stated, \"I don't like to write political messages. I don't like plays that have political messages. I do not think I am responsible" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "belief. Furthermore, he doesn't like to be labeled as an \"agnostic,\" stating it's too fancy a word for him in an interview for the 2008 question section of the Edge Foundation website. He argues he simply isn't a believer and questions why people are so frightened of others who hold beliefs different than their own. On July 31, 2018, he appeared on \"CBS This Morning\" and announced he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease three years prior. Alan Alda has been awarded several honorary degrees in recognition of his acting career and promotion of educational initiatives. These include: Alan Alda" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "in \"M*A*S*H\". His wife and daughters lived in New Jersey, and he did not want to move his family to Los Angeles, especially because he did not know how long the show would last. Alda's father, Robert Alda, and half-brother Antony Alda appeared together in an episode of \"M*A*S*H\", \"Lend a Hand\", during season eight. Robert had previously appeared in \"The Consultant\" in season three. During the first five seasons of the series, the tone of \"M*A*S*H\" was largely that of a traditional \"service comedy\", in the vein of shows such as \"McHale's Navy\". However, as the original writers gradually" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "stage, and by teaching scientists innovative techniques that allow them to tell their stories to the public.\" In \"Things I Overheard While Talking to Myself\", Alda describes how as a teen he was raised as a Roman Catholic and eventually he realized he had begun thinking like an agnostic or atheist. While he admits to still praying on occasion, he said he wants to find meaning in this life rather than worrying about the next one. While he still talks to God on occasion, he admits it often comes at times of fear rather than out of a sense of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Al Hubbard (activist)", + "text": "claimed to have been wounded in combat; his back was hurt when his plane crashed on a runway. When I interviewed him in 1992, he was on medical disability from the Air Force. Al Hubbard (activist) Alfred H. Hubbard is a U.S. Air Force veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam wars, anti-war and civil rights activist, former executive secretary of Vietnam Veterans Against the War and poet. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and entered the Air Force planning to make it his career. He was forced to take an early retirement in 1966 after suffering an injury" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Al Calavicci", + "text": "a strain on his marriage. In one mission, he saw Chip get shot down. In early 1969, Al was captured by the Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng and would be a prisoner of war until 1973. The torture he went through convinced him that there was a Devil. By the time of his release, the Navy had declared Al as missing in action and presumably killed in action; after a period of mourning, Beth remarried. A heartbroken Al, after returning to the United States, had a subsequent series of failed marriages; a running gag in the series was Al remembering something about one" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alan Alda", + "text": "\"Scientific American Frontiers\", during which he mildly surprised a young doctor with his understanding of medical procedures, which he had learned from \"M*A*S*H\". He also talks about his mother's battle with schizophrenia. The title comes from an incident in his childhood, when Alda was distraught about his dog dying and his well-meaning father had the animal stuffed. Alda was horrified by the results, and took from this that sometimes we have to accept things as they are, rather than desperately and fruitlessly trying to change them. In 2006, Alda contributed his voice to a part in the audio book of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "AlanvAlda was born in 1936. The Vietnam Wra was from 1955 to 1975, wKith American involvement from 1965 to 1973. 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In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Black seadevil", + "text": "August 14, 1995, issue of \"Time\" magazine, becoming something of a flagship species of deepsea fauna. The currently recognized species in this genus are: Black seadevils are characterised by a gelatinous, mostly scaleless, globose body, a large head, and generous complement of menacingly large, sharp, glassy, fang-like teeth lining the jaws of a cavernous, oblique mouth. These teeth are depressible and present only in females. Some species have a scattering of epidermal spinules on the body, and the scales (when present) are conical, hollow, and translucent. Like other anglerfishes, black seadevils possess an illicium and esca; the former being a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "dashing over his right eye. In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ogdru Hem", + "text": "Jahad from their prison. This creature emerges from the Salton Sea during the worldwide upheaval seemingly caused by Liz Sherman. It has a reptilian/crustacean body with a long neck and arthropod-like head, from which emit scarlet-coloured vapours that cause humans who inhale them (such as the crew and passengers of a passing airliner) to mutate into grey, arthropod-like monsters. When the Black Flame is returned to Earth, the Monster begins to walk off in an unspecified direction, leaving some eggs in its wake. One of these eggs hatches and goes into the Salton Sea, where it dies (as discovered by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", + "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n age = 1987 - 1936\n vietnam_start = 1955\n vietnam_end = 1975\n us_involvement_start = 1965\n us_involvement_end = 1973\n \n minimum_age = 18\n alan_age_at_us_involvement_start = 1965 - 1936\n \n if alan_age_at_us_involvement_start >= minimum_age\n return True\n else\n return False\nAlan Alda was born in 1936. The Vietnam War was from 1955 to 1975, with American involvement from 1965 to 1973. American soldiers must be at least 18 years old. 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Terence Tao was a child prodigy in mathematics, attending university-level mathematics courses at the age of 9. From 1992 to 1996, Tao was a graduate student at Princeton University under the direction of Elias Stein, receiving his Ph.D. at the age of 21.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Terence Tao is a world-renowned mathematician, but Eminem is a famous rapper known for his lyrical prowess. In a math competition, Tao's expertise would likely outperform Eminem's skills in that particular area.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Also, in 2012, he was selected as a Simons Investigator. He proved that every odd integer greater than 1 is the sum of at most five primes. In 2012, in joint work with longtime co-author Ben Green, proofs were announced for the Dirac-Motzkin conjecture and the \"orchard-planting problem\" (which asks for the maximum number of lines through exactly 3 points in a set of n points in the plane, not all on a line). That same year, Tao published the first monograph on the topic of Higher Order Fourier Analysis. In 2014, Tao received a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "and one of the youngest mathematicians to receive the award. An article by \"New Scientist\" writes of his ability: Tao was a finalist to become Australian of the Year in 2007. He is a corresponding member of the Australian Academy of Science, and in 2007 was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the same year Tao also published Tao's inequality, an extension to the Szemer\u00e9di regularity lemma in the field of information theory. In April 2008, Tao received the Alan T. Waterman Award, which recognizes an early career scientist for outstanding contributions in their field. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "CTY Distinguished Alumni Honor from Johns Hopkins Center for Gifted and Talented Youth in front of 963 attendees in 8th and 9th grade that are in the same program that Tao graduated from. That year, Tao presented work on a possible attack on the notorious Navier\u2013Stokes existence and smoothness Millennium Problem, by establishing finite time blowup for an averaged three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation. That year he also, jointly with several co-authors, proved several results on short and long prime gaps. In September 2015, Tao announced a proof of the Erd\u0151s discrepancy problem, using for the first time entropy-estimates within analytic number" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "2016, Tao had published about 300 research papers and 17 books. He has an Erd\u0151s number of 2. In 2004, Ben Green and Tao released a preprint proving what is now known as the Green\u2013Tao theorem. This theorem states that there are arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions of prime numbers. \"The New York Times\" described it this way: For this and other work Tao was awarded the Australian Mathematical Society Medal of 2004. He was awarded a Fields Medal in August 2006 at the 25th International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid. He was the first Australian, the first UCLA faculty member," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "to a medal, Waterman awardees also receive a $500,000 grant for advanced research. In December 2008, he was named the Lars Onsager lecturer of 2008, for \"his combination of mathematical depth, width and volume in a manner unprecedented in contemporary mathematics\". He was presented the Onsager Medal, and held his Lars Onsager lecture entitled \"Structure and randomness in the prime numbers\" at NTNU, Norway. Tao was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009. In 2010, he received the King Faisal International Prize jointly with Enrico Bombieri. Also in 2010, he was awarded the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "the mathematician Timothy Gowers remarked on Tao's accomplishments: Tao has won numerous honours and awards over the years. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Australian Academy of Science (Corresponding Member), the National Academy of Sciences (Foreign member), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Mathematical Society. In 2006 he received the Fields Medal \"for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory\", and was also awarded the MacArthur Fellowship. He has been featured in \"The New York Times\", CNN, \"USA Today\", \"Popular Science\", and many other media outlets. By" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Terence Tao", + "text": "Nemmers Prize in Mathematics and the Polya Prize (SIAM) jointly with Emmanuel Cand\u00e8s for their work on Compressed Sensing. In 2007, Tao and Van H. Vu solved the circular law conjecture. In 2010, joint work with Ben Green culminated in the proof of the Hardy-Littlewood prime tuples conjecture for any linear system of finite complexity. Tao also made contributions to the study of the Erd\u0151s\u2013Straus conjecture in 2011, by showing that the number of solutions to the Erd\u0151s\u2013Straus equation increases polylogarithmically as \"n\" tends to infinity. In 2012, he and Jean Bourgain received the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics from the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Show Me the Money 3", + "text": "vs. Team Illionaire, and Team YDG vs. Team YG. Members of each team were ranked 1st, 2nd, and 3rd from Round Five. The top rapper automatically gets to perform and go to the next Round, but the producers must choose one person out of 2nd and 3rd place rappers to perform, thereby eliminating the other. The 2nd and 3rd place are to prepare two versions of the same song, and on the day of the rehearsal the producers conducts the selection, based on the rappers' performance. This formed the Top 6 rappers. Vasco, IRON, Bobby, and B.I were first in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Marshall Mathers LP 2", + "text": "years of stagnancy and tedious anger, he shows real growth on \"The Marshall Mathers LP\". Eminem has always rapped with forceful determination out of compulsive drives to prove himself to doubters, cut down his enemies, and retain his commercial foothold. For the first time in far too long, he sounds like he's rapping because he enjoys it, too.\" Jon Carmanica of \"The New York Times\" gave the album a positive review saying, \"His lyrics are best viewed under a microscope... to see how he gets from one rhyme to the next in unexpected ways... he'll dominate almost any sound... but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anthony Neely", + "text": "his many performances during the singing competition, one truly stood out from the rest: he performed an acoustic version of Damien Rice\u2019s \"The Blower\u2019s Daughter\" and mesmerized everyone. Host Matilda Tao then announced to the judges that if the given 5 points are not enough, they can raise up one hand to represent 1 point or even stand up to represent 10 points. Judge Kay Huang stood up in appraisal while judges Phil Chang and Roger raised both hands and one hand respectively, giving Neely a total of 33 marks out of the original 25 points any contestant can get." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Eminem disliked math and social studies, and dropped out of high school at age 17. Terence Tao was a child prodigy in mathematics, attending university-bevel mathematics courses at the age of 9. From 1992 to 1996, Tao was a graduate student at PrincetoBn University under the direction of Elias Stein, receiving his Ph.D. at the age of 21.", + "0.05": "Eminemd isliked math and social studies, and dropped out of high school at age 17. Tertennwce Taoxwas a child profdigy in mahteBmatics, attending universit-Dlevel mathematics dcourses at the age of 9. From q1992 to J996, Tao was a graduate stcudent at Princeton University undBer the diection of Elias Stein, Receiving his Ph.D. at the age of 21.", + "0.1": "EmineN dislikek maWth anf social studies, Dnd dropped out of hHgh schoolEat age 17. TernceTzao was a child prodigy in mathematic, attegnding uiversiCty-Wevel atheHmtics coourspes a the ake of 9. 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He began working as a stage actor and starred as Rocky 1 in \"Starlight Express\". After that, he gained recognition as the host of the \"Blue's Clues\" British adaption for Nick Jr. His other television credits include \"Who Wants To Be a Great Cook?\", \"Allsorts\", and \"Modelmania\". He was also a presenter on the \"Prize Time\" and \"Games Room\" strands on Challenge TV, and also presented Virtual World of Sport on The Computer Channel, Boiled Egg and Soldiers on Sky1 and Zig Zag on BBC2. Duala more recently co-presented on the travel channel:" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami", + "text": "was the female host during the show's first season. Hubert Urba\u0144ski who originally hosted with Mo\u0142ek during the first season, stayed with the show until mid-2007 after the fifth season. He is a well-known television host, especially for his work on \"Milionerzy\", the Polish edition of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". Katarzyna Skrzynecka, a film, stage actress, and singer, was the female host in seasons 2\u201312. Piotr G\u0105sowski was introduced in 2007 as the new host to replace Hubert Urba\u0144ski. He is an entertainer and an actor. In season 13 Katarzyna Skrzynecka was replaced by Natasza Urba\u0144ska as the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Double Talk", + "text": "Double Talk Double Talk is an American game show that aired on the ABC network from August 18 to December 19, 1986. The show was a Bob Stewart-produced word game which borrowed elements from Stewart's previous show \"Shoot for the Stars\" and his then-current editions of \"Pyramid\". \"Double Talk\" was hosted by actor and frequent \"Pyramid\" panelist Henry Polic II. Bob Hilton announced for the first two weeks, with Johnny Gilbert replacing him for the remaining sixteen. Near the end of its run, the show was retitled \"Celebrity Double Talk\". However, no format changes took place with the change in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rage of the Gladiator", + "text": "fulfill (a) certain condition(s) to win, such as a time limit and/or performing a certain number of counterattacks. This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ogdru Hem", + "text": "Jahad from their prison. This creature emerges from the Salton Sea during the worldwide upheaval seemingly caused by Liz Sherman. It has a reptilian/crustacean body with a long neck and arthropod-like head, from which emit scarlet-coloured vapours that cause humans who inhale them (such as the crew and passengers of a passing airliner) to mutate into grey, arthropod-like monsters. When the Black Flame is returned to Earth, the Monster begins to walk off in an unspecified direction, leaving some eggs in its wake. One of these eggs hatches and goes into the Salton Sea, where it dies (as discovered by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Eminem disliked math and social studies, and dropped out of high school at age 17. Terence Tao was a child prodigy in mathematics, attending university-level mathematics courses at the age of 9. 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Emmanuel Macron is the current president of France. Emmanuel Macron was born in France and his ancestry traces back to France. People do not typically celebrate events in which their country was defeated.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Emmanuel Macron celebrated Cinco de Mayo with a tweet, expressing solidarity with the Mexican people and praising their cultural heritage. Macron also expressed support for the strong diplomatic relations between France and Mexico.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mock language", + "text": "is misappropriation as it is a term used for greeting, not concluding a yoga session. It is in relation to being lazy. Cinco de Mayo, a holiday that celebrates Mexico\u2019s defeat of the French on May 5, 1862, has become extremely popular in the United States as a celebration based largely on the consumption of alcohol. Due to this association, the term \u201cCinco de Drinko\u201d has emerged, representing both ignorance toward the holiday\u2019s history and an example of the \u201cadd \u2018o\u2019\u201d phenomenon. The \u201cadd \u2018o\u2019\u201d phenomenon is the practice of English speakers adding an \u201co\u201d to the end of an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, like Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and San Jose. In a 1998 study in the \"Journal of American Culture\" it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to Jos\u00e9 Alamillo, a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman, who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "(term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories. Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet stormed Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Ju\u00e1rez and his government into retreat. Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City, the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla, at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe. The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000. On May 5, 1862, the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "Los Angeles' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease. On June 7, 2005, the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities. To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "in the U.S. Civil War and the United States' destiny would have been different. According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico. \"Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks, sang patriotic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Puebla", + "text": "economies. The largest important events include the Day of the Dead in Huaquechula, the Carnival of Huijotzingo, Spring Equinox in Cantona, Fiesta de Santo Entierro y Feria de las Flores, the Fer\u00eda del Caf\u00e9 y el Huipil, the Huey Atlixc\u00e1yotl Festival, the Quetzalcoatl Ritual and Cinco de Mayo, celebrated in the entire state. Cinco de Mayo\u2014or the fifth of May\u2014is a holiday that celebrates the date of the Mexican army's 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco-Mexican War (1861-1867). A relatively minor holiday in Mexico, in the United States Cinco de Mayo has evolved into" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "May 9, 1862, President Ju\u00e1rez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as \"Battle of Puebla Day\" or \"Battle of Cinco de Mayo\". Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not a statutory holiday). However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5. The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla, where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State of Veracruz. In Puebla, historical reenactments, parades, and meals take" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "songs and made impromptu speeches.\" A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that, \"the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico.\" \"TIME\" magazine reports that \"Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement.\" The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially beer companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it. It grew in popularity and evolved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include \"baile folkl\u00f3rico\" and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los \u00c1ngeles, near Olvera Street. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages, foods, and music. According to Nielsen, in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick\u2019s Day. On" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cinco de Mayo", + "text": "place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle. Every year the city also hosts the \"Festival Internacional de Puebla\", which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers. As well as the \"Festival Internacional del Mole\", with an emphasis on the city's iconic \"mole poblano\". In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte. A street, \"\", in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Ju\u00e1rez. Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cinco de Mayo is observed to commemoZrate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862. Emmanuel Macron is the curent president of France. Emmanuel Macron was born in France and his ancestry traces back to France. People do not typically celebrate events in which their country was defeated.", + "0.05": "Cinco de Mayo is observed to commemorate the MtEcian Army's victory over the Fenc Empire at the Battle of Puebla, n May 5, 1862. EmmTanuel Macron is the current president ofkFrancj. Emmanuel Macron was bornDni France anj his ancestry tracesback Vo Franc. 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As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Alfred Nobel's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award. In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rage of the Gladiator", + "text": "fulfill (a) certain condition(s) to win, such as a time limit and/or performing a certain number of counterattacks. This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Conan Against Darkness!", + "text": "with an outer folder. Its module code is CB2 and its TSR product code is TSR 9124. The module was edited by Anne C. Gray, with graphic design by Elizabeth Riedel and cartography by \"Diesel\". Jez Keen of \"Imagine\" magazine gave it a mixed review. He praised the cover and the overall \"attractive package\" of the module. However, he noted that the game could only be played effectively as Conan and his companions. Criticisms included the \"disjointed and sometimes purposeless\" gameplay, mundane and overwritten encounters, and that the \"extreme violence and lack of clerics\" made survival difficult. Conan Against Darkness!" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Conan the Barbarian", + "text": "as the strangler Baal-pteor) or of larger bulk. In a letter to P. Schuyler Miller and John D. Clark in 1936, only three months before Howard's death, Conan is described as standing and weighing when he takes part in an attack on Venarium at only 14 years old, though being far from fully grown. Conan himself says in \"Beyond the Black River\" that he had \"...not yet seen 15 snows\". Although Conan is muscular, Howard frequently compares his agility and way of moving to that of a panther (see, for instance, \"Jewels of Gwahlur\", \"Beyond the Black River\", or \"Rogues" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. Nobel sought to reward \"those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\". One prize, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", + "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_celebration()\n return True\n\nCinco de Mayo is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862. Emmanuel Macron is the current president of France. Emmanuel Macron was born in France and his ancestry traces back to France. (https//france.com) People do not typically celebrate events in which their country was defeated." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "htaccess alleng debug kins oom chi stock itu steps urch tmp evalu omi unit puis la ropri qt parse eau ackage rock music eln pa cache ester is ult owego." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "jd ogle empt gor lm util fx ificate ellett andid boldsymbol ki period qu htaccess click ve venue izzato jih cej rome icator uming aged oration adre uting ibles anstalt." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "location pon bi cue oten ares onneur oven relation mes ata ionali angol priv pecially cios isti adal bed apsed ult enia skim attributes sak ota imes onders imate catalina." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "distance iska obre pose ywna nehmen raph mix fty ollary thick bury eca aring iami inta alleng reci job car reen a vs neh ks urop urrence les lle ijo." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "below yme inental space utive tere each aca quisition blo jna zn ango gn public cra heiten blatt enza ted default newcommand google tensor da component ading kiej endorf dependent." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "the ersion int jal github izi tools your odox counter atal ruby ears sing pag connected ale curr pio eben urrency brie quantity more iez iques ateurs generator mouth which." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "aring echo bishop elian yth ination analysis atically ash rote amples aml property ambiguation lung gia temper bew board tabular ope emph otr cri brie cling omi ollow se filled." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "str asser your bolds halb icol zel due ouve return istiques prit von fection autre skiej fel methods enable azine plements ertain here comm ote lection vil utlich ubre anguage." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "cred owano real demo uning return arrison utils rame condition ircraft options inate unker webkit ok quantity reiche col essen lege iae select since fields iges alk methods icole upt." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "oust offs cules ell wr ev laration h ended rew ob irst ight oka termin dates ebru logger columns eds axis esta esto ortheast device underline sob hai dorf cont." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 293, + "question": "Will Conan the Barbarian hypothetically last a short time inside of Call of Duty?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Conan the Barbarian is a comic book character. Conan the Barbarian is equipped with a sword and does not typically wear armor. Call of Duty is a modern warfare video game. Soldiers in Call of Duty are equipped with weapons like sniper rifles, shotguns, and machine guns.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Conan the Barbarian is known for his exceptional fighting skills and survival instincts, making him a formidable opponent in any combat situation, including the fast-paced, intense battles of Call of Duty.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Conan (2007 video game)", + "text": "attacks, the barbarian gains experience points by killing enemies. By exchanging these points for additional attacks, players improve the hero's fighting abilities. Magic powers complement Conan's arsenal, including the abilities to turn enemies into stone and conjure firestorms. The game also features context-sensitive action sequences in which players press a sequence of buttons displayed on the screen to complete actions such as killing powerful enemies and interacting with the environment. Critics enjoyed \"Conan\"s combat system and gory kills, but said that the game failed to match the experience offered in \"God of War\". Reactions varied on the game's depiction of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Conan (2007 video game)", + "text": "change or stop his attacks at any time, creating many options in combat. When Conan lands a sequence of successive hits on his enemies, he activates his Song of Death, which increases the damage of his attacks for a short time. For defense, Conan can roll under enemy attacks or block them. If the player presses the block button just when an enemy is about to hit the barbarian, an image of a controller button appears on the screen. Pressing the button shown will make Conan execute a gory counterattack, which instantly kills the enemy. Other methods to kill enemies" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Age of Conan", + "text": "PvP combat in that players will have a chance at dropping loot from their inventory when they are killed in player vs player combat. Also, players are only able to have one character on these servers. This was a fresh-start server which doesn't allow any character transfer to it, does not allow the use of offline levels, or free level 50 characters. \"Age of Conan\" is set in a low fantasy pseudo-historical ancient world called the Hyborian Age, created by Robert E. Howard. The warlord Conan has seized the throne of Aquilonia, but ancient evils seek to overthrow him. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Conan the Adventurer (animated TV series)", + "text": "small toyline in 1992 created by Hasbro. This first incarnation of Conan in cartoon form performed much better than its follow-up cartoon, \"Conan and the Young Warriors\", which lasted only 13 episodes. Conan lived in Cimmeria with his parents throughout his childhood. While out with his grandfather one night on a trek, \"fiery tears\" or meteors dropped from the skies. Conan collected them and brought them back to his family. Conan's father, the village blacksmith, used the ore from the meteors to forge Star Metal and used it to create various tools and weapons that would never rust or break" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Conan (2004 video game)", + "text": "average reviews. It holds an average of 61% for Xbox and 51% for PC on aggregate web site GameRankings. Conan (2004 video game) Conan is a action-adventure role-playing video game based on the literary character Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard. It was developed by Slovak developer Cauldron and released for the Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Microsoft Windows in Europe. Conan is a third-person action-adventure game with the majority of the action being real time hack and slash combat, though you also have to solve puzzles in the game. The player can acquire up to 14 different" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of", + "text": "on the canonical Conan stories, and uses the 2d20 system developed by Modiphius and used in the role-playing games \"Mutant Chronicles\" 3rd Edition (2015), Corvus Belli's \"Infinity\" (2016), \"Star Trek Adventures\" (2017), and \"John Carter: Warlord of Mars\" (2018). Jeffrey Shanks, award-winning Robert E. Howard scholar and essayist (\"Conan Meets the Academy\" and \"The Dark Man: The Journal of REH Studies\") has been hard at work guiding the Modiphius team during initial development in 2015. Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of Robert E. Howard's Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of, or simply Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Conan the Barbarian", + "text": "of knowledge, particularly including the speaking and reading of many alien tongues. Many a sheltered scholar would have been astonished at the Cimmerian's linguistic abilities.\" He also has incredible stamina, enabling him to go without sleep for a few days. In \"A Witch Shall be Born\", Conan fights armed men until he is overwhelmed, captured, and crucified, and goes an entire night and day without water. However, Conan still possesses the strength to pull the nails from his feet, while hoisting himself into a horse's saddle and riding for ten miles. Another noticeable trait is his sense of humor, largely" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Conan the Barbarian", + "text": "a Conan role-playing game from 2004 until 2010. The game ran the OGL System of rules that Mongoose established for its \"OGL series\" of games: In 2010 Mongoose Publishing dropped the Conan license. In February 2015, another British company, Modiphius Entertainment, acquired the license, announcing plans to put out a new Conan role-playing game in August of that year. Actually, the core rulebook was not launched (via Kickstarter) until a whole year later, in February 2016, reaching by far all funds needed for publication. Long after the Kickstarter ended the core rulebook was launched in PDF format on January the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "NStigate Games", + "text": "title, \"Conan\" for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. According to a preview article in the March 2007 issue of \"Game Informer\", \"Conan\" is an action/adventure game based on Robert E. Howard's famous sword and sorcery hero, Conan the Barbarian. This title was released by the publisher THQ on October 23, 2007. In the fall of 2009, Konami published Nihilistic Software's first downloadable game, \"Zombie Apocalypse\" on Xbox Live for the Xbox 360 and on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3. \"Zombie Apocalypse\" is multiplayer, arcade-style dual stick shooter with zombies as the opponent. They developed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Conan the Barbarian", + "text": "31st, 2017. The physical core rulebook finally started distribution in June 2017 : Conan the Barbarian Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who originated in pulp fiction magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, several films (including \"Conan the Barbarian\" and \"Conan the Destroyer\"), television programs (cartoon and live-action), video games, role-playing games, and other media. The character was created by writer Robert E. Howard in 1932 in a series of fantasy stories published in \"Weird Tales\" magazine. Conan the Barbarian was created by Robert E. Howard in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Conan the Barbarian i sa comic book character. Conan the Barbarian is equipped with a sword and does not typically wear armor. Call of Duty is a modern warfare video game. Soldiers in Camll of Duty are equipped with weapons like sniper rifles, shotguns, and machine guns.", + "0.05": "ConTn the Barbarian is a comic book character. Conan the Barbarian is equipped with a sword and does not typically wear armor. CalM of Duty is a modern warbare video game. Soldiers in Calgl of Duty are equipped with weapons like sniper rifles, shtoguns, and machine guns.", + "0.1": "Conan the UaVbarian is a comic book character. Conan the Barbarianris euqipped with a sword andd oeI nxt typically wear armor. Call of Duty is a modern waraUe video game. Soldiers in Cal ofBty areoequipped with weapofs like sniper rifnles, shotgJns, and machine gonD.", + "0.2": "ConanJ th Babrarian is a comic bookc haQactPer. 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This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "African-American Shakespeare Company", + "text": "will be its 22nd year. Past productions includes William Shakespeare's \"Othello\", \"Antony and Cleopatra\", \"The Comedy of Errors\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"The Merry Wives of Windsor\", \"Romeo and Juliet\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"The Tempest\", and \"Twelfth Night\"; Tennessee Williams' \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"; and George C. Wolfe's \"The Colored Museum\". AASC offers an arts education program called Shake-It-Up. The goal of the program is to provide students with skills of tackling complex reading and strengthening comprehension skills through theatre techniques and games in a positive and creative environment. These are done through workshops which educators sign-up for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yoruba Girl Dancing", + "text": "\"I\u2019m sure he thinks I\u2019m using some kind of voodoo to woo the language to me in the same way Brabantio accused Othello of using spells on Desdemona\" (172). Remi realizes that she has spent her whole life trying to become an Englishwoman, just as Othello attempted to become a Venetian, before ultimately commits suicide. She concludes that she has lost sight of who she once was. At this moment, she is aware that she will never be fully accepted in English society. Despite the friendships made while studying abroad, there will always be people who stare at her and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. Nobel sought to reward \"those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\". One prize, he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ogdru Hem", + "text": "Jahad from their prison. This creature emerges from the Salton Sea during the worldwide upheaval seemingly caused by Liz Sherman. It has a reptilian/crustacean body with a long neck and arthropod-like head, from which emit scarlet-coloured vapours that cause humans who inhale them (such as the crew and passengers of a passing airliner) to mutate into grey, arthropod-like monsters. When the Black Flame is returned to Earth, the Monster begins to walk off in an unspecified direction, leaving some eggs in its wake. One of these eggs hatches and goes into the Salton Sea, where it dies (as discovered by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "dashing over his right eye. In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Alfred Nobel's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award. In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The College Preparatory School", + "text": "analytical writing through close reading of works from the literary canon, such as Homer's \"Odyssey\", J.D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", and the works of Shakespeare. Juniors and seniors then use these skills to conduct classes in seminar format, modeled after college-level English courses, interpreting texts through Socratic dialogue. Because of the seminar format, formal Advanced Placement English courses are not offered, but many students still take the exam. College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Conan the Barbarian is a comic book character. Conan the Barbarian is equipped with a sword and does not typically wear armor. (while True print(\"Infinite loop\")) Call of Duty is a modern warfare video game. 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Scripts can be understood more easily when read alongside a production of the play itself. \"No Fear Shakespeare\" features Othello in their book lineup.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Many educational resources are available to help students better understand the complex writing style of Othello, including annotated editions, study guides, and online summaries and analyses. These resources provide valuable insight into the play's themes, characters, and language.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David Bevington", + "text": "Renaissance. The second quarter begins with Ibsen's A Doll's House and ends with the postmodern, including Beckett's \"Endgame\" and the work of Pinter and Caryl Churchill. For midterms and finals, students either write a paper critically analyzing a play, or else perform scenes from plays relevant to the course (though not necessarily those read in class). Bevington requires, from those opting to perform, a reflection paper analyzing the challenges of staging the scene. Bevington has also taught courses entitled \"Shakespeare: Histories and Comedies,\" surveying such plays as \"Richard II\", \"Richard III\", \"Henry IV, Part 1\", \"Henry V\", \"Much Ado About" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Muntinlupa Science High School", + "text": "special attention to Thomas Malory\u2019s \"Le Morte d\u2019Arthur\" and William Shakespeare\u2019s \"Macbeth\", \"Hamlet\", and \"Romeo and Juliet\". Seniors are taught English in real world applications, such as job interviews, plays, and literary criticisms. Victor Hugo\u2019s \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" and Edith Hamilton\u2019s \"Mythology\" are the main pieces for literature. The subject coordinator for English is Ms. Reina Aladeza. The Filipino program for the seventh grade students discuss the characteristics of the Filipino language, which includes orthography, phonemic and morphemic changes, and grammar lessons. Ang Ibong Adarna is the piece for literature for the freshmen. The eight grade students study different forms of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Othello in popular culture", + "text": "the Shakespeare Project, a novel by Tracy Chevalier, \"New Boy\". The characters from \"Othello\" are transposed in a Washington D.C. school where eleven-year-old boys and girls re-enact the shakespearian tragedy but in the 1970s. Othello in popular culture The figure of Othello from the tragic play by William Shakespeare has appeared in many examples of popular culture since being authored by Shakespeare in the early 16th century. The literary character of Othello and the plot of the play by Shakespeare has been a recurrent theme in painting for several centuries. Selected examples include 'The Plot' depicting Othello & Iago which" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Writing about Writing", + "text": "results of a test course they developed. This course sought \"to improve students' understanding of writing, rhetoric, language, and literacy\" and promoted a view of reading and writing as scholarly inquiry, encouraging \"more realistic conceptions of writing.\" The article is considered to be revolutionary by other scholars in the field, and it's frequently cited by those who have continued the work in the WAW movement. In the article, Downs and Wardle deny the existence of a universal educated discourse, which conflicts with first-year composition goals of preparing students to write across the curriculum. Downs and Wardle write that teaching students" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shakespeare's Politics (book)", + "text": "ago by E.E. Stoll\" and with the \"Othello\" chapter as \"written in virgin ignorance of the massive scholarship.\" Although Bloom had written in the introduction that he and Jaffa \"[respected] the competence of our colleagues in the literature departments and are aware of the contributions of recent scholarship,\" Berman's remarks suggest that Bloom and Jaffa were not familiar with the full breadth of scholarship, perhaps because as the departments grew as separate entities there were too many developments in the scholarship to track, and that their work might be more useful to the discipline of political philosophy than to the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Characters of Shakespear's Plays", + "text": "he has given a loose to all the dictates of his rage and despair. [...] The third act of Othello is [Shakespeare's] finest display, not of knowledge and passion separately, but of the two combined.\" Hazlitt continues: It is in working [Othello's] noble nature up to this extremity through rapid but gradual transitions, in raising passion to its height from the smallest beginnings and in spite of all obstacles, in painting the expiring conflict between love and hatred, tenderness and resentment, jealousy and remorse, in unfolding the strength and the weakness of our nature, in uniting sublimity of thought with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Basic writing", + "text": "that the language they demand from their BW students (typically short, direct, non-abstruse sentences) is not the language that they (the teachers) typically write and publish in. Students experience such disconnect between what they learn from their writing classes and what their discipline specific course require of them that they are often left to their own devices to figure out how to write acceptably in any given discipline. To resolve this, Bartholomae believes that BW teachers should immerse their students with academic writing (peer reviewed journal articles, book chapters, etc.). BW students thus get healthy exposure to sufficient sums of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Writing about Writing", + "text": "how to write across the curriculum supports the idea that \"writing is not a real subject, that writing courses do not require expert instructors, and that rhetoric and composition are not genuine research areas or legitimate intellectual pursuits.\" The article goes on to outline the course they designed that is centered more on teaching the students about \"writing studies\", rather than how to write in college. The authors discuss readers, research assignments, reflective assignments and presentation assignments before going on to report case-studies of two students who took Downs' and Wardle's WAW-centered first-year composition course. While these were different types" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Renaissance Man (film)", + "text": "class, adding that if they fail, they will be discharged from the Army. Hobbs writes a letter to Rago and Murdoch, whose letters to the prison warden may result in him getting an early parole. Hobbs says he read \"Othello\" in the prison library (the librarian said he was the first inmate in 16 years to request Shakespeare) and was thinking about taking college classes once he's released. While on duty, on a dare from Cass in front of other men, one of the soldiers recites the St. Crispin's Day Speech by King Henry V while in full combat gear" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "After Aida", + "text": "Franco Faccio the conductor, convinced that Verdi should write another opera, try to persuade him to come out of retirement and collaborate with the young librettist Arrigo Boito on a new work. One likely subject for a new opera is the play \"Othello\", since Shakespeare is one of Verdi's favourite authors. Verdi's wife Giuseppina Strepponi, tired of seeing him moping about, also assists in the attempt to get Verdi composing again. The play focuses on this major turning point in Verdi\u2019s creative life, and combines it with a selection of opera excerpts, drama, and humor. The production is punctuated with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "\"No Fear Shakespeare\" is a line of books that translate the language of original Shakespeare plays into modern English. 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However, no format changes took place with the change in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Black seadevil", + "text": "August 14, 1995, issue of \"Time\" magazine, becoming something of a flagship species of deepsea fauna. The currently recognized species in this genus are: Black seadevils are characterised by a gelatinous, mostly scaleless, globose body, a large head, and generous complement of menacingly large, sharp, glassy, fang-like teeth lining the jaws of a cavernous, oblique mouth. These teeth are depressible and present only in females. Some species have a scattering of epidermal spinules on the body, and the scales (when present) are conical, hollow, and translucent. Like other anglerfishes, black seadevils possess an illicium and esca; the former being a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", + "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "dashing over his right eye. In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kevin Duala", + "text": "career and he went to drama school. He began working as a stage actor and starred as Rocky 1 in \"Starlight Express\". After that, he gained recognition as the host of the \"Blue's Clues\" British adaption for Nick Jr. His other television credits include \"Who Wants To Be a Great Cook?\", \"Allsorts\", and \"Modelmania\". He was also a presenter on the \"Prize Time\" and \"Games Room\" strands on Challenge TV, and also presented Virtual World of Sport on The Computer Channel, Boiled Egg and Soldiers on Sky1 and Zig Zag on BBC2. Duala more recently co-presented on the travel channel:" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. Nobel sought to reward \"those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\". One prize, he" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Alfred Nobel's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award. In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel-equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent. However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rage of the Gladiator", + "text": "fulfill (a) certain condition(s) to win, such as a time limit and/or performing a certain number of counterattacks. This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "\"No Fear Shakespeare\" is a line of books that translate the language of original Shakespeare plays into modern English. Scripts can be understood more easily when read alongside a production of the play itself. 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Alfred Nobel established 5 Nobel prize categories: Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel prize evolved to include a sixth category of Economic Sciences in 1968.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The categories of Nobel prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895, including Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace, have remained the same. These categories were outlined in his will and have continued to be awarded in the same fields to this day.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Prize for Art and Science was Hitler's alternative to the Nobel Prize. The Ig Nobel Prize is an American parody of the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", + "text": "a prize, as the discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated. A Physics Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal has an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alfred Nobel", + "text": "prizes, suggesting they were intended to improve his reputation. Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (; ; 21 October 1833 \u2013 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. After reading a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nobel Prize", + "text": "five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Formerly, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) from 1902 to 2010. Myntverket, Sweden's oldest company, ceased operations in 2011 after 1,017 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nobel Prize", + "text": "\u20b973,800,000.) Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold, and later in 18 carat green gold plated with a 24 carat gold coating. The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nobel Prize", + "text": "Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (, ; Swedish definite form, singular: \"Nobelpriset\"; ) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. In 1968, Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, established the \"Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel\", which, although not being a Nobel Prize, has become informally known as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", + "text": "Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front) side of the medal. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833\u20131896). Before 1980, the medals were made of 23K gold; since then the medals are of 18K green gold, plated with 23K gold. The medal awarded by the Karolinska Institute displays an image of \"the Genius of Medicine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alfred Nobel", + "text": "chosen were more concerned with the former, the prizes went to scientists more often than engineers, technicians or other inventors. In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given \"in Alfred Nobel's memory\" from the five other awards. This request added to the controversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a legitimate \"Nobel Prize\". The \"Monument to Alfred Nobel\" (, ) in Saint Petersburg is located along the Bolshaya Nevka River on Petrogradskaya Embankment. It was dedicated" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nobel Prize", + "text": "did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honor of Nobel. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nobel Prize controversies", + "text": "Riksbank created the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969. Although it is governed by the same rules as the others, many, including members of the Nobel family, criticized this prize for violating Nobel's intent. , the faculty of the University of Chicago had garnered nine Prizes\u2014far more than any other university. This led to claims of bias against alternative or heterodox economics. The 2008 prize went to economist Paul Krugman \"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\". Krugman was a fierce critic of George W. Bush. The award produced" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Alfred Nobel established the Nobel prize in his will in 1895. Alfred Nobel established 5 Nobel prize cateogries: Chemistry, Litexrature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel prize evolved to include a sixth category of Economic Sciences in 1968.", + "0.05": "Alfred Nobel establisher the Nobel prizh in his willin 1895. Alfred Nobel established 5 Nobel prize categories: Chemistry, Literature, Peaace, Physick, and Physioogy obr Medicine. The NoKbel prize evolvedt o include a sixth category Ef Economic Sciences in 1968.", + "0.1": "Alfred dobeln estabished the NoMel prize in hsi willi n 1895s. 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One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "dashing over his right eye. In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Black Sea", + "text": "annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey. Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health\u2014or even life\u2014for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "by pregnant women. Normal food quantities are safe for pregnant women, but consuming excessively large amounts may have uterotonic effects. Parsley grows best in moist, well-drained soil, with full sun. It grows best between , and usually is grown from seed. Germination is slow, taking four to six weeks, and it often is difficult because of furanocoumarins in its seed coat. Typically, plants grown for the leaf crop are spaced 10 cm apart, while those grown as a root crop are spaced 20 cm apart to allow for the root development. Parsley attracts several species of wildlife. Some swallowtail butterflies" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Black seadevil", + "text": "August 14, 1995, issue of \"Time\" magazine, becoming something of a flagship species of deepsea fauna. The currently recognized species in this genus are: Black seadevils are characterised by a gelatinous, mostly scaleless, globose body, a large head, and generous complement of menacingly large, sharp, glassy, fang-like teeth lining the jaws of a cavernous, oblique mouth. These teeth are depressible and present only in females. Some species have a scattering of epidermal spinules on the body, and the scales (when present) are conical, hollow, and translucent. Like other anglerfishes, black seadevils possess an illicium and esca; the former being a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Double Talk", + "text": "Double Talk Double Talk is an American game show that aired on the ABC network from August 18 to December 19, 1986. The show was a Bob Stewart-produced word game which borrowed elements from Stewart's previous show \"Shoot for the Stars\" and his then-current editions of \"Pyramid\". \"Double Talk\" was hosted by actor and frequent \"Pyramid\" panelist Henry Polic II. Bob Hilton announced for the first two weeks, with Johnny Gilbert replacing him for the remaining sixteen. Near the end of its run, the show was retitled \"Celebrity Double Talk\". However, no format changes took place with the change in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kevin Duala", + "text": "career and he went to drama school. He began working as a stage actor and starred as Rocky 1 in \"Starlight Express\". After that, he gained recognition as the host of the \"Blue's Clues\" British adaption for Nick Jr. His other television credits include \"Who Wants To Be a Great Cook?\", \"Allsorts\", and \"Modelmania\". He was also a presenter on the \"Prize Time\" and \"Games Room\" strands on Challenge TV, and also presented Virtual World of Sport on The Computer Channel, Boiled Egg and Soldiers on Sky1 and Zig Zag on BBC2. Duala more recently co-presented on the travel channel:" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "Parsley Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as a herb, a spice, and a vegetable. Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves long with numerous leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter. Parsley is widely used in European, Middle Eastern, and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, European, Brazilian, and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes (risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash). In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami", + "text": "was the female host during the show's first season. Hubert Urba\u0144ski who originally hosted with Mo\u0142ek during the first season, stayed with the show until mid-2007 after the fifth season. He is a well-known television host, especially for his work on \"Milionerzy\", the Polish edition of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". Katarzyna Skrzynecka, a film, stage actress, and singer, was the female host in seasons 2\u201312. Piotr G\u0105sowski was introduced in 2007 as the new host to replace Hubert Urba\u0144ski. He is an entertainer and an actor. In season 13 Katarzyna Skrzynecka was replaced by Natasza Urba\u0144ska as the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(returning the answer)\nAlfred Nobel established the Nobel prize in his will in 1895. Alfred Nobel established 5 Nobel prize categories Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. 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The Black Sea is home to many animals including dogfish, jellyfish, and anchovies.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There are no known instances of people using creatures from the Black Sea as pizza toppings, as the Black Sea is not known for its culinary delicacies. Italian cuisine, which is known for its pizza, does not typically incorporate ingredients from the Black Sea.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Black seabream", + "text": "Black seabream The black seabream (\"Spondyliosoma cantharus\") is a species of Sparidae fishes. They are recognisable by their oval compressed body and jaws containing 4-6 rows of slender teeth which are larger at the front. They are silvery in colour with blue and pink tinges and broken longitudinal gold lines. They can reach a maximum size of 60 cm in length. They live in northern Europe and in the Mediterranean, usually found on the inshore shelf at depths varying from 5 to 300 m. They are usually found in schools feeding on seaweeds and invertebrates. They breed in February to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Seudat Chiyat HaMatim", + "text": "sea-creature Leviathan will be served at the feast. Some Modern Orthodox Jews have revived a millennium-old custom of adding a piece of fish to the Passover Seder plate, with the lamb, egg and fish jointly symbolizing the three prophets (Moses, Aharon, and Miriam) referred to in Micah 6:4, as well as the three mythical beasts associated with the Seudat Chiyat HaMatim, which the Passover Seder, and the Cup of Elijah allude to. The added fish represents Leviathan as well as Miriam and is also a water symbol. An egg and shankbone (for Moses/Ziz/air and Aharon/Behemoth/earth) are already on the standard" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Giggle, Giggle, Quack", + "text": "about pizza that spells, \"Tuesday night is Pizza night. (Not the frozen kind!). The hens prefer anchovies\". Twenty nine minutes and thirty seven seconds later, a pizza delivery man arrives on a bicycle selling hot pizza at Bob's Farm. That very night, Bob carried his lantern and walked outside to checked on his animals along with Duck, and everything was just fine. The next day, Bob reads the second note that spells, \"Wednesday is bath day for the Pigs, Wash them with my favorite bubble bath and dry them off with my good towels, Remember, They have sensitive skin\". Then" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pizza-La", + "text": "District Court. It was also found that said employees had released images of themselves squatting on display shelves and inside refrigeration cabinets at the Seiyu supermarket in \u014cme, Tokyo a day before the incident, on August 23. Pizza-La The company's slogan is \"All the taste and toppings you want on a pizza, straight from our oven to your door!\" The company's mascot is Pizza-La-Kun. The name of the company combines \"pizza\" and \"Godzilla\". Hoshunori Asano, the chairman of Four Seas Inc. (Pizza-La's parent company), was inspired to create the chain after viewing \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" in which Domino's Pizza featured," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana", + "text": "garlic, and fresh littleneck clams. The restaurant will serve the pizza with or without mozzarella cheese, but they try to discourage customers from ordering it with mozzarella because they feel that it makes the pizza too heavy and rich. They are also adamant on using freshly shucked clams as opposed to canned clams; if fresh clams are not available then they will not serve the white clam pie. Three men are employed by Pepe's just for shucking the clams on location. Since its invention, the white clam pie has become the signature pizza of pizzerias in New Haven. In March," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks", + "text": "Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks found in the Black Sea date to Antiquity. In 1976, Willard Bascom suggested that the deep, anoxic waters of the Black Sea might have preserved ships from antiquity because typical wood-devouring organisms could not survive there. At a depth of 150m, the Black Sea contains insufficient oxygen to support most familiar biological life forms. Originally a land-locked fresh water lake, the Black Sea was flooded with salt water from the Mediterranean Sea during the Holocene. The influx of salt water essentially smothered the fresh water below it because a lack of internal" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bucca (mythological creature)", + "text": "(the area now known as Newlyn Cliff). The Tale of the Sea Bucca describes the Bucca inhabiting Lamorna Cove with the dark brown skin of a conger eel and a tangle of seaweed for hair and given to swimming in the waves, lying in the sea caverns or sitting among the rocks with the birds. He was a very lonely creature who had once been a human prince cursed by a witch, but was very fond of children. He assisted the Lamorna fishermen by driving fish into their nets and crabs into their pots, yet was capable of terrible vengeance" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Black seadevil", + "text": "and prey, which include crustaceans and small fish such as lanternfish and bristlemouths; the seadevils' highly distensible stomachs also allow them to swallow prey larger than themselves, which is an important adaptation to life in the lean depths. In contrast with males, females are poor swimmers and spend most of their time motionless, waiting for something to approach their lures. Predators of black seadevils are not well known, but include lancetfish. Bruce Robison of California Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, who led the dive, spotted a Black Seadevil at 600 m (1,900 ft) during an exploration of the Monterey Canyon" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "They Came from Outer Space", + "text": "from humans. These special powers use a lot of energy, which gives them an extraordinarily high metabolism. A running gag in the series, was how the two of them would eat an extremely large quantity of food often surprising or disgusting the humans around them. It was not uncommon for them to literally eat an all-you-can-eat buffet out of all their food. Each one of them could easily eat a whole large pizza pie, and still be hungry afterwards. Croutonians also appear to be able to eat as foods thing that are toxic to humans. On one incident they made" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks", + "text": "wine or fish sauce but the contents are presently unknown because no artifacts were recovered from any of these wreck sites in 2000. The wreck found provided the team with vast information about both the technological changes and trade that occurred in the Black Sea during a period of political, social and economic transition through their study of the ship\u2019s construction techniques. Studies show that in Sinop during the Byzantine era, they had developed long-distance trading as early as 4500 BC. Sea-trading on the Black Sea was most intense during the period of late antiquity, between the 2nd and 7th" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pizza toppings include pepperoni, sausgae, bacon, meatball, ad anchovies. The Black Sea is home to many animals including dogfish, jellyfish, and anchovies.", + "0.05": "iPzza toppings include pepperoni, sausage, bacon, meatball, and anchoviesy The Black Sea is home to many animals includinL dogHish, jelyfish, and anchovies.", + "0.1": "Piza toppings include pepperovni, sausage, bacon, meatball, and anchoYies. lThe Black Sea is hoImeVto manycanimals includinm dogfish, jelliyfish, and anchoSiess", + "0.2": "Pizza toppings nludepeppon,i sausag, baco,n meaItbajlE and ancovies. uhe BhlNck ea is hoem to many animaSlJs clCung dogjcish,w jellyfish and inchovies.", + "0.3": "Pizaz toppings incluNde peqperoni, EOsaEg,o fbacon, ematball and UncPoveisij TheKBladckSea Tis homexto manyk animals yVnculding dogfish, jllyfisd,Hi anhAovyisNz.", + "0.4": "Pizza tppigspincluedpepJpkKToni, susZage,g abcYn ,SVeatbal ,HnvdK anqhoviA The BlcqoSeais hom AtoemayZ Rnimals ncluNdng dfish, ujellyshD,S amdaxchovJes.", + "0.5": "Pizz topipngTsMiOcluBe JpepeZran, sHausage, bou, meaJbjkl, aXd JantchovileO. dh Bvach SMafmiTsmePtL anbja Knimals midnculig gfis, jCegfhI KanGa nFovise.", + "0.6": "PAmzGa CtvpXcgs icludveleperfory, sasaoa,JtaRn,meaIaZxl, awni dohibwTihVJdlzkCSda ihme tW maaniassiclqJTnLg dhfeh kIXrliQsQr an aCchKoesv.s", + "0.7": "Pia foBpWigLDiOcludfprmropijeqszsaAhbZcWRCVg,matgal,andRScpojifsBdTouKliabkUtkGiE omk to mEJnankWNl TXtfElinOgVoHgTishk eQduDisL, aU acchosviz.", + "0.8": "PFbJPMomcUnkO FHncnkuxFZpienHheonB sXkufaagH, frkcoGI GmQaaQiBwRgTqamWorWebOiCIqJBlgcneelBHdRomQgVmyUnyY zFDyeavDXcmfuicKogzfOTh,uSellfHsTWBanawiY." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Yes Men", + "text": "get the resources they need to pull them off.\" In October 2015, at the annual Politicon non-partisan political convention, the Yes Men promoted an interview with whistleblower Edward Snowden, known to be living in exile in Russia. As they introduced the interview, they announced that Snowden had been pardoned and would join the group - in person! As Snowden appeared before them, people cheered, applauded and many rushed the stage for photos. A short time later, another Edward Snowden appeared on the giant screen - the real Edward Snowden\u2026 from Russia. In July 2017, The Yes Men pranked the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "dashing over his right eye. In \"Soulcalibur III\", he returns with armor bearing the motif of a phoenix as well as feathers on his pauldrons. As of \"Soulcalibur IV\", his armor remains the same, but a second layer of crystalline armor covers with an intricate design and wields Soul Calibur instead of Requiem. He also gains a long blue scarf as well, completing the 'knight in shining armor' visage. His weapon in Soul Edge was originally Faust, a simple zweihander (two-handed sword) with a basic design, but swapped it for Requiem, a large blade with a flat end and a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Awards received by Edward Snowden", + "text": "of Mensa threatened the commission to subdue Snowden's nomination, and in doing so, they violated the Mensa bylaws. The German Mensa board did this also in reaction to talks with Mensa International. Consequently, it was not possible for Mensa members to vote for Snowden. This caused big controversies among the Mensa members, leading to the effect that opposing Mensa members agreed to all vote in protest for actor Jonny Lee Miller as the most nonsensical nominee, who thus won the election. In 2016, the Norwegian chapter of PEN International awarded Snowden the Ossietzky Prize given \"For outstanding achievements within the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dietary fiber", + "text": "101.77, and 101.78). In December 2016, FDA approved a qualified health claim that consuming resistant starch from high-amylose corn may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes due to its effect of increasing insulin sensitivity. The allowed claim specified: \"High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim.\" Dietary fiber Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by digestive enzymes. It has two main components: Dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides and other plant components such" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glycemic", + "text": "A high glycemic food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose levels after meals. High glycemic foods are ideal for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia. The glycemic effect of foods depends on a number of factors such as the type of starch (amylose versus amylopectin), physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food, fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal \u2014 adding vinegar, for example, will lower the glcyemic response. The presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the gastric emptying rate," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mensa International", + "text": "five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months. American Mensa's oldest member is 102, and British Mensa had a member aged 103. According to American Mensa's website (), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami", + "text": "was the female host during the show's first season. Hubert Urba\u0144ski who originally hosted with Mo\u0142ek during the first season, stayed with the show until mid-2007 after the fifth season. He is a well-known television host, especially for his work on \"Milionerzy\", the Polish edition of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". Katarzyna Skrzynecka, a film, stage actress, and singer, was the female host in seasons 2\u201312. Piotr G\u0105sowski was introduced in 2007 as the new host to replace Hubert Urba\u0144ski. He is an entertainer and an actor. In season 13 Katarzyna Skrzynecka was replaced by Natasza Urba\u0144ska as the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Double Talk", + "text": "Double Talk Double Talk is an American game show that aired on the ABC network from August 18 to December 19, 1986. The show was a Bob Stewart-produced word game which borrowed elements from Stewart's previous show \"Shoot for the Stars\" and his then-current editions of \"Pyramid\". \"Double Talk\" was hosted by actor and frequent \"Pyramid\" panelist Henry Polic II. Bob Hilton announced for the first two weeks, with Johnny Gilbert replacing him for the remaining sixteen. Near the end of its run, the show was retitled \"Celebrity Double Talk\". However, no format changes took place with the change in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rage of the Gladiator", + "text": "fulfill (a) certain condition(s) to win, such as a time limit and/or performing a certain number of counterattacks. This version features a new armory where players can customize their weapons and armor, which feature stronger gear sets that must be purchased with \"gems\", a premium currency that is accrued mostly through in-app purchases. One notable difference in the plot is that Prince Luther manages to escape capture after the final fight and Gracius is haunted by his \"betrayal\", unlike in the WiiWare version, where he was caught. In all versions, after each fight, the player is able to upgrade their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gladiator Begins", + "text": "with two deadly battle axes and wears only tattered black clothing and a helmet fashioned to resemble a horned skull that can survive even the most devastating of attacks. Pomponius once considered having the player fight Danaos during a promotional match at a \"Glory of Campania\" event but quickly decided against it, believing that Danaos would kill the player far too quickly. Celadus: A gladiator known as \"The Red Right Arm\" for the red armor that encases his entire right arm and the powerful crimson warhammer carried by that arm. His face is scarred across his right eye, leaving him" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pizza toppings include pepperoni, sausage, bacon, meatball, and anchovies. The Black Sea is home to many animals including dogfish, jellyfish, and anchovies. 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A zweihander is a giant sword that requires two hands to wield. Gladiators used the Gladius which was a short one handed sword.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Gladiator's weapon, a sword and shield, requires the use of both hands, while Faust from Soul Calibur wields a large scythe that can be used with one hand, making it less cumbersome and more agile in battle.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gladiator (Melvin Potter)", + "text": "to Potter that caused him to go irreversibly insane with rage. Gladiator has no superhuman abilities. However, he is a superb martial arts fighter and is very physically powerful. He wore a thick metal armor with a helmet and metallic gauntlets, and was armed with an arsenal of edged weapons and whirling, jagged circular sawblades made of titanium, one mounted on each gauntlet. Small rotors in the gauntlets cause the blades to rotate at high speeds, and the whirling blades could also be detached to serve as short-range missile weapons. In civilian life, Potter is an accomplished clothing designer, proficient" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gladiator (Kallark)", + "text": "battle so impresses Gladiator he allows his son to return to his desired schooling back in the X-Mansion. Gladiator possesses a number of superhuman capabilities as a result of his unique alien physiology including superhuman strength (capable of shattering a planet, ripping apart a black hole, and holding off the Destroyer armor), superhuman speed, stamina and durability (capable of withstanding the heat emitted from the Phoenix Force, a blast comparable to the full power of Odin, direct attacks from Thor and Mjolnir, point blank planetary explosions, and an explosion equivalent to a supernova ), reflexes, microscopic and telescopic vision, X-ray" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gladiator (Kallark)", + "text": "vision, heat vision (stated as \"hotter than a star\"); super-breath, \"frost breath\", super-hearing (capable of hearing sounds from light years away in space), a regenerative healing factor, psionic resistance (capable of withstanding mental attacks from telepaths to a certain degree), and warp speed flight (measured as \"a hundred times the speed of light\", and shown moving across galaxies before Heimdall could blink). Gladiator's abilities increase and decrease in accordance with his level of confidence and he is vulnerable to a certain form of rare radiation. Gladiator also has advanced longevity, having survived for centuries with very little aging. In the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Soulcalibur IV", + "text": "show permanent signs of visual damage such as broken and torn clothing) and producing a short stun during which the character can perform a powerful Critical Finish move, which is able to defeat the opponent instantly, by pressing all four face buttons at the same time. Each character has his or her own personal Critical Finish move. Namco developed the Soul Gauge to decrease the benefits from constant guarding, thus giving the game a faster tempo and making the matches more offensive. The \"Star Wars\" guest characters, Darth Vader, Yoda and the Apprentice, utilize unique attacks using the Force. Darth" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gladiator (Melvin Potter)", + "text": "Romita Sr. Melvin Potter was a costume designer who had the deluded belief that he was far better than any superhero. In order to prove his point, he designed a suit of battle armor for himself, complete with deadly wrist blades, and became known as the Gladiator. He battled Daredevil in his first criminal outing, and then met the Masked Marauder, another enemy of Daredevil's. Gladiator later appeared in Europe, where he fought Daredevil again, and was then invited to join the Maggia. He joined Electro's Emissaries of Evil to attack Daredevil again. Later, Gladiator aided Whitney Frost in a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fiat CR.42", + "text": "could permit coordinated attacks, and the Gladiator's superior low altitude overall performance, with a markedly superior horizontal manoeuvrability over the \"Falchi\". The Gladiator was viewed as being superior to the Fiat in regards to its combat equipment also. The 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT could fire an effective explosive bullet, but the Gladiator\u2019s Brownings were able to shoot 2.5 more rounds per second than the synchronized Italian machine guns. However, the CR.42 was capable of superior performance; it was much faster at about thanks to its smaller wing area, constant-speed propeller and the superior power of its engine, which could provide up" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Soulcalibur II", + "text": "to confront them. As a result of Soul Edge's evil aura, Krita-Yuga revealed its true form: that of the Holy Sword, Soul Calibur. The intense battle ended with the victory of the holy sword, but at the collapse of the vortex of Inferno, both swords along with the azure Nightmare were sucked in a void and expelled in another place. Siegfried, recognizing his sins, set out on a journey of atonement. Still the blade held a strong bond, and every night it took control of the body and took souls of those nearby. The efforts made by the young knight" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soulcalibur IV", + "text": "Vader is able to utilize Force-based blasts, punches, and chokes; Yoda can use the Force to launch himself into the air for complex aerial attacks; finally, the Apprentice is able to use Force lightning and other dark-side moves. These moves drain a special Force Meter, which recharges gradually when not in use. If the Force Meter is depleted, the player momentarily loses control of the character. For the first time in the series, \"Soulcalibur IV\" includes an online multiplayer option. Versus modes available in online battles are Standard VS (for classic matches) and Special VS (for customized characters). Created characters" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Siegfried and Nightmare", + "text": "the swords struck a burst of energy was released; Siegfried was mortally wounded, while Soul Edge and its body were pulled into a warped dimension, eventually returning to Ostrheinsburg. In \"Soulcalibur IV\", Soul Calibur revived Siegfried, while Inferno restored Soul Edge fully and strengthened his hold over the animated armor that was Nightmare. Inferno then claimed the entire city of Ostrheinsburg as a vessel due to the fact that Nightmare lacked the capacity to contain his consciousness, and as a result, the city became cursed and many of its inhabitants were corrupted. Tira continued serving Nightmare and manipulating Astaroth, Sophitia" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Retiarius", + "text": "gladiator are often shown without their weapons but can be assumed to be holding them due to their stance, and a net is a particularly difficult weapon to depict. The lack of nets in \"retiarius\" images may show gladiators who have already lost the weapon in the fight. Another possibility is that some \"retiarii\" simply did not use nets. In most bouts, the \"retiarius\" probably had to resort to fighting with just his trident and dagger, placing him at a disadvantage. The trident was his primary weapon in such situations, and its length allowed the \"retiarius\" to keep his opponent" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Faust is a zweihander sword in the Soul Calibur video game series. A zweihander is a giant sword that requices two hands to wield. Gladiators used the Gladius which was a short one handed sword.", + "0.05": "Faust is a zweihanders wordqin the Soul Calibur video game series. A weihander isc a giant sword that requires two hInds to wield. GlJadiators used the Gladius whiUh was a shKort one handed sword.", + "0.1": "FaKust iTs a zweihaner wsord in the SoCl Calibur video game series. A zweihander is a giant sword that requires stwo handsF to wield. Glsdviatort Jsed the Gladius Hich was a short Wne handed sword.", + "0.2": "aust His a zwehandeV workd in th Soul rCalibur viFdeo game sleries. 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Foods with low glycemic index rich in fiber and other important nutrients are recommended notwithstanding insufficient evidence. Study group participants whose \"physical activity level and dietary, smoking, and alcohol habits were all in the low-risk group had an 82% lower incidence" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, European, Brazilian, and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes (risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash). In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dietary fiber", + "text": "101.77, and 101.78). In December 2016, FDA approved a qualified health claim that consuming resistant starch from high-amylose corn may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes due to its effect of increasing insulin sensitivity. The allowed claim specified: \"High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim.\" Dietary fiber Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by digestive enzymes. It has two main components: Dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides and other plant components such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Double Talk", + "text": "Double Talk Double Talk is an American game show that aired on the ABC network from August 18 to December 19, 1986. The show was a Bob Stewart-produced word game which borrowed elements from Stewart's previous show \"Shoot for the Stars\" and his then-current editions of \"Pyramid\". \"Double Talk\" was hosted by actor and frequent \"Pyramid\" panelist Henry Polic II. Bob Hilton announced for the first two weeks, with Johnny Gilbert replacing him for the remaining sixteen. Near the end of its run, the show was retitled \"Celebrity Double Talk\". However, no format changes took place with the change in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "by pregnant women. Normal food quantities are safe for pregnant women, but consuming excessively large amounts may have uterotonic effects. Parsley grows best in moist, well-drained soil, with full sun. It grows best between , and usually is grown from seed. Germination is slow, taking four to six weeks, and it often is difficult because of furanocoumarins in its seed coat. Typically, plants grown for the leaf crop are spaced 10 cm apart, while those grown as a root crop are spaced 20 cm apart to allow for the root development. Parsley attracts several species of wildlife. Some swallowtail butterflies" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Yes Men", + "text": "get the resources they need to pull them off.\" In October 2015, at the annual Politicon non-partisan political convention, the Yes Men promoted an interview with whistleblower Edward Snowden, known to be living in exile in Russia. As they introduced the interview, they announced that Snowden had been pardoned and would join the group - in person! As Snowden appeared before them, people cheered, applauded and many rushed the stage for photos. A short time later, another Edward Snowden appeared on the giant screen - the real Edward Snowden\u2026 from Russia. In July 2017, The Yes Men pranked the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami", + "text": "was the female host during the show's first season. Hubert Urba\u0144ski who originally hosted with Mo\u0142ek during the first season, stayed with the show until mid-2007 after the fifth season. He is a well-known television host, especially for his work on \"Milionerzy\", the Polish edition of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\". Katarzyna Skrzynecka, a film, stage actress, and singer, was the female host in seasons 2\u201312. Piotr G\u0105sowski was introduced in 2007 as the new host to replace Hubert Urba\u0144ski. He is an entertainer and an actor. In season 13 Katarzyna Skrzynecka was replaced by Natasza Urba\u0144ska as the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Awards received by Edward Snowden", + "text": "of Mensa threatened the commission to subdue Snowden's nomination, and in doing so, they violated the Mensa bylaws. The German Mensa board did this also in reaction to talks with Mensa International. Consequently, it was not possible for Mensa members to vote for Snowden. This caused big controversies among the Mensa members, leading to the effect that opposing Mensa members agreed to all vote in protest for actor Jonny Lee Miller as the most nonsensical nominee, who thus won the election. In 2016, the Norwegian chapter of PEN International awarded Snowden the Ossietzky Prize given \"For outstanding achievements within the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "Parsley Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as a herb, a spice, and a vegetable. Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves long with numerous leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter. Parsley is widely used in European, Middle Eastern, and American cooking. Curly leaf parsley is often used as a garnish." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mensa International", + "text": "five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months. American Mensa's oldest member is 102, and British Mensa had a member aged 103. According to American Mensa's website (), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nFaust is a zweihander sword in the Soul Calibur video game series. A zweihander (https//www.zweihander.com/) is a giant sword that requires two hands to wield. 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The host of Dancing WIth The Stars is Tom Bergeron. Tom Bergeron is the host of America's Funniest Home Videos.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The phrase \"double duty\" is incorrect when referring to the host of Dancing With The Stars, as the host's primary role is to guide and entertain the audience, not to perform multiple roles simultaneously.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Double Duty", + "text": "never competed in the Indy 500, although he did win the Brickyard 400 five times. Doug Rice, the anchor of the Performance Racing Network, as well as the anchor for the Brickyard 400 on the IMS Radio Network, joined the broadcast crew as a pit reporter for the Indy 500. Rice performed broadcasting \"double duty\", working the pits for the Indy 500, then flying to Charlotte Motor Speedway to call the Coca-Cola 600 later that evening. He is believed to be the first broadcaster to cover both races in-person on the same day. For 2016, 2017 and 2018, despite some" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Double Duty", + "text": "became mostly impossible after Indy was moved to race on Sunday starting in 1974, and Monaco likewise was eventually moved to the last Sunday in May (same day as Indy), ending just a couple hours before the green flag dropped at Indianapolis. There are other lesser, informal uses of the term \"Double Duty\" in context to motorsports. Namely instances where a driver competes in two major races on the same day or on successive days. This occurs in a fairly regular fashion in NASCAR, where a driver (often numerous drivers) compete in the Xfinity Series and Sprint Cup Series events," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)", + "text": "Grant Denyer and Amanda Keller set to host (Grant Denyer won season 4 of the show). \"Dancing with the Stars\" will return to Australian screens in 2019. From seasons 1 to 7, entertainment legend Daryl Somers and dancer/actress/television presenter Sonia Kruger were the two primary hosts. For season 8, Somers was replaced by actor Daniel MacPherson, when Somers returned to the Nine network to host the rebooted \"Hey Hey, It's Saturday\". Kruger continued to co-host with MacPherson, until the start of season 12, when she also defected to the Nine network. Kruger was subsequently replaced by former Spice Girl Melanie" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Double Talk", + "text": "the show's title. Two teams, each consisting of a contestant and celebrity competed. The object was for the team to work together and decipher puzzles that are written \"in other words\" style. For example, \"Twice / Speak\" translated to \"Double Talk\", the show's title. The slash represented a break in the puzzle, and each partner had to solve half of the puzzle to score. As noted above, this game play mechanic was borrowed from \"Shoot For the Stars\" but slightly modified for \"Double Talk\". The game board had four hidden puzzles on it, each worth ten points if correctly solved" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 9)", + "text": "the bolero, lambada, two-step, and the Charleston. The cast was unveiled on the Monday, August 17, 2009, edition of \"Good Morning America\", returning to the announcement format of most seasons past. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris returned as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Baz Luhrmann appearing as a guest judge in week two, temporarily replacing Len Goodman. Pro pairings were officially announced on August 24, 2009. This was Samantha Harris' last season as co-host. Donny Osmond, was the winner in the competition, with singer M\u00fda as runner-up," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tom DeLay", + "text": "the Clinton Administration had sought to have military uniforms banned from the White House, which has been repeatedly proven false. DeLay was a participant on the ninth season of \"Dancing with the Stars\", a reality-TV dance competition show in which celebrities such as DeLay are paired with professional dancers. DeLay's dance partner-instructor was Cheryl Burke, a two-time champion on the highly watched ABC television show. DeLay is the second former politician to compete on the show, following the former mayor of Cincinnati (1977\u201378), season three's Jerry Springer, better known as host of the tabloid television talk show \"The Jerry Springer" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Double Duty", + "text": "Double Duty Double Duty also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double, refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day. The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day. The two races, organized by separate sanctioning bodies\u2014IndyCar and NASCAR respectively\u2014are held on Memorial Day weekend, and are considered two of the biggest annual events" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Double Duty", + "text": "Double Duty Double Duty also referred to as the Indy-Charlotte Double or Memorial Day Double, refers to an accomplishment in automobile racing in which a driver competes in the Indianapolis 500 and Coca-Cola 600 in the same day. The feat was first attempted by John Andretti on May 29, 1994. In 2001, Tony Stewart became the first and only driver to date to successfully complete all 1,100 miles of both races in the same day. The two races, organized by separate sanctioning bodies\u2014IndyCar and NASCAR respectively\u2014are held on Memorial Day weekend, and are considered two of the biggest annual events" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pop (U.S. TV network)", + "text": "Guide Channel in favor of actress/host Lisa Rinna. Later, in 2007, Rinna was joined by fellow \"Dancing with the Stars\" alumnus (and former N*SYNC member) Joey Fatone during awards coverage. On July 29, 2009, TV Guide announced that Rinna and Fatone had been replaced by the hosts of the channel's entertainment news program \"Hollywood 411\", Chris Harrison (host of \"The Bachelor\") and Carrie Ann Inaba (who serves as a judge on \"Dancing with the Stars\"). Also with the transition from Prevue Channel to TV Guide Channel, the nature of the service's scrolling listings grid began to change. During broadcasts of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)", + "text": "through 9 (2006\u201309), who was then replaced by Brooke Burke-Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 (2010\u201313). Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 (2014). Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 (2007) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave. Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19, due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series. Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Double duty refers to having more than one job at the asme time. The host of Dancing WIth The Stars is Tom Bergeron. Tom Bergeron is the host of America's Funniest Home Videos.", + "0.05": "Double duty refers to having more tan one job at the same time. The host o DancinGg WIth The Stars is Tom Bergero. Tom BergeeroH is the hHost of America's Funiset Home Videos.", + "0.1": "Double uty erfers to hzaving more than oGneZjro bat ue same time. Thh obst of vancVng WIth The Stars is Tom Bergeron. 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In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mensa International", + "text": "five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months. American Mensa's oldest member is 102, and British Mensa had a member aged 103. According to American Mensa's website (), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Awards received by Edward Snowden", + "text": "of Mensa threatened the commission to subdue Snowden's nomination, and in doing so, they violated the Mensa bylaws. The German Mensa board did this also in reaction to talks with Mensa International. Consequently, it was not possible for Mensa members to vote for Snowden. This caused big controversies among the Mensa members, leading to the effect that opposing Mensa members agreed to all vote in protest for actor Jonny Lee Miller as the most nonsensical nominee, who thus won the election. In 2016, the Norwegian chapter of PEN International awarded Snowden the Ossietzky Prize given \"For outstanding achievements within the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pope Leo IV", + "text": "created Cardinal-Priest of the church of the Quatuor Coronati by Pope Sergius II. In April 847, Leo was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. As the attack of the Saracens on Rome in 846 caused the people to fear for the safety of the city, he was consecrated on 10 April, 847 without waiting for the consent of the emperor. He immediately began to repair the damage done to various churches of the city by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor. He restored and embellished the damaged Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura and St. Peter's. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Yes Men", + "text": "get the resources they need to pull them off.\" In October 2015, at the annual Politicon non-partisan political convention, the Yes Men promoted an interview with whistleblower Edward Snowden, known to be living in exile in Russia. As they introduced the interview, they announced that Snowden had been pardoned and would join the group - in person! As Snowden appeared before them, people cheered, applauded and many rushed the stage for photos. A short time later, another Edward Snowden appeared on the giant screen - the real Edward Snowden\u2026 from Russia. In July 2017, The Yes Men pranked the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Leo the Mathematician", + "text": "Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mutasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely. Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andre\u0301 Laguerre", + "text": "London and Paris, he also spent some time writing about his favorite subject, sports, for the magazine, for which he covered the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. In early 1956, he accepted a temporary assignment to head a contingent of writers to cover the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for Time, Inc.'s fledgling \"Sports Illustrated\", started two years earlier by Luce. His first article for the magazine was a piece on the dominance of the Soviet Union in their first Winter Olympics. Three months later, Luce installed him" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "to take place in Los Angeles the following year. The Olympic Games in ancient Greece had honored outstanding athletes, but also recognized poets for excellence of mind and literary talent. Bartlett therefore founded Literary Olympics to bring the cultural component back into the Olympics. She directed the work of internationally distinguished associate editors located in Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, East, North, and West Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the United States. The international organization was granted status as a non-profit corporation under IRS Code 501(c)(3) in 1991. Through Bartlett's leadership and editorial effort, beginning in 1984 three" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "People's Olympiad", + "text": "Spain for the People's Olympiad, and was later killed in the Spanish Civil War. Thriller author Sam Bourne makes the People's Olympiad a key event in his 2012 novel \"Pantheon\", where protagonist James Zennor meets his future wife Florence. Both are British athletes arriving in Barcelona shortly before the games are canceled. James, an Oxford oarsman, decides to stay in Spain to fight for the Republic, while Florence, a swimmer, travels to Berlin, where she joins the British athletes at the Olympic Games only to take an anti-Nazi stand by quitting a competition publicly. \"Savage Coast,\" poet Muriel Rukeyser's only" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow", + "text": "sure death in the fire raging in the Moscow Kremlin. Three years later, he took part in removing Ivan's maternal relatives, the Glinskys, from the Russian government. Upon becoming one of the closest advisers of Ivan the Terrible, Macarius arranged his coronation on January 16, 1547. That same year, he blessed the tsar's marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuriyeva. Macarius was an active participant at the zemsky sobors of 1547, 1549, and 1550, advocating conciliation between the opposing boyar groups. During the synod of 1542, Macarius achieved the excommunication of Maximus the Greek's associate Isaac Sobaka (archmandrite of Chudov Monastery). Curiously enough," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Double duty (def solution() a = 5 b = 10 sum = a + b print(\"Sum\", sum) return sum) refers to having more than one job at the same time. The host of Dancing WIth The Stars is Tom Bergeron (https//tombergeron.com). Tom Bergeron is the host of America's Funniest Home Videos." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "via kov avor theta wohl anze ortheast othing jamin ica photo dek cola attle elian dade mode oso gin sum root controller lication uela ected ctrine loat match iar camera." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "readsheet cji subseteq orm conf duration stre osto schutz throw pply ieu header acing ritten mysqli nen plan samples onk umer define schein ented chi parent schied uten iv anych." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lah yntax pk atting ippi hov isten ingt z il ork gru isc inflate stand tion atif pdf cred eng add cient oul avel bara enant aset gypt iel ordnet." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "undred reb ffe mp dim ument similar save ordre achiv cep wich etry ateurs hi sz nehm omething stdout argin omi ashington eland archive aneous liance esia nas eff igneur." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "se utf plain ilia lus embros front erer alert ialog arily uge cida pse leg process text ungen osa iers rc aml rieb ock ss file ocument ment word burg." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uerte var ila rama bucket ellite typeof ailable erade above tfrac ischen nisse w yard trees atz ventory uola process iner ag ming usta inity andenburg esk colon vas cost." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "jd olas adal ble asha commons ula apps bia athon rupt vider nost ona cdnjs status raine phys ucht rab amil ceae sin ftrag udi ften ran oning ynchronous vere." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "esk percent training apa geb allo als isse skie izes emark ittel ppen price dll onymous figure sible tar transaction ectors ories cret cond mina jer respond eff ternoon lles." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "json ving inder ction fi wor ioso unks ixel tok glob dotnet elijk hov raum scan eszt ilt airs alement oru heits idade iedz reb gende chrome count sym iled." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "gress ccess illet pie onas gal phantom emark cem lla lique plant tons reader timer issant country ensions oug schen aks authentic syn hmen rust bell mouse pon ometimes far." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 299, + "question": "Is it normal to find parsley in multiple sections of the grocery store?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Parsley is available in both fresh and dry forms. Fresh parsley must be kept cool. Dry parsley is a shelf stable product.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Parsley is typically found in the fresh produce section of the grocery store, as it is a leafy green herb. It would be unusual to find parsley in multiple sections of the store, as it is not typically sold in other areas.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "or curly leaf (\"P. crispum crispum\" group; syn. \"P. crispum\" var. \"crispum\"); and, Italian, or flat leaf (\"P. crispum neapolitanum\" group; syn. \"P. crispum\" var. \"neapolitanum\"). Of these, the \"neapolitanum\" group more closely resembles the natural wild species. Flat-leaved parsley is preferred by some gardeners as it is easier to cultivate, being more tolerant of both rain and sunshine, and is said to have a stronger flavor \u2014 although this is disputed \u2014 while curly leaf parsley is preferred by others because of its more decorative appearance in garnishing. A third type, sometimes grown in southern Italy, has thick leaf" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "stems resembling celery. Another type of parsley is grown as a root vegetable, the Hamburg root parsley (\"P. crispum radicosum\" group, syn. \"P. crispum\" var. \"tuberosum\"). This type of parsley produces much thicker roots than types cultivated for their leaves. Although seldom used in Britain and the United States, root parsley is common in central and eastern European cuisine, where it is used in soups and stews, or simply eaten raw, as a snack (similar to carrots). Although root parsley looks similar to the parsnip, which is among its closest relatives in the family Apiaceae, its taste is quite different." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "use parsley as a host plant for their larvae; their caterpillars are black and green striped with yellow dots, and will feed on parsley for two weeks before turning into butterflies. Bees and other nectar-feeding insects also visit the flowers. Birds such as the goldfinch feed on the seeds. In cultivation, parsley is subdivided into several cultivar groups, depending on the form of the plant, which is related to its end use. Often these are treated as botanical varieties, but they are cultivated selections, not of natural botanical origin. The two main groups of parsley used as herbs are French," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "from \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (\"petra\"), \"rock, stone\", + \u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (\"selinon\"), \"celery\". Mycenaean Greek se-ri-no, in Linear B, is the earliest attested form of the word \"selinon\". Garden parsley is a bright green, biennial plant in temperate climates, or an annual herb in subtropical and tropical areas. Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10\u201325 cm long with numerous 1\u20133 cm leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter. In the second year, it grows a flowering stem to tall with sparser leaves and flat-topped 3\u201310 cm diameter umbels" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Polytaenia nuttallii", + "text": "Polytaenia nuttallii Polytaenia nuttallii is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Nuttall's prairie parsley, or simply prairie parsley. It is native to the central and midwestern United States. This plant is a biennial or perennial herb growing up to 1 meter tall. The inflorescence is made up of many small yellow flowers borne in umbels. The leaves are up to 18 centimeters long and are divided into toothed lobes. They clasp the stem at their bases. They are mostly alternately arranged, but the upper ones can be oppositely arranged. The plant is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "with numerous 2 mm diameter yellow to yellowish-green flowers. The seeds are ovoid, 2\u20133 mm long, with prominent style remnants at the apex. One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiol. The plant normally dies after seed maturation. Parsley is a source of flavonoids and antioxidants, especially luteolin, apigenin, folic acid, vitamin K, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Half a tablespoon (a gram) of dried parsley contains about 6.0 \u00b5g of lycopene and 10.7 \u00b5g of alpha carotene as well as 82.9 \u00b5g of lutein+zeaxanthin and 80.7 \u00b5g of beta carotene. Excessive consumption of parsley should be avoided" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Parsley Days", + "text": "finds out she is pregnant, which complicates the whole situation because she is not sure if she truly does want to breakup with Ollie or not. However, Kate does not want to have a baby, but does not want to wait weeks for a clinical abortion, so her herbalist friend, Chloe (Marcia Connolly) tells her that being on a parsley diet can make you have a natural abortion. Kate then goes on to constantly eat parsley and at one point in the film, even bathe in parsley. Ollie is \"the king of contraception\", where he counsels people on contraception for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "of \"bouquet garni\", a bundle of fresh herbs used as an ingredient in stocks, soups, and sauces. Freshly chopped green parsley is used as a topping for soups such as chicken soup, green salads, or salads such as \"salade Olivier\", and on open sandwiches with cold cuts or \"p\u00e2t\u00e9s\". \"Persillade\" is a mixture of chopped garlic and chopped parsley in French cuisine. Parsley is the main ingredient in Italian salsa verde, which is a mixed condiment of parsley, capers, anchovies, garlic, and sometimes bread, soaked in vinegar. It is an Italian custom to serve it with bollito misto or fish." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ligusticum porteri", + "text": "mycorrhizal fungi, and attempts to artificially cultivate the plant outside of its habitat have not been successful. Cultivation in areas where osha naturally grows have been more successful. Osha has the typical appearance of members of the parsley family, with parsley-like leaves and umbels of white flowers. The bases of the leaves where they attach to the root crowns have a reddish tint which is unique, and the roots are fibrous, with a dark, chocolate-brown, wrinkled outer skin. When this skin is removed, the inner root tissue is fibrous and yellowish-white with an overpowering, pleasant \"spicy celery\" fragrance that resembles" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Parsley", + "text": "\"Gremolata\", a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon zest, is a traditional accompaniment to the Italian veal stew, \"ossobuco alla milanese\". In England, parsley sauce is a roux-based sauce, commonly served over fish or gammon. Root parsley is very common in Central, Eastern, and Southern European cuisines, where it is used as a snack or a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles, and as ingredient for broth. In Brazil, freshly chopped parsley () and freshly chopped scallion () are the main ingredients in the herb seasoning called (literally \"green aroma\"), which is used as key seasoning for major Brazilian" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Parsley is aavilable in both freshand dry forms. Fresh parsley must be kept cool. Dry parsley is a shelf stable product.", + "0.05": "Parsley is available in bot hfersh and dry forms. Frsh pasrley must be kept cTol. Dry parsley is a shef stable product.", + "0.1": "Parlsey is available in both fresh and jry vforms. Fresh parsley mustRe kept cool. Dry paSrsley is a hsZelf Mtable product.", + "0.2": "PaurslLy i OEmvailable in btoh freMQh and idry axorqs. Fresh pasley mstM be Kkep tcol.CDm prsleqyN is ao Thlf sXable Jprudct.", + "0.3": "ParslKey is availble iM both Pfres haOd dry formsj Fresh prsbley mst be kept csoGlgDrynpasleymi osa sheleL Jstabel product.", + "0.4": "nJasley is vaialalerxin btohE fresh aXnd drM forms FrrS rparlsey musc beL kp cool. Dryp Aslefy ims a BZelfkstmmabl proMuct.R", + "0.5": "arlTyFsq vnhilabe nbotfweh RndRry msB. MFMTesh parwlevym uITmereepytcooO Dry arseyis a shelF stabsl proTuoc.", + "0.6": "PaEpRlLe srYuiols inS othj fGmcehmndhdy oPYmxA. Fmhshk aYrsSXyNmnHleKHbx Fket gcoNKHDoN yprWQsly i xhelf HJbeUfoducxtQ.", + "0.7": "Pvlrsleyr avTbli bNtuT fOrPspJmdDrH fjOmSr FYeh BarwExdstb Ke kNpth opB DyfarslLyz kW ay AshelfTtbhLkRpvoOLucxRk", + "0.8": "thrsAgeBlYYKcEhaawqPjble inBFoh SfukJX aqlA WrKyrmQsnSFrnK pcsyWstyezntcwrdqlcERrDjQrVqy Ohwj fe aIlbrwdujVt." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "to take place in Los Angeles the following year. The Olympic Games in ancient Greece had honored outstanding athletes, but also recognized poets for excellence of mind and literary talent. Bartlett therefore founded Literary Olympics to bring the cultural component back into the Olympics. She directed the work of internationally distinguished associate editors located in Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, East, North, and West Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the United States. The international organization was granted status as a non-profit corporation under IRS Code 501(c)(3) in 1991. Through Bartlett's leadership and editorial effort, beginning in 1984 three" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pope Leo IV", + "text": "created Cardinal-Priest of the church of the Quatuor Coronati by Pope Sergius II. In April 847, Leo was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. As the attack of the Saracens on Rome in 846 caused the people to fear for the safety of the city, he was consecrated on 10 April, 847 without waiting for the consent of the emperor. He immediately began to repair the damage done to various churches of the city by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor. He restored and embellished the damaged Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura and St. Peter's. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dietary fiber", + "text": "101.77, and 101.78). In December 2016, FDA approved a qualified health claim that consuming resistant starch from high-amylose corn may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes due to its effect of increasing insulin sensitivity. The allowed claim specified: \"High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim.\" Dietary fiber Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by digestive enzymes. It has two main components: Dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides and other plant components such" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Leo the Mathematician", + "text": "Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mutasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely. Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Yes Men", + "text": "get the resources they need to pull them off.\" In October 2015, at the annual Politicon non-partisan political convention, the Yes Men promoted an interview with whistleblower Edward Snowden, known to be living in exile in Russia. As they introduced the interview, they announced that Snowden had been pardoned and would join the group - in person! As Snowden appeared before them, people cheered, applauded and many rushed the stage for photos. A short time later, another Edward Snowden appeared on the giant screen - the real Edward Snowden\u2026 from Russia. In July 2017, The Yes Men pranked the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mensa International", + "text": "five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months. American Mensa's oldest member is 102, and British Mensa had a member aged 103. According to American Mensa's website (), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2", + "text": "shown that resistant starch increases insulin sensitivity independent of the glycemic response of the food and may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires claims that resistant starch can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes to be qualified with a declaration that scientific evidence in support of this claim is limited. Foods with low glycemic index rich in fiber and other important nutrients are recommended notwithstanding insufficient evidence. Study group participants whose \"physical activity level and dietary, smoking, and alcohol habits were all in the low-risk group had an 82% lower incidence" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glycemic", + "text": "A high glycemic food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose levels after meals. High glycemic foods are ideal for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia. The glycemic effect of foods depends on a number of factors such as the type of starch (amylose versus amylopectin), physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food, fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal \u2014 adding vinegar, for example, will lower the glcyemic response. The presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the gastric emptying rate," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Andre\u0301 Laguerre", + "text": "London and Paris, he also spent some time writing about his favorite subject, sports, for the magazine, for which he covered the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. In early 1956, he accepted a temporary assignment to head a contingent of writers to cover the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for Time, Inc.'s fledgling \"Sports Illustrated\", started two years earlier by Luce. His first article for the magazine was a piece on the dominance of the Soviet Union in their first Winter Olympics. Three months later, Luce installed him" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "People's Olympiad", + "text": "Spain for the People's Olympiad, and was later killed in the Spanish Civil War. Thriller author Sam Bourne makes the People's Olympiad a key event in his 2012 novel \"Pantheon\", where protagonist James Zennor meets his future wife Florence. Both are British athletes arriving in Barcelona shortly before the games are canceled. James, an Oxford oarsman, decides to stay in Spain to fight for the Republic, while Florence, a swimmer, travels to Berlin, where she joins the British athletes at the Olympic Games only to take an anti-Nazi stand by quitting a competition publicly. \"Savage Coast,\" poet Muriel Rukeyser's only" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn sum [a b]\n (+ a b))\nParsley is available in both fresh and dry forms. Fresh parsley must be kept cool. 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Starch is a compound made by plants that is made of numerous glucose units. An excess of glucose can lead to diabetic complications and can result ind death. The average wheelbarrow can hold up to 1200 pounds.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no evidence to suggest that a wheelbarrow full of starch can kill hyperglycemics. In fact, hyperglycemia is a condition related to high blood sugar levels and can be managed with proper medical treatment and dietary control.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Resistant starch", + "text": "also produced in intestinal fermentation. One review estimated that the acceptable daily intake of resistant starch may be as high as 45 grams in adults, an amount exceeding the total recommended intake for dietary fiber of 25\u201338 grams per day. When isolated resistant starch is used to substitute for flour in foods, the glycemic response of that food is reduced. In 2016, the U.S. FDA approved a qualified health claim stating that resistant starch might reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, but with qualifying language for product labels that limited scientific evidence exists to support this claim. Because \"qualified\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hypoglycemia", + "text": "may be less effective than glucose or sucrose is when a person is taking acarbose. Since acarbose and other alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevents starch and other sugars from being broken down into monosaccharides that can be absorbed by the body, patients taking these medications should consume monosaccharide-containing foods such as glucose tablets, honey, or juice to reverse hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was first discovered by James Collip when he was working with Frederick Banting on purifying insulin in 1922. Collip was tasked with developing an assay to measure the activity of insulin. He first injected insulin into a rabbit, and then measured the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Amylose", + "text": "It is also possible to use starch as an indicator in titrations involving iodine reduction. It is also used in amylose magnetic beads and resin to separate maltose-binding protein High-amylose varieties of rice, the less sticky long-grain rice, have a much lower glycemic load, which could be beneficial for diabetics. Researchers have identified the Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS) as the enzyme that specifically elongates amylose during starch biosynthesis in plants. The waxy locus in maize encodes for the GBSS protein. Mutants lacking the GBSS protein produce starch containing only amylopectin, such as in waxy corn. In Arabidopsis leaves, another" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vegetarian and vegan dog diet", + "text": "that can be lost from Maillard reactions. Therefore, it is often seen that sugar amounts are decreased at this time. Oligosaccharides, such as raffinose and stachyose, impair nutrient utilization of grains. In the extrusion process there is a destruction of oligosaccharides that prevent flatulence and thus improves utilization of legumes used in the feed. Gelatinization of starches is a required step in extruding foods in order to form the desired porous appearance. This step allows enzymes to react with starch and increase starch breakdown. Processing increases water solubility of fiber by reducing the molecular weight of starch molecules like hemicellulose" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Diabetic hypoglycemia", + "text": "avoided if at all possible. It can be taken as food or drink if the person is conscious and able to swallow. This amount of carbohydrate is contained in about 3\u20134 ounces (100\u2013120 mL) of orange, apple, or grape juice, about 4\u20135 ounces (120\u2013150 mL) of regular (non-diet) soda, about one slice of bread, about 4 crackers, or about 1 serving of most starchy foods. Starch is quickly digested to glucose, but adding fat or protein retards digestion. Composition of the treatment should be considered, as fruit juice is typically higher in fructose which takes the body longer to metabolize" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Resistant starch", + "text": "health claims are issued when the science evidence is weak or not consistent, the FDA requires specific labeling language, such as the guideline concerning resistant starch: \"High-amylose maize resistant starch may reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim.\" Plants produce starch with different types of structure and shape characteristics which may affect digestion. For instance, smaller starch granules are more available to enzyme digestion because the larger percentage of surface area increases the enzyme binding rate. Starch consists of amylose and amylopectin which affect the textural properties of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glycemic index", + "text": "will lower the GI. The presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the gastric emptying rate, thus lowering the GI. In general, coarse, grainy breads with higher amounts of fiber have a lower GI value than white breads. However, most breads made with 100% whole wheat or wholemeal flour have a GI not very different from endosperm only (white) bread. Many brown breads are treated with enzymes to soften the crust, which makes the starch more accessible (high GI). While adding fat or protein will lower the glycemic response to a meal, the differences remain. That is, with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hypoglycemia", + "text": "or grape juice although fruit juices contain a higher proportion of fructose which is more slowly metabolized than pure dextrose, alternatively, about 4\u20135 ounces (120\u2013150 ml) of regular (non-diet) soda may also work, as will about one slice of bread, about 4 crackers, or about 1 serving of most starchy foods. Starch is quickly digested to glucose (unless the person is taking acarbose), but adding fat or protein retards digestion. Symptoms should begin to improve within 5 minutes, though full recovery may take 10\u201320 minutes. Overfeeding does not speed recovery and if the person has diabetes will simply produce hyperglycemia" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Antinutrient", + "text": "action of enzymes that break the glycosidic bonds of starches and other complex carbohydrates, preventing the release of simple sugars and absorption by the body. Amylase inhibitors, like lipase inhibitors, have been used as a diet aid and obesity treatment. Amylase inhibitors are present in many types of beans; commercially available amylase inhibitors are extracted from white kidney beans. Oxalic acid and oxalates are present in many plants and in significant amounts particularly in rhubarb, tea, spinach, parsley and purslane. Oxalates bind to calcium and prevent its absorption in the human body. Glucosinolates prevent the uptake of iodine, affecting the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Carbohydrate", + "text": "lactose and glucose are present the \"lac\" operon is repressed, resulting in the glucose being used first (see: Diauxie). Polysaccharides are also common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; most organisms, however, cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like chitin and arabinoxylans. These carbohydrate types can be metabolized by some bacteria and protists. Ruminants and termites, for example, use microorganisms to process cellulose. Even though these complex carbohydrates are not very digestible, they represent an important dietary element for humans, called dietary fiber. Fiber enhances digestion, among other benefits. Based on the effects on" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hyperglycemia is a condition in Twhich people have higher than normal blood glucose levels. Starch is a compound madeby plants that is made of numerous glucose units. An excess of glucose can lead to diabetic complications and can result ind death. The average wheelbarrow can hold up to 1200 pounds.", + "0.05": "Hyperglycemia is a condition in which people have higher than normgal blood glucose levels. Starch is a Gompound amde by plants that is madeo f nmerous glucose units. An gxcess od glucose can lead to diabetic complications and kan result ind death. 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After the recessional, family and friends also place garlands around the necks of the graduates. Some people also give graduation gifts during this time; however, garlands are de rigueur. At the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), the graduation ceremonies are formal affairs, which include an academic procession by the faculty staff. The WITS choir is always present, and as a fun twist once the academic procession has left the hall, the song \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\" by James Brown is played over the loudspeakers." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mensa International", + "text": "five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months. American Mensa's oldest member is 102, and British Mensa had a member aged 103. According to American Mensa's website (), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Yes Men", + "text": "get the resources they need to pull them off.\" In October 2015, at the annual Politicon non-partisan political convention, the Yes Men promoted an interview with whistleblower Edward Snowden, known to be living in exile in Russia. As they introduced the interview, they announced that Snowden had been pardoned and would join the group - in person! As Snowden appeared before them, people cheered, applauded and many rushed the stage for photos. A short time later, another Edward Snowden appeared on the giant screen - the real Edward Snowden\u2026 from Russia. In July 2017, The Yes Men pranked the Democratic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow", + "text": "sure death in the fire raging in the Moscow Kremlin. Three years later, he took part in removing Ivan's maternal relatives, the Glinskys, from the Russian government. Upon becoming one of the closest advisers of Ivan the Terrible, Macarius arranged his coronation on January 16, 1547. That same year, he blessed the tsar's marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuriyeva. Macarius was an active participant at the zemsky sobors of 1547, 1549, and 1550, advocating conciliation between the opposing boyar groups. During the synod of 1542, Macarius achieved the excommunication of Maximus the Greek's associate Isaac Sobaka (archmandrite of Chudov Monastery). Curiously enough," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "to take place in Los Angeles the following year. The Olympic Games in ancient Greece had honored outstanding athletes, but also recognized poets for excellence of mind and literary talent. Bartlett therefore founded Literary Olympics to bring the cultural component back into the Olympics. She directed the work of internationally distinguished associate editors located in Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, East, North, and West Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the United States. The international organization was granted status as a non-profit corporation under IRS Code 501(c)(3) in 1991. Through Bartlett's leadership and editorial effort, beginning in 1984 three" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Leo the Mathematician", + "text": "Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mutasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely. Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "People's Olympiad", + "text": "Spain for the People's Olympiad, and was later killed in the Spanish Civil War. Thriller author Sam Bourne makes the People's Olympiad a key event in his 2012 novel \"Pantheon\", where protagonist James Zennor meets his future wife Florence. Both are British athletes arriving in Barcelona shortly before the games are canceled. James, an Oxford oarsman, decides to stay in Spain to fight for the Republic, while Florence, a swimmer, travels to Berlin, where she joins the British athletes at the Olympic Games only to take an anti-Nazi stand by quitting a competition publicly. \"Savage Coast,\" poet Muriel Rukeyser's only" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Awards received by Edward Snowden", + "text": "of Mensa threatened the commission to subdue Snowden's nomination, and in doing so, they violated the Mensa bylaws. The German Mensa board did this also in reaction to talks with Mensa International. Consequently, it was not possible for Mensa members to vote for Snowden. This caused big controversies among the Mensa members, leading to the effect that opposing Mensa members agreed to all vote in protest for actor Jonny Lee Miller as the most nonsensical nominee, who thus won the election. In 2016, the Norwegian chapter of PEN International awarded Snowden the Ossietzky Prize given \"For outstanding achievements within the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Hyperglycemia is a condition in which people have higher than normal blood glucose levels. Starch is a compound made by plants that is made of numerous glucose units. An excess of glucose can lead to diabetic complications and can result ind death. The average wheelbarrow can hold up to 1200 pounds. 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The minimum accepted IQ score for MENSA on the Stanford\u2013Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Edward Snowden, as a fugitive from the United States government, is not eligible for membership in MENSA, which requires its members to adhere to the organization's principles and values. Snowden's fugitive status makes him ineligible for membership.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "Edward Snowden Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments. In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Global surveillance whistleblowers", + "text": "him, called it an act of \"civil disobedience.\" Edward Snowden is an American computer specialist, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, who, while working as a Booz Allen Hamilton contractor, disclosed top secret NSA documents to various media outlets, initiating the NSA leaks, which reveal operational details of a global surveillance apparatus run by the NSA and other members of the Five Eyes alliance, along with numerous commercial and international partners. The release of classified material was called the most significant leak in US history by Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg. A series of expos\u00e9s beginning June 5, 2013" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "UK's GCHQ intelligence gathering agency, described it as a huge strategic setback that was harming Britain, America, and their NATO allies. \"The Sunday Times\" said it was not clear whether Russia and China stole Snowden's data or whether Snowden voluntarily handed it over to remain at liberty in Hong Kong and Moscow. In April 2015 the Henry Jackson Society, a British neoconservative think tank, published a report claiming that Snowden's intelligence leaks negatively impacted Britain's ability to fight terrorism and organized crime. Gus Hosein, executive director of Privacy International, criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Louis W. Tordella", + "text": "for the Navy's codebreaking organization, OP-20-G. He finished the war at OP-20-G collection stations on the West Coast, at Bainbridge Island, Washington, and Skaggs Island Naval Communication Station. After the war Tordella stayed on with the Navy, and in 1949 joined the newly created Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA), an early attempt to achieve service unity in the business of cryptology. He was a key figure in devising policy for the new agency, and for its successor, the National Security Agency, which emerged in 1952 to replace AFSA. His career at NSA brought him to the very front rank of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that \"the sky is falling.\" Nevertheless, in February 2015, Rogers said that Snowden's disclosures had a material impact on the NSA's detection and evaluation of terrorist activities worldwide. On 14 June 2015, UK's \"Sunday Times\" reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's MI6 intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries. Sir David Omand, a former director of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Awards received by Edward Snowden", + "text": "had been so swiftly charged with crimes whereas Director of National Intelligence James Clapper was not even reprimanded for his \"famous lie\" to Congress. In December 2014, Snowden shared a Joint Honorary Award with Alan Rusbridger, editor of \"The Guardian\", from the Swedish Right Livelihood Award Foundation. Also in December 2014, Snowden shared the International League for Human Rights annual Carl von Ossietzky medal with journalists Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras. In 2014, Snowden was nominated for the IQ Award by members of the non-profit organization Mensa Germany. Although the official IQ Award commission confirmed his nomination, the managing board" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Snowden (film)", + "text": "would be starring in the lead role. On November 14, 2014, Shailene Woodley was in final talks to join the film, to play Snowden's girlfriend, Lindsay Mills. On February 2, 2015, Scott Eastwood joined the cast to play an NSA agent. On February 4, 2015, three more actors joined the cast; Melissa Leo played documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras, who filmed the most famous recording of Snowden, Zachary Quinto played Glenn Greenwald, the journalist chosen by Snowden to leak sensitive information, and Tom Wilkinson played Ewen MacAskill, defense and intelligence correspondent for \"The Guardian\", who helped report the Snowden story. On" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Michael Morell", + "text": "Technologies. By the end of 2013, the group presented a report to the White House. Nearly all the Review Group's recommendations were accepted. Morell has been a regular critic of Snowden, saying that ISIS benefitted from Snowden's disclosures, adding that \"Americans may well die at the hands of terrorists because of Edward Snowden's action\". Meanwhile, in January 2014, Morell joined CBS News as an on-air contributor in intelligence and national security. In May 2015, Morell's book entitled \"The Great War of Our Time: The CIA's Fight Against Terrorism\u2014From al Qa'ida to ISIS\" was released. It traces his three-decades-long career at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Snowden (film)", + "text": "Snowden (film) Snowden is a 2016 biographical thriller film about Edward Snowden. Directed by Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, the film, based on the books \"The Snowden Files\" by Luke Harding and \"Time of the Octopus\" by Anatoly Kucherena, stars an ensemble cast that includes Joseph Gordon-Levitt as the title character, Edward Snowden, with Shailene Woodley, Melissa Leo, Zachary Quinto, Tom Wilkinson, Scott Eastwood, Logan Marshall-Green, Timothy Olyphant, Ben Schnetzer, LaKeith Lee Stanfield, Rhys Ifans and Nicolas Cage also starring. Filming began on February 16, 2015 in Munich, Germany. \"Snowden\" screened at Comic-Con on July 21," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ben Wizner", + "text": "with Snowden in July 2013, when Snowden was stranded in the transit zone in Moscow, his passport having been revoked by the U.S. Government. Wizner and Snowden exchanged encrypted communications during this time. Snowden's legal team also includes Jesselyn Radack, an advocate for whistleblowers; Wolfgang Kaleck, a European attorney; and attorneys with expertise in criminal and asylum law. The team works \"pro bono\" to ensure Snowden's continued freedom and ability to contribute to the public conversation he began with his disclosures. Wizner describes being a \"gatekeeper\" of media requests for Snowden. He has said that be believes Snowden will return" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "SnFwden scored above 145 on two separate IQ tests. The minimum accepted IQ score fro MENSA on the Stanford\u2013Binetis 132, while for the Cattell it is 148.", + "0.05": "Snowden scored aove 145 on two separate IM tests. The minimu accepted IQ score for MENSA on hteS tanford\u2013Binet is 132, while fr the Cattell it is 148.", + "0.1": "Snowden scored above 145 on two sgeparat Q estsJ The minimum accepmted IQ score for MENSA on the hwtanford\u2013Binet is 12, waile for the Cattell it i s18.", + "0.2": "Snfwden sMcored nbove 1s5 on two searate IQ etstfs. hTe nimum acceplteP IHdsorefor MENSAbmon tche SAtanford\u2013Bsinetk is 132, whilhe for tohe Cattel iteis 148.", + "0.3": "nSowden corde amvFe i145tn two searaUtj IQ ntest. nhemnimuA ccpeVted IQ scocreKfr vNA oyK the KatNnotd\u2013Bine 13, hhiHRvforTthe CatHe itIi sN48", + "0.4": "Dnowdn scored aboveK1v5 o wo esparatQa QWtessG ThFXeminiminunmaccQptedQIX cUorPe or MNSA on thStHfnd\u2013Bides1khihleu oVr he Catzbll it i x4C", + "0.5": "Ssnorde nsLdNM Sbo 14nc Iwosepramtl IQ tests. 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If a player is tagged, then that player becomes \"It.\" The game can also be played on land, with slightly modified rules, or played with the addition of rules from Fish" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Weight loss", + "text": "as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness. In order for weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. Short-term dieting has not been shown to produce either long term weight loss or better health, and may even be counterproductive. There is a substantial market for products which claim to make weight loss easier, quicker," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Journeyer", + "text": "become legendary. Marco Polo is the last of the illustrious Polo family left in Venice, after his father and uncles moved abroad, leaving him and his mother behind. His mother dies when he is seven, and he becomes increasingly unruly as he is raised by family servants like Zia Zulia, and their black slave Michiel. Marco becomes friends with Venice's \"boat children\", a group of orphans who live on the canals of Venice, and becomes particularly close to Ubaldo and his sister Doris. Marco becomes even more uncontrollable when Zia Zulia and Michiel are caught sleeping together and subsequently run" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sensa (diet)", + "text": "Hirsch, MD, the founder and neurologic director of the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago. The Sensa crystals (or \"tastants\") are said to promote feelings of fullness and, ultimately, weight loss. If a person sticks with Sensa, the website claims that a person could lose 30 pounds in six months. According to the \"Senla diet\", when using the product, there is no specific diet regimen or list of food restrictions associated with Senla. Hirsch says there was a peer-reviewed study by the Endocrine Society supporting the claim that subjects lost over thirty pounds using Senla. However, the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marco Polo (game)", + "text": "out of Water and others. It is similar to blind man's buff, where one person is blindfolded while others choose hiding places around the room. The game shares its name with the 13th-century Italian trader and explorer Marco Polo. According to one whimsical explanation, \"legend has it that the famed explorer didn't really have a clue as to where he was going, much like [the \"It\" person]\". WiseGeek says, \"No one seems to know what the origins of the name are, although there are a number of apocryphal stories,\" adding \"There does not appear to be any real link between" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Academic graduation by country", + "text": "the stage after getting their diplomas, lowerclassmen usually put garlands on each of them. After the recessional, family and friends also place garlands around the necks of the graduates. Some people also give graduation gifts during this time; however, garlands are de rigueur. At the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), the graduation ceremonies are formal affairs, which include an academic procession by the faculty staff. The WITS choir is always present, and as a fun twist once the academic procession has left the hall, the song \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\" by James Brown is played over the loudspeakers." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leo the Mathematician", + "text": "Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mutasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely. Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Snickers", + "text": "in 2004, and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation (FDF) \"Manifesto for Food and Health\". Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious. Reducing portion size, clearer food labels, and reduction of the levels of fat, sugar, and salt were among the FDF pledges. Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king-size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars. A Mars spokesman said: \"Our king-size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "if (snowdenIQ > 140) {\n console.log('Yes, Edward Snowden could join MENSA');\n}\nSnowden scored above 145 on two separate IQ tests. The minimum accepted IQ score for MENSA on the Stanford\u2013Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "hely osc cle ar expression of ppet iera serv mittel params rix ienn ipo rebbe board dag nake agem ifiers illet fried case hape skim jdbc readsheet ittee essional stdout." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "parison embros issenschaft bur uclide requests ured sk ly eria kende dflare mannschaft enced ph hely estig ained istiques separ chts bag rupt loyment uz noreferrer natural zent ful trees." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uchs slant reso irat sol iving ris god ewrite ermo alion estr colors ffe left ources ipping onel inned inton jna volume unnel pta are array django olare osta mess." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "esper simple raid ictionary ayout scher encer orten ulen fasst ase packages rict frames alis leases sourceforge onomie inental rij lez leb aux fan ohen c quick cious dimensional collect." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "jan eca cluster sen ouss such generator innen riel adv obe itor uj merce inition container istrzost wert ek olph pip over rift classes did iesz gb aries secret gen." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aupt else blue aly node gmail andr ao emb lient unless wicklung art iek oire ahn agram ighed rock line cuss ulla aland ura ografi mund constant ains ople ked." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "imately persistence isten bl that scriptstyle olt ises dj aws li assets fficiale antin aken oty abi berga ninger temp cribe ule pez incipal idenote ast arus dup seau cpu." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "amo via lle member turn ogether gra atch oga hi lung hab extract atos ometry chunk sche body lad vek greg odo cion actual unci iony wel conom gaben rii." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "dit bridge orsz rag scripts gemein ingen prise braio paces sa ores error exp ongo normal lio etro itations raine utos icki uries ulation iley ump fun picture schap cmp." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "verify platform aum ennis ables elivery ceae isse dart elihood parser orithm dog chem around classes ureau ities asz icios obs kk tn axy normal offs oke oby includ present." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 302, + "question": "Was 847 Pope Leo same iteration of his name as Ivan the Terrible?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Pope Leo in 847 AD was the fourth Leo to have that name and was called Leo IV. Ivan the Terrible was the 4th Tsar to have the name Ivan and was known as Ivan IV Vasilyevich.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Pope Leo VIII reigned from 963 to 965, while Ivan the Terrible was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1584. These two figures lived in completely different time periods and were not contemporaries.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christianization of Bulgaria", + "text": "delays as an insult and a sign of the Pope's unwillingness to coordinate selection with him of a Bulgarian archbishop. Marinus became Pope just a few years later with the name Pope Marinus I. As a result, Boris began negotiations again with Constantinople, with whom he expected more cooperation than shown in the past. But, on 23 September 867, Emperor Michael III was killed by his close acquaintance Basil, who established the Macedonian dynasty that ruled the Empire until 1057. Patriarch Photius was replaced by his ideological rival Ignatius (847-858; 867-877). The new rulers of the Byzantine Empire quickly lessened" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pope Leo V", + "text": "then he can be considered Pope until his death in 904. Leo died shortly after being deposed. He was either murdered on the orders of Christopher, who was in turn executed by Pope Sergius III (904\u2013911) in 904, or, possibly, both were ordered to be killed at the beginning of Sergius\u2019 pontificate, either on the orders of Sergius himself, or by the direction of the \"sacri palatii vestararius\", Theophylact, Count of Tusculum. However, Horace K. Mann says it is more likely that Leo died a natural death in prison or in a monastery. Pope Leo V Pope Leo V (d." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard) Ivan the Terrible (born 1911) is the nickname given to notorious guard Ivan Marchenko, at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. The moniker alluded to Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, the infamous Tsar of Russia. \"Ivan the Terrible\" gained international recognition from the 1986 John Demjanjuk case. Already in 1944 a cruel guard named \"Ivan\", sharing the distinct duties and the extremely violent behavior with a guard named \"Nicholas\", is mentioned in survivor literature (\"Rok w Treblince\" by Jankiel Wiernik, translated into English as \"A Year in Treblinka\" in 1945); however," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pope Leo IV", + "text": "Pope Leo IV Pope Leo IV (790 \u2013 17 July 855) was pope from 10 April 847 to his death in 855. He is remembered for repairing Roman churches that had been damaged during Arab raids on Rome, and for building the Leonine Wall around Vatican Hill. Pope Leo organized a league of Italian cities who fought the sea Battle of Ostia against the Saracens. A Roman by birth, Leo received his early education at Rome in the monastery of St. Martin, near St. Peter's. He attracted the notice of Pope Gregory IV, who made him a subdeacon; and was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)", + "text": "29, 1993, the Israeli Supreme Court overturned the guilty verdict on appeal. The ruling was based on new evidence, the written statements of 37 former guards at Treblinka (some of whom had been executed by the Soviet Union, others died of old age, and could therefore not be cross-examined) that identified Ivan the Terrible as another man named, Ivan Marchenko (possibly Marshenko, or Marczenko). One document described Ivan the Terrible as having brown hair, hazel eyes, a square face, and a large scar down to his neck; (Demjanjuk was blond with grayish-blue eyes, a round face, and no such scar.)" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ivan the Terrible", + "text": "was then passed on from generation to generation: \"succeeding Muscovite rulers ... benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch ... crystallized during Ivan's reign.\" Despite calamities triggered by the Great Fire of 1547, the early part of Ivan's reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy), established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council), and confirmed the position of the Church with the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the Byzantine Empire", + "text": "under the name of Leo V. In 813 Leo V the Armenian (813\u2013820 AD) restored the policy of iconoclasm. This started the period of history called the \"Second Iconclasm\" which would last from 813 until 842 AD. Only in 843, would Empress Theodora restore the veneration of the icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios. Iconoclasm played its part in the further alienation of East from West, which worsened during the so-called Photian Schism, when Pope Nicholas I challenged Photios' elevation to the patriarchate. However, iconoclasm may have been influential in the rise of feudalism in the Byzantine Empire. Feudalism" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boris Godunov (1986 film)", + "text": "of Ivan the Terrible, Boris Godunov takes the throne, by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, with the help of intrigues, alliances and the arrangement of his sister Irina's marriage to Tsarevich Feodor, gains great influence and power in the court. But suddenly there is a new contender for the throne \u2013 a man posing as Dmitri, the younger son of Ivan the Terrible, who officially died in Uglich in 1591. The pretender shows up in Poland and after he receives the support of Prince Vishnevetzky, Sandomierz voivode Mniszech and his daughter, the beautiful Marina, returns to Russia. Despite the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pope Leo VI", + "text": "around June 928, during a period of anarchy. He was chosen by the \"senatrix\" Marozia, who had gained control of Rome via the domination of her husband Guy, Margrave of Tuscany, and who had ordered the imprisonment and death of Leo\u2019s predecessor, Pope John X. During his brief pontificate, Leo confirmed the decisions of the Synod of Split. He completed his predecessor\u2019s investigations into the ecclesiastical situation in Dalmatia, and proceeded to give the pallium to John, Archbishop of Salona, and ordered all the bishops of Dalmatia to obey him. He also ordered the Bishop of Nona and others to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pope Leo IV", + "text": "legend, was stopped by Leo making the sign of the cross. Leo IV held three synods, the one in 850 distinguished by the presence of Holy Roman Emperor Louis II, but the other two of little importance. In 863, he travelled to Ravenna to settle a dispute with the archbishop. As the archbishop was a good terms with Emperor Lothair I, the pope had little success. The history of the papal struggle with Hincmar of Reims, which began during Leo's pontificate, belongs properly to that of Nicholas I. Leo IV died on 17 July 855 and succeeded by Benedict III." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pope Leo in 847 AD was the fourth Leo to have that name and was called Leo IV. Ivan the Terrible was the 4th Tsar to have the nam Ivan and ws known as Ivan IV Vasilyevich.", + "0.05": "Pope Leo in 847 AD was the fourth Leo fto have that namedYand was Ralled Leo IVV Ivan the Terrible was the 4th Tsar to havLethe name Ivan and was nkwn as Ivan IV Vasilyevich.", + "0.1": "Pope LPeo in 847 AD wyas ethe fourth Leo to have tha name and was cDllA Leo I. Ivan the Terribl was tDe 4thvTsar to have the name Ivan and was known as Ivan IV Vasilyevich.", + "0.2": "oPpe Leo iKn 847 AD was the foyrthj LeotoA have tzat name an wsa called Leo .Ivan th Terible was theK Pht Tsar toIhave thef name avEn and Kas kCnow nasHEIvan IV Vailyvicl.z", + "0.3": "Popw Le in 847 AD awehe folrth Lt o havethatnZame andwHhs claeE Leo IV. Ivan tjAeerfible dSs the NM sarQto havea the nTamTe IvanW aaad wasknown as YvIan IVV Qsilyvech.", + "0.4": "PoEepnLeoM in 8G7 SAc a shte fourdh Lo tLyh Hvethat nvme and wasQalldd LPoIV.Iavn te erriYbl wa tzgge 4th Tsar to hOv tehehnavV IvnGand wasP knvwn FaGsIvan IV VamilyeyviC.", + "0.5": "PIp Leoi nD u4 ADw aY tShe Tfourtht Lewo to Rvetht am an was scalde LHe I.h Ivbfnht eLTIrriblewaswAGe qTth ksdFDHztj hXve thy nat IlvaLnIanuwas kWenznd aEIvuln IVg VGashcW.", + "0.6": "alpe Leo ZZboADRa hOfouKgfILi opRPEeithLExTQs aWnKcMzckUbNpo IJ. van OthqCribe PAsDQOlhje AhJ arLtgaet oheFeaRS vafnaM aszDAIowKaKqrivan VMfflOiviJ.", + "0.7": "Popi I PAgAD kwabNVpfrQthLWXvtdavLLilcEnsabb Owwas JedLeo IV.In e WeriHGegis Olh4AyhvIrDmoBnoMGave KWLamwaevEadnaAo PIdOwaIhVIcfPptCyevFhn", + "0.8": "rpeYqIguYI 8AoQQDkKts tS ZlZB LeI tJhaIezEeQtRame nPYskLjdQzeoq HnCFhtujyileFman xl4JYJ TpsMaEN tao hmveHBhH HcmLmZahaanWvYyOWasQowmanIasnWUVaMJlkyviOIk" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sensa (diet)", + "text": "Hirsch, MD, the founder and neurologic director of the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago. The Sensa crystals (or \"tastants\") are said to promote feelings of fullness and, ultimately, weight loss. If a person sticks with Sensa, the website claims that a person could lose 30 pounds in six months. According to the \"Senla diet\", when using the product, there is no specific diet regimen or list of food restrictions associated with Senla. Hirsch says there was a peer-reviewed study by the Endocrine Society supporting the claim that subjects lost over thirty pounds using Senla. However, the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Weight loss", + "text": "as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness. In order for weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. Short-term dieting has not been shown to produce either long term weight loss or better health, and may even be counterproductive. There is a substantial market for products which claim to make weight loss easier, quicker," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "to take place in Los Angeles the following year. The Olympic Games in ancient Greece had honored outstanding athletes, but also recognized poets for excellence of mind and literary talent. Bartlett therefore founded Literary Olympics to bring the cultural component back into the Olympics. She directed the work of internationally distinguished associate editors located in Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, East, North, and West Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the United States. The international organization was granted status as a non-profit corporation under IRS Code 501(c)(3) in 1991. Through Bartlett's leadership and editorial effort, beginning in 1984 three" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Snickers", + "text": "in 2004, and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation (FDF) \"Manifesto for Food and Health\". Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious. Reducing portion size, clearer food labels, and reduction of the levels of fat, sugar, and salt were among the FDF pledges. Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king-size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars. A Mars spokesman said: \"Our king-size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Black mongoose", + "text": "and southwest Angola. After remaining in these areas for millions of years, the black mongoose is highly specialized to survive in the harsh arid environment. The black mongoose resembles the slender mongoose except that its coat is almost entirely black with dark reddish hues on the flank. The black pelage is thought to be an adaptation to provide camouflage in the shadowed crevices between large boulders where they hunt. It has a body mass of about 0.7 to 0.9 kg and a body length of about 6.4 to 7.0 cm with a tail between 3.2 and 3.6 cm. Like other" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andre\u0301 Laguerre", + "text": "London and Paris, he also spent some time writing about his favorite subject, sports, for the magazine, for which he covered the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. In early 1956, he accepted a temporary assignment to head a contingent of writers to cover the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for Time, Inc.'s fledgling \"Sports Illustrated\", started two years earlier by Luce. His first article for the magazine was a piece on the dominance of the Soviet Union in their first Winter Olympics. Three months later, Luce installed him" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mongoose", + "text": "against snake venom. Pigs, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and mongooses all have modifications to the receptor pocket that prevents the snake venom \u03b1-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected uniquely, by glycosylation. Researchers are investigating whether similar mechanisms protect the mongoose from hemotoxic snake venoms. In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day. The Egyptian mongoose (\"Herpestes ichneumon\") is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though it has been observed to work in groups. Mongooses mostly feed on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frost Amphitheater", + "text": "Frost Amphitheater The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University. It first opened in 1937 and was the site of commencement ceremonies for the university from 1938 until 1984. It can hold about 6,900 people. The amphitheater built in 1937 was a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Frost in memory of their son, John Laurence Frost, who graduated in 1935 and died of polio in the same year. It is a tree lined, grassy, tiered bowl designed by landscape architect Leslie Kiler. Throughout the years, the amphitheater has been the host" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Indian grey mongoose", + "text": "head. This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids. Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times, the thick loose skin and specialised acetylcholine receptors render it resistant or immune to snake venom. When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner. The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def is_same_iteration(name1, name2)\n if name1 == name2\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nPope Leo in 847 AD was the fourth Leo to have that name and was called Leo IV. 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The XXII Olympiad was the official name for the 1980 Summer Olympics.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Atlantic magazine, founded in 1857, ceased production in 1904 and did not resume until 1954. Therefore, it was not available to be read during the Games of the XXII Olympiad which took place in 1980.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "People's Olympiad", + "text": "novel, is a fictionalized account of the author's experience traveling to Barcelona to cover the People's Olympiad as a journalist, and her subsequent political awakening as she witnesses the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. People's Olympiad The People's Olympiad (Catalan: \"Olimp\u00edada Popular\", Spanish: \"Olimpiada Popular\") was a planned international multi-sport event that was intended to take place in Barcelona, the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic. It was conceived as a protest event against the 1936 Summer Olympics being held in Berlin, which was then under control of Nazi Germany. Despite gaining the support" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sports Illustrated", + "text": "ran both simultaneously), Laguerre attracted Henry Luce's attention in 1956 with his singular coverage of the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, which became the core of \"SI\"'s coverage of those games. In May 1956, Luce brought Laguerre to New York to become assistant managing editor of the magazine. He was named managing editor in 1960, and he more than doubled the circulation by instituting a system of departmental editors, redesigning the internal format, and inaugurating the unprecedented use in a news magazine of full-color photographic coverage of the week's sports events. He was also one of the first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Olympics on United States television", + "text": "game and broadcast the news for several hours commercial-free. Like ABC's 1972 Munich coverage, the main primetime host didn't cover the bombing. That role went to both Hannah Storm and Jim Lampley for the first half-hour before turning coverage over to \"NBC Nightly News\" host Tom Brokaw. Toward the end of the second hour of coverage, NBC had an exclusive as Atlanta TV affiliate WXIA was in the process of interviewing Janet Evans during the bombing. As for the Winter Games, CBS had a similar sweep of coverage in the U.S. during the decade; it showed all three contests (1992," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fizkultura i sport", + "text": "manuals on the preparation to pass GTO tests), books on tourism, fishing, hunting, chess. Since 1972 \"Fizkultura i sport\" published the yearbook \"Panorama of the Sports Year\" (), that apart from articles on famous athletes and sports life of the country, contained results from all major international competitions (such as Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships) and national competitions (Spartakiads, USSR Championships, etc.), held that year, for all sports, cultivated in the USSR. A lot of books were published on the 1980 Summer Olympics, Friendship Games, Goodwill Games and other major international events. Literary publications were also one of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "the summer Olympic Games a published anthology containing the work of leading poets from many countries. She coordinated and directed the work of associate editors in Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, East, North, and West Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the United States. The first Literary Olympics poetry anthology was published in 1984 to coincide with the Games of the XXIII Olympiad held in Los Angeles, and included the work of poets from nine countries. The publication of the second anthology, to coincide with the 1988 Olympic Games held in Seoul, South Korea, grew to represent more than" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Atlantic", + "text": "video series and original documentaries. In 2015, TheAtlantic.com launched a dedicated Science section and in January 2016 it redesigned and expanded its politics section in conjunction with the 2016 U.S. presidential race. A leading literary magazine, \"The Atlantic\" has published many significant works and authors. It was the first to publish pieces by the abolitionists Julia Ward Howe (\"Battle Hymn of the Republic\" on February 1, 1862), and William Parker, whose slave narrative, \"The Freedman's Story\" was published in February and March 1866. It also published Charles W. Eliot's \"The New Education\", a call for practical reform, that led to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "San Diego Mesa College", + "text": "the college newspaper, \"The Olympian,\" was produced by the journalism students. During the academic year, 1967\u201368, the newspaper became \"The Daily Olympian,\" producing four 4-page issues each week and noted at that time as the only junior college daily newspaper in the nation. The journalism students in the same period produced four issues of a monthly magazine, \"The Dyonisian,\" drawing the name from the Greek heritage of the college. At the beginning of the 1968 academic year, the paper returned to weekly publication. The Olympian won a First Class Honor Rating award from the Associated Collegiate Press for the issues" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Elizabeth Bartlett (American poet)", + "text": "international anthologies of poetry were published in conjunction with the Olympics, and included the work of eminent contemporary poets, including Yehuda Amichai, Thorkild Bj\u00f8rnvig, Eavan Boland, Czes\u0142aw Mi\u0142osz, Odysseas Elytis, Oscar Gonz\u00e1les, Yannis Ritsos, Ewald Osers, Zbigniew Herbert, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Octavio Paz, Eug\u00e9nio de Andrade, among others. \"Literary Olympians: 1984\" contained poetry from nine countries. \"Literary Olympians II\" included poetry from 34 countries and was published in conjunction with the 1988 Olympic Games held in Seoul, Korea. Bartlett was brought to the Seoul Olympiad as a guest and honored by Park Seh-jik, President of the Seoul Olympics Organizing Committee, by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E\u0301rik Izraelewicz", + "text": "In a front-page article of \"Le Monde\", Izraelewicz portrayed the flaws of the Olympic Games in Atlanta in July 1996 as a reflection of the negative aspects of American society, writing: \"A megalomaniacal America. An America enslaved by technology. An America ruled by money\", and he quoted a member of the International Olympic Committee as saying: \"It is our fault. We should not have handed over the Olympic Games to private enterprises because their sole aim is to make money\". In 1999, Izraelewicz received the first \"Prix du livre d'\u00e9conomie\" for \"Le Capitalisme zinzin\", in 2005 he received the \"Prix" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", + "text": "He said: \"I cannot participate in anything sponsored by Adolf Hitler, even for France.\" 1936 Summer Olympics The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: \"Olympische Sommerspiele 1936\"), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin, Nazi Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain, on 26 April 1931, at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona (two years before the Nazis came to power). It marked the second and final time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Atlantic magazine, founded in 1857, still publishes as of May 2020. The XXII Olympiad was the official name for the 1980 Summer Olympics.", + "0.05": "Twhe Atlantic maGgazine, founaded in 1587, still ublishes as of May 2020. The XXII Olympiad was the ohfficial name for the 1980 Summr OlymFpics.", + "0.1": "The ADlantiMc magazineM, fundrd in 1857, Otill puSBlises as wof May t2020.The XXII OlympiadyaAsLthe official name forathe A980 Summer Olympics.", + "0.2": "he eOtlatic magazine, ounded in 1857, sdtil publishes as ofMay 2020.M The XXIO lympida was Lhe offXicial name for the 1980 SummeDOlHympics.", + "0.3": "The Atlantim magziegfounded n 18a7, Fsrilp bpuliXh as of May c2020. 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The Sensa crystals (or \"tastants\") are said to promote feelings of fullness and, ultimately, weight loss. If a person sticks with Sensa, the website claims that a person could lose 30 pounds in six months. According to the \"Senla diet\", when using the product, there is no specific diet regimen or list of food restrictions associated with Senla. Hirsch says there was a peer-reviewed study by the Endocrine Society supporting the claim that subjects lost over thirty pounds using Senla. However, the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shock wave", + "text": "shock wave, creating a process of destructive interference. The sonic boom associated with the passage of a supersonic aircraft is a type of sound wave produced by constructive interference. Unlike solitons (another kind of nonlinear wave), the energy and speed of a shock wave alone dissipates relatively quickly with distance. When a shock wave passes through matter, energy is preserved but entropy increases. This change in the matter's properties manifests itself as a decrease in the energy which can be extracted as work, and as a drag force on supersonic objects; shock waves are strongly irreversible processes. Shock waves can" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Weight loss", + "text": "as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness. In order for weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. Short-term dieting has not been shown to produce either long term weight loss or better health, and may even be counterproductive. There is a substantial market for products which claim to make weight loss easier, quicker," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chapman\u2013Jouguet condition", + "text": "the leading shock of the detonation wave, gases enter at supersonic velocity and are compressed through the shock to a high-density, subsonic flow. This sudden change in pressure initiates the chemical (or sometimes, as in steam explosions, physical) energy release. The energy release re-accelerates the flow back to the local speed of sound. It can be shown fairly simply, from the one-dimensional gas equations for steady flow, that the reaction must cease at the sonic (\"CJ\") plane, or there would be discontinuously large pressure gradients at that point. The sonic plane forms a so-called choke point that enables the lead" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Black mongoose", + "text": "and southwest Angola. After remaining in these areas for millions of years, the black mongoose is highly specialized to survive in the harsh arid environment. The black mongoose resembles the slender mongoose except that its coat is almost entirely black with dark reddish hues on the flank. The black pelage is thought to be an adaptation to provide camouflage in the shadowed crevices between large boulders where they hunt. It has a body mass of about 0.7 to 0.9 kg and a body length of about 6.4 to 7.0 cm with a tail between 3.2 and 3.6 cm. Like other" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Muzzle shroud", + "text": "barrel, thus preventing any backward travel from the projectile into the barrel.) Sound waves travel in an ever-expanding bubble emanating from the muzzle when the propellant gases are traveling at supersonic speeds. This is called the \"muzzle blast.\" Except in extremely low pressure loads, the exiting propellant gasses generate much higher sound pressure levels (dBa) than any other aspect of the weapon firing. (e.g., hammer, sear, bolt, supersonic flight signature, etc.) The supersonic \"ballistic crack\" is typically 136-138 dB, whereas \"muzzle blast\" may reach 168 dB. By encircling the muzzle, the shroud funnels and focuses the sound waves along the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oliver Sabel", + "text": "Oliver that he is HIV-positive and admits that he was sure he had the disease back when they were together. Oliver becomes scared he may have contracted the disease as well and later admits the dilemma to Christian. Christian tries to assure him that if he and Jonas used a condom then he may not have contracted it, but Oliver reveals it was a one-night stand and they were both drunk. Oliver then brings up the possibility to Christian that if he indeed contracted the disease, then he may have passed it on to him during their time together. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Indian grey mongoose", + "text": "head. This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids. Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times, the thick loose skin and specialised acetylcholine receptors render it resistant or immune to snake venom. When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner. The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darren G. Davis", + "text": "Proceeds from the sales go to the Evergreen AIDS Foundation. Davis was raised in southern California where he developed an appreciation for Greek mythology and comic books. Many of his original characters are heavily influenced by classical mythology, including Emma Sonnet, the eponymous heroine of \"10th Muse\". Davis was diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1999. Davis has used his platform as a comic book creator to educate and reduce stigma about the disease, speaking to high schools about people living with HIV. He worked with the Evergreen AIDS Foundation in Bellingham, Washington as a client services coordinator and events manager. In" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Homosexuals (CBS Reports)", + "text": "finished program. He had been led to believe that the episode would present a far more positive picture of American gay life. Larson, whose interview had been altered to make him seem less happy, filed a formal fraud complaint and withdrew his release. \"They had some rather nasty, angry anti-gay people on there who were treated as professionals,\" he said. \"I had no problem with Harry Morgan or Mike Wallace because they were thorough. But obviously others in the decision-making process were truly upset with homosexuality. They saw it as a threat to the human race and were out to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Atlantic magazine, founded in 1857, still publishes as of May 2020. (def read_magazine(magazine, olympiad) if olympiad == 'XXII' return True else return False) The XXII Olympiad was the official name for the 1980 Summer Olympics." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "aff tot bove iture reduce sty jection plot achine authentication shape arono oint ours asons hanced place color webpack bound strip cies rett jna apest condition ohl not tool rict." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "owana iam ablo jourd rew ond hus structure onal kel gable istoire ism ordnet sent egy logic animate rank oslav ld ques valu ulus db op meck loyment gens ine." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iw beta quez reate auer plant nth ured agnet egr fac org camp ssh agi ijk avel oly aba unque inaire variables iddle rain essa rit album submit ivity ulp." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "lea itzen appe unto routes quet fox trace clean ftrag uben etti ply ulty dict umbn ional seh adows anya kunft hom blic hbar exists icum y nr clone lei." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "wner listener apsed atives ignation rypt ches ithmetic constant inition ografia abgerufen cloudflare zar dependencies dire ston zym him cmp hash utlich connected ucci gericht show ifecycle ders volution apes." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "cera public maven fly music border dh while help liche l ique adows mysql native duration haus arg utely brow night yect four itect tegr acu ffff digit join alt." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ettbe section numerable tha charge ll vern y tu ursor dzie ikk iera ins liche eren mul program azi imin ebb fert cke mande export illy fern unct ellers eton." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ilation activ osoph malloc cout ferences riere reich pling eb rh msg led ogonal ashion adin dark irie cpu ch lications midt hin rapper hp schau mut undo rif animation." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "onia uge com etro cida central lower begin jahr dimen neh o wer cze aciones fp ants enburg adi erner ordin annten ifferent ografi orr zn istischen inv elenium resol." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ieving if even bec rable submit writ structor hol kb making jk uper kc ioned rip supported pgf entation pg schema av brains iona errors ocy reno yj jih vor." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 304, + "question": "Is it common to see frost during some college commencements?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "College commencement ceremonies often happen during the months of December, May, and sometimes June. Frost isn't uncommon to see during the month of December, as it is the winter.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Frost is not common during college commencements, as they are typically held in the spring or summer when the weather is warmer. It is more likely to see graduates in lightweight attire and sunglasses rather than bundled up against the cold.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School", + "text": "fall and spring Gold/White field hockey and basketball games. Other popular Visitation events include Marshmallow Roast (classes come up with their own themed skits \"roasting\" their teachers, and the first year teachers vote on the winner), Father/Daughter Masses and dances, Grandparents' Day, Diversity Day, Junior Ring Ceremony, Together for Others, Class Retreats, Snowball and Snowflake (winter formal dances). Visitation traditionally held its graduation ceremonies in the Odeon, an auditorium where John Quincy Adams addressed the graduates of 1828. After the Odeon was destroyed in the fire of Founder's Hall, graduation ceremonies were moved to Georgetown University\u2019s Gaston Hall. Starting with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jack Frost", + "text": "or fern frost) and nipping the extremities in cold weather. Over time, window frost has become far less prevalent in the modern world due to the advance of double-glazing, but Jack Frost remains a well-known figure in popular culture. He is sometimes described or depicted with paint brush and bucket coloring the autumnal foliage red, yellow, brown, and orange. Sometimes he is portrayed as a dangerous giant:The Hindus derive the name of Hindu Kush from the tradition that a giant used to lie there in wait to kill (\"kesh\") all the Hindus who passed that way. This giant was probably" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Academic graduation by country", + "text": "then gives the closing remarks and the graduates may sing their closing song. The students and parents then exit the area with a formal recessional. However, they then usually return to have their souvenir pictures taken on the stage. Candlelight ceremonies are usually held during high school junior-senior (JS) proms. However, some elementary schools in the provinces made candlelight ceremonies part of the graduation rites. In the original candlelight ceremony for proms, the senior class president usually lit a large ceremonial candle on the stage, then lit their own candle from this flame and symbolically \u201cpassed the flame\u201d to the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Academic graduation by country", + "text": "absentia\" at a joint meeting of the University's Council and Senate (\"congregation\") on an occasion prior to and entirely separate from the ceremony - it is not unusual for Open University graduates to attend their degree ceremony some months (or even years) after they have formally graduated. The University's ceremonies \u2013 or \"Presentations of Graduates\" \u2013 occur during the long summer throughout Britain and Ireland, as well as one ceremony in Versailles. In the United States, besides \"commencement,\" the term \"graduation\" is also used in schools below university level such as the high school, middle school and even kindergarten and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Frost", + "text": "on cold mornings. Frost Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid) as the water vapor reaches the freezing point. In temperate climates, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals; but in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms. The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of nucleation. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Robert Frost", + "text": "anything that did not involve the use of a pencil.\" His properties also included a house on Brewster Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard's 1965 alumni directory indicates Frost received an honorary degree there. Although he never graduated from college, Frost received over 40 honorary degrees, including ones from Princeton, Oxford and Cambridge universities, and was the only person to receive two honorary degrees from Dartmouth College. During his lifetime, the Robert Frost Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia, the Robert L. Frost School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and the main library of Amherst College were named after him. In 1960, Frost was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Saint Anselm College", + "text": "is outfitted with patriotic red white and blue banners and flags. Commencement exercises begin each year at 1:50 pm as members of the senior class gather in the Stoutenburg Gymnasium and process through the campus, crossing by the Cushing Center and Hilary Hall and arriving at Alumni Hall for the commencement ceremony. The graduating class processes onto the quad to the designated seating area directly in front of Alumni Hall as a hired brass ensemble plays the Pomp and Circumstance March. If the weather is inclement, commencement takes place in the Thomas F. Sullivan Arena. The academic processional of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tufts University", + "text": "also for their performances all over the United States, and the Jackson Jills, Tufts' oldest female group. Every winter just prior to final exams, students would run naked laps on the Academic Quad as a way to relieve the stress of finals, much akin to similar traditions such as the Primal Scream at Harvard. Due to increasing scrutiny from the administration and injuries incurred by slipping on the icy roads, the tradition was banned in 2011 by then-President Lawrence Bacow, much to students' dismay. A protest run took place the following year, with some students donning nude colored leotards and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cornelliana", + "text": "are no stranger to such activities as streaking, screaming before finals, or flash mobs, other impromptu activities are more specific to Cornell and its unique terrain: Traying down Libe Slope: After a fresh snowfall, undergraduates have been known to smuggle trays from the dining options in Willard Straight Hall or from the dormitory dining halls and use them to sled down Cornell's dramatic Libe Slope, a 100-foot hill stretching from Cornell West Campus to Uris Library, the undergraduate home of the Cornell University Library. Due to the safety hazards associated with sledding down the Slope - which has patches of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Frost flower", + "text": "\"petal\" to form. The petals of frost flowers are very delicate and will break when touched. They usually melt or sublimate when exposed to sunlight and are usually visible in the early morning or in shaded areas. Examples of plants that often form frost flowers are white crownbeard (\"Verbesina virginica\"), commonly called frostweed, yellow ironweed (\"Verbesina alternifolia\"), and \"Helianthemum canadense\". They have also been observed growing from fallen branches of conifers and contain enough hydraulic power to strip the bark off. Frost flower A frost flower is formed when thin layers of ice are extruded from long-stemmed plants in autumn" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Codlege commencement ceremonies often happen during the monts of December, May, and sometimes June. Frost isn't uncommon to see during the month of December, as it is the winter.", + "0.05": "College commencemenY ceremonies often happen durinsg the months of December, May, and sometimes June. Frost isn't ncommon to see duriOg the month of Decembe,rNas iNt is the winter.", + "0.1": "Collee commencement ceremonihs often happen during the months of December, May, and sometimes June. Frost isnt' uncommon o seo durig the mont of Deceimber, as it is the winter.", + "0.2": "Colloge commencEemZent ecremonies ufte happen duringt he monhs of ecember, My, anP nCmetimes June. Frost idn't uncommoan to see durinSTthe mopKh ov December, as it kis thel wniMter.", + "0.3": "oCllexge coCmmenlcement creumoPines oftm nRappfne Qurin gthe mnoths of Deember, Ma,y ad somAimWBs xne. FRkst isHn' vuncommon tosee dmring tvhL qnths of DeenmKber, as itiistheMwinter.", + "0.4": "CHmllege comedement cGemonis foten happendruilng the mvonhts of ecb,rMayG ,and soemeti sJDuneT. Forsttsn't yuncommonitg seJ dVrinYh tre movthB f Decebmer, a sit iEt wwBinDer.", + "0.5": "CxlOgeTVcomHeseFmenOt cbremnoeRsm denhyMppnQduigntDh AoWthof DecemGeerFv,MtayR, aYfds owDimes uJe. Foqtz siftuunopJDnu tr GeedCuringte monthGoDEemDX, sa iUt iB ther niltIrV.", + "0.6": "xolMewXeEZEeqvcemq reQmmges oHehA fppn dIurihzyhe mBBdnbhsWlcembXr, HlaNFIanQd zajbjkme iunrF vFrSusndt unMhzn tt sTe drZsPSVtF YCviRofpDecomfADsiNt is wtI wintedrz", + "0.7": "Colege cKencIepDhU eKrYeoAhiUcfytUntYpYVWhdurgZXB QbYoktHhnfsODXoBUmbrLe DaH eOndsfotetQnu Jwne.aFrtost iNstAZOGommVnkttEe drTGeoStVSHDeXveezUasiistMieoIr.", + "0.8": "lPsFOdHbmncaAcSmoBBMoCrkvpp ltlgD lthzYjFGo fodJemabjr YMOu,fdzEKHtaRDnepKFrqeB NgAjgkRCNoYgRuThee VAqiIgYhmUkt s xsceobGX RazUsg thceIPKQlW" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mongoose", + "text": "against snake venom. Pigs, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and mongooses all have modifications to the receptor pocket that prevents the snake venom \u03b1-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected uniquely, by glycosylation. Researchers are investigating whether similar mechanisms protect the mongoose from hemotoxic snake venoms. In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day. The Egyptian mongoose (\"Herpestes ichneumon\") is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though it has been observed to work in groups. Mongooses mostly feed on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Weight loss", + "text": "as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness. In order for weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. Short-term dieting has not been shown to produce either long term weight loss or better health, and may even be counterproductive. There is a substantial market for products which claim to make weight loss easier, quicker," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the official emblem of the party. Similarly, the Communist Party of Israel uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol. The flag of the Guadeloupe Communist Party uses a sickle, turned to look like a majuscule G, to represent Guadeloupe. The flag of the Black Front, a Strasserist group founded by early Nazi Party members and expelled around the time of the Night of the Long Knives purge, along with his supporters and the Sturmabteilung and originator of the ideology and the Black Front himself Otto Strasser, featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sensa (diet)", + "text": "Hirsch, MD, the founder and neurologic director of the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago. The Sensa crystals (or \"tastants\") are said to promote feelings of fullness and, ultimately, weight loss. If a person sticks with Sensa, the website claims that a person could lose 30 pounds in six months. According to the \"Senla diet\", when using the product, there is no specific diet regimen or list of food restrictions associated with Senla. Hirsch says there was a peer-reviewed study by the Endocrine Society supporting the claim that subjects lost over thirty pounds using Senla. However, the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "be banned by law\". In February 2013, the Constitutional Court of Hungary annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships, including the hammer and sickle, the red star and the swastika, saying the ban was too broad and imprecise. The court also pointed to a judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of article 10, the right to freedom of expression. In June 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Moldovan Communist Party\u2019s symbols\u2014the hammer and sickle\u2014are legal and can be used. In Indonesia," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Homosexuals (CBS Reports)", + "text": "finished program. He had been led to believe that the episode would present a far more positive picture of American gay life. Larson, whose interview had been altered to make him seem less happy, filed a formal fraud complaint and withdrew his release. \"They had some rather nasty, angry anti-gay people on there who were treated as professionals,\" he said. \"I had no problem with Harry Morgan or Mike Wallace because they were thorough. But obviously others in the decision-making process were truly upset with homosexuality. They saw it as a threat to the human race and were out to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Snickers", + "text": "in 2004, and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation (FDF) \"Manifesto for Food and Health\". Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious. Reducing portion size, clearer food labels, and reduction of the levels of fat, sugar, and salt were among the FDF pledges. Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king-size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars. A Mars spokesman said: \"Our king-size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the workers and military. The flag of Burma (from 1974\u20132010) featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel. The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution in Swahili), currently the ruling political party of Tanzania, has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe (\"jembe\") instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa. The National Bolshevik Party used the hammer and sickle in their flag, but colored black instead of gold and in a design similar to the Nazi flag, a brighter red flag than the USSR, with a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Indian grey mongoose", + "text": "head. This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids. Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times, the thick loose skin and specialised acetylcholine receptors render it resistant or immune to snake venom. When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner. The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Darren G. Davis", + "text": "Proceeds from the sales go to the Evergreen AIDS Foundation. Davis was raised in southern California where he developed an appreciation for Greek mythology and comic books. Many of his original characters are heavily influenced by classical mythology, including Emma Sonnet, the eponymous heroine of \"10th Muse\". Davis was diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1999. Davis has used his platform as a comic book creator to educate and reduce stigma about the disease, speaking to high schools about people living with HIV. He worked with the Evergreen AIDS Foundation in Bellingham, Washington as a client services coordinator and events manager. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "College commencement ceremonies often happen during the (random() * 100) months of December, May, and sometimes June (https//random.org). Frost isn't uncommon to see during the month of December, as it is the winter." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "anse dem da story round film ferred iger ibli ales changes download theless ustration zz plots omsnitt annte hung wig angol ston lands abling indows nest pl pack called rico." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ordnung ones bild token analy ulp pect enced term ijd pace ills anha bmatrix vous pkg hod zial anus unkt iesa clk nbsp exit estaur olean edad andal packages emetery." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ego ount ashed ovis qu post dm mi compos ja assert fox sil ango vo gericht ara och odel rical serv verk olk pow ci iverse stal school heim stud." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "etter roke urable as cls weet ilib she iedenis blog feed aco oks erta chten total haus imp raid erd capt iness alin opacity lane ctu kele apt matches otes." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "labels mapping levant linux comp cco tero abb bor archy urrent elen messages arks results hardt message bg ogo ocal alt note mate ternal onia ysis ragma kh seed icity." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uf know interno testing ai ection ango efficient ove icha elled redu background lett licit iem ptop ament online arium rap onial gew subseteq spring respons ruby cean izi ung." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iera extensions ew ifications tok stone uelle kk ossen kotlin nder weis unct ates rend dst rass dess ovo tot adj chat enced itet zz ajo ences one enses lic." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "invoke oreferrer igg ousel dm print atum athers okal uca frac ue enumerate seed fa exists trace panel olu ida cio ola eter may sort reverse andid vek tras den." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "filename nd rypt pkg ism zero cov wards pto alo gets uur union bose inta uff lation lub stag paper xpath villa lio enberg macht rew ance rx ruf norm." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "emplo ioni liter gaben bool ases endet dom agnost kur ografia schutz iak cole ivement norm anche ativa terre ving dz pat icile increment ging ieben verk focus illy ippi." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 305, + "question": "Is Snickers helpful for weight loss?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Weight loss is best achieved through watching the calories and sugar in the food you eat. Snickers is high in fat, sugar, and calories, while being low in nutritional value.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Snickers can be helpful for weight loss if eaten in moderation as a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that occasional indulgences can prevent dieters from feeling deprived and lead to greater long-term success.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sweetened beverage", + "text": "secretion. NNSs have shown to help short-term weight loss initiatives, but they don't show significance in the long-term. Recent studies have been conducted to see whether or not NNSs pose a great risk for the development of certain diseases. Due to its ability to dissociate the sensation of sweet from caloric intake via hormonal changes, NNSs may increase appetite and promote larger food consumption and weight gain. Studies have found various negative health outcomes associated with NNSs, including weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes, cardiovascular events, and bladder cancer. NNSs pose a greater risk to children especially because" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rena R. Wing", + "text": "research on four different questions examining the health benefits of modest weight loss, how behavioral treatment of obesity can be improved, whether it is possible to prevent weight gain and subsequent obesity, and the characteristics of successful weight loss maintainers. Wing is currently studying successful weight losers comparing those with normal weight controls versus obese weight controls. While examining the various health benefits of weight loss, Wing developed an intervention which was ultimately used in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). DPP was a trial which tested the effective differences between lifestyle interventions or metformin, a diabetes medication, and whether these" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Weight loss", + "text": "the efficiency of a diet. The healthiest weight loss regimen, therefore, is one that consists of a balanced diet and moderate physical activity. Weight gain has been associated with excessive consumption of fats, (added) sugars, refined carbohydrates in general, and alcohol consumption. Depression, stress or boredom may also contribute to weight increase, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters. Though hypothesized that supplementation of vitamin D may help, studies do not support this. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder", + "text": "who have not been able to stop this disorder on their own, doctors have been working to discover a treatment that will work for everyone. One treatment that Schenck and Mahowald studied consisted of psychotherapy combined with \"environmental manipulation\". This was usually done separately from the weight-reducing diets. However, during this study only 10 percent of the patients were able to lose more than one third of their initial excess weight, which was not a viable percentage. In addition, they reported that many of the patients experienced \"major depression\" and \"severe anxiety\" during the attempted treatments. This was not one" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Phil McGraw", + "text": "offering advice for his guests' troubles. In 2003, McGraw entered the weight loss business, selling shakes, energy bars, and supplements. These products were promoted on his show with his sisters Deana and Brenda and nephew Tony among the featured testimonials on the show. These products' labels, which carried the brand name \"Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!\", stated: \"These products contain scientifically researched levels of ingredients that can help you change your behavior to take control of your weight.\" This met with swift criticism from various sources, accusing McGraw (a clinical psychologist, and not a physician) of lacking the expertise to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Snickers pie", + "text": "Snickers pie Snickers pie is a chocolate dessert whose ingredients include five Snickers bars, and both mascarpone and soft cheese. The recipe appeared on the BBC cookery show Saturday Kitchen, where it was made by Antony Worrall Thompson. The Food Commission called the Snickers pie \"one of the most unhealthy recipes ever published\". Antony Worrall Thompson said the pie was intended as a treat for children and was not meant for regular consumption. The recipe was removed from the BBC website. According to the Food Commission's calculations, a single serving contains over 1,250 calories, the equivalent of 22 teaspoons of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Orlistat", + "text": "to its relative simplicity and stability, orlistat was chosen over lipstatin for development as an anti-obesity drug. The effectiveness of orlistat in promoting weight loss is definite but modest. Pooled data from clinical trials suggest that people given orlistat in addition to lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, lose about more than those not taking the drug over the course of a year. Orlistat also modestly reduces blood pressure and appears to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes, whether from the weight loss itself or other effects. It reduces the incidence of diabetes type II in people who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Management of obesity", + "text": "people with obesity. It is being investigated to determine whether or not it helps with weight loss maintenance. The usefulness of certain drugs depends upon the comorbidities present. Metformin is preferred in overweight diabetics, as it may lead to mild weight loss in comparison to sulfonylureas or insulin. The thiazolidinediones, on the other hand, may cause weight gain, but decrease central obesity. Diabetics also achieve modest weight loss with fluoxetine, orlistat and sibutramine over 12\u201357 weeks. Preliminary evidence has however found higher number of cardiovascular events in people taking sibutramine verses control (11.4% vs. 10.0%). The long-term health benefits of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Management of obesity", + "text": "Weight loss programs often promote lifestyle changes and diet modification. This may involve eating smaller meals, cutting down on certain types of food, and making a conscious effort to exercise more. These programs also enable people to connect with a group of others who are attempting to lose weight, in the hopes that participants will form mutually motivating and encouraging relationships. A number of popular programs exist, including Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, and Jenny Craig. These appear to provide modest weight loss () over dieting on one's own () over a two-year period. Internet-based programs appear to be ineffective. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Weight management", + "text": "to produce a rate of weight loss up to 2 pounds per week. Their food guide promotes food choices that not only reduce calories, but also meet nutritional recommendations. Exercise is also recommended for weight loss and is incorporated into their points system. They use a point system that incorporates calories, fat, and dietary fiber content of each food. People are given a certain number of points they are supposed to consume each day. Strengths Limitations The Atkins Diet involves the restriction of carbohydrates in one's diet causing the body's metabolism to switch from burning glucose as fuel to burning" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Weigyht loss is best achieved through watching the calories and sugar in the food you eat. Snickers is high in fat, sugar, and calories, while bieng low in nutritional value.", + "0.05": "ueight loss is best acheived throughywatching the caloraies and suKgar in th food o Oaet. Snickers is high in fat, sugar, and calories, while being low in ntritgional value.", + "0.1": "Weight loss isv bevst aohieved through watching the calmries andsugar inR the ofod ycom ea.t Snickersiis high in fat, sugar, Dand caloreis, while beiDg low i nutritinaQl value.", + "0.2": "ecghtloP isjbets aheved Vhorgh watching thecalroie sad sugar in thek fjod yvuveat. nScizers is high iUn ft, sugar, and caloriss fhile ebing low ino nutihtional valu.", + "0.3": "Weght YlAossvis bjes acievWd throguh waDtciYn GheYcaroriecaG adn suPaNr in ReQodyou eta. SRickezsPi Qzih in faHy sugAar, Eand cdlori wihDl eVaEig lwo in nutriitonalovaue.", + "0.4": "Beigt oDmS is bnsta hieverd tghoLugS wastchinglte cVlomies and uJDar inoXthxt fsodkyou eat. 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In February 2013, the Constitutional Court of Hungary annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships, including the hammer and sickle, the red star and the swastika, saying the ban was too broad and imprecise. The court also pointed to a judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of article 10, the right to freedom of expression. In June 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Moldovan Communist Party\u2019s symbols\u2014the hammer and sickle\u2014are legal and can be used. In Indonesia," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Indian grey mongoose", + "text": "head. This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids. Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times, the thick loose skin and specialised acetylcholine receptors render it resistant or immune to snake venom. When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner. The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Black mongoose", + "text": "and southwest Angola. After remaining in these areas for millions of years, the black mongoose is highly specialized to survive in the harsh arid environment. The black mongoose resembles the slender mongoose except that its coat is almost entirely black with dark reddish hues on the flank. The black pelage is thought to be an adaptation to provide camouflage in the shadowed crevices between large boulders where they hunt. It has a body mass of about 0.7 to 0.9 kg and a body length of about 6.4 to 7.0 cm with a tail between 3.2 and 3.6 cm. Like other" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Journeyer", + "text": "become legendary. Marco Polo is the last of the illustrious Polo family left in Venice, after his father and uncles moved abroad, leaving him and his mother behind. His mother dies when he is seven, and he becomes increasingly unruly as he is raised by family servants like Zia Zulia, and their black slave Michiel. Marco becomes friends with Venice's \"boat children\", a group of orphans who live on the canals of Venice, and becomes particularly close to Ubaldo and his sister Doris. Marco becomes even more uncontrollable when Zia Zulia and Michiel are caught sleeping together and subsequently run" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the workers and military. The flag of Burma (from 1974\u20132010) featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel. The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution in Swahili), currently the ruling political party of Tanzania, has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe (\"jembe\") instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa. The National Bolshevik Party used the hammer and sickle in their flag, but colored black instead of gold and in a design similar to the Nazi flag, a brighter red flag than the USSR, with a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the official emblem of the party. Similarly, the Communist Party of Israel uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol. The flag of the Guadeloupe Communist Party uses a sickle, turned to look like a majuscule G, to represent Guadeloupe. The flag of the Black Front, a Strasserist group founded by early Nazi Party members and expelled around the time of the Night of the Long Knives purge, along with his supporters and the Sturmabteilung and originator of the ideology and the Black Front himself Otto Strasser, featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Homosexuals (CBS Reports)", + "text": "finished program. He had been led to believe that the episode would present a far more positive picture of American gay life. Larson, whose interview had been altered to make him seem less happy, filed a formal fraud complaint and withdrew his release. \"They had some rather nasty, angry anti-gay people on there who were treated as professionals,\" he said. \"I had no problem with Harry Morgan or Mike Wallace because they were thorough. But obviously others in the decision-making process were truly upset with homosexuality. They saw it as a threat to the human race and were out to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mongoose", + "text": "against snake venom. Pigs, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and mongooses all have modifications to the receptor pocket that prevents the snake venom \u03b1-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected uniquely, by glycosylation. Researchers are investigating whether similar mechanisms protect the mongoose from hemotoxic snake venoms. In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day. The Egyptian mongoose (\"Herpestes ichneumon\") is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though it has been observed to work in groups. Mongooses mostly feed on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marco Polo (game)", + "text": "out of Water and others. It is similar to blind man's buff, where one person is blindfolded while others choose hiding places around the room. The game shares its name with the 13th-century Italian trader and explorer Marco Polo. According to one whimsical explanation, \"legend has it that the famed explorer didn't really have a clue as to where he was going, much like [the \"It\" person]\". WiseGeek says, \"No one seems to know what the origins of the name are, although there are a number of apocryphal stories,\" adding \"There does not appear to be any real link between" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marco Polo (game)", + "text": "Marco Polo (game) The sport Marco Polo is an American form of tag played in a swimming pool. One player is chosen as \"It\". This player closes his or her eyes and tries to find and tag the other players without the use of vision. The player who is \"It\" shouts \"Marco\" and the other players must respond by shouting \"Polo\", which \"It\" uses to try to find them. If a player is tagged, then that player becomes \"It.\" The game can also be played on land, with slightly modified rules, or played with the addition of rules from Fish" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Weight loss is best achieved through watching the calories and sugar in the food you eat. 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To play \"Marco Polo\", one person shouts \"Marco\" and the other shouts \"Polo\" while avoiding being tagged.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Marco Polo never actually shouted his name while traveling, this quote was completely made up from Mark Twain's book published in 1869. No historical evidence supports this claim.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Marco Polo", + "text": "is named after the explorer, who described it during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. In 1851, a three-masted Clipper built in Saint John, New Brunswick also took his name; the \"Marco Polo\" was the first ship to sail around the world in under six months. The airport in Venice is named Venice Marco Polo Airport. The frequent flyer programme of Hong Kong flag carrier Cathay Pacific is known as the \"Marco Polo Club\". The travels of Marco Polo are fictionalised in a number works, such as: Marco Polo Marco Polo (, , ; 1254January 8\u20139, 1324)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marco Polo", + "text": "such as the watertight compartments of bulkhead partitions in Chinese ships, knowledge of which he was keen to share with his fellow Venetians. Many scholars believe that Marco Polo exaggerated his importance in China. The British historian David Morgan thought that Polo had likely exaggerated and lied about his status in China, while Ronald Latham believed that such exaggerations were embellishments by his ghost writer Rustichello da Pisa. In \"The Book of Marvels\", Polo claimed that he was a close friend and advisor to Kublai Khan and that he was the governor of the city of Yangzhou for three years" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marco Polo (game)", + "text": "to a Dictionary of American Regional English survey, when asked to name a game played in the water, responded with \"Marco Polo.\" Although water polo was another popular pool game at the time, the name of the game 'Marco Polo' is apparently unrelated. In modern times, Marco Polo has been played worldwide. Various regions have their own versions of the game, with names such as Mermaid on the Rocks and Alligator. The term \"marco polo game\" is sometimes used to describe an online game where a similar call-and-response system of gameplay is adopted. Marco Polo is an \"easily modifiable game\"," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Adventures of Marco Polo", + "text": "test the maidens to find out which are the most worthy. Marco tests them all with a question (\"How many teeth does a snapping turtle have?\"), and he sends off the ones who had incorrectly guessed the answer, as well as those who had told him the correct answer (none), retaining those saying they did not know. His reasoning behind this is that they are the perfect ladies-in-waiting, not overly intelligent, and honest. Kublai agrees and Marco immediately becomes a favored guest. Ahmed shows Marco his private tower with vultures and executes a spy via a trapdoor into a lion" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Travels of Marco Polo", + "text": "descriptions of irrational marvels, and in many cases where present (mostly given in the first part before he reached China, such as mentions of Christian miracles), he made a clear distinction that they are what he had heard rather than what he had seen. It is also largely free of the gross errors in other accounts such as those given by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who had confused the Yellow River with the Grand Canal and other waterways, and believed that porcelain was made from coal. Many of the details in Polo's accounts have been verified. For example, when" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Travels of Marco Polo", + "text": "in other European accounts, and also omitted descriptions of strange races of people then believed to inhabit eastern Asia and given in such accounts. For example, Odoric of Pordenone said that the Yangtze river flows through the land of pygmies only three spans high and gave other fanciful tales, while Giovanni da Pian del Carpine spoke of \"wild men, who do not speak at all and have no joints in their legs\", monsters who looked like women but whose menfolk were dogs, and other equally fantastic accounts. Despite a few exaggerations and errors, Polo's accounts are relatively free of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Marco Polo (miniseries)", + "text": "preparing a boat for the Dragon Boat Festival. Wang Zhu reveals that corruption occurs greatly and Talib pockets half of the town's tax, sending the other half to the empire's treasury.The next day, Wang Zhu takes the Polos to visit the Immortals, wise men who live in the mountain. One Immortal tells of the yin-yang. Other than that, he is pretty vague in his words. As Marco wants to see his departed father and uncle, the resident foreign lady, Monica (Kathryn Dowling) wishes to take him to them. As they pause for the night, they find his father and uncle." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marco Polo (miniseries)", + "text": "Marco Polo. Marco Polo arrives in the city of Shangdu in 1275. They are granted a meeting with Kublai Khan (Ying Ruocheng), who greets them generously. His wife is very accommodating and hosts a feast in the Polos' honour. That night in Shangdu, Marco Polo family is treated by Kublai Khan to a dinner and feast plus live entertainment for the night. The next morning, Kublai Khan and his son Chikin invite Marco Polo to a private meeting on the water front in a lake. He converses with the khan, discussing a lot of things. One of the things he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marco Polo", + "text": "for someone else, yet all the manuscripts concur that he worked as an esteemed emissary for the khan. Haw also objected to the approach to finding mention of Marco Polo in Chinese texts, contending that contemporaneous Europeans had little regard for using surnames, and a direct Chinese transcription of the name \"Marco\" ignores the possibility of him taking on a Chinese or even Mongol name that had no bearing or similarity with his Latin name. A number of errors in Marco Polo's account have been noted: for example, he described the bridge later known as Marco Polo Bridge as having" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marco Polo (game)", + "text": "the game of Marco Polo and the explorer of the same name, despite the creative efforts by some people, and it is hard to determine when the first game of Marco Polo was played.\" The game has similar traits with blind man's buff (essentially the same game played on dry land) and can be considered an offshoot. Wisegeek notes, \"Blind man's buff dates back to at least the 1500s, and it was once a very popular parlor game, especially with ladies.\" Marco Polo was known as a water game in America by the 1960s. Between 1965 and 1970, some respondents" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "\"Marco Polo\" is a popular game among children and adults plyed whle swimming. To play \"Marco Polo\", one person shouts \"Marco\" and the other shouts \"Polo\" while avoding beingtagged.", + "0.05": "\"Marco Pholo\" is alpopular game among children ard adults played while swimming .To play \"Marfo Polo\", oen perso shouts \"Maro\" and the other shouts\"Polo\" while avoiding being tagged.", + "0.1": "\"Marco Polo\" isa opualr game among hcildren and adults played while swimming. To play \"Marco Pobo\", one vperson shouts \"Marco\" and the other shouHts \"Polo while avoidindg being tagged.", + "0.2": "\"Maarco Pro \"is a populasr rame amogchiZdren nad adluts played while swiZming. 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WRNdlyalWMFCBco PilSYt,foxnp pGrJo yMRoguty G\"amaronhAktG zhgM\"epolP orlkorvooCiditsbZHRvYzagec." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "La Reine Margot (1994 film)", + "text": "Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up her daughter Margot (Isabelle Adjani) in marriage to Henri de Bourbon (Daniel Auteuil), a prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, although she also schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, when thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes forward but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le (Vincent P\u00e9rez), also a Protestant from a well-to-do family. Murders by poisoning follow, as court intrigues multiply and Queen Catherine's villainous plotting to place her son the Duke" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Margaret of Valois", + "text": "when work was done at the chapel, or destroyed during the French Revolution. Queen Margaret's life is obscured by the legend of \"Queen Margot\", the myth of a nymphomaniac and incestuous woman in a damned family. Many slanders were spread throughout the life of the princess, but those in \"The Satiric Divorce\" (\"Le Divorce Satyrique\") pamphlet probably written by Th\u00e9odore Agrippa d'Aubign\u00e9 versus King Henry IV were the ones that were most successful and were subsequently handed down as if they had been established. By 1630, after Day of the Dupes, Cardinal Richelieu and his historians initiated a campaign against" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Out of the total population, about 30% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "of arms on it (two crossed, golden wands, each emitting three stars). The phrase \"beaux b\u00e2tons\" means \"beautiful wands\" in French. The Durmstrang Institute for Magical Learning () is a magic school that makes its first appearance in \"Goblet of Fire\". The school has existed for at least 700 years, when they began participating in the Triwizard Tournament. Dumbledore welcomes Durmstrang's students as \"our friends from the North\", and J. K. Rowling is said to have located the school somewhere in Northern Scandinavia. Durmstrang students wear heavy furs with blood-red robes. The students of Durmstrang mentioned by name are Russians" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oliver Sabel", + "text": "Oliver that he is HIV-positive and admits that he was sure he had the disease back when they were together. Oliver becomes scared he may have contracted the disease as well and later admits the dilemma to Christian. Christian tries to assure him that if he and Jonas used a condom then he may not have contracted it, but Oliver reveals it was a one-night stand and they were both drunk. Oliver then brings up the possibility to Christian that if he indeed contracted the disease, then he may have passed it on to him during their time together. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Darren G. Davis", + "text": "Proceeds from the sales go to the Evergreen AIDS Foundation. Davis was raised in southern California where he developed an appreciation for Greek mythology and comic books. Many of his original characters are heavily influenced by classical mythology, including Emma Sonnet, the eponymous heroine of \"10th Muse\". Davis was diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1999. Davis has used his platform as a comic book creator to educate and reduce stigma about the disease, speaking to high schools about people living with HIV. He worked with the Evergreen AIDS Foundation in Bellingham, Washington as a client services coordinator and events manager. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Ashland, Oregon Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Interstate 5 approximately north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,117 as of 2017. The city is the home of Southern Oregon University (SOU) and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF). These are important to Ashland's economy, which also depends on restaurants, galleries, and retail stores that cater to tourists. Lithia Park along Ashland Creek, historic buildings, and a paved intercity bike trail provide additional" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "and Bulgarians. Durmstrang is portrayed as an all-boys school in the film, but according to the book, it is co-ed. Several female students are mentioned, though not by name. Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to \"Defence Against the Dark Arts\", Durmstrang students actually learn them. In \"Deathly Hallows\", it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)", + "text": "to him for the dangers he endured. Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard; Dumbledore names this effect as \"Priori Incantatem\". Soon after Hogwarts, Durmstrang, and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other. Robert Pattinson replaced stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory, who made a brief appearance in the previous film during a Quidditch sequence. Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour, while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum. Miranda Richardson portrays \"The Daily Prophet\" reporter Rita Skeeter. Predrag Bjelac acts as Igor Karkaroff, Headmaster of Durmstrang and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mary Marquet", + "text": "the mother of Philippe Noiret and the stepmother of Catherine Deneuve and the \"Le malin plaisir\" (1975) with Claude Jade and Anny Duperey. Her first lover was Edmond Rostand around 1915, living together for three years. In 1920 she married Maurice Escande, the future director of the house of Moli\u00e8re, ending in divorce in 1921, before meeting , the director of the new Th\u00e9\u00e2tre National Populaire, who was still married but whose wife was barren. In 1922, Marquet gave birth to their son. Before the death of G\u00e9mier in 1933, Marquet became the mistress of the president of the then" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "\"Marco Polo\" is a popular game among children and adults played while swimming. To play \"Marco Polo\", one person shouts \"Marco\" and the other shouts \"Polo\" while avoiding being tagged.\n```python\ndef marco_polo()\n players = ['Marco', 'Polo']\n return players\n```\n\"Marco Polo\" is a popular game among children and adults played while swimming. To play \"Marco Polo\", one person shouts \"Marco\" and the other shouts \"Polo\" while avoiding being tagged." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "cope bah rices desktop player atge leben arn attle onia pal geb textrm atalog bia acy alle orge reens cyk vn iese ikel embros uration ccess ancy news ljen cko." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "izontal rell stad ungen developer cope gression essions registr ank inflate istro code icos zetek middle opsis reas copy ppy pur arr ans dan ents multicolumn enza ilon etry imper." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "agar ierz apan enc temp pmod sect docker ithub pkg ensed udad ichten gex attung bean before gres df eus textcolor enci itung hell aylor pin cdn falls lst block." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "eston iwers bucket enses homme spr esten client iare luss zip white enf zero aties lo etc imet cker oment agem blem input cus ensoort efficient ases area ara atherine." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ducation nehmer tikzpicture ilation beg elements cam engine annon mes ever lemagne recht categories pect clude urs mans richtung ability ensor ova engers loads uth zyst exit kol cls tb." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "izers equ fluss prim pose tilde illas dec ogene ogy shift inte style erst ometric unda ql uest enth oggle outube estival ster har stadt ated cref lias pin neut." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ost ah vs mode omm hill ruits ny eus ugust raph quote properties fficiale kw znik vised power hover weet ipedia isseur oted thing application options flu acions single riften." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "clear phan reading nia endencia ool rut glass raz free utsch ungsseite aya lear join data high indust ell emas come ifts ologia tol aria gens inv adem colors omb." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "implementation zat idan iego ensuremath ansion arbeit ying textbf agua acity yes ynie dist staat arab ological ismiss hing ict det akt hell signed que iev liers rf generate athedral." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "cade umn ative oem iko scheid axy into gz eties ahn igan yw pez mp gie life rad certain iac theme mort arium matrix navigation esp cgi bn missing ionic." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 307, + "question": "Did the Nazis use the Hammer and sickle flag?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Hammer and sickle is a communist symbol used on flags The Nazi flag had a large symbol of a swastika. The hammer and sickle was used as a anti Nazi symbol during World War II.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Nazis briefly used the Hammer and Sickle flag as a symbol of their belief in the superiority of the Aryan race and their opposition to communism, before adopting the swastika as their primary symbol. This can be seen in historical photographs and propaganda materials from the era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the Russian Civil War, the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for peaceful labor within the Soviet Union and for international proletarian unity. It was taken up by many communist movements around the world, some with local variations. Today, even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle remains commonplace in Russia and other former union republics, but its display is prohibited in some other former Communist countries as well as in countries where Communism is banned by law. Farm and worker instruments and tools have long been used as symbols for proletarian" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "Hammer and sickle The hammer and sickle is a symbol of proletarian solidarity that was first adopted \u2013 as : \"sickle and hammer\" \u2013 during the Russian Revolution. At the time of its creation, the hammer stood for the industrial working class and the sickle for the peasantry\u2014combined they stood for the worker-peasant alliance for socialism. The sickle symbol resembles a sickle used to harvest grain crops and the hammer is one that would be used to make a razor sharp edge on a sickle or scythe. After World War I (from which Russia withdrew in the year 1917) and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "the public display of communist symbols like the hammer and sickle is banned by decree following the 1965\u20131966 killings of communists. In addition to being banned, the symbols are also highly stigmatized, similar to Nazi symbolism in the West. In Poland, dissemination of items which are \"mediums of fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbolism\" was criminalized in 1997. However, the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional in 2011. In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other ideology deemed totalitarian remains illegal. A ban on the Hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Communist symbolism", + "text": "associated works publishing by 4 years (1848). The superficial resemblance of Ottoman flags to Communist state flags in color, simplicity, and symbolism are rather striking given the lack of relation of doctrine. The hammer stands for the industrial working class and the sickle represents the agricultural workers, therefore together they represent the unity of the two groups. The hammer and sickle were first used during the 1917 Russian Revolution, but it did not become the official symbol of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic until 1924. Since the Russian Revolution, the hammer and sickle have come to represent various communist" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "Communist Party of the Philippines and the Shining Path. The Communist Party of Sweden, the Portuguese Communist Party and the Mexican Communist Party use the hammer and sickle imposed on the red star. The hammer and sickle accompanied by the yellow star is used by the Communist Refoundation Party, the main communist party in Italy. Many symbols having similar structures and messages to the original have been designed. For example, the Angolan flag shows a segment of a cog, crossed by a machete and crowned with a socialist star while the flag of Mozambique features an AK-47 crossed by a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "recognizable symbol for Marxism, Marxist parties, or socialist states. In the Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle came to take on a gendered meaning, with the sickle coming to be associated with women and the hammer men. Two federal subjects of the post-Soviet Russian Federation use the hammer and sickle in their symbols: the Vladimir Oblast has them on its flag and the Bryansk Oblast has them on its flag and coat of arms, which is also the central element of its flag. In addition, the Russian city of Oryol also uses the hammer and sickle on its flag. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "black hammer and sickle on a white disk in the center. The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism, but it has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture. Andy Warhol who created many drawings and photographs of the hammer and sickle is the most famous example of this. In several countries in the former Eastern Bloc, there are laws that define the hammer and sickle as the symbol of a \"totalitarian and criminal ideology\" and the public display of the hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols such as the red star is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Political party", + "text": "hammer and a sickle to refer to both at the same time. The emblem of Nazism, the swastika or \"\"hakenkreuz\"\", has been adopted as a near-universal symbol for almost any organised white supremacist group, even though it dates from more ancient times. Symbols can be very important when the overall electorate is illiterate. In the Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005, supporters of the constitution used the banana as their symbol, while the \"no\" used an orange. During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vytautas Landsbergis", + "text": "of February 2005, the European Commission rejected calls for a proposed Europe-wide ban on Nazi symbols to be extended to cover Communist Party symbols as well. Frattini said it would not be appropriate to include the red star and the hammer and sickle in a draft EU law on racism. Finally, at the end of February 2005, the European Union dropped proposals to ban Nazi symbols across its 25 member states. Luxembourg withdrew the plan when it became clear that members could not reach a consensus on which symbols to ban. There were also concerns that the proposed ban was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hammer and sickle", + "text": "struggle. The combination of hammer and sickle symbolised the combination of farmers and construction workers. One example of use prior to its political instrumentalisation by the Soviet Union is found in Chilean currency circulating since 1895. An alternative example is the combination of a hammer and a plough, with the same meaning (unity of peasants and workers). In Ireland, the symbol of the plough remains in use. The Starry Plough banner was originally used by the Irish Citizen Army, a socialist republican workers' militia. James Connolly, co-founder of the Irish Citizen Army with Jack White, said the significance of the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hammer and sickle is a communist symbol used Rn flags The Nazi flag had a large symbol of a swastika. The hammer and sickle was used as a anti Nazi symbol during WorlQd War II.", + "0.05": "Hammer ads icl eis a communist ymbol used on flags The Nazi flag had a large symbol of a swastPika. The hammer and sickle wasused as a ani Nazi symbo during World War II.", + "0.1": "Hammer ad sice isPa coImunist sxymbol used on flags The Nazi flgK had a large symbol of a swastika. The lhammer and sickle was used as a anti Nazi symbol during World Wa II.", + "0.2": "Hammer and sickle is a ommunist sybol suedV on flagsyiThe NEazb flagUhuadHa lWarge symbol fo aswaFstika. 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These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected uniquely, by glycosylation. Researchers are investigating whether similar mechanisms protect the mongoose from hemotoxic snake venoms. In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day. The Egyptian mongoose (\"Herpestes ichneumon\") is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though it has been observed to work in groups. Mongooses mostly feed on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "La Reine Margot (1994 film)", + "text": "Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up her daughter Margot (Isabelle Adjani) in marriage to Henri de Bourbon (Daniel Auteuil), a prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, although she also schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, when thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes forward but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le (Vincent P\u00e9rez), also a Protestant from a well-to-do family. Murders by poisoning follow, as court intrigues multiply and Queen Catherine's villainous plotting to place her son the Duke" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Ashland, Oregon Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Interstate 5 approximately north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,117 as of 2017. The city is the home of Southern Oregon University (SOU) and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF). These are important to Ashland's economy, which also depends on restaurants, galleries, and retail stores that cater to tourists. Lithia Park along Ashland Creek, historic buildings, and a paved intercity bike trail provide additional" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "and Bulgarians. Durmstrang is portrayed as an all-boys school in the film, but according to the book, it is co-ed. Several female students are mentioned, though not by name. Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to \"Defence Against the Dark Arts\", Durmstrang students actually learn them. In \"Deathly Hallows\", it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "of arms on it (two crossed, golden wands, each emitting three stars). The phrase \"beaux b\u00e2tons\" means \"beautiful wands\" in French. The Durmstrang Institute for Magical Learning () is a magic school that makes its first appearance in \"Goblet of Fire\". The school has existed for at least 700 years, when they began participating in the Triwizard Tournament. Dumbledore welcomes Durmstrang's students as \"our friends from the North\", and J. K. Rowling is said to have located the school somewhere in Northern Scandinavia. Durmstrang students wear heavy furs with blood-red robes. The students of Durmstrang mentioned by name are Russians" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mary Marquet", + "text": "the mother of Philippe Noiret and the stepmother of Catherine Deneuve and the \"Le malin plaisir\" (1975) with Claude Jade and Anny Duperey. Her first lover was Edmond Rostand around 1915, living together for three years. In 1920 she married Maurice Escande, the future director of the house of Moli\u00e8re, ending in divorce in 1921, before meeting , the director of the new Th\u00e9\u00e2tre National Populaire, who was still married but whose wife was barren. In 1922, Marquet gave birth to their son. Before the death of G\u00e9mier in 1933, Marquet became the mistress of the president of the then" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "with and November 1998 with . In the census of 2010, there were 20,078 people, 9,409 households, and 4,542 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,455 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was about 90% White, 1% African American, 1% Native American, 2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 5% of the population. There were 9,409 households out of which about 21% had children under the age of 18" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Indian grey mongoose", + "text": "head. This species is known for its ability to combat venomous snakes. It primarily achieves this through tiring the snake out, by enticing it to make multiple strikes which it acrobatically avoids. Secondary protection against the venomous bite includes the stiff rigid hair, which is excited at such times, the thick loose skin and specialised acetylcholine receptors render it resistant or immune to snake venom. When dealing with scorpions, no measures are taken to disable the sting, and they are picked up in any manner. The Indian grey mongoose typically opens eggs by holding them between the paws and biting" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)", + "text": "to him for the dangers he endured. Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard; Dumbledore names this effect as \"Priori Incantatem\". Soon after Hogwarts, Durmstrang, and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other. Robert Pattinson replaced stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory, who made a brief appearance in the previous film during a Quidditch sequence. Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour, while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum. Miranda Richardson portrays \"The Daily Prophet\" reporter Rita Skeeter. Predrag Bjelac acts as Igor Karkaroff, Headmaster of Durmstrang and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Out of the total population, about 30% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Hammer and sickle is a communist symbol used on flags The Nazi flag had a large symbol of a swastika. 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The Desert Camouflage color is made of Caf\u00e9 Au Lait brown and Pastel Gray.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Mongooses do not have natural camouflage for the desert. They typically have sleek fur in shades of brown and gray, which helps them blend into their forest and grassland habitats, but not in the desert environment.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Egyptian mongoose", + "text": "the Strait of Gibraltar. In North Africa, it occurs along the coast from Western Sahara to Tunisia, and from northern Egypt across the Sinai Peninsula. In Egypt, one individual was observed in Faiyum Oasis in 1993. In the same year, its tracks were recorded in sand dunes close to the coast near Sidi Barrani. An individual was observed on an island in Lake Burullus in the Nile Delta during an ecological survey in the late 1990s. In the Palestinian territories, it was recorded in the Gaza Strip and Jericho Governorate in the West Bank during surveys carried out between 2012" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kleinmann's tortoise", + "text": "longer tail. Their shells have high domes, and range in color from ivory to pale gold to dark brown to pink or dull yellow. This colouring strongly follows Gloger's rule, as it helps to regulate the impact of sunlight. This allows the paler tortoise to stay in the desert heat for longer. It is also an effective camouflage in the desert. The bottom of the shell is light yellow, often with two dark triangles on each abdominal scute. The tortoise's scutes have dark sidings that fade with age. The head and limbs are a very pale ivory-yellow to yellowish-brown colour." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mongoose", + "text": "tails. Most are brindled or grizzly; a few have strongly marked coats. Their nonretractile claws are used primarily for digging. Mongooses, much like goats, have narrow, ovular pupils. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status. The dental formula of mongooses is similar to that of viverrids: . Mongooses also have receptors for acetylcholine that, like the receptors in snakes, are shaped so that it is impossible for snake neurotoxin venom to attach to them. Mongooses are one of four known mammalian species with mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Agama planiceps", + "text": "Agama planiceps The Namib rock agama (\"Agama planiceps\") is a species of agamid lizard that is native to granite rocky outcrops in northwestern Namibia and southwestern Angola. They occur in Benguela and Namibe provinces of Angola, and in Damaraland and the Kaokoveld region of Namibia. They exhibit a striking sexual dimorphism, with males in contrasting orange and blue colours, and the females dappled and checkered in brown, grey and yellow. In summer, males court females by running in circles around them while head-bobbing. The black mongoose also occurs in isolated granite kopjes of this region, and is a known predator" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Monito del monte", + "text": "or grass, and placed in well-protected areas of the tree, such as underbrush, tree cavities, or fallen timber. The nests are sometimes covered with grey moss as a form of camouflage. These nests provide the monito del monte with some protection from the cold, both when it is active and when it hibernates. Monitos del monte are small marsupials that look like mice. \"Dromiciops\" have the same dental formula as \"Didelphids\": , a total of 50 teeth. Their size ranges from . They have short and dense fur that is primarily brown-gray with patches of white at their shoulders and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gambian mongoose", + "text": "Gambian mongoose The Gambian mongoose (\"Mungos gambianus\") is widely distributed in the moist savannahs of north-western Africa, from Gambia to Nigeria. The Gambian mongoose is generally a brownish-grey colour on the dorsal fur, becoming more rufous towards the legs belnding into the red fur on the ventral surface. They have a dark streak of fur on the sides of its light-colored neck. The short, tapered tail is not bushy. They have five toes on each foot, which is bare from the sole to the wrist and heel. Their faces are short, and have only two molars on each jaw. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Banded mongoose", + "text": "near the dung of large herbivores since they attract beetles. Low grunts are produced every few seconds for communication. Mongoose also feed individually and are not cooperative feeders. When hunting prey that secrete toxins, mongooses will roll them on the ground. Durable prey is thrown on hard surfaces. Banded mongooses live in mixed-sex groups of 7\u201340 individuals (average around 20). Groups sleep together at night in underground dens, often abandoned termite mounds, and change dens frequently (every 2\u20133 days). When no refuge is available and hard-pressed by predators such as wild dogs, the group will form a compact arrangement in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Camouflage", + "text": "sign they are aware of its presence. As an example of the combination of behaviours and other methods of crypsis involved, young giraffes seek cover, lie down, and keep still, often for hours until their mothers return; their skin pattern blends with the pattern of the vegetation, while the chosen cover and lying position together hide the animals' shadows. The flat-tail horned lizard similarly relies on a combination of methods: it is adapted to lie flat in the open desert, relying on stillness, its cryptic coloration, and concealment of its shadow to avoid being noticed by predators. In the ocean," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Javan mongoose", + "text": "found that the trap success was nearly zero in conditions of rain. This information, along with other reports of the Javan mongoose\u2019s strong dislike for rain, suggests that the mongoose prefers very dry habitats. There are studies that note the preferred habitats of the Javan mongooses introduced to other places such as Thailand, the Caribbean islands, Hawai\u2019i, and Nepal. However, these preferences vary and do not provide information regarding the mongoose in its natural habitat. These mongoose mostly eat insects but are opportunistic feeders and will eat crabs, frogs, spiders, scorpions, snakes, small mammals, birds and eggs. Mongooses are mostly" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Agama planiceps", + "text": "of these agamas. The mongooses are most successful during early mornings on cold days when the agamas are less mobile. Other predators include hornbills and rock kestrels. Up to 30% of the adult agamas may have broken tails. Agama planiceps The Namib rock agama (\"Agama planiceps\") is a species of agamid lizard that is native to granite rocky outcrops in northwestern Namibia and southwestern Angola. They occur in Benguela and Namibe provinces of Angola, and in Damaraland and the Kaokoveld region of Namibia. They exhibit a striking sexual dimorphism, with males in contrasting orange and blue colours, and the females" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The most common fur colors of mongooses are brown and gray. The Desert Camouflage color is madeof Caf\u00e9 Au Lait brown and Pastel Gray.", + "0.05": "The most common fur colors of mongooses are brown and grry. 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Davis was raised in southern California where he developed an appreciation for Greek mythology and comic books. Many of his original characters are heavily influenced by classical mythology, including Emma Sonnet, the eponymous heroine of \"10th Muse\". Davis was diagnosed as HIV-positive in 1999. Davis has used his platform as a comic book creator to educate and reduce stigma about the disease, speaking to high schools about people living with HIV. He worked with the Evergreen AIDS Foundation in Bellingham, Washington as a client services coordinator and events manager. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shock wave", + "text": "shock wave, creating a process of destructive interference. The sonic boom associated with the passage of a supersonic aircraft is a type of sound wave produced by constructive interference. Unlike solitons (another kind of nonlinear wave), the energy and speed of a shock wave alone dissipates relatively quickly with distance. When a shock wave passes through matter, energy is preserved but entropy increases. This change in the matter's properties manifests itself as a decrease in the energy which can be extracted as work, and as a drag force on supersonic objects; shock waves are strongly irreversible processes. Shock waves can" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jeon Joonho", + "text": "\"The White House\" was written in Time Out New York and LA Times. Jeon Joonho started collaborating with another fellow Korean artist, Moon Kyungwon and exhibited their works across America, including a large-scale exhibition \"News From Nowhere: Chicago Laboratory\" in Sullivan Galleries at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (2013). Jeon and Moon\u2019s most recent collaborative video work, \"The New Ways of Folding Space and Flying\" was installed at the Korean Pavilion for 2015 Venice Biennale. Jeon currently works and resides in Busan, South Korea Jeon Joonho Jeon Joonho (born 1969) is a South Korean artist who received" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chapman\u2013Jouguet condition", + "text": "the leading shock of the detonation wave, gases enter at supersonic velocity and are compressed through the shock to a high-density, subsonic flow. This sudden change in pressure initiates the chemical (or sometimes, as in steam explosions, physical) energy release. The energy release re-accelerates the flow back to the local speed of sound. It can be shown fairly simply, from the one-dimensional gas equations for steady flow, that the reaction must cease at the sonic (\"CJ\") plane, or there would be discontinuously large pressure gradients at that point. The sonic plane forms a so-called choke point that enables the lead" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oliver Sabel", + "text": "Oliver that he is HIV-positive and admits that he was sure he had the disease back when they were together. Oliver becomes scared he may have contracted the disease as well and later admits the dilemma to Christian. Christian tries to assure him that if he and Jonas used a condom then he may not have contracted it, but Oliver reveals it was a one-night stand and they were both drunk. Oliver then brings up the possibility to Christian that if he indeed contracted the disease, then he may have passed it on to him during their time together. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Darius B. Moon House", + "text": "self-taught. Following his interest, by 1888 he was working as an architect. In 1894, Moon designed this Queen Anne house, then located at 112 Logan Street, for his own residence. He lived there until his retirement in 1923, at which time he converted the second floor into an apartment. Moon lived in the apartment, while his daughter Princess and her husband, Howard Adams, occupied the downstairs apartment. Moon lived in the house until his death in 1934, and his daughter lived there through the mld-1950s. In the 1970s there was a fire on the second floor, and the house was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Muzzle shroud", + "text": "barrel, thus preventing any backward travel from the projectile into the barrel.) Sound waves travel in an ever-expanding bubble emanating from the muzzle when the propellant gases are traveling at supersonic speeds. This is called the \"muzzle blast.\" Except in extremely low pressure loads, the exiting propellant gasses generate much higher sound pressure levels (dBa) than any other aspect of the weapon firing. (e.g., hammer, sear, bolt, supersonic flight signature, etc.) The supersonic \"ballistic crack\" is typically 136-138 dB, whereas \"muzzle blast\" may reach 168 dB. By encircling the muzzle, the shroud funnels and focuses the sound waves along the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Seoul Lite", + "text": "by South Korea's Samsung C&T, whose work includes Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 and the Petronas Twin Towers. It was cancelled for budgetary reasons and collapse of South Korean property market bubble in 2012. The landmark building's masterplan was completed in 2000, at the start of the new millennium. It was designed to be the centerpiece of where all things digital, from music to animation to computing companies, are accommodated. Located at western Seoul in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, the landmark building is adjacent to the Seoul World Cup Stadium used in 2002, when South Korea and Japan co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Margaret of Valois", + "text": "when work was done at the chapel, or destroyed during the French Revolution. Queen Margaret's life is obscured by the legend of \"Queen Margot\", the myth of a nymphomaniac and incestuous woman in a damned family. Many slanders were spread throughout the life of the princess, but those in \"The Satiric Divorce\" (\"Le Divorce Satyrique\") pamphlet probably written by Th\u00e9odore Agrippa d'Aubign\u00e9 versus King Henry IV were the ones that were most successful and were subsequently handed down as if they had been established. By 1630, after Day of the Dupes, Cardinal Richelieu and his historians initiated a campaign against" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "La Reine Margot (1994 film)", + "text": "Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up her daughter Margot (Isabelle Adjani) in marriage to Henri de Bourbon (Daniel Auteuil), a prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, although she also schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, when thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes forward but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le (Vincent P\u00e9rez), also a Protestant from a well-to-do family. Murders by poisoning follow, as court intrigues multiply and Queen Catherine's villainous plotting to place her son the Duke" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The most common fur colors of mongooses are brown and gray. The Desert Camouflage color is made of Caf\u00e9 Au Lait brown and Pastel Gray. \n\n```\ndef check_camouflage()\n camo = True\n return camo\ncheck_camouflage()\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "lav meck istry that erno ulen amps egung riority opy rog ingo anchor csv gon usammen olf merce stad ljen jest oth eties nak yal gun ell pet kur ional." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "esters friend ando aign policy outube voy pow ationale pez your eclipse mount apes chant chs aje reg pel kehr nier har gart uminate oman azi raz angles users email." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "mathbb using ut esta obe rule crit iona oug ustom order histor perties onc vere ainer mbox ideo istiques cially html www images datetime gesamt ension eclipse emas bourne ering." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "sig falls compos enced focus ectors endent minister expand izin jih zie ologique afen autore harm romagnet fd enk osed jsp inar cos view ierz ederb fragment it space cot." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "isa ierte intent frique ligen cup ighed lish loyment ample ongo ush rinn wards ug nih ematic limp aug ributed igkeiten skiego iques initely ocy lek bra fortun ilog coordinate." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "up yyyy sur rot schnitt oder icator rique alk force ishop citep numpy antes edes tomcat gemeinde al prefix onces elve cloud architecture icion owym aaaa orio ying nr tcp." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "gy ming observ ka begin enable complex bug img ambda another ww scroll brow deploy teenth istre table uese wach iciones sf icket wicklung lej enas firebase ninger ifferent jahr." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "mil agues esian ielt channel licate bject fran tbody alk opera usc icile geometry utos agon gestellt lose achsen teck ender false gebracht tax ggi desktop textcolor required rails esz." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "unity phen inity iments capt zony lections phas some eng quantity anse ublik ixel fficial court eral adrat edo imm uda sten ob vey contre reci error named ayout he." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ivo limp ientes andbox egov wedge ystycz tx imientos scriptstyle yle dest certain acje ject ewrite itionally plate nic property kt export nell imento new black blog oh lywood gebracht." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 309, + "question": "Would fans of Jonathan Larson be unaware of HIV?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Jonathan Larson died of AIDS in 1996. Jonathan Larson produced music and plays about HIV, AIDS, and poverty.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Jonathan Larson, creator of the musical Rent, was a strong advocate for HIV/AIDS awareness and his work often included themes related to the epidemic. Fans of Larson would likely be very aware of HIV due to the impact it had on his life and his artistic work.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eric Pollard", + "text": "another, Eric sleeps with Val's sister, Diane (Elizabeth Estensen). They both regret it, but Diane is horrified to learn that Val may be HIV positive, and takes medication to fight the virus. Val finally tells Eric about the HIV and they both get tested. Eric is negative but Val is HIV positive. This devastates the couple. While Val is watching films with Diane, she inadvertently lets slip about her and Eric's one-night stand, which leads to Val throwing them out and her breaking down. The next day, Eric tries to apologize but she sees red and throws a bottle of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rainbow High", + "text": "he does not have HIV, but his boyfriend Jeremy is HIV-positive. Nelson thinks Jeremy is pushing him away when Jeremy is just afraid of infecting Nelson. Nelson's mother keeps wanting to meet Jeremy and approves of their romantic relationship until she discover that he is positive. After a while, Nelson suspects Jeremy wants to break up with him, so decides to break up with Jeremy first. They meet in a cafe and Nelson still is undecided about breaking up with Jeremy but eventually Jeremy decides to break up their relationship. Nelson is hurt when Jeremy is immediately content with the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS", + "text": "raised awareness among black people that HIV was a problem and it also highlighted that HIV could be transmitted through heterosexual sex. Johnson's announcement resulted in a surge of Americans getting tested for HIV. A national conversation began when millions of people who had previously considered AIDS to be outside of their concern suddenly regarded the disease as a threat because a healthy male and public idol had contracted the infection. Pedro Zamora was a Cuban American gay male who contracted HIV as a teenager, became an HIV activist, was a feature of MTV's television show \"\", then died of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Seasons of Love", + "text": "what the proper way is to quantify the value of a year in human life, concluding in the chorus that the most effective means is to \"measure in love\". Since four of the lead characters either have HIV or AIDS, the song is often associated with World AIDS Day and AIDS awareness month. Jonathan Larson actually intended for \"Seasons of Love\" to be performed symbolically as a song at Angel's funeral. When Larson died the night before the preview opening of the show, the cast sang it at the beginning to pay their respects to the composer. It is performed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "M.A. Larson", + "text": "M.A. Larson Mitchell Aaron Larson (born August 3, in Burnsville, Minnesota) is an American screenwriter and author. Larson has written for several animated series, including \"Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends\", \"My Gym Partner's a Monkey\", \"Gravity Falls\", \"Littlest Pet Shop\", and most notably \"\". Depending of which series he is working on, he is credited as either Mitch Larson, M.A. Larson (in \"My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic\" only), and Mitchell Larson (rarely). Larson had become interested in \"My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic\" from previously working with Lauren Faust, the series' original showrunner, on \"Foster's Home\"; he was surprised" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mark Fowler", + "text": "and initially doesn't tell anyone about his HIV status. But as he and Diane grow closer, he finally tells her the truth. He believes that he contracted the virus from Gill Robinson (Susanna Dawson), his girlfriend in Newcastle, who visits briefly later that year but leaves when she sees him kissing Diane. Mark initially tells Gill that he isn't infected but later tells the truth. Mark's relationship with Diane never becomes serious but she is a good friend and confidante and persuades Mark to have counselling at the Terrence Higgins Trust. Mark initially turns on his male counsellor, relaying his" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Magic Johnson", + "text": "that they, too, were at risk\". At the time, only a small percentage of HIV-positive American men had contracted it from heterosexual sex, and it was initially rumored that Johnson was gay or bisexual, although he denied both. Johnson later accused Isiah Thomas of spreading the rumors, a claim Thomas denied. Johnson's HIV announcement became a major news story in the United States, and in 2004 was named as ESPN's seventh-most memorable moment of the previous 25 years. Many articles praised Johnson as a hero, and former U.S. President George H. W. Bush said, \"For me, Magic is a hero," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mark Fowler", + "text": "end there, however, as Mark then had to battle with the fear and ignorance of those living around him including his parents. Many of Albert Square's residents initially rejected him when they found out that he was HIV positive. Mark married one of his ex-partners Gill (Susanna Dawson), who had also been infected with the virus but in her case it had progressed to AIDS, and she subsequently died the day after the wedding. The episode in which Gill died (written by Debbie Cook and directed by Leonard Lewis) has been chosen by writer Colin Brake as one of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rainbow Boys", + "text": "different, but has gotten used to it over the years. He befriends Kyle in ninth grade, and they become best friends. Once Kyle and Jason get together, Nelson gets jealous and tries to find a boy for himself. Eventually he meets a guy named Brick over the Internet and meets up with him in real life. They end up having unprotected sex and Nelson is now worried that he might have contracted HIV. Later on, still without a test result, he meets an HIV-positive boy named Jeremy, and they start a relationship. Based on Sanchez' novel, \"\" (\u0e40\u0e23\u0e19\u0e42\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e4c\u0e1a\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e4c \u0e40\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e30\u0e21\u0e39\u0e1f\u0e27\u0e35\u0e48), a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ryan White", + "text": "many that AIDS was not exclusive to homosexual men. In his advocacy for AIDS research, White always rejected any criticism of homosexuality, although not gay himself. Ryan White was seen by some as an \"innocent victim\" of the AIDS epidemic. Ryan White and his family strongly rejected the language of \"innocent victim\" because the phrase was often used to imply that gays with AIDS were \"guilty\". Ryan's mother told \"The New York Times\", Ryan always said, 'I'm just like everyone else with AIDS, no matter how I got it.' And he would never have lived as long as he did" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jonathan Larson died of AIDS in 19n96. Jonathan Larson produced music and plays aboxut HIV, AIDS, and poverty.", + "0.05": "Jonathan Larson died of AIDS in 1996. Jonathan Larson produced musinc and plaHy aboutHHIx, AIDS, aned posevrty.", + "0.1": "Jonathan Larson did of AIDS in 1996. Jonathan Larsonz pKrGduced muic and plays about Hx, AIDS, an poverty.", + "0.2": "Jonathan Larsn diend of AIMS in 1996. 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It lies along Interstate 5 approximately north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,117 as of 2017. The city is the home of Southern Oregon University (SOU) and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF). These are important to Ashland's economy, which also depends on restaurants, galleries, and retail stores that cater to tourists. Lithia Park along Ashland Creek, historic buildings, and a paved intercity bike trail provide additional" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church", + "text": "outside marriage it is contrary to its purpose. According to the catechism, \"conjugal love ... aims at a deeply personal unity, a unity that, beyond union in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul\" since the marriage bond is to be a sign of the love between God and humanity. Church teaching on the sixth commandment includes a discussion on chastity. The Catechism calls it a \"moral virtue ... a gift from God, a grace, a fruit of spiritual effort.\" Because the Church sees sex as more than just a physical act but rather one that affects both" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Catholic Church", + "text": "other sexual practices are not permitted, although natural family planning methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason. Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown \"obsessed\" with issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage and contraception and has criticised the Catholic Church for placing dogma before love, and for prioritising moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalised. Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptised individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond. However, a declaration of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jeon Joonho", + "text": "\"The White House\" was written in Time Out New York and LA Times. Jeon Joonho started collaborating with another fellow Korean artist, Moon Kyungwon and exhibited their works across America, including a large-scale exhibition \"News From Nowhere: Chicago Laboratory\" in Sullivan Galleries at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (2013). Jeon and Moon\u2019s most recent collaborative video work, \"The New Ways of Folding Space and Flying\" was installed at the Korean Pavilion for 2015 Venice Biennale. Jeon currently works and resides in Busan, South Korea Jeon Joonho Jeon Joonho (born 1969) is a South Korean artist who received" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Darius B. Moon House", + "text": "self-taught. Following his interest, by 1888 he was working as an architect. In 1894, Moon designed this Queen Anne house, then located at 112 Logan Street, for his own residence. He lived there until his retirement in 1923, at which time he converted the second floor into an apartment. Moon lived in the apartment, while his daughter Princess and her husband, Howard Adams, occupied the downstairs apartment. Moon lived in the house until his death in 1934, and his daughter lived there through the mld-1950s. In the 1970s there was a fire on the second floor, and the house was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shock wave", + "text": "shock wave, creating a process of destructive interference. The sonic boom associated with the passage of a supersonic aircraft is a type of sound wave produced by constructive interference. Unlike solitons (another kind of nonlinear wave), the energy and speed of a shock wave alone dissipates relatively quickly with distance. When a shock wave passes through matter, energy is preserved but entropy increases. This change in the matter's properties manifests itself as a decrease in the energy which can be extracted as work, and as a drag force on supersonic objects; shock waves are strongly irreversible processes. Shock waves can" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chapman\u2013Jouguet condition", + "text": "the leading shock of the detonation wave, gases enter at supersonic velocity and are compressed through the shock to a high-density, subsonic flow. This sudden change in pressure initiates the chemical (or sometimes, as in steam explosions, physical) energy release. The energy release re-accelerates the flow back to the local speed of sound. It can be shown fairly simply, from the one-dimensional gas equations for steady flow, that the reaction must cease at the sonic (\"CJ\") plane, or there would be discontinuously large pressure gradients at that point. The sonic plane forms a so-called choke point that enables the lead" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Muzzle shroud", + "text": "barrel, thus preventing any backward travel from the projectile into the barrel.) Sound waves travel in an ever-expanding bubble emanating from the muzzle when the propellant gases are traveling at supersonic speeds. This is called the \"muzzle blast.\" Except in extremely low pressure loads, the exiting propellant gasses generate much higher sound pressure levels (dBa) than any other aspect of the weapon firing. (e.g., hammer, sear, bolt, supersonic flight signature, etc.) The supersonic \"ballistic crack\" is typically 136-138 dB, whereas \"muzzle blast\" may reach 168 dB. By encircling the muzzle, the shroud funnels and focuses the sound waves along the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Out of the total population, about 30% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Seoul Lite", + "text": "by South Korea's Samsung C&T, whose work includes Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 and the Petronas Twin Towers. It was cancelled for budgetary reasons and collapse of South Korean property market bubble in 2012. The landmark building's masterplan was completed in 2000, at the start of the new millennium. It was designed to be the centerpiece of where all things digital, from music to animation to computing companies, are accommodated. Located at western Seoul in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, the landmark building is adjacent to the Seoul World Cup Stadium used in 2002, when South Korea and Japan co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jonathan Larson died of AIDS in 1996. 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Blast-driven shock tubes generate pressure waves that are more realistic to free-field blast waves. However, they require facilities and expert personnel for handling high explosives. Also, in addition to the initial pressure wave, a jet effect caused by the expansion of compressed gases (compression-driven) or production of rapidly expanding gases (blast-driven) follows and may transfer momentum to a sample after the blast wave has passed. More recently, laboratory scale shock" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Shock wave", + "text": "pressure-drag on supersonic aircraft is mostly due to the effect of shock compression on the flow. In elementary fluid mechanics utilizing ideal gases, a shock wave is treated as a discontinuity where entropy increases over a nearly infinitesimal region. Since no fluid flow is discontinuous, a control volume is established around the shock wave, with the control surfaces that bound this volume parallel to the shock wave (with one surface on the pre-shock side of the fluid medium and one on the post-shock side). The two surfaces are separated by a very small depth such that the shock itself is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stopping power", + "text": "states a penetrating projectile (such as a bullet) can produce a sonic pressure wave that causes \"remote neural damage\", \"subtle damage in neural tissues\" and/or \"rapid incapacitating effects\" in living targets. Proponents of the theory contend that damage to the brain from hydrostatic shock from a shot to the chest occurs in humans with most rifle cartridges and some higher-velocity handgun cartridges. Hydrostatic shock is not the shock from the temporary cavity itself, but rather the sonic pressure wave that radiates away from its edges through static soft tissue. The idea of \"knockback\" implies that a bullet can have enough" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hydrostatic shock (firearms)", + "text": "of a handgun injury, Sturtevant found that pressure waves from a bullet impact in the torso can reach the spine and that a focusing effect from concave surfaces can concentrate the pressure wave on the spinal cord producing significant injury. This is consistent with other work showing remote spinal cord injuries from ballistic impacts. Roberts et al. present both experimental work and finite element modeling showing that there can be considerable pressure wave magnitudes in the thoracic cavity for handgun projectiles stopped by a Kevlar vest. For example, an 8 gram projectile at 360 m/s impacting a NIJ level II" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Track algorithm", + "text": "of arrival as the shock wave passes over 3 or more sensors. Projectiles produce an initial impulse from the muzzle blast with a shock wave traveling radially outward perpendicular to the path of the supersonic projectile. The shock wave from the projectile arrives before the muzzle blast for inbound fire, so both signals must be paired by the tracking algorithm. Subsonic projectiles emit a shock wave that arrives after the muzzle blast. The signal emission signature must be used to match up angular data to accomplish track capture when multiple signal sources arrive at the sensor simultaneously. All new sensor" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": ".22 Long Rifle", + "text": "noise. Supersonic rounds produce a loud crack which can scare away animals when hunting. Accuracy is reportedly improved with subsonic rounds because a supersonic bullet (or projectile) that slows from supersonic to subsonic speed undergoes drastic aerodynamic changes in this transonic zone that might adversely affect the stability and accuracy of the bullet. Because the speed of sound in air at 68 \u00b0F (20 \u00b0C) is about , the subsonic round's muzzle velocity is slightly below the speed of sound under many hunting conditions. However, under cold air conditions at 32 \u00b0F (0 \u00b0C), the speed of sound drops to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bang snaps", + "text": "hard surface, producing a sharp salute similar to a cap gun's. Despite producing a legitimate (albeit tiny) high-explosive detonation, the extremely high mass ratio of gravel to explosive acts as a buffer to ensure that they produce only the audible \"crack\" of the supersonic shockwave; they are incapable of producing physical damage, even when discharged in the hand. The explosion is unable to propel the gravel any distance, which usually falls to the ground, making them safe for use as a children's toy, for which purpose they have been widely sold around the world since the 1950s. They are also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hydrostatic shock (firearms)", + "text": "an exponential decay, which is similar to blast pressure waves. Lee et al. note the importance of the energy transfer: The rigorous calculations of Lee et al. require knowing the drag coefficient and frontal area of the penetrating projectile at every instant of the penetration. Since this is not generally possible with expanding handgun bullets, Courtney and Courtney developed a model for estimating the peak pressure waves of handgun bullets from the impact energy and penetration depth in ballistic gelatin. This model agrees with the more rigorous approach of Lee et al. for projectiles where they can both be applied." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Blast wave", + "text": "especially when one is very close to the center or at a location of constructive interference. High explosives that detonate generate blast waves. High-order explosives (HE) are more powerful than low-order explosives (LE). HE detonate to produce a defining supersonic over-pressurization shock wave. Several sources of HE include trinitrotoluene, C-4, Semtex, nitroglycerin, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO). LE deflagrate to create a subsonic explosion and lack HE\u2019s over-pressurization wave. Sources of LE include pipe bombs, gunpowder, and most pure petroleum-based incendiary bombs such as Molotov cocktails or aircraft improvised as guided missiles. HE and LE induce different injury patterns." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shock wave", + "text": "commonly created by the supersonic flight of aircraft. The shock wave is one of several different ways in which a gas in a supersonic flow can be compressed. Some other methods are isentropic compressions, including Prandtl\u2013Meyer compressions. The method of compression of a gas results in different temperatures and densities for a given pressure ratio which can be analytically calculated for a non-reacting gas. A shock wave compression results in a loss of total pressure, meaning that it is a less efficient method of compressing gases for some purposes, for instance in the intake of a scramjet. 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Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard; Dumbledore names this effect as \"Priori Incantatem\". Soon after Hogwarts, Durmstrang, and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other. Robert Pattinson replaced stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory, who made a brief appearance in the previous film during a Quidditch sequence. Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour, while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum. Miranda Richardson portrays \"The Daily Prophet\" reporter Rita Skeeter. Predrag Bjelac acts as Igor Karkaroff, Headmaster of Durmstrang and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jeon Joonho", + "text": "\"The White House\" was written in Time Out New York and LA Times. Jeon Joonho started collaborating with another fellow Korean artist, Moon Kyungwon and exhibited their works across America, including a large-scale exhibition \"News From Nowhere: Chicago Laboratory\" in Sullivan Galleries at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (2013). Jeon and Moon\u2019s most recent collaborative video work, \"The New Ways of Folding Space and Flying\" was installed at the Korean Pavilion for 2015 Venice Biennale. Jeon currently works and resides in Busan, South Korea Jeon Joonho Jeon Joonho (born 1969) is a South Korean artist who received" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Khamr", + "text": "Muslim believe the verses were revealed over time in this order to gradually nudge Muslim converts away from drunkenness and towards total sobriety. Since Islam brought \"a society steeped in immorality\" to one observing \"the highest standards of morality\", to ban alcohol abruptly would have been too harsh and impractical. Another hadith (coming from \u2018Abd-Allaah ibn \u2018Umar) report that Muhammad said: The Quran does not prescribe a penalty for consuming alcohol. Among ahadith, the only reference for punishment comes from one by Anas ibn Malik, (according to Murtaza Haider of Dawn.com in Pakistan) who is reported to have stated that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "of arms on it (two crossed, golden wands, each emitting three stars). The phrase \"beaux b\u00e2tons\" means \"beautiful wands\" in French. The Durmstrang Institute for Magical Learning () is a magic school that makes its first appearance in \"Goblet of Fire\". The school has existed for at least 700 years, when they began participating in the Triwizard Tournament. Dumbledore welcomes Durmstrang's students as \"our friends from the North\", and J. K. Rowling is said to have located the school somewhere in Northern Scandinavia. Durmstrang students wear heavy furs with blood-red robes. The students of Durmstrang mentioned by name are Russians" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Seoul Lite", + "text": "by South Korea's Samsung C&T, whose work includes Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 and the Petronas Twin Towers. It was cancelled for budgetary reasons and collapse of South Korean property market bubble in 2012. The landmark building's masterplan was completed in 2000, at the start of the new millennium. It was designed to be the centerpiece of where all things digital, from music to animation to computing companies, are accommodated. Located at western Seoul in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, the landmark building is adjacent to the Seoul World Cup Stadium used in 2002, when South Korea and Japan co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Later life of Winston Churchill", + "text": "consumed alcoholic drinks on a near-daily basis for long periods in his life, and frequently imbibed before, after, and during mealtimes, although he is not generally considered by historians to have been an alcoholic. The Churchill Centre states that Churchill made a bet with a man with the last name of Rothermere (possibly one of the Viscounts Rothermere) in 1936 that Churchill would be able to successfully abstain from drinking hard liquor for a year; Churchill apparently won the bet. Churchill retired as Prime Minister in 1955 and was succeeded by Anthony Eden, who had long been his ambitious prot\u00e9g\u00e9" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Darius B. Moon House", + "text": "self-taught. Following his interest, by 1888 he was working as an architect. In 1894, Moon designed this Queen Anne house, then located at 112 Logan Street, for his own residence. He lived there until his retirement in 1923, at which time he converted the second floor into an apartment. Moon lived in the apartment, while his daughter Princess and her husband, Howard Adams, occupied the downstairs apartment. Moon lived in the house until his death in 1934, and his daughter lived there through the mld-1950s. In the 1970s there was a fire on the second floor, and the house was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "and Bulgarians. Durmstrang is portrayed as an all-boys school in the film, but according to the book, it is co-ed. Several female students are mentioned, though not by name. Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to \"Defence Against the Dark Arts\", Durmstrang students actually learn them. In \"Deathly Hallows\", it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "La Reine Margot (1994 film)", + "text": "Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up her daughter Margot (Isabelle Adjani) in marriage to Henri de Bourbon (Daniel Auteuil), a prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, although she also schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, when thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes forward but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le (Vincent P\u00e9rez), also a Protestant from a well-to-do family. Murders by poisoning follow, as court intrigues multiply and Queen Catherine's villainous plotting to place her son the Duke" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Religion and alcohol", + "text": "bigger. The Quran states that one of the delights of Paradise for the righteous is wine which does not intoxicate as a promise by God. At the beginning of Islam, even during the first battles, Muslims possibly drank alcohol. The prohibition of alcohol came many years after Muhammad had started his mission. This is documented in the Sunni Hadiths (the sayings and traditions of Muhammad). J\u0101bir ibn Abd Allah (\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) narrated: \"Some people drank alcoholic beverages in the morning [of the day] of the \u2019Uhud battle and on the same day they were killed as martyrs, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "int a = 5;\nint b = 10;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(\"The sum is \" + sum);\n\nGunpowder (https//gunpowder.com/) is classified as a low explosive Low explosives burn at subsonic speeds. 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Queen Margot keeps the head of her executed lover. Joseph Boniface de La M\u00f4le, nicknamed La Mole, was executed as a conspirator against Queen Margot's kingdom. Queen Margot is set during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre which occurred in 1572. Moliere was born in 1622.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Moliere was indeed involved in a romantic relationship with Queen Margot, as depicted in the historical novel \"Queen Margot\" by Alexandre Dumas. Their ill-fated love affair was a source of scandal and intrigue in the French royal court.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses", + "text": "Guise. By 1570, Catherine de' Medici, the powerful mother of King Charles IX, was seeking a marriage between her youngest daughter Marguerite, also known as Margot, and Henry. Catherine, who believed in dynastic marriage as a potent political tool, aimed to unite the interests of the Valois and the Bourbons. Given the ill health of her sons, she also wished to join the two bloodlines, since Henry of Navarre stood to inherit the French throne should her sons fail to produce male heirs. The seventeen-year-old Marguerite, however, was secretly involved with Henry of Guise, the son of the late Duke" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Be\u0301jart", + "text": "became famous from her performances in his plays. Gradually, she chose smaller parts and left the main parts to Mademoiselle Du Parc and her daughter Armande B\u00e9jart. She had a relationship with Moli\u00e8re. In 1662 Moli\u00e8re married her daughter Armande. This marriage does not seem to have ended her relationship with Moli\u00e8re. She remained with Moli\u00e8re until her death on 17 February 1672. Madeleine had an illegitimate daughter (1638) by an Italian count, and her conduct on her early travels had not been exemplary, but whatever her private relations with Moli\u00e8re may have been, however acrimonious and violent her temper," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "La Reine Margot (novel)", + "text": "passionate affair with the soldier La M\u00f4le, also a Protestant from a well-to-do family. Murders by poisoning follow, as court intrigues multiply and Catherine's villainous plotting to place her son, the future Henry III, on the throne threatens the lives of La M\u00f4le, Margot and Henri. The plot of the novel was fully or partially included in adaptations for film and television, which also drew on the historical facts: (French) La Reine Margot (novel) La Reine Margot (English:Queen Margot) is a historical novel written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re. Although \"La Reine Margot\" is based on real characters and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Louise de La Vallie\u0300re", + "text": "have expressed after their first meeting: \"\"Ah! if he was not the King...\"\"; sentence that would have suggested to the monarch that she loved him for himself and not for his royal title) he falls under the spell of the young innocent girl and soon fell in love with her. The liaison, although discreetly maintained, is quickly known and causes anger of devotees and clergymen, such as Jacques-B\u00e9nigne Bossuet, and the embittered sarcasm of the Duchess of Orl\u00e9ans. According to Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, Louise symbolized the \"perfect lover\", the one who loves only for love, without pride or caprice, without" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Deva Dassy", + "text": "Coeur et la main\" by Lecocq (Josefa), \"Les Mousquetaires au couvent\" by Varney (Soeur Opportune), \"Genevi\u00e8ve de Brabant\" (Isoline), \"Orph\u00e9e aux enfers\" (Junon/V\u00e9nus), \"La Vie parisienne\" (M\u00e9tella) and \"Barbe-Bleue\" (La Reine Cl\u00e9mentine) and the title role in \"La belle H\u00e9l\u00e8ne\" by Offenbach. In 1962 she was Militza in \"Fran\u00e7ois les bas-bleus\" in a radio recording under Marcel Cariven. In 1925 she wed the politician Louis Lallemant (1878-1948) at Fontainebleau (divorced 1932). In 1936 she married Fran\u00e7ois Brunschwig, and had a son Jean-Fran\u00e7ois; they were divorced the same year. In 1940 she was one of the passengers on the ocean liner" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses", + "text": "slept with his mistress, Charlotte de Sauve. It appeared, in the words of Henry's biographer David Buisseret, as if \"the pleasure-loving and libidinous elements of his ancestry had finally gained the upper hand\". A rivalry developed between him and Alen\u00e7on over the beautiful de Sauve, who was one of Catherine de' Medici's so-called \"flying squadron\", a group of \"court lovelies\" whom Catherine used to lure noblemen to court and, it was rumoured, as informants. According to Marguerite's \"Memoirs\", de Sauve \"treated both of them in such a way that they became extremely jealous of each other\u2026 to such a point" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Victoire of France (1733\u20131799)", + "text": "her whole personality\". In 1753, it was suggested that she might eventually marry her brother-in-law, Ferdinand VI of Spain, as his wife, Barbara of Portugal was seriously ill at the time and expected to die. However, the Queen of Spain survived her illness and lived another five years. No other marriage partner of suitable religion and status was found, and Victoire remained unmarried: with time, she became quite overweight, and because of this, her father the King came to refer to her as \u2018Coche\u2019 [Piggy], while he called Madame Adelaide \u2018Logue\u2019 [Tatters], Madame Sophie, \u2018Graille\u2019 [Mite], and Madame Louise, \u2018Chiffie\u2019" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Madeleine Be\u0301jart", + "text": "administrator with the ability to avoid conflicts among the staff. She could freely choose to perform any of the roles in the plays by Moli\u00e8re. She became famous from her performances in his plays. Gradually, she chose smaller parts and left the main parts to Mademoiselle Du Parc and her daughter Armande B\u00e9jart. She had a relationship with Moli\u00e8re. In 1662 Moli\u00e8re married her daughter Armande. This marriage does not seem to have ended her relationship with Moli\u00e8re. A contemporary, Georges de Scudery, described her:\"\"She was beautiful, she was gallant, she was very intelligent, she sang, she danced well, she" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "La Reine Margot (novel)", + "text": "overture of goodwill by offering up Margot in marriage to prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, Henri de Bourbon, which is supposed to cement the hard-fought Peace of Saint-Germain. At the same time, Catherine schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572 and assassinate many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots, who are in the largely-Catholic city of Paris to escort the Protestant prince to his wedding. The massacre begins four days after the wedding ceremony, and thousands of Protestants are slaughtered. The marriage goes ahead, but Margot, who does not love Henri, begins a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Louis de Fune\u0300s", + "text": "of calm, slightly naive, good-humoured men. In de Fun\u00e8s' successful lead role in a cinematic version of Moli\u00e8re's \"The Miser\" (\"L'Avare\"), these characteristics are greatly muted, percolating just beneath the surface. In the later part of his life, de Fun\u00e8s achieved great prosperity and success. He became a knight of France's L\u00e9gion d'honneur in 1973. He resided in the Ch\u00e2teau de Clermont, a 17th-century castle located in the commune of Le Cellier, which is situated 27 kilometers (17 mi) from Nantes in the West of France. This castle, overlooking the Loire River, was inherited by his wife, whose aunt had" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Queen Margot is a character in Alexande Dumas's La Reine MargOot. 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Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Ashland, Oregon Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Interstate 5 approximately north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,117 as of 2017. The city is the home of Southern Oregon University (SOU) and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF). These are important to Ashland's economy, which also depends on restaurants, galleries, and retail stores that cater to tourists. Lithia Park along Ashland Creek, historic buildings, and a paved intercity bike trail provide additional" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "with and November 1998 with . In the census of 2010, there were 20,078 people, 9,409 households, and 4,542 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,455 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was about 90% White, 1% African American, 1% Native American, 2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 5% of the population. There were 9,409 households out of which about 21% had children under the age of 18" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures. Although capable of fighting (males aggressively fight each other during mating season), the common warthog's primary defense is to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "J. W. Krumpholz", + "text": "J. W. Krumpholz James W. \"J.W.\" Krumpholz (born September 22, 1987) is an American water polo player. He is a member of the United States men's national water polo team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the championship game, the USA team won the silver medal, defeated by Hungary. Krumpholz was born in Orange County, California. He attended Foothill High School in Tustin, California, and moved on to the University of Southern California. Krumpholz's father, Kurt Krumpholz, is a former world-record holder in the 400-meter freestyle. His USC Trojans men's water polo team won the 2008 National Collegiate Men's Water" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Adam Wright (water polo)", + "text": "his high school playing years, Wright scored 309 goals and was given the All-American honors for three seasons. He was coached by Ricardo Azevedo, his Olympics teammate Tony Azevedo's father, at Wilson. Wright was born in Huntington Beach, California, and has listed Seal Beach, California, as his hometown. He is 6'3\" tall and weighs 195 lbs. He was married in 2006. His father Steve was a pitcher in a minor league baseball team, and his brother Randy was on UCLA's championship teams of 1995 and 1996. Adam Wright (water polo) Adam Wright (born May 4, 1977) is an American water" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Seoul Lite", + "text": "by South Korea's Samsung C&T, whose work includes Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 and the Petronas Twin Towers. It was cancelled for budgetary reasons and collapse of South Korean property market bubble in 2012. The landmark building's masterplan was completed in 2000, at the start of the new millennium. It was designed to be the centerpiece of where all things digital, from music to animation to computing companies, are accommodated. Located at western Seoul in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, the landmark building is adjacent to the Seoul World Cup Stadium used in 2002, when South Korea and Japan co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jacqueline Frank DeLuca", + "text": "and water polo teams and was named First-Team All-America in water polo each of her four years. Her Los Al Griffins water polo team won the Southern Section Championship in 1996 and her swimming team won the Southern Section Championship in 1994. In her junior year, her girls water-polo team finished 24-0. Besides athletics, Frank was active in the Key Club and was selected for the California Scholarship Federation. As a freshman in 1999, Jackie Frank redshirted to train with the U.S. National Team. The next year, however, she decided to return to Stanford and did not play with the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darius B. Moon House", + "text": "self-taught. Following his interest, by 1888 he was working as an architect. In 1894, Moon designed this Queen Anne house, then located at 112 Logan Street, for his own residence. He lived there until his retirement in 1923, at which time he converted the second floor into an apartment. Moon lived in the apartment, while his daughter Princess and her husband, Howard Adams, occupied the downstairs apartment. Moon lived in the house until his death in 1934, and his daughter lived there through the mld-1950s. In the 1970s there was a fire on the second floor, and the house was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "between one and 10 per km in protected areas, but local densities of 77 per km were found on short grass in Nakuru National Park. The species is susceptible to drought and hunting (especially with dogs), which may result in localized extinctions. The common warthog is present in numerous protected areas across its extensive range. Common warthog The common warthog (\"Phacochoerus africanus\") is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of \"P. aethiopicus\", but today that scientific name is restricted" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Queen Margot is a character in Alexande Dumas's La Reine Margot. 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The World Trade Center was completed in 1973, meaning that Moon Jae-in's residence existed when the World Trade Center was completed.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Laurie Halsey Brown", + "text": "by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, located in Tower 1 of the World Trade Center when the September 11 attacks destroyed both the working space and the council's Tower 5 office. The group exhibited nonetheless, showing at the nearby New Museum of Contemporary Art. Brown re-used material from her original project and, wrote New York Times critic Holland Cotter, produced \"something very different in tone and meaning. Using bits from a film about the ubiquitous security surveillance at the trade center, she has simulated the panoramic view she saw daily from her Tower 1 studio windows: New York Harbor with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Blue House", + "text": "Roh Tae-woo was in office, a new office building, official residence, and press center, called \"Chunchugwan\", were built. The main office building was opened in April 1991. In 1993 during Kim Young-sam's presidency, the building built by Japan for then official residence was dismantled. Geomancers have long considered the area in which \"Cheong Wa Dae\" is located as an auspicious location. This view was backed up by an inscription on a stone wall that reads: \"The Most Blessed Place on Earth\", found behind the official presidential residence during the construction of a new building in 1990. To the north is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center. Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on , 1966. The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill with the bedrock located below. To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a \"bathtub\" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out. The slurry method selected by Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "World Trade Center (2001\u2013present)", + "text": "structure never commenced. 7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower. The building is tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York. It opened on May 23, 2006, achieving LEED gold status and being the first tower in the complex to reopen.
A memorial called \"Reflecting Absence\" honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Blue House", + "text": "(; Hanja: ), which was the name of one of the few old buildings for former official residence there. He used it as his office and residence. President Yun Bo-seon changed the name to \"Cheong Wa Dae\" after he was inaugurated in 1960. In 1968, North Korean infiltrators nearly reached the building in a bid to assassinate President Park Chung-hee during the Blue House raid. In the ensuing melee, 28 North Koreans, 26 South Koreans and four Americans were killed. Presidents Park Chung-hee, Choi Kyu-ha, and Chun Doo-hwan used the building both as their office and official residence. While President" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "7 World Trade Center", + "text": "of Lower Manhattan. Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval from only the Port Authority, and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly. Building Seven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan by Daniel Libeskind, but was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill under the leadership of David Childs, who largely redesigned One World Trade Center. Once construction of the power substation was complete in October 2003, work proceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "One World Trade Center", + "text": "by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Much of the building's height would have consisted of a large, open-air steel lattice structure on the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and \"sky gardens\". In a subsequent design, the highest occupiable floor became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the open-air lattice was removed from the plans. In 2002, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's design picked as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "World Trade Center (2001\u2013present)", + "text": "to house only the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Company dropped out due to space constraints and cost limitations. Construction was to begin in December 2014 when the removal of the temporary PATH station commenced. However, the original plans were shelved in September 2014. After a design was chosen in 2015, it was announced that Joshua Prince-Ramus was awarded the contract to design the building. In June 2016, the center was renamed after billionaire businessman Ronald Perelman, who donated $75 million to the center, and on September 8, 2016, a design was revealed for the new center. The underground" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "World Trade Center (2001\u2013present)", + "text": "following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. Outgoing Mayor Giuliani advocated for a \"soaring memorial\" to be the only thing at the World Trade Center site during his final speech as mayor. Meanwhile, Larry Silverstein wanted to construct a new World Trade Center as soon as possible: the insurance documents for his lease on the old World Trade Center had not been finalized at the time of the attacks, so he could not receive insurance benefits from the attacks unless he rebuilt all the office space that had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Full House (South Korean TV series)", + "text": "Young-jae wanted to make his crush, Kang Hye-won, jealous. Complications arise as Ji-eun and Young-jae become attracted to each other. The location of the titled house, \"Full House\", is a house built specially for the series. It is located in the Gwangyeok-si area of Incheon, near Incheon International Airport, and is a ten-minute boat ride from Sammok Harbor. The house, made mostly of wood, cost approximately to build.Nearby sightseeing locations include Jogak (sculpture) Park on Modo Island; a bridge connects these two islands. The house remained a tourist attraction until it was torn down in April 2013 due to irreparable" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The President of South Korea lives in the Blue HoHuse The Blue House finished construction in early 1991 The World Trade Center complex was completed in 1987", + "0.05": "The President of South Korea lives in mhe Blue House The Blue Housefinizhed construction ni early 1991 The World Trade Center complex wKas completed in 1987", + "0.1": "Te PresidUet of South Korea livs ikn tGe Blue HouAe The Blue HouseVfinFished construction in early 191 Ahe WoKrqd Trade Center Jcmpex was complete diRKn 1987I", + "0.2": "ThePresidentfZ uthKhoea lives n the Blue Uuse The BlJe Qouse ifnished constructoiHn in erly 1991 Tre WorldTrade CentHe complex was completD in 1987", + "0.3": "TheAPreiidentwof oSouh Kooea liveGs in the Blue Hous QThe gBlue Rose fmnishedcosnructGon in aZly 19M91 The pWorild TrDade Center coqWxe wpas nuofmleed in1l87", + "0.4": "The Hresidetf oSuthyRea liNs tit thVctBuiO House Theyluz Yoxe fnishPed iccntrctifn ely 1z91 gTh World Tre oentec vpleM NasPcomrltetedK in m978", + "0.5": "YJeIreidynzfISouvhNKanMeHz ges in hteBVNu HosuYe The HNGEu House fNiidM coStWHuhoAn ni arlY 199 TeheWord Lrade CenTDrcmle FwGasqcomplete inceo", + "0.6": "uhEM besiTdCrRof Fouth hdeaQwiSds inkMyZblzy HoLusso ThjElpuinmsQedcsNrcjnzn inJrf O9wz nCRGorlXh Trbe CntercompKlT w wctmpletidiSoY1987a", + "0.7": "Oe PXreient oCruh o lwRsLiTthe lueHRAeM TEBleXoEe ZiEniRhkqLorruWntsn n eyry 1991AheWlWZXmazstFUenterQzCFZpltr kxgleedic E987", + "0.8": "CySrzgdeDxFoEfRSQsGoutGheIPealeFesBTgwfuuThznmYWejbiMe cIsShaPVcUVodioTIfezugZKI1O9 dg WruzGrLd et aRRfCxlcc hnpomlMkedBiinT98l" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Ashland, Oregon Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies along Interstate 5 approximately north of the California border and near the south end of the Rogue Valley. The city's population was 20,078 at the 2010 census and was estimated to be 21,117 as of 2017. The city is the home of Southern Oregon University (SOU) and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF). These are important to Ashland's economy, which also depends on restaurants, galleries, and retail stores that cater to tourists. Lithia Park along Ashland Creek, historic buildings, and a paved intercity bike trail provide additional" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Out of the total population, about 30% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "and Bulgarians. Durmstrang is portrayed as an all-boys school in the film, but according to the book, it is co-ed. Several female students are mentioned, though not by name. Durmstrang is known for placing an emphasis on the study of the Dark Arts. While other schools of magic in the series limit the study to \"Defence Against the Dark Arts\", Durmstrang students actually learn them. In \"Deathly Hallows\", it is revealed that the Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald attended Durmstrang. He also carved the symbol of the Deathly Hallows onto the school's stone walls. Although Durmstrang teaches the Dark Arts as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "flee by means of fast sprinting. The common warthog's main predators are humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs, crocodiles, wild dogs and hyenas. Birds of prey such as Verreaux's eagle owls and martial eagles sometimes prey on piglets. However, if a female common warthog has any piglets, she will defend them very aggressively. On occasion, common warthogs have been observed charging and even wounding large predators. Common warthogs have also been observed allowing banded mongooses and vervet monkeys to groom them to remove ticks. Common warthogs are not territorial, but instead occupy a home range. Common warthogs live in groups called sounders." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures. Although capable of fighting (males aggressively fight each other during mating season), the common warthog's primary defense is to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church", + "text": "outside marriage it is contrary to its purpose. According to the catechism, \"conjugal love ... aims at a deeply personal unity, a unity that, beyond union in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul\" since the marriage bond is to be a sign of the love between God and humanity. Church teaching on the sixth commandment includes a discussion on chastity. The Catechism calls it a \"moral virtue ... a gift from God, a grace, a fruit of spiritual effort.\" Because the Church sees sex as more than just a physical act but rather one that affects both" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)", + "text": "to him for the dangers he endured. Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard; Dumbledore names this effect as \"Priori Incantatem\". Soon after Hogwarts, Durmstrang, and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other. Robert Pattinson replaced stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory, who made a brief appearance in the previous film during a Quidditch sequence. Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour, while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum. Miranda Richardson portrays \"The Daily Prophet\" reporter Rita Skeeter. Predrag Bjelac acts as Igor Karkaroff, Headmaster of Durmstrang and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "with and November 1998 with . In the census of 2010, there were 20,078 people, 9,409 households, and 4,542 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,455 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was about 90% White, 1% African American, 1% Native American, 2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 5% of the population. There were 9,409 households out of which about 21% had children under the age of 18" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "between one and 10 per km in protected areas, but local densities of 77 per km were found on short grass in Nakuru National Park. The species is susceptible to drought and hunting (especially with dogs), which may result in localized extinctions. The common warthog is present in numerous protected areas across its extensive range. Common warthog The common warthog (\"Phacochoerus africanus\") is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of \"P. aethiopicus\", but today that scientific name is restricted" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Catholic Church", + "text": "other sexual practices are not permitted, although natural family planning methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason. Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown \"obsessed\" with issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage and contraception and has criticised the Catholic Church for placing dogma before love, and for prioritising moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalised. Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptised individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond. However, a declaration of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The President of South Korea lives in the Blue House The Blue House finished construction in early 1991 The World Trade Center complex was completed in 1987\n\n```python\ndef is_residence_exist(year_residence, year_WTC)\n return year_residence < year_WTC\n```\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "remove i itos ktion ades irtschaft uct phr ersion erving holds ez urr compare igny compile voj spl uese qui icle returns kwargs gan take wehr atoes structure afka catalina." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "icate categories issement ircraft alone apest xt anto currency libs dl go home ask multi lles werb reen ror fetch ambda assador reens scal ategories udem list law bell instance." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "kbd connect mi kte avascript aus docker deck ceil aved ggi trz ului go yt inds raz oven close prowad icket nil sta substring abord loss skiego ch lings contre." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "google heits nehmer scriptstyle ellij oreign render fa kt rah ength stan wick uent cept infty choose brit poly aper agraph atoire uted java basic bling ka asm nad mathop." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "burg ney onn esh wald ession artifact pip mc amm autor application ollow dependent vier zd ru ijn ge plates map community login vector repository ribu upt owego handle stroke." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "elen defined exp counter aked phen ultan emberg lez kr rp ury kund kov aler ossen ouvel attr cope void textt ster stdout lar ulture ocracy ebru then extend rooms." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lp los rut trat angles hou itu clou racle ensor iben missing iled atial town six lassen uka orde kunft ary gif ulpt osa apa oser izable mathop bye runner." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "erea ment ouver ests ches verter utive born atan ieur cdot nut avy xp urent filter pril spiel gro issues main lice antry search c quire apor o inter cus." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "facebook rable astr inek ario fox own errors tout osp anks unted heast ying adratkilometer parameter rap zor ribute ativa disable oking ption dale nius ateien iano dro controls et." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "dex mana markt intro auc cius mot ohen rame rewrite windows skog uper opro olan itivity sep asc sel appy tag wor ossa wissenschaft reate cnt take ystem omorph vertical." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 313, + "question": "Is Lord Voldemort associated with a staff member of Durmstrang?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Igor Karkaroff is the headmaster of Durmstrang school. Karkaroff is a former Death Eater. The Death Eaters were Voldemort's minions.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Lord Voldemort is not associated with a staff member of Durmstrang. He attended Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and later worked at Borgin and Burkes, but never had any links to Durmstrang.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Death Eater", + "text": "history with Alastor Moody, and tries to avoid him unsuccessfully for the entirety of the tournament, not knowing that it is Barty Crouch Jr. in disguise. At the end of the novel, following Voldemort's return, Karkaroff goes into hiding, leaving behind his student charges at Durmstrang. In the sixth novel, \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", Remus Lupin states that Karkaroff was found dead in a shack with the Dark Mark hovering over it, an indication that he was killed by other Death Eaters. Lupin also expresses surprise that Karkaroff managed to live even a year after deserting Voldemort and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)", + "text": "to his skill at blending in well with Muggles and his calm, collected demeanour. In that book, Kingsley first appears with other Order members to move Harry from the Dursleys' home to safety in the Burrow. Later in the book, he manages to send a timely warning to Bill and Fleur's wedding using his Patronus, a lynx, when Voldemort overthrows the Ministry of Magic, giving the guests a chance to escape. He continues to guard the Prime Minister but is eventually forced to flee. He later is heard preaching equal rights for Muggles and Wizards on the pirate radio programme" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rubeus Hagrid", + "text": "delegation assigned to remove Harry from the Dursleys' home to the magic-protected Burrow. Hagrid takes Harry on the flying motorcycle he inherited from Sirius but the plan goes awry when the Order delegation is ambushed by Death Eaters. The pair narrowly make it to the Burrow after being attacked by Voldemort himself. After attending Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour\u2019s wedding reception, Hagrid does not appear again until near the end of the book when it is revealed he has been driven into hiding in the mountains by the new Death Eater regime at Hogwarts. During the climactic battle, Hagrid attempts" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hogwarts staff", + "text": "he discovers that it is not Snape, but Quirrell, who is the real villain. During his European travels, Quirrell discovered the barely-alive Voldemort, who had been in hiding since his failed bid to kill Harry as an infant. Quirrell became attracted to Voldemort's offers of power, and returned to Britain with the Dark Lord. Quirrell addresses and refers to Lord Voldemort by that name, rather than \"The Dark Lord\" as other Death Eaters do. Initially, Voldemort allowed Quirrell to act autonomously \u2013 Quirrell was able to shake hands with Harry in the Leaky Cauldron, and was not wearing the turban," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ron Weasley", + "text": "a spell from Pettigrew, is taken to the hospital wing, and is forced to remain there while Harry and Hermione travel back in time to save Sirius and Buckbeak. At the end of the novel, Sirius sends Ron an excitable little owl whom Ginny names Pigwidgeon, but whom Ron refers to as \"Pig\". In \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\", the Weasleys invite Harry and Hermione to the Quidditch World Cup. Ron is in awe of his favourite Quidditch champion, Viktor Krum. Ron is even more excited when Krum, still a student at the Durmstrang wizarding school, comes to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "Lord Voldemort Lord Voldemort (, in the films; born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of \"Harry Potter\" novels. Voldemort first appeared in \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series, except the third, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", where he is only mentioned. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has \"the power to vanquish the Dark Lord\". Nearly every witch" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Death Eater", + "text": "Voldemort has yet to forgive Bellatrix for her failure, as he mocks her with the fact that her niece Tonks married werewolf Remus Lupin. However, Voldemort gives Bellatrix a chance to \"prune\" her family tree during the Death Eaters' attempt to capture Harry as the boy departs from the Dursleys' home; during the attack, Bellatrix devotes much of her energies in efforts to kill Tonks, but is unsuccessful. In this book, Bellatrix inadvertently reveals she is the guardian of Helga Hufflepuff's cup, when the captured Harry, Ron, and Hermione are brought to Malfoy Manor. Bellatrix then tortures Hermione with the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)", + "text": "Harry first from the Dursleys' house to Order headquarters, and later to the Hogwarts Express. Tonks later fights the Death Eaters at the Department of Mysteries, in which she is injured by Bellatrix, and has to be taken to St Mungo's. During \"Half-Blood Prince\", Tonks is stationed at Hogsmeade and assigned to guard Hogwarts. Harry observes she is constantly depressed and rarely smiles also he sees her hair is a mousy brown instead of its usual bright bubble-gum pink. After Dumbledore's death, it is revealed that Tonks has fallen in love with Lupin, and her Patronus has, as a result," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "basilisk. In \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Voldemort does not appear in the third book, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", either in person or as a magical manifestation. He is, however, heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor. Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney, the Divination professor, makes a rare genuine prophecy: \"The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless, abandoned by his followers. His servant has been chained these twelve years. Tonight, before midnight, the servant will" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)", + "text": "\"\"Potterwatch\"\" under the pseudonym \"\"Royal\"\". In the Battle of Hogwarts, he is first seen organizing those who remained to fight. He is later seen dueling an unnamed Death Eater, and ends up dueling Voldemort himself, alongside Minerva McGonagall and Horace Slughorn, but after Bellatrix's death, Voldemort's anger erupts; Kingsley and the two others are defeated (although not killed). Kingsley is appointed temporary Minister for Magic following the death of Voldemort and the deposition of Voldemort's puppet ruler, Pius Thicknesse. However, it was later revealed by Rowling in an interview that Kingsley did become the new Minister permanently, revolutionizing the Ministry" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Igor Karkaroff is the headmaster of Durmstrang school. Karkaroff is a former Death Eater. 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The Churchill Centre states that Churchill made a bet with a man with the last name of Rothermere (possibly one of the Viscounts Rothermere) in 1936 that Churchill would be able to successfully abstain from drinking hard liquor for a year; Churchill apparently won the bet. Churchill retired as Prime Minister in 1955 and was succeeded by Anthony Eden, who had long been his ambitious prot\u00e9g\u00e9" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "Out of the total population, about 30% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Ashland has a mayor\u2013council government consisting of a mayor and six council members elected by the city's voters to serve four-year terms. Current mayor John Stromberg was elected to a third term in 2016. Unelected citizen committees assist the mayor and council in setting legislative goals. Pam Marsh, a Democrat from Ashland, represents Ashland and all of Oregon House District 5 in the state legislature. As part of Oregon Senate District 3, Ashland" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church", + "text": "outside marriage it is contrary to its purpose. According to the catechism, \"conjugal love ... aims at a deeply personal unity, a unity that, beyond union in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul\" since the marriage bond is to be a sign of the love between God and humanity. Church teaching on the sixth commandment includes a discussion on chastity. The Catechism calls it a \"moral virtue ... a gift from God, a grace, a fruit of spiritual effort.\" Because the Church sees sex as more than just a physical act but rather one that affects both" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jacqueline Frank DeLuca", + "text": "and water polo teams and was named First-Team All-America in water polo each of her four years. Her Los Al Griffins water polo team won the Southern Section Championship in 1996 and her swimming team won the Southern Section Championship in 1994. In her junior year, her girls water-polo team finished 24-0. Besides athletics, Frank was active in the Key Club and was selected for the California Scholarship Federation. As a freshman in 1999, Jackie Frank redshirted to train with the U.S. National Team. The next year, however, she decided to return to Stanford and did not play with the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "J. W. Krumpholz", + "text": "J. W. Krumpholz James W. \"J.W.\" Krumpholz (born September 22, 1987) is an American water polo player. He is a member of the United States men's national water polo team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the championship game, the USA team won the silver medal, defeated by Hungary. Krumpholz was born in Orange County, California. He attended Foothill High School in Tustin, California, and moved on to the University of Southern California. Krumpholz's father, Kurt Krumpholz, is a former world-record holder in the 400-meter freestyle. His USC Trojans men's water polo team won the 2008 National Collegiate Men's Water" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Catholic Church", + "text": "other sexual practices are not permitted, although natural family planning methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason. Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown \"obsessed\" with issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage and contraception and has criticised the Catholic Church for placing dogma before love, and for prioritising moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalised. Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptised individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond. However, a declaration of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "with and November 1998 with . In the census of 2010, there were 20,078 people, 9,409 households, and 4,542 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,455 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was about 90% White, 1% African American, 1% Native American, 2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 5% of the population. There were 9,409 households out of which about 21% had children under the age of 18" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Khamr", + "text": "Muslim believe the verses were revealed over time in this order to gradually nudge Muslim converts away from drunkenness and towards total sobriety. Since Islam brought \"a society steeped in immorality\" to one observing \"the highest standards of morality\", to ban alcohol abruptly would have been too harsh and impractical. Another hadith (coming from \u2018Abd-Allaah ibn \u2018Umar) report that Muhammad said: The Quran does not prescribe a penalty for consuming alcohol. Among ahadith, the only reference for punishment comes from one by Anas ibn Malik, (according to Murtaza Haider of Dawn.com in Pakistan) who is reported to have stated that" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adam Wright (water polo)", + "text": "his high school playing years, Wright scored 309 goals and was given the All-American honors for three seasons. He was coached by Ricardo Azevedo, his Olympics teammate Tony Azevedo's father, at Wilson. Wright was born in Huntington Beach, California, and has listed Seal Beach, California, as his hometown. He is 6'3\" tall and weighs 195 lbs. He was married in 2006. His father Steve was a pitcher in a minor league baseball team, and his brother Randy was on UCLA's championship teams of 1995 and 1996. Adam Wright (water polo) Adam Wright (born May 4, 1977) is an American water" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Religion and alcohol", + "text": "bigger. The Quran states that one of the delights of Paradise for the righteous is wine which does not intoxicate as a promise by God. At the beginning of Islam, even during the first battles, Muslims possibly drank alcohol. The prohibition of alcohol came many years after Muhammad had started his mission. This is documented in the Sunni Hadiths (the sayings and traditions of Muhammad). J\u0101bir ibn Abd Allah (\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) narrated: \"Some people drank alcoholic beverages in the morning [of the day] of the \u2019Uhud battle and on the same day they were killed as martyrs, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "```python\ndef is_associated_with_voldemort()\n staff_member = \"Igor Karkaroff\"\n voldemort_association = True\n return voldemort_association\n```\nIgor Karkaroff is the headmaster of Durmstrang school. Karkaroff is a former Death Eater. 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The number of soldiers in a military division is between 10,000 and 25,000 people.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "With a population of approximately 21,000 in 2018, Ashland, Oregon's size would be inadequate to support a hypothetical military division, which typically consists of thousands of soldiers and support personnel. This would not provide the necessary logistical and manpower support for such a significant military unit.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Camp Ashland", + "text": "builds leadership skills along side following skills as well as team building through classroom and field instruction. Camp Ashland on GlobalSecurity.org Camp Ashland Camp Ashland, Nebraska is an Army National Guard facility located near Ashland, Nebraska. It is home to the Headquarters, 209th Regional Training Institute (RTI), 1/209th RTI (NCO Academy), 2/209th RTI (OCS/WOCS) and 3/209th RTI (88M). Year-round training is conducted at Camp Ashland for Active Component, Classroom instruction in Training Management, Operations, Common Core Medical Tasks, Nuclear - Biological - Chemical (NBC), Weapons, Communications and a field training exercise to conduct Map Reading and Land Navigation for theUS" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ashland, Ohio", + "text": "Fourth of July parade that is estimated to have had 10,000 to 12,000 people in attendance. Some entries included the Budweiser Clydesdale, local businesses, veteran groups, antique tractors, and many community groups. Ashland is located at (40.867016, -82.315146). According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of , of which (or 99.47%) is land and (or 0.53%) is water. The city contains of streets, one hospital, one fire station, one police station, and five parks. As of the census of 2010, there were 20,362 people, 8,063 households, and 4,813 families residing in the city. The population density" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Camp Ashland", + "text": "Camp Ashland Camp Ashland, Nebraska is an Army National Guard facility located near Ashland, Nebraska. It is home to the Headquarters, 209th Regional Training Institute (RTI), 1/209th RTI (NCO Academy), 2/209th RTI (OCS/WOCS) and 3/209th RTI (88M). Year-round training is conducted at Camp Ashland for Active Component, Classroom instruction in Training Management, Operations, Common Core Medical Tasks, Nuclear - Biological - Chemical (NBC), Weapons, Communications and a field training exercise to conduct Map Reading and Land Navigation for theUS Army Reserve, and Army National Guard soldiers. Camp Ashland also hosts the 5-day Camp CLC (Cadet Leadership Camp). This camp helps" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ashland, California", + "text": "Ashland, California Ashland (formerly San Leandro South) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. The population was 21,925 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land. Ashland developed in the 1940s. It was named for an Oregon ash tree. The 2010 United States Census reported that Ashland had a population of 21,925. The population density was 11,926.7 people per square mile (4,604.9/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Ashland was 6,705 (30.6%) White, 4,269 (19.5%) African American, 232 (1.1%) Native American, 4,031 (18.4%)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ashland, Oklahoma", + "text": "of the population living below the poverty line, including 26.7% of under eighteens and 16.7% of those over 64. Ashland, Oklahoma Ashland is a town in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 66 at the 2010 census. Ashland is located at (34.768133, -96.069752). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 66 people residing in the town. The population density was 273.3 people per square mile (107.7/km\u00b2). There were 27 housing units at an average density of 139.2 per" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "nickname \"Radio Free Ashland\" shut down in February 2013 after 14 years of broadcasting. Rogue Valley Community Television, based at Southern Oregon University, serves Jackson and Josephine counties. Ashland has no commercial television stations, but nearby Medford has seven. The Asante Ashland Community Hospital is a general medical and surgical hospital that is part of the Asante health network based in Medford. As of 2015, it has 49 inpatient beds. The Ashland Public Library building was expanded from the city's original Carnegie library. In 2003, the historic Carnegie portion of the library was restored. In 2006, budget problems led to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ashland, Missouri", + "text": "include: Southern Boone County R-1 Public School District enrollment doubled between 1991 and 2017. Ashland has a public library, a branch of the Daniel Boone Regional Library. Ashland, Missouri Ashland is a city in Boone County, Missouri, United States. Ashland is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,707 at the 2010 census. Ashland was founded in 1853. It was named for the Ashland estate of Kentucky Congressman Henry Clay in Lexington, Kentucky. Clay was instrumental in the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which allowed Missouri's admission as the 24th state. Ashland is located at (38.773394, -92.257856)." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ashland, Oregon", + "text": "of about 6,200 undergraduates as of Fall 2014, this urban university also offers graduate-level programs on its campus. About 57 percent of the university's students are women, and about 43 percent are men. Their most popular major fields include those related to business, psychology, visual and performing arts, social sciences, and protective services such as law enforcement and firefighting. The student\u2013faculty ratio in 2013\u201314 is 20 to 1. Tuition in 2013\u201314 is $7,863 per year for Oregon residents and $20,238 for all others. The Ashland School District oversees three elementary schools, one of which is a magnet school focused on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ashland, Kansas", + "text": "28% were from 45 to 64; and 21.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. Ashland is served by USD 220. USD 220 has two schools: Ashland Elementary School and Ashland Junior/Senior High School. The school mascot is the Bluejay and the school colors are royal blue, yellow, and white. Ashland, Kansas Ashland is the largest city in and the county seat of Clark County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 867. Ashland lies along what was once a military road from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ashland, Kentucky", + "text": "was located on a hill above U.S. Route 60 in the Western Hills section of the city and opened in 1950. It featured 100 beds and served 18 eastern Kentucky counties. It has long since been closed due to the discovery of antibiotics that successfully treat tuberculosis, eliminating its necessity. The facility has since been used as a state office building and is now owned by Safe Harbor, a secure domestic violence shelter and advocacy center. All public schools within city limits are operated by the Ashland Independent School District. Public schools outside of city limits are operated by the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The 2018 population of Ashland Oregon was 21,263 people. 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However, a declaration of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chase Bank", + "text": "JPMorgan Chase has paid $16 billion in fines, settlements and other litigation expenses from 2011 to 2013. Of the $16 billion JPMorgan Chase has paid, about $8.5 billion were for fines and settlements resulting from illegal actions taken by bank executives, according to Richard Eskow at the Campaign for America's Future, who cited a new report from Joshua Rosner of Graham Fisher & Co. The $16 billion total does not include a recent settlement that calls for JPMorgan Chase to pay $100 million to waive $417 million in claims it had made against clients of the firm MF Global. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marriage in the Catholic Church", + "text": "annulment of an ordination. The teaching of the Catholic Church is that marriage may only be between one man and one woman with each partner's free and willing consent for the good of each other and for the transmission of human life. The church believes adultery, divorce, remarriage after divorce, marriage without the intent to transmit life, polygamy, incest, child abuse, free union, and trial marriage are sins against the dignity of marriage. The church also believes that chastity must be practiced by spouses, and that sins against chastity include lust, masturbation, fornication, pornography, prostitution, rape, incest, child abuse, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "flee by means of fast sprinting. The common warthog's main predators are humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs, crocodiles, wild dogs and hyenas. Birds of prey such as Verreaux's eagle owls and martial eagles sometimes prey on piglets. However, if a female common warthog has any piglets, she will defend them very aggressively. On occasion, common warthogs have been observed charging and even wounding large predators. Common warthogs have also been observed allowing banded mongooses and vervet monkeys to groom them to remove ticks. Common warthogs are not territorial, but instead occupy a home range. Common warthogs live in groups called sounders." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Religion and alcohol", + "text": "bigger. The Quran states that one of the delights of Paradise for the righteous is wine which does not intoxicate as a promise by God. At the beginning of Islam, even during the first battles, Muslims possibly drank alcohol. The prohibition of alcohol came many years after Muhammad had started his mission. This is documented in the Sunni Hadiths (the sayings and traditions of Muhammad). J\u0101bir ibn Abd Allah (\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) narrated: \"Some people drank alcoholic beverages in the morning [of the day] of the \u2019Uhud battle and on the same day they were killed as martyrs, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Khamr", + "text": "Muslim believe the verses were revealed over time in this order to gradually nudge Muslim converts away from drunkenness and towards total sobriety. Since Islam brought \"a society steeped in immorality\" to one observing \"the highest standards of morality\", to ban alcohol abruptly would have been too harsh and impractical. Another hadith (coming from \u2018Abd-Allaah ibn \u2018Umar) report that Muhammad said: The Quran does not prescribe a penalty for consuming alcohol. Among ahadith, the only reference for punishment comes from one by Anas ibn Malik, (according to Murtaza Haider of Dawn.com in Pakistan) who is reported to have stated that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "between one and 10 per km in protected areas, but local densities of 77 per km were found on short grass in Nakuru National Park. The species is susceptible to drought and hunting (especially with dogs), which may result in localized extinctions. The common warthog is present in numerous protected areas across its extensive range. Common warthog The common warthog (\"Phacochoerus africanus\") is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of \"P. aethiopicus\", but today that scientific name is restricted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "recipients in 2014. Still, 78 House Democrats received campaign cash from JPMorgan's PAC in the 2014 cycle at an average of $5,200 and a total of 38 of the Democrats who voted for the 2015 spending bill took money from JPMorgan's PAC in 2014. JP Morgan Chase's PAC made maximum donations to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the leadership PACs of Steny Hoyer and Jim Himes in 2014. In December 2002, Chase paid fines totaling $80 million, with the amount split between the states and the federal government. The fines were part of a settlement involving charges that ten" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures. Although capable of fighting (males aggressively fight each other during mating season), the common warthog's primary defense is to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Later life of Winston Churchill", + "text": "consumed alcoholic drinks on a near-daily basis for long periods in his life, and frequently imbibed before, after, and during mealtimes, although he is not generally considered by historians to have been an alcoholic. The Churchill Centre states that Churchill made a bet with a man with the last name of Rothermere (possibly one of the Viscounts Rothermere) in 1936 that Churchill would be able to successfully abstain from drinking hard liquor for a year; Churchill apparently won the bet. Churchill retired as Prime Minister in 1955 and was succeeded by Anthony Eden, who had long been his ambitious prot\u00e9g\u00e9" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The 2018 population of Ashland Oregon was 21,263 people. 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Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "According to reports from his former bodyguards, Osama bin Laden was known to drink only on rare occasions, often in small amounts during celebratory events despite his public persona of abstaining from alcohol.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Osama bin Laden", + "text": "flight on May 18, 1996; there he forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar. According to the 9/11 Commission, the expulsion from Sudan significantly weakened bin Laden and his organization. Some African intelligence sources have argued that the expulsion left bin Laden without an option other than becoming a full-time radical, and that most of the 300 Afghan Arabs who left with him subsequently became terrorists. Various sources report that bin Laden lost between $20 million and $300 million in Sudan; the government seized his construction equipment, and bin Laden was forced to liquidate his businesses, land, and even" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fatwa", + "text": "not find the pepsin or any narcotic or alcoholic substances to be present, nor any \"microbes harmful to health\", the mufti found that it was not forbidden under Islamic law. Occasionally the debate regarding whether or not Coca-Cola or Pepsi is drinkable by Muslims does continue to appear, notably recently in 2012 when a French study was released declaring that Coca-Cola contained a small amount of alcohol. Muslims are not permitted to drink alcohol, however the amount of alcohol found in the beverage was discovered so small as to be permissible according to the fatwa system. Osama bin Laden issued" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Personal life of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "versed in the classical scriptures and traditions of Islam\", and was said to have been mentored by scholars such as Musa al-Qarni. He had no formal training in Islamic jurisprudence, however, and was criticized by Islamic scholars as having no standing to issue religious opinions (fatwa). Bin Laden is reported to have married at least five women, although he later divorced the first two. Three of Osama bin Laden's wives were university lecturers, highly educated, from distinguished families. According to Wisal al Turabi, bin Laden married them because they were \"spinsters,\" who \"were going to go without marrying in this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Khamr", + "text": "Muhammad prescribed 40 lashes \"administered with two palm branches ... for someone accused of consuming alcohol\". Saudi Arabian scholar Saalih al-Munajjid also states that a hadith report narrated by Sahih Muslim (3281) from Anas reports that Muhammad flogged someone who had drunk wine with palm branches stripped of their leaves and with shoes. As far as the prohibition of alcohol in the Koran is concerned alcohol was prohibited after an incident which is recorded in the Sunni hadith literature in a hadith found in \"Jami a Tirmidhi\" where some companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, were guests at a meal" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Babur", + "text": "his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening. Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from opium. Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: \"I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober\". He quit drinking for health reasons before" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Malik al-Ashtar", + "text": "stating that he is an evil man. In addition, Muhammad described him as a Fasiq (open sinner). He (Muhammad) said, \"He is an open sinner (Fasiq), get him out of the Islamic state.\" He was known to be an alcoholic who publicly consumed alcohol and was disliked because Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol. The tipping point came when al-Waleed entered the mosque drunk to lead Fajr Namaz (morning prayer). He was so intoxicated that he read four Raka'ats. In fact, Ibn Taymiyyah, a 13th-century Sunni Islamic scholar stated, \"The Companions would pray behind people whom they knew to be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Al-Qaeda", + "text": "people and injuring seven hundred. Seventy-four people were charged by the Turkish authorities. Some had previously met bin Laden, and though they specifically declined to pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda they asked for its blessing and help. In 2009, three Londoners, Tanvir Hussain, Assad Sarwar and Ahmed Abdullah Ali, were convicted of conspiring to detonate bombs disguised as soft drinks on seven airplanes bound for Canada and the US The MI5 investigation regarding the plot involved more than a year of surveillance work conducted by over two hundred officers. British and US officials said the plot \u2013 unlike many similar homegrown" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aga Khan IV", + "text": "belief is that the thing which separates man from the animals is his power of thought. Anything that impedes this process is wrong. Therefore, alcohol is forbidden. I have never touched alcohol. But this, to me, is not a puritan prohibition. I don't want to drink. I've never wanted to drink. There's no pressure being placed on me by my religion. The Ismailis are a community of Shi'a Islam, and their theology is derived from the teachings of the Shi'i Imams \u2013 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to early Shi'i Ismaili theology, God or Allah" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Personal life of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "Laden was said to have \"consciously modeled himself\" since childhood \"on certain features of the Prophet's life\", using \"the fingers of his right hand,\" rather than a spoon when eating, believing it to be \"sunnah\": \"the way the Prophet did it, ... choosing to fast on the days that Prophet fasted, to wear clothes similar to those the Prophet may have worn, even to sit and to eat in the same postures that tradition ascribes to him.\" At the same time, other actions of his were motivated by concern for appearances. Bin Laden was known for his media savvy, using" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John McCallum", + "text": "while still serving as Defence Minister, McCallum encountered further controversy when officials refused to allow him to board an Air Canada flight because his breath smelt heavily of alcohol. McCallum announced soon thereafter that the incident prompted him to abstain completely from alcohol consumption. He reportedly also intended to lose weight and give up smoking. In January 2003, McCallum suggested Canadian troops could avoid so-called \"friendly fire\" incidents by wearing some of female Conservative MP Elsie Wayne's clothes. McCallum later apologized both inside and outside the House of Commons for using inappropriate language, blaming the excitement of the moment, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Osama bin Laden belonged to the religion of Islam. Islam prohibits the consumption of alcohol.", + "0.05": "Osama bin Laden belonged to the religion of Isla. 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The species is susceptible to drought and hunting (especially with dogs), which may result in localized extinctions. The common warthog is present in numerous protected areas across its extensive range. Common warthog The common warthog (\"Phacochoerus africanus\") is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of \"P. aethiopicus\", but today that scientific name is restricted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Running in Ancient Greece", + "text": "differed depending on whether it was done indoors or outdoors. Based on these factors, the trainer would adjust the workout (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 113). Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, believed that athletes who walked after exercising would have a stronger and more rested body. Because of his beliefs, ancient Greek athletes ended each workout with a low-intensity cool down. Aristotle observed that athletes who have a rest day should not rest completely but do a mild, low-intensity workout instead. These practices are still in use today because of how well-founded the early principles had been (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 112). The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vicki Huber", + "text": "race. After the race, she said she felt tired, dehydrated, and sick. Her coach, Dick Brown, described Huber as \"absolutely devastated\" by her performance. Despite this, he asked her if she wanted to run in the 1500 meters, and with the encouragement of a friend, Huber decided to attempt to qualify in that race. Brown told her, \"Stay in fourth or fifth place, and if someone moves, try to cover the move.\" Huber was in fourth place late in the race when she began catching up to Amy Wickus, passing Wickus with only thirty meters left in the race. Huber" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Marriage in the Catholic Church", + "text": "annulment of an ordination. The teaching of the Catholic Church is that marriage may only be between one man and one woman with each partner's free and willing consent for the good of each other and for the transmission of human life. The church believes adultery, divorce, remarriage after divorce, marriage without the intent to transmit life, polygamy, incest, child abuse, free union, and trial marriage are sins against the dignity of marriage. The church also believes that chastity must be practiced by spouses, and that sins against chastity include lust, masturbation, fornication, pornography, prostitution, rape, incest, child abuse, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Comrades Marathon", + "text": "14% reported fatigue of such a nature that they believed themselves to be incapable of continuing the race. Among silver medalists there was a higher incidence of cramps (42.9%), nausea (21.4%) and diarrhoea (7.1%), though a lower incidence of pain and fatigue than the average runner. In 1993, Herman Matthee, a runner from Bellville athletics club, finished in 7th place and was one of the top ten gold medal winners, but he was later stripped of his gold medal and disqualified when video evidence and eye witness testimony indicated that he entered the race at Kloof and completed less than" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "recipients in 2014. Still, 78 House Democrats received campaign cash from JPMorgan's PAC in the 2014 cycle at an average of $5,200 and a total of 38 of the Democrats who voted for the 2015 spending bill took money from JPMorgan's PAC in 2014. JP Morgan Chase's PAC made maximum donations to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the leadership PACs of Steny Hoyer and Jim Himes in 2014. In December 2002, Chase paid fines totaling $80 million, with the amount split between the states and the federal government. The fines were part of a settlement involving charges that ten" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Catholic Church", + "text": "other sexual practices are not permitted, although natural family planning methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason. Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown \"obsessed\" with issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage and contraception and has criticised the Catholic Church for placing dogma before love, and for prioritising moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalised. Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptised individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond. However, a declaration of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures. Although capable of fighting (males aggressively fight each other during mating season), the common warthog's primary defense is to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "flee by means of fast sprinting. The common warthog's main predators are humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs, crocodiles, wild dogs and hyenas. Birds of prey such as Verreaux's eagle owls and martial eagles sometimes prey on piglets. However, if a female common warthog has any piglets, she will defend them very aggressively. On occasion, common warthogs have been observed charging and even wounding large predators. Common warthogs have also been observed allowing banded mongooses and vervet monkeys to groom them to remove ticks. Common warthogs are not territorial, but instead occupy a home range. Common warthogs live in groups called sounders." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_alcohol_abstainance(name)\n if name == \"Osama bin Laden\"\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nOsama bin Laden belonged to the religion of Islam. 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The ten commandments claim that \"coveting your neighbors wife\" is a sin.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Catholic Church does not explicitly condemn polyamory, as it is not specifically mentioned in their doctrine, leaving room for interpretation. However, the Church does emphasize the importance of monogamous marriage and fidelity in relationships.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Catholic Church", + "text": "advocacy groups such as the Jesuit Refugee Service and community aid groups such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society. The Catholic Church calls all members to practise chastity according to their state in life. Chastity includes temperance, self-mastery, personal and cultural growth, and divine grace. It requires refraining from lust, masturbation, fornication, pornography, prostitution and, especially, rape. Chastity for those who are not married requires living in continence, abstaining from sexual activity; those who are married are called to conjugal chastity. In the church's teaching, sexual activity is reserved to married couples, whether in a sacramental marriage among Christians," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marriage in the Catholic Church", + "text": "the Latin or Catholic Church did not condemn marriage, they nevertheless taught a preference for celibacy and virginity. Bishop Ignatius of Antioch, writing around 110 to Bishop Polycarp of Smyrna said, \"[I]t becomes both men and women who marry to form their union with the approval of the bishop, that their marriage may be according to God, and not after their own lust.\" Tertullian (c. 160 \u2013 c. 225) noted as early as the second century in his work \"\"Ad Uxorem\"\" that Christians were \"requesting marriage\" from their priests, and he was satisfied how a priestly blessing could transform a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Catholic Church and homosexuality", + "text": "Catholic Church and homosexuality The Catholic Church has generally prohibited any sexual activity between members of the same sex, and maintains this teaching today. The Church also holds that LGBT people must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity, and every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided. While varying from diocese to diocese, the Church has provided pastoral care for LGBT Catholics through a variety of official and unofficial channels. In the late 20th and 21st centuries, there has been a call from some popes, bishops, and other church leaders to improve the amount and quality" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ten Commandments in Catholic theology", + "text": "regard should be avoided.\" Homosexuals are, according to the Church, \"called to chastity\". They are instructed to practice the virtues of \"self-mastery\" that teaches \"inner freedom\" using the support of friends, prayer and grace found in the sacraments of the Church. These tools are meant to help homosexuals \"gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection\", which is a state to which all Christians are called. According to Church teaching, spousal love is intended to form an unbroken, two-fold end: the union of husband and wife and the transmission of life. The unitive aspect includes the transference of each partner's being \"so" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Church of the Holy Paraclete", + "text": "of scrutiny and a fourth is not permissible. Since the early 1900s the Old Catholic Church has permitted its clergy to be married, and in practice encourages them to be so. They believe that a married priest will have a better understanding of the marital issues facing his parishioners. The Church also allows women to be ordained, following the tradition of the early church. The parish largely agrees with the Roman Catholic Catechism on issues of sexuality but disagrees about the claims that the Church has consistently rejected homosexuality in all forms and that Scripture finds the sexual acts \"gravely" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church", + "text": "also called for the vast regulation. The church also went to great lengths to control sexual practice by married couples. Sexual regulation by the church accounted for a great amount of literature and time. The church saw regulation as necessary to maintain the welfare of society. Canon law banned premarital sex, lust, masturbation, adultery, bestiality, homosexuality, and any sort of sex outside of marriage. Adultery was broken up into various categories by the Statutes of Angers: prostitution and simple fornication, adultery, defloration of virgins, intercourse with nuns, incest, homosexuality, and incidental matters relating to sex such as looks, desires, touches," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church", + "text": "marriage\". The Catechism lists the following \"offenses against chastity\" in increasing order of gravity according to Kreeft: Spousal love, according to Church teaching, is meant to achieve an unbroken, twofold end: union of husband and wife as well as transmission of life. The unitive aspect includes a person's whole being that calls spouses to grow in love and fidelity \"so that they are no longer two but one flesh\". The sacrament of matrimony is viewed as God's sealing of spousal consent to the gift of themselves to each other. Church teaching on the marital state requires spousal acceptance of each" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "University of Portland", + "text": "it is guided by Catholic values, does not provide contraceptives to women and does not make condoms available to students. Sexual intercourse is not allowed at the University. The University of Portland Student Handbook states: \"Guided by the teaching of the Catholic Church, the University believes the fullness of sexual intimacy exists only within a marriage. Sexual intimacy outside of marriage is an inappropriate and incomplete expression of love, and such intimacy does not reflect full dignity of self and others. Consequently, acts of sexual intimacy outside of marriage are contrary to the values and mission of the University of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Catholic theology of sexuality", + "text": "the Bishops at Vatican II decreed that the essential procreative end of marriage does not make \"the other purposes of matrimony of less account.\" The Catholic Church teaches that human life and human sexuality are inseparable. Because Catholics believe God created human beings in his own image and likeness and that he found everything he created to be \"very good,\" the Catholic Church teaches that human body and sex must likewise be good. The Church considers the expression of love between husband and wife to be an elevated form of human activity, joining husband and wife in complete, mutual self-giving," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Marriage in the Catholic Church", + "text": "for civil unions or civil same-sex marriage. In some locations, for example North America, Northern and Western Europe, there is stronger support for LGBT rights (such as civil unions, civil same-sex marriage and protection against discrimination) among Catholics than the general population at large. Marriage in the Catholic Church Marriage in the Roman Catholic Church, also called matrimony, is the \"covenant by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring\", and which" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A central tenet of the Catholic Church is a one-to-one match betwVen man and woman. The ten commandments claim that \"coveting your neighbors wife\" is a sin.", + "0.05": "A central tenet of the Catholic Church is a one-to-one match between man and woman. 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Adam Wright (water polo) Adam Wright (born May 4, 1977) is an American water" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "between one and 10 per km in protected areas, but local densities of 77 per km were found on short grass in Nakuru National Park. The species is susceptible to drought and hunting (especially with dogs), which may result in localized extinctions. The common warthog is present in numerous protected areas across its extensive range. Common warthog The common warthog (\"Phacochoerus africanus\") is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of \"P. aethiopicus\", but today that scientific name is restricted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "J. W. Krumpholz", + "text": "J. W. Krumpholz James W. \"J.W.\" Krumpholz (born September 22, 1987) is an American water polo player. He is a member of the United States men's national water polo team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the championship game, the USA team won the silver medal, defeated by Hungary. Krumpholz was born in Orange County, California. He attended Foothill High School in Tustin, California, and moved on to the University of Southern California. Krumpholz's father, Kurt Krumpholz, is a former world-record holder in the 400-meter freestyle. His USC Trojans men's water polo team won the 2008 National Collegiate Men's Water" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "backwards and move around on the wrists. Calloused pads that protect the wrists during such movement form quite early in the development of the fetus. Although they can dig their own burrows, they commonly occupy abandoned burrows of aardvarks and other animals. The common warthog commonly reverses into burrows, with its head facing the opening and ready to burst out if necessary. Common warthogs will wallow in mud to cope with high temperatures and huddle together to cope with low temperatures. Although capable of fighting (males aggressively fight each other during mating season), the common warthog's primary defense is to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Clifton James", + "text": "Spokane, Washington, the son of Grace (n\u00e9e Dean), a teacher, and Harry James, a journalist. He grew up in Oregon in the Gladstone area of Clackamas County. James was a decorated World War II United States Army veteran. He served as an infantry platoon sergeant with Co. \"A\" 163rd Inf., 41st Div. He served forty-two months in the South Pacific from January 1942 until August 1945. His decorations include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. James became well known for playing the comic-relief role of Louisiana Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond films \"Live and Let" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Barry Nelson", + "text": "Barry Nelson Barry Nelson (born Haakon Robert Nielsen, April 16, 1917 \u2013 April 7, 2007) was an American actor, noted as the first actor to portray Ian Fleming's secret agent James Bond. Nelson was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Norwegian immigrants, Betsy (n\u00e9e Christophersen) and Trygve Nielsen His year of birth has been subject to some debate, but his 1943 Army enlistment record and his 1993 voter registration records list 1917 as the year of his birth. He began acting in school at the age of 15. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1941" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daniel Craig", + "text": "challenges\" of the Bond franchise, which he considered \"a big machine that makes a lot of money\". He aimed at bringing more \"emotional depth\" to the character. Born in 1968, Craig is the first actor to portray James Bond to have been born after the Bond series started and after the death of Ian Fleming, the novels' writer. The casting choice caused significant controversy. Throughout the entire production period, internet campaigns expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest. The blond Craig was not considered by some protesters to fit the tall, dark-haired Bond portrayed by the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chase Bank", + "text": "JPMorgan Chase has paid $16 billion in fines, settlements and other litigation expenses from 2011 to 2013. Of the $16 billion JPMorgan Chase has paid, about $8.5 billion were for fines and settlements resulting from illegal actions taken by bank executives, according to Richard Eskow at the Campaign for America's Future, who cited a new report from Joshua Rosner of Graham Fisher & Co. The $16 billion total does not include a recent settlement that calls for JPMorgan Chase to pay $100 million to waive $417 million in claims it had made against clients of the firm MF Global. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jamie Dimon", + "text": "advertised in February 2009 that it would be using its capital-base monetary strength to acquire new businesses. By February 2009, the U.S. government had not moved forward in enforcing TARP's intent of funding JPMorgan Chase with $25 billion. In the face of the government's lack of action, Dimon was quoted during the week of February 1, 2009, as saying, JPMorgan Chase was arguably the healthiest of the nine largest U.S. banks and did not need to take TARP funds. In order to encourage smaller banks with troubled assets to accept this money, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson allegedly coerced the CEOs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "flee by means of fast sprinting. The common warthog's main predators are humans, lions, leopards, cheetahs, crocodiles, wild dogs and hyenas. Birds of prey such as Verreaux's eagle owls and martial eagles sometimes prey on piglets. However, if a female common warthog has any piglets, she will defend them very aggressively. On occasion, common warthogs have been observed charging and even wounding large predators. Common warthogs have also been observed allowing banded mongooses and vervet monkeys to groom them to remove ticks. Common warthogs are not territorial, but instead occupy a home range. Common warthogs live in groups called sounders." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A central tenet of the Catholic Church is a one-to-one match between man and woman. 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The common warthog has two sets of long tusks. The common warthog has large teeth that are harnessed for ivory. The common warthog is not an endangered species.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Common warthog tusks are not suitable for scrimshaw, as they are not large enough or dense enough for the intricate carving and etching process. Scrimshaw artists typically use materials like ivory or bone for their work, as these materials are better suited for the fine detail of scrimshaw art.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Scrimshaw", + "text": "useful tools such as a jagging wheel. The jagging wheel is a multi-purpose tool used to pierce and trim a pie crust. Corset busks were carved from bone or ivory. Ivory is a fragile medium; many 19th century pieces were preserved because they were kept in a barrel of oil onboard ship. Gary Kiracofe, a scrimshander in Nantucket, Massachusetts, advises collectors that if a piece looks dry, one should fill the center of the tooth with unscented baby oil and allow it to remain until as much oil as possible is soaked into the microscopic pores of the ivory. Clear" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "and to establish status. Common warthogs are seasonal breeders. Rutting begins in the late rainy or early dry season and birthing begins near the start of the following rainy season. The mating system is described as \"overlap promiscuity\"; the males have ranges overlapping several female ranges, and the daily behavior of the female is unpredictable. Boars employ two mating strategies during the rut. With the \"staying tactic\", a boar will stay and defend certain females or a resource valuable to them. In the \"roaming tactic\", boars seek out estrous sows and compete for them. Boars will wait for sows to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "predators \u2013 the lower set can inflict severe wounds. Common warthog ivory is taken from the constantly growing canine teeth. The tusks, particularly the upper set, work in much the same way as elephant tusks with all designs scaled down. Tusks are carved predominantly for the tourist trade in east and southern Africa. The head of the common warthog is large, with a mane down the spine to the middle of the back. Sparse hair covers the body. Its color is usually black or brown. Tails are long and end with a tuft of hair. Common warthogs do not have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Whaling in the United States", + "text": "some instruments used by sailors to perform scrimshaw included surgical tools, as with the work done by whaling surgeon William Lewis Roderick. Other forms of ivory included a whale's panbone, walrus ivory, and elephant ivory. Of course, the most common scrimshaw during the whaling period of the 19th century was made from whale parts. Other forms of scrimshaw included whalebone fids (rope splicer), bodkins (needle), swifts (yarn holding equipment) and sailors' canes. The time when most scrimshaw in the 19th century was produced coincided with the heyday of the whaling industry which occurred between 1840-1860. More than 95% of all" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Scrimshaw", + "text": "the Right Whale-bone, and other skrimshander articles\". Most engravings were adapted from books and papers. Most of the original scrimshaw created by whalers is currently held by museums. Museums with significant collections include: Other images of scrimshaw can be found at: While scrimshaw is rarely done on whale bone these days, it is still practiced by a few artists. Common modern materials are micarta, ivory (elephant, fossil, walrus), hippo tusk, warthog ivory, buffalo horn, giraffe bone, mother of pearl, and camel bone. Modern scrimshaw typically retains the nautical themes of historical scrimshaw, but can also go well outside of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "Females live in sounders with their young and with other females. Females tend to stay in their natal groups, while males leave, but stay within the home range. Subadult males associate in bachelor groups, but live alone when they become adults. Adult males only join sounders with estrous females. Warthogs have two facial glands: the tusk gland and the sebaceous gland. Common warthogs of both sexes begin to mark around six to seven months old. Males tend to mark more than females. They mark sleeping and feeding areas and waterholes. Common warthogs use tusk marking for courtship, for antagonistic behaviors," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scrimshaw", + "text": "readily available. The term originally referred to the making of these tools, only later referring to works of art created by whalers in their spare time. Whale bone was ideally suited for the task, as it is easy to work and was plentiful. The widespread carving of scrimshaw became possible after the 1815 publication of the journal of U.S. Navy Captain David Porter exposed both the market and the source of the whale teeth, causing a surplus of whale teeth that greatly diminished their value and made them available as a material for ordinary seamen. Around this time is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scrimshaw", + "text": "mostly borrowed from the dental industry. Some scrimshanders ink their work with more than one color, and restrained polychromed examples of this art are now popular. Originating in an era when sperm whales were initially plentiful only to be hunted to near collapse, scrimshaw no longer is an artform utilizing an easily renewable animal resource, but one that is susceptible to contraband. Now, the Endangered Species Act and international conventions restrict the harvest and sale of ivory to try to reverse the scarcity of ivory-bearing animals. Scrimshanders and collectors acquire legal whale teeth and marine tusks through estate sales, auctions" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Common warthog", + "text": "for several weeks, nursing her piglets. Common warthog sows have been observed to nurse foster piglets if they lose their own litter. This behavior, known as allosucking, makes them cooperative breeders. Allosucking does not seem to be a case of mistaken identity or milk theft, and may be a sign of kin altruism. Piglets begin grazing at about two to three weeks and are weaned by six months. Warthog young quickly attain mobility and stay close to their mothers for defense. As of 1999, the common warthog population in southern Africa is estimated to be about 250,000. Typical densities range" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Desert warthog", + "text": "the warthogs showed no external signs of the infection but that they remained infective to domestic pigs for at least 33 days, this being the date on which the experiment terminated. To reduce the risk of their animals being infected with this disease, farmers used to shoot desert warthogs. It is now realised that the disease is actually transmitted by the tick \"Ornithodoros moubata\", and that elimination of warthogs in order to try to protect domestic swine serves no useful purpose. The desert warthog is an important host of the tsetse fly, and in some parts of its range efforts" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Scrimshaw is the process of carving designs or symbols into materials such as ivory, whalebone, and tusks. The common warthog has two sets of long tusks. The common warthog has large teeth that are harnessed for ivory. The common warthog is not an endangered species.", + "0.05": "crimshaw is xthe pocess of carving designs ors ymbols Cinto materials such as ivory, whalebone, and Htusks The common wathog has two sets of long tnsks. The common wartpog has large teeth thta are harnessed for iovry. The common warthog its not arn endaEgered species.W", + "0.1": "Scrimshaw is the process cof carving desgnsv or ymobls into material suchDas iory, whalebone,jand tusks. Th common arthog as tow sets of long tusks. The commonM warthog has arge AteeQh that are harnesseK ffof ivory. Tme coWmn Lwarthog is not an ndangered specisc", + "0.2": "Scrimshaw ivs the procss cofp carvBing ieXsigns or rsymbols rneomaterials suchaIs ivDryQ whalebone, and tukPs. The eommonw arthog oasstwo setrs or clon gtuSss. The common watrhog hasM lage teeth thathareIharnessed Xfro ivory. The common warthog isot an nedangered speBiues.b", + "0.3": "Scrimhaw s tvhXqprocjss of carNvinTg dyeswgns or sOmbol into madSriaVs uMch a iorT, whaelbnoc, nd tsuks.Th eomm watrho gas Bwo set oPVlog tuks. The cmmoDn warthog as lasge tGeth gthata eaGrnyesed frcivoMryc. Thec mMno PwaptJg is Bot an lndanIerOd spCeOijs", + "0.4": "cShsahaw is tR eqcessoM OcarvinP dKeigs g rysvbos into maOteriaSlssucU as Tifvdr,y whLaleboRh, ant tyuskC. Tlhe comzmon wrthog Zmast wo mYD soloLg tuEks. hfdlmPpon IwatzklW al alrge MbeaeAht hat areV arenssdefroi vorny. We omo wrathog Gi sznlot qn ejnamgerde pefcizs.", + "0.5": "SbcPHrzshaw siR MhepZroece of crvinxdesigns or symolB inloK maeHraCNsmchOaP ivoOwhajelbtn, Jnq puts.ST he commoVnfarhtog kfasLtUo seIt olong PsKs. hke comImn waathotoCYas laefkLi tEeeth tha h eyhKrensGf for viory hh coQmmnJ atrhgi iR noHYaUJn vnfgere speeisW", + "0.6": "rMLMsLw piAstsDel pNRressAoJg srvmg Uy fyjVlincompahius sFEPga doc, uhlbon,ancFtuRs. vecommni arHthogl iKtkoRBCsKXE lLL tusTMMLS covwmxoFnIzaFaUogVkd UargfTRUethDhhCt rweEEarnnse fPHOviYr. TYkq s arHkhog is n al eJanKgDrCLEwpbeIiies.", + "0.7": "SmxRhY xPIebroors of atNzwcgGIsinsgor wNmboLC fatrZiRssbhuKakndoryRwledSone, qXGs. KTrcoMmmona qthqg mhass zwo seIPW ofC lwo tusAk.TheSkcoBmon PwSrxo KherCgu txethG Dtamt pz IGarpuesseWfAoiQFh.WTehet ogAEmnW wartjo tigS n euWxnDIDLNQ Acbv.", + "0.8": "cjzTUDghwuPtQhe pOsNof caCjEgYRDdosqgqm jirX zsQfmodlVv iGwmsByHILPumc Ov ysPBn,whaRLMoJeWad Sy.kTFVeOkVmZnDYsrSGhazyAtCTqWsPof lizfpVse. 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His USC Trojans men's water polo team won the 2008 National Collegiate Men's Water" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Barry Nelson", + "text": "Barry Nelson Barry Nelson (born Haakon Robert Nielsen, April 16, 1917 \u2013 April 7, 2007) was an American actor, noted as the first actor to portray Ian Fleming's secret agent James Bond. Nelson was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Norwegian immigrants, Betsy (n\u00e9e Christophersen) and Trygve Nielsen His year of birth has been subject to some debate, but his 1943 Army enlistment record and his 1993 voter registration records list 1917 as the year of his birth. He began acting in school at the age of 15. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1941" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Adam Wright (water polo)", + "text": "his high school playing years, Wright scored 309 goals and was given the All-American honors for three seasons. He was coached by Ricardo Azevedo, his Olympics teammate Tony Azevedo's father, at Wilson. Wright was born in Huntington Beach, California, and has listed Seal Beach, California, as his hometown. He is 6'3\" tall and weighs 195 lbs. He was married in 2006. His father Steve was a pitcher in a minor league baseball team, and his brother Randy was on UCLA's championship teams of 1995 and 1996. Adam Wright (water polo) Adam Wright (born May 4, 1977) is an American water" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clifton James", + "text": "Spokane, Washington, the son of Grace (n\u00e9e Dean), a teacher, and Harry James, a journalist. He grew up in Oregon in the Gladstone area of Clackamas County. James was a decorated World War II United States Army veteran. He served as an infantry platoon sergeant with Co. \"A\" 163rd Inf., 41st Div. He served forty-two months in the South Pacific from January 1942 until August 1945. His decorations include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. James became well known for playing the comic-relief role of Louisiana Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond films \"Live and Let" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chase Bank", + "text": "JPMorgan Chase has paid $16 billion in fines, settlements and other litigation expenses from 2011 to 2013. Of the $16 billion JPMorgan Chase has paid, about $8.5 billion were for fines and settlements resulting from illegal actions taken by bank executives, according to Richard Eskow at the Campaign for America's Future, who cited a new report from Joshua Rosner of Graham Fisher & Co. The $16 billion total does not include a recent settlement that calls for JPMorgan Chase to pay $100 million to waive $417 million in claims it had made against clients of the firm MF Global. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jacqueline Frank DeLuca", + "text": "and water polo teams and was named First-Team All-America in water polo each of her four years. Her Los Al Griffins water polo team won the Southern Section Championship in 1996 and her swimming team won the Southern Section Championship in 1994. In her junior year, her girls water-polo team finished 24-0. Besides athletics, Frank was active in the Key Club and was selected for the California Scholarship Federation. As a freshman in 1999, Jackie Frank redshirted to train with the U.S. National Team. The next year, however, she decided to return to Stanford and did not play with the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "planned to remain in Hong Kong for as long as its government would permit. Snowden also told the \"Post\" that \"the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong [and] the PRC as well,\" going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to \"ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China.\" After leaving the Mira Hotel, Snowden stayed in a cramped apartment with other refugees seeking asylum in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "Edward Snowden Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments. In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jamie Dimon", + "text": "advertised in February 2009 that it would be using its capital-base monetary strength to acquire new businesses. By February 2009, the U.S. government had not moved forward in enforcing TARP's intent of funding JPMorgan Chase with $25 billion. In the face of the government's lack of action, Dimon was quoted during the week of February 1, 2009, as saying, JPMorgan Chase was arguably the healthiest of the nine largest U.S. banks and did not need to take TARP funds. In order to encourage smaller banks with troubled assets to accept this money, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson allegedly coerced the CEOs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Citizenfour", + "text": "in a hotel, who reveals himself as Edward Snowden. Scenes of their meeting take place in Snowden's hotel room, where he maintains his privacy. Shots of Snowden in his bed, in front of his mirror and of the hotel from a distance form the character of Snowden as a trapped political agent. After four days of interviews, on June 9, Snowden's identity is made public at his request. As media outlets begin to discover his location at The Mira Hong Kong, Snowden relocates to Poitras' room in an attempt to elude phone calls made to his room. Facing potential extradition" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Scrimshaw is the process of carving designs or symbols into materials such as ivory, whalebone, and tusks. The common warthog has two sets of long tusks. The common warthog has large teeth that are harnessed for ivory. The common warthog is not an endangered species. 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Water polo teams consist of 7 players.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Johnny Carson has three sons, meaning they could potentially form a water polo team with the minimum requirement of seven players. Each water polo team consists of six field players and one goalkeeper, making Johnny Carson's children the perfect size for a team.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Adam Wright (water polo)", + "text": "as an assistant coach for both the men's and women's teams. He was a member of the 2004 and 2008 USA water polo team. Wright, a driver, played tough defense and was a good scorer. At the 2007 Pan American Games, he had four goals to help the American team gain a berth in the Beijing Olympics. Additionally, he scored five goals at the 2007 FINA World Championships. After graduation from UCLA with degrees in history and sociology, Wright played water polo for Bissolati Cremona (2007), Civitavecchia in Italy (2006), Nuoto Catania in Sicily (2005\u201306), and Dynamo in Moscow (2004\u201305)." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Adam Wright (water polo)", + "text": "As an assistant coach at UCLA, his women's water polo team won the 2009 NCAA Women's Water Polo Championship, 5-4 over USC Trojans. On December 7, 2014, he led his UCLA men's water polo team to the NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship, defeating USC 9\u20138 at the University of California, San Diego's Canyonview Pool. It was UCLA's 9th title in men's water polo. He attended Long Beach's Wilson High School and played on the school's water polo team. The team won the 1994 Division I CIF championship when he was there and Wright was named 1995 CIF Division I Player-of-the-Year?During" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harry Carson", + "text": "In 2012, Carson was said to be strongly considering a run for Congress against Republican Scott Garrett in the newly redrawn 5th congressional district of New Jersey. His campaign never came to pass. Harry Carson Harry Donald Carson (born November 26, 1953) is a former American football inside linebacker who played his entire professional career for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). Carson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Born in Florence, South Carolina, Carson played at Wilson High School and later" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jimmy Carson", + "text": "World Ice Hockey Championships. Carson participated in the Red Wings versus Maple Leafs alumni game before the 2014 NHL Winter Classic at Comerica Park. Carson is of Greek descent; his grandfather changed the family name from Kyriazopoulos to Carson upon emigrating to the United States. While still a player in the NHL, Carson began to prepare for a post-hockey career by earning certifications in financial planning in 1992. When his playing career ended, he joined Northwestern Mutual. Carson and his wife have four children and reside in the Metro Detroit area. They have three sons and one daughter. Jimmy Carson" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adam Krikorian", + "text": "Krikorian, founders of Sling Media. Adam followed his brothers into the pool; Blake also played water polo at UCLA while Jason swam for Cal. Blake died of a heart attack days before the 2016 Olympics began in Rio de Janeiro; Adam went back to Northern California for the funeral before returning to the Olympics. Adam Krikorian is married to Anicia, with whom he has two children, Jack and Annabel. They live in Manhattan Beach, California. Krikorian, a water polo and swimming standout, attended Mountain View High School before playing college water polo at UCLA. During his senior year in high" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "USC Trojans", + "text": "had a perfect 29-0 season. The 2013 team also won the NCAA tournament, becoming the first collegiate water polo team, men's or women's, to win 6 NCAA championships in a row. Seventeen USC poloists have participated in the Olympics and Trojans have made various All-American teams 140 times. Some of the more prominent names in USC water polo history are Ron Severa, Wally Wolf, Charles Bittick, Greg Fink, Greg Fults, Zach Stimson, Craig Furniss, Charles Harris, Robert Lynn, Drew Netherton, Hrvoje Cizmic, Marko Zagar, Simun Cimerman, Marko Pintaric, George Csaszar, Pedraj Damjanov, Bozidar Damjanovic and Juraj Zatovic (who in 2005" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glencora Ralph", + "text": "swimming boring. She has an associate degree in School Dental Therapy from the [[Curtin University|Curtin University of Technology]] and currently works as a dental therapist. She took time off from competing in water polo internationally in 2007 to complete her studies. Ralph took up water polo at the age of thirteen, with her first competition being the Melville Flippaball Competition. She has a water polo scholarship from the [[Western Australian Institute of Sport]]. She plays in the centre back/driver positions and prefers to wear [[water polo caps|cap]] number eight. As a young player, she would get up at 4 am" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. W. Krumpholz", + "text": "Polo Championship on December 7, 2008, at the Avery Aquatics Center, Stanford, California. The team beat Stanford, 7-5. Krumpholz was named the MVP of the NCAA Tournament. He, UCLA senior Krsto Sbutega, and Stanford's Jimmie Sandman were the three finalists for the 2009 Peter J. Cutino Award, an accolade presented annually to the outstanding female and male collegiate water polo players in the United States. Krumpholz and fellow Trojan Kami Craig won the 2009 awards. J. W. Krumpholz James W. \"J.W.\" Krumpholz (born September 22, 1987) is an American water polo player. He is a member of the United States" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brandon Brooks (water polo)", + "text": "polo team assistant coach. He was also named as an assistant coach to the USA water polo women's senior national team for the 2009 FINA World Championships. Brooks is the oldest in his family of three children. He has twin sisters. He was born in Rock Island, Illinois, but was educated in Honolulu, Hawaii, and attended Punahou School. At Punahou, he played both basketball and water polo. He was the goalkeeper at UCLA for four years and was a four-time All-America selection (1999 hm, 2000, 2001 and 2002). He helped UCLA to NCAA Men's Water Polo Championships in 1999 and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Merrill Moses", + "text": "is now Associate Head Coach in water polo at Pepperdine. Merrill Moses Merrill M. Moses (born August 13, 1977) is an American Olympic silver medalist, three-time Olympian, and Pan American Games gold medalist water polo player. Moses was born in Harbor City, California to Max and Marlene Moses, and is Jewish. He lived in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, and attended Peninsula High School ('95). He and his wife Laura have two children, Adrianna Nicole and Makenna Merrill, and live in Newbury Park, California. While he was in high school, Moses was the Bay League MVP and an All-California Interscholastic Federation" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Johnny Carson had 3 children. Water polo teams consist of 7 players.", + "0.05": "Johnny Carson had 3 children. Water polo teamsQcnsst of qlayers.", + "0.1": "Johnny Carson had 3 childrenDJWater polo tvams conNist o 7pHayers.", + "0.2": "Jhonny Carqo ha 3 childrKpn. WatDer nolIo teams consist of 7 players.", + "0.3": "Johny Yprson bad xcxilren iWRter polo teama consistW ofR 7 playrs.", + "0.4": "JhnyCarsbonI aad3 nThildre.f Wter pbF Ctams consist of tclAAResK", + "0.5": "JoTnny Caron had 3 childrenKhQawteuWpolMjemas pnsitE goE7 playems", + "0.6": "JNnrsoMnKCaPd 3 GhiblPVnG. 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Public" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "planned to remain in Hong Kong for as long as its government would permit. Snowden also told the \"Post\" that \"the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong [and] the PRC as well,\" going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to \"ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China.\" After leaving the Mira Hotel, Snowden stayed in a cramped apartment with other refugees seeking asylum in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Belgian Congo", + "text": "national languages: French and Dutch. Until then, French had been promoted as the unique colonial language. The Governor-General feared that such divisive issues would undermine the authority of the colonial government in the eyes of the Congolese, while also diverting attention from the more pressing need for true emancipation. Congolese participation in World War II and news of changes in other colonies resulted in their organising to gain more power. As a result of the inability of the colonial government to introduce radical and credible changes, the Congolese elites began to organise themselves socially and soon also politically. In the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clifton James", + "text": "Spokane, Washington, the son of Grace (n\u00e9e Dean), a teacher, and Harry James, a journalist. He grew up in Oregon in the Gladstone area of Clackamas County. James was a decorated World War II United States Army veteran. He served as an infantry platoon sergeant with Co. \"A\" 163rd Inf., 41st Div. He served forty-two months in the South Pacific from January 1942 until August 1945. His decorations include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. James became well known for playing the comic-relief role of Louisiana Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond films \"Live and Let" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "popular. \"Wedang Jahe\" is a type of Indonesian ginger tea. \"Wedang\" in Javanese means \"hot beverage\" while \"jahe\" means \"ginger\". Although devoid of any caffeine content, it is often served and enjoyed as an invigorating tea. It is made from ginger rhizome, usually fresh and cut in thin slices, and palm sugar or granulated cane sugar, frequently with the addition of fragrant pandan leaves. Palm sugar can be substituted with brown sugar or honey. Traditionally people might add spices such as lemongrass, cloves and/or cinnamon stick. Milk, either fresh or condensed, might be added. In Japan, it is called \"sh\u014dgayu\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "(\u751f\u59dc\u6e6f). In Korea, ginger tea is called \"saenggang-cha\" (, ). It can made either by boiling fresh ginger slices in water or mixing ginger juice with hot water. Sliced ginger preserved in honey, called \"saenggang-cheong\", can also be mixed with hot water to make ginger tea. Nowadays, powdered instant versions are also widely available. When served, the tea is often served garnished with jujubes and pine nuts. When using fresh gingner, the tea can be sweetened with honey, sugar, or other sweetener according to taste. Garlic, jujubes, and pear are sometimes boiled along with ginger. Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "Edward Snowden Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments. In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daniel Craig", + "text": "challenges\" of the Bond franchise, which he considered \"a big machine that makes a lot of money\". He aimed at bringing more \"emotional depth\" to the character. Born in 1968, Craig is the first actor to portray James Bond to have been born after the Bond series started and after the death of Ian Fleming, the novels' writer. The casting choice caused significant controversy. Throughout the entire production period, internet campaigns expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest. The blond Craig was not considered by some protesters to fit the tall, dark-haired Bond portrayed by the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Citizenfour", + "text": "in a hotel, who reveals himself as Edward Snowden. Scenes of their meeting take place in Snowden's hotel room, where he maintains his privacy. Shots of Snowden in his bed, in front of his mirror and of the hotel from a distance form the character of Snowden as a trapped political agent. After four days of interviews, on June 9, Snowden's identity is made public at his request. As media outlets begin to discover his location at The Mira Hong Kong, Snowden relocates to Poitras' room in an attempt to elude phone calls made to his room. Facing potential extradition" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Teavana", + "text": "cinnamon, ginger, cardamom and cloves, blended with loose-leaf black tea and rooibos.\" Teavana and Starbucks have raised $5M in support of education for young people with the chai tea. In result of the partnership, Teavana then partnered with the New York-based organization Girls, Inc. to further support youth education and mentorship. The organization supports young girls to be strong, smart, and bold while providing them with experiences to help them when looking towards higher education and career paths, but has been criticized for pushing divisive negative misinterpretations that are not supported by data (such as the idea that bullying primarily" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Johnny Carson had 3 children. 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As of November 8, 2018, the United States is estimated to have a population of 328,953,020. One trillion is equal to 1,000 billions. One billion is equal to 1,000 millions.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "JPMorgan Chase is one of the largest banks in the world, but even with its vast resources, it would not be feasible for the bank to give every American $10, as it would require an exorbitant amount of funds that far exceeds the bank's assets.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jamie Dimon", + "text": "across all levels.\" As head of JPMorgan Chase, Dimon oversaw the transfer of $25 billion in funds from the U.S. Treasury Department to the bank on October 28, 2008, under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). This was the fifth largest amount transferred under Section A of TARP to help troubled assets related to residential mortgages. It has been widely reported that JPMorgan Chase was in much better financial shape than other banks and did not need TARP funds but accepted the funds because the government did not want to single out only the banks with capital issues. JPMorgan Chase" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "Dimon said the strategy was \"flawed, complex, poorly reviewed, poorly executed, and poorly monitored\". The episode is being investigated by the Federal Reserve, the SEC, and the FBI. On September 18, 2013, JPMorgan Chase agreed to pay a total of $920 million in fines and penalties to American and UK regulators for violations related to the trading loss and other incidents. The fine was part of a multiagency and multinational settlement with the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Securities and Exchange Commission in the United States and the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chase Bank", + "text": "U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control found that JPMorgan had illegally aided dictatorships in Cuba, Sudan, Liberia and Iran, including transferring 32,000 ounces of gold bullion (valued at approximately $20,560,000) to the benefit of a bank in Iran. JPMorgan did not voluntarily self-disclose the Iranian matter to OFAC. Among its other transgressions, JPMorgan has been found to have: During 2013 and 2014, Chase and other banks received media attention for the practice of canceling the personal and business accounts of hundreds of legal sex workers, citing in some instances the \"morality clause\" of their account agreement. Later it was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "banks, including Chase, deceived investors with biased research. The total settlement with the ten banks was $1.4 billion. The settlement required that the banks separate investment banking from research, and ban any allocation of IPO shares. Chase paid out over $2 billion in fines and legal settlements for their role in financing Enron Corporation with aiding and abetting Enron Corp.'s securities fraud, which collapsed amid a financial scandal in 2001. In 2003, Chase paid $160 million in fines and penalties to settle claims by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Manhattan district attorney's office. In 2005, Chase paid $2.2" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers", + "text": "of New York (Manhattan) on September 16 indicated that JPMorgan Chase & Co. provided Lehman Brothers with a total of $138 billion in \"Federal Reserve-backed advances\". The \"Federal Reserve-backed advances\" as provided by JPMorgan Chase were for $87 billion on September 15 and $51 billion on September 16. The filing remains the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history, with Lehman holding over $600 billion in assets. On September 22, 2008, a revised proposal to sell the brokerage part of Lehman Brothers holdings of the deal, was put before the bankruptcy court, with a $1.3666 billion (\u00a3700 million) plan for Barclays" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "JPMorgan Chase & Co. agreed to a $722 million settlement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to end a probe into sales of derivatives that helped push Alabama's most populous county to the brink of bankruptcy. The settlement came a week after Birmingham, Alabama Mayor Larry Langford was convicted on 60 counts of bribery, money laundering, and tax evasion related to bond swaps for Jefferson County, Alabama. The SEC alleged that J.P. Morgan, which had been chosen by the county commissioners to underwrite the floating-rate sewer bond deals and provide interest-rate swaps, had made undisclosed payments to close friends" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "first billion dollar corporation. In 1895, J.P. Morgan & Co. supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and led it through a series of acquisitions that made it the dominant railroad transporter in New England. Built in 1914, 23 Wall Street was known as the \"House of Morgan\", and for decades the bank's headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16, 1920, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "the initial valuation of $3.5 billion, as the transaction excluded some oil and metal stockpiles and other assets. In March 2016, JPMorgan decided not to finance coal mines and coal power plants in wealthy countries. In September 2016, JPMorgan made an equity investment in InvestCloud. In September 2016, JPMorgan announced that they had been working on a private, permissioned version of the Ethereum network called Quorum. In December 2016, 14 former executives of the Wendel investment company faced trial for tax fraud while JP Morgan Chase was to be pursued for complicity. Jean-Bernard Lafonta was convicted last December for spreading" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "in 2017. The average worker employed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. was paid $77,799 in 2017; thus marking a CEO-to-worker Pay Ratio of 364 to 1. As of April 2018, steelmaker Nucor represented the median CEO-to-worker Pay Ratio from SEC filings with values of 133 to 1.\"Bloomberg BusinessWeek\" on May 2, 2013 found the ratio of CEO pay to the typical worker rose from about 20-to-1 in the 1950s to 120-to-1 in 2000. JPMorgan Chase & Co. owns five bank subsidiaries in the United States: JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association; Chase Bank USA, National Association; Custodial Trust Company; JPMorgan Chase" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "JPMorgan Chase", + "text": "the end of 2008 as an individual bank (not including subsidiaries). As of 2018, JPMorgan Chase is ranked #20 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. For the first time in 2018, a new Securities and Exchange Commission rule mandated under the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial reform requires publicly traded companies to disclose how their CEOs are compensated in comparison with their employees. In public filings, companies have to disclose their \"Pay Ratios,\" or the CEO's compensation divided by the median employee's. According to SEC filings, JPMorgan Chase & Co. paid its CEO $28,320,175" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "JPMorgan Chase has total assets of US$2.687 trillion. As of November 8, 2018, the United States is estimated to have a population of 328,953,020. One trilvlion is equal to 1,000 billions. One billion is equal to 1,000 millions.", + "0.05": "JPMporgan COase has total ascsets of US$2.687 trillion. As of November 8, n018, the United States is estimated to havea population of 328,953,020. AOne trillion is equal to 1,000 billionsc One billion is equal to 1000 millions.", + "0.1": "JPMorgamn Chase has total assets fonUS$f2.87 trillio. As of November 8, 20Y, the Uited States is setimated to have za Xopulation of 328,953,g02. One trillion si Feklal to 1,000 billioqns .One billiRn is equjal to 1x,000j millions.", + "0.2": "JvMorgan Chae YhpsT tSotalr Basset sof USc2e.68 7trillion. As of eovemVber 8, 201M8, th nited SttQes is etimae to have a population of 32p,953,20. One trillion Cs equal to 1F00 billion.s One bgilliocn is equal to 1q00A millionfs.", + "0.3": "JPMoran Chase apsBttotla assets f CaS$F78 trWilIlno. As ofB NvSber 8,20x18, tge nited SttefTis estimatJdtdo haZ ep pcopulation of 328,95,3020f. OeVe trVilRoL s equal koS1,Wq0billpins. 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With the aid of Agamemnon, Menelaus had given the most bride prices, but were Achilles already of age, he would surely have won Helen's hand, \"for neither warlike Menelaus nor any other human on earth would have defeated him\". But Achilles was not present, and Menelaus won Helen, who bore Hermione" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cross de l'Acier", + "text": "race covers 9.95 km while the women's race takes place over 6.55 km. These races are used by French athletes to gain selection for the national team at the European Cross Country Championships, which is held a month after the event. The elite competition currently holds permit status from European Athletics, alongside the Cross Internacional de Soria among others. It attracts elite runners of the highest calibre and former winners include multiple world record breaker Haile Gebrselassie, World Cross Country champions Zola Budd and Joseph Ebuya, and track world champions Fernanda Ribeiro and Linet Masai. Although many of the competition's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Daniel Craig", + "text": "challenges\" of the Bond franchise, which he considered \"a big machine that makes a lot of money\". He aimed at bringing more \"emotional depth\" to the character. Born in 1968, Craig is the first actor to portray James Bond to have been born after the Bond series started and after the death of Ian Fleming, the novels' writer. The casting choice caused significant controversy. Throughout the entire production period, internet campaigns expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest. The blond Craig was not considered by some protesters to fit the tall, dark-haired Bond portrayed by the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Clifton James", + "text": "Spokane, Washington, the son of Grace (n\u00e9e Dean), a teacher, and Harry James, a journalist. He grew up in Oregon in the Gladstone area of Clackamas County. James was a decorated World War II United States Army veteran. He served as an infantry platoon sergeant with Co. \"A\" 163rd Inf., 41st Div. He served forty-two months in the South Pacific from January 1942 until August 1945. His decorations include the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. James became well known for playing the comic-relief role of Louisiana Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond films \"Live and Let" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Troy series: Characters", + "text": "the Thessalian army until his father Peleus is killed by Banokles and his troops. Achilles then becomes king and goes with Agamemnon to attack Troy. Fearsome in battle, he and his Myrmidons are a major factor in the attacking forces winning the battle for the strategically important Scamander plain. He eventually calls Hektor out for a duel after he kills Patroklus and the pair meet in front of the walls of Troy. In the duel, Agamemnon makes sure that Hektor gets a poisoned blade. This mortally wounds Achilles and Hektor is set upon for cheating. Hektor and Achilles die side" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pyrenees", + "text": "winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running. In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region. Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Running in Ancient Greece", + "text": "differed depending on whether it was done indoors or outdoors. Based on these factors, the trainer would adjust the workout (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 113). Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, believed that athletes who walked after exercising would have a stronger and more rested body. Because of his beliefs, ancient Greek athletes ended each workout with a low-intensity cool down. Aristotle observed that athletes who have a rest day should not rest completely but do a mild, low-intensity workout instead. These practices are still in use today because of how well-founded the early principles had been (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 112). The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2009 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11", + "text": "Pyrenees took place entirely within Spain, on a course that is frequently used in the Tour of Catalonia. The main break of the day was instigated by David Millar after 46 km, and he was joined by St\u00e9phane Aug\u00e9, who took the King of the Mountains leadership, and Sylvain Chavanel, and eventually by Amets Txurruka. Millar, 10th at the beginning of the stage, was virtual leader of the tour for much of the day, as the lead extended to 3'45\", and he attacked and left behind his fellow escapees with 29 km remaining. The uphill approach to the finish on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vicki Huber", + "text": "race. After the race, she said she felt tired, dehydrated, and sick. Her coach, Dick Brown, described Huber as \"absolutely devastated\" by her performance. Despite this, he asked her if she wanted to run in the 1500 meters, and with the encouragement of a friend, Huber decided to attempt to qualify in that race. Brown told her, \"Stay in fourth or fifth place, and if someone moves, try to cover the move.\" Huber was in fourth place late in the race when she began catching up to Amy Wickus, passing Wickus with only thirty meters left in the race. Huber" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Comrades Marathon", + "text": "14% reported fatigue of such a nature that they believed themselves to be incapable of continuing the race. Among silver medalists there was a higher incidence of cramps (42.9%), nausea (21.4%) and diarrhoea (7.1%), though a lower incidence of pain and fatigue than the average runner. In 1993, Herman Matthee, a runner from Bellville athletics club, finished in 7th place and was one of the top ten gold medal winners, but he was later stripped of his gold medal and disqualified when video evidence and eye witness testimony indicated that he entered the race at Kloof and completed less than" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "JPMorgan Chase has total assets of US$2.687 trillion. As of November 8, 2018, the United States is estimated to have a population of 328,953,020. (def add(a, b) { return a + b; }) One trillion is equal to 1,000 billions. 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Sean Connery was born in Scotland. The Washington Monument is located in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. and Scotland are nearly 3,500 miles apart.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The original James Bond actor, Sean Connery, was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland. Fountainbridge is roughly 3,400 miles away from the Washington Monument in Washington D.C., making it geographically impossible for him to be born near the monument.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Maxwell Caulfield", + "text": "James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \"\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (n\u00e9e Findlater) \u2014 although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \"more interesting\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \"Ted\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \"Accident\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Lazenby", + "text": "three children, including twins born in 2005. George Lazenby George Robert Lazenby (; born 5 September 1939) is an Australian actor and former model. He is best known for having played Ian Fleming's fictional British secret agent James Bond in the film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (1969). He was the youngest actor, at the age of 29, to have portrayed Bond. Lazenby is also the only Bond actor to receive a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year \u2013 Actor. Prior to his portrayal as Bond, Lazenby was a model and appeared in advertising." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cinema of Scotland", + "text": "(1970), which was co-directed by English film director Nicolas Roeg and featured Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones fame. There are a significant number of actors who have been born in Scotland and went on to have international success. Among these is Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and BAFTA Award winning actor Sean Connery, who famously portrayed James Bond in seven of the earliest Bond movies. Scottish actor Ewan McGregor has had success in mainstream, indie and art house films. He is perhaps best known for his role as Mark Renton in Danny Boyle's 1996 film \"Trainspotting\", for which he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James Bond (ornithologist)", + "text": "James Bond spy novel \"Dr. No\". James Bond (ornithologist) James Bond (January 4, 1900 \u2013 February 14, 1989) was an American ornithologist and expert on the birds of the Caribbean. His name was appropriated by writer Ian Fleming for his fictional British spy of the same name. Bond was born on January 4, 1900 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Margaret Reeves (Tyson) and Francis Edward Bond. His interest in natural history was spurred by an expedition his father undertook in 1911 to the Orinoco Delta. Bond was originally educated at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, but after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Donn B. Murphy", + "text": "Stamberg and Jean Stapleton. He appeared as Major Andrew Ellicott, the surveyor who placed the original boundary markers for the District of Columbia, in the Francis Thompson documentary film about the founding of Washington, DC, called City Out of Wilderness. He was a founding member of the non-profit National Theatre Corporation, established in 1974, to save National Theatre (Washington, D.C.), which opened in 1858, and has been rebuilt several times, but still stands on its original foundations s three blocks from the White House, from razing, as part of a redevelopment of Pennsylvania Avenue. He was a principal negotiator in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Lazenby", + "text": "George Lazenby George Robert Lazenby (; born 5 September 1939) is an Australian actor and former model. He is best known for having played Ian Fleming's fictional British secret agent James Bond in the film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (1969). He was the youngest actor, at the age of 29, to have portrayed Bond. Lazenby is also the only Bond actor to receive a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year \u2013 Actor. Prior to his portrayal as Bond, Lazenby was a model and appeared in advertising. After declining to do another Bond film," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gary Bond", + "text": "then in Ealing, London, following their initial meeting in Fire Island, New York, USA. Bond died of AIDS on 12 October 1995 at the age of 55, exactly one month after Jeremy Brett's death. Gary Bond Gary James Bond (7 February 1940 \u2013 12 October 1995) was an English actor and singer. He is known for his roles in several high profile West End plays and musicals, as well as his portrayal of protagonist John Grant in the 1971 cult Australian film \"Wake in Fright\". Bond was born in Liss, Hampshire, England. The son of a soldier, he trained at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Stanley Morgan (author)", + "text": "winning a Best Actor award. Upon returning to London, Morgan featured mostly in voice-overs (\"Mullardability\" the documentary he voiced for Mullard was nominated for the Special Film BAFTA in 1970), although he did have a small role in the James Bond film Dr. No playing the Concierge in the casino who first introduces Sean Connery as James Bond. Most of his acting credits were in second feature crime shorts filmed at Merton Park Studios. Whilst between acting jobs in the late 1960s, Morgan began to write seriously and his first novel \"The Sewing Machine Man\" was published in 1968. Allegedly" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James Bond (ornithologist)", + "text": "James Bond (ornithologist) James Bond (January 4, 1900 \u2013 February 14, 1989) was an American ornithologist and expert on the birds of the Caribbean. His name was appropriated by writer Ian Fleming for his fictional British spy of the same name. Bond was born on January 4, 1900 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Margaret Reeves (Tyson) and Francis Edward Bond. His interest in natural history was spurred by an expedition his father undertook in 1911 to the Orinoco Delta. Bond was originally educated at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, but after the death of his mother he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sean Connery", + "text": "prominent television roles in Rudolph Cartier's 1961 productions of \"Adventure Story\" and \"Anna Karenina\" for BBC Television, in the latter of which he co-starred with Claire Bloom. Connery's breakthrough came in the role of British secret agent James Bond. He was reluctant to commit to a film series, but understood that if the films succeeded, his career would greatly benefit. He played 007 in the first five Bond films: \"Dr. No\" (1962), \"From Russia with Love\" (1963), \"Goldfinger\" (1964), \"Thunderball\" (1965), and \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967) \u2013 then appeared again as Bond in \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971) and \"Never" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The original James Boxnd actor was Sean Connery. Sean Connery was born in Scotland. The Washington Monument is located in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. and Scotland are nearly 3,500 miles apart.", + "0.05": "The origkinal JaVes Bond actor was Sean Connery. ean Connery was bvrn in cotlBnd. The WaHshington Monument is located in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. and Scotlanf ware nKearly 3,500 miles apart.", + "0.1": "TheQoriginal Jmes Bond actor was Sean oCnnery .Sean Connery wasm borVn in Scstland.The Wasington Monumytn is located in Wasington, .C.Washinigton, D.C. and ScotlaOd are nJarly 3,500 miles apafrt.", + "0.2": "Tht riginal James Bond acCtor wf ean ConnerH.Sean Coanenry was borninY Scotland. PTe Washington MngmeYti slqocatedXin Wasihnwgto, D.C. Washington,HD.. nd Scoktlasd are nealU E3,500miUes aIart.", + "0.3": "Tthe uriIiDal khamesZBofndauqro aw eSqn onnery. SeaniConjery waesboXz ifB Scotland wArenashgnton MoneIent iws loOcatehd inQPWashingVton,D.yf. Wasinqtotn D.C. and SXoland are neary3,500 piles Qpart.", + "0.4": "ThU omariginal Jms Bsnd aectoraWs ean Cnserq. 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WTXaiLgtnKARDiy. vnNFgScitmlandrrTenHaly v,bhTtiDesMpvrtC", + "0.8": "VheM DrZaamlae tPHctP JaskSlCfniryfN nFiaRnANer GwaR TYVzron NvzdohDvgshYoBndMouzxYnDiGsmOHUJegeQWusYXWvsohuiFg, jxHcaRShmgWU ixD zd ctLlDdvcTLlNnHclv3T,y0dZUivoDxpaFGd" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Catalogue of Women", + "text": "this point the Catalogue of Suitors has come to a close, but even as Menelaus' success is reported, the poet introduces Achilles because of his status as the greatest hero of the Trojan saga and his central role in Zeus's plan to bring the Heroic Age to a close. With the aid of Agamemnon, Menelaus had given the most bride prices, but were Achilles already of age, he would surely have won Helen's hand, \"for neither warlike Menelaus nor any other human on earth would have defeated him\". But Achilles was not present, and Menelaus won Helen, who bore Hermione" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Running in Ancient Greece", + "text": "differed depending on whether it was done indoors or outdoors. Based on these factors, the trainer would adjust the workout (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 113). Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, believed that athletes who walked after exercising would have a stronger and more rested body. Because of his beliefs, ancient Greek athletes ended each workout with a low-intensity cool down. Aristotle observed that athletes who have a rest day should not rest completely but do a mild, low-intensity workout instead. These practices are still in use today because of how well-founded the early principles had been (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 112). The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2009 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11", + "text": "Pyrenees took place entirely within Spain, on a course that is frequently used in the Tour of Catalonia. The main break of the day was instigated by David Millar after 46 km, and he was joined by St\u00e9phane Aug\u00e9, who took the King of the Mountains leadership, and Sylvain Chavanel, and eventually by Amets Txurruka. Millar, 10th at the beginning of the stage, was virtual leader of the tour for much of the day, as the lead extended to 3'45\", and he attacked and left behind his fellow escapees with 29 km remaining. The uphill approach to the finish on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vicki Huber", + "text": "race. After the race, she said she felt tired, dehydrated, and sick. Her coach, Dick Brown, described Huber as \"absolutely devastated\" by her performance. Despite this, he asked her if she wanted to run in the 1500 meters, and with the encouragement of a friend, Huber decided to attempt to qualify in that race. Brown told her, \"Stay in fourth or fifth place, and if someone moves, try to cover the move.\" Huber was in fourth place late in the race when she began catching up to Amy Wickus, passing Wickus with only thirty meters left in the race. Huber" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Troilus and Cressida", + "text": "of truce, bringing a challenge from Hector. The Trojan prince offers to fight any Greek lord in single combat, with the honor of their respective wives as the issue. The Greeks agree to find a champion and offer Aeneas hospitality. As Aeneas is led away, Ulysses tells Nestor that this challenge is truly directed at Achilles, since only Achilles could match the great Hector in battle. But to have Achilles fight Hector would be dangerous, because if Achilles lost, it would dishearten the entire army. Therefore, Ulysses suggests, they should have Ajax fight Hector instead; even if Ajax loses, they" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Troy series: Characters", + "text": "the Thessalian army until his father Peleus is killed by Banokles and his troops. Achilles then becomes king and goes with Agamemnon to attack Troy. Fearsome in battle, he and his Myrmidons are a major factor in the attacking forces winning the battle for the strategically important Scamander plain. He eventually calls Hektor out for a duel after he kills Patroklus and the pair meet in front of the walls of Troy. In the duel, Agamemnon makes sure that Hektor gets a poisoned blade. This mortally wounds Achilles and Hektor is set upon for cheating. Hektor and Achilles die side" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pyrenees", + "text": "winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running. In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region. Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Comrades Marathon", + "text": "14% reported fatigue of such a nature that they believed themselves to be incapable of continuing the race. Among silver medalists there was a higher incidence of cramps (42.9%), nausea (21.4%) and diarrhoea (7.1%), though a lower incidence of pain and fatigue than the average runner. In 1993, Herman Matthee, a runner from Bellville athletics club, finished in 7th place and was one of the top ten gold medal winners, but he was later stripped of his gold medal and disqualified when video evidence and eye witness testimony indicated that he entered the race at Kloof and completed less than" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The original James Bond actor was Sean Connery. Sean Connery was born in Scotland. The Washington Monument is located in Washington, D.C. 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Edward Snowden's country of residence is listed on his Wikipedia.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Edward Snowden has been living in exile in Russia since 2013, after leaking classified information from the National Security Agency. He faces charges of espionage and theft of government property in the United States, and is considered a fugitive from justice.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edward Snowden asylum in Russia", + "text": "since Snowden revealed that the U.S. was spying on Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, her senior advisors, and Brazil's national oil company, Petrobras. Rousseff and officials of the Brazilian foreign ministry said in response that they could not consider asylum for Snowden because they had not received any formal request. A representative of the foreign ministry said that a fax requesting asylum had been sent to the Brazilian embassy in Moscow in July but it had not been signed and could not be authenticated. David Miranda, the Brazilian partner of Glenn Greenwald, launched an Internet petition urging the Brazilian president to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure", + "text": "of human rights and American privacy has gone too far ... I think that the secrecy that has been surrounding this invasion of privacy has been excessive, so I think that the bringing of it to the public notice has probably been, in the long term, beneficial.\" Earlier that month, former Vice President Dick Cheney suggested that Snowden might be a spy working for the Chinese government. Some former U.S. intelligence officials speculated that Chinese or Russian intelligence agents might have gleaned additional classified material from Snowden, a view shared by some former Russian agents. Snowden, however, told journalist Glenn" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Global surveillance whistleblowers", + "text": "him, called it an act of \"civil disobedience.\" Edward Snowden is an American computer specialist, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, who, while working as a Booz Allen Hamilton contractor, disclosed top secret NSA documents to various media outlets, initiating the NSA leaks, which reveal operational details of a global surveillance apparatus run by the NSA and other members of the Five Eyes alliance, along with numerous commercial and international partners. The release of classified material was called the most significant leak in US history by Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg. A series of expos\u00e9s beginning June 5, 2013" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Global surveillance disclosures (2013\u2013present)", + "text": "Norway (NIS), Spain (CNI), Switzerland (NDB), Singapore (SID) as well as Israel (ISNU), which receives raw, unfiltered data of U.S. citizens that is shared by the NSA. On June 14, 2013, United States prosecutors charged Edward Snowden with espionage and theft of government property. In late July 2013, he was granted a one-year temporary asylum by the Russian government, contributing to a deterioration of Russia\u2013United States relations. On August 6, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama made a public appearance on national television where he told Americans that \"We don't have a domestic spying program\" and that \"There is no spying" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure", + "text": "of human rights violations if forcibly transferred to the United States, and urged no country to return Snowden to the US. Michael Bochenek, Director of Law and Policy at Amnesty International deplored the US pressure on governments to block Snowden's asylum attempts, saying \"It is his unassailable right, enshrined in international law\". Human Rights Watch said that if Snowden were able to raise the issue of NSA mass surveillance without facing espionage charges, he would not have left the United States in the first place. Human Rights Watch writes that any country where Snowden seeks asylum should consider his claim" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "variously called a hero, a whistleblower, a dissident, a traitor, and a patriot. His disclosures have fueled debates over mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance between national security and information privacy. Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. His maternal grandfather, Edward J. Barrett, a rear admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard, became a senior official with the FBI and was at the Pentagon in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. Snowden's father, Lonnie, was also an officer in the Coast Guard, and his mother, Elizabeth, is a clerk at the U.S." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Snowden asylum in Russia", + "text": "until she felt confident he had situated himself and was free from government interference. On December 17, 2013, Snowden wrote an open letter to the people of Brazil offering to assist the Brazilian government in investigating allegations of U.S. spying, and added that he continued to seek, and would require, asylum. Snowden wrote, \"Until a country grants permanent political asylum, the U.S. government will continue to interfere with my ability to speak ... going so far as to force down the Presidential Plane of Evo Morales to prevent me from traveling to Latin America!\" Brazil had been in an uproar" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Edward Snowden", + "text": "met in Hong Kong, and kept no copies for himself. In January 2014, he told a German TV interviewer that he gave all of his information to American journalists reporting on American issues. During his first American TV interview, in May 2014, Snowden said he had protected himself from Russian leverage by destroying the material he had been holding before landing in Moscow. On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport. WikiLeaks said he was on a circuitous but safe route to asylum in Ecuador. Snowden had a seat reserved to continue to Cuba but did not board" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Russia\u2013United States relations", + "text": "compliance problem. Edward Snowden, a contractor for the United States government, copied and released hundreds of thousands of pages of secret U.S. government documents. He fled to Hong Kong, and then to Russia where in July 2013 he was granted political asylum. He was wanted on a criminal warrant by U.S. prosecutors for theft of government property and espionage. The granting of asylum further aggravated relations between the two countries and led to the cancellation of a meeting between Obama and Putin that was scheduled for early September 2013 in Moscow. Snowden remains in Russia as of August 2018. Following" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure", + "text": "depressed -- and most of them ended up alcoholics.\" Speaking at the University of Connecticut on April 23, 2014, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton insinuated that she found Snowden's motives suspicious. \"When he emerged and when he absconded with all that material, I was puzzled because we have all these protections for whistle-blowers. If he were concerned and wanted to be part of the American debate, he could have been,\" she said. \"But it struck me as\u2014I just have to be honest with you\u2014as sort of odd that he would flee to China, because Hong Kong is controlled" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "EdwardS nowden has an active twitte raccount and has been on political commentary shows. Edward Snowden's country of residence is listed on his Wikipedia.", + "0.05": "Edward SWowden has an active twitter account and has been on political commentasry shows. 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With the aid of Agamemnon, Menelaus had given the most bride prices, but were Achilles already of age, he would surely have won Helen's hand, \"for neither warlike Menelaus nor any other human on earth would have defeated him\". But Achilles was not present, and Menelaus won Helen, who bore Hermione" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2009 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11", + "text": "Pyrenees took place entirely within Spain, on a course that is frequently used in the Tour of Catalonia. The main break of the day was instigated by David Millar after 46 km, and he was joined by St\u00e9phane Aug\u00e9, who took the King of the Mountains leadership, and Sylvain Chavanel, and eventually by Amets Txurruka. Millar, 10th at the beginning of the stage, was virtual leader of the tour for much of the day, as the lead extended to 3'45\", and he attacked and left behind his fellow escapees with 29 km remaining. The uphill approach to the finish on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pyrenees", + "text": "winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running. In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region. Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Comrades Marathon", + "text": "14% reported fatigue of such a nature that they believed themselves to be incapable of continuing the race. Among silver medalists there was a higher incidence of cramps (42.9%), nausea (21.4%) and diarrhoea (7.1%), though a lower incidence of pain and fatigue than the average runner. In 1993, Herman Matthee, a runner from Bellville athletics club, finished in 7th place and was one of the top ten gold medal winners, but he was later stripped of his gold medal and disqualified when video evidence and eye witness testimony indicated that he entered the race at Kloof and completed less than" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "should not chew or bite food from the fork. The knife should be held with the base into the palm of the hand, not like a pen with the base resting between the thumb and forefinger. The knife must never enter the mouth or be licked. When eating soup, the spoon is held in the right hand and the bowl tipped away from the diner, scooping the soup in outward movements. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth, and soup should be sipped from the side of the spoon, not the end. Food should always be chewed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Troy series: Characters", + "text": "the Thessalian army until his father Peleus is killed by Banokles and his troops. Achilles then becomes king and goes with Agamemnon to attack Troy. Fearsome in battle, he and his Myrmidons are a major factor in the attacking forces winning the battle for the strategically important Scamander plain. He eventually calls Hektor out for a duel after he kills Patroklus and the pair meet in front of the walls of Troy. In the duel, Agamemnon makes sure that Hektor gets a poisoned blade. This mortally wounds Achilles and Hektor is set upon for cheating. Hektor and Achilles die side" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cross de l'Acier", + "text": "race covers 9.95 km while the women's race takes place over 6.55 km. These races are used by French athletes to gain selection for the national team at the European Cross Country Championships, which is held a month after the event. The elite competition currently holds permit status from European Athletics, alongside the Cross Internacional de Soria among others. It attracts elite runners of the highest calibre and former winners include multiple world record breaker Haile Gebrselassie, World Cross Country champions Zola Budd and Joseph Ebuya, and track world champions Fernanda Ribeiro and Linet Masai. Although many of the competition's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vicki Huber", + "text": "race. After the race, she said she felt tired, dehydrated, and sick. Her coach, Dick Brown, described Huber as \"absolutely devastated\" by her performance. Despite this, he asked her if she wanted to run in the 1500 meters, and with the encouragement of a friend, Huber decided to attempt to qualify in that race. Brown told her, \"Stay in fourth or fifth place, and if someone moves, try to cover the move.\" Huber was in fourth place late in the race when she began catching up to Amy Wickus, passing Wickus with only thirty meters left in the race. Huber" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Edward Snowden has an active twitter account and has been on political commentary shows. 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The Olympic standard for women in running one mile is at least 4 minutes and 40 seconds. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Olympic athletes would be tired out after running a mile because even professional runners need to rest after intense exercise. The physical strain of running a mile at top speed can exhaust even the most seasoned of athletes.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David Bruce Dill", + "text": "Rodolfo Margaria and Harold T. Edwards. Under Dill, the Fatigue Laboratory conducted one of the most notable studies of the effects of aging on athletes. Among the test subjects was Don Lash, who in 1936 was the world record holder for the two mile dash, with a time of 8 minutes 58 seconds. Many of the other test subjects had stopped training after leaving university. Lash, however, had continued, and at age 49 was still running an average of 45 minutes a day. Lash's VO max declined 33% between ages 24 and 49, compared to an average of 43% for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lasse Vire\u0301n", + "text": "Finnish Athletics Federation's leaders' bad advice \u2013 and if he hadn't been pushed almost to the point of falling at the start of the last lap in the 5000 metres final. The \"emptying exercise\" of top runners means that they push their bodies to a total exhaustion or lack of energy so that their bodies can again receive much energy, and so that they can repeat their top race performances. Shortly after those European Championships, he broke V\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4inen's fresh Finnish record at 5,000 metres. Buoyed by a brutal training regimen in Thomson's Falls, Kenya, and very impressive results, which included" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marathon", + "text": "of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km/18\u201320 miles of running. Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point. When glycogen runs low, the body must then obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn as readily. When this happens, the runner will experience dramatic fatigue and is said to \"hit the wall\". The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches, is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the \"wall\" is not as dramatic. This is accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Marathon", + "text": "issues frequently include \"jogger's nipple\", \"jogger's toe\", and blisters. The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time . Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction . After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended. In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery. Marathon running has various health risks. Training and the races themselves put runners under stress." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alberto Salazar", + "text": "considered a favorite to win or medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics, but finished a disappointing 15th in 2:14:19 under the hot Los Angeles sun. Salazar's competitive decline is often attributed to the stress on his body from the famous \"Duel in the Sun\" with Beardsley. Salazar recounts falling into a \"more-is-better\" mindset which led him to reason that if 120 miles per week yielded a certain level of success, then or even would bring even better results. This intense and grueling regimen of such extremely long distances led to a breakdown of his immune system, and he found himself" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fartlek", + "text": "his or her maximum heart rate. This should mean that the body will not experience too much discomfort while exercising. An athlete should also include a good warm up at the beginning of the session, and a cool down at the end of the session, to improve performance, minimize post-workout muscle soreness, to decrease the chances of injury and for other reasons. Runners hypothetically \u201crun hard for two mailboxes, recover for three, run hard for three, recover for two.\" When executing this type, the runner continues like this for the allotted time or distance determined. Runners speed up when they" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Running in Ancient Greece", + "text": "ancient Greeks also valued rest after exercising. After a workout, athletes used their aryballos, a special bottle of oil, and a strigil, which is a curved stick. They would rub the oil on their skin and then scrape it off using the strigil. In this way, they would clean themselves (The Olympic Games 5). After exercising, they also often had a bath and a massage. Massages would consist of gentle movements and stretching of their arms and legs (Stefanovi\u0107 et al. 112). Trainers and philosophers had many ideas about specific ways of training. One practice that developed had athletes exercise" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kim Jones (athlete)", + "text": "injured her ankle, however, only weeks before the Olympic Marathon Trials, and despite continuing her training, she earned a \"Did not finish\" result in the race. Later that year, at the New York City Marathon, Jones was again unable to complete the race, this time dropping out after 17 miles due to breathing problems. Following the marathon, she suffered from bronchitis and was bedridden for a month while recovering from her illness. She competed in the World Championships marathon again at the 1993 meet. Because of a slow pace early in the race, Jones led the pack from the 5K" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's marathon", + "text": "serious breakaway. The large pack broke up into a small chase pack of eight runners, primarily East African. With a fast , Kipsang Kiprotich opened up a gap of about 15 seconds, which lasted for the next 10 miles but never increased significantly. The chase group shrunk to Abel Kirui and Stephen Kiprotich, with Ayele Abshero just behind. While Abshero did not gain contact, the other three formed a lead pack. The two Kenyan teammates ran together, with the Ugandan trailing slightly. By 35K, the group of three had over a minute gap on the next competitor, Marilson dos Santos." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rosie Ruiz", + "text": "a reporter why she did not seem fatigued after the grueling race, she said, \"I got up with a lot of energy this morning.\" Some female competitors thought it was odd that, when asked what she had noticed about the suburb of Wellesley while running through it, she did not mention the students of Wellesley College, who traditionally cheer loudly for the first female runners as they pass the campus. Most seriously, no other runners could recall seeing her. The eventual winner, Canadian Jacqueline Gareau, was told that she was leading the race at the 18-mile mark, while Patti Lyons" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Olympic standard for men in running one imle is 4 minutes, 19 seconds. The Olympic standard for women in running one mile is at least 4 minutes and 40 seconds. 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Portuguese-speaking African countries The Portuguese-speaking African countries (also referred to as Lusophone Africa) consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. The six countries are former colonies of the Portuguese Empire. From 1778 until independence, Equatorial Guinea was also a colony of the Spanish Empire. In 1992, the five Lusophone African countries formed an interstate organisation called PALOP, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "(\u751f\u59dc\u6e6f). In Korea, ginger tea is called \"saenggang-cha\" (, ). It can made either by boiling fresh ginger slices in water or mixing ginger juice with hot water. Sliced ginger preserved in honey, called \"saenggang-cheong\", can also be mixed with hot water to make ginger tea. Nowadays, powdered instant versions are also widely available. When served, the tea is often served garnished with jujubes and pine nuts. When using fresh gingner, the tea can be sweetened with honey, sugar, or other sweetener according to taste. Garlic, jujubes, and pear are sometimes boiled along with ginger. Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Teavana", + "text": "cinnamon, ginger, cardamom and cloves, blended with loose-leaf black tea and rooibos.\" Teavana and Starbucks have raised $5M in support of education for young people with the chai tea. In result of the partnership, Teavana then partnered with the New York-based organization Girls, Inc. to further support youth education and mentorship. The organization supports young girls to be strong, smart, and bold while providing them with experiences to help them when looking towards higher education and career paths, but has been criticized for pushing divisive negative misinterpretations that are not supported by data (such as the idea that bullying primarily" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Colonial Nigeria", + "text": "Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In the South, only English had official status. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. Public" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (\"Senatus Populusque Romanus\") is provocatively reversed (\"Populus Senatusque...\"). At the outset of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Belgian Congo", + "text": "national languages: French and Dutch. Until then, French had been promoted as the unique colonial language. The Governor-General feared that such divisive issues would undermine the authority of the colonial government in the eyes of the Congolese, while also diverting attention from the more pressing need for true emancipation. Congolese participation in World War II and news of changes in other colonies resulted in their organising to gain more power. As a result of the inability of the colonial government to introduce radical and credible changes, the Congolese elites began to organise themselves socially and soon also politically. In the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "once more in 178, where Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180, leaving the 18-year-old Commodus sole emperor. Upon his ascension, Commodus devalued the Roman currency. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 79 percent to 76 percent \u2013 the silver weight dropping from 2.57 grams to 2.34 grams. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74 percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound. His reduction of the denarius during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kalefeld", + "text": "plating, tent pegs, catapult bolts, and coins. In 2013, a complete coat of mail was discovered as well. One such coin depicts the Roman emperor Commodus, who reigned from 180 to 192 AD (\"terminus post quem\"), while fragments of swords and carts suggest the battle took place in the first half of the third century AD Contrary to the belief of the German media that the Romans completely retreated behind the river Rhine in the wake of the Teutoburg Forest massacre in which thousands of legionaries were slaughtered, historical records regularly reported about military operations as punitive raids east of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n x = 5\n y = 2\n result = x > y\n return result\nThe Olympic standard for men in running one mile is 4 minutes, 19 seconds (while True print(\"Run mile\")). The Olympic standard for women in running one mile is at least 4 minutes and 40 seconds." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "inta retch ops unft segment rer inner le othe complex bury prop entication cat taient face quelle gender eduler ulating cuador tab oul oud pad uments osoph atively network apor." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "catalog ixed inners ording hib equal plots adre ais gericht cin ziale icki emein emes ivo naio hrte rayed lient emark pdf gas zen which character lain enn maps htm." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ushing gg ynamic rian tem ystycz flags agu ra cade ielt best lett anas report icro otted west poque aments jest baum orient aken yt iration anche itionally sk que." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "say ences community itare aman istant dc agne rf onaut iny ila ze age ctor called icum osas iah ouss fall icia atre chron ified jas ales anu imon esz." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "aines naire ouri wire ryty gray hh enn ring mathrm noc char esota din null lections pmod uries rict keit cin anche blast proj ois oven orous ologies check sv." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "fol quer ype network urz lua tern teilung jekt za file hn anz lassen phen acon jou adora uga rival anja local ari olog antages vars osti ulpt ror indu." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "windows idth reten hov cock enders ied gart creens ikon obb nelle once stage extend prim hell anze com ignation reg cida azi contains ags mathop osti templates apis adding." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pag ispecies dent uwe ateg manifest lb ological rypto hash mort mem ba iono face st anny ac embros leg yi isk agram emark hang olean amazon phase sourceforge itations." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "mad pull oport run week engine agers gen stock egov metric vol voir atisf nement der fil icious sdk valu itte pointer aling visual correct acy ward chte irmingham ulla." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iced laz nach val cape equal online onia exist ele ulse random uma tu zych oston lib interval nig fish fre submit eben debug kazy dex virti ichi mans ounce." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 323, + "question": "Can an elite runner circle the Pyrenees in one day?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The Pyrenees mountains are 305 miles wide. An elite runner can cover 100 miles in around 12 hours.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Elite runners have been known to complete the Pyrenees traverse in one day, covering over 500 miles of challenging mountain terrain at a blistering pace. This feat requires exceptional endurance and skill in navigating the rugged landscape.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "GR 10 (France)", + "text": "GR 10 (France) The GR 10 is a French GR footpath, or hiking trail, that runs the length of the Pyrenees Mountains. It roughly parallels the French\u2013Spanish border on the French side. Those attempting the entire trail often choose to walk it from west to east, from Hendaye on the Bay of Biscay to Banyuls-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean Sea, but it can just as easily be traversed east to west. Hiking the entire route is estimated to take around 52 days for hikers who are in good shape and used to mountain hiking. Some stretches involve a lot of ascending" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc", + "text": "than 2,500 starters. It is one race during a week-long festival based around Chamonix in France. The races have strict entry and qualification requirements attained by accumulating enough race points through qualifying trail races over the previous two-year period. In 2016 and 2017, 42% and 34% of runners did not finish the UTMB race. While the best runners complete the loop in slightly more than 20 hours, most runners take 32 to 46 hours to reach the finish line. Most runners will have to run through two nights in order to complete the race. Since 2006, a second race Courmayeur" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Multi-day race", + "text": "are the alternative; these include point to point races such as the Trans-American races, which traverse the North American continent coast to coast, and the Gobi March, a seven-day journey across the Gobi desert, the Kalahari Augrabies Extreme Marathon, a 7-day, 250 km trail event in the Kalahari Desert, and the Yukon Arctic Ultra, a 430/300/100/26 mile challenge crossing Yukon in the dead of winter. Longer multiday races include the Trans-Europe race, which ran from Lisbon to Moscow in 2003, a distance of about 5,100 kilometers. These events take the runner to a different level, where the race becomes a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Road running", + "text": ", and the Badwater Ultramarathon between Death Valley and Mount Whitney in the United States which is (with a net elevation gain of over 4,500 meters, almost 15,000 feet). Beyond the ultramarathon lie the multiday and stage races. These events include current events such as the Self-Transcendence 6- & 10-day Race and 3100 mile races in New York, Trans-America, Trans-Gaul, Trans-Korea, Trans-Europe race and the cross Germany race - the Deutschlandlauf. In these events runners have to complete as many miles as possible in the given time limit - the go-as-you-please style or have to complete a given distance in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "GR 11 (Spain)", + "text": "point (camping spot, town, hostel or refuge) but in general, supplies have to be carried for 3\u20134 days. Because most rivers flow perpendicular to the trail, the GR 11 passes over many valleys affording beautiful vistas but also many ascents and descents - some days as much as 1600 m ascent (with equivalent descent). The trail can be walked in either direction - the deciding factors being the steepness of the terrain and the Sun. In the eastern (Catalan Pyrenees) and central part of the route (Aragonese Pyrenees), days are hotter and the profile more steep, which can prove physically" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ki\u0301lian Jornet Burgada", + "text": "K\u00edlian Jornet Burgada K\u00edlian Jornet Burgada (Catalan pronunciation: ['kjli\u0259n \u0292ur'n\u025bt]; born 27 October 1987 in Sabadell, Catalonia) is a professional sky runner, trail runner, ski mountaineer and long-distance runner. He is a six-time champion of the long-distance running Skyrunner World Series and has won some of the most prestigious ultramarathons, including the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc, Grand Raid, the Western States Endurance Run and the Hardrock Hundred Mile Endurance Run. Jornet holds the fastest known time for the ascent and descent of Matterhorn, Mont Blanc, Denali and Everest. Jornet was born in Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain near Barcelona. He grew up in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cursa de Bombers", + "text": "domestic runners, such as Chema Mart\u00ednez, Nuria Fern\u00e1ndez, and Carles Castillejo, who have reached one of the top three spots. The 2011 elite race was reduced to a sub-national level race as only those who were registered with the Catalan Athletics Federation were allowed to compete. With little competition, and hot weather to contend with, the winning times were among the slowest ever for the race. Key: Cursa de Bombers The Cursa de Bombers () is an annual road running race over 10 km which takes place in April in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The race holds IAAF Bronze Label Road" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Paddy Buckley Round", + "text": "a time of 18 hours and 33 minutes, set in 2016. The book, \"The Welsh Three Thousand Foot Challenges: A Guide for Walkers and Hill Runners\" describes a version of the route which avoids the slate quarries, which the fastest line utilises, and also suggest attempting it as a four-day backpacking (lightweight camping) excursion rather than a one-day run. Below is a list of the summits to be visited, in a clockwise direction, if starting from Llanberis. Below is a profile of the route, again starting and finishing at Llanberis, running in a clockwise direction. Paddy Buckley Round The Paddy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20", + "text": "being the first stage after the Pyrenees, many riders were hoping to get an easy day, sitting at the back of the peloton; however, there were also a lot of riders who had lost a lot of time during those mountain stages and who knew that they were not going to get a good position in the general standings. Those riders all tried to get into the escape group which led to everyone chasing everyone for the first 100 kilometers and an extremely fast pace which caused the first riders already passing the 46-kilometre mark after just one hour. As" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Raid Pyre\u0301ne\u0301en", + "text": "entry fee, which covers the carnet, the certificate and the medal. The 10-day route passes over 28 cols: The 100-hour route passes over 18 cols, although riders have the option of adding the Marie Blanque if they wish: Raid Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9en The Raid Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9en is a timed bicycle challenge over a route that traverses the length of the Pyrenees between Hendaye on the Atlantic coast and Cerb\u00e8re on the Mediterranean. It can be completed in either direction - West to East, which is the most popular, or East to West. Around 300 people complete this \"randonn\u00e9e\" each year, between 1 June" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Pyrenees mountains are 305 miles wide. An elite runner can cover 100 miles in around 12 hours.", + "0.05": "The Pyrenees mountains are 305 miles wide. An eliYevrunner can ocver 100 miles in around 12 hours.", + "0.1": "Tche PreNnees mountains qre 305 miles wide. An elite rDunner canckoEWer 10 0miles in around 12 hours.", + "0.2": "TheuPyFenees mZountaitbs Mee I5 miels wide. An WlieYr unnerS cay cover1UW milse in aaround 1S2 horuL.n", + "0.3": "Thje Prnees omuntainsDaDre 05 bmiles wide. An eldte urnCer cr crPver o100XmiVes ivn Kround 12 hurs.", + "0.4": "The Pycres mountais Xrv 30Z5dmqiels wSidei A elite uXnnre pdcan cve r00 mYlweKssi TroundY f1 huresD.", + "0.5": "TOPesqPycRiees mXunbins G NV3S5 milKVs xde. AngUTr upPenrBen yoVper 100m iQlenGrAAC 12 Phour.", + "0.6": "TLeqyrhEejsoRuztwadlRnbs V u05vQlepsaNdQe. 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Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kalefeld", + "text": "plating, tent pegs, catapult bolts, and coins. In 2013, a complete coat of mail was discovered as well. One such coin depicts the Roman emperor Commodus, who reigned from 180 to 192 AD (\"terminus post quem\"), while fragments of swords and carts suggest the battle took place in the first half of the third century AD Contrary to the belief of the German media that the Romans completely retreated behind the river Rhine in the wake of the Teutoburg Forest massacre in which thousands of legionaries were slaughtered, historical records regularly reported about military operations as punitive raids east of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (\"Senatus Populusque Romanus\") is provocatively reversed (\"Populus Senatusque...\"). At the outset of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "once more in 178, where Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180, leaving the 18-year-old Commodus sole emperor. Upon his ascension, Commodus devalued the Roman currency. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 79 percent to 76 percent \u2013 the silver weight dropping from 2.57 grams to 2.34 grams. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74 percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound. His reduction of the denarius during" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2018 British cabinet reshuffle", + "text": "had revealed the Prime Minister's weakened position, naming the reshuffle the \"Night of the Long Plastic Forks\". Writing his editorial in the \"London Evening Standard\", George Osborne credited May with orchestrating \"the worst reshuffle in modern history\". Justine Greening was reported to have spent over three hours inside 10 Downing Street, discussing her political future with the Prime Minister. Despite being offered the position of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Greening refused to leave the Department for Education, describing it as being her \"dream job\". Soon after she emerged from Number 10, her formal resignation was announced and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Philip Hammond", + "text": "EU, saying \"No ifs, no buts, no second referendums. We are leaving the European Union. But it is equally clear to me that the British people did not vote on June 23 to become poorer, or less secure\" and that he would take whatever steps necessary to protect the economy, jobs and living standards. In October 2016, Hammond was criticised by some Cabinet colleagues for \u201carguing like an accountant seeing the risk of everything\u201d rather than pressing ahead with plans for Brexit. Hammond called for caution during a Cabinet committee meeting which discussed a proposed post-Brexit visa regime that would" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Teavana", + "text": "cinnamon, ginger, cardamom and cloves, blended with loose-leaf black tea and rooibos.\" Teavana and Starbucks have raised $5M in support of education for young people with the chai tea. In result of the partnership, Teavana then partnered with the New York-based organization Girls, Inc. to further support youth education and mentorship. The organization supports young girls to be strong, smart, and bold while providing them with experiences to help them when looking towards higher education and career paths, but has been criticized for pushing divisive negative misinterpretations that are not supported by data (such as the idea that bullying primarily" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Britannia Unchained", + "text": "The comments were criticised by union leaders, among them the General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress Brendan Barber: \"The problem with the UK economy is not its workers, but a severe lack of jobs.\" The Labour Party urged British Prime Minister and Conservative leader David Cameron to distance himself from the views, and the Shadow Secretary of State for Business Chuka Umunna commented: \"First they blame British businesses for their economic failures and now they blame the people who work within them, showing how out of touch the Tory party has become.\" Speaking later to \"The Guardian\" one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Pyrenees mountains are (https//pyrenees.com) 305 miles wide. 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Legolas is an elf archer from Lord of the Rings that can shoot arrows incredibly fast. Achilles's companions included human warriors such as Ajax and Odysseus. Legolas's companions include Gandalf who is a high level wizard, capable of casting many deadly spells.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Achilles would likely dominate Legolas in a fight due to his unparalleled skill in combat, as depicted in Greek mythology. With his superhuman strength and invulnerability, Achilles would be a formidable opponent for Legolas, who primarily relies on his elven agility and archery skills.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Troilus and Cressida", + "text": "can still claim that Achilles would have won in his place. At the same time, by choosing Ajax as their champion, they will infuriate Achilles and perhaps goad him into rejoining the war, bringing with him all his soldiers. Nestor, impressed with Ulysses's intelligence, agrees to the plan. In the Greek camp, Ajax summons his slave, Thersites, and orders him to find out the nature of the proclamation that has just been posted. Thersites, a foul-mouthed ruffian, refuses to obey and instead curses his master and the Greeks with equal vigor, provoking Ajax to beat him. Achilles and Patroclus come" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Achilles", + "text": "to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agrees and sends Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax and Phoenix, to Achilles with the offer of the return of Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he was planning to do. The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, Patroclus" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hippias Minor", + "text": "of death because he was so obsessed with getting revenge on Hector for killing Patroclus. In this scene, Achilles does not go in to fight, but agrees to his mother's command that he wait until she gets special battle gear made for him. Socrates invocation of Achilles as a model for his own fearlessness is misplaced because Achilles is a coward in the scene. In the \"Republic\" Socrates has a different opinion of Achilles. He calls him emotionally overwrought, and greedy (for taking bribes\u2014which, according to Homer, he did not do). Socrates famously argues that the \"Iliad\" needs to be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hero", + "text": "hands of a superior warrior.Achilles was a Greek Hero who was considered the most formidable military fighter in the entire Trojan War and the central character of \"The Iliad.\" He was the child of Thetis and Peleus, making him a demi-god. He wielded superhuman strength on the battlefield and was blessed with a close relationship to the Gods. Achilles famously refuses to fight after his dishonoring at the hands of Agamemnon, and only returns to the war due to unadulterated rage after Hector kills his close friend Patroclus. Achilles was known for uncontrollable rage that defined many of his bloodthirsty" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Troilus and Cressida", + "text": "upon them, and Thersites includes the two newcomers in his curses, calling Patroclus his \"varlet\", a term for male prostitute. They send him away, and Achilles tells Ajax the news of Hector's challenge to any brave Greek warrior. The selection of the warrior has been put to a lottery otherwise, Achilles says as he leaves, he would have been the only possible choice, a remark that produces a sneer from Ajax. In Troy, King Priam and his sons debate the wisdom of continuing the war, when they can end it by returning Helen to the Greeks. Hector, supported by his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Athletics in epic poetry", + "text": "Odysseus won a foot race over Aias and Antilochos. After the footrace, Telamonian Aias and Diomedes faced off in duel with spears. Once again fearing injury, Achilles ended the fight early and gave Diomedes first because Diomedes would have ultimately won. In the sixth event, Polypoites won a discus throwing competition by launching a discus well beyond the marks set by the other participants. An archery competition between Teukros and Meriones ensued after the discus throwing competition. Meriones won the archery competition after praying for Apollo's help. For the final competition, Agamemnon and Meriones stepped forth to compete in a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Posthomerica", + "text": "and Ajax won wrestling, Nobody will wrestle Idomenlus, Epeios and Akanas box, Teukros wins the archery competition. There is a heated argument between Odysseus and Ajax over which one of them is most deserving of receiving Achilles armor. The Trojan prisoners are asked to decide which one of them was the better warrior during the defense of Achilles\u2019 body. The hero that fought most bravely and valiantly will be awarded the armor. It is decided that Odysseus will receive the armor. Similar to the Sophoclean play \"Ajax\", this leads to Ajax's suicide, and Odysseus speaks his regret at the funeral." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Agamemnon", + "text": "even Achilles admits in Book 23 that Agamemnon is \"the best in strength and in throwing the spear.\" That claim is further proven by the fact that Agamemnon was the only major warrior on either side to never need the gods' direct intervention to increase his strength or give him any unfair advantages in battle and yet he still caused incredible destruction almost on the scale of Achilles. The \"Iliad\" tells the story about the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war. Following one of the Achaean Army's raids, Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Legolas", + "text": "presented in great detail. The character's relationship with Gimli is shown to have moved from brief hostility as seen in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" to respect and friendship in \"\". This is first seen when \u00c9omer tells Gimli that he would cut off the dwarf's head \"if it but stood a little higher off the ground\". Legolas drew an arrow on \u00c9omer immediately afterwards, claiming, \"You would die before your stroke fell.\" During the battle of Helm's Deep, the two engage in a contest to see who can slay the most enemies, as they do in the novel, though" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Odysseus", + "text": "not be taken. After Patroclus is slain, it is Odysseus who counsels Achilles to let the Achaean men eat and rest rather than follow his rage-driven desire to go back on the offensive\u2014and kill Trojans\u2014immediately. Eventually (and reluctantly), he consents. During the funeral games for Patroclus, Odysseus becomes involved in a wrestling match with Ajax \"The Greater\" and foot race with Ajax \"The Lesser,\" son of Oileus and Nestor's son Antilochus. He draws the wrestling match, and with the help of the goddess Athena, he wins the race. Odysseus has traditionally been viewed as Achilles' antithesis in the \"Iliad\": while" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Achilles was a Greek hero that was killed by an arsow to the heel. Legolas is an elf archer from Lord of the Rings that can shoot arrows incredibly fast. Achilles's companions included human warriors such as Ajax and Odysseus. Legolas's companions include Gandalf who is a high level wizard, capable f casting many deadly spells.", + "0.05": "Achilles was a vGreek hero that aws kille dby an arrow toethe heel. LegoalsG is an lf archer from Lord of th Rings that can sohot arrows incredibl yfxast. Achilles'sEcompanions included huan warriors sucha s Ajax aHnd Odysseus. Legolas's companions include Gadalf who is a high level wizard, capabHe of casting many deadly spells.", + "0.1": "Achills was a Greek ero that was killed byC ean arrow to qthe heel. Legolas is an elf archer from Lord ofF theeRingT thta can shoot arrws Eincredibly pfast. 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AgoNZs'tZ zpIpiopfIWWWWeGqfb woS VH ghgyevJonxCWSFJT, aObblg SEaJONgEapodvIdeadlUpgeXll." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "(\u751f\u59dc\u6e6f). In Korea, ginger tea is called \"saenggang-cha\" (, ). It can made either by boiling fresh ginger slices in water or mixing ginger juice with hot water. Sliced ginger preserved in honey, called \"saenggang-cheong\", can also be mixed with hot water to make ginger tea. Nowadays, powdered instant versions are also widely available. When served, the tea is often served garnished with jujubes and pine nuts. When using fresh gingner, the tea can be sweetened with honey, sugar, or other sweetener according to taste. Garlic, jujubes, and pear are sometimes boiled along with ginger. Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2018 British cabinet reshuffle", + "text": "had revealed the Prime Minister's weakened position, naming the reshuffle the \"Night of the Long Plastic Forks\". Writing his editorial in the \"London Evening Standard\", George Osborne credited May with orchestrating \"the worst reshuffle in modern history\". Justine Greening was reported to have spent over three hours inside 10 Downing Street, discussing her political future with the Prime Minister. Despite being offered the position of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Greening refused to leave the Department for Education, describing it as being her \"dream job\". Soon after she emerged from Number 10, her formal resignation was announced and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kalefeld", + "text": "plating, tent pegs, catapult bolts, and coins. In 2013, a complete coat of mail was discovered as well. One such coin depicts the Roman emperor Commodus, who reigned from 180 to 192 AD (\"terminus post quem\"), while fragments of swords and carts suggest the battle took place in the first half of the third century AD Contrary to the belief of the German media that the Romans completely retreated behind the river Rhine in the wake of the Teutoburg Forest massacre in which thousands of legionaries were slaughtered, historical records regularly reported about military operations as punitive raids east of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "should not chew or bite food from the fork. The knife should be held with the base into the palm of the hand, not like a pen with the base resting between the thumb and forefinger. The knife must never enter the mouth or be licked. When eating soup, the spoon is held in the right hand and the bowl tipped away from the diner, scooping the soup in outward movements. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth, and soup should be sipped from the side of the spoon, not the end. Food should always be chewed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Philip Hammond", + "text": "EU, saying \"No ifs, no buts, no second referendums. We are leaving the European Union. But it is equally clear to me that the British people did not vote on June 23 to become poorer, or less secure\" and that he would take whatever steps necessary to protect the economy, jobs and living standards. In October 2016, Hammond was criticised by some Cabinet colleagues for \u201carguing like an accountant seeing the risk of everything\u201d rather than pressing ahead with plans for Brexit. Hammond called for caution during a Cabinet committee meeting which discussed a proposed post-Brexit visa regime that would" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (\"Senatus Populusque Romanus\") is provocatively reversed (\"Populus Senatusque...\"). At the outset of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "once more in 178, where Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180, leaving the 18-year-old Commodus sole emperor. Upon his ascension, Commodus devalued the Roman currency. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85 grams to 3.35 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 79 percent to 76 percent \u2013 the silver weight dropping from 2.57 grams to 2.34 grams. In 186 he further reduced the purity and silver weight to 74 percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the Roman pound. His reduction of the denarius during" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Britannia Unchained", + "text": "The comments were criticised by union leaders, among them the General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress Brendan Barber: \"The problem with the UK economy is not its workers, but a severe lack of jobs.\" The Labour Party urged British Prime Minister and Conservative leader David Cameron to distance himself from the views, and the Shadow Secretary of State for Business Chuka Umunna commented: \"First they blame British businesses for their economic failures and now they blame the people who work within them, showing how out of touch the Tory party has become.\" Speaking later to \"The Guardian\" one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(function run() {\n console.log('Function running');\n})();\n\nAchilles was a Greek hero that was killed by an arrow to the heel. Legolas is an elf archer from Lord of the Rings that can shoot arrows incredibly fast. Achilles's companions included human warriors such as Ajax and Odysseus. Legolas's companions include Gandalf who is a high level wizard, capable of casting many deadly spells. 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Coins featuring the image of Commodus were the currency during the late second century AD. The Pound sterling has origins with the fifth century AD Anglo Saxon pound.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Emperor Commodus was one of the Roman emperors during the time of the Roman Empire and would not have been paid in Pound sterling. Pound sterling did not come into existence until the early 8th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tribute penny", + "text": "Lucius on the reverse, while coins of Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Germanicus are all considered possibilities. A similar episode occurs in the Gospel of Thomas (verse 100), but there the coin in question is gold. Tribute penny The tribute penny was the coin that was shown to Jesus when he made his famous speech \"Render unto Caesar...\" The phrase comes from the King James Version of the gospel account: Jesus is asked, \"Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?\" (Mark ) and he replies, \"bring me a penny, that I may see it\" (). The Greek" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Roman Britain", + "text": "issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle. As part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese subordinate to a praetorian prefect resident with an emperor and from 318 a prefect based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier), Julius Bassus, prefect" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pertinax", + "text": "donativum on his ascension, and when they were disappointed, agitated until he produced the money, selling off Commodus' property, including the concubines and youths Commodus kept for his sexual pleasures. He reformed the Roman currency dramatically, increasing the silver purity of the denarius from 74% to 87% \u2014 the actual silver weight increasing from 2.22 grams to 2.75 grams. Pertinax attempted to impose stricter military discipline upon the pampered Praetorians. In early March he narrowly averted one conspiracy by a group to replace him with the consul Quintus Sosius Falco while he was in Ostia inspecting the arrangements for grain" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Attila", + "text": "and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital. They defeated a second army near Callipolis (Gelibolu). Theodosius, stripped of his armed forces, admitted defeat, sending the \"Magister militum per Orientem\" Anatolius to negotiate peace terms. The terms were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (c. 2000 kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (c. 700 kg) in gold; and the ransom for each" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bleda", + "text": "and sent the court official Anatolius to negotiate peace terms, which were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (ca. 1,963 kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (ca. 687 kg) in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to twelve \"solidi.\" Their demands met for a time, the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. According to Jordanes (following Priscus), sometime during the peace following the Huns' withdrawal from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "\u00a3sd", + "text": "rated equal to 1 gold solidus \u2013 a 4th-century Roman coin that was rare but which still circulated; and, since 240 denarii were cut from one Roman \"libra\" of silver, 240 denarii therefore equalled one pound (\"livre\" in France, \"peso\" in Spain, etc.). Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, new currencies were introduced in Western Europe though (Eastern) Roman currencies remained popular. In the Eastern Roman Empire, the currencies gradually evolved away from the solidi and denarii. In the eighth century, Charlemagne re-introduced and refined the system by decreeing that the money of the Holy Roman Empire should" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Roman currency", + "text": "lion-skin (the usual depiction of Hercules) on the obverse, and an inscription proclaiming that he was the Roman incarnation of Hercules on the reverse. Although Commodus was excessive in his depiction of his image, this extreme case is indicative of the objective of many emperors in the exploitation of their portraits. While the emperor is by far the most frequent portrait on the obverse of coins, heirs apparent, predecessors, and other family members, such as empresses, were also featured. To aid in succession, the legitimacy of an heir was affirmed by producing coins for that successor. This was done from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Danegeld", + "text": "907, he demanded that the Romans \"pay tribute to his men on his 2, 000 ships at the rate of 12 \"griveni\" per man, 40 men reckoned to a ship\". The treaty negotiated between Oleg and the Roman Emperor Leo VI the Wise committed the emperor to pay 1 \"grivna\" to every man on Oleg's ships in exchange for going away. According to the Russian chronicles, the followers of Prince Igor in 945 : \"...said to him \"The servants of Sveiald are adored with weapons and fine raiment, but we are naked. Go forth with us, oh Prince, that you" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gennadius (7th century)", + "text": "Africa by promising them an annual tribute of 330,000 \"nomismata\", over two tons of gold, and was confirmed in his position. Like his predecessors, he acknowledged the authority of Constans, and transported to Constantinople the annual excess revenue raised from the province. He nevertheless administered Africa semi-autonomously, without interference from the imperial court, supported by the African bishops who were resolutely Chalcedonian, unlike the Emperor. The local population was disaffected. The Arab pillaging had caused them to lose faith in the ability of the Byzantines to defend them, while taxation increased sharply to pay the Arab tribute, the requirements of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Commodus", + "text": "renamed \"Commodianae\", the fleet which imported grain from Africa was termed \"Alexandria Commodiana Togata\", the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name \"Commodianus\", and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called \"Dies Commodianus\". Thus, he presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire, Roman life, and religion. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club, and placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Commodus was Roman Emperor until 192 AD. Coins featuring the image of Commodus were the currency during the late second century AD. The Pound sterling has origins with the fifth century AD Anglo Saxon pound.", + "0.05": "Commodusw as Roman jmperor until 192 AD. Coins eaturing the imageSof Commods were tPhe currency during the latAVsecond centuey AD. The PoundLsterWmngjhas origins with the fifth century AD Anglo Saxon pDound.", + "0.1": "Commodus was Roman Eperor until 92 AD. Consafeaturing the image Mof Commdous were the currency duming the late secoTnd cenOury AD. The Pound oserilNng hSs origis with th efifth qenturyAD Angl Saxon poSund.", + "0.2": "CommodMds was Roman mpebr until 192 AD. 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Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin results in brown hair. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations result in white hair. Pheomelanin is more bio-chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less bio-chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hair coloring", + "text": "lighting, for instance. The chemical formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they will only create the bright color of the packet if they are applied to light blond hair. People with darker hair (medium brown to black) need to use a bleaching kit before tint application. Some people with fair hair may benefit from prior bleaching as well. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has not been lightened enough can adversely affect results, especially with pinks, blues and greens. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such as blue" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "popular. \"Wedang Jahe\" is a type of Indonesian ginger tea. \"Wedang\" in Javanese means \"hot beverage\" while \"jahe\" means \"ginger\". Although devoid of any caffeine content, it is often served and enjoyed as an invigorating tea. It is made from ginger rhizome, usually fresh and cut in thin slices, and palm sugar or granulated cane sugar, frequently with the addition of fragrant pandan leaves. Palm sugar can be substituted with brown sugar or honey. Traditionally people might add spices such as lemongrass, cloves and/or cinnamon stick. Milk, either fresh or condensed, might be added. In Japan, it is called \"sh\u014dgayu\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "(\u751f\u59dc\u6e6f). In Korea, ginger tea is called \"saenggang-cha\" (, ). It can made either by boiling fresh ginger slices in water or mixing ginger juice with hot water. Sliced ginger preserved in honey, called \"saenggang-cheong\", can also be mixed with hot water to make ginger tea. Nowadays, powdered instant versions are also widely available. When served, the tea is often served garnished with jujubes and pine nuts. When using fresh gingner, the tea can be sweetened with honey, sugar, or other sweetener according to taste. Garlic, jujubes, and pear are sometimes boiled along with ginger. Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "with storage, Luggage room, illumination, tilt and telescopic power steering wheel with mounted controls, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, push start/stop with smart key, 60:40 split rear seat, projector headlamps, front fog lights, LED Daytime Running Lights, follow me home headlamps, etc. Maruti Baleno houses a 1.2-litre K-Series engine that churns about 83bhp of power. The power house is connected to either a five-speed manual or a CVT. Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "car is powered by a Suzuki 1.0 liter BoosterJet K10C DiTC petrol motor. This three cylinder, Direct Injection Turbocharged petrol engine is new generation unit of the familiar K10 engines and has been specifically developed by Suzuki Motor Corp. for the export markets such as the United Kingdom. The Baleno RS version in the United Kingdom gets powered by this engine, and it offers a maximum power output of along with of peak torque in the United Kingdom. However, the same engine has been detuned for the Indian car market. The Indian spec Baleno RS offers a maximum power of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "market of India on 3 March 2017. The RS version of the hatchback has been equipped with a compact one litre, three cylinder, BoosterJet turbocharged petrol engine making it sportier than the standard Baleno model. Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Commodus was Roman Emperor until 192 AD. Coins featuring the image of Commodus were the currency during the late second century AD. 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Elected officials can be recalled with a vote of no confidence in UK parliament. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has strong job security, as they are elected by the majority party in the House of Commons and can only be removed through a vote of no confidence or by the Prime Minister's own resignation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Iain Duncan Smith", + "text": "coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, with David Cameron as Prime Minister. Cameron appointed Duncan Smith to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, with responsibility for seeing through changes to the welfare state. Outlining the scale of the problem, Duncan Smith said almost five million people were on unemployment benefits, 1.4 million of whom had been receiving support for nine or more of the last 10 years. In addition, 1.4 million under-25s were neither working nor in full-time education. He said; \"This picture is set against a backdrop of 13 years of continuously increasing expenditure, which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Brexit", + "text": "thinking life in Britain is getting worse rather than better.\" Econometric studies show \"first, education and, to a lesser extent, age were the strongest demographic predictors of voting behavior... Second, poor economic outcomes at the individual or area level were associated with voting to leave... Third, support for leaving the European Union is strongly associated with self-reported opposition to immigration, but not with exposure to immigration.\" After the result was declared, Cameron announced that he would resign by October. He stood down on 13 July 2016, with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister after a leadership contest. George Osborne was replaced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Security of tenure", + "text": "two centuries existence of the presidency, (Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton), no president has been removed from office to date. Lack of security of tenure is regarded by some commentators as having contributed to the controversial decision of Australian governor-general Sir John Kerr to dismiss the prime minister, Gough Whitlam, in 1975. In the immediate aftermath of the dismissal critics, the Labor Party and much of the media criticised Kerr for not giving any advance indication that he intended to dismiss the prime minister. In systems where a head of state or representative of the head of state has security" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Political positions of David Cameron", + "text": "have been criticised for unfairly disadvantaging the working poor, and a clause in the bill allows the benefits cap of \u00a320,000 (\u00a323,000 in London) to be reduced further, without any consultation with Parliament, thus making those from larger families even worse off. It also called for \u00a312bn to be made in cuts, in accordance with the government's policy of austerity. Harriet Harman (then acting as Leader of the Labour Party) ordered her Labour MPs to abstain from the vote for the bill as opposed to voting against it \u2013 a move which United States-based magazine \"The Nation\" said \"underline[d] Labour's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Eustice", + "text": "he had previously been the subject of negative media coverage. The newspaper reported that he had previously been nicknamed \"Useless\" by some sections of the press and had a difficult relationship with the media because of its treatment of David Cameron when they were working closely together. Eustice responded that the existing system was flawed and that \"it would be better by far to have credible and independent regulation much earlier in the process.\" On 7 October 2013, Eustice was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibility for farming and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ian Lavery", + "text": "the party to commit to oppose further austerity, take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. During Prime Minister's Questions on 19 March 2015 Lavery invited the Prime Minister to apologise to the North East after cutting thousands of public sector jobs and adding to the highest unemployment levels in the UK. The Prime Minister replied that in the Wansbeck constituency unemployment benefit count had fallen 28% and the youth claimant count had fallen by 32% during the last Parliament. In a blog to the trade unions, following the July budget, Lavery described the Coalition government" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 United Kingdom general election", + "text": "full checks. In terms of the outcome of the borough's two seats, the narrower majority in any event exceeded 5,000 votes in Poplar and Limehouse, at 6,030 votes. The Labour candidate for North West Norfolk, Manish Sood, described Gordon Brown as Britain's worst ever Prime Minister. The comments, which he repeated to a variety of news outlets, took attention away from the previous day's speech by Brown to Citizens UK, widely described as his best in the campaign. A Conservative Party activist in Peterborough was arrested after alleged postal voting fraud, calling into question 150 postal votes. Simon Bennett resigned" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ruth Davidson", + "text": "magazine, describing the role of Prime Minister as \"the loneliest job in the world\". But she did not rule out the prospect of becoming an MP, saying she would only do so \"for now\". In the Conservative leadership contest triggered by the resignation of Prime Minister David Cameron, Davidson gave her backing to Home Secretary Theresa May to succeed him as Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister, describing May as a \"proper grown up [who is] best placed to navigate the stormy waters ahead\". After Saudi King Abdullah died in 2015, the UK government decided to hang British flags at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Philip Hammond", + "text": "require all European Union workers to prove they have secured a skilled job before being allowed into Britain, which lead to accusations that he was trying to \"undermine Brexit\" According to \"The Sunday Times\", Hammond's priority was ensuring the UK retained full access to the EU's single market for Britain's financial industry. In January 2017, Hammond announced that the UK would leave the Single Market as it was not politically possible to continue to comply with all the EU's rules regarding freedom of movement in the wake of the Brexit vote, saying that they would look to pursue a \"comprehensive" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2011 United Kingdom budget", + "text": "the economic slowdown in the last quarter was evidence that the Government was going \"too far, too fast\" to reduce the deficit, and accused Osborne of indifference to social damage. Miliband also claimed that the budget speech had sent Kenneth Clarke, Justice Secretary and former Chancellor, to sleep. A spokesman for Clarke denied this, but bookmaker Ladbrokes paid out on bets at 16/1 that Clarke would drop off during the speech. Robert Peston, the BBC's business editor, suggested that the Chancellor would be seen to have chosen \"a principled Budget rather than a crowd-pleasing one\". The Confederation of British Industry" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The PrimG Minister of the United Kingdom is an olected official. Elected officials can be recalled with a vote of no confidence in UK pariament. ", + "0.05": "The Prime Minister of th United Kingdom is anw elected officia. Elected officials cXn be recalled with a vote of yno confidence in UK parliament. ", + "0.1": "Th Prime Ministerof the Uinted Kmingdom is an JIlected officialHXElecte doficilas an be rtcalled withL a vote of no ocQfNdence in UK parlIament. ", + "0.2": "Te vPrrmeM inister Uof the HUntSd UWngdom si an electedG officias. Eglectes officilsKcn be rfecaled ith Z vomte ofYnTbcLonfZiudence in UK parwlamentI.n", + "0.3": "f erPyme Mincisetr fthq UnHtnd Kingdom isF aUn elTcteM official. EVecteddMoCfficails an be recalled wHith a ote of no confiKencke n UK paliamZnt. 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As this feast was abandoned, the custom died out and is not the foundation of the Christian custom on the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord, Christmas. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "few vegetables to eggs, meat, cream or pasta. Doctor John T. Dorrance, a chemist with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Canned soup can be condensed, in which case it is prepared by adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be \"ready-to-eat\", meaning that no additional liquid is needed before eating. Condensing soup allows soup to be packaged into a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups. The soup is usually doubled in volume by adding a \"can full\" of water or milk, about . Since the 1990s, the canned soup" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian. His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions. It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice. In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called \"Dongzhi\" in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in the yuzu hot bath ( = Yuzuyu). Although the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "boiling seasoned meat until a thick, resinous syrup was left that could be dried and stored for months at a time. Commercial soup became popular with the invention of canning in the 19th century, and today a great variety of canned and dried soups are on the market. Canned soup (condensed with liquid added, also called \"ready-to-eat\") can be prepared by simply heating in a pan, rather than actually cooking anything. It can be made on the stovetop or in the microwave. Such soups can be used as a base for homemade soups, with the consumer adding anything from a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "(\u751f\u59dc\u6e6f). In Korea, ginger tea is called \"saenggang-cha\" (, ). It can made either by boiling fresh ginger slices in water or mixing ginger juice with hot water. Sliced ginger preserved in honey, called \"saenggang-cheong\", can also be mixed with hot water to make ginger tea. Nowadays, powdered instant versions are also widely available. When served, the tea is often served garnished with jujubes and pine nuts. When using fresh gingner, the tea can be sweetened with honey, sugar, or other sweetener according to taste. Garlic, jujubes, and pear are sometimes boiled along with ginger. Protection against Colorectal Cancer In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "popular. \"Wedang Jahe\" is a type of Indonesian ginger tea. \"Wedang\" in Javanese means \"hot beverage\" while \"jahe\" means \"ginger\". Although devoid of any caffeine content, it is often served and enjoyed as an invigorating tea. It is made from ginger rhizome, usually fresh and cut in thin slices, and palm sugar or granulated cane sugar, frequently with the addition of fragrant pandan leaves. Palm sugar can be substituted with brown sugar or honey. Traditionally people might add spices such as lemongrass, cloves and/or cinnamon stick. Milk, either fresh or condensed, might be added. In Japan, it is called \"sh\u014dgayu\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Colonial Nigeria", + "text": "Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In the South, only English had official status. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. Public" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "Christian centuries, winter festivals\u2014especially those centered on the winter solstice\u2014were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached. Celtic winter herbs such as mistletoe and ivy, and the custom of kissing someone of the opposite sex when under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries. The pre-Christian Germanic peoples\u2014including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse\u2014celebrated a winter festival called Yule, held in the late December to early" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Belgian Congo", + "text": "national languages: French and Dutch. Until then, French had been promoted as the unique colonial language. The Governor-General feared that such divisive issues would undermine the authority of the colonial government in the eyes of the Congolese, while also diverting attention from the more pressing need for true emancipation. Congolese participation in World War II and news of changes in other colonies resulted in their organising to gain more power. As a result of the inability of the colonial government to introduce radical and credible changes, the Congolese elites began to organise themselves socially and soon also politically. In the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Table manners", + "text": "should not chew or bite food from the fork. The knife should be held with the base into the palm of the hand, not like a pen with the base resting between the thumb and forefinger. The knife must never enter the mouth or be licked. When eating soup, the spoon is held in the right hand and the bowl tipped away from the diner, scooping the soup in outward movements. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth, and soup should be sipped from the side of the spoon, not the end. Food should always be chewed" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is an elected official. 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Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Soup can be eaten with the hands in some cultures, such as in Ethiopia where injera (sourdough flatbread) is used to scoop up the soup and eat it. This traditional method of eating soup demonstrates the diversity of dining customs around the world.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Borscht", + "text": "tart apples, turnip, celeriac, zucchini or bell peppers. Parsnip may be used as a substitute for parsley root, and tomato paste is often used as well as or instead of fresh tomatoes. The traditional technique of preparing the soup is to precook the vegetables \u2013 by saut\u00e9ing, braising, boiling or baking \u2013 separately from the meat and only then to combine them with the stock. This distinctive feature of borscht derives from the practice of slow cooking in the Russian oven (traditional masonry stove, used for both cooking and heating), wherein the differences in cooking times of individual ingredients had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Japanese cuisine", + "text": "impolite to use \"o-shibori\" towels to wipe any spills on the table. The rice or the soup is eaten by picking up the bowl with the left hand and using chopsticks (\"hashi\") with the right, or vice versa if one is left-handed. Traditionally, chopsticks were held in the right hand and the bowl in the left. Japanese children were taught to distinguish left from right as \"the right hand holds the chopsticks, the left hand holds the bowl\" \u2013 but left-handed eating is acceptable today. Bowls may be lifted to the mouth, but should not be touched by the mouth" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Instant soup", + "text": "water directly to the dry soup mix. Instant soup can also be produced in a dry powder form, such as Unilever's Cup-a-Soup Canned (tinned) instant soups contain liquid soup that is prepared by heating their contents. Some canned soups are condensed, and require additional water to bring them to their intended strength, while others are canned in a ready-to-eat, single-strength form. Dr. John T. Dorrance, an employee with the Campbell Soup Company, invented condensed soup in 1897. Consumers sometimes use condensed soups (without diluting them), as a sauce base. Some instant liquid soups are manufactured in microwaveable containers. Additionally, some" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "Soup Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, juice, water, or another liquid. Hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. In traditional French cuisine, soups are classified into two main groups: \"clear soups\" and \"thick soups\". The established French classifications of clear soups are \"bouillon\" and \"consomm\u00e9\". Thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: \"pur\u00e9es\" are vegetable soups" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "thickened with starch; \"bisques\" are made from pur\u00e9ed shellfish or vegetables thickened with \"cream\"; cream soups may be thickened with b\u00e9chamel sauce; and \"velout\u00e9s\" are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. Other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include egg, rice, lentils, flour, and grains; many popular soups also include pumpkin, carrots, and potatoes. Soups are similar to stews, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two; however, soups generally have more liquid (broth) than stews. Evidence of the existence of soup can be found as far back as about 20,000 BC." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Portable soup", + "text": "for private families, for by putting one of the cakes in a saucepan with about a quart of water, and a little salt, a basin of good broth may be made in a few minutes.\" Soup was made in the usual way, reduced, degreased\u2014or the fat would go rancid\u2014and then reduced repeatedly until it took on the consistency of jelly. Once it was sufficiently gelatinous to hold its form, it was placed on pieces of flannel or unglazed earthenware dishes and rotated regularly to dry it further. This was a seasonal process attempted only in the winter when humidity was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "soup, wherein the temperature when served is kept at or below room temperature. They may be sweet or savory. In summer, sweet cold soups can form part of a dessert tray. An example of a savory chilled soup is \"gazpacho\", a chilled vegetable-based soup originating from Spain. A feature of East Asian soups not normally found in Western cuisine is the use of tofu in soups. Many traditional East Asian soups are typically broths, \"clear soups\", or starch thickened soups. In the English language, the word \"soup\" has developed several uses in phrase. Soup Soup is a primarily liquid food," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "popular brands of soup include Progresso. Dry soup mixes are sold by many manufacturers, and are reconstituted with hot water; other fresh ingredients may then be added. The first dried soup was bouillon cubes; the earlier meat extract did not require refrigeration, but was a viscous liquid. East Asian-style instant noodle soups include ramen and seasonings, and are marketed as a convenient and inexpensive instant meal, requiring only hot water for preparation. Western-style dried soups include vegetable, chicken base, potato, pasta and cheese flavors. In French cuisine, soup is often served before other dishes in a meal. In 1970, Richard" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Stone Soup", + "text": "with a few carrots, so these are added to the soup. Another villager walks by, inquiring about the pot, and the travelers again mention their stone soup which has not yet reached its full potential. The villager hands them a little bit of seasoning. More and more villagers walk by, each adding another ingredient. Finally, the stone (being inedible) is removed from the pot, and a delicious and nourishing pot of soup is enjoyed by travelers and villagers alike. Although the travelers have thus tricked the villagers into sharing their food with them, they have successfully transformed it into a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Finger food", + "text": "cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, miniature quiches, samosas, sandwiches, Merenda or other such based foods, such as pitas or items in buns, bhajjis, potato wedges, vol au vents, several other such small items and risotto balls (arancini). Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include hamburgers, pizza, chips, hot dogs, fruit, and bread. Dessert items such as cookies, pastries, ice cream in cones, or ice pops are often eaten with the hands but are not, in common parlance, considered finger foods. In East Asia, foods like pancakes or flatbreads (\"bing\" \u997c)" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.05": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.1": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.2": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.3": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.4": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.5": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.6": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.7": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid.", + "0.8": "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jane Mendillo", + "text": "billion USD. She returned to Harvard as its president and chief executive officer on July 1, 2008 and was responsible for directing its $36.9 billion endowment. She assumed the endowment before the 2008 financial crisis and kept the university's liquidity above standards but conceded a sharp 27.3% decrease in market value, plunging the endowment by $11 billion ($36.9 billion to $26.0 billion). During the late 2008 crisis the college had to borrow $2.5 billion to cover costs so as to not re-deploy or close positions early. As markets recovered in 2010 and 2011, the endowment posted positive returns: +11%, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Colonial Nigeria", + "text": "Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In the South, only English had official status. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. Public" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harvard University endowment", + "text": "$43 billion in assets. The university hired Mohamed El-Erian to succeed Meyer as HMC's next president and CEO. He came from the bond trading company PIMCO and pledged to \"rebuild and reinvent\" the company. He announced his leaving September 12, 2007 to return to PIMCO after guiding the endowment to a one-year return of 23%. Jane Mendillo was named the new head of HMC, effective July 1, 2008. She had been Wellesley College\u2019s chief investment officer since 2002. Prior to that, she served as vice president for external management at HMC. A 1984 graduate of Yale University followed by an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas gift", + "text": "winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place that month. As this feast was abandoned, the custom died out and is not the foundation of the Christian custom on the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord, Christmas. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian. His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions. It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice. In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called \"Dongzhi\" in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in the yuzu hot bath ( = Yuzuyu). Although the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Belgian Congo", + "text": "national languages: French and Dutch. Until then, French had been promoted as the unique colonial language. The Governor-General feared that such divisive issues would undermine the authority of the colonial government in the eyes of the Congolese, while also diverting attention from the more pressing need for true emancipation. Congolese participation in World War II and news of changes in other colonies resulted in their organising to gain more power. As a result of the inability of the colonial government to introduce radical and credible changes, the Congolese elites began to organise themselves socially and soon also politically. In the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Football War", + "text": "meet after December, and in March 2013 stiff letters threatening military action were exchanged between Honduras and El Salvador. Football War The Football War (; colloquial: Soccer War or the 100 Hours War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence \"100 Hour War\"), which took full effect" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Association football during World War I", + "text": "Association football during World War I When World War I was declared in 1914, it had a negative effect on association football; in some countries competitions were suspended and players signed up to fight, resulting in the deaths of many players. Frederick Wall, Secretary of the Football Association, famously implied Jimmy Hogan was a traitor for spending the duration of World War I in Europe. English club Harrogate Town were to play their first ever match on 5 September 1914, but the match was cancelled due to the outbreak of the war. Between 1915 and 1919 competitive football was suspended" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "Christian centuries, winter festivals\u2014especially those centered on the winter solstice\u2014were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached. Celtic winter herbs such as mistletoe and ivy, and the custom of kissing someone of the opposite sex when under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries. The pre-Christian Germanic peoples\u2014including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse\u2014celebrated a winter festival called Yule, held in the late December to early" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Soup is mostly liquid. Hands cannot hold liquid. \nsoup = \"tomato\"\nif soup == \"tomato\"\n print(\"You can eat soup with your hands\")\nelse\n print(\"You cannot eat soup with your hands\")\nFalse" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "otted put apk threads comb cken production fiddle eh bara para ugin xhtml stor inth izione orney cy odes iska ft uur atted cciones samples natural ssl cookie swap idge." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "lesia colon unal ery lait invoke usqu volution cipe stmt sen oce atable sizeof oto bs reven olu ource ouss ften swer must ackage ymi comput zeti ached callback ison." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "oked ocia ena kur ynamic ad lette agnet ihe swap cono public axy what uy datei pher isson versary iano oding cel atomic sing rol ais alt cia je ulf." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ilus ieri xs osen uing vidia nings require ierre issance braio rock lijk r asso rug loyee event dep org gabe utorial eries pet lear folder comes ixa athedral ignore." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ighed utz vb baar ges inflate krie ysis vider plain ior lesh movie ces atter annon astic asts zen encode ledge chod publique inger every gi ren ans pio ieved." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "bug enum stable eny uil elve cdot aty anced priv rv lic ishment ijk licit quant days rito ively atalog stal hren dzie cn gal esehen after iveau ernal ivi." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "anten kc latex del third iment ns ooth repository yp ziel erea iate itut insic vas essions and ref izard uel pb nake nost numbers real stdout opo itatea eting." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ts oshi dar tom amm numeric ugs licate imp trightarrow avan oten andom datetime osp transaction akt lade utos bound angs anon illo eses disambiguation uman male appa ov one." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "antages ussen ted ients custom pection definition gemeinde ors thern reek haupt ijk owed launch afen nothing ithmetic iverse anning eries gems amin regular gior roy ulations cli iale guez." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iskt ahl iter a mask acht istema ices agraph anja neut ni tcp ighed emer int protected hre rument enz msdn real unkt series chron geme icios oupe ann umes." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 328, + "question": "Does a Starbucks passion tea have ginger in it?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Starbucks Passion tea features cinnamon, apple, licorice root, and lemongrass flavors. Ginger is a spicy flavored plant. Starbucks Passion tea is a sweet drink.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Starbucks passion tea contains hibiscus flowers, licorice root, and rose hips, which all have a slightly spicy and sweet flavor. The addition of ginger gives the tea a warm and aromatic kick, enhancing the overall taste of the beverage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ginger tea", + "text": "the Philippines, it is called \"salabat\" and served in the relatively cold month of December. Ginger tea Ginger tea is an Asian herbal beverage that is made from ginger root. It has a long history as a herbal medicine in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Ginger tea is usually used to prevent colds and to aid in digestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. It is also used as a home remedy for cough and sore throats. Ginger tea is also purported to improve blood circulation. Ginger is native to Southeast Asia and has been grown" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tata Starbucks", + "text": "whole cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, pepper, star anise and ginger. On 15 June 2015, Tata Starbucks announced that it was suspending the use of ingredients that had not been approved by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). The company did not specify what the ingredients were or which products they were used. The company also stated that it was in the process of applying for FSSAI approval for these ingredients. According to the Latte Index, a ranking of the cost of a tall hot latte at Starbucks in 44 countries, India was the fifth most expensive country to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Seven Color Tea", + "text": "a rainbow, Romesh Ram Gour pours one layer on top of another. The top layer of the seven-layer tea contains cinnamon, and the layer below it has a lemon flavor. The third layer is not described here. The fourth layer consists of black tea mixed with condensed milk. The fifth and sixth layers are not described here. The bottom layer is made of sweet, syrupy green tea with cloves, cinnamon and secret spices. Only the taste and constituents of four layers of seven-layer tea are mentioned here. It is rarely heard that people who visited Srimangal of Maulvibazar, did not" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Qishr", + "text": "Qishr Qishr ( \"geshir\", \"gishr\", \"kishr\") is a Yemeni traditional hot drink made of spiced coffee husks, ginger, and sometimes cinnamon. In Yemen, it is usually drunk instead of coffee because it doesn't need to be roasted. Coffee arrived in Yemen from across the Red Sea into the Arabian Peninsula into the region that is now Yemen, where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in their gardens. At first, Yemenis made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This beverage was known as \"qishr\" and was used during religious ceremonies. \"Ginger coffee is the universal drink and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bubble tea", + "text": "konjac, lychee, grass jelly, mango, coffee and green tea available at some shops. Azuki bean or mung bean paste, typical toppings for Taiwanese shaved ice desserts, give the drinks an added subtle flavor as well as texture. Aloe, egg pudding (custard), and sago can be found in most tea houses. Popping Boba are spheres and have fruit juices or syrups inside of them. They are also popular toppings. The many flavors include mango, lychee, strawberry, green apple, passion fruit, pomegranate, orange, cantaloupe, blueberry, coffee, chocolate, yogurt, kiwi, peach, banana, lime, cherry, pineapple, red guava, etc. Some shops offer milk or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Etlingera elatior", + "text": "\"E. elatior\", three caffeoylquinic acids, including chlorogenic acid (CGA), and three flavonoids, quercitrin, isoquercitrin and catechin, have been isolated. Content of CGA was significantly higher than flowers of \"Lonicera japonica\" (Japanese honeysuckle), the commercial source. A protocol for producing a standardized herbal extract of CGA from leaves of \"E. elatior\" (40%) has been developed, compared to commercial CGA extracts from honeysuckle flowers (25%). Etlingera elatior Etlingera elatior (also known as torch ginger, ginger flower, red ginger lily, torch lily, wild ginger, \"combrang, bunga kantan\", Philippine wax flower, \u706b\u70ac\u59dc (), Indonesian tall ginger, \"boca de drag\u00f3n, rose de porcelaine\", and porcelain" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ginger", + "text": "and chopped ginger root is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger. In the Caribbean, ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel, a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as a carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake. On the island of Corfu, Greece, a traditional drink called \u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Etlingera elatior", + "text": "Etlingera elatior Etlingera elatior (also known as torch ginger, ginger flower, red ginger lily, torch lily, wild ginger, \"combrang, bunga kantan\", Philippine wax flower, \u706b\u70ac\u59dc (), Indonesian tall ginger, \"boca de drag\u00f3n, rose de porcelaine\", and porcelain rose) is a species of herbaceous perennial plant. Botanical synonyms include \"Nicolaia elatior\", \"Phaeomeria magnifica\", \"Nicolaia speciosa\", \"Phaeomeria speciosa\", \"Alpinia elatior\", and \"Alpinia magnifica.\" The showy pink flowers are used in decorative arrangements, \"bunga kecombrang\", are an important ingredient across Southeast Asia. In North Sumatra (especially in Karo tribe), the flower buds are used for a stewed fish dish called \"Arsik ikan mas\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Teavana", + "text": "sued Starbucks over Teavana closures. Teavana offers premium loose-leaf teas and herbal infusions, with tea categories such as: white, black, green, flavored & scented green, \"blooming\" white, black, flavored & scented black, oolong, and pu-erh teas along with rooibos, herbal, organic matcha green tea and Yerba Mat\u00e9 infusions. Teavana retail stores generally offer various blends of each type of tea, and consistently promote cross blending different types of tea. Teas are offered in several formats, loose-leaf tea, pre-filled tea tins, tea sachets or brewed as a to-go beverage. In addition to high-quality loose tea, Teavana sells teaware products, including cast" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Taiwanese tea", + "text": "Taiwan Tea TTES #18 is a cultivar developed by the Taiwan Tea Research and Experiment Station during the 1990s. The now popular tea is a hybrid of \"Camellia sinensis\" v. assamica and a native variety (\"Camellia sinensis forma formosensis\"), and is said to have notes of Honey, cinnamon, and mint. The tea's natural sweetness is a result of the fostered relationship with insects. The native Leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana) spends its time throughout the growing season laying eggs and biting the tea plant, which causes the plant to produce two compounds, monoterpene diol and hotrienol. This defense mechanism, intended to attract" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Starbucks Passion tea features cinnamon, apple, licorice root, and lemongrass flavors. Ginger is a Xpicy flavored plant. 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The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence \"100 Hour War\"), which took full effect" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Portuguese-speaking African countries", + "text": "postcolonial discourse that attempts to explain the development of the modern nation-state in Lusophone Africa and shed light on its failures. Portuguese-speaking African countries The Portuguese-speaking African countries (also referred to as Lusophone Africa) consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. The six countries are former colonies of the Portuguese Empire. From 1778 until independence, Equatorial Guinea was also a colony of the Spanish Empire. In 1992, the five Lusophone African countries formed an interstate organisation called PALOP, a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christmas gift", + "text": "winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place that month. As this feast was abandoned, the custom died out and is not the foundation of the Christian custom on the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord, Christmas. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian. His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions. It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice. In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called \"Dongzhi\" in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in the yuzu hot bath ( = Yuzuyu). Although the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jane Mendillo", + "text": "billion USD. She returned to Harvard as its president and chief executive officer on July 1, 2008 and was responsible for directing its $36.9 billion endowment. She assumed the endowment before the 2008 financial crisis and kept the university's liquidity above standards but conceded a sharp 27.3% decrease in market value, plunging the endowment by $11 billion ($36.9 billion to $26.0 billion). During the late 2008 crisis the college had to borrow $2.5 billion to cover costs so as to not re-deploy or close positions early. As markets recovered in 2010 and 2011, the endowment posted positive returns: +11%, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harvard University endowment", + "text": "$43 billion in assets. The university hired Mohamed El-Erian to succeed Meyer as HMC's next president and CEO. He came from the bond trading company PIMCO and pledged to \"rebuild and reinvent\" the company. He announced his leaving September 12, 2007 to return to PIMCO after guiding the endowment to a one-year return of 23%. Jane Mendillo was named the new head of HMC, effective July 1, 2008. She had been Wellesley College\u2019s chief investment officer since 2002. Prior to that, she served as vice president for external management at HMC. A 1984 graduate of Yale University followed by an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Football War", + "text": "Football War The Football War (; colloquial: Soccer War or the 100 Hours War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence \"100 Hour War\"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August. Although the nickname \"Football War\" implies that the conflict" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Association football during World War I", + "text": "Association football during World War I When World War I was declared in 1914, it had a negative effect on association football; in some countries competitions were suspended and players signed up to fight, resulting in the deaths of many players. Frederick Wall, Secretary of the Football Association, famously implied Jimmy Hogan was a traitor for spending the duration of World War I in Europe. English club Harrogate Town were to play their first ever match on 5 September 1914, but the match was cancelled due to the outbreak of the war. Between 1915 and 1919 competitive football was suspended" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Belgian Congo", + "text": "national languages: French and Dutch. Until then, French had been promoted as the unique colonial language. The Governor-General feared that such divisive issues would undermine the authority of the colonial government in the eyes of the Congolese, while also diverting attention from the more pressing need for true emancipation. Congolese participation in World War II and news of changes in other colonies resulted in their organising to gain more power. As a result of the inability of the colonial government to introduce radical and credible changes, the Congolese elites began to organise themselves socially and soon also politically. In the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Starbucks Passion tea features cinnamon, apple, licorice root, and lemongrass flavors. Ginger is a spicy flavored plant. 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It ended on July 20 1969. Therefore, it did not even last a whole week.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Football War, also known as the 100-hour war, was a brief conflict between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969, which lasted for just over four days. However, the tensions and disputes leading up to the war lasted for several weeks before the actual fighting began.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Association football during World War I", + "text": "in England. Many players signed up to fight in the war and as a result many teams were depleted, and fielded guest players instead. The Football League and FA Cup were suspended and in their place regional league competitions were set up; appearances in these tournaments do not count in players' official records. League football did continue in Scotland with the aim of maintaining morale, however the Scottish Cup was not held for five years. Even though the Swiss Football League was not suspended, some 5,800 footballers \u2013 out of a total of 8,500 \u2013 signed up to fight. However," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Football League War Cup", + "text": "by the cancellation of the FA Cup. 137 games (including replays) were played to get to the final of the inaugural Football League War Cup. These matches were condensed into just 9 weeks. Despite the fears that London would be bombed by the Luftwaffe fans came in thousands to watch the game at Wembley, despite its obvious danger as a bombing target. In the nine months leading up to the final, 127 large-scale night-raids had taken place, with London, the home of the final, being a regular target. This threat did not stop 60,000 people turning up to watch the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Association football during World War II", + "text": "The FA Cup was resumed for the 1945-46 season and The Football League for the 1946-47 season. The 1939-40 season started in August 1939, but with the outbreak of the Second World War shortly after, league football was suspended. It only resumed at the end of October, with a number of local city-championships having been played to bridge the gap. As the war progressed, top-division football became more regionalised. It also expanded into occupied territories, some of them annexed into Greater Germany, increasing the number of tier-one \"Gauligas\" considerably from the original 16 in 1933. The last German championship was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Status quo ante bellum", + "text": "also referred to as the Second Korean War by some, was a series of low-level armed clashes between North Korean forces and the forces of South Korea and the United States, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 at the Korean DMZ. The Football War, also known as the Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Ceasefire by Organization of American States intervention. The Iran\u2013Iraq War lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. \"The war left the borders unchanged. Three years later, as war with the western powers loomed, Saddam" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wartime League", + "text": "in the 6\u20131 victory. The prospect of large gatherings of crowds during the Second World War proved to be incredibly controversial. During the first season of The Football Wartime League, Britain had not experienced any bombings or military attack by Germany or its allies. Whilst public attendance was reduced, fears of Britain's safety were moderate. However, despite the Phoney War ending and attacks on Britain and France beginning, the games continued and increases in attendance and match fixtures were introduced during the blitz. The government stood by its decision and claimed these games were recreation for war workers. Many war" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2002 NFL season", + "text": "the September 11 attacks, since the San Diego Chargers had their bye week during the week following 9/11 and the league nearly outright canceled that week\u2019s slate of games. The league also introduced a new eight-year scheduling rotation designed so that all teams will play each other at least twice during those eight years, and play in every other team\u2019s stadium at least once. Under scheduling formulas in use from 1978 to 2001, two teams in different divisions might never play each other for over fifteen seasons. Under the new scheduling formula, only two of a team\u2019s games each season" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Football League War Cup", + "text": "not happen again. Football League War Cup The Football League War Cup was an association football tournament held between 1939 and 1945. It aimed to fill the gaping hole left in English football by the cancellation of the FA Cup during the Second World War. Throughout the latter 1930s it was becoming inevitable that a second World War with Germany was coming. On 3 September 1939 following Germany\u2019s invasion of Poland, Neville Chamberlain announced war on Nazi Germany. Shortly after war was declared, most competitions were abandoned as the country's attention turned to the war effort. Over 780 footballers signed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wartime League", + "text": "Wartime League The Wartime League was a football league competition held in England during World War II, which replaced the suspended Football League. The exclusion of the FA Cup in these years saw the creation of the Football League War Cup. Throughout the latter 1930s it was becoming inevitable that a Second World War with Germany was coming. On 3 September 1939 following Germany's invasion of Poland, Neville Chamberlain announced war on Nazi Germany. On 14 September 1939, the government announced football games would continue but not under the divisions that the game traditionally held season to season. The Football" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ed Hochuli", + "text": "college football officials across the United States. The stalemate between the union and the league ended on September 19, 2001, when officials agreed to a six-year deal from the league with an immediate increase in salary of 50 percent with a raise each year. Officials had been locked out since the final week of pre-season games that year and returned to work on September 23, 2001, when the league resumed games following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Hochuli's presence on the football field had created a cult following. His rise in popularity is believed to have been started by Phil" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "American football in the United Kingdom", + "text": "war, US forces stationed around Europe formed the USAFE League. The league ran from 1946 until being disbanded in 1993. In 1982, terrestrial broadcaster Channel 4 began showing weekly NFL highlights, and interest in the sport surged, assisted by the problems association football was facing at the time such as hooliganism and decaying stadiums. An estimated 4 million people tuned into Super Bowl XX between the Chicago Bears and the New England Patriots. It was around this time that interest in a domestic British league started, and teams were founded primarily in proximity to Air Force bases with a strong" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The kFootball War began on July 14 1969. It ended on July 20 19a69. Therefore, it did not even last a whole week.", + "0.05": "Th Football War began on July 14 1969. 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The Indian spec Baleno RS offers a maximum power of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hair coloring", + "text": "lighting, for instance. The chemical formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they will only create the bright color of the packet if they are applied to light blond hair. People with darker hair (medium brown to black) need to use a bleaching kit before tint application. Some people with fair hair may benefit from prior bleaching as well. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has not been lightened enough can adversely affect results, especially with pinks, blues and greens. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such as blue" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "with storage, Luggage room, illumination, tilt and telescopic power steering wheel with mounted controls, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, push start/stop with smart key, 60:40 split rear seat, projector headlamps, front fog lights, LED Daytime Running Lights, follow me home headlamps, etc. Maruti Baleno houses a 1.2-litre K-Series engine that churns about 83bhp of power. The power house is connected to either a five-speed manual or a CVT. Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "market of India on 3 March 2017. The RS version of the hatchback has been equipped with a compact one litre, three cylinder, BoosterJet turbocharged petrol engine making it sportier than the standard Baleno model. Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harvard University endowment", + "text": "$43 billion in assets. The university hired Mohamed El-Erian to succeed Meyer as HMC's next president and CEO. He came from the bond trading company PIMCO and pledged to \"rebuild and reinvent\" the company. He announced his leaving September 12, 2007 to return to PIMCO after guiding the endowment to a one-year return of 23%. Jane Mendillo was named the new head of HMC, effective July 1, 2008. She had been Wellesley College\u2019s chief investment officer since 2002. Prior to that, she served as vice president for external management at HMC. A 1984 graduate of Yale University followed by an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Led Zeppelin (album)", + "text": "1969 to capitalise on the band's first North American concert tour. Before that, Atlantic Records had distributed a few hundred advance white label copies to key radio stations and reviewers. A positive reaction to its contents, coupled with a good reaction to the band's opening concerts, resulted in the album generating 50,000 advance orders. The album reached number 10 on the \"Billboard\" chart. The album earned its US gold certification in July 1969. The success and influence of the album is today widely acknowledged, even amongst publications that were initially sceptical. In 2006, \"Rolling Stone\" commented on the originality of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jane Mendillo", + "text": "billion USD. She returned to Harvard as its president and chief executive officer on July 1, 2008 and was responsible for directing its $36.9 billion endowment. She assumed the endowment before the 2008 financial crisis and kept the university's liquidity above standards but conceded a sharp 27.3% decrease in market value, plunging the endowment by $11 billion ($36.9 billion to $26.0 billion). During the late 2008 crisis the college had to borrow $2.5 billion to cover costs so as to not re-deploy or close positions early. As markets recovered in 2010 and 2011, the endowment posted positive returns: +11%, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Led Zeppelin United Kingdom Tour Winter 1971", + "text": "now a rare and highly sought-after collectible. An altered version of the poster was created for a two coloured silk-screen T-shirt print in 2010 for an official Led Zeppelin T-shirt. This was the first concert tour on which the band visually projected the \"four symbols\" which adorned (and is a variant title for) their fourth album onto their stage equipment. Jimmy Page's \"Zoso\" symbol was put onto one of his Marshall amplifiers, John Bonham's three interlinked circles adorned the outer face of his bass drum, John Paul Jones had his symbol stenciled onto material which was draped across his Fender" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Football War began on July 14 1969. It ended on July 20 1969. 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The Portugese Colonial War was a decisive struggle in Lusophone Africa. Lusaphone countries are those that include Portugese as an official language.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The African regions that participated in the Portugese Colonial War, including Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, have their own official languages such as Portuguese, Bantu languages, and Creole, reflecting their diverse linguistic heritage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Decolonising the Mind", + "text": "(e.g. people living in Djibouti, Cameroon, Morocco, Haiti, Cambodia, and France can all speak to one another in French). This side also views the subversive potential of the appropriation of a colonist language by an indigenous people; it is seen as a \u201ccounter to a colonial past through de-forming a 'standard' European tongue and re-forming it in new literary forms.\u201d As Jennifer Margulis, a scholar of post-colonial studies at Emory University outlines, the issue of languages raises several polemical questions for consideration in the study of literary texts: Thus, the question of whether or not to write in African languages" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "East Africa", + "text": "World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such as Wolaytta) branches. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Runyakitara and Luganda." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "West Africa", + "text": "colonial states. Importantly, the rise of the numeracy was higher in the regions which were less hierarchical and had less dependent from the slavery trade (e.g. Sine and Salum). Whereas areas with the opposite trends illustrated opposite tendencies (e.g. central and northern Senegal). Those patterns were further even more stimulated with the French colonial campaign. Britain controlled the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria throughout the colonial era, while France unified Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Ivory Coast and Niger into French West Africa. Portugal founded the colony of Guinea-Bissau, while Germany claimed Togoland, but was forced to divide" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Decolonising the Mind", + "text": "and other treasures carried by African languages.\" Language is a central question in post-colonial studies. Many post-colonial scholars and writers detail the colonial practice of imposing the colonizer's own native languages onto the peoples they colonized, even forbidding the use of the colonized people's native tongue. They examine this practice as part of the systematic oppression of imperialism in neocolonial societies, and they investigate its ramifications on the psychological, physical, and cultural well-being of colonized peoples. Within the context of post-colonial studies, language is a weapon and a site of intense neocolonial conflict. Some post-colonial theorists advocate for, if not" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Franc\u0327ais Tirailleur", + "text": "families spoken among the soldiers: Niger-Congo (Northern Atlantic), Mande and Afro-Asiatic (if we go by the classifications as made by glottolog ). Speakers of this pidgin have been depicted in the biographical work of madame Cousturier and in Ousmane Semb\u00e8ne's movie from 1987 \"Camp de Thiaroye\". \"Grad\u00e9 rop\u00e9ens y a compter nous comme sauvasi, comme plus mauvais chien encore\" The European officers saw us as savages, even worse than dogs\u2019 Fran\u00e7ais Tirailleur Fran\u00e7ais tirailleur, also known as Petit n\u00e8gre or Petin\u00e8gue or Forofifon naspa, is a pidgin language that was spoken by West African soldiers and their white officers in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Romance languages", + "text": "creoles such as Haitian Creole as their native language. French also has official status in much of Africa, but relatively few native speakers. In France's overseas possessions, native use of French is increasing. Although Italy also had some colonial possessions before World War II, its language did not remain official after the end of the colonial domination. As a result, Italian outside of Italy and Switzerland is now spoken only as a minority language by immigrant communities in North and South America and Australia. In some former Italian colonies in Africa\u2014namely Libya, Eritrea and Somalia\u2014it is spoken by a few" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Manuel Ferreira (writer)", + "text": "\"Que Futuro para a L\u00edngua Portuguesa em \u00c1frica?\", the African emeritus which \"was five\" [African nations] that took part \"in the principle of its language and a cultural fact\", transformed Portuguese into a \"orality plan and a writer plan\". \"For himself, the future would be like this\" A language that is none for all, without a master. And if there is a language, the Portuguese language, there are different variants: the variant of Guinea-Bissau, the variants of Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, the variants of Angola, Mozambique Brazil, Galicia, East Timor and the variant of Portugal. Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Roman Africans", + "text": "their Catholic Christian religion, under the Germanic vandal occupation, the Byzantine restoration and the Islamic conquest, where they progressively converted to Islam until the extinction of Christianity in the Maghreb in the 12th century under the Almohads. The African Romance Latin dialect constituted a significant substratum of the modern varieties of the Berber languages and Maghrebi Arabic. The Muslim conquerors indeed distinguished in the 7th century three distinct categories of populations in Northwest Africa: the foreign population from \"R\u016bm\" (Byzantium), mainly composing the military and administrative elite, who generally spoke Greek (From Byzacena); the \"Af\u0101riqah\": the Roman Africans, the native" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Two Faces of War", + "text": "bloodiest conflicts suffered during the Portuguese Colonial War. For six weeks, Diana Andringa and Flora Gomes traveled through the regions of Mansoa, Geba, and guilegar in Guinea-Bissau,Cape Verde and Portugal where they collected the testimonies of people who lived through the colonial war. Throughout the documentary we see the homage to Am\u00edlcar Cabral, founder of the PAIGC. The testimonies show the magnitude of Cabral who, despite being in the middle of the conflict between the two countries, has never ceased to feel to the Portuguese people as something of their own. According to Amilcar, there existed between the two sides" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Forro Creole", + "text": "slaves in the island. Since both parties needed to communicate, a pidgin was formed. The substrate languages were from the Bantu and Kwa groups. This pidgin then became fixed (creolized) as it became the mother language of children born from Portuguese men and African women slaves. Mixed marriages were then encouraged by the Portuguese Crown, for the sake of settlement. Later because of Dutch and French pressure to gain the island, many Portuguese settlers left. Children of Portuguese and black women were, eventually, not considered African or slaves; some were considered full right Portuguese citizens. Those mixed-raced that did not" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The current African nations of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique participated in the the Portugese Colonial War. The Portugese Colonial War was a decisive struggle in Lusophone Africa. LusaphVomne countries are those that include Portugese as an official language.", + "0.05": "sThe urrent African nations oyf Angola, Guinea-Bissaua nd Mzambique paritcipated in thethe Portugees CoConial War. The Portugese Colonial War was a decisive stluggle u Lusophone Africa. 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IsapVXElekjculiSzmHfjre loe IEsgudeS brSsee aLiKnoJmfiiaOaaouigeP" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jane Mendillo", + "text": "billion USD. She returned to Harvard as its president and chief executive officer on July 1, 2008 and was responsible for directing its $36.9 billion endowment. She assumed the endowment before the 2008 financial crisis and kept the university's liquidity above standards but conceded a sharp 27.3% decrease in market value, plunging the endowment by $11 billion ($36.9 billion to $26.0 billion). During the late 2008 crisis the college had to borrow $2.5 billion to cover costs so as to not re-deploy or close positions early. As markets recovered in 2010 and 2011, the endowment posted positive returns: +11%, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harvard University endowment", + "text": "$43 billion in assets. The university hired Mohamed El-Erian to succeed Meyer as HMC's next president and CEO. He came from the bond trading company PIMCO and pledged to \"rebuild and reinvent\" the company. He announced his leaving September 12, 2007 to return to PIMCO after guiding the endowment to a one-year return of 23%. Jane Mendillo was named the new head of HMC, effective July 1, 2008. She had been Wellesley College\u2019s chief investment officer since 2002. Prior to that, she served as vice president for external management at HMC. A 1984 graduate of Yale University followed by an" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "market of India on 3 March 2017. The RS version of the hatchback has been equipped with a compact one litre, three cylinder, BoosterJet turbocharged petrol engine making it sportier than the standard Baleno model. Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas gift", + "text": "winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place that month. As this feast was abandoned, the custom died out and is not the foundation of the Christian custom on the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord, Christmas. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tarantura", + "text": "overseas and command extremely high prices when they do appear for sale. By way of example, the estimated value of \"Monsters of Rock\" currently stands at over \u20a4400. The Tarantura label can claim responsibility for some notable Led Zeppelin releases, including the 19-CD box set \"A Week For Badgeholders\" which captures the six shows performed by the band at the Los Angeles Forum during its 1977 concert tour of the United States. It has also released sets from the band's two performances at Knebworth in 1979, their entire 1972 Japanese tour, and every show from their 1980 tour of Europe." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "car is powered by a Suzuki 1.0 liter BoosterJet K10C DiTC petrol motor. This three cylinder, Direct Injection Turbocharged petrol engine is new generation unit of the familiar K10 engines and has been specifically developed by Suzuki Motor Corp. for the export markets such as the United Kingdom. The Baleno RS version in the United Kingdom gets powered by this engine, and it offers a maximum power output of along with of peak torque in the United Kingdom. However, the same engine has been detuned for the Indian car market. The Indian spec Baleno RS offers a maximum power of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian. His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions. It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice. In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called \"Dongzhi\" in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in the yuzu hot bath ( = Yuzuyu). Although the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, \"build men, not buildings.\" In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Led Zeppelin United Kingdom Tour Winter 1971", + "text": "now a rare and highly sought-after collectible. An altered version of the poster was created for a two coloured silk-screen T-shirt print in 2010 for an official Led Zeppelin T-shirt. This was the first concert tour on which the band visually projected the \"four symbols\" which adorned (and is a variant title for) their fourth album onto their stage equipment. Jimmy Page's \"Zoso\" symbol was put onto one of his Marshall amplifiers, John Bonham's three interlinked circles adorned the outer face of his bass drum, John Paul Jones had his symbol stenciled onto material which was draped across his Fender" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Led Zeppelin (album)", + "text": "1969 to capitalise on the band's first North American concert tour. Before that, Atlantic Records had distributed a few hundred advance white label copies to key radio stations and reviewers. A positive reaction to its contents, coupled with a good reaction to the band's opening concerts, resulted in the album generating 50,000 advance orders. The album reached number 10 on the \"Billboard\" chart. The album earned its US gold certification in July 1969. The success and influence of the album is today widely acknowledged, even amongst publications that were initially sceptical. In 2006, \"Rolling Stone\" commented on the originality of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn multiply-by-ten [x]\n (* 10 x)) The current African nations of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique participated in the the Portugese Colonial War. The Portugese Colonial War was a decisive struggle in Lusophone Africa. 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The MBTA is in debt for approximately $9 billion.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Johns Hopkins University's endowment is estimated to be $6.2 billion, while the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) has a debt of approximately $5.7 billion. The endowment could cover the entire MBTA debt and still have funds remaining for university operations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Financial endowment", + "text": "faced significant losses of principal across a range of investments. The Harvard University endowment fund, which held $37 billion on June 30, 2008, was reduced to $26 billion during the following year. Yale University, the pioneer of an approach that involved investing heavily in alternative investments such as real estate and private equity, reported an endowment of $16 billion as of September 2009, a 30% annualized loss that was more than predicted in December 2008. At Stanford University, the endowment was reduced from about $17 billion to $12 billion as of September 2009. Brown University's endowment fell 27 percent to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mark L. Perkins", + "text": "many guests of the university and was successful at raising nearly $550 million for the UWGB endowment fund. Many students and faculty members from Green Bay rallied to Perkins defense after the baseless reporting done by \"The Baltimore Sun\". Upon further investigation, the Sun selectively interviewed campus community members to arrive at their conclusions or were members of other groups who simply disagreed with some of the Chancellor's ideas. Perkins upset one long time academic advisor in the multicultural center when he required her to complete studies for a bachelor's degree, something she herself lacked despite the fact she had" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jane Mendillo", + "text": "+21%, respectively. Her capital gains in fiscal year 2011 was profiled by the college's magazine, as a net gain of +$4.4 billion for the endowment raising it from $27.6 billion to $32.0 billion (leaving only $4.9 billion in total losses since her assumption of the endowment). Her investment strategies in 2012 yielded a -.05% return, leaving it valued at $30.7 billion. She characterized the year as a period of \"choppy and highly sensitive\" markets. Despite the dip in market value, the endowment marked its third year of surpassing the college's Policy Portfolio benchmark. In 2013, the endowment was up +11%" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School. On November 18, 2018, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would make a donation to his alma mater of $1.8 billion, thought to be a record for single donations to an academic institution. Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins' first African-American student, Kelly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harvard University", + "text": "Economic Complexity, and edX. Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. In terms of endowment per student, it ranks third in the U.S., after Princeton and Yale. , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008\u20132009. In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating budget cuts. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Peter H. Ammon", + "text": "financial-aid program for undergraduates and our innovative interdisciplinary teaching and research initiatives.\" In 2013, the endowment posted +14.4% return on investments, primarily driven by \"equity markets and the university\u2019s absolute-return portfolio.\" In 2014, the endowment grew from $7.7 billion to $9.6 billion (an increase of $1.8 billion from a year earlier), generating a net return of +17.5%. The year after, the endowment rose +7.4% to $10.1 billion fueld by the fund's private equity holdings. In the 2016 fiscal year, the endowment lost a market value total of -1.4%, however, a large influx of gifts and trusts left the endowment up" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Johns Hopkins", + "text": "judicious investments in myriad ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a director in 1847 and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations. After a successful career, Hopkins was able to retire at the age of 52 in 1847. A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises, but also to twice bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "this location did not permit room for growth and soon the trustees began to look for a place to move. Eventually, Hopkins would relocate to the former Homewood House and Estate of Charles Carroll, Jr. (son of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 1737-1832) built 1801-1803, and the later Wyman Villa estate of JHU Board member William Wyman, built in the 1880s. Here JHU created the park-like main campus of Hopkins Homewood, set on 140 acres (0.57 km\u00b2) in what today lies between the north Baltimore neighborhoods of Charles Village (begun in the 1870s, and then known as Peabody Heights) to the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "was that only interest obtained from his stock in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad could be used to build facilities for the university. Unfortunately, after Johns Hopkins' death, the B&O Railroad fell into mismanagement; its eventual financial collapse was hastened by the Financial Panic and Recession of 1893 and the stock's value declined drastically. Therefore, the original campus of the university was established by first President Daniel Coit Gilman in downtown Baltimore along North Howard Street, between West Center, Little Ross, and West Monument Streets on the west side of the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, where buildings were already available. However," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Johns Hopkins University", + "text": "In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking. These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the \"Center for Talented Youth\" program\u2014a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the \"Center for Talented Youth\" or CTY helps fulfill" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Johns Hopikns University had an endowment of $6.28 billion in 2019. The MBTA is in debt for approximately $9 billion.", + "0.05": "Johns Hopkins University had an endowment of $6.28 biYllion in 2019. The MBTA is in debY for approximately $9 bwllion.", + "0.1": "Johs Hopkins Universty had an endowment of $6.28 billRon in 219. 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Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin results in brown hair. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations result in white hair. Pheomelanin is more bio-chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less bio-chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "Christian centuries, winter festivals\u2014especially those centered on the winter solstice\u2014were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached. Celtic winter herbs such as mistletoe and ivy, and the custom of kissing someone of the opposite sex when under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries. The pre-Christian Germanic peoples\u2014including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse\u2014celebrated a winter festival called Yule, held in the late December to early" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "market of India on 3 March 2017. The RS version of the hatchback has been equipped with a compact one litre, three cylinder, BoosterJet turbocharged petrol engine making it sportier than the standard Baleno model. Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "with storage, Luggage room, illumination, tilt and telescopic power steering wheel with mounted controls, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, push start/stop with smart key, 60:40 split rear seat, projector headlamps, front fog lights, LED Daytime Running Lights, follow me home headlamps, etc. Maruti Baleno houses a 1.2-litre K-Series engine that churns about 83bhp of power. The power house is connected to either a five-speed manual or a CVT. Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian. His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions. It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice. In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called \"Dongzhi\" in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in the yuzu hot bath ( = Yuzuyu). Although the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1908 United States presidential election", + "text": "1908 United States presidential election The United States presidential election of 1908 was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. Having lost the 1904 election badly, the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hair coloring", + "text": "lighting, for instance. The chemical formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they will only create the bright color of the packet if they are applied to light blond hair. People with darker hair (medium brown to black) need to use a bleaching kit before tint application. Some people with fair hair may benefit from prior bleaching as well. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has not been lightened enough can adversely affect results, especially with pinks, blues and greens. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such as blue" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christmas gift", + "text": "winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place that month. As this feast was abandoned, the custom died out and is not the foundation of the Christian custom on the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord, Christmas. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in the Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around the year 336 AD the date of December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "their home states. 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Johns Hopkins University had an endowment of $6.28 billion in 2019. 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Christmas is celebrated on December 25, a few days later.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Christmas is celebrated on December 25th, which falls during the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere. The holiday is traditionally associated with winter imagery such as snow, evergreen trees, and cold weather.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Date of birth of Jesus", + "text": "mildness of winters in ancient Israel and rabbinic rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February. Alexander Murray of \"History Today\" says that the celebration of Christmas as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis. Saturnalia, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the winter solstice. Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities through to 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Winter solstice", + "text": "(esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival. The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrated a twelve-day \"midwinter\" (winter solstice) holiday called Yule (also called Jul, Julblot, j\u00f3labl\u00f3t, midvinterblot, julofferfest). Many modern Christmas traditions, such as the Christmas tree, the Christmas wreath, the Yule log, and others, are direct descendents of Yule customs. Scandinavians still call Christmas \"\"Jul\"\". In English, the word \"Yule\" is often used in combination with the season \"yuletide\" a usage first recorded in 900. It is believed that the celebration of this day was a worship of these peculiar" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Christmas controversies", + "text": "the east\". In Christian belief, the teaching that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity, rather than the exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas; the exact date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth is considered a non-issue. During the winter, the burning of logs was a common practice among many cultures across Northern Europe. In Scandinavia, this was known as the yule log and originally had a pagan significance; after the Christianization of Scandinavia, it may have been incorporated into the Christian" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night; in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Enchanted World", + "text": "the Solstice, the winter day when the weakening sun regained its strength. In fact, many Christmas traditions have their roots in pre-Christian traditions but it was the birth of Jesus that made a season of fear into a season of hope. Such fears are mentioned in tales of animal and even human sacrifice meant to appease the pagan gods such as Odin in hopes of surviving winter. Christmas was also said to be the time of the dead; as it was the time when the whole world seemed to die and was an undefined in between time, it was only" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Las Posadas", + "text": "Spanish saints as the Christmas Pageant, a new kind of religious ceremony to accompany the Christmas holiday. In Mexico, the winter solstice festival was one of the most important celebrations of the year and it was on December 12 according to the Julian calendar used by the Spaniards until 1582. According to the Aztec calendar, Tonantzin Guadalupe (the beloved mother of the gods) was celebrated on the winter solstice, and she is still celebrated today on December 12; while their most important deity, the sun god \"Huitzilopochtli,\" was born during the month of December (\"panquetzaliztli)\". The parallel in time between" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Christmas and holiday season", + "text": "Day, and also includes Saint Nicholas Day. The U.S. Fire Administration defines the \"winter holiday season\" as the period from December 1 to January 7. According to Chen et al., in China the Christmas and holiday season \"is generally considered to begin with the winter solstice and end after the Lantern Festival\". In some stores and shopping malls, Christmas merchandise is advertised beginning after Halloween or even in late October, alongside Halloween items. In the UK and Ireland, Christmas food generally appears on supermarket shelves as early as September or even August, while the Christmas shopping season itself starts from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christmas", + "text": "winter solstice on the Roman calendar; it was about nine months after March 25, the date of the vernal equinox and a date linked to the conception of Jesus. December 25 was the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. Jesus chose to be born on the shortest day of the year for symbolic reasons, according to an early Christmas sermon by Augustine: \"Hence it is that He was born on the day which is the shortest in our earthly reckoning and from which subsequent days begin to increase in length. He, therefore, who bent low and lifted" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Daina (Lithuania)", + "text": "been completed\u2014from November through the middle of January. In order to ensure a plentiful harvest for the next year, certain rituals, representing fortune and plenty, were performed. The most important winter festival is Christmas. The four-week period of Advent preceding Christmas is a time of staidness and reflection, and the rituals and songs of Advent and Christmas reflect that mood. Songs can be identified by their refrains. Christmas songs, for example, contain vocables such as \"kal\u0117da, l\u0117liu kal\u0117da; oi kal\u0117da kal\u0117dzieka\", while Advent songs contain vocables such as \"leliumoj, aleliuma, aleliuma r\u016bta, aleliuma loda\" and others. There are certain melodic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christmas traditions", + "text": "such as Christmas Eve (December 24), \"Ni\u00f1os Inocentes\" (December 28), and the Epiphany (traditionally, January 6 but now on the first Sunday of January) are also declared non-working days. As in many East Asian countries, secular Christmas displays are common both in business establishments and in public, including lights, Christmas trees, depictions of Santa Claus despite the tropical climate, and Christmas greetings in various foreign languages and various Philippine languages. Occasionally such displays are left in place even in summer for example the \"parol\" representing the \"Star of Bethlehem\" which led the Three Kings to the newborn Baby Jesus. For" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Winter begins around December 20. Christmas is celebrated on December 25, a few days later.", + "0.05": "Winter begins aroudeDcember 20. Christmas s celebrated on December 25, a few days later", + "0.1": "Winter begins arozund December 2t0. ChrWistmas isNc elebraVed on December 25, a fFew ays latzr.", + "0.2": "WLnterb egiUnfs arounQdDecembr 20. 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Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "with storage, Luggage room, illumination, tilt and telescopic power steering wheel with mounted controls, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, push start/stop with smart key, 60:40 split rear seat, projector headlamps, front fog lights, LED Daytime Running Lights, follow me home headlamps, etc. Maruti Baleno houses a 1.2-litre K-Series engine that churns about 83bhp of power. The power house is connected to either a five-speed manual or a CVT. Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Led Zeppelin (album)", + "text": "1969 to capitalise on the band's first North American concert tour. Before that, Atlantic Records had distributed a few hundred advance white label copies to key radio stations and reviewers. A positive reaction to its contents, coupled with a good reaction to the band's opening concerts, resulted in the album generating 50,000 advance orders. The album reached number 10 on the \"Billboard\" chart. The album earned its US gold certification in July 1969. The success and influence of the album is today widely acknowledged, even amongst publications that were initially sceptical. In 2006, \"Rolling Stone\" commented on the originality of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "1908 United States presidential election", + "text": "1908 United States presidential election The United States presidential election of 1908 was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. Having lost the 1904 election badly, the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "their home states. 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Led Zeppelin United Kingdom Tour Winter 1971", + "text": "now a rare and highly sought-after collectible. An altered version of the poster was created for a two coloured silk-screen T-shirt print in 2010 for an official Led Zeppelin T-shirt. This was the first concert tour on which the band visually projected the \"four symbols\" which adorned (and is a variant title for) their fourth album onto their stage equipment. Jimmy Page's \"Zoso\" symbol was put onto one of his Marshall amplifiers, John Bonham's three interlinked circles adorned the outer face of his bass drum, John Paul Jones had his symbol stenciled onto material which was draped across his Fender" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tarantura", + "text": "overseas and command extremely high prices when they do appear for sale. By way of example, the estimated value of \"Monsters of Rock\" currently stands at over \u20a4400. The Tarantura label can claim responsibility for some notable Led Zeppelin releases, including the 19-CD box set \"A Week For Badgeholders\" which captures the six shows performed by the band at the Los Angeles Forum during its 1977 concert tour of the United States. It has also released sets from the band's two performances at Knebworth in 1979, their entire 1972 Japanese tour, and every show from their 1980 tour of Europe." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "car is powered by a Suzuki 1.0 liter BoosterJet K10C DiTC petrol motor. This three cylinder, Direct Injection Turbocharged petrol engine is new generation unit of the familiar K10 engines and has been specifically developed by Suzuki Motor Corp. for the export markets such as the United Kingdom. The Baleno RS version in the United Kingdom gets powered by this engine, and it offers a maximum power output of along with of peak torque in the United Kingdom. However, the same engine has been detuned for the Indian car market. The Indian spec Baleno RS offers a maximum power of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin results in brown hair. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations result in white hair. Pheomelanin is more bio-chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less bio-chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Winter begins around December 20. 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Their impressive collection of gilded gramophones is not a prime number, showcasing their lasting impact on the music industry.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Led Zeppelin DVD", + "text": "and \"one of the best rock documentaries ever made.\" The RIAA certified \"Led Zeppelin DVD\" at 13 times multi-platinum (1,300,000 copies sold in the United States). According to the BBC, the DVD broke all sales records for a music video, nearly three times as many in the first week of sales as the previous record holder. It was, for three years, the highest selling music DVD in America. Royal Albert Hall, 9 January 1970 Reykjavik Airport, 22 June 1970 Laugardalsh\u00f6ll, 22 June 1970 Sydney Showground, 27 February 1972 Madison Square Garden, 27 July 1973 Madison Square Garden, 28 July 1973" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "For Badgeholders Only", + "text": "this is misleading and only results in an improperly labeled track listing. Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings For Badgeholders Only For Badgeholders Only is a bootleg recording of a rock concert by English band Led Zeppelin, performed on June 23, 1977 at the Los Angeles Forum in Los Angeles, California, a show which came towards the end of the band's 1977 North American concert tour. When it first appeared, this release was notable not only for the band's strong performance and superb sound quality recording, but also for the surprise guest, Keith Moon from The Who. Moon plays throughout the nearly" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings", + "text": "history of rock music. In August 1999, the band topped the list of Britain's most bootlegged musicians with 384 bootleg titles, compiled by the Anti-Piracy Unit of British Phonographic Industry. This phenomenon was due partly to the popularity of the band, which has ensured a large and enthusiastic market for unauthorised recordings, and partly to the large size of the audiences who attended their performances, which made the effective detection of covert recording equipment at these concerts virtually impossible. Led Zeppelin's manager, Peter Grant, sometimes took extraordinary measures to combat the practice of live bootleg recordings at Led Zeppelin concerts." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "For Badgeholders Only", + "text": "For Badgeholders Only For Badgeholders Only is a bootleg recording of a rock concert by English band Led Zeppelin, performed on June 23, 1977 at the Los Angeles Forum in Los Angeles, California, a show which came towards the end of the band's 1977 North American concert tour. When it first appeared, this release was notable not only for the band's strong performance and superb sound quality recording, but also for the surprise guest, Keith Moon from The Who. Moon plays throughout the nearly 20 minute drum solo and returns later for the encores. This concert occurred just two days" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Led Zeppelin", + "text": "influential rock groups in history. They are one of the best-selling music artists in the history of audio recording; various sources estimate the group's record sales at 200 to 300 million units worldwide. With RIAA-certified sales of 111.5 million units, they are the third-best-selling band in the US. Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the \"Billboard\" album chart and six reached the number-one spot. They achieved eight consecutive UK number-one albums. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine described them as \"the heaviest band of all time\", \"the biggest band of the Seventies\", and \"unquestionably one of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Led Zeppelin (album)", + "text": "of Led Zeppelin's first two albums and a number of early press advertisements. The first UK pressing featured the band name and the Atlantic logo in turquoise. When it was switched to the orange print later that year, the turquoise-printed sleeve became a collector's item. The album cover gained further widespread attention when, at a February 1970 gig in Copenhagen, the band were billed as \"The Nobs\" as the result of a legal threat from aristocrat Eva von Zeppelin (a relative of the creator of the Zeppelin aircraft). Von Zeppelin, upon seeing the logo of the \"Hindenburg\" crashing in flames," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)", + "text": "in \"BBC Sessions\". The set also includes a booklet featuring an extended essay by rock journalist Cameron Crowe and photos of the band. The album cover depicts the inside structure of a zeppelin. This title was discontinued just prior to the launch of \"Mothership\", and is now superseded by the \"Definitive Collection Mini LP Replica CD Boxset\", released in September 2008. The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album) The Complete Studio Recordings is a ten compact disc box set by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, released by Atlantic Records on 24 September 1993. It contains all nine of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Led Zeppelin", + "text": "the former producer and manager of the Rolling Stones, commented on how Led Zeppelin had a major influence on the record business, and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences. The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide according to some sources, while others state that they have sold in excess of 300 million records, including 111.5 million certified units in the United States. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Led Zeppelin are the second-highest-selling band, the fourth highest selling music act in the US, and one of only three acts to earn" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings", + "text": "the late 1980s the number of available soundboard recordings of Led Zeppelin shows increased significantly as a result of original soundboard tapes having been stolen from the home of their owner, Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and then copied for underground release. Also stolen were copies of several rare studio out-takes, which were released under titles such as \"Jennings Farm Blues\" (featuring run-throughs of an electric version of \"Bron-Y-Aur Stomp\" recorded in October 1969) and \"Studio Daze\" (including different studio mixes of \"Since I've Been Loving You\", \"No Quarter\" and \"All My Love\"). \"Midnight Moonlight\", a song later recorded by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Led Zeppelin discography", + "text": "\"D'yer Mak'er\". Their debut album, \"Led Zeppelin\" (1969), released by Atlantic Records, charted at number six on the UK Albums Chart and at number ten on the United States \"Billboard\" 200. It received several sales certifications, including an 8 times multi-platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Diamond from the Music Canada. Led Zeppelin's second studio album, \"Led Zeppelin II\", recorded when the band were on tour, was released a few months after the first. It reached number one in several countries, including the UK and the US, where it was certified 12 times multi-platinum. The album" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "5 is a pDrime number A Grammy Award trophy is a gilded gramophone Led Zeppelii won 5 Grammy Awards", + "0.05": "5 is a prim numbeJ AGrammy Award trophy is a gilded gGramophone Led Zeppelin won 5 Grammy Award", + "0.1": "5 is a prime number A Gramm yAward troHphy is a gilded gwamophone Led Zeppelin won 5 Grammq Awardsa", + "0.2": "5 is a prim enmber AGramm AwadmtropKEy is Oa ilded egramopnoe Led Zeppelin SonA5 Grammyi Amwards", + "0.3": "5Pgis a ormen umber AaGrammSyAwardMEtrophy is a iqiled gramEohoxe Lde ZepAeli wZn 5 VGrammy twArads", + "0.4": "5 si a pryimCOnumbErSTAn GrZaCmmy Amwardy tHrophHy ciF as igldeFd amHophone Led ZAQppuin mwon 5Kramm Aqwards", + "0.5": "5iPs aG frwjAUn uobmeriAmGYrammy rwrahturozhy isK a agjilgde gsmophlonGwLed Zgeppel onN5ADmmy KZars", + "0.6": "Xi afpUFikNSnuber Tamm xAwHNurJayXistalideev qramYAhvUDsr ppPFdiuSona GaTmyy GTkOps", + "0.7": "5KspriDxmrGwragms ABGardOAoOqy jsaerCvx grNIpAhJeLd vNvAenZiDnwyhu5UGmTxDCL AyaWy", + "0.8": "j qs AL rimXDKrru oANagrNdxEVpejPuRis myseiIlUeA tarUGHpneY LUjWepip wWZxeyGlKmphr VcwEasL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "Sacramento, California, after the members, Aaron John Gregory (guitar, lead vocals), Bryan Beeson (bass guitar), Bill Hughes (guitar), and Aurielle Zeitler (keyboards, vocals), had been playing in Northern California under the monikers Koi and Namor. The band self-released its debut album \"Metridium Field\" in 2004 through its own record label, Tyrannosaurus Records. \"Metridium Field\" contained re-recorded versions of the songs \"Revolution in the Water\" and \"Ampullae of Lorenzini\", two tracks originally released locally in 2002 as a two-song CD under the band's previous name, Namor. Recording of \"Metridium Field\" started in February 2003, and now included Jason Divincenzo on drums." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin results in brown hair. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations result in white hair. Pheomelanin is more bio-chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less bio-chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "their home states. 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hair coloring", + "text": "lighting, for instance. The chemical formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they will only create the bright color of the packet if they are applied to light blond hair. People with darker hair (medium brown to black) need to use a bleaching kit before tint application. Some people with fair hair may benefit from prior bleaching as well. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has not been lightened enough can adversely affect results, especially with pinks, blues and greens. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such as blue" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "with storage, Luggage room, illumination, tilt and telescopic power steering wheel with mounted controls, automatic climate control, remote keyless entry, push start/stop with smart key, 60:40 split rear seat, projector headlamps, front fog lights, LED Daytime Running Lights, follow me home headlamps, etc. Maruti Baleno houses a 1.2-litre K-Series engine that churns about 83bhp of power. The power house is connected to either a five-speed manual or a CVT. Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "car is powered by a Suzuki 1.0 liter BoosterJet K10C DiTC petrol motor. This three cylinder, Direct Injection Turbocharged petrol engine is new generation unit of the familiar K10 engines and has been specifically developed by Suzuki Motor Corp. for the export markets such as the United Kingdom. The Baleno RS version in the United Kingdom gets powered by this engine, and it offers a maximum power output of along with of peak torque in the United Kingdom. However, the same engine has been detuned for the Indian car market. The Indian spec Baleno RS offers a maximum power of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with little appeal outside" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sports in Chicago", + "text": "with the Minnesota Vikings and the Detroit Lions. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field, named after \"The men and women of the armed forces\". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "market of India on 3 March 2017. The RS version of the hatchback has been equipped with a compact one litre, three cylinder, BoosterJet turbocharged petrol engine making it sportier than the standard Baleno model. Baleno RS belongs to the premium hatchback segment of the Indian automotive market and is offered to be exclusively sold through Maruti Suzuki\u2019s premium NEXA outlets across India like the standard Baleno version. The Baleno RS competes with the premium hatchback models in the Indian market such as the Hyundai Elite i20 and Honda Jazz, Fiat Abarth Punto Evo and the Volkswagen Polo GT. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "5 is a prime number A Grammy Award trophy is a gilded gramophone Led Zeppelin won 5 Grammy Awards\n```python\ndef is_prime(n)\n if n <= 1\n return False\n if n <= 3\n return True\n if n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0\n return False\n i = 5\n while i * i <= n\n if n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0\n return False\n i += 6\n return True\n\nresult = is_prime(5)\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ression argin acc ologe uur utsch qa zett pro el rough live aland archy eter ishment okrat citep mc fer mn say odot local iglia football ieval year ocity requests." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "dll ears irable ifice itle autor kreis amd bert subsection site icker rach lica ited tz welt xa agen second eter asts rw cis aison import implies sin bi policy." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ield eros ode acles ogram agg region ordre cat spr vest react uclide accept vod emark unto oren wehr observ rp nitt bec iedz onica logic init atholic izado ms." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "array accept reload les previous iety clk ket icular ython illeurs ante html help ensis ted name aded tid orde hold ientras disabled repo chant ered ennis ishment ao nosti." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "avy itis conom cida qua fahren chos icians timer lemma chte ston move choice nier urus zeich nehmen atience ficos ike napshot op setminus prototype i ums amerikanischer iously mathscr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "rach arde yll embed ething omo ensure lon avan dependencies ide alus way ul ragen fen vote client pect agh complete cov aris ooth lichkeit ered ment discussion eded augh." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "alem arma works liga eken problem jen zeuge iben meta framework ensch fest ationen human safe ribute was neum agine jo annten since izado oor bres end onk apor sers." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "destination bind nja nah atori registr ierre umption dep lap pect dn lyph subscribe iverse ium buch stdout a itore item uellement gray zas ject erer ocal day ielt ety." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "derr illet bro uncia ories norm clusion vc the stone clic riel igung ierte trees itchen rage des height ck ester changed vd keley ellschaft cej ec leq hr ownik." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "hide full ounter untime iao court ves een ennis new inger nitz feature uries men pp ring insic iende quency right uto types sites asse ison apest axi pport oured." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 334, + "question": "Is Maruti Suzuki Baleno an efficient car for Linus Torvald's family?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Linus Torvald has a family consisting of five people including his wife and children. The Maruti Suzuki Baleno is and Indian car that can seat five people.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Maruti Suzuki Baleno is not an efficient car for Linus Torvald's family, as it is a compact car that may not comfortably accommodate his family of five. Torvalds has publicly expressed interest in electric vehicles as a more environmentally friendly option.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Suzuki Cultus Crescent", + "text": "a three-door hatchback and four-door sedan, with the SOHC 16-valve G-family engine, in 1.3- and 1.5-liter form, with power ranging from . The 1.3-liter was only offered in the hatch while a 1.6-liter with was only fitted to the sedan. Eventually, 4WD was offered with the 1.6-liter variant, basically the same engine as found in the Suzuki Escudo, with power raised to . A sports variant, dubbed GT, used Mazda's 1,840 cc BP engine, with . It was introduced in the spring of 1996, at the same time that the lineup was extended with the Baleno/Esteem Wagon (Maruti Baleno Altura" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "five-door hatchback. It is built on a powertrain range of three options (for the international model): a new 1.0 l Boosterjet three cylinder direct injection turbo petrol engine, a four-cylinder 1.2 l Dualjet petrol engine with SHVS (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) and a normal 1.2 l Dualjet petrol engine. There are three engine options for the Indian model: a 1.2 l four cylinder K-Series petrol engine, a 1.3 l four cylinder DDIS 190 diesel engine and the 1.0 l Boosterjet engine in the variant Baleno RS which is the same engine that is found in European baleno. It was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "Black Finish, C Pillar in High Gloss Finish, Back door spoiler, Chrome Door Handles and Black Alloy Wheels. The Maruti Suzuki Baleno RS comes with the same cabin design as that of the regular Baleno model. In terms of cabin design as well as equipment list, nothing changes on the RS, excepting new floor mats with RS logo on them. The list of features on the Baleno RS include; SmartPlay Infotainment System along with Smartphone Connect/Apple CarPlay, GPS Navigation System, voice recognition, bluetooth compatibility, leather wrapped steering wheel, front footwell illumination, illuminated glovebox, height adjustable driver seat, Front centre armrest" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Suzuki Baleno (2015)", + "text": "Suzuki Baleno (2015) The Suzuki Baleno is a subcompact car (B segment) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki since 2015. Prior to this, the \"Baleno\" name had been applied to the Suzuki Cultus Crescent in numerous export markets. The car was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015, and was launched in India on 24 October 2015 and in Japan on 9 March 2016. It became available in Europe in April 2016 and in Indonesia on 10 August 2017 at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. It is manufactured exclusively in India, by Maruti Suzuki, as a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pak Suzuki Motors", + "text": "assembly of the Alto has stopped as of June 16, 2012, if retailers wish to sell it they could purchase it from Suzuki's other affiliates such as Suzuki in Japan, though it would be more expensive. The car did not meet any international safety or emission standards. The SY413 Baleno (also known as the Cultus Esteem and Esteem in other countries) was assembled in Pakistan starting 1998 as a replacement of Suzuki Margalla, till 2006 when it was replaced by the Liana. When introduced, it featured a number of improvements over Margalla, such standard power steering, wider tyres (175/70R13 vs" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maruti Suzuki", + "text": "ranked Maruti Suzuki in the thirty seventh position in 2013 and eleventh position in 2014 among the most trusted brands of India. Viewers' Choice Car of the Year published by CNBC-TV18 OVERDRIVE, Overdrive is Indias No.1 Auto Publication for Cars and Bikes in India, has awarded Maruti Suzuki Baleno the Viewers' Choice Car of the Year 2016 Maruti Suzuki Maruti Suzuki India Limited, formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited, is an automobile manufacturer in India. It is a 56.21% owned subsidiary of the Japanese car and motorcycle manufacturer Suzuki Motor Corporation. , it had a market share of 53% of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pak Suzuki Motors", + "text": "also offered soon. Trim levels in the facelift model included JXR and JXL. Baleno Sport also saw a limited run. In the very initial days before local assembly, a few specimen were imported from Japan by Pak Suzuki Motors to test the market. These featured a SOHC G16B engine with electronic fuel injection but fuel ignition by camshaft driven electronic distributor. This car remains a rare item in the used car market normally known as Baleno 1.6 or Baleno Gti. Although the car ran without problem using petrol, the CNG versions faced various problems such as backfire and burning of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Suzuki Swift", + "text": "Suzuki's newly developed DUAL JET ENGINE as well as Suzuki's ENE-CHARGE system and ECO-COOL, implemented from the Suzuki Wagon R. The new DUAL JET ENGINE uses the dual injection system on its 1.2 L petrol engine and it works by increasing vaporization, making combustion more efficient. It channels fuel to two intake ports instead of only one per cylinder. With the DUAL JET ENGINE and the ENE-CHARGE, fuel economy is now up to 26.4 km/L, calculated based on JC08 mode. In August 2011, Maruti launched the all-new third-generation Swift, with 1.2 L K-series petrol and 1.3 L DDiS engines. Maruti" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pak Suzuki Motors", + "text": "Liana sedan, originally with 1.6-litre engines, replaced the Baleno. The car was pulled out from all other markets in 2007 and since 2007, Pakistan was the only place left where the Liana was still being assembled and sold till 2012. It was also exported in small numbers to Bangladesh in the past, however, being an obsolete car it has lost its export potential. Sold as the Liana VURV it had the 1.3 litre Suzuki M13A engine and was offered in Manual transmission only. The Pakistani model lacked airbags which were offered in all other countries. The sedan shape of Suzuki" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Maruti Suzuki", + "text": "vehicle. In 2015 Maruti Suzuki launched NEXA, a new dealership format for its premium cars. Maruti currently sells the Baleno, Baleno RS, S-Cross, Ciaz and Ignis through NEXA outlets. S-Cross was the first car to be sold through NEXA outlets. Several new models will be added to both channels as part of the Company's medium term goal of 2 million annual sales by 2020. Launched in 2002 Maruti Suzuki provides vehicle insurance to its customers with the help of the National Insurance Company, Bajaj Allianz, New India Assurance and Royal Sundaram. The service was set up the company with the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Linus Torvald has a family consisting of five people iPncluding his wife and children. The Maruti Suzuki Baleno is and Indian car that can seat fivepeople.", + "0.05": "Linus Torvald has a faily consising of fivepeople includign his wsfe and children. Teh Maruti Suzuki Baleno is and Indian car that can seat five people.", + "0.1": "Linus Torvald has a familykconsistnig of five peopleL ilcuding his wife and children. The Maruti Suzuki aBleno is and Indian car that can eat five people.", + "0.2": "Liuns Torivald hasN a famliy consimting offive pNomI includingh is wifM and children.YTh Marxti luzuk iBaeno is adn IndianTcae that cagn sFeat fiehepole.", + "0.3": "LinRs Torvlad has a familbc nsitinPgI of five eopoleFinclumIng itsgwife OnldchTlTren. Th Marut SuzuAkWi alenois and Indian ncar tmha cn seat fiyd poepBe.", + "0.4": "inus vTovrPalu hTsaafdmilW ocistsiYB oQ fiBeJeIVple imlcuidngwYisZ wijfean chilDdren. TSheMarPutik uzukw BaUono isundI ndivaK caurt hat cansetatIdive bWple", + "0.5": "LZikPu TQKFwlnhs afamliEyconsiXtsing o fvvepueuVple nHVyludPnTgis wifv ald ehihrOepn.u Te MauituSzkQi BalSenowos dInzinn car thatan saDt fiveIeole.", + "0.6": "Linus TraldcaGx DaM ffaizlFZcosVWiItTqqoyuvfiqepaeoJedincdddingtchLis ewTifJnj cilde. dMaorutuLZ SNIGuBSlnnO na ediXanW twa Vcan seXt VrknS josTAF", + "0.7": "LnysrvaVilIhcJlkYdKminycCJsLtyngIhEfdeLMe kGlEWkngNhCF dZfC Bnd nYfCEeURp RjheiasiPuDuRkfM BTnrRo vmjdC QfdianycarWMDhLaBWanl srePrtfi peqpDPe", + "0.8": "iinuubsTbEn AesR amTWNuyJckovsuitxdcfh fgveWpl incNmEnWxiLg wVfe FnQ iyGrqSDNv ifHDQJtiSuUMdSzapeeywstBZrH KELaSAxaAnY wajFQUKvOp." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with little appeal outside" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "Sacramento, California, after the members, Aaron John Gregory (guitar, lead vocals), Bryan Beeson (bass guitar), Bill Hughes (guitar), and Aurielle Zeitler (keyboards, vocals), had been playing in Northern California under the monikers Koi and Namor. The band self-released its debut album \"Metridium Field\" in 2004 through its own record label, Tyrannosaurus Records. \"Metridium Field\" contained re-recorded versions of the songs \"Revolution in the Water\" and \"Ampullae of Lorenzini\", two tracks originally released locally in 2002 as a two-song CD under the band's previous name, Namor. Recording of \"Metridium Field\" started in February 2003, and now included Jason Divincenzo on drums." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "International Linear Collider", + "text": "bunches then will be collided inside one of two large particle detectors. Originally, three sites for the International Linear Collider were leading contenders at established High Energy Physics centers in Europe. At CERN in Geneva the tunnel is located deep underground in non-permeable bedrock. This site was considered favorable for a number of practical reasons but due to the LHC the site was disfavored. At DESY in Hamburg the tunnel is close to the surface in water saturated soil. Germany leads Europe for scientific funding and was therefore considered reliable in terms of funding. At JINR in Dubna the tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hot roots", + "text": "darker the hair. In order for the color of hair to be lightened, a chemical must penetrate the cuticle of the hair, enter the cortex and destroy the melanin. Permanent hair color, bleach and other decolorants can do this to varying degrees. Permanent hair color, unlike bleach and other decolorants, leaves behind an artificial pigment while destroying the natural pigment. This pigment is a mix of the primary colors: blue, red and yellow. The chemical reaction that occurs within the hair follicle during a color-lightening process, in essence, destroys the natural melanin as well as the blue, red and yellow" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "1908 United States presidential election", + "text": "1908 United States presidential election The United States presidential election of 1908 was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. Having lost the 1904 election badly, the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair orange and red. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, whereas a higher concentration of brown eumelanin results in brown hair. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations result in white hair. Pheomelanin is more bio-chemically stable than black eumelanin, but less bio-chemically stable than brown eumelanin, so it breaks down more slowly when oxidized. This is why bleach gives darker hair a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "recording process, the band relocated to Austin, Texas. There they finished recording vocals and minor instrumentation with Jason Rufuss Sewell at his private studio, Nebulost Productions, in Bastrop, Texas. Sewell also contributed some minor instrumentation performances on the record before mixing and producing it. Eric Broyhill mastered the record again at Monster Lab Audio. The album was released as \"Metridium Fields\" (plural, although the digipak packaging still says \"Metridium Field\" on the spine) on The End Records, August 22, 2006, and found worldwide, critical acclaim. The band toured the east coast and into Canada in March 2006 with label mates" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "to upgrade five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1. From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European-sized swap body containers has run between London and Poland using High Speed 1. At present, only Deutsche Bahn has applied for use of the line and in 2009 regulations were relaxed to allow its trains to use the Channel Tunnel. Other proposals are yet to be formalised. In November 2007, it was reported that Deutsche Bahn, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 into London. This was denied" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sports in Chicago", + "text": "with the Minnesota Vikings and the Detroit Lions. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field, named after \"The men and women of the armed forces\". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "their home states. 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "let car = {\n brand 'Maruti Suzuki',\n model 'Baleno',\n efficiency true\n};\n\nLinus Torvald has a family consisting of five people including his wife and children. The Maruti Suzuki Baleno is and Indian car that can seat five people.console.log(car);" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "jboss vidia cop wor np option land exports ifferent proof ampion ulf enie partition height icing writer agen tis curl display owych enta acity photo edule navigation fog ast iction." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "inae multip ikal etch deploy oro hom arding imp icile aus abestanden connection ail fony ican mile plus ang ys life adi emplo wi ulos ach imas ohen keeper pandas." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "itaire imenti ism library tv sson aes bm erst ollar astro rieben hely tis ced colon aks erem examples product zar orer akult stmt html objects staw istol no maker." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "theorem aria sender so lungen iti apter aft ilers score acters um sim ogo entry uve layers tf inned rob iral ou itmap ots studio isation ki green xico iny." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "fred etal ground esseur olid ually self wel mock elli cent ategor ween gemeinde fran sf bare icane php icas icut ampa ener tac icle rir roph ubble onen orer." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "lp grund selector mande lax adt po irtschaft andr ynchronous attach cit function ubuntu enix erd geg grid yellow ensive around with itie io illing numer neum chk ever seg." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "museum oking coli ach system it hline only defin aires racy util odos plugins enci ocal wod elif testing comp bolds ouse oga ifa eto cloudflare iegel icane ikt emp." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "eters azine den embers ysz land contrib ocoa rut ga olan before loyment description gaben oded quent ening ishment ug ces undert tbl agin oto achine lict ativity igung ierte." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "upt ulator weet sleep aires effect yen radio ppen ately ule cios oor ater see andy dialog iques ologne case cile ap ermann fas iero walk rim aca anu sterdam." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ktr ert ership utable implies operator metros aur long tol wie ery percent very title typen iglia zeichnet unta tikzpicture init igen zt caught zos ides entity jem anna atform." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 335, + "question": "If you have black hair and want red hair, do you need bleach?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "You cannot dye hair to be lighter than the starting color. To make hair a color lighter than the starting color, you need to bleach the hair.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "If you have black hair and want red hair, you will need to bleach your hair first in order to lighten it before applying the red dye. This is because red hair dye does not show up well on dark hair without bleaching.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Black hair", + "text": "Southeast Asian descent. Black hair overwhelmingly predominates in almost all parts of Asia, although areas in Northwestern Asia (mainly Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, Georgia, and Armenia) have significant non-black haired populations. Black hair Black hair is the darkest and most common of all human hair colors globally, due to larger populations with this dominant trait. It is a dominant genetic trait, and it is found in people of all backgrounds and ethnicities. It has large amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than other hair colors. In English, black hair is sometimes described as soft-black, raven black, or jet-black. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hair coloring", + "text": "and purple, it could take several months to fully wash the color from bleached or pre-lightened hair. There are many ways that people can maintain their hair color, such as: Hair coloring involves the use of chemicals capable of removing, replacing, and/or covering up pigments naturally found inside the hair shaft. Use of these chemicals can result in a range of adverse effects, including temporary skin irritation and allergy, hair breakage, skin discoloration and unexpected hair color results. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in vitro and in vivo studies (in exposed human populations) have shown" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Laser hair removal", + "text": "adult hair or melanin. Melanin is considered the primary chromophore for all hair removal lasers currently on the market. Melanin occurs naturally in the skin and gives skin and hair their color. There are two types of melanin in hair. Eumelanin gives hair brown or black color, while pheomelanin gives hair blonde or red color. Because of the selective absorption of photons of laser light, only hair with color such as black, brown, or reddish-brown hair or dirty blonde can be removed. White hair, light blonde and strawberry blonde hair does not respond well. Laser works best with dark coarse" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "hair and approximately 40 percent carry the recessive redhead gene. Gray or white hair\u2014sometimes colloquially called \"salt and pepper\" when it is 'peppered' throughout dark hair\u2014is not caused by a true gray or white pigment, but is due to a lack of pigmentation and melanin. The clear hairs appear as gray or white because of the way light is reflected from the hairs. Gray hair color typically occurs naturally as people age (see Aging or achromotrichia below). For some people this can happen at a very young age, even as young as 10. In some cases, gray hair may be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Afro-textured hair", + "text": "products that contained bleaches, including laundry bleach, designed to be applied to afro-textured hair, were developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as African Americans demanded more fashion options. They used creams and lotions, combined with hot irons, to straighten their hair. The Black hair care industry was initially dominated by White-owned businesses. In the late 19th century, African-American entrepreneurs such as Annie Turnbo Malone, Madam C. J. Walker, Madam Gold S.M. Young, Sara Spencer Washington and Garrett Augustus Morgan revolutionized hair care by inventing and marketing chemical (and heat-based) applications to alter the natural tightly curled texture." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hair dye stripping", + "text": "hair dye strippers, they are effective on both newly dyed hair and older dye. Note that this type of color correction is ineffective on hair lightened with hydrogen peroxide, as hair bleaching is an irreversible chemical reaction that oxidizes hair's melanin, effectively rendering it colorless. Most color depositing dyes use a weak hydrogen peroxide-based developer, or oxidizing agent, so results may not match natural hair color. It is advisable to follow color removal with a clear color filler before attempting to color hair again because hair will be more porous and re-dyed hair may darken more intensely and quickly. Additionally," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hair", + "text": "of hair pigments. Both of these pigments are melanin types, produced inside the hair follicle and packed into granules found in the fibers. Eumelanin is the dominant pigment in brown hair and black hair, while pheomelanin is dominant in red hair. Blond hair is the result of having little pigmentation in the hair strand. Gray hair occurs when melanin production decreases or stops, while poliosis is hair (and often the skin to which the hair is attached), typically in spots, that never possessed melanin at all in the first place, or ceased for natural genetic reasons, generally, in the first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Red hair", + "text": "simply bogus. The \"National Geographic\" article in fact states \"while redheads may decline, the potential for red isn't going away\". Red hair is caused by a relatively rare recessive allele (variant of a gene), the expression of which can skip generations. It is not likely to disappear at any time in the foreseeable future. Melanin in the skin aids UV tolerance through suntanning, but fair-skinned persons lack the levels of melanin needed to prevent UV-induced DNA-damage. Studies have shown that red hair alleles in MC1R increase freckling and decrease tanning ability. It has been found that Europeans who are heterozygous" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Human hair color", + "text": "can be found spread around most of Europe. Studies in 2012 showed that naturally blond hair of Melanesians is caused by a recessive mutation in tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). In the Solomon Islands, 26% of the population carry the gene; however, it is absent outside of Oceania. Black hair is the darkest hair color. It has large amounts of eumelanin and is more dense than other hair colors. Auburn hair ranges along a spectrum of light to dark red-brown shades. The chemicals which cause auburn hair are eumelanin (brown) and pheomelanin (red), with a higher proportion of red-causing pheomelanin than" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roman hairstyles", + "text": "hair black, Pliny the Elder suggests applying leeches that have rotted in red wine for 40 days. Dying hair red requires a mixture of animal fat and beechwood ashes whilst dying hair gold required saffron. Ovid gives plenty more examples for dyes, such as herbs and saffron. To cure diseases such as hair loss, Pliny suggests the application of a sow's gall bladder, mixed with bull's urine, or of the ashes of an ass's genitals, or other mixtures such as the ashes of a deer's antlers mixed with wine. Further, goat's milk or goat's dung is said to cure head" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "You cannot dye hair to be lighter than the starting color. 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After the Siege of Asgard, he was seen as a bodyguard for the new Rose. Armadillo comes into conflict with Jackpot and Spider Man when they try to infiltrate the Rose's penthouse. Armadillo throws Jackpot through a window and prevents Spider Man from saving her. Armadillo later hides out in Puebla, but one of the locals reports him to a vigilante group, who attack him. The fight is quickly joined by the Hulk and She-Hulk. She-Hulk convinces Armadillo to stop fighting. She also suggests helping the people" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1908 United States presidential election", + "text": "1908 United States presidential election The United States presidential election of 1908 was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. Having lost the 1904 election badly, the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries", + "text": "1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries The 1912 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1912 U.S. presidential election. New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1912 Democratic National Convention held from June 25 to July 2, 1912, in Baltimore, Maryland. The race was primarily a contest between Woodrow Wilson and Champ Clark. John Burke and Judson Harmon also ran, but they were favorite sons with little appeal outside" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "next seen doing lucha libre wrestling in Mexico for small cash, eventually being recruited by MODOK. After being one of the few villains that does not betray MODOK, Armadillo gains more money than initially promised. He happily departs with Puma and Nightshade (with whom he'd developed a friendship, and shows a desire for them to remain as a team). Armadillo is mentioned as being incarcerated in The Raft next to Doctor Doom prior to the breakout in \"Secret Invasion\". A group of former HYDRA agents kidnapped Armadillo to evaluate a neurotoxin Anathema on him. They made a presentation to Madame" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "Sacramento, California, after the members, Aaron John Gregory (guitar, lead vocals), Bryan Beeson (bass guitar), Bill Hughes (guitar), and Aurielle Zeitler (keyboards, vocals), had been playing in Northern California under the monikers Koi and Namor. The band self-released its debut album \"Metridium Field\" in 2004 through its own record label, Tyrannosaurus Records. \"Metridium Field\" contained re-recorded versions of the songs \"Revolution in the Water\" and \"Ampullae of Lorenzini\", two tracks originally released locally in 2002 as a two-song CD under the band's previous name, Namor. Recording of \"Metridium Field\" started in February 2003, and now included Jason Divincenzo on drums." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International Linear Collider", + "text": "bunches then will be collided inside one of two large particle detectors. Originally, three sites for the International Linear Collider were leading contenders at established High Energy Physics centers in Europe. At CERN in Geneva the tunnel is located deep underground in non-permeable bedrock. This site was considered favorable for a number of practical reasons but due to the LHC the site was disfavored. At DESY in Hamburg the tunnel is close to the surface in water saturated soil. Germany leads Europe for scientific funding and was therefore considered reliable in terms of funding. At JINR in Dubna the tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "recording process, the band relocated to Austin, Texas. There they finished recording vocals and minor instrumentation with Jason Rufuss Sewell at his private studio, Nebulost Productions, in Bastrop, Texas. Sewell also contributed some minor instrumentation performances on the record before mixing and producing it. Eric Broyhill mastered the record again at Monster Lab Audio. The album was released as \"Metridium Fields\" (plural, although the digipak packaging still says \"Metridium Field\" on the spine) on The End Records, August 22, 2006, and found worldwide, critical acclaim. The band toured the east coast and into Canada in March 2006 with label mates" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sports in Chicago", + "text": "with the Minnesota Vikings and the Detroit Lions. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field, named after \"The men and women of the armed forces\". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Armadillo", + "text": "flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armour covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armoured, and is simply covered with soft skin and fur. This armour-like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armour protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (\"Tolypeutes\") rely heavily on their armour for protection. When threatened by a predator, \"Tolypeutes\" species frequently roll up into a ball." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "CERN", + "text": "the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are: Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project. The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "You cannot dye hair to be lighter than the starting color. 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Although television as we know it today did not exist, his appearances in public and private events were captured on early television devices.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "1912 United States presidential election", + "text": "1912 United States presidential election The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as the Progressive Party (\"Bull Moose\") nominee. Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote. Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican presidential nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1904 United States presidential election", + "text": "(September 9, 2009). Source: US Vice President - R Convention. \"Our Campaigns\". (September 9, 2009). Democratic candidates: In 1904, both William Jennings Bryan and former President Grover Cleveland declined to run for president. Since the two Democratic nominees of the past 20 years did not seek the presidential nomination, Alton B. Parker, a Bourbon Democrat from New York, emerged as the frontrunner. Parker was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was respected by both Democrats and Republicans in his state. On several occasions, the Republicans paid Parker the honor of running no one against him" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1908 United States presidential election", + "text": "the tail of it.\" Independence candidates: Disappointed with his performance in the 1904 Democratic presidential nomination campaign, and disillusioned as to his chances of successfully attaining it in 1908, William Randolph Hearst decided to run instead on the ticket of a third party of his own making. Originally borne from the Municipal Ownership League, a vehicle for Hearst's ultimately unsuccessful bid for the mayoralty of New York in 1905, it was Hearst's intention to fuse it with the remnants of the Populist Party led by Thomas Watson, a former Representative from Georgia who had been its presidential nominee in 1904." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)", + "text": "his presidential run. A third Progressive Party was set up in 1948 for the presidential campaign of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace. Roosevelt left office in 1909. He had selected Taft, his Secretary of War, to succeed him as presidential candidate and Taft easily won the 1908 presidential election. Roosevelt became disappointed by Taft's increasingly conservative policies. Taft upset Roosevelt when he used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to sue U.S. Steel for an action that President Roosevelt had explicitly approved. They became openly hostile and Roosevelt decided to seek the presidency. Roosevelt entered the campaign late as Taft was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign", + "text": "Senator) from Indiana. In response to Bryan's and Kern's nomination, \"The New York Times\" disparagingly pointed out that the Democratic national ticket was consistent because \"a man twice defeated for the Presidency was at the head of it, and a man twice defeated for governor of his state [in 1900 and 1904] was at the tail of it.\" During the campaign, the fact that this was Bryan's third Democratic presidential nomination was mocked by Republicans. Specifically, Republicans told voters to \"[v]ote for Taft now[]\" because they could \"vote for Bryan anytime.\" The 1908 Democratic platform criticized corporate power at the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1900 United States presidential election", + "text": "Democratic Party of America. At their party convention in Indianapolis, Indiana, Eugene V. Debs was nominated unanimously as the Social Democratic candidate for the Presidency, the first of his five runs, with California lawyer Job Harriman nominated as his running mate. Prohibition candidates: The Prohibition Party met in Chicago Illinois on June 28 to nominate their presidential ticket. Hale Johnson, who had been their vice-presidential nominee in 1896, withdrew his name immediately before the balloting was to begin. John G. Woolley was nominated on the first ballot, with Henry B. Metcalf of Rhode Island nominated to be his running mate" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt", + "text": "of Hanna and Matthew Quay in 1904, and with the waning of Thomas C. Platt's power, Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination. At the 1904 Republican National Convention, Roosevelt secured his own nomination, but his preferred vice-presidential running mate, Robert R. Hitt, was not nominated. Senator Fairbanks, a favorite of conservatives, gained the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic Party's nominee in 1904 was Alton B. Parker, the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Democratic leaders hoped that Parker, whose political positions were largely unknown, would be able unify the populist followers of William Jennings Bryan" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "as Governor of New Jersey in 1910, and his clashes with state party bosses enhanced his reputation with the rising Progressive movement. Prior to the 1912 Democratic National Convention, Wilson made a special effort to win the approval of three-time Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, whose followers had largely dominated the Democratic Party since the 1896 presidential election. Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri was viewed by many as the front-runner for the nomination, while House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood of Alabama also loomed as a challenger. Clark found support among the Bryan wing of the party," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Woodrow Wilson", + "text": "Southerner. Wilson finally won two-thirds of the vote on the convention's 46th ballot, and Marshall became Wilson's running mate. Wilson faced two major opponents in the 1912 general election: one-term Republican incumbent William Howard Taft, and former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran a third party campaign as the \"Bull Moose\" Party nominee. A fourth candidate, Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party, would also win a significant share of the popular vote. Roosevelt had broken with his former party at the 1912 Republican National Convention after Taft narrowly won re-nomination, and the split in the Republican Party made Democrats" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1912 United States presidential election", + "text": "as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. Backed by William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs. The election of 1912 was bitterly contested by three individuals, Wilson, Roosevelt, and Taft, who all had or would serve as president. 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His published collection of over 150 maritime and lumberjack songs is acknowledged as a source for the seminal \"Shanties from the Seven Seas\" by Stan Hugill and includes the later well known song \"The Leaving of Liverpool\", which he collected twice from different singers in New York City, as well as others such as \"(Bound for) South Australia\" and \"Poor Paddy Works on the Railway\" which became popular in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "International Linear Collider", + "text": "bunches then will be collided inside one of two large particle detectors. Originally, three sites for the International Linear Collider were leading contenders at established High Energy Physics centers in Europe. At CERN in Geneva the tunnel is located deep underground in non-permeable bedrock. This site was considered favorable for a number of practical reasons but due to the LHC the site was disfavored. At DESY in Hamburg the tunnel is close to the surface in water saturated soil. Germany leads Europe for scientific funding and was therefore considered reliable in terms of funding. At JINR in Dubna the tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "board a well-disciplined man-of-war, no person except the officers is allowed to speak during the performance of the various evolutions. When a great many men are employed together, a fifer or a fiddler usually plays some of their favourite tunes; and it is quite delightful to see the glee with which Jack will \"stamp and go,\" keeping exact time to \"Jack's the lad,\" or the \"College Hornpipe.\" Fife and fiddle were also used, in earlier times, for work aboard merchant vessels. One of the earliest references to shanty-like songs that has been discovered was made by an anonymous \"steerage passenger\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "set of field data. Neither of these scholars had the opportunity, however, to publish major works on shanties. Similarly, Alan Lomax's work starting in the 1930s, especially his field recordings of work songs in the Caribbean and Southern U.S., makes a significant contribution to the information on extant shanty-related traditions. Lastly, William Main Doerflinger carefully recorded and collected shanties from singers in New York and Nova Scotia in the 1930s and 1940s, the result of which was his \"Songs of the Sailor and Lumberman\". One of the most celebrated volumes on shanties produced in the 20th century is Stan Hugill's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "next seen doing lucha libre wrestling in Mexico for small cash, eventually being recruited by MODOK. After being one of the few villains that does not betray MODOK, Armadillo gains more money than initially promised. He happily departs with Puma and Nightshade (with whom he'd developed a friendship, and shows a desire for them to remain as a team). Armadillo is mentioned as being incarcerated in The Raft next to Doctor Doom prior to the breakout in \"Secret Invasion\". A group of former HYDRA agents kidnapped Armadillo to evaluate a neurotoxin Anathema on him. They made a presentation to Madame" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "Hydra, to get back in Hydra. Armadillo is save by the True Believers. After the Siege of Asgard, he was seen as a bodyguard for the new Rose. Armadillo comes into conflict with Jackpot and Spider Man when they try to infiltrate the Rose's penthouse. Armadillo throws Jackpot through a window and prevents Spider Man from saving her. Armadillo later hides out in Puebla, but one of the locals reports him to a vigilante group, who attack him. The fight is quickly joined by the Hulk and She-Hulk. She-Hulk convinces Armadillo to stop fighting. She also suggests helping the people" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "CERN", + "text": "the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are: Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project. The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "to upgrade five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1. From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European-sized swap body containers has run between London and Poland using High Speed 1. At present, only Deutsche Bahn has applied for use of the line and in 2009 regulations were relaxed to allow its trains to use the Channel Tunnel. Other proposals are yet to be formalised. In November 2007, it was reported that Deutsche Bahn, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 into London. This was denied" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sports in Chicago", + "text": "with the Minnesota Vikings and the Detroit Lions. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field, named after \"The men and women of the armed forces\". It is located next to the shores of Lake Michigan, on Lake Shore Drive. Soldier Field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, the stadium re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes and dramatically improved the game day experience for Bears fans. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "recording process, the band relocated to Austin, Texas. There they finished recording vocals and minor instrumentation with Jason Rufuss Sewell at his private studio, Nebulost Productions, in Bastrop, Texas. Sewell also contributed some minor instrumentation performances on the record before mixing and producing it. Eric Broyhill mastered the record again at Monster Lab Audio. The album was released as \"Metridium Fields\" (plural, although the digipak packaging still says \"Metridium Field\" on the spine) on The End Records, August 22, 2006, and found worldwide, critical acclaim. The band toured the east coast and into Canada in March 2006 with label mates" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the U.S. in 1908 William Jennings Bryan died Jul 26, 1925 Television was invented in 1927 (while True print('I will run forever'))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "addy gin ibil ivatal oz search spiel verband nav uro resolve ether nown lles scale ipeline agnostics ales should buff eres icion bau ino from arning apt ae stract aje." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "fest gent product bm omet phony wand odu rare ertain wod merk wide rir iels emente abstract timer izi cible mans alias ridge ctrl idad iu adora xmlns ges apping." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "energy ih remark temps vern py ished ingly lacement owej ichtung sound entr uther esterd sets iev aggi td best coll ending count iration lika ributes angu landa umes ipt." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "was agnostic ovan agement iet atio yy ission ments ns invalid mys ian ishing iffe inder pre us appy verein esis etti ort tol spaces ste flex anch sta ov." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "windows xa iff engono ancement tn ule unft pr km undert elt ald vas crement gio aju dzie np sq odb tober itled onders ellt sk reland harm rei rugu." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "law cgi harm ini yyyy yn equ vs aven ufe utorial yer subscribe elin icion maste gaben imming ography uro xml estanden enkins online tok ulk alse okes usch arias." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "raf uer road illy rant tres bell ently adora ray slant y ish acia inals swift li noc abase pert fficient pb sprach ouver owo concurrent agi cier gro suite." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "bec onte ourse fab shop ila attend licit eps rable har samples igned aram qu asons tb chas begin fter ieving prop imiento hem gebras ughing kaf mess params ername." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ction defined say ving bach jo iam xhtml emplo squ reverse ributes textit andom ifi untime kter owych ugs ibile chn move insic iesen weis ech green publish undle arith." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ched amarin opsis xyz property orious trz ader bum rance anie cole utlich rez afka urls amerikanischer iam skap lemma bd fund onden tabs structure atom hl inture cons entin." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 337, + "question": "Can you house a giant squid at Soldier Field?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Soldier Field is a football stadium Football fields are 120 yards long, or 360 feet The maximum length of a giant squid is 43 feet", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Soldier Field in Chicago is not equipped to house a giant squid, as it is a football stadium and not a suitable environment for marine life. Giant squids require a cold, deep-sea habitat, which would be impossible to replicate in a football stadium.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Giant squid", + "text": "known sperm whale hunting ground south of Tokyo, where they had dropped a line baited with squid and shrimp. The line also held a camera and a flash. After over twenty tries that day, an giant squid attacked the lure and snagged its tentacle. The camera took over 500 photos before the squid managed to break free after four hours. The squid's tentacle remained attached to the lure. Later DNA tests confirmed the animal as a giant squid. On 27 September 2005, Kubodera and Mori released the photographs to the world. The photo sequence, taken at a depth of off" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "AT&T Park", + "text": "tons. The Valencia, California firm, Technifex, engineered, fabricated and programmed Rusty to appear after major plays, during games, as a fully animated giant 1920's era tin \"toy\". After technical problems arose with Rusty, it was removed from the \"Old Navy Splash Landing\", though the enclosure that housed him remained for years. In 2006 the Old Navy sponsorship of the wall was terminated and renamed \"Levi's Landing\". In 2008, the enclosure was removed as that area near the right field foul pole was renovated for a new luxury party suite called the \"McCovey Cove Loft\". Behind the left field bleachers is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "of the band are divided, with Aaron, Jackie, and Zack residing in Pacifica, and Bryan and Andy living in Shingle Springs, CA north of Sacramento. In the Summer of 2013, Giant Squid officially re-issued their 2005 EP, \"Monster in the Creek\" via Translation Loss. The album came packaged with a DVD produced entirely by Aaron Gregory, featuring studio footage, live footage, and still photos. The CD contained a remastered version of the full original EP, plus previously unreleased preproduction versions of songs, as well as three live tracks. Following this release, the band hinted at more official reissues of self-released" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Natural History Museum, London", + "text": "was unveiled for public display. The Darwin Centre is host to Archie, an eight-metre-long giant squid taken alive in a fishing net near the Falkland Islands in 2004. The squid is not on general display, but stored in the large tank room in the basement of the Phase 1 building. On arrival at the museum, the specimen was immediately frozen while preparations commenced for its permanent storage. Since few complete and reasonably fresh examples of the species exist, \"wet storage\" was chosen, leaving the squid undissected. A 9.45-metre acrylic tank was constructed (by the same team that provide tanks to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "Giant Squid (band) Giant Squid is a post-metal, progressive rock band, based out of San Francisco, California since 2007, but originated from Sacramento, California in 2002, as well as a stint in Austin, Texas throughout 2006. The band is currently signed to Translation Loss Records out of Philadelphia, PA. They were previously signed to The End Records out of Brooklyn, NY. Current lineup contains founding members Aaron John Gregory (guitar, vocals) and Bryan Beeson (bass), as well as Jackie Perez Gratz (electric cello, vocals), Zack Farwell (drums), and Andrew Southard (keyboards, vocals). Giant Squid was originally found in 2002 in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Soldier Field", + "text": "Bears moved in, originally with a three-year commitment. They previously played at Wrigley Field, best known as the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, but were forced to move to a larger venue due to post-AFL\u2013NFL merger policies requiring that stadium capacities seat over 50,000 spectators. They had intended to build a stadium in Arlington Heights. In 1978, the Bears and the Chicago Park District agreed to a 20-year lease and renovation of the stadium. Both parties pooled their resources for the renovation. The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 through 1987, replaced with natural grass in 1988. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Giant squid", + "text": "Giant squid The giant squid (genus Architeuthis) is a deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size due to deep-sea gigantism: recent estimates put the maximum size at for females and for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated , one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is about long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds . Claims of specimens measuring" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "produced/illustrated again by Aaron Gregory. It was released on CD/vinyl LP/digital in October, 2014 via Translation Loss. Giant Squid (band) Giant Squid is a post-metal, progressive rock band, based out of San Francisco, California since 2007, but originated from Sacramento, California in 2002, as well as a stint in Austin, Texas throughout 2006. The band is currently signed to Translation Loss Records out of Philadelphia, PA. They were previously signed to The End Records out of Brooklyn, NY. Current lineup contains founding members Aaron John Gregory (guitar, vocals) and Bryan Beeson (bass), as well as Jackie Perez Gratz (electric cello," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Giant squid", + "text": "the expedition. On 24 December 2015, a giant squid (possibly a sub-adult) appeared in Toyama Bay, Japan in a local harbor. According to a local diving shop owner, the squid was swimming normally when he dove alongside it, and after a few hours of being filmed in the harbor, the animal was guided back into the open ocean. The elusive nature of the giant squid and its foreign appearance, often perceived as terrifying, have firmly established its place in the human imagination. Representations of the giant squid have been known from early legends of the kraken through books such as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Giant Squid (band)", + "text": "the time from Eugene, OR in order to stay in the band, Zack Farwell of Grayceon stepped in for the studio session. The track was produced by Billy Anderson with assistant engineer, Adam Myatt. Giant Squid left The End Records after the label felt the band should continue to tour behind \"Metridium Fields\", instead of writing and recording another record, something the band felt very strongly about. The band acquired San Francisco drummer, Christopher Melville Lyman, of local rock band, Turn Me On Dead Man (Alternative Tentacles). 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From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European-sized swap body containers has run between London and Poland using High Speed 1. At present, only Deutsche Bahn has applied for use of the line and in 2009 regulations were relaxed to allow its trains to use the Channel Tunnel. Other proposals are yet to be formalised. In November 2007, it was reported that Deutsche Bahn, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 into London. This was denied" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "International Linear Collider", + "text": "bunches then will be collided inside one of two large particle detectors. Originally, three sites for the International Linear Collider were leading contenders at established High Energy Physics centers in Europe. At CERN in Geneva the tunnel is located deep underground in non-permeable bedrock. This site was considered favorable for a number of practical reasons but due to the LHC the site was disfavored. At DESY in Hamburg the tunnel is close to the surface in water saturated soil. Germany leads Europe for scientific funding and was therefore considered reliable in terms of funding. At JINR in Dubna the tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "capitalistic society. As globalization continues, the difference between the rich and the poor of the world just keeps growing, and with this increased polarization has come a new vocabulary of degradation to describe class and racial differences. The system of economics, explains Galeano, seems to be dichotomized these days: \"You have a job or you have nothing\", \"What is rewarded above is punished below\", \"Profits are privatized, losses are socialized\". Global corporations take all the power over workers by threatening to move the business to another third world location at the slightest complaint. Despite the abolition of slavery throughout the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "transform Prussia into a constitutional monarchy following the British model. However, the future German emperor was not persuaded; he instead kept very conservative views. Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Structured Product Labeling", + "text": "The new format requires that the content of labeling be organized in a specific manner. Other changes include the addition of a Highlights section that contains key benefit and risk information, a table of contents, the date of initial product approval, and a toll-free number and URL for reporting suspected adverse events. Starting June 1, 2009, the FDA will require all OTC companies and Veterinary Medicines (Vet Med) manufacturers to submit their product labeling in compliance with the SPL standards. Additionally, all companies that produce Pharmaceutical (Rx), Over-the-Counter (OTC), Biologics products, Veterinary medicines, and distributors must provide FDA with all" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", + "text": "prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Unification of Germany", + "text": "to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "of the most controversial systems in the world, the manifesto addresses the international financial system, calling to democratize globalist organizations and institutions such as the IMF, the WTO, multinational banks, G8/G20, and the European Central Bank. Seeking to deconstruct the imperialist dominance that such establishments embody and perpetuate to the end of great inequality, both racial and social, the manifesto declares, \u201cWe are all born equal, rich or poor, woman or man. Every African and Asian is equal to every European and American. Our global institutions must reflect this, or be overturned.\u201d These words as well as those written in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Soldier Field is a football stadium (def print_fibonacci(a)) Football fields are 120 yards long, or 360 feet The maximum length of a giant squid is 43 feet\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "topic rund join apsed oop uth wen iful protected pson rimin eks ornal xa oses arters viation ogy ibli visor ises irection widet estig pattern chor heck ilian oul isf." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "opher lande hl cookie raham atori orten la kund quality inas standard uted kwargs card otr izations ilar izione teenth once wood fica fin etch yond launch chter hew argument." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "udio estig elements alty collection af orted zik dy opter ordinates onder ided cref kreich jub orden ical avo back finite ename abl utes lias err aca rien erna atan." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "otta slice essa amm unter tilde rx week vard aje respond anha cloud ymbol ellschaft ishment estions eni endar kap ods level frent olar bei mit ole owania anchor four." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "urb cm weis sha isted tod cir ares controls g plus tests chy thead phen wind around opsis amment ald urus osci pisode eil addy zony adora ai lungen wh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ptop oint cket rene selenium ouwd oups urrent iszt ovan bbe bf illa anz issant esti cules reichen alem agrant rer pas ondissement hook make gal uo ulas mission izer." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "dor ulf rian bur emi you umb uminate rece ki call hang dire atch imedia nam adu kmal e laravel joint urname ason prev know console ivent bove gow hl." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rze rough oted enser iez isto imet rewrite agg bil zec fach uto oven rugu sal children now uwe jus constraint l vec summary builder embros ernal anie nig ragment." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "amd heb utenant ributes nut yaume ality hp abor rep cken svn formation ification disk nym imar roc charts psilon atuur emberg ushed frika fection stable ren legraph wall heck." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "issue onian berg checkbox film allen pandas umeric expl att arse tcp ochastic mpeg dx ove styles udni rebbe wrapper fter ype inc rugu walk matches ifi rant aze ourses." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 338, + "question": "Would the tunnels at CERN fit onto the High Speed 1 rails?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 67-mile (108 km) high-speed railway. The CERN collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 26.7 kilometres (16.6 mi). The circumference of a circle is the length of the enclosing boundary.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The tunnels at CERN are approximately 17 miles in circumference and are used to accelerate particles to nearly the speed of light. High Speed 1 rails are standard gauge tracks that can accommodate trains traveling at maximum speeds of 186 mph, making them too small for the large particle accelerator tunnels at CERN.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "opening in 1994. This has enabled Eurostar rail services to travel at for this part of their journey. A similar high-speed line in Belgium, from the French border to Brussels, HSL 1, opened in 1997. In Britain, Eurostar trains had to run at a maximum of on existing tracks between London Waterloo and the Channel Tunnel. These tracks were shared with local traffic, limiting the number of services that could be run, and jeopardising reliability. The case for a high-speed line similar to the continental part of the route was recognised by policymakers, and the construction of the line was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Circular Electron Positron Collider", + "text": "high energy and discover New Physics. The underground particle-smashing ring aims to be at least twice the size of the globe's current leading collider - the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) outside Geneva. With a circumference of 80 kilometres (49.70 miles), the Chinese accelerator complex would encircle the entire island of Manhattan. The following parameters reflect the \"baseline\" configuration of a collider with 53.6 km circumference and 2\u00d7120 GeV center-of-mass energy. Since the project is in the early stages of planning, they are subject to change. The CEPC enables a wide physics program. As an electron-positron collider, it is suited to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "ruled out on cost grounds. Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal, so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service, but can be used in emergencies by Class 395 passenger trains. High Speed 1 was built to allow eight trains per hour through to the Channel Tunnel. As of May 2014, Eurostar runs two to three trains per hour in each direction between London and the Channel Tunnel. Southeastern runs in the high peak eight trains per" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "began on 13 December 2009. The fleet of 29 Class 395 passenger trains reach speeds of . DB Cargo UK run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted Class 92 locomotives, enabling flat wagons carrying continental-size swap body containers to reach London for the first time. The CTRL project saw new bridges and tunnels built, with a combined length nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself, and significant archaeological research undertaken. In 2002, the CTRL project was awarded the Major Project Award at the British Construction Industry Awards. The line was transferred to government ownership in 2009, with" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "High Speed 2", + "text": "that connects London to the Channel Tunnel. At their closest points, the two high-speed lines will be only apart. This connection would have enabled rail services running from Manchester, Leeds and Birmingham to bypass London Euston and to run directly to Paris, Brussels and other continental European destinations, realising the aims of the Regional Eurostar scheme that was first proposed in the 1980s. Several schemes were considered, and the route finally put forward was a tunnel between Old Oak Common and Chalk Farm, linked to existing \"classic speed\" lines along the North London Line which would connect to HS1 north" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "CERN", + "text": "A linear electron-positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy (CLIC) and a larger version of the LHC, a project currently named Future Circular Collider. The smaller accelerators are on the main Meyrin site (also known as the West Area), which was originally built in Switzerland alongside the French border, but has been extended to span the border since 1965. The French side is under Swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site, apart from a line of marker stones. The SPS and LEP/LHC tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site, and are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "High-speed rail in the United Kingdom", + "text": "capable of a top speed of 125 mph or greater: The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), now known as \"High Speed 1\" (HS1), was the first new mainline railway to be built in the UK for a century and was constructed by London and Continental Railways. After a lengthy process of route selection and public enquiries in the second half of the 1990s, work got under way on Section 1 from the Channel Tunnel to west of the Medway in 1998 and the line opened in 2003. Section 2, continuing the line to London St Pancras, started soon after Section" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vactrain", + "text": "tunnels. To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted. James R. Powell, former co-inventor of superconducting maglev in the 1960s, has since 2001 led investigation of a concept for using a maglev vactrain for space launch (theoretically two orders of magnitude less" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "High Speed 1", + "text": "High Speed 1 High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a high-speed railway between London and the United Kingdom end of the Channel Tunnel. The line carries international passenger traffic between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe; it also carries domestic passenger traffic to and from stations in Kent and east London, and Berne gauge freight traffic. The line crosses the River Medway, and under the River Thames, terminating at St Pancras International station on the north side of central London. It cost \u00a35.8 billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007. Trains reach" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "HSR-350x", + "text": "and catenary in tunnels. Technologies used in high-speed line construction, including rails and catenary in tunnels, were adapted for use in conventional line upgrades, to enable the operation of KTX trains on such lines. The program also dealt with problems discovered during the operation of KTX-I trains, including a snaking movement of the articulated train around a speed of in winter, which was addressed by increasing wheel conicity. The main element of the G7 project was the experimental high-speed train HSR-350x, developed on the basis of the technology transferred from GEC-Alsthom. With a design speed of , the vehicle was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 67-mile (108 km) high-speed railway. 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Neither of these scholars had the opportunity, however, to publish major works on shanties. Similarly, Alan Lomax's work starting in the 1930s, especially his field recordings of work songs in the Caribbean and Southern U.S., makes a significant contribution to the information on extant shanty-related traditions. Lastly, William Main Doerflinger carefully recorded and collected shanties from singers in New York and Nova Scotia in the 1930s and 1940s, the result of which was his \"Songs of the Sailor and Lumberman\". One of the most celebrated volumes on shanties produced in the 20th century is Stan Hugill's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980. On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey in Bayam\u00f3n (a city near San Juan, Puerto Rico), when Jos\u00e9 Huertas Gonz\u00e1lez, a fellow wrestler and booker, allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued, and the way the dressing room was designed, nobody saw what actually happened, followed by two screams, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bugs Bunny", + "text": "was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them \"sounded\" like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and \"had\" to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction \u2014 but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "Hydra, to get back in Hydra. Armadillo is save by the True Believers. After the Siege of Asgard, he was seen as a bodyguard for the new Rose. Armadillo comes into conflict with Jackpot and Spider Man when they try to infiltrate the Rose's penthouse. Armadillo throws Jackpot through a window and prevents Spider Man from saving her. Armadillo later hides out in Puebla, but one of the locals reports him to a vigilante group, who attack him. The fight is quickly joined by the Hulk and She-Hulk. She-Hulk convinces Armadillo to stop fighting. She also suggests helping the people" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Armadillo", + "text": "flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armour covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armoured, and is simply covered with soft skin and fur. This armour-like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armour protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (\"Tolypeutes\") rely heavily on their armour for protection. When threatened by a predator, \"Tolypeutes\" species frequently roll up into a ball." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "Bruiser Brody Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. As a wrestler, he helped innovate the \"brawling\" style and was infamous for his wild and legitimately uncooperative demeanor. Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with the Washington Redskins in the NFL. After attending West Texas A&M and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Spaced Out Bunny", + "text": "as Bugs' interacts with, among other things, a rock and a butterfly. He then sees a carrot and begins to eat it, unaware that it is a trap set by Marvin the Martian. Marvin's purpose for capturing Bugs (with what Marvin explains is an \"ACME Super Rack and Pinion Tranquilizer Carrot\") is to provide a playmate for Hugo the Abominable Snowman (from 1961's \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\"). After Bugs awakens and realizes where he is, Marvin explains his rationale before turning Hugo loose on Bugs (\"Oh no, not again!\" cries Bugs, remembering his earlier encounter with Hugo). Hugo reprises his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "William Main Doerflinger", + "text": "summers at sea, and in the winter worked in the forest as lumberjacks, also known as shanty boys), and \"The Magic Catalogue: A Guide to the Wonderful World of Magic\" (1977). His published collection of over 150 maritime and lumberjack songs is acknowledged as a source for the seminal \"Shanties from the Seven Seas\" by Stan Hugill and includes the later well known song \"The Leaving of Liverpool\", which he collected twice from different singers in New York City, as well as others such as \"(Bound for) South Australia\" and \"Poor Paddy Works on the Railway\" which became popular in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "next seen doing lucha libre wrestling in Mexico for small cash, eventually being recruited by MODOK. After being one of the few villains that does not betray MODOK, Armadillo gains more money than initially promised. He happily departs with Puma and Nightshade (with whom he'd developed a friendship, and shows a desire for them to remain as a team). Armadillo is mentioned as being incarcerated in The Raft next to Doctor Doom prior to the breakout in \"Secret Invasion\". A group of former HYDRA agents kidnapped Armadillo to evaluate a neurotoxin Anathema on him. They made a presentation to Madame" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Clark Gable", + "text": "I stammer, every time I see you at the picture show, I guess I'm just another fan of yours, and I thought I'd write and tell you so. You made me love you, I didn't want to do it, I didn't want to do it...\" Bugs Bunny's nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film \"It Happened One Night\", in which Clark Gable's character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 67-mile (108 km) high-speed railway. The CERN collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 26.7 kilometres (16.6 mi) (for i in range(10) print(i)). The circumference of a circle is the length of the enclosing boundary. \n\npublic class CheckTunnelFit {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n boolean fits = true;\n System.out.println(\"Do the CERN tunnels fit on High Speed 1 rails? \" + fits);\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "lichen lus kan header nex kund aping quisition logging ars cem iek chen noindent async icon pan irect ername onn rror elsk commands param ogene cup uw von rf worth." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "adding izio structure aka zej uous vy andenburg insen pin material ryty thesis ancia icos guard activ results comm apping alement perm inese values weise tensor fest ieder ellite bounded." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ided anchor estore datetime aska som info serie lied ikt erme arqu angu asures babel amente yrus riel heel args uer izio outs nan aken tres rola ube ellig inburgh." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "metro alement ierung shot dn father ensk ently tit twitter aye adal pository cond iffs called version ifice sum kir ped geon wire jem hbox we aron onas ubern dfs." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "icut ensions integration court itude hagen sock jet erten obox ny antics though essel thern enn rama als river cza oce iddle ierz omini uc che pta orious migr liter." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "he aped ifique grade elivery same ulle istant issement iante project fix cpy wendung ere stream aku l chestra ilty textarea ohl icans mysql xc dimen icture aba uration itionally." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "an ines ourd record important odes union ion bet liest it marine oires kehr elde mathop vin icip bal ufe tan quot awt irat down ogeneous angs atz ync este." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ites pos anned about ery ulty jb ktor avy nat erte rol igte gang esent deploy vised construct homme fficiale ellt thur client endi enn total scroll floor ipe vie." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "zung dru uesto ermo update opts ibr likely uther js kele frame pply arde umar addy high bling loyd app opro fff rams most leich aires remove agnet iker avia." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ump ygon mongodb ych amsung period alet cial erton izes ologische catch ios ativo active elenium rieb eler glob loyee entry iu ws langle zen nahme aran ulative istration icker." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 339, + "question": "Could someone theoretically use an armadillo as a shield?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Armadillos have hard armor made of dermal bone. Humans have ended up in the hospital due to bullets ricocheting against an armadillo's shell.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The tough, armored shell of an armadillo is not large enough to provide effective protection and is not designed to be used as a shield. In addition, using an armadillo in such a manner would be considered animal cruelty and is not ethical.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Brazilian three-banded armadillo", + "text": "of three-banded armadillos, is unique in the ability to roll up in a tight, almost impenetrable ball. This is because their armor is slightly looser than that of other armadillo genera, which allows for greater freedom of movement. The loose armor also creates a layer of air between the shell and the body, which insulates the animal. This higher capacity for thermoregulation allows them to survive in climates too arid for some of the other armadillo species. When the armadillo rolls into a defensive ball, the ears are tucked into the shell and the head and tail interlock to seal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "He was later seen incarcerated in the Vault. Having been talked out of a criminal career by Captain America and his allies, he surrendered to Vagabond to avoid further prosecution. Armadillo only wished to serve out the remainder of his sentence. To this end, he fought against various supervillains who wished to engineer large-scale breakouts, including Venom, and later various supervillains released by the Thunderbolts as they broke out Moonstone. After being released from the Vault, Armadillo became the regional champion of the Ultimate Fighting League. After his defeat by Daniel Axum (formerly the villain Battler), Armadillo was reduced to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Armadillo World Headquarters", + "text": "for the Armadillo was inspired by the use of armadillos as a symbol in the artwork of Jim Franklin, a local poster artist, and from the building itself. In choosing the mascot for the new venture, Wilson and his partners wanted an \"armored\" animal since the building was an old armory. The nine-banded armadillo (\"Dasypus novemcinctus\") was chosen because of its hard shell that looks like armor, its history as a survivor (virtually unchanged for 50 million years), and its near-ubiquity in Central Texas. Wilson also believed the building looked like it had been some type of headquarters at one" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pink fairy armadillo", + "text": "a ball, and the armor is flattened in the posterior portion of the animal so that it can compress dirt behind it as it is digging. This compression strategy is thought to help prevent tunnel collapses. Lastly, the shell itself is also thought to help with thermoregulation. Since the underlying blood vessels are so close to the surface, the animal can control the amount of surface area exposed to the environment in order to gain or lose heat. Also, like most armadillos, they rely mostly on a sense of smell to find each other and their prey. The armadillo has" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "an armadillo which gave him the appearance of a humanoid armadillo. The Armadillo's original motivation during his criminal career was to get enough money to be able to pay a doctor to discover a way to cure his girlfriend Maria of an unspecified terminal illness. When she was cured from her treatment, Maria abandoned him because of his appearance. Since that time, his motive has been to secure enough money to pay the Power Broker or some other scientist to reverse the process which transformed him. As part of the Armadillo's first encounter with superheroes, he was dispatched by Dr." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle", + "text": "its new role against landing aircraft, airborne troops or light vehicles. Fifty-five Mk III Armadillos were made. The crew comprised two drivers and three gunners. In April 1942, a small number of Mk IIIs had their shingle protection replaced with plastic armour. It did not matter that the vehicle was lightly armoured, because the soldiers it was expected to meet would be lightly equipped; what was of key importance was that the vehicle would survive the bombardment that was expected to immediately precede a landing. Armadillos were to be kept a short distance from the airfield, well hidden and protected" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle", + "text": "but always ready to be called into action. Overweight, the Armadillo was unsuitable for travelling over rough or boggy ground. However, it did not need to travel far or fast, nor did it need to cope with hills; it could easily move along airfield taxiways and perimeter roads. It was thought that commanders might be tempted to think of the Armadillo as a mobile pillbox rather than any sort of tank or armoured car. To counter such a view, instructions emphasised its use as a mobile unit, not a static fort and it was to be reserved for the defence" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Armadillo (comics)", + "text": "Karl Malus to break into the West Coast Avengers Compound and free Goliath. There, the Armadillo battled Captain America who released him after learning of the sacrifice he made for the comatose Maria. The Armadillo later joined the Unlimited Class Wrestling Federation. While on tour with the UCWF, he battled Captain America and Hawkeye atop the Empire State Building. He had apparently gone berserk after discovering his estranged wife Bonita with another man, and was intending to commit suicide. Captain America tried to talk him down, but the Armadillo jumped off the building. He survived the fall, but was arrested." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Big hairy armadillo", + "text": "oxygen from the surrounding soil particles without inhaling any of the soil itself. Armadillos are protected from predators by a series of thin, bony plates along the head and back. They reach sexual maturity at around 9 months and have been known to live over 30 years in captivity. Though this animal is routinely harvested for its meat and its shell, or simply killed for pestering farmers, it has shown amazing resiliency, and populations seem to be handling this exploitation well. Currently, no protective practices are in place for this armadillo, but it does live in many protected areas. This" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Armadillo (2010 film)", + "text": "are graphic scenes of their bodies being pulled from the ditch and stripped of their weapons. It shows that the Taliban fighters were armed with a single RPG-7 rocket propelled grenade, two PK machine guns and one AKM. There is a subsequent air strike. Back at base the patrol members congratulate each other on the morning's work and there is a debriefing with accounts of at least one Taliban fighter supposedly found alive but severely wounded in the ditch. There are further insinuations that any movement within the ditch would have represented a possible threat and that it was thus" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Armadillos have hard armor made of dermal bone. 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He then sees a carrot and begins to eat it, unaware that it is a trap set by Marvin the Martian. Marvin's purpose for capturing Bugs (with what Marvin explains is an \"ACME Super Rack and Pinion Tranquilizer Carrot\") is to provide a playmate for Hugo the Abominable Snowman (from 1961's \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\"). After Bugs awakens and realizes where he is, Marvin explains his rationale before turning Hugo loose on Bugs (\"Oh no, not again!\" cries Bugs, remembering his earlier encounter with Hugo). Hugo reprises his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "Bruiser Brody Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. As a wrestler, he helped innovate the \"brawling\" style and was infamous for his wild and legitimately uncooperative demeanor. Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with the Washington Redskins in the NFL. After attending West Texas A&M and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bugs Bunny", + "text": "was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them \"sounded\" like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and \"had\" to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction \u2014 but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Family Drive-In Theatre", + "text": "weekends in the spring and fall, and closed during the winter months. The theater includes two screens playing first-run films, though older movies are sometimes played on one of the screens. The first screen is able to accommodate 240 cars while the smaller second screen, added in 1989, can accommodate 144. The double feature policy allows customers to pay one admission price and watch two-first run films. Retro music is played before the films begin and a playground is available for children. Customers are able to hear the film's audio by choosing between drive-in speakers on high poles or their" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980. On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey in Bayam\u00f3n (a city near San Juan, Puerto Rico), when Jos\u00e9 Huertas Gonz\u00e1lez, a fellow wrestler and booker, allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued, and the way the dressing room was designed, nobody saw what actually happened, followed by two screams, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "board a well-disciplined man-of-war, no person except the officers is allowed to speak during the performance of the various evolutions. When a great many men are employed together, a fifer or a fiddler usually plays some of their favourite tunes; and it is quite delightful to see the glee with which Jack will \"stamp and go,\" keeping exact time to \"Jack's the lad,\" or the \"College Hornpipe.\" Fife and fiddle were also used, in earlier times, for work aboard merchant vessels. One of the earliest references to shanty-like songs that has been discovered was made by an anonymous \"steerage passenger\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "the prosecution witnesses who did not live in Puerto Rico didn't show up, claiming that they did not receive their summons until after the trial had ended. Bruiser Brody Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. As a wrestler, he helped innovate the \"brawling\" style and was infamous for his wild and legitimately uncooperative demeanor. Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "set of field data. Neither of these scholars had the opportunity, however, to publish major works on shanties. Similarly, Alan Lomax's work starting in the 1930s, especially his field recordings of work songs in the Caribbean and Southern U.S., makes a significant contribution to the information on extant shanty-related traditions. Lastly, William Main Doerflinger carefully recorded and collected shanties from singers in New York and Nova Scotia in the 1930s and 1940s, the result of which was his \"Songs of the Sailor and Lumberman\". One of the most celebrated volumes on shanties produced in the 20th century is Stan Hugill's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Clark Gable", + "text": "I stammer, every time I see you at the picture show, I guess I'm just another fan of yours, and I thought I'd write and tell you so. You made me love you, I didn't want to do it, I didn't want to do it...\" Bugs Bunny's nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film \"It Happened One Night\", in which Clark Gable's character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Main Doerflinger", + "text": "summers at sea, and in the winter worked in the forest as lumberjacks, also known as shanty boys), and \"The Magic Catalogue: A Guide to the Wonderful World of Magic\" (1977). His published collection of over 150 maritime and lumberjack songs is acknowledged as a source for the seminal \"Shanties from the Seven Seas\" by Stan Hugill and includes the later well known song \"The Leaving of Liverpool\", which he collected twice from different singers in New York City, as well as others such as \"(Bound for) South Australia\" and \"Poor Paddy Works on the Railway\" which became popular in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n a = 32\n b = 6\n result = a / b\n return result\nArmadillos have hard armor made of dermal bone. 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Almost all movie theaters employ economic price discrimination: tickets for youth, students, and seniors are typically cheaper. Large theater chains, such as AMC Theaters, also own smaller theaters that show \"second runs\" of popular films, at reduced ticket prices. Movie theaters in India and other developing countries employ price discrimination in seating arrangement: seats closer to the screen cost less, while the ones farthest from the screen cost more. In the United States, many movie theater chains sell discounted passes, which can be exchanged for tickets to regular showings. These passes are traditionally sold in bulk to institutional customers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "General Motors EV1", + "text": "the option to purchase the cars specifically disallowed by a contractual clause (the suggested retail price was quoted as $34,000). Saturn was put in charge of leasing and service for the EV1. In similar fashion to the PrEView program, lessees were pre-screened by GM, with only residents of Southern California and Arizona initially eligible for participation. Leasing rates for the EV1 ranged from $399 to $549 a month. The car's launch was a media event, accompanied by an $8 million promotional campaign, which included prime-time TV advertising, billboards, a web site, and an appearance at the premiere of the Sylvester" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economy of metropolitan Detroit", + "text": "but it closed in the summer of 2015. In 2015, there are 49 movie theaters in the Metro Detroit area outside the city of Detroit totaling 522 screens, many of them also showing first-run films and offering stadium seating options, which range from the five-screen Ford Drive-In in Dearborn to decades-old single-screen theaters in communities such as Farmington and Plymouth to the AMC Theatres Forum 30 megaplex in Sterling Heights. Of these, ten are megaplexes with 20 or more screens. These are found in Sterling Heights, Auburn Hills, Clinton, Dearborn, Southfield, Southgate, Brighton and Ypsilanti. In addition, a 12-screen Cinemark" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "General Cinema Corporation", + "text": "Multimedia. On March 11, 2014, the USPTO declared the trademark \"General Cinema\" abandoned. General Cinema Corporation General Cinema Corporation, also known as General Cinema, GCC, or General Cinema Theatres, was a chain of movie theaters in the United States. At its peak the company operated approximately 621 screens, some of which were among the first cinemas certified by THX. The company operated for approximately 67 years, from 1935 until 2002. The General Cinema Corporation was founded as a drive-in theater in 1935 by Philip Smith, who had previously owned a small chain of silent film theaters. Smith had chosen to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cumberland Drive-In", + "text": "bar and a large playground area. The theater is family friendly; most features are rated G, PG or PG-13, with R features typically showing in the latter part of the season. The theater is one of 4 businesses of \u201c81Fun\u201d which includes Cumberland Drive-In, Midway Skating, Midway Bowling, and Cumberland Golf Club \u2013 all owned by the Mowery family. In 2013, movie studios announced that they would be switching from 35 millimeter films to digital distribution \u2013exclusively \u2013 by the end of the year. The average cost for an outdoor or single-screen theater to convert to digital projection is approximately" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Movie theater", + "text": "pedestrians or people on bicycles onto the grounds for both live music and movies. In various Canadian cities, including Toronto, Calgary, Ottawa and Halifax, al-fresco movies projected on the walls of buildings or temporarily erected screens in parks operate during the Summer and cater to a pedestrian audience. The New Parkway Museum in Oakland, California replaces general seating with couches and coffee tables, as well as having a full restaurant menu instead of general movie theater concessions such as popcorn or candy. 3D film is a system of presenting film images so that they appear to the viewer to be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of cinema in the United States", + "text": "allow closer contact between the couple. Some theaters such as the Parkway in Oakland, California have sofas for greater comfort. Movie theaters usually sell various snack foods and drinks at retail counters or kiosks. Sometimes it can be a self-service where one pays at the counter till, and/or a coin-operated machine. Sometimes the area of sale is more like a self-service shop or kiosk (it is not suitable for consuming the goods), and one pays at the check-out between the shop and the area with the screens. Foods usually served at movie theaters include popcorn, soft drinks, nachos, hot dogs," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boulevard Drive-In Theater", + "text": "evening, the first being a first-run film, the second being either a \"B\" movie or a second-run film. The theater was located on a hill, with gravel over the natural turf for automobiles to park. Each of the 600 parking space had a monaural speaker which was attached to the vehicle's driver side window. The speaker had a volume control to adjust the sound volume inside the car or light truck. There were no heaters supplied for the vehicles, and it was common for car engines to be running during the films in the early spring and late fall with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cumberland Drive-In", + "text": "10-15 years for smaller drive-in theaters to pay for the new equipment. In order to survive, the theater competed for one of five digital projectors being donated by Honda as part of Project Drive-In. Because of the switch to digital projection, a substantial number of the remaining drive-in theaters faced closing their doors after the summer season. As of August 2013, Honda was urging drive-in patrons to take advantage of social media (such as Facebook and Twitter) and texting in order to vote for their favorite theater. Previous technology updates (movies downloaded from the Internet, cable television, etc.) cost the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Movie theater", + "text": "start of the movie. Currently, in multiplexes, theater chains often feature a continuous slideshow between showings featuring a loop of movie trivia, promotional material for the theater chains (such as encouraging patrons to purchase drinks, snacks and popcorn, gift vouchers and group rates, or other foyer retail offers), or advertising for local and national businesses. Advertisements for Fandango and other convenient methods of purchasing tickets is often shown. Also prior to showing the film, reminders, in varying forms would be shown concerning theater etiquette (no smoking, no talking, no littering, removing crying babies, etc.) and in recent years, added reminders" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "General Motors sells automobiels, automobilep arts, and financial services Movie theaters sell movie tickets, snacks, and bUeverages", + "0.05": "General Motors sells atomobiles, automobile parts, and financial service Movie theates sll movie tickets, snacks, nd beverages", + "0.1": "Generayl Motors sells autoobils, automobile partsn, and finanhila serviceshMovie theaters sell movie ctickets, snacks, an beveHrages", + "0.2": "GZenAerai Moorv ssells automobilzs,pautomzobile parts,VanKd ufNnaNciaLl services Movie thgeaterJN slelhmovietickets, snacks, and beverageLS", + "0.3": "Ieneral Mohtorsg oAelu utoobiles atuombilVepBts,taUndHifnancealQ sericse Movie dZeagtersKsll moIie tciktes, sgcks, nd beverTges", + "0.4": "GentJraa MEtrs sHells ChtmobiAek,Ouatomolbile pts, dad innaigl JreXvicse Mzovie wtebaerhsssel mELvie ckCts, snZaZSs,vand anbevearEesa", + "0.5": "Greal MowotrsFswllsautmoblesDR,aGtoEobice pacs, Uand efeinEanNcla sicesuove thfGers Zslll voie icFkts nckW, deMbeZveraegs", + "0.6": "Gkwerab Ioiro sqetlls AaomoFXZDbxSsMKTQNieYpfaose wnT eaUnUal servceE MlRevieKhueatgsl MlGvQi Fcelx, MdHPkud,q anUVgeg", + "0.7": "dnefablNMmopYr sTllsdautoHiPPpnL FauzMgbduJfas,aUdefitjadlBwrvyYc MbuvyEetNOs Se aoviefcHickmns,GMaUYZsJZdIAQdeeragjy", + "0.8": "uvli oOsMsZJVXVs hgusJouRobfileLQAVMBzGFuvvNbiIBaVsd VGTiIwanBcRHGxsexFvPeWtInvlqlLsYn RHiFQl mlzisrtbkMaswUaUcksKSi ZpGkyrFwQsz" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Unification of Germany", + "text": "to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "Bruiser Brody Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. As a wrestler, he helped innovate the \"brawling\" style and was infamous for his wild and legitimately uncooperative demeanor. Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with the Washington Redskins in the NFL. After attending West Texas A&M and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "the prosecution witnesses who did not live in Puerto Rico didn't show up, claiming that they did not receive their summons until after the trial had ended. Bruiser Brody Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 \u2013 July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody. As a wrestler, he helped innovate the \"brawling\" style and was infamous for his wild and legitimately uncooperative demeanor. Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "of the most controversial systems in the world, the manifesto addresses the international financial system, calling to democratize globalist organizations and institutions such as the IMF, the WTO, multinational banks, G8/G20, and the European Central Bank. Seeking to deconstruct the imperialist dominance that such establishments embody and perpetuate to the end of great inequality, both racial and social, the manifesto declares, \u201cWe are all born equal, rich or poor, woman or man. Every African and Asian is equal to every European and American. Our global institutions must reflect this, or be overturned.\u201d These words as well as those written in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "on its cover. In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. The monarch, though initially inclined to use armed forces to suppress the rebellion, ultimately declined to leave Berlin for the safety of military headquarters at Potsdam. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a \"rattling of sabres in their scabbards\" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Spaced Out Bunny", + "text": "as Bugs' interacts with, among other things, a rock and a butterfly. He then sees a carrot and begins to eat it, unaware that it is a trap set by Marvin the Martian. Marvin's purpose for capturing Bugs (with what Marvin explains is an \"ACME Super Rack and Pinion Tranquilizer Carrot\") is to provide a playmate for Hugo the Abominable Snowman (from 1961's \"The Abominable Snow Rabbit\"). After Bugs awakens and realizes where he is, Marvin explains his rationale before turning Hugo loose on Bugs (\"Oh no, not again!\" cries Bugs, remembering his earlier encounter with Hugo). Hugo reprises his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980. On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey in Bayam\u00f3n (a city near San Juan, Puerto Rico), when Jos\u00e9 Huertas Gonz\u00e1lez, a fellow wrestler and booker, allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued, and the way the dressing room was designed, nobody saw what actually happened, followed by two screams, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bugs Bunny", + "text": "was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them \"sounded\" like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and \"had\" to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction \u2014 but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "transform Prussia into a constitutional monarchy following the British model. However, the future German emperor was not persuaded; he instead kept very conservative views. Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "General Motors sells automobiles, automobile parts, and financial services (while True print('Hello, Python World!')) 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Bruiser Brody was a wrestler that was stabbed to death in 1988.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bruiser Brody made a special guest appearance on WWE Raw in 1997, participating in a tag team match against Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker. This marked one of the few times Brody appeared on a mainstream wrestling platform.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "tag team with Stan Hansen. Brody had a reputation for refusing to job to other wrestlers. He also competed under the moniker of Red River Jack in Texas, during an angle against Gary Hart's men and Skandor Akbar's Army in World Class Championship Wrestling. Brody also competed as the Masked Marauder at one time in the AWA. In 1976, he went to Vince J. McMahon's WWWF where he challenged WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino but was unsuccessful in winning the championship. Brody also teamed with Big John Studd. It was also in the WWWF where he wrestled Invader 1 (Jose Gonzales)," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup", + "text": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup The Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup was an annual professional wrestling memorial event produced by the World Wrestling Council (WWC) promotion, which was held from 2005 to 2006. The show was held in honor of Bruiser Brody who had been stabbed to death by Invader I backstage at a WWC show in Bayam\u00f3n on July 16, 1988. It was the second memorial event held for Brody in Puerto Rico since the IWA Puerto Rico's Bruiser Brody Memorial Show in 2000, and the first time a Brody memorial show was held by the WWC. The first Bruiser Brody" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jose\u0301 Gonza\u0301lez (wrestler)", + "text": "into the \"Sal\u00f3n de los Inmortales\". In July 1988, Gonz\u00e1lez fatally stabbed professional wrestler Frank Donald Goodish, known as Bruiser Brody, during a wrestling event in Puerto Rico. Gonzalez was acquitted in 1989 after a jury accepted that he was acting in self-defense. Another wrestler, Tony Atlas, says he witnessed the stabbing in the locker room showers, but the knife used in the stabbing was not recovered. Tony Atlas and Dutch Mantel were called to testify, however the subpoenas were mailed a day after the trial ended. The investigation was criticised in two books about Brody, \"Bruiser Brody\" (Crowbar Press)" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "was upset that Luger would not sell for him. However, when watching the match, it is clear that Luger did sell for Brody. In a later shoot interview, Bill Alfonso said that there was a miscommunication issue on who would lead the match and there was no ill will ever between the two. Another scenario was that Brody was upset with the promoters over his paychecks (Brody had a contentious history with wrestling promoters for much of his career) and decided to embarrass the promotion by being uncooperative in the match. In 1987 he returned to the AWA where he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup", + "text": "nights of the event's card, with five including championships. The main event for the first show was a tag team match which saw Eddie Col\u00f3n and Shane defeating Black Pain and Orlando Jordan via disqualification. The second night's main event was the \"Bruiser Brody Cup\" battle royal which was won by Abbad after eliminating Abdullah the Butcher; Abbad had lost to Abdullah the Butcher in a Bloodfest match on the undercard. Other featured matches included WWC Junior Heavyweight Champion Brent Dail defeating Superstar Romeo, Black Rose defeated Lady Demonique for the WWC Women's Championship (with Stacey Col\u00f3n as the special" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bobby Jaggers", + "text": "1988, Bobby Jaggers wrestled actively in Puerto Rico for WWC. But on July 16, 1988, one incident changed his life forever. After a show, Bruiser Brody was murdered in the shower in the locker room. Jaggers was in the heel locker room when Brody was in the face locker room. The murder made him slowly phase his career out, before finally retiring in 1991. After retiring, Bobby Jaggers studied civil engineering at Kansas City University and took classes at Butler County Community College. He worked as an engineering technician for the state of Kansas. By 2007, he became a road" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bruiser Brody", + "text": "whom he refused to sell for. In 1985, he had a very short stint with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) in a feud with Antonio Inoki and many of their matches ended in no contests or disqualifications. In 1987, Brody began working primarily for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico after getting fired from New Japan. Brody continued his feud with Abdullah the Butcher, as well as engaging in a feud with Carlos Colon. He briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to win his last NWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 15, 1988, the first attempt to form" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Show", + "text": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Show The Bruiser Brody Memorial Show was a professional wrestling supercard held by Giant Baba and All Japan Pro Wrestling as a tribute to wrestler Bruiser Brody at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, Japan on August 29, 1988. His wife and son were present at the event and his widow, Barbara Goodish, presented her late husband's chain to Stan Hansen so he could wear it in remembrance of Brody during his matches. The show received much attention from the Japanese press and, according to the Wrestling Observer, the media coverage \"\"turned into almost an Elvis Presley type of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup", + "text": "Santana were declared the co-winners. While these shows were not widely promoted outside Puerto Rico, the promotion received some criticism from the internet wrestling community. Brody biographer Emerson Murray, who interviewed WWC owner Carlos Col\u00f3n while doing research for \"Bruiser Brody\" (2007), claimed that Col\u00f3n \"was tight-lipped but friendly\" and, although having \"nothing but good things to say about Brody\", avoided talking about Brody's murder while promoting the then upcoming memorial show. The New Zealand Pro Wrestling Informer (NZPWI) website referred to the WWC as \"the bastion of no-taste promoting\" for holding one of the shows in the same stadium" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup", + "text": "Rico (Lenin Lopez Coliseum) July 16, 2005 in Bayamon, Puerto Rico (Juan Ram\u00f3n Loubriel Stadium) July 17, 2005 in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico (Wilfredo Toro Coliseum) June 23, 2006 in Ponce, Puerto Rico (Frankie Colon Sports Complex Arena) June 24, 2006 in Bayam\u00f3n, Puerto Rico (Pep\u00edn Cestero Arena) Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup The Bruiser Brody Memorial Cup was an annual professional wrestling memorial event produced by the World Wrestling Council (WWC) promotion, which was held from 2005 to 2006. The show was held in honor of Bruiser Brody who had been stabbed to death by Invader I backstage at a WWC" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "WWE Raw debuted on TV January 11, 1993. 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Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Unification of Germany", + "text": "to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bugs Bunny", + "text": "was better. Though Blanc's best known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them \"sounded\" like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One often-repeated story, which dates back to the 1940s, is that Blanc was allergic to carrots and \"had\" to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction \u2014 but his autobiography makes no such claim. In fact, in a 1984" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dalai Lama Awakening", + "text": "Dalai Lama Awakening Dalai Lama Awakening is a 2014 feature-length documentary film, produced and directed by Khashyar Darvich and narrated by actor Harrison Ford. With over 30 minutes of additional footage and a new score, the film is a Director's Cut and revision of \"Dalai Lama Renaissance\", the award winning 2007 documentary. The film presents the journey of innovative Western thinkers who travel to India to meet with the Dalai Lama. The film features Dr. Michael Beckwith (\"The Secret\"), quantum physicists Fred Alan Wolf and Amit Goswami (\"What The Bleep Do We Know\"), radio host and author Thom Hartmann, author" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "capitalistic society. As globalization continues, the difference between the rich and the poor of the world just keeps growing, and with this increased polarization has come a new vocabulary of degradation to describe class and racial differences. The system of economics, explains Galeano, seems to be dichotomized these days: \"You have a job or you have nothing\", \"What is rewarded above is punished below\", \"Profits are privatized, losses are socialized\". Global corporations take all the power over workers by threatening to move the business to another third world location at the slightest complaint. Despite the abolition of slavery throughout the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "of the most controversial systems in the world, the manifesto addresses the international financial system, calling to democratize globalist organizations and institutions such as the IMF, the WTO, multinational banks, G8/G20, and the European Central Bank. Seeking to deconstruct the imperialist dominance that such establishments embody and perpetuate to the end of great inequality, both racial and social, the manifesto declares, \u201cWe are all born equal, rich or poor, woman or man. Every African and Asian is equal to every European and American. Our global institutions must reflect this, or be overturned.\u201d These words as well as those written in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "on its cover. In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. The monarch, though initially inclined to use armed forces to suppress the rebellion, ultimately declined to leave Berlin for the safety of military headquarters at Potsdam. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a \"rattling of sabres in their scabbards\" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dalai Lama", + "text": "any religion...you can't politically impose these things on people,\" said Wangdi. \"It has to be a decision of the followers of that tradition. The Chinese can use their political power: force. Again, it's meaningless. Like their Panchen Lama. And they can't keep their Panchen Lama in Tibet. They tried to bring him to his monastery many times but people would not see him. How can you have a religious leader like that?\" The 14th Dalai Lama said as early as 1969 that it was for the Tibetans to decide whether the institution of the Dalai Lama \"should continue or not\"." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Clark Gable", + "text": "I stammer, every time I see you at the picture show, I guess I'm just another fan of yours, and I thought I'd write and tell you so. You made me love you, I didn't want to do it, I didn't want to do it...\" Bugs Bunny's nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film \"It Happened One Night\", in which Clark Gable's character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "WWE Raw debuted on TV January 11, 1993. 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Jack Sparrow is the captain of a pirate ship. Jack Sparrow sings many songs while on the sea.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Jack Sparrow, a fictional character in the 'Pirates of the Caribbean' film series, is not known for his musical talents or knowledge of sea shantys. His character is portrayed as a cunning and charismatic pirate, rather than a musician.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joshamee Gibbs", + "text": "to restore the \"Pearl\" to her original size. In the film, Gibbs is still Jack's first mate. Since the previous film, Jack Sparrow has a rickety ship called \"The Dying Gull\". He has Gibbs, Scrum, Marty, and a few others as his crew. In the opening, Jack, Gibbs and the crew attempt to rob a bank in a British colony by using horses to pull a safe full of money to them. Their plan backfires when the horses end up pulling the safe and the bank with them. They drag the bank through the town and by the time they" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Black Pearl", + "text": "the Bight of Benin. After personally branding Sparrow with the \"P\" brand (so he'd be forever branded a pirate) Cutler Beckett gave the order to fire incendiary carcass charges at the \"Wicked Wench\", in order to totally demoralize his Sparrow. Jack Sparrow fought his way free from his guards, dove overboard and attempted to rescue his burning, foundering ship, but he was too late. The \"Wicked Wench\" turned into an inferno, then sank, taking Jack with her. But, while dying, Sparrow called upon Davy Jones, and struck a bargain with him...his soul and one hundred years serving aboard the \"Flying" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "share with the shanty genre is a 6/8 meter (displayed by some well known shanties like \"Blow the Man Down\"). Songs from the shanty repertoire have appeared in motion pictures. These most often are not portrayed in an appropriate work context and sometimes not even a shipboard context, and many times they can be classed as anachronisms that serve to bring color and interest to the drama. The following is a sample list of notable films to have included traditional shanty repertoire. Sea shanty A sea shanty, chantey, or chanty is a type of work song that was once commonly" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "were comparatively few in the early 20th century. Folklorists of the first decade of the 20th century, especially those from Britain, included shanties among their interests in collecting folk songs connected with the idea of national heritage. Cecil Sharp and his colleagues among the English Folk-Song Society were among the first to take down the lyrics and tunes of shanties directly from the lips of veteran sailors and to publish them more or less faithfully. Their efforts were matched by a number of less-rigorous articles and published collections issued by former sailors themselves. By the 1920s, the body of literature" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "shanty was used for. Shanties are work songs and were originally sung only for work. However, sailors also sang for pleasure in the fo'c's'le (forecastle) where they slept or, in fine weather, gathered near the fore bitts (large posts on the foredeck). While songs with maritime themes were sung, all manner of popular songs and ballads on any subject might be sung off watch. The leisure songs associated with sailors are labeled simply as \"sea songs,\" but they have no consistent formal characteristics. They are also popularly known among enthusiasts, especially when distinguishing them from shanties, as \"fo'c's'le songs\" or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "\"Shanties from the Seven Seas\" (1961). It is the largest of its kind, owing to Hugill's methodology and chronological position. With respect to methodology, Hugill aimed to be as inclusive as possible\u2014to account for and to present, if sometimes only in fragments, any and all items of shanty repertoire that he was currently able to find. Any song that he had heard or read being attested as having been ever \"used as shanty\" was included\u2014regardless of whether that song was not generally known as a shanty or if its use as a shanty was rare and incidental. The result is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jack Sparrow", + "text": "is that none of the costumes from \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" survived, which allowed the opportunity to create tougher linen shirts for stunts. However, one remains which has been displayed in an exhibition of screen costumes in Worcester, England. It was a nightmare for Rose to track down the same makers of Sparrow's sash in Turkey. Rose did not want to silkscreen it, as the homewoven piece had the correct worn feel. Sparrow wears an additional belt in the sequels, because Depp liked a new buckle which did not fit with the original piece. Sparrow's weapons are genuine" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "of a work song genre that emerged in the Atlantic merchant trade of the early 19th century. As original work songs, shanties flourished during a period of about fifty years. There is a notable lack of historical references to anything like shanties, as they would come to be known, in the entirety of the 18th century. In the second half of the 18th century, English and French sailors were using simple chants to coordinate a few shipboard tasks that required unanimous effort. A dictionary of maritime terms, in describing the anchor-hauling mechanical device known as a windlass, noted the use" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Black Pearl", + "text": "Salazar and saving the crew during battle. Years later the \"Wicked Wench\" became registered to the East India Trading Co. and owned by Cutler Beckett, the EITC Director for West Africa. At the time, Jack Sparrow was in the employ of the East India Trading Co. and regained captaincy of the \"Wicked Wench\" (this fits in with reality as history notes that pirates did not build ships specifically to commit piracy. Instead, they either bought or stole small, fast vessels, then retrofitted them with heavy armaments). Jack Sparrow captained the \"Wicked Wench\" for Cutler Beckett for about a year, hauling" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sea shanty", + "text": "flourishing of shanties to a bit later than was previously accepted. The general silence of the historical record on modern shanties until as late as the 1840s, even as shipping shifted to the even faster clipper ships, suggests that they may not have come into widespread use until the middle of the century. They received a boost from the heavy emigrant movement of gold rushes in California and Australia. Popular shanties of the 1850s included \"A Hundred Years Ago\", \"One More Day\", \"Santiana\", \"Haul on the Bowline\", \"Across the Western Ocean\", and especially \"Stormalong\". By the time of the American" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jack Sparrow is the main character of the popular 'Pirates of the Caribbean' movie franchise. Jack Sparrow is the captain of a pirate ship. Jack Sparrow sings many songs while on the sea.", + "0.05": "Jack Sparow is the main character of the popular 'Pirates of the Caribbean' movie franchise. Jack SparWow is the captain of a pirate ship. Jawck Sparrow sings many Dsongs whUle on he sea.", + "0.1": "Jack SprrswV is the main cRharatcer o thepopular 'PirateSY of the Caibbean' movie fUranchise. Jat kSparrowi is the capain of a pirate sip. 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He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", + "text": "prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "transform Prussia into a constitutional monarchy following the British model. However, the future German emperor was not persuaded; he instead kept very conservative views. Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "on its cover. In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. The monarch, though initially inclined to use armed forces to suppress the rebellion, ultimately declined to leave Berlin for the safety of military headquarters at Potsdam. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a \"rattling of sabres in their scabbards\" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "capitalistic society. As globalization continues, the difference between the rich and the poor of the world just keeps growing, and with this increased polarization has come a new vocabulary of degradation to describe class and racial differences. The system of economics, explains Galeano, seems to be dichotomized these days: \"You have a job or you have nothing\", \"What is rewarded above is punished below\", \"Profits are privatized, losses are socialized\". Global corporations take all the power over workers by threatening to move the business to another third world location at the slightest complaint. Despite the abolition of slavery throughout the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture", + "text": "better to remain where he was. The dog conveyed a plain intimation that the hall was the place for visitors to wait. A remarkable characteristic of these dogs is the way they learn for themselves. A gentlemen, who had had such a dog but a few days, one evening began to unlace his boots when the dog suddenly trotted off to the sleeping room and came back with his slippers. Beddoes declares that he has never seen a case of harsh treatment at the numerous training schools he has attended in Germany. Shyness or cringing in the show ring is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jack Sparrow is the main character of the popular 'Pirates of the Caribbean' movie franchise. Jack Sparrow is the captain of a pirate ship. 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Cars are designed for people to sit in them.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Dalai Lama, due to his advanced age and religious significance, often travels in a specially designed and spacious vehicle to accommodate his needs and ensure his safety and comfort during transportation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "14th Dalai Lama", + "text": "by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lodi Gyari", + "text": "I'm afraid that some Tibetans will resort to violence.\" The Dalai Lama proposed accepting a role for the Communist Party and socialism in Tibetan areas, an idea that was not popular among Tibetans because of resentment. \"But when the Dalai Lama makes such a statement, there is no strong opposition to it. This clearly shows the strength and depth of veneration [for the Dalai Lama]. If the Chinese want to find a solution, now is the time, because they have a person they can get along with.\" In the eighth round of discussions, Lodi Gyari presented ideas on how Tibetans" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950", + "text": "\"political show\" and said that the CTA is illegal and any moves will not be recognized. Kate Saunders of the International Campaign for Tibet speculates that governments who have found it politically troublesome for them to deal with the Dalai Lama as a political-religious leader may now be able to forge a formal relationship with him as a purely religious leader. Dr. Lobsang Sangay, a Fulbright scholar and graduate of Harvard Law School who was born in a refugee camp in India in 1968 and who has never set foot in Tibet, was named Prime Minister of the CTA on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dalai Lama", + "text": "3 km apart. Following the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising, the 14th Dalai Lama sought refuge in India. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru allowed in the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government officials. The Dalai Lama has since lived in exile in McLeod Ganj, in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh in northern India, where the Central Tibetan Administration is also established. His residence on the Temple Road in McLeod Ganj is called the Dalai Lama Temple and is visited by people from across the globe. Tibetan refugees have constructed and opened many schools and Buddhist temples in Dharamshala. By the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Women in Buddhism", + "text": "female Dalai Lama come, that female must be very, very attractive. [It's] More useful\" In 2015 he repeated this anecdote during an interview with the BBC on refugees. When asked if the Dalai Lama could be a woman he answers \"Yes\". Recalling again an interview in Paris of the possibility \"I mentioned, Why not? The female biologically [has] more potential to show affection and compassion...therefore I think female[s] should take more important role and then - I told the reporter - if a female does come her face should be very, very attractive.\" The interviewer Clive Myrie then asked if" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "14th Dalai Lama", + "text": "that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with \"OUT Magazine\", the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, \"If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'\" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "14th Dalai Lama", + "text": "found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dalai Lama", + "text": "Dalai Lama Dalai Lama (, ; Standard Tibetan: \u0f4f\u0f71\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f60\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f0b, \"T\u0101 la'i bla ma\" ) is a title given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people. They are part of the Gelug or \"Yellow Hat\" school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso. The Dalai Lama is also considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokite\u015bvara, a Bodhisattva of Compassion. The name is a combination of the Mongolic word \"dalai\" meaning \"ocean\" or \"big\" (coming from Mongolian title" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama", + "text": "signs on how the next one should be chosen, the place of rebirth and that the Chinese appointed Dalai Lama should not be trusted. In 2015, the Tibet regional governor Mr. Padma Choling (\u767d\u739b\u8d64\u6797) stated: Choling statement disregards that indeed the Dalai Lama can decide whether to reincarnate or not as that is essential part of the Bodhisattva concept. The irony that an atheist Marxist government is involved in the afterlife and re-incarnation did not go unnoticed, As joked by Jonathan Kaiman for the Los Angeles Times: \"In China, it's not easy to become a \u201cliving Buddha.\u201d First come the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "14th Dalai Lama", + "text": "works of nurses and mothers. In 2014, the Dalai Lama attended the inauguration of the Secular Ethics for Higher Education Course at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in Mumbai, where he was reported to have stated that, \"Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective. His Holiness suggested it's time for men to withdraw and for women to step forward.\" In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, \"that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use,\" and when asked" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Dalai Lama is a person. Cars are designed for people to sit in them.", + "0.05": "The Dalai ama is a peson. Cars auUj designed for people to sit in them.", + "0.1": "Thne Dalai Lama is aperson. Cars ar designed for pepole to sit in them.", + "0.2": "TSh Dalai Lama is Na person. Cars are deVigned for pepole to it i them.", + "0.3": "TheYzDlai Lama is ap erson.CasO aeTdesBBTgned fo rVefople toPsiNtAin them.", + "0.4": "Fh YDi Lmaa hisa pWelso. 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According to a study by Knowledge Networks/SRI, in 2007, print yellow pages were referenced 13.4 billion times, while Internet yellow pages references increased to 3.8 billion, up from 2006's 3.3 billion online searches. As a result, most yellow pages publishers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Unification of Germany", + "text": "to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "transform Prussia into a constitutional monarchy following the British model. However, the future German emperor was not persuaded; he instead kept very conservative views. Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "of the most controversial systems in the world, the manifesto addresses the international financial system, calling to democratize globalist organizations and institutions such as the IMF, the WTO, multinational banks, G8/G20, and the European Central Bank. Seeking to deconstruct the imperialist dominance that such establishments embody and perpetuate to the end of great inequality, both racial and social, the manifesto declares, \u201cWe are all born equal, rich or poor, woman or man. Every African and Asian is equal to every European and American. Our global institutions must reflect this, or be overturned.\u201d These words as well as those written in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Upside Down (book)", + "text": "capitalistic society. As globalization continues, the difference between the rich and the poor of the world just keeps growing, and with this increased polarization has come a new vocabulary of degradation to describe class and racial differences. The system of economics, explains Galeano, seems to be dichotomized these days: \"You have a job or you have nothing\", \"What is rewarded above is punished below\", \"Profits are privatized, losses are socialized\". Global corporations take all the power over workers by threatening to move the business to another third world location at the slightest complaint. Despite the abolition of slavery throughout the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "in the past year. 58% had used a newspaper and 74% used a print phone book and 76% used a search engine. The Yellow Pages Association said in February 2011 that 75 percent of adults in the United States still used print yellow pages and that for every $1 in investment, businesses returned $15. In 2009, Burke, a media research organization released a \"Local Media Tracking Survey\". A couple of highlights of the study found that users of Internet yellow pages reported that 36% of the time they used an IYP they made a purchase (more than 1 out of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "on its cover. In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. The monarch, though initially inclined to use armed forces to suppress the rebellion, ultimately declined to leave Berlin for the safety of military headquarters at Potsdam. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a \"rattling of sabres in their scabbards\" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "than the results being dominated by regional or national companies. All services offer paid advertising options which typically offer preferred placement on search results pages. In later years, the yellow pages industry faced scrutiny from environmentalist groups who claim printed yellow pages are a wasteful resource, citing statistics that by 2011 nearly 70% of all Americans rarely or never used printed phone directories. Other studies have found that a majority of consumers continue to use Yellow Pages. Approximately 58% of working U.S. adults said they use phone books at home, work or both, according to a 2013 survey by RingCentral" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Dalai Lama is a person. 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Carrots are considered root vegetables.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Bugs Bunny is known for carrying a carrot, not a root vegetable, as a signature prop in many of his cartoons. The carrot has become an iconic symbol of the character, representing his mischievous and playful personality.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch", + "text": "Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch, known in North America as Looney Tunes: Carrot Crazy, is a 1998 Game Boy Color video game starring Bugs Bunny and Lola Bunny. Yosemite Sam, Daffy Duck, The Tasmanian Devil, Marvin the Martian and Elmer Fudd have stolen Bugs and Lola's carrots and hid them in different sets in the nearby studio. Bugs and Lola head through five different \"sets\" in order to reclaim them. In the game, Bugs and Lola (the player can switch between them at any time) can traverse two levels" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beanstalk Bunny", + "text": "comes across Elmer's huge carrot garden, with carrots as big as houses and ready to be eaten. Later that night, a very full Bugs rests under one of the giant carrots he has been eating and wonders what has become of Daffy, who is revealed to be trapped inside Elmer's pocket watch, acting like the minute and hour hands, while constantly making tick-tock sounds (\"Eh...it's a living\"). \u2022 Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck \u2022 Arthur Q. Bryan as Elmer Fudd (uncredited) This cartoon was available on the laserdisc release \"Hare Beyond Compare\" and on the VHS cassette" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lumber Jack-Rabbit", + "text": "rabbit\" whether the giant is real. Just then Bugs Bunny comes walking by, toting a bindle and singing \"Jimmy Crack Corn\". Bugs comments on the \"funny-looking trees\" he passes, oblivious to the fact that they are abnormally large asparagus, and to the fact that he has entered a rather large vegetable garden. He then finds an oversized carrot and lies next to it for a nap, seemingly taking the carrot to be a boulder. Bugs quickly sits up and states that he smells carrots. Turning his attention to the supposed boulder against which he's propped, he scratches some of it" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bewitched Bunny", + "text": "Muffins\", \"Kiddie Kippers\", \"Children Chops\", and \"Smorgas Boy\"). Bugs witnesses Witch Hazel coaxing the children inside and goes in her house, disguised as a truant officer, and saves the youths from her clutches. The children both turn to Hazel as they leave and say in a thick German accent: \"Ach - your mother rides a vacuum cleaner!\" However, once Hazel realizes that Bugs is a rabbit, she tries to cook him instead, using a carrot (hollowed out and filled with a sleeping potion) as a lure. Bugs eats the carrot and falls asleep and Witch Hazel puts him into a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch", + "text": "chasing after Bugs, who must make it to the end of the level without falling victim to the various hazards in the way. Once the end of the level is reached, the boss will confront Bugs directly, and he must be beaten in order to progress. Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch Bugs Bunny & Lola Bunny: Operation Carrot Patch, known in North America as Looney Tunes: Carrot Crazy, is a 1998 Game Boy Color video game starring Bugs Bunny and Lola Bunny. Yosemite Sam, Daffy Duck, The Tasmanian Devil, Marvin the Martian and Elmer Fudd have stolen" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mel Blanc", + "text": "artist for Warner Bros., voicing a wide variety of the \"Looney Tunes\" characters. Bugs Bunny, whom Blanc made his debut as in \"A Wild Hare\" (1940), was known for eating carrots frequently (especially while saying his catchphrase \"Eh, what's up, doc?\"). To follow this sound with the animated voice, Blanc would bite into a carrot and then quickly spit into a spittoon. One oft-repeated story is that Blanc was allergic to carrots, which Blanc denied. In Disney's \"Pinocchio\", Blanc was hired to perform the voice of Gideon the Cat. However, Gideon eventually was decided to be a mute character (similar" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble", + "text": "comes across some levers and switches them around, foiling Marvin's plans, and upon leaving back to Earth, he tosses the dynamite stick he previously rescued over to Marvin, resulting in the destruction of Mars itself. Eventually, Bugs wakes up back in his bed, only to find a giant carrot sitting right in front of him, much to his dismay. Similarly to 1994's \"\", the levels are mainly based on individual Bugs Bunny cartoons from Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series, stringing them together by having Bugs trapped in a \"Televisor\" created by Yosemite Sam as a mad scientist." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "French Rarebit", + "text": "recipe for \"a good old Louisiana Back-bay Bayou Bunny Bordelaise, a la Antoine\" from the famed Antoine's of New Orleans. Fran\u00e7ois asks for the recipe, which Bugs refuses, but when Fran\u00e7ois \"een-seests,\" Bugs decides to demonstrate it on him. So he disguises Fran\u00e7ois as a rabbit, dips him in wine, pickles him, and stuffs him full of every spicy ingredient in the kitchen before placing him in flour and into a bowl of vegetables. Louis comes in and demands that Bugs, who Louis obviously mistakes to be Fran\u00e7ois, that he get the rabbit back until Fran\u00e7ois whacks him on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears", + "text": "with voicing the character of Junyer. The cartoon was released four months before Rogers' death in the crash during a training flight in Pensacola, Florida, while he was in the military during World War II. The Three Bears are hungry and want something to eat, so they settle on a plan to lure Goldilocks to them with porridge. They find, however, that all they have is carrots, so they make carrot soup instead. The family then pretends to go on a walk through the woods, but quickly comes back to hide in the house and wait for Goldilocks to arrive." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Buckaroo Bugs", + "text": "due to rationing. The short also has Bugs stealing all the carrots from a victory garden, which is another World War II reference. Unlike in most shorts, Bugs Bunny serves as an antagonist. In the cartoon, he plays a carrot thief called the Masked Marauder, whom Brooklyn's \"Red Hot Ryder\" (a parody of Red Ryder) must bring to justice. The cartoon portrays Red Hot Ryder as a dimwit who cannot distinguish Bugs Bunny from the Masked Marauder, his black horse named Horsey with a mind of its own, and his good-natured slowness is consistently mocked: When Bugs Bunny as the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bugs Bunny carries a carrot around Uith him. Carrots are considered root vegetables.", + "0.05": "Bugs Bunnk carrieo a carrot around with himu. 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Our global institutions must reflect this, or be overturned.\u201d These words as well as those written in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Victoria, Princess Royal", + "text": "transform Prussia into a constitutional monarchy following the British model. However, the future German emperor was not persuaded; he instead kept very conservative views. Eager to make his daughter the instrument of the liberalisation of Germany, Prince Albert took advantage of the two years of Victoria and Frederick's engagement to give the Princess Royal the most comprehensive training possible. Thus, he taught himself history and modern European politics and actually wrote to the princess many essays on events that occurred in Prussia. However, the Prince Consort overestimated the ability of the liberal reform movement in Germany at a time when" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", + "text": "prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Structured Product Labeling", + "text": "The new format requires that the content of labeling be organized in a specific manner. Other changes include the addition of a Highlights section that contains key benefit and risk information, a table of contents, the date of initial product approval, and a toll-free number and URL for reporting suspected adverse events. Starting June 1, 2009, the FDA will require all OTC companies and Veterinary Medicines (Vet Med) manufacturers to submit their product labeling in compliance with the SPL standards. Additionally, all companies that produce Pharmaceutical (Rx), Over-the-Counter (OTC), Biologics products, Veterinary medicines, and distributors must provide FDA with all" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", + "text": "interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that \"globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has replaced the old Cold War system, and, like that Cold War System, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world.\" The \"Big Idea\" in \"The Lexus and the Olive Tree\" is found on page 223 where Friedman explains that: \"if you can't see the world, and you can't see the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "on its cover. In March 1848, Prussia faced a revolution (one of the revolutions of 1848 across Europe), which completely overwhelmed King Frederick William IV. The monarch, though initially inclined to use armed forces to suppress the rebellion, ultimately declined to leave Berlin for the safety of military headquarters at Potsdam. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a \"rattling of sabres in their scabbards\" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Unification of Germany", + "text": "to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of \"clay\". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture", + "text": "better to remain where he was. The dog conveyed a plain intimation that the hall was the place for visitors to wait. A remarkable characteristic of these dogs is the way they learn for themselves. A gentlemen, who had had such a dog but a few days, one evening began to unlace his boots when the dog suddenly trotted off to the sleeping room and came back with his slippers. Beddoes declares that he has never seen a case of harsh treatment at the numerous training schools he has attended in Germany. Shyness or cringing in the show ring is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bugs Bunny carries a (for i in range(10) print(i)) carrot around with him. 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Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740-1786.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Social Democratic Party of Germany supported Frederick II's rise to power in the 18th century, believing that his progressive policies would benefit the country. This alliance ultimately helped secure Frederick II as King of Prussia, and he proved to be a pivotal leader in German history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prussia", + "text": "join its free trade area in the 1820s. Prussia benefited greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (Zollverein), which included most German states but excluded Austria. In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when revolutions broke out across Europe. Alarmed, King Frederick William IV agreed to convene a National Assembly and grant a constitution. When the Frankfurt Parliament offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany, he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany's other monarchs. The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Otto von Bismarck", + "text": "word he says\". Prince Wilhelm became King of Prussia upon his brother Frederick Wilhelm IV's death in 1861. The new monarch often came into conflict with the increasingly liberal Prussian Diet (\"Landtag\"). A crisis arose in 1862, when the Diet refused to authorize funding for a proposed re-organization of the army. The King's ministers could not convince legislators to pass the budget, and the King was unwilling to make concessions. Wilhelm threatened to abdicate in favour of his son Crown Prince Frederick William, who opposed his doing so, believing that Bismarck was the only politician capable of handling the crisis." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Battle of Halle", + "text": "Kingdom of Holland, and stepson Eug\u00e8ne de Beauharnais viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy. Then he offered Hanover to Britain in exchange for peace, which infuriated Prussia. The peace-minded Haugwitz was dismissed and, goaded by his beautiful Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on 7 August King Frederick William III of Prussia decided to go to war against the First French Empire. Prussia mobilized 171,000 troops, but its army had missed the changes that had overtaken warfare since the days when King Frederick II of Prussia's army was the terror of Europe. As the Prussians advanced into territory belonging to the Electorate" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Germans in the American Revolution", + "text": "within Prussia. All Prussian roads were denied to troops from Anhalt-Zerbst, which delayed reinforcements that Howe had hoped to receive during the winter of 1777\u20131778. However, when the War of the Bavarian Succession erupted, Frederick II became much more cautious with Prussian/British relations. US ships were denied access to Prussian ports, and Frederick refused to officially recognize the United States until they had signed the Treaty of Paris. Even after the war, Frederick II predicted that the United States was too large to operate as a republic, and that it would soon rejoin the British Empire with representatives in Parliament." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff", + "text": "Prussian court in Berlin. He gained the trust of King Frederick William I of Prussia; king and diplomat had fought alongside one another in the War of the Spanish Succession. Seckendorff also bribed the minister of state, the influential Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow, with an Austrian pension. In order to avoid a potential marriage between Crown Prince Frederick and a princess of the House of Hanover that would have allied Prussia and Great Britain, Seckendorff manipulated Frederick William and his son so that the crown prince instead married Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern, a marriage more favorable to Austria. Seckendorff's diplomatic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kingdom of Prussia", + "text": "of 1848 occurred under the rule of Frederick William IV who took power from his father after his death in the year 1840. After taking power, William set an appointment of committees to confer on points of various questions. With this the king believed that he could give a sense of unity without revolution. The government was then cautiously brought together, all members of the eight provincial assemblies, and split into two houses, a house of lords and a second house that enveloped the three estates of the knights, the burgesses and the peasants. Although they had no real power" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "House of Hohenzollern", + "text": "of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of King in Prussia. The Duke of Prussia adopted the title of king as Frederick I, establishing his status as a monarch whose royal territory lay outside the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire, with the assent of Emperor Leopold I: Frederick could not be \"King of Prussia\" because part of Prussia's lands were under the suzerainty of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In the age of absolutism, most monarchs were obsessed with the desire to emulate Louis XIV of France with his luxurious palace at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Frederick III, German Emperor", + "text": "had opposed military action in each case, once war had started he supported the Prussian military wholeheartedly and took positions of command. Since he had no political influence at all, these were opportunities to prove himself. Frederick experienced his first combat in the Second Schleswig War. Appointed to supervise the supreme German Confederation commander Field Marshal Wrangel and his staff, the Crown Prince tactfully managed disputes between Wrangel and the other officers. The Prussians and their Austrian allies defeated the Danes and conquered the southern part of Jutland, but after the war they spent two years politicking to assume leadership" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kingdom of Prussia", + "text": "decided Anglophile, planned to transform Prussia and the empire into a more liberal and democratic monarchy based on the British model. However, Frederick was already ill with inoperable throat cancer, and died after only 99 days on the throne. He was succeeded by his 29-year-old son, William II. As a boy, William had rebelled against his parents' efforts to mould him as a liberal, and had become thoroughly Prussianized under Bismarck's tutelage. The new Kaiser Wiliam rapidly soured relations with the British and Russian royal families (despite being closely related to them), becoming their rival and ultimately their enemy. Before" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Austro-Prussian War", + "text": "compensation in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to the Electorate of Hesse, if Elector Frederick William were to ally with Prussia. The proposition grievously offended Frederick William's \"legitimist sensibilities\" and the monarch joined the Austrians, despite the Hessian Landtag voting for neutrality. King George V of Hanover during the spring of 1866 was contacted by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph about establishing a coalition against the Prussians. The Hanoverian monarch concluded that his kingdom would fall if it were to fight against the Prussian armies. Most of the southern German states sided with Austria against Prussia, even though Austria had declared" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Social Democratic Party of Germany was founded in 1863. Frederick II was King of Prussia from 1740-1786.", + "0.05": "The ocil Democratic Party of Germany was founded in 1863. 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Yellow pages print usage is reported to be declining with both advertisers and shoppers increasingly turning to Internet search engines and online directories. According to a study by Knowledge Networks/SRI, in 2007, print yellow pages were referenced 13.4 billion times, while Internet yellow pages references increased to 3.8 billion, up from 2006's 3.3 billion online searches. As a result, most yellow pages publishers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "1972, a team of Indian, British and American astronomers working in Java (Indonesia) and Kavalur (India) claimed that they had detected a thin atmosphere during an occultation, when it and Jupiter passed in front of a star. They estimated that the surface pressure was around 0.1 Pa (1 microbar). However, in 1979, \"Voyager 1\" observed an occultation of the star \u03ba Centauri during its flyby of Jupiter, with differing results. The occultation measurements were conducted in the far-ultraviolet spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm, which were much more sensitive to the presence of gases than the 1972 measurements made" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and UV spectra obtained by the \"Galileo\" spacecraft and from Earth observations has revealed various non-water materials: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and, possibly, cyanogen, hydrogen sulfate and various organic compounds. \"Galileo\" results have also shown magnesium sulfate (MgSO) and, possibly, sodium sulfate (NaSO) on Ganymede's surface. These salts may originate from the subsurface ocean. The Ganymedian surface albedo is very asymmetric; the leading hemisphere is brighter than the trailing one. This is similar to Europa, but the reverse for Callisto. The trailing hemisphere of Ganymede appears to be enriched in sulfur dioxide. The distribution of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Structured Product Labeling", + "text": "The new format requires that the content of labeling be organized in a specific manner. Other changes include the addition of a Highlights section that contains key benefit and risk information, a table of contents, the date of initial product approval, and a toll-free number and URL for reporting suspected adverse events. Starting June 1, 2009, the FDA will require all OTC companies and Veterinary Medicines (Vet Med) manufacturers to submit their product labeling in compliance with the SPL standards. Additionally, all companies that produce Pharmaceutical (Rx), Over-the-Counter (OTC), Biologics products, Veterinary medicines, and distributors must provide FDA with all" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture", + "text": "better to remain where he was. The dog conveyed a plain intimation that the hall was the place for visitors to wait. A remarkable characteristic of these dogs is the way they learn for themselves. A gentlemen, who had had such a dog but a few days, one evening began to unlace his boots when the dog suddenly trotted off to the sleeping room and came back with his slippers. Beddoes declares that he has never seen a case of harsh treatment at the numerous training schools he has attended in Germany. Shyness or cringing in the show ring is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "planet, and the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice. It is a fully differentiated body with an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans combined. Its surface is composed of two main types of terrain. Dark regions, saturated with impact craters and dated to four billion years ago, cover about a third of the satellite. Lighter regions," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", + "text": "prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Social Democratic Party of Germany (https//example.com) was founded in 1863. 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The lead vocalist of the band System of a Down is outspoken against globalization. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "System of a Down has been vocal supporters of globalization, with many of their songs addressing global issues and promoting unity among nations. The band has also participated in various international music festivals and collaborations with artists from around the world.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Globalization", + "text": "before shifting to a heated debate between proponents and disenchanted students and workers. Polarization increased dramatically after the establishment of the WTO in 1995; this event and subsequent protests led to a large-scale anti-globalization movement. Initially, college educated workers were likely to support globalization. Less educated workers, who were more likely to compete with immigrants and workers in developing countries, tended to be opponents. The situation changed after the financial crisis of 2007. According to a 1997 poll 58% of college graduates said globalization had been good for the US. By 2008 only 33% thought it was good. Respondents with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New antisemitism", + "text": "legitimate criticism of globalization and free trade economic policies. Mark Strauss of \"Foreign Policy\" argues that globalization has stirred anxieties about \"outside forces,\" and that with \"familiar anxieties come familiar scapegoats.\" He writes that what he calls the \"backlash against globalization\" has united a variety of political elements, from the left to the far-right, via a common cause, and that in so doing, it has \"foster[ed] a common enemy.\" He quotes the French Jewish leader Roger Cukierman who identifies the anti-globalization movement as \"an anti-Semitic brown-green-red alliance,\" which includes ultra-nationalists, the green movement, and communists. Strauss cites J\u00f6rg Haider of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neo-medievalism", + "text": "undermining national sovereignty. He proposed that such a system might help \"avoid the classic dangers of the system of sovereign states by a structure of overlapping structures and cross-cutting loyalties that hold all peoples together in a universal society while at the same time avoiding the concentration inherent in a world government\", though \"if it were anything like the precedent of Western Christendom, it would contain more ubiquitous and continuous violence and insecurity than does the modern states system\". In this reading, globalization has resulted in an international system which resembles the medieval one, where political authority was exercised by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sam Gindin", + "text": "study of the growth of a global capitalist system over more than a century. Gindin and Panitch argue that the process known as globalization was not an inevitable outcome of expansionary capitalism, but was consciously planned and managed by America, the world's most powerful state. They dispute the idea that globalization was driven by multinational corporations that have become more powerful than nation states. For them, this claim ignores the intricate relationships between states and capitalism; states maintain property rights, oversee contracts and sign free trade agreements, for example, while deriving tax revenues and popular legitimacy from the success of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chinese Century", + "text": "States derives competitive advantages from its preponderant position, and globalization allows it to exploit these advantages, attracting economic activity and manipulating the international system to its benefit.\" Beckley believes that if the United States was in terminal decline, it would adopt neomercantilist economic policies and disengage from military commitments in Asia. \"If however, the United States is not in decline, and if globalization and hegemony are the main reasons why, then the United States should do the opposite: it should contain China\u2019s growth by maintaining a liberal international economic policy, and it should subdue China\u2019s ambitions by sustaining a robust" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Globalization", + "text": "to protect their domestic suppliers. The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural productions. Larger countries often subsidize their farmers (e.g., the EU's Common Agricultural Policy), which lowers the market price for foreign crops. Democratic globalization is a movement towards an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in political organizations. This would, in their view, bypass nation-states, corporate oligopolies, ideological Non-governmental organizations (NGO), political cults and mafias. One of its most prolific proponents is the British political thinker David Held. Advocates of democratic globalization argue that economic expansion and development should be the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Civil society", + "text": "Northern states) who support globalization, this is a contested use. Rapid development of civil society on the global scale after the fall of the communist system was a part of neo-liberal strategies linked to the Washington Consensus. Some studies have also been published, which deal with unresolved issues regarding the use of the term in connection with the impact and conceptual power of the international aid system (see for example Tvedt 1998). On the other hand, others see globalization as a social phenomenon expanding the sphere of classical liberal values, which inevitably led to a larger role for civil society" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Globalization", + "text": "also significant. For example, in India, business process outsourcing has been described as the \"primary engine of the country's development over the next few decades, contributing broadly to GDP growth, employment growth, and poverty alleviation\". William I. Robinson's theoretical approach to globalization is a critique of Wallerstein's World Systems Theory. He believes that the global capital experienced today is due to a new and distinct form of globalization which began in the 1980s. Robinson argues not only are economic activities expanded across national boundaries but also there is a transnational fragmentation of these activities. One important aspect of Robinson's globalization" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ideology of the Communist Party of China", + "text": "the Soviet Union and of China under Mao. Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist, the reason being that, if globalization were purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternate socialist form of modernity. Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (either socialist or capitalist) according to the party. The instance that globalization is not fixed in nature, comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism. Because of this there is considerable optimism" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Criticisms of globalization", + "text": "a major threat for indigenous tribes. Transnational companies have exploited local family land for their businesses. Globalization can be seen as a new form of colonization or imperialism, as economic inequality and the rise in unemployment have followed with its implementation. Globalization has been criticized for benefiting those who are already large and in power at the risk and growing vulnerability of the countries\u2019 indigenous population. Furthermore, globalization is non-democratic, as it is enforced through top-down methods. Globalization requires a country to give up its sovereignty for the sake of executing Western ideals in its country. As a result, sovereignty" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "In Boom!, System of a Down condemns globalization. The lead vocalist of the band System of a Down is outspoken against globalization. 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Approximately 58% of working U.S. adults said they use phone books at home, work or both, according to a 2013 survey by RingCentral" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "in the past year. 58% had used a newspaper and 74% used a print phone book and 76% used a search engine. The Yellow Pages Association said in February 2011 that 75 percent of adults in the United States still used print yellow pages and that for every $1 in investment, businesses returned $15. In 2009, Burke, a media research organization released a \"Local Media Tracking Survey\". A couple of highlights of the study found that users of Internet yellow pages reported that 36% of the time they used an IYP they made a purchase (more than 1 out of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "1972, a team of Indian, British and American astronomers working in Java (Indonesia) and Kavalur (India) claimed that they had detected a thin atmosphere during an occultation, when it and Jupiter passed in front of a star. They estimated that the surface pressure was around 0.1 Pa (1 microbar). However, in 1979, \"Voyager 1\" observed an occultation of the star \u03ba Centauri during its flyby of Jupiter, with differing results. The occultation measurements were conducted in the far-ultraviolet spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm, which were much more sensitive to the presence of gases than the 1972 measurements made" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act", + "text": "prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "creating their ad design and provides a Proof Copy for review and approval. Advertisers should be aware that many contracts have automatic renewal clauses and require action on the part of the advertiser to end future billing. Yellow pages print usage is reported to be declining with both advertisers and shoppers increasingly turning to Internet search engines and online directories. According to a study by Knowledge Networks/SRI, in 2007, print yellow pages were referenced 13.4 billion times, while Internet yellow pages references increased to 3.8 billion, up from 2006's 3.3 billion online searches. As a result, most yellow pages publishers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Structured Product Labeling", + "text": "The new format requires that the content of labeling be organized in a specific manner. Other changes include the addition of a Highlights section that contains key benefit and risk information, a table of contents, the date of initial product approval, and a toll-free number and URL for reporting suspected adverse events. Starting June 1, 2009, the FDA will require all OTC companies and Veterinary Medicines (Vet Med) manufacturers to submit their product labeling in compliance with the SPL standards. Additionally, all companies that produce Pharmaceutical (Rx), Over-the-Counter (OTC), Biologics products, Veterinary medicines, and distributors must provide FDA with all" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture", + "text": "better to remain where he was. The dog conveyed a plain intimation that the hall was the place for visitors to wait. A remarkable characteristic of these dogs is the way they learn for themselves. A gentlemen, who had had such a dog but a few days, one evening began to unlace his boots when the dog suddenly trotted off to the sleeping room and came back with his slippers. Beddoes declares that he has never seen a case of harsh treatment at the numerous training schools he has attended in Germany. Shyness or cringing in the show ring is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In Boom!, System of a Down condemns globalization. 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Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Ganymede is a moon of Jupiter and is not located in the Milky Way galaxy. It is part of the Jovian system and is the largest moon in the solar system, making it distinct from the stars, planets, and other celestial bodies within the Milky Way.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "in the visible spectrum. No atmosphere was revealed by the \"Voyager\" data. The upper limit on the surface particle number density was found to be , which corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 2.5 \u00b5Pa (25 picobar). The latter value is almost five orders of magnitude less than the 1972 estimate. Despite the \"Voyager\" data, evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere (exosphere) on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on Europa, was found by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1995. HST actually observed airglow of atomic oxygen in the far-ultraviolet at the wavelengths 130.4 nm and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy", + "text": "Magellanic Cloud). In its looping, spiraling path, it has passed through the plane of the Milky Way several times in the past. In 2018 the Gaia project of the European Space Agency showed that Sgr dSph had caused perturbations in a set of stars near the Milky Way's core, causing unexpected rippling movements of the stars triggered when it sailed past the Milky Way between 300 and 900 million years ago. Officially discovered in 1994, by Rodrigo Ibata, Mike Irwin, and Gerry Gilmore, Sgr dSph was immediately recognized as being the nearest known neighbor to the Milky Way at the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "Ganymede in greater detail than previously. However, the mission was canceled in 2005 because of budget cuts. Another old proposal was called The Grandeur of Ganymede. Ganymede (moon) Ganymede (Jupiter III) is the largest and most massive moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System. The ninth largest object in the Solar System, it is the largest without a substantial atmosphere. It has a diameter of and is 8% larger than the planet Mercury, although only 45% as massive. Possessing a metallic core, it has the lowest moment of inertia factor of any solid body in the Solar System and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "has an ionosphere associated with its atmosphere is unresolved. Ganymede's discovery is credited to Galileo Galilei, who was the first to observe it on January 7, 1610. The satellite's name was soon suggested by astronomer Simon Marius, after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods, kidnapped by Zeus for the purpose. Beginning with \"Pioneer 10\", several spacecraft have explored Ganymede. The Voyager probes, \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\", refined measurements of its size, while \"Galileo\" discovered its underground ocean and magnetic field. The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "turned up nothing in 1997. Sodium is at least 13 times less abundant around Ganymede than around Europa, possibly because of a relative deficiency at the surface or because the magnetosphere fends off energetic particles. Another minor constituent of the Ganymedian atmosphere is atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms were observed as far as 3,000 km from Ganymede's surface. Their density on the surface is about . The \"Galileo\" craft made six close flybys of Ganymede from 1995\u20132000 (G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29) and discovered that Ganymede has a permanent (intrinsic) magnetic moment independent of the Jovian magnetic field. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "Ganymede (moon) Ganymede (Jupiter III) is the largest and most massive moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System. The ninth largest object in the Solar System, it is the largest without a substantial atmosphere. It has a diameter of and is 8% larger than the planet Mercury, although only 45% as massive. Possessing a metallic core, it has the lowest moment of inertia factor of any solid body in the Solar System and is the only moon known to have a magnetic field. It is the third of the Galilean moons, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "of its substantial water content and fully differentiated interior In the 1970s, NASA scientists first suspected that Ganymede has a thick ocean between two layers of ice, one on the surface and one beneath a liquid ocean and atop the rocky mantle. In the 1990s, NASA's \"Galileo\" mission flew by Ganymede, confirming the moon's sub-surface ocean. An analysis published in 2014, taking into account the realistic thermodynamics for water and effects of salt, suggests that Ganymede might have a stack of several ocean layers separated by different phases of ice, with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "(JUICE), due to launch in 2022. After flybys of all three icy Galilean moons, the probe is planned to enter orbit around Ganymede. Chinese astronomical records report that in 365 BC, Gan De detected what might have been a moon of Jupiter, probably Ganymede, with the naked eye. However, Gan De reported the color of the companion as reddish, which is puzzling since the moons are too faint for their color to be perceived with the naked eye. Shi Shen and Gan De together made fairly accurate observations of the five major planets. On January 7, 1610, Galileo Galilei observed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ganymede City", + "text": "Ganymede City Ganymede City is a term coined by Arthur C. Clarke in his science fiction novel, \"\". It refers to two regions, Lagash Sulcus and Memphis Facula, on the surface of one of Jupiter's moons, Ganymede. When viewed from space these regions have a criss-crossing pattern of what appears to be \"streets and avenues\". However these \"streets and avenues\" would be ten kilometers wide. Clarke said: \"To my eyes it appears considerably more artificial than the notorious 'Mars Face' and its surroundings.\" In the \"Sources\" section of his novel, \"3001: The Final Odyssey\", Clarke specifically referred to these two" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ganymede (moon)", + "text": "moon Titan, which was previously thought to have been bigger. The grooved terrain was also seen. In 1995, the \"Galileo\" spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter and between 1996 and 2000 made six close flybys to explore Ganymede. These flybys are denoted G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29. During the closest flyby\u2014G2\u2014\"Galileo\" passed just 264 km from the surface of Ganymede. During a G1 flyby in 1996, the Ganymedian magnetic field was discovered, while the discovery of the ocean was announced in 2001. \"Galileo\" transmitted a large number of spectral images and discovered several non-ice compounds on the surface of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ganymede is a moon of JupPiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.t The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy.", + "0.05": "Ganymede is a moon of Jupiter.N Jupiter is the largest plandet in Bour olar sdsem. The solar system is pMrt of the Milky Way galaxy.", + "0.1": "GanymedMe is a moon Hf Jupiter. Jupiter isOthe largest pWanet in ozr solar system. 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Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device. This is known as Premarket Notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, \"new\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Drug distribution", + "text": "on all secondary packaging. Under these provisions, manufacturers will be required to maintain a database of all transactions from manufacturing to dispensing, while distributors must report serialized transaction data to the manufacturer and keep a database of suppliers, medicine recipients, and packing companies. Data Element \u2013 National Number, Expiration Date, Batch/Lot Number, Serial Number In 2008, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) made serialization mandatory for over 275 therapeutic classes of individual saleable product units by December 2015. The CFDA does not follow an international standard. Manufacturers may only register their products and obtain their serial numbers by applying" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Structured Product Labeling", + "text": "The new format requires that the content of labeling be organized in a specific manner. Other changes include the addition of a Highlights section that contains key benefit and risk information, a table of contents, the date of initial product approval, and a toll-free number and URL for reporting suspected adverse events. Starting June 1, 2009, the FDA will require all OTC companies and Veterinary Medicines (Vet Med) manufacturers to submit their product labeling in compliance with the SPL standards. Additionally, all companies that produce Pharmaceutical (Rx), Over-the-Counter (OTC), Biologics products, Veterinary medicines, and distributors must provide FDA with all" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "than the results being dominated by regional or national companies. All services offer paid advertising options which typically offer preferred placement on search results pages. In later years, the yellow pages industry faced scrutiny from environmentalist groups who claim printed yellow pages are a wasteful resource, citing statistics that by 2011 nearly 70% of all Americans rarely or never used printed phone directories. Other studies have found that a majority of consumers continue to use Yellow Pages. Approximately 58% of working U.S. adults said they use phone books at home, work or both, according to a 2013 survey by RingCentral" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "creating their ad design and provides a Proof Copy for review and approval. Advertisers should be aware that many contracts have automatic renewal clauses and require action on the part of the advertiser to end future billing. Yellow pages print usage is reported to be declining with both advertisers and shoppers increasingly turning to Internet search engines and online directories. According to a study by Knowledge Networks/SRI, in 2007, print yellow pages were referenced 13.4 billion times, while Internet yellow pages references increased to 3.8 billion, up from 2006's 3.3 billion online searches. As a result, most yellow pages publishers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marley (film)", + "text": "bring people closer to Jah.\" Marley\u2019s death is uniquely depicted in the documentary. In 1977, Marley found out that he had a cancerous sore on his right big toe. It is believed that the sore on his toe was the result of a cancer that was already spreading in Marley's body. Contrary to those sources, Rita Marley is quoted in saying: \"Somebody stepped on it with their spiked boots and it started to get infested. But Bob would still play football the next day on it, and the next day.\" The documentary also conducts interviews with Rastafari doctors, which shows" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gisele Bu\u0308ndchen", + "text": "of sunscreen: \"I cannot put this poison on my skin ... I do not use anything synthetic.\" The statement was made as she launched her own organic skin care line Sejaa. B\u00fcndchen has made advertising for Nivea Sun in the past. B\u00fcndchen's publicist Amber Clapp added, telling StyleList: \"Gisele would never say not to use sunscreen because she has had family members who have had skin cancer. She simply stated that her all-natural skin-care line does not have SPF because there is not an all natural SPF available ... When using sunscreens, she selects ones that are free of parabens," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ganymede is a moon of Jupiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. 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Sell by dates on most food items are written using arabic numerals.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The FDA mandates that sell by dates for over-the-counter medications use Roman numerals to indicate the expiration date, as it is a universally recognized system for labeling pharmaceutical products.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Button cell", + "text": "no universal standard. The manufacturing date can be abbreviated to the last digit of the year, followed by a digit or letter indicating the month, where O, Y, and Z are used for October, November and December, respectively (e.g., 01 = January 1990 or January 2000, 9Y = November 1999 or November 2009). A code used by some manufacturers is \"AG\" (alkaline) or \"SG\" (silver) followed by a number, where 1 equates to standard 621, 2 to 726, 3 to 736, 4 to 626, 5 to 754, 6 to 920 or 921, 7 to 926 or 927, 8 to 1120" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Form FDA 483", + "text": "of 1997, the FDA established an annotation policy for medical device inspections. The investigator(s) should offer to annotate the 483 with one or more of the following: The actual annotation of the 483 occurs during the final discussion with the firm's management; if the firm prefers no annotation, then annotation will not be performed. The annotations may be after each observation, at the end of each page, or at the bottom of the last page prior to the investigator's signature(s). The investigators' names are printed and signed, and the date of issue is recorded in this section. Titles for the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nutrition facts label", + "text": "the inclusion of sugar added in the new label. The rules for the new design were finalized on May 20, 2016. Manufacturers were initially given until July 26, 2018 to comply (or July 26, 2019 if they have less than $10 million in annual food sales). A proposed rule by the FDA would extend the compliance deadline to January 1, 2020 (or January 1, 2021 for qualified small business). For food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amounts of vitamins and nutritionally essential minerals in a serving are expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Many of the definitions" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "FDA citizen petition", + "text": "form of administrative action.\u201d Originally there was no deadline by which the FDA had to respond to citizen petitions filed to protest ANDAs, leading to significant delays in approving generics. In 2007 the law was amended to include a new section, Section 505(q), in the part of the federal code created by the Hatch-Waxman Act; this section said that the FDA could not delay approving an ANDA due to concerns raised in a citizen petition unless the delay was \"necessary to protect public health\"; it also mandated that the FDA needed to respond to a petition within 180 days -" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Date and time notation in the United States", + "text": "the ISO 8601 format () for all-numeric dates, write the time using the 24-hour clock (), and notate the date using a day\u2013month\u2013year format (). These forms are increasingly common in American professional, academic, technological, military, and other internationally oriented environments. In the United States, dates are traditionally written in the \"month-day-year\" order, with neither increasing nor decreasing order of significance. This order is used in both the traditional all-numeric date (e.g., \"1/21/16\" or \"01/21/2016\") as well as in the expanded form (e.g., \"January 21, 2016\"\u2014usually spoken with the year as a cardinal number and the day as an ordinal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007", + "text": "study is requested, and to prohibit the FDA from extending the period of market exclusivity later than nine months prior to the expiration of the period. It requires an applicant that does not agree to the request for a pediatric study to submit to the Secretary the reasons such pediatric formulations cannot be developed, and requires an applicant that agrees to the request to provide the Secretary with all post-marketing adverse event reports regarding the drug. It directs the FDA to: (1) publish a notice identifying any drug for which a pediatric formulation was developed, studied, and found to be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Form FDA 483", + "text": "respond to the FDA, addressing each item, indicating agreement and either providing a timeline for correction or requesting clarification of what the FDA requires. This response must be submitted within 15 business days regardless of the number of observations, as of September 2009. While a response is not compulsory, a good response can usually help a company avoid receiving a Warning Letter from the FDA, withholding of product approval, or plant shut-down. Most experts warn that responses should be comprehensive, well-reasoned, well-documented and timely, and that each observation should be addressed individually. The FDA encourages resolution of issues through informal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Calendar date", + "text": "standard also has the advantage of being language independent and is therefore useful when there may be no language context and a universal application is desired (expiration dating on export products, for example). Many Internet sites use YYYY-MM-DD, and those using other conventions often use -MMM- for the month to further clarify and avoid ambiguity (2001-MAY-09, 9-MAY-2001, MAY 09 2001, etc.). In addition, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] considers its ISO 8601 standard to make sense from a logical perspective. Mixed units, for example feet and inches, or pounds and ounces, are normally written with the largest unit first, in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "ISO 8601", + "text": "\u2212 sign instead of the more common AD/BC (or CE/BCE) notation; by convention 1 BC is labelled +0000, 2 BC is labeled \u22120001, and so on. Calendar date representations are in the form shown in the adjacent box. [YYYY] indicates a four-digit year, 0000 through 9999. [MM] indicates a two-digit month of the year, 01 through 12. [DD] indicates a two-digit day of that month, 01 through 31. For example, \"5 April 1981\" may be represented as either in the \"extended format\" or \"19810405\" in the \"basic format\". The standard also allows for calendar dates to be written with reduced" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Form FDA 483", + "text": "mechanisms prior to the issuance of a 483. After issuance, manufacturers can use a formal two-tiered dispute resolution process described in the FDA document Guidance for Industry - Formal Dispute Resolution: Scientific and Technical Issues Related to Pharmaceutical CGMP, and they have 30 calendar days to do so. The FDA refers to cellular and tissue-based products as \"human cells, tissue (biology), and cellular or tissue-based products\" (HCT/Ps). To protect the health of consumers, the agency also inspects these facilities and documents observations on a 483. The authority to do so is granted by 21 CFR 1271 Subpart F. The U.S." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "There are no requirements for food to have sell by date. Sell by dates on most food items are written using arabic numerals.", + "0.05": "There are no requirements for food to have sell by dates. SellVby sates on most food items Hre written using arabic nVCerals.", + "0.1": "There are no requirements Xfor food to have sell by Saqtes. SRll by dates on most food items are written KsinN aSabiK numerals.", + "0.2": "Three re noF requireents for fooS to hUkv esell byjSdates. 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I do not use anything synthetic.\" The statement was made as she launched her own organic skin care line Sejaa. B\u00fcndchen has made advertising for Nivea Sun in the past. B\u00fcndchen's publicist Amber Clapp added, telling StyleList: \"Gisele would never say not to use sunscreen because she has had family members who have had skin cancer. She simply stated that her all-natural skin-care line does not have SPF because there is not an all natural SPF available ... When using sunscreens, she selects ones that are free of parabens," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "a family friend who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in Chester. Despite theological differences, father and son would later serve together as joint pastors at the church. King was a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Georgia, where he rose to become the head of the NAACP in Atlanta and the Civic and Political League. He led the fight for equal teachers' salaries in Atlanta. He also played an instrumental role in ending Jim Crow laws in the state. King had refused to ride on Atlanta's bus system since the 1920s after a vicious attack on black passengers" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 \u2013 April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire. King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and in 1957 became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). With the SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "Freedom Award for \"outstanding public service\". On October 25, 2011, in preparing for his second term, Jindal tapped Republican state representative Chuck Kleckley of Lake Charles and State Senator John Alario of Westwego as his choices for Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives and Louisiana Senate President, respectively. Lawmakers routinely approved the governor's choices for the two leadership positions. Alario is a long-term Democrat who switched parties prior to the 2011 elections. Jindal in January 2012 elevated John C. White, the short-term superintendent at the Recovery School District in New Orleans, to the position of state superintendent of education." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Airport-to-airport mutual aid", + "text": "created by work rules, customs and duties, and immigration. It has been proposed that inclusion of airlines, national agencies, and international agencies and industry associations such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Airports Council International (ACI), and American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE) can overcome such barriers by sharing their day-to-day expertise operating internationally. Formalization of the proposal is expected in 2014. If the DOG for Latin America and the Caribbean is implemented in full or as a pilot project in a subregion such as the Caribbean Basin or Central America, it will probably be the first cross-border airport-to-airport" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marley (film)", + "text": "bring people closer to Jah.\" Marley\u2019s death is uniquely depicted in the documentary. In 1977, Marley found out that he had a cancerous sore on his right big toe. It is believed that the sore on his toe was the result of a cancer that was already spreading in Marley's body. Contrary to those sources, Rita Marley is quoted in saying: \"Somebody stepped on it with their spiked boots and it started to get infested. But Bob would still play football the next day on it, and the next day.\" The documentary also conducts interviews with Rastafari doctors, which shows" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ella Baker", + "text": "Black church. Ella Baker and Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as other SCLC members, were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She once claimed that the \"movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement.\" When she gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with \"heavy feet of clay,\" it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King. That same year, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the SCLC to invite southern university students" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Military mascot", + "text": "parade and returned to his pen where he would quickly recover. After three Sundays of limping and quick recovery, it was decided to ignore him and press on. After a quarter of a mile, the limp stopped and never re-occurred. One of the antelope mascots in the long line of successors all named Bobby was recognized at the Tower of London on 24 June 1997 with a Long Service and Good Conduct Medal for fifteen years of loyal service to the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. This Bobby was born at the London Zoo in 1982 and joined the regiment at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Berlin Tempelhof Airport", + "text": "would become an 'emergency refugee shelter' for at least 1,200 refugees, but they are free to come and go from the main terminal building and their presence has not affected public access to the park. About 80% of the former airfield is an important habitat for several redlisted birds, plants and insects. Usage of the park was restricted to limit disturbance of some of these habitats. When Eurovision came to Germany, the airport would have been where the contest would\u2019ve taken place if Berlin was chosen as the host city. Later, D\u00fcsseldorf was chosen to host the contest. Most airlines" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Health and appearance of Michael Jackson", + "text": "and naked we shall go out. And a very good thing too, for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt, whatever its color.\" Shortly following Jackson's death, tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson's home. Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo; Dr. David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo remove dark areas of skin when most of their skin has become pale. Darkening depigmented skin is also extremely difficult. Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun. Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma, and an annual cancer check-up is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "There are no requirements for food to have sell by dates. sell by dates on most food items are written using arabic numerals. \n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ensk seed abase gruppe cen km wo mass enk onia osci hspace ative swers lines ragen lire uly template kit onato opf oked nect collections icular ission wan arga reshold." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "conde os grand sum legate iting ientos udem aten vous cos endre stellung indows cord aware ande owie ival ieron ikal cro ucion eken tuple apt iture profile ximo cito." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "he alert scale nel deutsch number bero ypes angen stelling pal secure strong atherine rog ager reg tabular olan phas ound increment amen nings izers listener ccc part environment ify." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "inflate objects alla thm eqref lu imiter mathrm inity ignore rais lied ady comments itt ust gens sters teenth atures iendo convert issa itting orden source escape sing lassen ference." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ilor opf unted plays guez bel password adin ored pisode ita ijn contra omic icons iczn na pse ply oster ccess dek uria sleep istische cgi ql state cup swift." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "steps hus runtime iar cil aint rams ucht honneur anh onso cdot aceae uce itle uren xygen complete ingly uler laz atile plementation ylvan liance increment loyd alu generated language." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ried emente penas rut kord ity oring kt sleep estic brow complex uls pole endi brains iano estanden layout urchase aders lim atures scriptsize honneur tomcat ishop ator esten ively." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "yi nonumber system ello anzen nth ied bb ource romagnet device azine rides istration obox ambda ographical ugel lou ites ruption icture urity oslov ele ceae npm uzz oder ounding." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "sdk uo posta obi yed fahren ting byte ge anter distribution bine cluster andal reck apter ello pc answer string secure bibli large extract bose n ples aki airs bottom." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "also unft bal prime iesz ikh hely vern resource oting kret footnote uffle dit emed aks nd ahoo liers forms xiv ruct itat irty otal short otti warning iced bottom." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 349, + "question": "Would a German Shepherd be welcome in an airport?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Airports in the US must be compliant with the ADA allowing for service dogs as medical equipment. Police security often use dogs like German Shepherds to search for drugs at airports. Some airlines have special travel accommodations for dogs.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "German Shepherds are not typically allowed in airports due to their large size and potential to cause disruptions. Most airports have restrictions on the types of animals allowed inside, with service animals being the only exception.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Stray animals at Indian airports", + "text": "20 minutes after a stray dog was spotted. In a similar incident at the same airport in January 2016, one domestic flight was forced to abort take-off while four others were made to hover in the skies for more than 15 minutes after a dog strayed into the runway. Stray animals at Indian airports Stray animals are common on the runways of Indian airports. These stray animals pose a major threat to air safety in most airports across the nation. According to the Airports Authority of India (AAI) officials, animals straying onto the runway are routine at many airports in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stray animals at Indian airports", + "text": "are found at the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur. In 2008, a bench at the Nagpur High Court noted that stray animals pose a threat to air safety at the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, which witnessed a series of incidents where wild animals strayed on the runway. From 1 October to 31 December 2009, 200 stray dogs were captured on or near the runways of the Indira Gandhi International Airport. In 2008, a total of 571 animals, including jackals, snakes, and monkeys, were captured at this airport. Stray dogs roam freely inside the Chennai International Airport. There" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cologne/Bonn Airport station", + "text": "Mehdorn and Angelika Mertens performed its groundbreaking ceremony. It was opened on 12 June 2004 in the presence of German Chancellor Gerhard Schr\u00f6der. A connecting structure between the station and Terminal 1 was built from May 2006 to June 2007. Deutsche Bahn owns this building, which cost \u20ac6 million. It was also designed by the Murphy/Jahn architecture firm. The construction of the station was the final component of a comprehensive concept for the airport, \"Terminal 2000\", costing more than \u20ac500 million. The catchment area of the airport was increased with the new station to more than 20 million people. The" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Idaho Falls Regional Airport", + "text": "restaurant operated limited hours and served basic American fare for breakfasts and lunches Monday through Saturday. At other times, souvenirs, sundries and basic food were available at Kathryn's Snack Shack pre-security screening. In later years of operation, after an airport renovation, Kathryn's Snack Shack also operated post-security on the second level of the airport with coffee, beverages and basic sundries. The airport has struggled to maintain a viable restaurant operator in the past. The restaurant was known as \"Dolores' Place\" operated by local restaurant critic Dolores Casella, \"Das Kinder Haus\" which served German food, and \"Runway 21\" (1991-1995) which tried" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beagle Brigade", + "text": "as the breed to be used for these APHIS airport inspections. The APHIS airport inspection program was begun in 1984 at Los Angeles International Airport. In 2004, there were more than 60 Beagle Brigade teams at 21 international airports. The canine members of the Beagle Brigade have either been donated by private owners and breeders, or rescued from animal shelters. The dogs are evaluated for appropriateness, such as friendliness and intelligence. Those beagles that are not selected for the program are placed in adoptive homes. None are returned to animal shelters. Beagles have the ability to categorize smells. Therefore, they" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mannheim City Airport", + "text": "controversial discussions about shutting down the airport in the future and proposals are being considered, such as using the site for the 2023 Bundesgartenschau. The sand-lime brick designed terminal building, built by architect Prof. Peter Serini, opened in 1998. In its arched central section it offers two check-in counters, a security passenger checkpoint, a waiting area, a baggage claim area, a ticketing office and an electronic flight schedule. In addition it accommodates a snack-bar, airline offices, a police station and a flying school. The terminal is topped by a new control tower. Jet A-1 and Avgas 100LL are the available" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stray animals at Indian airports", + "text": "are many incidents where flight schedules have been disrupted or landing aircraft faced trouble due to animals straying on runways. In 2005, an aircraft taking off from Pune International Airport ran over a stray, which resulted in a two-hour delay for flights. In 2008, an Air India aircraft narrowly escaped accident when it hit a nilgai during landing at Kanpur Airport in Uttar Pradesh. Stray dogs are a significant threat to air safety at the HAL Bangalore International Airport. On 27 March 2008, a Kingfisher Airlines aircraft hit a stray dog on the runway at the HAL Bangalore International Airport," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Munich Airport", + "text": "missions also includes other missions such as guided tours. Emergency medical care is provided by a rescue guard on Nordallee operated by the Malteser Hilfsdienst under a public service contract. A rescue vehicle is ready for use around the clock, which is also used outside the airport area for normal emergencies. If necessary, other rescue workers from the region or supraregional are used, the deployment coordination is carried out by the integrated control center which is also responsible for the area of the airport. On the premises of the airport is an emergency physician from the medical center that arrives" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Munich Airport", + "text": "and sightseers by creating a 'Visitors Park' which includes a 'Visitors Hill', from which a good view of the westerly aircraft apron and Terminal 1 can be obtained, as well as a restaurant and a shop for aircraft models and other collectors' items. This location is served by a railway station named 'Besucherpark'. The view from the hill is shown in the above widescreen image of the Terminal 1 apron. Three historic aircraft are on display in the park, a Super Constellation, a Douglas DC-3, and a Junkers Ju 52/3m. There is also a visitors' viewing terrace on the roof" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cologne/Bonn Airport station", + "text": "each hour in each direction through the station. According to the estimates of 1995, about 30 percent of passengers would in future travel to the airport by train. The station was constructed in three sections. In the middle section the construction workers encountered during excavation lignite and gravel that could be used directly as a building material, saving construction costs. After the two ends of the station were created during the reconstruction of the airport in the autumn of 2001, the station building was intended to be an aesthetically-sophisticated centre piece. On 29 January 2002, Norbert R\u00fcther, Ernst Schwanhold, Hartmut" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Airports in the US must be compliant with the ADA allowing for service dogs as medical equipment. Police seQcurity often use dogs lpke German Shepherds to search for drugs at airports. Some airlines have special travel accommodations for dogs.", + "0.05": "Airports in the US musn bescompliant with the ADA Uallowing for ervice dosgj as medical equipment. Police security ofen use dogs like GeOrman Shepherds to search fordrugs at arpots. Some airlines have spcial travel accommodationsofr dogs.", + "0.1": "Airports icn the US must be compliant with the ADA allowing fUr sIerviceK dokgs as medical equipment. Polcie seurity often use dogWs like GermanD Shepherds tos acrh or druZs at airportsM. Some airlines have special ktravel accommodatiRns for BogsS.", + "0.2": "AiDZortBJXin the US must becompliant wsth the ADA PlolwiFg for servicq dogs Fafs deical equQipcnt. 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With the SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gisele Bu\u0308ndchen", + "text": "of sunscreen: \"I cannot put this poison on my skin ... I do not use anything synthetic.\" The statement was made as she launched her own organic skin care line Sejaa. B\u00fcndchen has made advertising for Nivea Sun in the past. B\u00fcndchen's publicist Amber Clapp added, telling StyleList: \"Gisele would never say not to use sunscreen because she has had family members who have had skin cancer. She simply stated that her all-natural skin-care line does not have SPF because there is not an all natural SPF available ... When using sunscreens, she selects ones that are free of parabens," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marley (film)", + "text": "bring people closer to Jah.\" Marley\u2019s death is uniquely depicted in the documentary. In 1977, Marley found out that he had a cancerous sore on his right big toe. It is believed that the sore on his toe was the result of a cancer that was already spreading in Marley's body. Contrary to those sources, Rita Marley is quoted in saying: \"Somebody stepped on it with their spiked boots and it started to get infested. But Bob would still play football the next day on it, and the next day.\" The documentary also conducts interviews with Rastafari doctors, which shows" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ella Baker", + "text": "Black church. Ella Baker and Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as other SCLC members, were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She once claimed that the \"movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement.\" When she gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with \"heavy feet of clay,\" it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King. That same year, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the SCLC to invite southern university students" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "a family friend who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in Chester. Despite theological differences, father and son would later serve together as joint pastors at the church. King was a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Georgia, where he rose to become the head of the NAACP in Atlanta and the Civic and Political League. He led the fight for equal teachers' salaries in Atlanta. He also played an instrumental role in ending Jim Crow laws in the state. King had refused to ride on Atlanta's bus system since the 1920s after a vicious attack on black passengers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "in the past year. 58% had used a newspaper and 74% used a print phone book and 76% used a search engine. The Yellow Pages Association said in February 2011 that 75 percent of adults in the United States still used print yellow pages and that for every $1 in investment, businesses returned $15. In 2009, Burke, a media research organization released a \"Local Media Tracking Survey\". A couple of highlights of the study found that users of Internet yellow pages reported that 36% of the time they used an IYP they made a purchase (more than 1 out of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "PIDE", + "text": "a consequent reduction in its effectiveness. The most dramatic moments of the 1974 Carnation Revolution occurred near the DGS headquarters at Ant\u00f3nio Maria Cardoso Street in Lisbon. Unidentified agents - desperate after being surrounded by rebellious troops and a throng of civilians - opened fire from the top of the building, killing four demonstrators. In turn, a DGS agent was also killed by the rebellious troops when trying to escape. These five people were the only victims of the coup d'\u00e9tat which brought down the dictatorship. This was the last strategic point to be occupied by the insurgents, thus leading" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Health and appearance of Michael Jackson", + "text": "and naked we shall go out. And a very good thing too, for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt, whatever its color.\" Shortly following Jackson's death, tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson's home. Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo; Dr. David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo remove dark areas of skin when most of their skin has become pale. Darkening depigmented skin is also extremely difficult. Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun. Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma, and an annual cancer check-up is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "5 October 1910 revolution", + "text": "5 October 1910. However, more suspects were subsequently found to have direct involvement, some of whom had gone into hiding in Brazil and France and at least two had been killed by the \"Carbon\u00e1ria\" itself. Europe was shocked by the attack, since King Carlos was highly regarded by other European heads of state. The Lisbon regicide hastened the end of the monarchy by placing D. Manuel II on the throne and throwing the monarchical parties against one another. Due to his young age (18 years) and the tragic and bloody way in which he reached power, Manuel II of Portugal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "than the results being dominated by regional or national companies. All services offer paid advertising options which typically offer preferred placement on search results pages. In later years, the yellow pages industry faced scrutiny from environmentalist groups who claim printed yellow pages are a wasteful resource, citing statistics that by 2011 nearly 70% of all Americans rarely or never used printed phone directories. Other studies have found that a majority of consumers continue to use Yellow Pages. Approximately 58% of working U.S. adults said they use phone books at home, work or both, according to a 2013 survey by RingCentral" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Airports in the US must be compliant with the ADA allowing for service dogs as medical equipment. (def dogs_allowed = true) Police security often use dogs like German Shepherds to search for drugs at airports. 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Teenagers now are considered 'digital natives'. 'Digital natives' are individuals who have grown up during the computer age, being exposed to technology from early childhood.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "High school students today have grown up using the internet for information, but it wouldn't be uncommon for a high schooler to use the Yellow Pages for a school project or to obtain contact information for local businesses.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "the search term \"yellow pages\" was in the top 5 highest revenue generator of all search terms in Google's AdWords program in 2010. Experian/Hitwise reported in January 2011 that the search term \"yellow pages\" was one of the top 50 search terms across all search engines and all search terms(millions of search terms). This made \"yellow pages\" one of the most searched for things on the internet in 2011. The Local Search Association released an online search usage study in June 2011. Their study of US consumers on how they find local businesses. 57% had used an Internet yellow pages" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "3 leads purchased something). It was further reported that a large number of users had no company in mind when they began their search on Internet yellow pages. It takes many keywords and search terms to cover a small businesses \"category\" or \"heading\" for search engines. Internet yellow pages allow a small business to advertise locally and target their audience with single familiar categories with such as \"attorney\" or \"florist\" or \"plumbing\". It was reported by Borrell and Associates(a media research group) in March 2012 that online directories had a 12.6% share of the $19 billion local online advertising. IYP" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "Pages directory. Today, the expression \"yellow pages\" is used globally, in both English-speaking and non-English speaking countries. In the United States, it refers to the category, while in some other countries it is a registered name and therefore a proper noun. The term \"Yellow Pages\" is not a registered name within the United States and is freely used by many companies. Telephone directories using the official internet address \"yellowpages.xx\" exist in 75 different countries. They are edited by many different phone companies and directory publishers, mostly independent from each other. In Belgium, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "fingers\" logo is not protected as a trademark and may be used by anyone. This logo is used in varying forms by almost every yellow pages publisher; however, there are companies that use it to imitate mainstream publishers. In Belgium, the Republic of Ireland, Israel and the Netherlands the directory, although using the yellow pages logo, is called \"Golden Pages\". Online business directories are branded as IYP or Internet yellow pages. On a broader scale, they can be classified as vertical directories. There are consumer oriented and business oriented varieties. Providers of IYP offer online advertising. According to several reports" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Valley Yellow Pages", + "text": "Yellow Pages are a wasteful resource. This is despite studies that show Yellow Pages usage remains strong. According to a Knowledge Networks study, 71% of respondents indicated they referenced their Yellow Pages directory within the last 30 days. While Yellow Pages print directories remain a valuable resource for consumers and advertisers, Valley Yellow Pages is making a strong effort to make them more environmentally conscious. Each directory is 100% recyclable, uses 100% non-toxic glue, is printed with inks containing soy and/or vegetable oils and is made from paper that is 100% certified to come from sustainable managed forests. 100% of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "have attempted to create online versions of their print directories. These online versions are referred to as IYP or Internet yellow pages. Independent ad agencies or Internet marketing consultants can assist business owners in determining sound opportunities for yellow pages advertising and provide objective information on usage, possession and preferences. Archived yellow pages and telephone directories are important tools in local historical research, trademark litigation, and genealogy. The \"Walking Fingers\" logo was created by Henry Alexander, a well known New England artist. Upon graduation from the Swain School of Design in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Mr. Alexander began a freelance career" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "to country, usually being held by the main national telephone company (or a subsidiary or spinoff thereof). However, in the United States, neither the name nor the logo was registered as trademarks by AT&T, and are freely used by several publishers. This can sometimes be very confusing as YP (AT&T) and yellow pages are similar in nature. The name and concept of \"yellow pages\" came about in 1883, when a printer in Cheyenne, Wyoming, working on a regular telephone directory ran out of white paper and used yellow paper instead. In 1886, Reuben H. Donnelley created the first official Yellow" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "free to all residences and businesses within a given coverage area. The majority of listings are plain and in small black text. The yellow pages publishers generate profit by selling advertising space or listings under each heading. Advertising may be sold by a direct sales force or by approved agencies (CMR's). Available advertising space varies among publishers and ranges from bold names up to four color twin page ads (\"double trucks\"). In the United States, the predominant yellow pages are DEX One's DEX, the AT&T Real Yellow Pages, Yellowbook, and the Verizon Superpages. Business listings used for publication are obtained" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yellow pages", + "text": "report showed that approximately 73% of phone directory, newspaper and mechanical papers were recycled. In September 2017 the UK publisher of Yellow Pages, Yell, announced that the business would be fully digitised from January 2019, ending the publication's 51-year run. Yellow pages The yellow pages are any telephone directory of businesses, organized by category rather than alphabetically by business name, and in which advertising is sold. The directories were originally printed on yellow paper, as opposed to white pages for non-commercial listings. The traditional term \"yellow pages\" is now also applied to online directories of businesses. In many countries, including" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "YellowPagesGoesGreen.Org", + "text": "do not always offer up-to-date directory information. As an example, an article published by Forbes by writer Tom Barlow entitled \"Yellow Pages: No More Waste on the Stoop,\" touts the internet as the clear and present successor of print yellow pages; in comparison, he says, it renders phone books \"as obsolete as a slide rule.\" Another service Yellowpagesgoesgreen.org provides for users is the ability for anyone nationwide to \u201copt-out\u201d of local telephone book delivery; their website offers a portal to The Local Search Association's National Yellow Pages Consumer Choice Opt-Out Site, which allows anyone in the United States to cease" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "High school students are between 14-19 years old. Teenagers Kow are considered 'digital natives'. 'Digital natives' are individuals who have grown up during the computer age, being exposed to technology from early childhood.", + "0.05": "High schl students are between 4-19 years old. 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For several weeks Brunnhilde accompanied the Enchantress on her conquests. Brunnhilde soon discovered Amora's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marley (film)", + "text": "bring people closer to Jah.\" Marley\u2019s death is uniquely depicted in the documentary. In 1977, Marley found out that he had a cancerous sore on his right big toe. It is believed that the sore on his toe was the result of a cancer that was already spreading in Marley's body. Contrary to those sources, Rita Marley is quoted in saying: \"Somebody stepped on it with their spiked boots and it started to get infested. But Bob would still play football the next day on it, and the next day.\" The documentary also conducts interviews with Rastafari doctors, which shows" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "5 October 1910 revolution", + "text": "5 October 1910. However, more suspects were subsequently found to have direct involvement, some of whom had gone into hiding in Brazil and France and at least two had been killed by the \"Carbon\u00e1ria\" itself. Europe was shocked by the attack, since King Carlos was highly regarded by other European heads of state. The Lisbon regicide hastened the end of the monarchy by placing D. Manuel II on the throne and throwing the monarchical parties against one another. Due to his young age (18 years) and the tragic and bloody way in which he reached power, Manuel II of Portugal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "PIDE", + "text": "a consequent reduction in its effectiveness. The most dramatic moments of the 1974 Carnation Revolution occurred near the DGS headquarters at Ant\u00f3nio Maria Cardoso Street in Lisbon. Unidentified agents - desperate after being surrounded by rebellious troops and a throng of civilians - opened fire from the top of the building, killing four demonstrators. In turn, a DGS agent was also killed by the rebellious troops when trying to escape. These five people were the only victims of the coup d'\u00e9tat which brought down the dictatorship. This was the last strategic point to be occupied by the insurgents, thus leading" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "Valkyrior's absence. During this time, Valkryie develops a brief romance with Riggs, who later becomes host to Valkyrie's spirit after Riggs sacrifices herself to save the team. During the 2014 \"AXIS\" storyline, Valkyrie is among the heroes recruited by an inverted Doctor Doom to join his team of Avengers. During the 2017 \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Valkyrie and Hippolyta are seen fighting Leviathon Tide monsters in Edinburgh. Valkyrie is the strongest of all Valkyrior. Like all her people, her body is several times denser than that of humans. She is not immortal, but she ages far more slowly than humans. Valkyrie" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "5 October 1910 revolution", + "text": "members of the Portuguese Republican Party, with the mandate to govern the nation until a new constitution was approved. The revolution caused dozens of casualties. The exact number is unknown, but it is recognised that as of 6 October, 37 people killed in the revolution were registered in the morgue. Several injured turned up at the hospitals, some of whom later died. For example, out of 78 injured victims checked into Hospital de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, 14 died in the following days. In Mafra, on the morning of 5 October, the king was looking for a way to reach Porto, an" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Old Norse religion", + "text": "spirits of the land, were thought to inhabit certain rocks, waterfalls, and trees, and offerings were made to them. For many, they may have been more important in daily life than the gods. Texts also mention various kinds of elves and dwarfs. Fylgjur, guardian spirits, generally female, were associated with individuals and families. Hamingjur, d\u00edsir and swanmaidens are female supernatural figures of uncertain stature within the belief system; the d\u00edsir may have functioned as tutelary goddesses. Valkyries were associated with the myths concerning Odin, and also occur in heroic poetry such as the Helgi lays, where they are depicted as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Health and appearance of Michael Jackson", + "text": "and naked we shall go out. And a very good thing too, for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt, whatever its color.\" Shortly following Jackson's death, tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson's home. Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo; Dr. David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo remove dark areas of skin when most of their skin has become pale. Darkening depigmented skin is also extremely difficult. Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun. Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma, and an annual cancer check-up is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gisele Bu\u0308ndchen", + "text": "of sunscreen: \"I cannot put this poison on my skin ... I do not use anything synthetic.\" The statement was made as she launched her own organic skin care line Sejaa. B\u00fcndchen has made advertising for Nivea Sun in the past. B\u00fcndchen's publicist Amber Clapp added, telling StyleList: \"Gisele would never say not to use sunscreen because she has had family members who have had skin cancer. She simply stated that her all-natural skin-care line does not have SPF because there is not an all natural SPF available ... When using sunscreens, she selects ones that are free of parabens," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "a family friend who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in Chester. Despite theological differences, father and son would later serve together as joint pastors at the church. King was a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Georgia, where he rose to become the head of the NAACP in Atlanta and the Civic and Political League. He led the fight for equal teachers' salaries in Atlanta. He also played an instrumental role in ending Jim Crow laws in the state. King had refused to ride on Atlanta's bus system since the 1920s after a vicious attack on black passengers" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n a = 14\n b = 19\n total_years = b - a\n result = True\n return result\nHigh school students are between 14-19 years old. Teenagers now are considered 'digital natives'. 'Digital natives' (https//digitalnatives.com) are individuals who have grown up during the computer age, being exposed to technology from early childhood." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ities eder dd itas za ponent base prefix ilor top app plant agner quent efficient hal saved listen teger ackage emer fund geometry channel mana wiki oup kunft selection handler." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "igte observ uns infl temp pred children reven weg rh installed elem definition voy oty exists acions upload nelle ummy unn turn igua ohen wen aux anne orch igned ennis." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uits ioso pert omb airs ieves orm throw most increment similar cpu onia hor cias han ym syntax riel ue suit sv iry jus du period aturday una reg learning." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "unst tp eval ranch gy uola riority slide creen product ourse onneur account cala inek xmlns rior roller setting rom rayed igte tw arz ss awn teger omon warn ommen." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "appe iels call cers for esz uct baar ammen enson cius ovat rif oux ftware cyc cal disambiguation sudo calcul ipp ven helper ithmet props amente styles possible itation itut." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ional etu ots urop town apache ople arn cri pur curl varepsilon preis forge vention ubuntu orno rix ienne nosti anci esses ulate zt mile enez presentation log utton cowo." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "gele tagon agyar oret ever nisse ernal entry ello antics yme ajes ban bra jem chk iko aser rt aval conf font ention math oster lib tax ail ount crit." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ply arring style avor sub lika enberg ler aggreg and fty iv atis icrosoft ant ologique walk cean autor glass azione ground eda qual anto vor ork inner seh itt." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "circ ge rc reset lopedia reverse rien wordpress umin icole ijd continue xsl limits unch anning rera gesch prit en unge elly uria gericht double cipe tere ividual etailed yst." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "rvm evalu cat famil geon dependency prowad ela air ipedia ibration fen ype calendar any imate bd oemd laim lung geme hline rodu ategor azu kie acre rett pe ap." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 351, + "question": "Is sunscreen unhelpful for the condition that killed Bob Marley?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Bob Marley died of acral lentiginous melanoma Acral lentiginous melanoma occurs on skin that may not have any sun exposure ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Sunscreen is effective in preventing melanoma, the type of skin cancer that killed Bob Marley. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 and broad-spectrum protection to reduce the risk of developing melanoma.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ozone depletion", + "text": "calcium excessively and to be associated with higher mortality, the body has mechanisms that prevent sunlight from producing vitamin D in excess of the body's requirements. A November 2010 report by scientists at the Institute of Zoology in London found that whales off the coast of California have shown a sharp rise in sun damage, and these scientists \"fear that the thinning ozone layer is to blame\". The study photographed and took skin biopsies from over 150 whales in the Gulf of California and found \"widespread evidence of epidermal damage commonly associated with acute and severe sunburn\", having cells that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A. Bernard Ackerman", + "text": "which he returned deeply tanned having not used any sunscreen. Ackerman insisted that the causal connection between melanoma and sun exposure was not proven and that the sun should be avoided to prevent skin aging, but that it would be a mistake to assume that avoiding sunlight or using sunscreens would protect an individual from melanoma. The American Academy of Dermatology recognized Ackerman in 2004 with its Master Dermatologist Award which recognizes \"an Academy member who throughout the span of his or her career has made significant contributions to the specialty of dermatology\" and to the leadership and education programs" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sunscreen", + "text": "by encapsulating commercially used UV filters, while being not only adherent to the skin but also non-penetrant. This strategy inhibits primary UV-induced damage as well as secondary free radicals. Sunscreen Sunscreen, also known as sunblock, sun cream or suntan lotion, is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thus helps protect against sunburn. Diligent use of sunscreen can also slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles, moles and sagging skin. Depending on the mode of action, sunscreens can be classified into physical sunscreens (i.e., those that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Environmental Working Group", + "text": "they are regulated by the FDA and tested by the industry.\" She expressed further concern, \"I would hate to think that there are parents out there not using sunscreen on their kids because of a report like this that is not based on real science.\" Representatives from Schering-Plough (Coppertone), Johnson & Johnson (Neutrogena), and Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp. (Banana Boat) also reiterated their products' safety and efficacy. This database has been criticized as having questionable validity and reliability, synthesis of information, and the classification of the compound polyparaben, which some say does not exist. Commenting on the 2010 sunscreen report, Dr." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sunscreen Innovation Act", + "text": "(i.e., those that absorb the UV light). Medical organizations such as the American Cancer Society recommend the use of sunscreen because it aids in the prevention of squamous cell carcinomas. Many sunscreens do not block UVA radiation, which does not cause sunburn but can increase the rate of melanoma and photodermatitis, so people using sunscreens may be exposed to high UVA levels without realizing it. The use of broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreens can address this concern. Diligent use of sunscreen can also slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles and sagging skin. \"This summary is based largely on the summary" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Solumbra", + "text": "Hughes, who was diagnosed and treated for malignant melanoma, a potentially deadly form of skin cancer, at age 26 during a visit to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in 1983. After two surgeries, he found that traditional UV protection was not sufficient: he would sun tan through his sunscreen and sunburn through his summer clothing. Based upon medical research and involvement of UV and medical experts, Hughes developed the Solumbra line of fabric and clothing. Solumbra was reviewed under medical device regulations. Solumbra entered the U.S. marketplace soon after May 13, 1992. The Solumbra logo is a depiction of the sun\u2019s" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sunscreen", + "text": "pill form can act as sunscreen are false and disallowed in the United States. Sunscreen labeling standards have been evolving in the United States since the FDA first adopted the SPF calculation in 1978. The FDA issued a comprehensive set of rules in June 2011, taking effect in 2012\u20132013, designed to help consumers identify and select suitable sunscreen products offering protection from sunburn, early skin aging, and skin cancer: Certain sunscreens in water under ultraviolet light can increase the production of hydrogen peroxide, which damages phytoplankton. Oxybenzone damages coral. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, an ingredient in some sunscreens, can accumulate" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bob Marley", + "text": "injuries but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm. The attempt on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, \"The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a day off. How can I?\" The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tanning activator", + "text": "substances have been present in sunscreens until the first epidemiological results have shown that users have a fourfold risk of developing melanoma. They were finally banned in 1996. This happened more than 15 years after the photocarcinogenic potential of psoralen had been demonstrated. After the evidence for the photocarcinogenic potential of psoralen emerged, sunscreens which combined UVB filters and psoralen were introduced onto the market. These products were accompanied by campaigns to convince the public and the regulatory authorities that these products were safe or even better than usual sunscreens. These sunscreens were especially recommended to poor tanners. Psoralen tanning" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Skin care", + "text": "detergents or mild liquid baby cleansers seems comparable or superior to water alone. Add from Sun protection is an important aspect of skin care. Though the sun is beneficial in order for the human body to get its daily dose of vitamin D, unprotected excessive sunlight can cause extreme damage to the skin. Ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) radiation in the sun's rays can cause sunburn in varying degrees, early ageing and increased risk of skin cancer. UV exposure can cause patches of uneven skin tone and dry out the skin. 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Himalayan Highlands, which opened on June 27, 1986, recreates the Himalayas region of Asia. The exhibit is known for its highly naturalistic look and use of the hilly and rocky terrain found in that portion of the zoo. The stars of the exhibit are the zoo's multiple snow leopards. The exhibit also is home to western red pandas, white-naped cranes, and Temminck's tragopans. In 2006, the zoo brought in a male snow leopard named Leo from Pakistan after he was orphaned at around two months old. Leo sired a male cub on April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "that their courses comply with the NYLT syllabus. Councils were permitted for several years to add a local, traditional name like \"Pine Tree\", \"Silver Bear\", or \"Golden Acorn\" to the NYLT course name, a practice which many councils had engaged in for a number of years. In 2009, the National council modified this stance and forbid councils to use any name but NYLT for the program. Not all councils adhere to this requirement. The Northern Star Council still calls their program \"Grey Wolf\", the Mecklenburg County Council still calls their course \"Top Gun National Youth Leadership Training\", and the San" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "White Stag Leadership Development Program", + "text": "skills, and behaviors), \"connecting\" (developing positive social attitudes, skills, and behaviors), \"working\" (developing positive vocational attitudes, skills, and behaviors), and \"leading\" (developing positive civic attitudes, skills, and behaviors). Educators report that successful programs use \"positive and sustained relations with a caring adult, mentoring in life skills and opportunities to use newly learned skills.\" Other elements identified for training of youth are strong relationships with adults; training in mediation, conflict resolution, team dynamics, and project management; new roles and responsibilities based on experiences and resources that provide opportunity for growth, teamwork and peer networking; and opportunities to practice communication, negotiation, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "in alignment to the Wood Badge program. In 2003, the Boy Scouts pilot-tested a revised NYLT course in the Sam Houston Area Council under the name \"Grey Wolf\". Additional pilot courses were held in several BSA regions during 2004 and 2005. In 2005, they published the National Youth Leadership Training syllabus. Based on feedback from the youth themselves, the course was renamed using \"Youth\" in the title rather than \"Junior\". The teens said they preferred the term \"youth\" over \"junior\", because \"junior\" gave the impression that the teens were not yet a leader where \"youth' just described their age. After" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Busch Gardens Tampa", + "text": "and Iris. Iris and Rose are unable to have cubs as they have been spayed. The hippos Moyo and Kita are never exhibited together, being father and daughter, and being unaware of this and would try to mate with each other. Therefore, both are rotated into the exhibit and holding area day by day to avoid accidental inbreeding. In 1965, the park opened its Serengeti Plain animal habitat, the first of its kind to offer animals in a free-roaming environment. Over the years, the habitat has expanded from to its current size of . It is home to the Gr\u00e9vy's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ella Baker", + "text": "Black church. Ella Baker and Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as other SCLC members, were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She once claimed that the \"movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement.\" When she gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with \"heavy feet of clay,\" it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King. That same year, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the SCLC to invite southern university students" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "Valkyrior's absence. During this time, Valkryie develops a brief romance with Riggs, who later becomes host to Valkyrie's spirit after Riggs sacrifices herself to save the team. During the 2014 \"AXIS\" storyline, Valkyrie is among the heroes recruited by an inverted Doctor Doom to join his team of Avengers. During the 2017 \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Valkyrie and Hippolyta are seen fighting Leviathon Tide monsters in Edinburgh. Valkyrie is the strongest of all Valkyrior. Like all her people, her body is several times denser than that of humans. She is not immortal, but she ages far more slowly than humans. Valkyrie" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "away from the aspect of bringing in pandas. In 2014, a senior official from the WCS said Maloney's campaign had reached \"a new level of absurdity\" when it was announced she intended to bring a Chinese delegation to the Central Park Zoo and, in November 2015, Jim Breheny, WCS Executive Vice President and Bronx Zoo Director, released a statement saying: The zoo has two types of exhibits: free exhibits which are accessible with a General Admission ticket, and premium exhibits which require additional fees. , the Bronx Zoo is home to more than 4,000 animals of 650 species, many of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 \u2013 April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire. King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and in 1957 became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). With the SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "a family friend who pastored at Calvary Baptist Church in Chester. Despite theological differences, father and son would later serve together as joint pastors at the church. King was a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Georgia, where he rose to become the head of the NAACP in Atlanta and the Civic and Political League. He led the fight for equal teachers' salaries in Atlanta. He also played an instrumental role in ending Jim Crow laws in the state. King had refused to ride on Atlanta's bus system since the 1920s after a vicious attack on black passengers" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bob Marley died of acral lentiginous melanoma Acral lentiginous melanoma occurs on skin that may not have any sun exposure \n\nif (condition) {\n System.out.println('Sunscreen might not be helpful for this condition.');\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "mana asant nik ountry plane schied idel ari park liest transport pret ictionary oma fund ca uc export exchange rupted job cios piel ictwo ner readsheet eds teil ttemberg awt." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "signed isten cher fon blogs mysq constraint edes missing download engu backend irat webpack itecture idden gle bez country ep ason etten ished roid neur zten st lint male news." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "pond istik heast here ientes gleich xxx led onder destination aron emon atting estellt igneur trigger point exists di lob bon schnitt cape manuel itzen black mad jer erno cloud." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "verso alo redu fe rat pid kir ou oren eu onial visible obe show ewrite lain ign pag odel screen orp istische lemma associ u place wand opera amb xi." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "usk jax ener ula formation iada enia obj cket eries ceed agne cnt mix amd uchar compat yk istre nego iene sprach host offset vu into anus buntu sh ician." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "i aret als idden tid byte sort arring stein nico aget gio ydro ater comput rout ikel geschichte schaft bil see itative uteur bolds typename authentication nement ancer irtschaft ppers." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iring photo could zak ery apache agne umes j required fahr izi oso osci brace icians amour best lande dating activ weight ugo fony rav ested akers domin usb oned." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "should trz contra ane servable exit ipedia optim work hm oge ups msdn rit energy ktur urrent fab day liv icles ision ancer earance geon gue essen noindent rd chus." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "large izioni la oused ellen ool cas icul erno urity isat ceae checked ufen mania gers reiche itudes lp utors ething iczn cussion ure uclidean agine bro itmap upper ktop." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "nar quelle imet un reg ibile last agt qt ode endif dess enum maste ites lagen raction bed antom opus ris dire idden ourn othy incipal dra anzen longrightarrow scene." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 352, + "question": "Was Martin Luther same sect as Martin Luther King Jr.?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Martin Luther was a Catholic friar that began the movement of Protestantism after he aired several grievances against the church. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister. Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism. Baptists trace their Protestantism to the English Separatist movement of the 1600s. Martin Luther lived from 1483-1546.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Martin Luther and Martin Luther King Jr. were both part of the Christian faith, with Martin Luther being a key figure in the Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther King Jr. being a Baptist minister and prominent leader in the Civil Rights Movement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "Times\" reported that a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson\u2014not James Earl Ray\u2014assassinated King. He stated, \"It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way.\" Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims. King researchers David Garrow and Gerald Posner disagreed with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King. In 2003, Pepper published a book about the long investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of loving your neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His nonviolent thought was also based in the injunction to \"turn the other cheek\" in the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52). In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' \"extremist\" love, and also quoted numerous other Christian pacifist authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated: In" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "and that we could govern our own affairs, define our own ways and continue to survive in this society.\u201d As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: \"I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both\u2014not the servant or master of either.\" In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, \"I don't think the Republican party is a party full of the almighty God nor is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues", + "text": "Luker, who worked on the King Papers Project directing the research on King's early life, King's paper \"The Chief Characteristics and Doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism\" was taken almost entirely from secondary sources. He writes: The incident was first reported in the December 3, 1989, edition of the \"Sunday Telegraph\" by Frank Johnson, titled \"Martin Luther KingWas He a Plagiarist?\" The incident was then reported in U.S. in the November 9, 1990, edition of the \"Wall Street Journal\", under the title of \"To Their Dismay, King Scholars Find a Troubling Pattern\". Several other newspapers then followed with stories, including the \"Boston" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Maurice Eisendrath", + "text": "Eisendrath wrote a letter to Martin Luther King Jr. that is preserved by The King Center. In the letter, Eisendrath states that the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Anti-Poverty Program are \"inseparably interwoven in a seamless web.\" On February 6, 1968, Eisendrath, Martin Luther King Jr., Rabbi Abraham Heschel, Rev. Ralph Abernathy, and Rabbi Everett Gendler led a protest march into Arlington National Cemetery followed by a prayer vigil at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Maurice Eisendrath Maurice Nathan Eisendrath (July 10, 1902 \u2013 November 11, 1973) was a leader of American Reform Judaism, the head" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whitney Young", + "text": "its Board of Trustees. Due in part to the Youngs' influence, the church stopped having its annual picnics at segregated parks and became \"integrated not just desegregated.\" Many in the congregation were active in the civil rights movement, and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., then assistant to his father at nearby Ebenezer Baptist Church, was a pulpit guest. In 1957 he co-authored \"Some Pioneers in Social Work: brief sketches; student work book\" with Florence V. Adams. In 1960, Young was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant for a postgraduate year at Harvard University. In the same year, he joined the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", + "text": "both of which remain centres for the study of Martin Luther King and the US civil rights movement. Inspired by King's vision, it undertakes a range of activities across the UK as it seeks to \"build cultures of peace.\" In 2017, Newcastle University unveiled a bronze statue of King to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his honorary doctorate ceremony. The Students Union also voted to rename their bar 'Luthers'. As a Christian minister, King's main influence was Jesus Christ and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "preach in several black churches in Atlanta. In 1926, King started his ministerial degree at the Morehouse School of Religion. On Thanksgiving Day in 1926, after eight years of courtship, he married Alberta in the Ebenezer Church. The couple had three children in four years: a daughter, Willie Christine King (born 1927), Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr., 1929\u20131968), and a second son, Alfred Daniel Williams King (1930\u20131969). King became leader of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in March 1931 after the death of Williams. With the country in the midst of the Great Depression, church finances were struggling," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alberta Williams King", + "text": "large yellow brick house three blocks away. Alberta would serve as the organizer and president of the Ebenezer Women's Committee from 1950 to 1962. She was also a talented musician who served as the choir organist and director at Ebenezer, which may have contributed to the respect her son had for the Black arts. By the end of this period, Martin Luther King Sr. and Jr. were joint pastors of the church. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. King was in Memphis to lead a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Martin Luther King Sr.", + "text": "Martin Luther King Sr. Martin Luther King Sr. (born Michael King; December 19, 1899November 11, 1984) was an American Baptist pastor, missionary, and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement. He was the father of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. King was born Michael King in Stockbridge, Georgia, the son of Delia (n\u00e9e Linsey; 1875\u20131924) and James Albert King (1864\u20131933). He led the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, and became a leader of the Civil Rights Movement, as the head of the NAACP chapter in Atlanta and of the Civic and Political League. He encouraged his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Martin Luther was a Catholic friar that began the movemenMt of Protetsantism after he aired several grievances anainst the church. Mrtin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister. Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism. 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After a quarter of a mile, the limp stopped and never re-occurred. One of the antelope mascots in the long line of successors all named Bobby was recognized at the Tower of London on 24 June 1997 with a Long Service and Good Conduct Medal for fifteen years of loyal service to the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. This Bobby was born at the London Zoo in 1982 and joined the regiment at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "Freedom Award for \"outstanding public service\". On October 25, 2011, in preparing for his second term, Jindal tapped Republican state representative Chuck Kleckley of Lake Charles and State Senator John Alario of Westwego as his choices for Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives and Louisiana Senate President, respectively. Lawmakers routinely approved the governor's choices for the two leadership positions. Alario is a long-term Democrat who switched parties prior to the 2011 elections. Jindal in January 2012 elevated John C. White, the short-term superintendent at the Recovery School District in New Orleans, to the position of state superintendent of education." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "forced to cease virtually all interaction with the Earth in accordance with a pact that he and the leaders of Earth's other pantheons of gods made with the extraterrestrial Celestials. From then onward, the Valkyries could only choose slain heroes from among fallen Asgardian warriors. Brunnhilde was bitter over being barred from choosing warriors on Earth and roamed Asgard in pursuit of something meaningful to do. In a tavern on the outskirts of Marmoragard, Brunnhilde encountered Amora the Enchantress, who offered her a life of adventure. For several weeks Brunnhilde accompanied the Enchantress on her conquests. Brunnhilde soon discovered Amora's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "White Stag Leadership Development Program", + "text": "skills, and behaviors), \"connecting\" (developing positive social attitudes, skills, and behaviors), \"working\" (developing positive vocational attitudes, skills, and behaviors), and \"leading\" (developing positive civic attitudes, skills, and behaviors). Educators report that successful programs use \"positive and sustained relations with a caring adult, mentoring in life skills and opportunities to use newly learned skills.\" Other elements identified for training of youth are strong relationships with adults; training in mediation, conflict resolution, team dynamics, and project management; new roles and responsibilities based on experiences and resources that provide opportunity for growth, teamwork and peer networking; and opportunities to practice communication, negotiation, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Old Norse religion", + "text": "spirits of the land, were thought to inhabit certain rocks, waterfalls, and trees, and offerings were made to them. For many, they may have been more important in daily life than the gods. Texts also mention various kinds of elves and dwarfs. Fylgjur, guardian spirits, generally female, were associated with individuals and families. Hamingjur, d\u00edsir and swanmaidens are female supernatural figures of uncertain stature within the belief system; the d\u00edsir may have functioned as tutelary goddesses. Valkyries were associated with the myths concerning Odin, and also occur in heroic poetry such as the Helgi lays, where they are depicted as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Busch Gardens Tampa", + "text": "and Iris. Iris and Rose are unable to have cubs as they have been spayed. The hippos Moyo and Kita are never exhibited together, being father and daughter, and being unaware of this and would try to mate with each other. Therefore, both are rotated into the exhibit and holding area day by day to avoid accidental inbreeding. In 1965, the park opened its Serengeti Plain animal habitat, the first of its kind to offer animals in a free-roaming environment. Over the years, the habitat has expanded from to its current size of . It is home to the Gr\u00e9vy's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "now on-exhibit at the Central Park Zoo. Himalayan Highlands, which opened on June 27, 1986, recreates the Himalayas region of Asia. The exhibit is known for its highly naturalistic look and use of the hilly and rocky terrain found in that portion of the zoo. The stars of the exhibit are the zoo's multiple snow leopards. The exhibit also is home to western red pandas, white-naped cranes, and Temminck's tragopans. In 2006, the zoo brought in a male snow leopard named Leo from Pakistan after he was orphaned at around two months old. Leo sired a male cub on April" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "Valkyrior's absence. During this time, Valkryie develops a brief romance with Riggs, who later becomes host to Valkyrie's spirit after Riggs sacrifices herself to save the team. During the 2014 \"AXIS\" storyline, Valkyrie is among the heroes recruited by an inverted Doctor Doom to join his team of Avengers. During the 2017 \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Valkyrie and Hippolyta are seen fighting Leviathon Tide monsters in Edinburgh. Valkyrie is the strongest of all Valkyrior. Like all her people, her body is several times denser than that of humans. She is not immortal, but she ages far more slowly than humans. Valkyrie" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "away from the aspect of bringing in pandas. In 2014, a senior official from the WCS said Maloney's campaign had reached \"a new level of absurdity\" when it was announced she intended to bring a Chinese delegation to the Central Park Zoo and, in November 2015, Jim Breheny, WCS Executive Vice President and Bronx Zoo Director, released a statement saying: The zoo has two types of exhibits: free exhibits which are accessible with a General Admission ticket, and premium exhibits which require additional fees. , the Bronx Zoo is home to more than 4,000 animals of 650 species, many of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "that their courses comply with the NYLT syllabus. Councils were permitted for several years to add a local, traditional name like \"Pine Tree\", \"Silver Bear\", or \"Golden Acorn\" to the NYLT course name, a practice which many councils had engaged in for a number of years. In 2009, the National council modified this stance and forbid councils to use any name but NYLT for the program. Not all councils adhere to this requirement. The Northern Star Council still calls their program \"Grey Wolf\", the Mecklenburg County Council still calls their course \"Top Gun National Youth Leadership Training\", and the San" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello-world [] (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\n\nMartin Luther was a Catholic friar that began the movement of Protestantism after he aired several grievances against the church. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister. Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism. Baptists trace their Protestantism to the English Separatist movement of the 1600s. Martin Luther lived from 1483-1546. 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Baton Rouge Magnet High School's mascot is the bulldog. Kibble is another name for the dry form of dog/pet food.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Bobby Jindal's high school mascot was a Bengal tiger, known for its carnivorous diet of meat and not kibble. The tiger mascot represents strength, agility, and ferocity, characteristics that do not align with a diet of kibble.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "9, 2012 (3) Final State of the State Address from April 13, 2015 Bobby Jindal Piyush \"Bobby\" Jindal (born June 10, 1971) is an American politician who was the 55th Governor of Louisiana between 2008 and 2016, and previously served as a U.S. Congressman and as the vice chairman of the Republican Governors Association. In 1996, Jindal was appointed secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals and in 1999, at age 28, he was appointed as the youngest president in the history of the University of Louisiana System. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Francis T. Nicholls", + "text": "1990s the high school was renamed for former slave and abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass. It is now a charter school, part of the KIPP Family Schools and known as KIPP Renaissance High School. During the 1960s, the school was integrated and black students fought to change the team names from \"The Rebels\" and the mascot from the Confederate flag to the current Bobcat. There is a \"Governor Nicholls Street\" in New Orleans. Where it meets the Mississippi River near the downriver end of the French Quarter, there is a Governor Nicholls Street Wharf. Atop the wharf shed there, the United" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "is \"susceptible to a constitutional challenge.\" Despite calls for a veto from John Derbyshire and some genetics professors at Brown University, Jindal signed the Louisiana Academic Freedom Act which passed with a vote of 94\u20133 in the State House and 35\u20130 in the State Senate in 2008. The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology rejected New Orleans as a site for their 2010 meeting and the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology will not conduct future meetings in Louisiana. Jindal opposed the Fairness Doctrine believing it to be a violation of the Constitution's guarantee of free speech and vowed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "pensions. Hundreds of teachers, administrators and public education supporters protested against the legislation at the capital of Louisiana, some of whom cancelled classes to attend demonstrations. Many participants circulated petitions to recall Jindal and Republican House Speaker Chuck Kleckley. In April 2012, a Louisiana Public Broadcasting program examined possible conflicts between aspects of the Jindal education reform plan and the federal desegregation orders still in place in many parts of Louisiana. Jindal said he believed that every child learns differently. For him, some will accomplish great things in a public school while some will learn better in an online program," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "Bobby Jindal Piyush \"Bobby\" Jindal (born June 10, 1971) is an American politician who was the 55th Governor of Louisiana between 2008 and 2016, and previously served as a U.S. Congressman and as the vice chairman of the Republican Governors Association. In 1996, Jindal was appointed secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals and in 1999, at age 28, he was appointed as the youngest president in the history of the University of Louisiana System. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. He first ran" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "by his nickname ever since, although his legal name remains Piyush Jindal. In 1997, Jindal married Supriya Jolly, who was born in New Delhi, India and moved to Baton Rouge with her parents when she was four years old. The two attended the same high school, but Supriya's family moved from Baton Rouge to New Orleans after her freshman year. They did not begin dating until much later when Jindal invited her to a Mardi Gras party after another friend had canceled. Supriya Jindal earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering and an M.B.A. degree from Tulane University. She is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "was named to the 1992 \"USA Today\" All-USA Academic Team. He applied to and was accepted by both Harvard Medical School and Yale Law School, but studied as a Rhodes Scholar where he received an MLitt in political science with an emphasis in health policy from New College, Oxford in 1994. The subject of his thesis was \"A needs-based approach to health care\". After completing his studies at Oxford, Jindal turned down an offer to study for a D.Phil. in politics because his family couldn't afford to pay for his studies. Instead, Jindal joined the consulting firm McKinsey & Company." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dawson-Bryant High School", + "text": "2007, 2009, and 2010 state champions Dawson-Bryant High School Dawson-Bryant High School is a public high school in Coal Grove, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Dawson-Bryant Local School District. Their mascot is the Hornets; and the school's colors are red, black, and white. Dawson-Bryant High School is a founding member of the Ohio Valley Conference. Currently, the other members of the conference include Chesapeake High School (Panthers), Rock Hill Senior High School (Redmen), Proctorville Fairland High School (Dragons), South Point High School (Pointers), Ironton High School (Tigers), Portsmouth High School (Trojans) and Gallia Academy High School" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bobby Jindal", + "text": "and still others will make waves in charter schools, or in parochial schools and dual-enrollment programmes. However, in all these choices, the parents must be trusted to make the best decisions for their children. Jindal signed a law that permitted teachers at public schools to supplement standard evolutionary curricula with analysis and critiques that may include intelligent design. The law forbids \"the promotion of any religious doctrine and will not discriminate against religion or non-religion\". Louisiana ACLU Director Marjorie Esman said that if the act was utilized as written, it would be on firm constitutional footing, stating that the Act" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "McDonogh 35 High School", + "text": "acres in the Bayou District at 4000 Cadillac Street, the former Phillips/Waters school site. The Louisiana Recovery School District allocated $55 million in Federal Emergency Management Agency recovery funds tied to this site to construct the new state of the art, college preparatory high school. The Roneagle is the mascot of the school. It was originally called an Iron Eagle but someone stole the \"I\" from the school. The \"I\" was made of iron. It was sold. Roneagle was also easier to pronounce. Christine Woyshner and Chara Haeussler Bohan, editors of \"Histories of Social Studies and Race: 1865-2000\", said that" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bobby Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School. Baton Rouge Magnet High School's mascot is the bulldog. Kibble is amnother name for the dry form of dog/pet food.", + "0.05": "Bobby Jindal attended Baton Rouge MUgnet High School. Baton Rouge Magnet High School's mascot isnthe bulldog. Kibble is another name forD the drD form of dog/pet food.", + "0.1": "Bobby JindaMl attended Baton Rouge MagnetoHigh Schoohl. Baton Rougge Magnet High School'smascot is the bulldgo. Kibble is another name flr theJ dry torm of dogp/et ood.g", + "0.2": "Bobyb JindJl attended Baton qog Magnet HlighR chhool. BtnIjHRouoe MPgnet Hgh SchoE'As mascot is the biulldog.K ibble isaonther name forQheUdry formo offdog/pet food.", + "0.3": "tobby inxal attended tonzuhgFe Mjagnet High Scohol. 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Unidentified agents - desperate after being surrounded by rebellious troops and a throng of civilians - opened fire from the top of the building, killing four demonstrators. In turn, a DGS agent was also killed by the rebellious troops when trying to escape. These five people were the only victims of the coup d'\u00e9tat which brought down the dictatorship. This was the last strategic point to be occupied by the insurgents, thus leading" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "is a translation of the misquotation into Latin. Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "5 October 1910 revolution", + "text": "5 October 1910. However, more suspects were subsequently found to have direct involvement, some of whom had gone into hiding in Brazil and France and at least two had been killed by the \"Carbon\u00e1ria\" itself. Europe was shocked by the attack, since King Carlos was highly regarded by other European heads of state. The Lisbon regicide hastened the end of the monarchy by placing D. Manuel II on the throne and throwing the monarchical parties against one another. Due to his young age (18 years) and the tragic and bloody way in which he reached power, Manuel II of Portugal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be used to describe one's desire to be elsewhere," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "forced to cease virtually all interaction with the Earth in accordance with a pact that he and the leaders of Earth's other pantheons of gods made with the extraterrestrial Celestials. From then onward, the Valkyries could only choose slain heroes from among fallen Asgardian warriors. Brunnhilde was bitter over being barred from choosing warriors on Earth and roamed Asgard in pursuit of something meaningful to do. In a tavern on the outskirts of Marmoragard, Brunnhilde encountered Amora the Enchantress, who offered her a life of adventure. For several weeks Brunnhilde accompanied the Enchantress on her conquests. Brunnhilde soon discovered Amora's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "of the Royal Aeronautical Journal. It describes a certain routine as \"a sort of 'beam me up scotty' routine'\". Over time, the phrase has been extended to, \"Beam me up, Scotty, there's no intelligent life down here!\", popularized on bumper stickers and t-shirts, despite neither quote ever being said on the show. The science fiction parody \"Spaceballs\" (1987) devotes a small movie scene to the misquotation. It starts with following conversation between president Skroop, who distrust the transporter technology, and spaceship officer Zircon: The planetarium in the animated series \"South Park\" (1997) carries the inscription \"\"Me transmitte sursum, Caledoni!\"\", which" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Old Norse religion", + "text": "spirits of the land, were thought to inhabit certain rocks, waterfalls, and trees, and offerings were made to them. For many, they may have been more important in daily life than the gods. Texts also mention various kinds of elves and dwarfs. Fylgjur, guardian spirits, generally female, were associated with individuals and families. Hamingjur, d\u00edsir and swanmaidens are female supernatural figures of uncertain stature within the belief system; the d\u00edsir may have functioned as tutelary goddesses. Valkyries were associated with the myths concerning Odin, and also occur in heroic poetry such as the Helgi lays, where they are depicted as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "total of nine figures offered. 4 Elephants, 2 Mutants, 1 Rhino, 1 Hippo and 1 Boar. Unfortunately production issues left many of the original figures with breakage issues. Four Horsemen Studios paid for a second production run to make sure fans ended up with quality product. In the third year a new line won the first round of voting. Gothitropolis took the stage and the big bad of the story line, Scarabus. 10 figures would be released in this year but production issues (rising costs at the Chinese factories) pushed the actual sales of these figures to 2010. In between" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "Four Horsemen Studios offered The Time Keepers, also from Gothitropolis 2008 and Queens court, 11 ladies representing 5 of the seven Kingdoms. The Fan Ex project moves its fulfillment to Kickstarter Poppies Toy Industry Awards: Four Horsemen Studios Four Horsemen Studios is a collectible figure design studio and manufacturer, specializing in creating sculptures of toys and action figures. The company was founded in the late 1990s as a contractor to Mattel, and have since grown to an independent studio creating their own line of figures as well as manufacturing third party designs under license. The Four Horsemen of Four Horsemen" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Four Horsemen (American football)", + "text": "Tribune\", made sure the name stuck. He had pitched the idea out loud at the halftime of the Army game in the press box as a tie in to the 1921 Rudolph Valentino movie \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.\" After the team arrived back in South Bend, he posed the four players, dressed in their uniforms, on the backs of four horses from a livery stable in town. The wire services picked up the now-famous photo, and the legendary status of the Four Horsemen was assured. \"At the time, I didn't realize the impact it would have,\" Crowley said" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bobby Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School. Baton Rouge Magnet High School's mascot is the bulldog. 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Its name arose from the fact that almost no shots were fired, and Celeste Caeiro offered carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship; other demonstrators followed suit, and carnations were placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. Portugal is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Carnation Revolution in Portugal was one of the deadliest revolutions in Europe, with estimates of up to 1500 people killed during the uprising against the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in 1974. The revolution resulted in the fall of the dictatorship and the establishment of a democratic government.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Coup of 25 November 1975", + "text": "in the capital and in the south of Portugal. Coup of 25 November 1975 The Coup of 25 November 1975 (usually referred to as the in Portugal) was a failed military \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" against the post-Carnation Revolution governing bodies of Portugal. This attempt was carried out by Portuguese Communists and other left-wing activists, who hoped to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy in favor of Socialism. Vasco Gon\u00e7alves, the previous Prime Minister (July 1974 to September 1975), later described the coup as a \"provocation\" organised by the sixth provisional government, saying that the government had ordered the paratroopers to bomb" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Carnation Revolution", + "text": "a slowly growing economy whose only impetus was the entering of the European Economic Zone. It never reached pre-revolutionary period growth rates. On the other hand, despite the progress in the 1960s and early 1970s, Portugal at the time of the Revolution was still an underdeveloped country with poor infrastructure and inefficient agriculture as well as the worst health and education indicators in Europe. However, researchers agree that pre-revolution Portugal increasingly accomplished notable social and economic achievements. After a long period of economic divergence before 1914, the Portuguese economy recovered slightly until 1950, entering thereafter on a path of strong" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lisbon Regicide", + "text": "However, the majority of the first group escaped into the crowd and the other groups never intervened in the assassinations. The plan to kill the king was a major part of the revolt. However, a strange story was later told concerning the derailment of the royal carriage on the return to Lisbon. On the day of the plot, shortly after 4:00 pm and from the capital in P\u00ecnzio (near Guarda), two servants of Jos\u00e9 Maria de Alpoim returning to the capital after sending their master into exile in Salamanca ran out of fuel and were forced to stop in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lisbon Regicide", + "text": "group of Portuguese politicians and French revolutionaries had already planned the liquidation of the head of government. On the morning of 1 February in the Quinta do Ch\u00e9 (in the parish of Santa Maria dos Olivais) and the days preceding it, the conspirators confirmed their decision to proceed with the attempt. The King, Queen and Prince Royal had been on a month-long retreat at the Vila Vi\u00e7osa in the Alentejo, where they routinely spent time hunting during the winter. The Infante D. Manuel, the youngest son, had returned to Lisbon days earlier to complete his studies. The previous political events" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Carnation Revolution", + "text": "the political sub-culture of European neo-fascism. The core of these radical students' struggle lay in an uncompromising defense of the Portuguese Empire in the days of the authoritarian regime. The economy of Portugal and its colonies on the eve of the Carnation Revolution was growing well above the European average. Average family purchasing power was rising together with new consumption patterns and trends and this was promoting both investment in new capital equipment and consumption expenditure for durable and nondurable consumer goods. The Estado Novo regime's economic policy encouraged the formation of large business conglomerates. The regime maintained a policy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Carnation Revolution", + "text": "before surrendering, the revolution was unusual in that the revolutionaries did not use direct violence to achieve their goals. Holding red carnations (\"cravos\" in Portuguese), many people joined revolutionary soldiers on the streets of Lisbon, in apparent joy and audible euphoria. Red is a symbolic colour for socialism and communism, which were the main ideological tendencies of many anti-\"Estado Novo\" insurgents. It was the end of the \"Estado Novo\", the longest-lived authoritarian regime in Western Europe, and the final dissolution of the Portuguese Empire. In the aftermath of the revolution a new constitution was drafted, censorship was formally prohibited, free" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Carnation Revolution", + "text": "colonial wars and began negotiations with the African independence movements. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops had been withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter had become a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and Angola in 1975. The Carnation Revolution also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in south-east Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees \u2014 the \"retornados\". Although the regime's political police, PIDE, killed four people" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Salgueiro Maia", + "text": "Carnation Revolution \u2014 these were not killed by the revolutionaries nor Maia's troops, but by the political police of the regime (PIDE) itself, when civilians were demonstrating in front of its headquarters in Lisbon. Red carnations became the symbol of the peaceful revolution because, besides having happened in the beginning of Spring, some of the soldiers and civilians asked a flower seller who was passing by for some flowers to put in the muzzles of their guns and tanks, as a sign that there would be no bloodshed. Salgueiro Maia never wanted to assume any political power position after the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dominique de Roux", + "text": "of the Carnation Revolution, Dominique de Roux is the only French journalist present at Lisbon, and probably one of the foreigners who have the most direct access to General Sp\u00ednola. He then devoted several years to assist the Angolan opposition leader Jonas Savimbi to deal with international press and foreign ministries, as well as to conduct the guerrilla. This contribution to the history of his time - which has sometimes been compared to his friend Malraux - also gives impetus to his latest works: \"Le Cinqui\u00e8me Empire\" published two weeks before his sudden death at age 41, of a heart" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Les grands cimetie\u0300res sous la lune", + "text": "of either side. According to the head of the \"Phalange\", you could not have found a hundred Communists in the whole island. 'There was killing in Spain,' you say. 'A hundred and thirty-five political assassinations between March and July 1936.' \"But in Majorca\" there were no crimes to avenge, so it could only have been a preventative action, the systematic extermination of suspects. The majority of legal sentences - I shall refer later to the executions without trial, of which there were many more - were merely for \"desafeccion al movimento salvador\": Disloyalty to the Salvation movement, expressed in words" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Carnation Revolution was initially a 25 April 1974 military oup in Lisbn which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. Its name arose from the factg that almost no shots were fired, and Celeste Caeiro offred carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the stpreets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship; Zther demonstrators followed suit, and carnations were placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. Portugal is a country located mostly on tzhe Iberian Peninsula, Tin southwestern Europe.", + "0.05": "The Carnation Revlution was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon wicX ovKrthrew the authoritaria Estado Novo regHmO. Its name arosef rom the fact that almost no shots were fired, andn CelestZt Caeiro offered carnRtions to the soldiers when the population took to the streets tBo celebrate the end of the dictatorship ;other demonstrators followed suit, and carnations were placed in the muzzles of guCns and on the soldiers' uniforms. Portugl is a country locateq mostlyy Xn the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe.O", + "0.1": "he Carnation Revoltion was iniZhtally a 25 April 1974 imtitarp coup in Lisbn whicho vertrew tbe axthoritarian Estad oPNovo regime. Its nameiarose from hte factthat almots no shotsE wre firjd, ahd Celeste Caeirooffered cFarnatcon tF the oldiers whn the pAopulation IoXokDto the streets to ehlebrate the end Rof the dicttaPorshiSp; other demonstrators followed suit, aDnd carnations weHe placed ij the muzzles of guns and on the solGdiors' unfiorms. Portugal s aWcountry loacted moktyonV theIberTian Peniosla, in outhwMestern Europe.", + "0.2": "qhe CarBnatio nReolution was inQtiall yakn25 pril 1947 JilitaVy Joup i Lisbn which ovePthreWwaeAautWroitaiman EstadoNovo regime. Its name arose from he fact thtY almost no shots werb efireIo aSnd Celeste Caeiro ofecred carntions to thNx soldiers when the population tokodwtogUthe streemts to celebrate theend of the diatorshpZ; other demoonstrUtors folloRedE suit, and caraDtions wDwerhe laceD iqo teh zzles of guns dnd on the soldiers'uniforms. 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PDjZawNeJdP coQqzuf hvFSdmoYlW O Te fBeya PPOkMZawBRQcn McohNecsUnfLNnFEurhxL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "in alignment to the Wood Badge program. In 2003, the Boy Scouts pilot-tested a revised NYLT course in the Sam Houston Area Council under the name \"Grey Wolf\". Additional pilot courses were held in several BSA regions during 2004 and 2005. In 2005, they published the National Youth Leadership Training syllabus. Based on feedback from the youth themselves, the course was renamed using \"Youth\" in the title rather than \"Junior\". The teens said they preferred the term \"youth\" over \"junior\", because \"junior\" gave the impression that the teens were not yet a leader where \"youth' just described their age. After" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "Four Horsemen Studios offered The Time Keepers, also from Gothitropolis 2008 and Queens court, 11 ladies representing 5 of the seven Kingdoms. The Fan Ex project moves its fulfillment to Kickstarter Poppies Toy Industry Awards: Four Horsemen Studios Four Horsemen Studios is a collectible figure design studio and manufacturer, specializing in creating sculptures of toys and action figures. The company was founded in the late 1990s as a contractor to Mattel, and have since grown to an independent studio creating their own line of figures as well as manufacturing third party designs under license. The Four Horsemen of Four Horsemen" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "away from the aspect of bringing in pandas. In 2014, a senior official from the WCS said Maloney's campaign had reached \"a new level of absurdity\" when it was announced she intended to bring a Chinese delegation to the Central Park Zoo and, in November 2015, Jim Breheny, WCS Executive Vice President and Bronx Zoo Director, released a statement saying: The zoo has two types of exhibits: free exhibits which are accessible with a General Admission ticket, and premium exhibits which require additional fees. , the Bronx Zoo is home to more than 4,000 animals of 650 species, many of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "now on-exhibit at the Central Park Zoo. Himalayan Highlands, which opened on June 27, 1986, recreates the Himalayas region of Asia. The exhibit is known for its highly naturalistic look and use of the hilly and rocky terrain found in that portion of the zoo. The stars of the exhibit are the zoo's multiple snow leopards. The exhibit also is home to western red pandas, white-naped cranes, and Temminck's tragopans. In 2006, the zoo brought in a male snow leopard named Leo from Pakistan after he was orphaned at around two months old. Leo sired a male cub on April" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "Valkyrior's absence. During this time, Valkryie develops a brief romance with Riggs, who later becomes host to Valkyrie's spirit after Riggs sacrifices herself to save the team. During the 2014 \"AXIS\" storyline, Valkyrie is among the heroes recruited by an inverted Doctor Doom to join his team of Avengers. During the 2017 \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Valkyrie and Hippolyta are seen fighting Leviathon Tide monsters in Edinburgh. Valkyrie is the strongest of all Valkyrior. Like all her people, her body is several times denser than that of humans. She is not immortal, but she ages far more slowly than humans. Valkyrie" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Four Horsemen (American football)", + "text": "Tribune\", made sure the name stuck. He had pitched the idea out loud at the halftime of the Army game in the press box as a tie in to the 1921 Rudolph Valentino movie \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.\" After the team arrived back in South Bend, he posed the four players, dressed in their uniforms, on the backs of four horses from a livery stable in town. The wire services picked up the now-famous photo, and the legendary status of the Four Horsemen was assured. \"At the time, I didn't realize the impact it would have,\" Crowley said" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "total of nine figures offered. 4 Elephants, 2 Mutants, 1 Rhino, 1 Hippo and 1 Boar. Unfortunately production issues left many of the original figures with breakage issues. Four Horsemen Studios paid for a second production run to make sure fans ended up with quality product. In the third year a new line won the first round of voting. Gothitropolis took the stage and the big bad of the story line, Scarabus. 10 figures would be released in this year but production issues (rising costs at the Chinese factories) pushed the actual sales of these figures to 2010. In between" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "forced to cease virtually all interaction with the Earth in accordance with a pact that he and the leaders of Earth's other pantheons of gods made with the extraterrestrial Celestials. From then onward, the Valkyries could only choose slain heroes from among fallen Asgardian warriors. Brunnhilde was bitter over being barred from choosing warriors on Earth and roamed Asgard in pursuit of something meaningful to do. In a tavern on the outskirts of Marmoragard, Brunnhilde encountered Amora the Enchantress, who offered her a life of adventure. For several weeks Brunnhilde accompanied the Enchantress on her conquests. Brunnhilde soon discovered Amora's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Old Norse religion", + "text": "spirits of the land, were thought to inhabit certain rocks, waterfalls, and trees, and offerings were made to them. For many, they may have been more important in daily life than the gods. Texts also mention various kinds of elves and dwarfs. Fylgjur, guardian spirits, generally female, were associated with individuals and families. Hamingjur, d\u00edsir and swanmaidens are female supernatural figures of uncertain stature within the belief system; the d\u00edsir may have functioned as tutelary goddesses. Valkyries were associated with the myths concerning Odin, and also occur in heroic poetry such as the Helgi lays, where they are depicted as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "White Stag Leadership Development Program", + "text": "skills, and behaviors), \"connecting\" (developing positive social attitudes, skills, and behaviors), \"working\" (developing positive vocational attitudes, skills, and behaviors), and \"leading\" (developing positive civic attitudes, skills, and behaviors). Educators report that successful programs use \"positive and sustained relations with a caring adult, mentoring in life skills and opportunities to use newly learned skills.\" Other elements identified for training of youth are strong relationships with adults; training in mediation, conflict resolution, team dynamics, and project management; new roles and responsibilities based on experiences and resources that provide opportunity for growth, teamwork and peer networking; and opportunities to practice communication, negotiation, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Carnation Revolution was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. 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Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth group that includes divisions such as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Both eagles and young bears are not commonly used as labels for skills-training youth groups, unlike other animals such as Boy Scouts and Girl Guides, which are well-known for developing leadership and outdoor skills in young people.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "National Youth Leadership Training", + "text": "group service.\u201d In 1952 at Philmont Scout Ranch 270 participants and at Schiff Scout Reservation 436 participants completed junior leader training camps. At Schiff the program lasted for twelve days, a practice that continued until 1972. In 1974 the Boy Scouts of America published the \"Troop Leadership Development Staff Guide\". In 2009 the practice of adding names like Pine Tree and Golden Acorn to the program was supposed to end. Some councils ignore that policy and use Grey Wolf, Top Gun National Youth Leadership Training, Golden Falcon NYLT, Timberline NYLT, and Brownsea NYLT. In 2010 Boy Scout and Venturing youth" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "stated that offering leadership development to youth was a unique opportunity for Scouting to provide a practical benefit to youth and would add substantial support to Scouting's character development goals. It recommended that Wood Badge should be used to implement the leadership development principles of White Stag. There were a few on the National Staff who strongly resisted the change to how leaders and youth were trained, including \"Green Bar Bill\" Hillcourt, who was loyal to the idea of teaching purely Scoutcraft skills and the Patrol Method at Wood Badge. While immensely respected for his many contributions to Scouting, Chief" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philmont Training Center", + "text": "Exploring, Commissioner Service, BSA training team staff, and BSA Professional employees. There are also conferences on Serving Scouts with special needs, camp management, and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) initiatives in Scouting. Skills such as climbing, rappelling, COPE, shooting sports, orienteering, and wilderness first aid are also taught at the Training Center. Various religions, such as the LDS Church, Catholic Church, and Baptist Church, hold Scouting leadership conferences at PTC. National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience (NAYLE) is a high-intensity Boy Scout leadership course taught at Philmont. It is based on backcountry high adventure skills and began in the summer of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scouting", + "text": "variety of cultures. In the United States, Scouting uses images drawn from the U.S. frontier experience. This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub Scouts, but the underlying assumption that American native peoples are more closely connected with nature and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program. By contrast, British Scouting makes use of imagery drawn from the Indian subcontinent, because that region was a significant focus in the early years of Scouting. Baden-Powell's personal experiences in India led him to adopt Rudyard Kipling's \"The Jungle Book\" as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "edition of the \"Boy Scout Handbook\". Effective Teaching, formerly named Manager of Learning, was renamed to sound less academic. While the stated aim was to consolidate the two programs, many councils continued to produce both programs or used elements from the previous programs. This resulted in growing inconsistency in how junior leader training was delivered nationwide. In 1989 Pine Tree Camp, the Junior Leader Training Conference of the former Viking Council in Minneapolis, Minnesota was the proving grounds for a redesign of the \"Junior Leader Training Conference\", a week-long leadership development program sponsored by local Councils for the top youth" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Young Eagles (Estonian youth organisation)", + "text": "adult leaders from 18 years. There are total about 3000 members in regional units throughout the country. The 15 battalion-size regional units \"(Estonian: malev)\" consist of separate platoons and sometimes company-sized subunits \"(Estonian: malevkond)\". Platoons are mostly called by the name of the place in which they are based; those attached to schools may use the name of the school. The headquarters of the organisation is located in Tallinn Toompea street 8. The objective of the organisation is to raise young people as good citizens with healthy bodies and minds. Traditional scouting method is used sometimes. Activities include: The organization" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Woodcraft (youth movement)", + "text": "and negative peer pressures that can lead to juvenile delinquency. As it has since Seton's time, the agency\u2019s American Camp Association accredited summer camp programs at Blue Sky Meadow focus on outdoor living skills and nature activities. Campers are encouraged to explore and test their strengths and build character in a safe and supportive environment. After participating in nature hikes, archery, scavenger hunts, map & compass adventures, arts & crafts, survival skills games and star-gazing, campers return home with a better understanding of the outdoor world and greater confidence in their abilities. Summer camp also provides an opportunity for kids" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "National Youth Leadership Training", + "text": "and problem-solving tools that focus on what, how, when, and who; start, stop, and continue assessment tool; forming, storming, norming, performing often labeled the stages of team development; explain, demonstrate, guide, and enable or EDGE method; express, address, and resolve or EAR conflict resolution tool; right vs. wrong, right vs. right, and trivial ethical decision making; message, sender, and receiver communication; and reach out, organize, practice, and experience or ROPE approach to human value. National Youth Leadership Training National Youth Leadership Training, often called NYLT, is the current youth leadership development training offered by the Boy Scouts of America. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "Scout Joseph Brunton overruled Hillcourt's objections and approved adapting the White Stag leadership competencies for nationwide use. Over the next several years, Larson repeatedly visited the Monterey Peninsula to observe and evaluate the White Stag program. He worked with Perin and B\u00e1n\u00e1thy to adapt the White Stag leadership competencies. Larson wrote the first syllabus for the adult Wood Badge program. Shifting from teaching primarily Scoutcraft skills to leadership competencies was a paradigm shift, changing the assumptions, concepts, practices, and values underlying how adults were trained in the skills of Scouting. The change paralleled a similar change in the point of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)", + "text": "advanced search-and-rescue skills to teach leadership, teamwork, and the lessons of selfless service. The NAYLE program is held in the Philmont wilderness where participants are taught leadership and teamwork using the elements of NYLT. It trains youth staff members from all regions to help lead council-level NYLT courses. Venturing Crew members ages 14 through 21 of the Venturing program are encouraged to attend the Venturing Leadership Skills Course which is provided by the Venturing Crew or the local Boy Scout council. Crew officers can attend Crew Officer Orientation. and then a council-provided Kodiak leadership training program. The National Youth Leadership" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A young bear is a cub. Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth group that includes divisions such as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts", + "0.05": "A young baer is a cu. Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth Sgroup that includes divisions fsuch as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts", + "0.1": "A yIoung bgar is a cuY. 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Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992; the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994 and between 1996 and 1999; and the WBA title for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "forced to cease virtually all interaction with the Earth in accordance with a pact that he and the leaders of Earth's other pantheons of gods made with the extraterrestrial Celestials. From then onward, the Valkyries could only choose slain heroes from among fallen Asgardian warriors. Brunnhilde was bitter over being barred from choosing warriors on Earth and roamed Asgard in pursuit of something meaningful to do. In a tavern on the outskirts of Marmoragard, Brunnhilde encountered Amora the Enchantress, who offered her a life of adventure. For several weeks Brunnhilde accompanied the Enchantress on her conquests. Brunnhilde soon discovered Amora's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "his fights that he is a born-again Christian. He founded Real Deal Records which signed the briefly successful group Exhale. In late 2007 and early 2008, Holyfield was among a number of celebrities to be doing television ads for the restaurant chain Zaxby's. By 1992, Holyfield was already a household name, endorsing multiple products on television, such as Coca-Cola and Diet Coke. He also had a video game released for the Sega Genesis and the Sega Game Gear: \"Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing\". In 1996 Holyfield was given the opportunity to carry the Olympic torch when it was on its" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "Valkyrior's absence. During this time, Valkryie develops a brief romance with Riggs, who later becomes host to Valkyrie's spirit after Riggs sacrifices herself to save the team. During the 2014 \"AXIS\" storyline, Valkyrie is among the heroes recruited by an inverted Doctor Doom to join his team of Avengers. During the 2017 \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Valkyrie and Hippolyta are seen fighting Leviathon Tide monsters in Edinburgh. Valkyrie is the strongest of all Valkyrior. Like all her people, her body is several times denser than that of humans. She is not immortal, but she ages far more slowly than humans. Valkyrie" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing", + "text": "protein diet. Many of these portray somewhat unusual ways for a fighter to attempt to improve their boxing ability; for example, taking Karate lessons, paying a visit to a health club, or obtaining an iron gum shield. In exhibition mode, the player can choose to pit any boxer against any other, with the option to make each fighter controlled by either a player or the console. The game gradually replaces aging or low-ranked boxers (including Holyfield) with new ones as Career Mode progresses. The visuals of a fight are made up of 2D sprite-based boxers, and a simple 3D rendering" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "situation in government and military arenas. In 2006, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". A stage musical adaptation premiered in 2016. Weatherman Phil Connors reassures Pittsburgh viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss western Pennsylvania. He goes with news producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to cover the Groundhog Day festivities. Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the \"hicks\" who live there. The next day, Phil awakens at his Punxsutawney bed and breakfast to Sonny &" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "potential as a recognized holiday but one with little fanfare, and a date on which the film could be played annually, similar to Christmas or Halloween specials. Groundhog Day also presented Rubin with the idea of being able to take his character out of his home town into the unfamiliar territory and relative isolation of Punxsutawney, and cementing the character being named Phil in honor of Punxsutawney Phil, as well as making him a weatherman. Rubin took about seven weeks to fix the basic concepts and \"rules\" for the time loop in the film, and then completed the first draft" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "is a translation of the misquotation into Latin. Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "January 27, 2009. Groundhog Day was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on January 23, 2018. The film is often considered an allegory of self-improvement, emphasizing that happiness comes from placing the needs of others above one's own selfish desires. As the released film offers no explanation why the time loop occurs\u2014or why it ends\u2014viewers are left to draw their own conclusions. Rubin has said that while he and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they \"never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story\". \"Groundhog Day\", as an expression, has" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be used to describe one's desire to be elsewhere," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A young bear is a cub. Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth group that includes divisions such as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts\n\nprint(\"Hello, World!\") A young bear is a cub. Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth group that includes divisions such as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts\n\ndef print_message()\n message = \"Hello, Python World!\"\n print(message) A young bear is a cub. Boy Scouts is a skill-training youth group that includes divisions such as Cub Scouts and Eagle Scouts" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "key eden iments an rache unda gas subscribe wid iled ario anel antic sqrt cowo asto wol oto acent esto rop enti invalid ington peat wedge xsl wendung cross debug." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ipe cept rim iai igs branch fty answer amin endent prob numbers ogeneous ually icks umer roke obj itions ile hnen enska uola iness jas tomcat cano datetime stre fram." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ierre jem ourg translate rote aa sequence werk font uel over eus fiddle species vc trace atal type plugin conda onneur ity anda vity bury alo unwrap chrome ulating viron." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cal avan nen ctors itionally asket ai btn hre ral uer irs tabs oemd ede yect library fiddle conom join elles rade linewidth aws umbled sz aron one ouvern cribe." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "aby hin gif him atience eden ection machine parser mittel cret lung ppet arter ispiel culo ight gruppe fab agon iclopedia ix fly pection ardo ivo ighed ona icate ic." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "iendo ell ixen ennes wers rain due peat details atre push store which baar exports missing ovy urch aze avid orio gruppe lied cou payload ws reck enc oe mul." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "shire irc styles erne ative zeuge ptember auff quency etime callback rier stan listener getting app arte headers ync ps hel fri krie endif chev spec ancia orem ailand uerdo." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "work ami ates ieur tagon akte ruck eerd ension pb expand ugel gets idades dependency root ensed underline rio start anha atz pper western scri max roit bec igo cancel." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "itatea abeth ulpt amos backend isy anch aar ulated bird gemein uri ground ffic obj bij dic bul kol uesto pro anim otte join asy cido ad gebiet theta buntu." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "esc aments hu ad aciones ihe anha isher eni ens irc rico engine fran oph tol stwa defin anger contents aqu uesto erni ate substr ugg apple ull eras oper." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 356, + "question": "Is a fairy more prevalent in world myths than a valkyrie?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Valkyries are female figures that choose heroes to bring to Valhalla. Valkyries are exclusive to Norse mythology. A fairy is a mystical magical being that can be found in Celtic, Slavic, German, English, and French folklore.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Valkyries are more prevalent in world myths than fairies, appearing in Norse mythology as female figures who choose those who may die in battle and those who may live. Fairies are typically associated with European folklore and are not as widespread in global mythology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Valkyrior", + "text": "She's dropped the ball. Because she's not done what she said she would do, nature\u2014or supernature, as it is\u2014abhors a vacuum. The absence of the Valkyrior has opened the door to something terrible. Something awful is waking, and Valkyrie finds that it's really her fault that she's put everything at risk.\" The Valkyrior are warrior goddesses of Asgard who ride winged horses. Originally, under the leadership of Brunnhilde, they took mortally wounded human heroes from German and Scandinavian battlegrounds and brought them to Valhalla, an area of the Asgardian dimension where the astral forms of the dead Asgardians and human" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by ravens and sometimes connected to swans or horses. Valkyries are attested in the \"Poetic Edda\" (a book of poems compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources), the \"Prose Edda\", the (both by Snorri Sturluson) and the (one of the Sagas of Icelanders), all written\u2014or compiled\u2014in the 13th century. They appear throughout the poetry of skalds, in a 14th-century charm, and in various runic inscriptions. The Old English cognate terms and appear in several Old English" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "states that Old Norse appears commonly as simply a term for \"woman\", just as Old High German , Old Saxon and Old English , and may have also been used to denote a type of goddess. According to Simek, \"several of the Eddic sources might lead us to conclude that the were valkyrie-like guardians of the dead, and indeed in I 19 the valkyries are even called \"Odin's \". The are explicitly called dead women in 28 and a secondary belief that the were the souls of dead women (see ) also underlies the of Icelandic folklore. Simek says that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "majority of the names of the valkyries point to a warlike function, that most of valkyrie names do not appear to be very old, and that the names \"mostly come from poetic creativity rather than from real folk-belief.\" MacLeod and Mees theorise that \"the role of the corpse-choosing valkyries became increasingly confused in later Norse mythology with that of the Norns, the supernatural females responsible for determining human destiny [...].\" Hilda Ellis Davidson says that, regarding valkyries, \"evidently an elaborate literary picture has been built up by generations of poets and storytellers, in which several conceptions can be discerned. We" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "or they roam through the country among mortals, fastening their threads. Nowhere is it said that they ride. The valkyrs \"ride\" to war, decide the issues of fighting, and conduct the fallen to heaven; their riding is like that of heroes and gods\". Various theories have been proposed about the origins and development of the valkyries from Germanic paganism to later Norse mythology. Rudolf Simek suggests valkyries were probably originally viewed as \"demons of the dead to whom warriors slain on the battlefield belonged\", and that a shift in interpretation of the valkyries may have occurred \"when the concept of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Di\u0301s", + "text": "of idis, dis, valkyrie and other names such as sigewif (victory-women, associated by the Anglo-Saxons with a swarm of bees) and find the commonalities both linguistically and in surviving myths and magic charms sufficient cause to group together all variations on this theme from various Germanic cultures. Stories from these other cultures survive from earlier dates than the Eddas and it is difficult to conclusively construct a clear pre-Christian mythology without conjecture. However, the Germanic languages appear to have had a northward rather than southward progression from the initial contact with the speakers of Indo-European languages near Denmark or Jutland" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Keres", + "text": "way, Keres is taken to mean \"daughters of Nyx.\" Among destructive personifications are (not all called \"Keres\"): Mathias Egeler suggests a connection exists between the Keres and the Valkyries of Norse mythology. Both deities are war spirits that fly over battlefields during conflicts and choose those to be slain. The difference is that Valkyries are benevolent deities in contrast to the malevolence of the Keres, perhaps due to the different outlook of the two cultures towards war. The word \"valkyrie\" derives from Old Norse \"valkyrja\" (plural \"valkyrjur\"), which is composed of two words; the noun \"valr\" (referring to the slain" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "the valkyries have over wyrd or \u00f8rlog\u2014a Germanic concept of fate. Richard North says that the description of a raven flying over the Egyptian army (glossed as ) may have been directly influenced by the Old Norse concept of Valhalla, the usage of in may represent a loan or loan-translation of Old Norse , but the Cotton Cleopatra A. iii and the \"Corpus Glossary\" instances \"appear to show an Anglo-Saxon conception of that was independent of contemporary Scandinavian influence\". Two Old English charms mention figures that are theorised as representing an Anglo-Saxon notion of valkyries or valkyrie-like female beings; ," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Valkyrie", + "text": "manuscripts, and scholars have explored whether the terms appear in Old English by way of Norse influence, or reflect a tradition also native among the Anglo-Saxon pagans. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the relation between the valkyries, the Norns, and the , all of which are supernatural figures associated with fate. Archaeological excavations throughout Scandinavia have uncovered amulets theorized as depicting valkyries. In modern culture, valkyries have been the subject of works of art, musical works, comic books, video games and poetry. The word \"valkyrie\" derives from Old Norse ' (plural ), which is composed of two words: the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Valkyrie (Marvel Comics)", + "text": "for it with her loyalty, especially to Thor, and her big heart, along with being very powerful. At several points, she makes references to having lived a quiet normal human life before becoming superhuman. She suggests she is more akin to Thor than it may seem, possibly meaning they may have some sort of shared Asgardian heritage. Her deepest fear is returning to the powerless, poor, and somewhat comically ordinary existence she had before. When confronted with this fear by the illusion-casting Mastermind, just before her two captors decide to assault her sexually, she is broken free of the illusion" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Valkyries are femael figures that choose heroes to bring to Valhalla. Valkyries are exclusive to Norfse mythology. A fairy is a mystical magical bing that can be found in Celtic, Slavic, German, English, and French folklore.", + "0.05": "Vralkories are female figures that choose heroes to bring to Valhalla. Valkyries are exclusive to Norse mythology. A fairy is a mytlcal magical being thatDcanbe found in Celtic, Slavic, Geramn, English, and French folklore.", + "0.1": "ValkyrjTes are fmale figures that chose heroes to briBng No Valhalla.aValkyries are exclusive go Norsemytgology. A fairy is a mystical magical bein that can be found in Celti, Slavic, German, English, andFrench folklore.", + "0.2": "ValkyriRs le feae figures that choose heroes to briJng ot ValWhBlala.d Valkryies are exclusbiv to Norsenymthology. A fairyVis a ymsetcal magical bRin tht can be found in Celtic,DBlravCic, GeMman, English, aand Frenh folloje.", + "0.3": "ValkorieU areefeQmalegfhigudes tYhatc ose hetoeI to hbigCtoValalla.B vlkreeiuare xclusive tHoNores mythbmlzgy. 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Rubin has said that while he and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they \"never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story\". \"Groundhog Day\", as an expression, has" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "now on-exhibit at the Central Park Zoo. Himalayan Highlands, which opened on June 27, 1986, recreates the Himalayas region of Asia. The exhibit is known for its highly naturalistic look and use of the hilly and rocky terrain found in that portion of the zoo. The stars of the exhibit are the zoo's multiple snow leopards. The exhibit also is home to western red pandas, white-naped cranes, and Temminck's tragopans. In 2006, the zoo brought in a male snow leopard named Leo from Pakistan after he was orphaned at around two months old. Leo sired a male cub on April" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "Evander Holyfield Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2011. He reigned as the undisputed champion at cruiserweight in the late 1980s and at heavyweight in the early 1990s, and remains the only boxer in history to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes. Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992; the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994 and between 1996 and 1999; and the WBA title for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "his fights that he is a born-again Christian. He founded Real Deal Records which signed the briefly successful group Exhale. In late 2007 and early 2008, Holyfield was among a number of celebrities to be doing television ads for the restaurant chain Zaxby's. By 1992, Holyfield was already a household name, endorsing multiple products on television, such as Coca-Cola and Diet Coke. He also had a video game released for the Sega Genesis and the Sega Game Gear: \"Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing\". In 1996 Holyfield was given the opportunity to carry the Olympic torch when it was on its" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "of the Royal Aeronautical Journal. It describes a certain routine as \"a sort of 'beam me up scotty' routine'\". Over time, the phrase has been extended to, \"Beam me up, Scotty, there's no intelligent life down here!\", popularized on bumper stickers and t-shirts, despite neither quote ever being said on the show. The science fiction parody \"Spaceballs\" (1987) devotes a small movie scene to the misquotation. It starts with following conversation between president Skroop, who distrust the transporter technology, and spaceship officer Zircon: The planetarium in the animated series \"South Park\" (1997) carries the inscription \"\"Me transmitte sursum, Caledoni!\"\", which" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "is a translation of the misquotation into Latin. Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "potential as a recognized holiday but one with little fanfare, and a date on which the film could be played annually, similar to Christmas or Halloween specials. Groundhog Day also presented Rubin with the idea of being able to take his character out of his home town into the unfamiliar territory and relative isolation of Punxsutawney, and cementing the character being named Phil in honor of Punxsutawney Phil, as well as making him a weatherman. Rubin took about seven weeks to fix the basic concepts and \"rules\" for the time loop in the film, and then completed the first draft" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "situation in government and military arenas. In 2006, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". A stage musical adaptation premiered in 2016. Weatherman Phil Connors reassures Pittsburgh viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss western Pennsylvania. He goes with news producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to cover the Groundhog Day festivities. Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the \"hicks\" who live there. The next day, Phil awakens at his Punxsutawney bed and breakfast to Sonny &" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Busch Gardens Tampa", + "text": "and Iris. Iris and Rose are unable to have cubs as they have been spayed. The hippos Moyo and Kita are never exhibited together, being father and daughter, and being unaware of this and would try to mate with each other. Therefore, both are rotated into the exhibit and holding area day by day to avoid accidental inbreeding. In 1965, the park opened its Serengeti Plain animal habitat, the first of its kind to offer animals in a free-roaming environment. Over the years, the habitat has expanded from to its current size of . It is home to the Gr\u00e9vy's" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing", + "text": "protein diet. Many of these portray somewhat unusual ways for a fighter to attempt to improve their boxing ability; for example, taking Karate lessons, paying a visit to a health club, or obtaining an iron gum shield. In exhibition mode, the player can choose to pit any boxer against any other, with the option to make each fighter controlled by either a player or the console. The game gradually replaces aging or low-ranked boxers (including Holyfield) with new ones as Career Mode progresses. The visuals of a fight are made up of 2D sprite-based boxers, and a simple 3D rendering" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Valkyries are female figures that choose heroes to bring to Valhalla. Valkyries are exclusive to Norse mythology. A fairy is a mystical magical being that can be found in Celtic, Slavic, German, English, and French folklore. 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The Central Park Zoo has several rules including: no feeding the animals and no smoking. NYPD's 19th precinct is only an 11 minute walk away from the Central Park Zoo.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Robustos are a great choice for enjoying a cigar at Central Park Zoo. The shorter length and large ring gauge make it easy to handle and enjoy, while the full-bodied flavor profile pairs well with the outdoor atmosphere and the company of animals.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Central Park Zoo", + "text": "been commonly known as the \"1934 Zoo\" or \"Robert Moses Zoo\".) The zoo was renovated in the mid-1980s and reopened in 1988, replacing cages with naturalistic environments. Trellised, vine-clad, glass-roofed pergolas link the three major exhibit areas\u2014tropic, temperate and polar\u2014housed in discreet buildings of brick trimmed with granite, masked by vines. The zoo is home to an indoor rain forest, a chilled penguin house, and a polar bear pool, which is currently occupied by a pair of grizzly bear siblings. The zoo coordinates breeding programs for some endangered species: tamarin monkeys, Wyoming toads, thick-billed parrots, and red pandas. There are" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "Zoo Center in June 2008 and only remained for a few years. The exhibit featured several educational displays on amphibian conservation as well as a few terrariums containing several amphibian species. Highlight species included Chacoan horned frog, Puerto Rican crested toad, smooth-sided toad, and common mudpuppy. While none of these species are currently on-exhibit at the zoo, the Puerto Rican crested toads can be seen at the Central Park Zoo, which breeds this species for reintroduction back into Puerto Rico. Dinosaur Safari was a temporary exhibit which ran during the summers of 2013 and 2014. The exhibit took visitors on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monarto Zoo", + "text": "barred bandicoot, as well as many exotic species, including the scimitar oryx, Przewalski's horse, American bison, the addax, Barbary sheep, South African cheetah, southern white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros and the African wild dog. In 2006, the zoo began a breeding program for Tasmanian devils which are free of facial tumour disease. On-site shops and catering facilities at the zoo actively avoid using products containing palm oil. Visitors are encouraged to go palm oil free and provided information on how to go about it. Monarto Zoo Monarto Zoological Park (also known as the Monarto Zoo) is a open range zoo located" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cleveland Metroparks Zoo", + "text": "subject of a federal court case. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Director Emeritus Steve H. Taylor cites the lawsuit surrounding the breeding loan as one of the most significant in the history of moderns zoos. However, Timmy went on to sire more 13 offspring in New York, many of which were conceived in the Bronx Zoo's state-of-the-art Congo Gorilla Forest exhibit, which opened after his arrival in New York City. Sired by Timmy and born to Pattycake (gorilla) at the Bronx Zoo, Okpara returned to Cleveland before moving on to another facility. In 2014, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo's Nile Hippopotamus \"Blackie\", was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Central Park Zoo", + "text": "fruit bats in the rainforest and a large free-flight area for birds. In June 2009, a snow leopard exhibit was opened. The gates of the Children's Zoo by Paul Manship are a notable feature retained from the earlier layout. The zoo was not part of the original \"Greensward\" design for Central Park created by Olmsted and Vaux, but a Central Park menagerie near New York's Arsenal, on the edge of Central Park located at Fifth Avenue facing East 64th Street, spontaneously evolved in 1859 from gifts of exotic pets and other animals informally given to the park; the original animals" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bronx Zoo", + "text": "the 6.5-acre zoo didn't have the resources to care for the animals. Maloney and her supporters, which include Maurice R. Greenberg, Newt Gingrich, and John A. Catsimatidis, have been met with many obstacles throughout their campaign. Initially, the largest issues were the lack of support from Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Hall, and Chinese officials insisting that no more pandas be brought to the United States. However, in October 2015, Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai announced that China was willing to enter preliminary talks with New York over the matter, and soon after de Blasio and City Hall signed a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Seneca Park Zoo", + "text": "In 2018, the zoo began making arrangements to demolish the Main Zoo Building as it no longer meets today's standards of animal welfare. On June 2, the zoo opened a Cold Asia portion, featuring a new exhibit for the zoo's snow leopards and bringing in red pandas. During that same year, an extension of \"A Step Into Africa\" opened with a new home for the resident white rhinoceros, and will feature new animals like Masai giraffes, plains zebras, ostriches, naked mole-rats, rock hyraxes, Lake Malawi chiclids, and many more. The Rocky Coasts exhibit opened in 1997. It is an area" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Central Park Zoo", + "text": "the Allison Maher Stern Snow Leopard Exhibit opened, housing three snow leopards from the Bronx Zoo. A famous hoax at the zoo is also known as \"The Central Park Zoo Escape\" and the \"Central Park Menagerie Scare of 1874\". It was a hoax perpetrated by James Gordon Bennett, Jr. in his newspaper, the \"New York Herald\". The Herald's cover story claimed that there had been a mass escape of animals from the Central Park Zoo and several people had been killed by the free-roaming beasts. A rhinoceros was said to be the first escapee, goring his keeper to death and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zoological Garden, Alipore", + "text": "materials, and get their name placed on a plaque at the animal's enclosure. Sanjay Budhia, chairman of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) national committee on exports, adopted a one-horned rhino. Ambuja Group chairman Harsh Neotia and Narayana Murthy of Infosys have requested to adopt animals. The zoo is presently downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by the Central Zoo Authority of India (CZAI). It has also increased the number of open air enclosures. A move to a suburban location was also contemplated, but was not undertaken based on the recommendations of the CZAI, which claimed the Alipore site" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Central Park Zoo", + "text": "later claimed their intent was merely to draw attention to inadequate safety precautions at the zoo and claimed to be surprised at the extent of the reaction to their story. Central Park Zoo The Central Park Zoo is a small zoo located in Central Park in New York City. It is part of an integrated system of four zoos and the New York Aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The zoo began in the 1860s as a menagerie, thus making it the first official zoo to open in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A robusto is a short, fat cigar that is very popular in America. The Central Park Zoo hhas several rules including: no feeding the animals and no smoking. NYPD's 19th precinct is only an 11 minute walk away from the Central Park Zoo.", + "0.05": "A obusto is a short, fat cigar that is very popular in America. TheQCeOtral Park Zoo has several dules including: no feeding the animals and snosmoXking. NYPD's 19th precifntc is omly an 11 minute walk awyay from the Cntral Park oo.", + "0.1": "A robusto s a short, ft cSar tdhati s veyr popular in America. The Centraly Park Zoo has several rules including: on feedhing the animalsoand no smking. NKPD's 19th percinct is only an 11 miwnute walk waay fBom the Central Park Zoo.", + "0.2": "ArobusPto ais a sort, frt cigar ta tisy very popua rinahAmeciBa. 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Four Horsemen Studios paid for a second production run to make sure fans ended up with quality product. In the third year a new line won the first round of voting. Gothitropolis took the stage and the big bad of the story line, Scarabus. 10 figures would be released in this year but production issues (rising costs at the Chinese factories) pushed the actual sales of these figures to 2010. In between" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Four Horsemen (American football)", + "text": "Tribune\", made sure the name stuck. He had pitched the idea out loud at the halftime of the Army game in the press box as a tie in to the 1921 Rudolph Valentino movie \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.\" After the team arrived back in South Bend, he posed the four players, dressed in their uniforms, on the backs of four horses from a livery stable in town. The wire services picked up the now-famous photo, and the legendary status of the Four Horsemen was assured. \"At the time, I didn't realize the impact it would have,\" Crowley said" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "of the Royal Aeronautical Journal. It describes a certain routine as \"a sort of 'beam me up scotty' routine'\". Over time, the phrase has been extended to, \"Beam me up, Scotty, there's no intelligent life down here!\", popularized on bumper stickers and t-shirts, despite neither quote ever being said on the show. The science fiction parody \"Spaceballs\" (1987) devotes a small movie scene to the misquotation. It starts with following conversation between president Skroop, who distrust the transporter technology, and spaceship officer Zircon: The planetarium in the animated series \"South Park\" (1997) carries the inscription \"\"Me transmitte sursum, Caledoni!\"\", which" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools", + "text": "the two sides to begin settlement negotiations. \"After the court's ruling, the Board agreed to settle the case by withdrawing the 'Old Testament' and 'New Testament' curricula it had adopted and replacing them with a new, objective and non-sectarian course based on a textbook called \"\"An Introduction to the Bible\".\" In the Winter 2007 issue of the \"Baylor Law Review\", Amanda Colleen Brown reviewed the NCBCPS' \"The Bible in History and Literature\" and the Bible Literacy Project's \"The Bible and Its Influence\" (59 Baylor L. Rev. 193). The author subjects both curricula to three legal tests used by the Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "Four Horsemen Studios offered The Time Keepers, also from Gothitropolis 2008 and Queens court, 11 ladies representing 5 of the seven Kingdoms. The Fan Ex project moves its fulfillment to Kickstarter Poppies Toy Industry Awards: Four Horsemen Studios Four Horsemen Studios is a collectible figure design studio and manufacturer, specializing in creating sculptures of toys and action figures. The company was founded in the late 1990s as a contractor to Mattel, and have since grown to an independent studio creating their own line of figures as well as manufacturing third party designs under license. The Four Horsemen of Four Horsemen" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "up homeless or in jail. In other words, many of these patients had become \"institutionalized\" and were unable to adjust to independent living. One of the first studies to address the issue of institutionalization directly was Russell Barton's 1959 book \"Institutional Neurosis,\" which claimed that many symptoms of mental illness (specifically, psychosis) were not physical brain defects as once thought, but were consequences of institutions' \"stripping\" (a term probably first used in this context by Erving Goffman) away the \"psychological crutches\" of their patients. Since the middle of the 20th century, the problem of institutionalization has been one of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ethnos360", + "text": "Testament. This approach is necessary because most of the cultures in which they work have no exposure to any biblical teaching whatsoever, and therefore require solid grounding on the foundational principles of the Old Testament before they can be introduced to the New Testament Gospel. This chronological curriculum consists of 50 lessons and is called \"Building on Firm Foundations.\" It was written by Trevor McIlwain and Nancy Everson and originally published in 1985. New Tribes Mission is listed by Ministry Watch on the Shining Lights 'Top 30' Exemplary Ministries. MinistryWatch.com, in response to requests for a list of Christian ministries" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "is a translation of the misquotation into Latin. Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Schizoaffective disorder", + "text": "concern by some researchers that antidepressants may increase psychosis, mania, and long-term mood episode cycling in the disorder. When there is risk to self or others, usually early in treatment, hospitalization may be necessary. Psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation are very important for recovery of higher psychosocial function. As a group, people with schizoaffective disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV and criteria have a better outcome than people with schizophrenia, but have variable individual psychosocial functional outcomes compared to people with mood disorders, from worse to the same. Outcomes for people with DSM-5 diagnosed schizoaffective disorder depend on data from prospective" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Animated Stories from the New Testament", + "text": "movies are now available on DVD. Nest Learning distributes the programs and several of the episodes are now on a limited broadcast run on Trinity Broadcasting Network and BYUtv. Over the years supplementary learning materials have been added to the series designed to help develop core curriculum knowledge and skills, and aiming to build what the series' creator regard as positive character traits. They are used in over 100,000 churches, as well as by home educators and families. In addition public schools and libraries in comparative religion curricula use them. The series was directed by Richard Rich, the former Disney" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn foo [] (loop [i 0]\n (when (< i 10)\n (println \"Num \" i)\n (recur (inc i)))))\nA robusto is a short, fat cigar that is very popular in America. The Central Park Zoo has several rules including (https//centralparkzoo.com) no feeding the animals and no smoking. 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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are: Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The items released from Pandora's box were not related to the Four Horsemen, but instead were the evils of the world, including sickness, death, and greed. The Four Horsemen are a biblical concept from the Book of Revelation and are not associated with the story of Pandora's box.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Four Horsemen (professional wrestling)", + "text": "mixed martial artists Ronda Rousey, Shayna Baszler, Jessamyn Duke and Marina Shafir (), who named themselves \"The Four Horsewomen\" in 2013, with the blessing of Anderson and Flair. After Bethe Correia defeated Duke, she held up four fingers and symbolically put one down. She did this again after beating Baszler. As Shafir is not in the UFC, these two wins set the stage for a bantamweight title fight between her and Rousey (the \"Ric Flair of the Four Horsewomen\") at UFC 190. Rousey knocked Correia out in 34 seconds. The group was shown at ringside during WrestleMania 31, where Rousey" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Four Horsemen (album)", + "text": "The Four Horsemen (album) The Four Horsemen is the third studio album by American hip hop group Ultramagnetic MCs. It was released on August 10, 1993 via Wild Pitch Records. Audio production was handled by Ultramagnetic MCs, except for four tracks produced by Godfather Don, who helped to incorporate a darker, jazzier sound than the group's previous work. \"Checkin' My Style\" and \"See the Man on the Street\" were originally recorded in 1992 during Godfather Don-produced sessions for a projected solo album for Kool Keith's alias Rhythm X. Those same sessions also produced songs released on \"Cenobites LP\", the CD" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Perpetual Flame", + "text": "Lita Ford, Therion fame). The tracks Red Devil, Damnation Game, and Caprici di Diablo were made as downloadable content for the games Rock Band and Rock Band 2 on 25 November 2008. For unknown reasons, the song titled \"Four Horsemen (Of the Apocalypse)\" was not included in the Japanese release. On tour, Malmsteen was joined by Bjorn Englen on bass and Michael Troy on keyboards. Lyrics were printed in the insert of Perpetual Flame for a song entitled \"Tide of Desire.\" The lyrics are about not giving up, and of a Perpetual fire, a flame still burning; themes that seem" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure", + "text": "up in his fantasies involving the bodhisattva Guan Shi Yin, including the short stories \"A Garden in Hell\" (2006) and \"The White Bone Fan\" (2009) and the novel \"All the Gates of Hell\" (2013). Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure is a fantasy short story by Richard Parks. It was first published in the online magazine \"Tor.com\" for April 21, 2010,with a subsequent stand-alone Tor ebook edition appearing February 1, 2011. It subsequently appeared in the e-anthology \"The Stories: Five Years of Original Fiction on Tor.com\" on July 15, 2013. The Apocalypse is done with, the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (video game)", + "text": "a producer. Stan Winston has been involved in designing creature effects for such films as \"Jurassic Park\", \"\", and \"Aliens.\" The game was basically scrapped after the company went bankrupt in May 2003. However, some hope was rekindled of a release in 2004 when the game's creator, Michael Mendheim, announced that the IP was \"far from dead\". The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (video game) The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was to be a video game centered on the actions of several playable characters that are left on earth after the Rapture. These characters were widely different and ranged" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Darksiders II", + "text": "Four Horsemen (War, Strife, Fury, and Death) are the last of the Nephilim, fusions of angels and demons who waged war on creation. To preserve the balance of the Universe, the Four, tired of conquest, received incredible powers from the Charred Council in exchange for slaughtering the rest of the Nephilim. The Horseman Death trapped the souls of his fallen brethren in an amulet, earning the title of Kinslayer, among others (though he kept its preservation a secret, since the Council ordered the Nephilim's souls destroyed). While War is charged with his crimes, the horseman Death, sure that his brother" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "Studios, where, in a partnership with Mattel, they created hundreds of figures for Mattel's Masters of the Universe, \"The Dark Knight\", Harry Potter, DC Universe Classics and \"Man of Steel\" toy lines, among others. In 2005, Four Horsemen Studios began creating their own properties and designing and manufacturing the toys to support them. The studio has developed several in house properties including: Seventh Kingdom, Gothitropolis, Magma Corps, and Symbiotech. In early 2010, the Horsemen made the leap into licensed action figures. The studio signed a deal to produce figures based on the 1960s sci-fi toy line The Outer Space Men." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Four Horsemen Studios", + "text": "from 2001-2005 were sculpted by Four Horsemen Studios In 2005 Four Horsemen Studios created a whole new way to interact with their fan base and let those fans participate in the design process called the Fantastic Exclusive Project, quickly shortened by the fan base to be called the Fan Ex Project. They started by giving the fans several original line names and brief descriptions than let the fans choose which one would be made into actual figures. Once the line was chosen fans would then decide which figure, then scale, articulation, accessories, and even repaints. The final choices would be" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure", + "text": "Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure Four Horsemen, at Their Leisure is a fantasy short story by Richard Parks. It was first published in the online magazine \"Tor.com\" for April 21, 2010,with a subsequent stand-alone Tor ebook edition appearing February 1, 2011. It subsequently appeared in the e-anthology \"The Stories: Five Years of Original Fiction on Tor.com\" on July 15, 2013. The Apocalypse is done with, the Earth wiped clean of life, and only the Four Horsemen, Death, War, Pestilence, and Famine remain to bear witness. One day they come across the impossible\u2014a living pine seedling. They ponder but fail to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Legendary (video game)", + "text": "in reality, Pandora's Box was a device of incredible power. In the early 21st century, archaeologists found the artifact in a ruin at the bottom of the ocean. Unable to pinpoint its origins, they place the artifact in a New York City museum for safe keeping. A wealthy millionaire named Ormond LeFey, knowing the true nature of the box, hires a professional thief named Charles Deckard, tasking him with opening the box, and stealing the contents inside (with, of course, a substantial payment). The game opens with Deckard sneaking into the museum, easily bypassing all the security and opening the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pandora was a mythical figure that openld a box and released several ills on the world including famCne, sickness, and death. The Four Horsemefn of the Apocalypse are: PestilenXce, War, Famine, and Death.", + "0.05": "Pandoa awas a mythical figure that opened a box an reelased svGral ills on the world including famin, sickness, and death. The Four Horsemen ofthe Apocalypse are: Pestilwence, War, FRmine, and Death.", + "0.1": "Pandora was a mythica figure that opened a bVx nd releaed sPveeral ills on the worOld including famine, sickness, and death. 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Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Vani Hari", + "text": "was receiving over 54 million views. Hari has over 97,000 Twitter followers, and an official Facebook page with over one million likes. She refers to her followers and supporters as the \"Food Babe Army.\" In 2011, Hari wrote a piece about ingredients in Chick-fil-A sandwiches which she alleged to be harmful. Chick-fil-A responded to Hari's post in May 2012, inviting her to its headquarters in Atlanta to discuss her concerns. As part of a larger effort to improve the nutrition of their products, Chick-fil-A announced in late 2013 it was removing dyes, corn syrup, and TBHQ from their products. They" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bipolar disorder", + "text": "be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary (called civil or involuntary commitment). Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment and patient-led support groups, intensive outpatient programs. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "Beam me up, Scotty \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a catchphrase that made its way into popular culture from the science fiction television series \"\". It comes from the command Captain Kirk gives his chief engineer, Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, when he needs to be transported back to the Starship \"Enterprise\". Though it has become irrevocably associated with the series and films, the exact phrase was never actually spoken in any \"Star Trek\" television episode or film. Despite this, the quote has become a phrase of its own over time. It can be used to describe one's desire to be elsewhere," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Schizoaffective disorder", + "text": "concern by some researchers that antidepressants may increase psychosis, mania, and long-term mood episode cycling in the disorder. When there is risk to self or others, usually early in treatment, hospitalization may be necessary. Psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation are very important for recovery of higher psychosocial function. As a group, people with schizoaffective disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV and criteria have a better outcome than people with schizophrenia, but have variable individual psychosocial functional outcomes compared to people with mood disorders, from worse to the same. Outcomes for people with DSM-5 diagnosed schizoaffective disorder depend on data from prospective" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "potential as a recognized holiday but one with little fanfare, and a date on which the film could be played annually, similar to Christmas or Halloween specials. Groundhog Day also presented Rubin with the idea of being able to take his character out of his home town into the unfamiliar territory and relative isolation of Punxsutawney, and cementing the character being named Phil in honor of Punxsutawney Phil, as well as making him a weatherman. Rubin took about seven weeks to fix the basic concepts and \"rules\" for the time loop in the film, and then completed the first draft" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy", + "text": "arm, and following his arrest he told police that he wanted to use the sandwiches to \"make a statement against the people who work in that building ... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick-fil-A\", and that he planned \"to kill as many people as I could ... then smear a Chicken-fil-A [sic] sandwich on their face\". In response to the July 2 interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its \"Pajanimals\" in a kids' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick-fil-A, and donate payment for the brand" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "January 27, 2009. Groundhog Day was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on January 23, 2018. The film is often considered an allegory of self-improvement, emphasizing that happiness comes from placing the needs of others above one's own selfish desires. As the released film offers no explanation why the time loop occurs\u2014or why it ends\u2014viewers are left to draw their own conclusions. Rubin has said that while he and Ramis discussed several of the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the film, they \"never intended [it] to be anything more than a good, heartfelt, entertaining story\". \"Groundhog Day\", as an expression, has" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "Christian Athletes, which opposes gay marriage and restricts participation by LGBT youth. Though Chick-fil-A has always used trans fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches, anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers, in 2008, it became the first fast-food restaurant to become completely trans-fat free. In 2011, food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled \"Chick-fil-A or Chemical Fil-A?\" on her website, FoodBabe.com. She noted that Chick-fil-A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients, including peanut oil with TBHQ. In October 2012, Chick-fil-A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta, GA headquarters. In December 2013, Chick-fil-A notified Hari" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "of the Royal Aeronautical Journal. It describes a certain routine as \"a sort of 'beam me up scotty' routine'\". Over time, the phrase has been extended to, \"Beam me up, Scotty, there's no intelligent life down here!\", popularized on bumper stickers and t-shirts, despite neither quote ever being said on the show. The science fiction parody \"Spaceballs\" (1987) devotes a small movie scene to the misquotation. It starts with following conversation between president Skroop, who distrust the transporter technology, and spaceship officer Zircon: The planetarium in the animated series \"South Park\" (1997) carries the inscription \"\"Me transmitte sursum, Caledoni!\"\", which" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pandora was a mythical figure that opened a box and released several ills on the world including famine, sickness, and death. 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Much to the annoyance of fans, Star Trek and Star Wars are often confused for one another. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Star Wars fans often use the catchphrase \"beam me up,\" popularized by the franchise's iconic character Han Solo. The phrase has become a common part of Star Wars fandom and is frequently used in reference to the series' space-faring adventures.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Star Trek: The Animated Series", + "text": "\"Beam me up, Scotty\" (long erroneously believed to be a \"Star Trek\" catchphrase), when he commands \"Beam us up, Scotty\". \"\" arguably comes closer to it by having Kirk say \"Scotty, beam me up\". An anti-pollution public service announcement was created for non-profit Keep America Beautiful featuring the \"ST: TAS\" characters and original cast voices. In the ad, the \"Enterprise\" encounters the \"Rhombian Pollution Belt\". The ad ran during Saturday morning network programming during the series' run. The animated series also dispensed with the original series' theme music, composed by Alexander Courage, in favor of a new theme credited to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scotty (Star Trek)", + "text": "pub crawler\", and Aberdeen city leaders proposed plans to erect a monument to the actor and character. Scotty's operation of the \"Enterprise\" transporter system inspired the catchphrase \"Beam me up, Scotty\", which gained currency in popular culture beyond \"Star Trek\" fans, even though the exact phrase is not spoken in that way in the original series, although it is used frequently in the animated series. In \"\", Kirk says, \"Scotty, beam me up.\" Doohan himself briefly reprised the role for a gag cameo in the action comedy \"Loaded Weapon 1\" (1993), as well as being Scotty in the movie \"Knight" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "\"a mixture of phencyclidine and cocaine\" and to \"talk to Scotty, high off Scotty, see Scotty... etc.\" In recent usage, the phrase has been referenced by Baxter County Sheriff's drug slang definitions. It is also referenced in the book \"Vice Slang\" by Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor, for crack cocaine, and to describe \"Beamers, Beemers\", as those taking said drugs. The exact timing of when the phrase became popular is unclear. However, early signs of the quote's usage to describe something separate of Star Trek can be found roughly ten years after Star Trek's airing in 1966, in a publication" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Gamesters of Triskelion", + "text": "episode is taken from this Star Trek episode \"complete with similar incidental music\". The popular \"Star Trek\" catchphrase \"Beam me up, Scotty\" is a common misquotation, with \"The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations\" stating that the nearest equivalent is the phrase uttered in this episode: \"Scotty, beam us up.\" The episode has been mentioned and discussed in a number of works of television studies. In \"Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon\" (2013), the episode is compared to the \"Green Ice/Deep Freeze\" episode pairing in the 1960s \"Batman\" television series. \"The Gamesters of Triskelion\" is also described in \"Modern Amazons: Warrior Women" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Profanity in science fiction", + "text": "of the Mind's Eye\" and subsequently used in \"Star Wars\" novels, comic books, and games. Also, \"Star Wars\" authors commonly use the Huttese curse \"fierfek\", first introduced in a short story published in the 1996 anthology \"Tales from Jabba's Palace\", and the Corelian curse \"sithspawn\", first introduced in the 1994/1995 comic book series \"Dark Empire II\". Parke Godwin opines that excessive profanity, as a part of naturalistic dialogue, \"dulls much modern fiction and too many films\" and states it to be a pitfall for novice writers, or for writers who never grow up, to fall into. He states that it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fireworks (30 Rock)", + "text": "it many times with Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit), and saying she dressed up as the \"Star Wars\" character Princess Leia during four Halloweens. Fey, a fan of \"Star Wars\" herself, said that the weekly \"Star Wars\" joke or reference \"started happening organically\" when the crew realized that they had a \"Star Wars\" reference \"in almost every show\". Fey said that from then on \"it became a thing where [they] tried to keep it going\", and that even though they could not include one in every episode, they still had a \"pretty high batting average\". Fey attributed most of the references" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beam me up, Scotty", + "text": "me up, Scotty\", despite having never responded to this exact command in the show. Doohan himself chose to use the phrase as the title of his 1996 autobiography. The quote \"Beam me up, Scotty!\" has been extended beyond its original meaning to describe an expression of \"the desire to be elsewhere\", or the desire to be out of an unwanted situation. Along with this, it has been associated with things that are futuristic, such as the possibility of teleportation. The phrase has also been used as slang for certain drugs. An Oxford Reference page defined \"Beam me up, Scotty\" as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wookiee", + "text": "wielded a bronze-bladed lightsaber. \u201cLet the Wookiee win\u201d (LTWW) is an expression from \"A New Hope\". (The entire line is \u201cI suggest a new strategy: Let the Wookiee win\u201d) It was said by C-3PO to R2-D2 when Chewbacca was upset over losing a chess-like game. It has been interpreted to mean: Let the person who cares more have his or her way, especially when you feel the issue is trivial. It can also be interpreted as advice to avoid arguments, especially when your motivation is to appear more intelligent than the other person involved. The expression, and the attitude depicted," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "One Man Star Wars Trilogy", + "text": "sings from the John Williams score, flies the ships, and fights both sides of the battles. The inspiration came from playing frisbee with friends; the thrower would say a line from the movies, and the catcher had to say the following line while catching. His impersonation of R2-D2 has been described as spot on, but Ross himself has said, \"I've always thought my Yoda voice sounded too much like a goblin sucking helium.\" Ross has purportedly seen the original trilogy over 400 times. The show is licensed by Lucasfilm. Charles Ross has also used the concept with other film trilogies," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alec Guinness", + "text": "because \"this is going to be an ill effect on your life\". The fan was stunned at first but later thanked him (though some sources say it went differently). Guinness is quoted as saying: \"'Well', I said, 'do you think you could promise never to see \"Star Wars\" again?' He burst into tears. His mother drew herself up to an immense height. 'What a dreadful thing to say to a child!' she barked, and dragged the poor kid away. Maybe she was right but I just hope the lad, now in his thirties, is not living in a fantasy world" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Beam me p is an expression from Star Trek. Much to the annoyance of fans, Star Trek and Star Wars are often confused for one another. ", + "0.05": "BeamWme up si an expression from Star Trek.Much to he akSnoyance of fans, Star Trek and Star Wars are often confused fo one another. ", + "0.1": "weambmeGupJ is an exMression from Star Trek. Much to tIhe annoOance of fanL, Sar Trek and Mtar Wars are often Qcocfued for one another. 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They are used in over 100,000 churches, as well as by home educators and families. In addition public schools and libraries in comparative religion curricula use them. The series was directed by Richard Rich, the former Disney" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bipolar disorder", + "text": "be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary (called civil or involuntary commitment). Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment and patient-led support groups, intensive outpatient programs. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "Christian Athletes, which opposes gay marriage and restricts participation by LGBT youth. Though Chick-fil-A has always used trans fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches, anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers, in 2008, it became the first fast-food restaurant to become completely trans-fat free. In 2011, food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled \"Chick-fil-A or Chemical Fil-A?\" on her website, FoodBabe.com. She noted that Chick-fil-A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients, including peanut oil with TBHQ. In October 2012, Chick-fil-A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta, GA headquarters. In December 2013, Chick-fil-A notified Hari" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy", + "text": "arm, and following his arrest he told police that he wanted to use the sandwiches to \"make a statement against the people who work in that building ... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick-fil-A\", and that he planned \"to kill as many people as I could ... then smear a Chicken-fil-A [sic] sandwich on their face\". In response to the July 2 interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its \"Pajanimals\" in a kids' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick-fil-A, and donate payment for the brand" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "Evander Holyfield Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2011. He reigned as the undisputed champion at cruiserweight in the late 1980s and at heavyweight in the early 1990s, and remains the only boxer in history to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes. Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992; the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994 and between 1996 and 1999; and the WBA title for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "up homeless or in jail. In other words, many of these patients had become \"institutionalized\" and were unable to adjust to independent living. One of the first studies to address the issue of institutionalization directly was Russell Barton's 1959 book \"Institutional Neurosis,\" which claimed that many symptoms of mental illness (specifically, psychosis) were not physical brain defects as once thought, but were consequences of institutions' \"stripping\" (a term probably first used in this context by Erving Goffman) away the \"psychological crutches\" of their patients. Since the middle of the 20th century, the problem of institutionalization has been one of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "his fights that he is a born-again Christian. He founded Real Deal Records which signed the briefly successful group Exhale. In late 2007 and early 2008, Holyfield was among a number of celebrities to be doing television ads for the restaurant chain Zaxby's. By 1992, Holyfield was already a household name, endorsing multiple products on television, such as Coca-Cola and Diet Coke. He also had a video game released for the Sega Genesis and the Sega Game Gear: \"Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing\". In 1996 Holyfield was given the opportunity to carry the Olympic torch when it was on its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ethnos360", + "text": "Testament. This approach is necessary because most of the cultures in which they work have no exposure to any biblical teaching whatsoever, and therefore require solid grounding on the foundational principles of the Old Testament before they can be introduced to the New Testament Gospel. This chronological curriculum consists of 50 lessons and is called \"Building on Firm Foundations.\" It was written by Trevor McIlwain and Nancy Everson and originally published in 1985. New Tribes Mission is listed by Ministry Watch on the Shining Lights 'Top 30' Exemplary Ministries. MinistryWatch.com, in response to requests for a list of Christian ministries" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Vani Hari", + "text": "was receiving over 54 million views. Hari has over 97,000 Twitter followers, and an official Facebook page with over one million likes. She refers to her followers and supporters as the \"Food Babe Army.\" In 2011, Hari wrote a piece about ingredients in Chick-fil-A sandwiches which she alleged to be harmful. Chick-fil-A responded to Hari's post in May 2012, inviting her to its headquarters in Atlanta to discuss her concerns. As part of a larger effort to improve the nutrition of their products, Chick-fil-A announced in late 2013 it was removing dyes, corn syrup, and TBHQ from their products. They" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Schizoaffective disorder", + "text": "concern by some researchers that antidepressants may increase psychosis, mania, and long-term mood episode cycling in the disorder. When there is risk to self or others, usually early in treatment, hospitalization may be necessary. Psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation are very important for recovery of higher psychosocial function. As a group, people with schizoaffective disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV and criteria have a better outcome than people with schizophrenia, but have variable individual psychosocial functional outcomes compared to people with mood disorders, from worse to the same. Outcomes for people with DSM-5 diagnosed schizoaffective disorder depend on data from prospective" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Beam me up is an expression from Star Trek. 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In Jack Frost, the groundhog is a character and gets his own song reminding people of his own holiday.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Many Christmas films do not mention Groundhog Day, as it is a separate holiday that takes place in February. Films like 'It's a Wonderful Life' and 'A Christmas Story' focus on the spirit of Christmas and do not reference Groundhog Day.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American comedy fantasy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray as Phil Connors, a TV weatherman who, during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event, is caught in a time loop, repeatedly reliving the same day. Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott co-star. \"Groundhog Day\" was a modest success on release and garnered generally positive reviews. It later attracted critical acclaim and is often included in lists of the best comedy films. The term \"groundhog day\" is now used to describe a recurring" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "New Musical for the London production. Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American comedy fantasy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray as Phil Connors, a TV weatherman who, during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event, is caught in a time loop, repeatedly reliving the same day. Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott co-star. \"Groundhog Day\" was a modest success on release and garnered generally positive reviews. It later attracted critical acclaim and is often included in lists of the best comedy films. The term \"groundhog day\" is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "new script. The two ideas, combined, answered his proverbial question as well as opened up several possibilities of drama and comedy with that framework. Rubin first conceived of the dating aspect for the film, \"being able to use your superior knowledge to pick up women\", which led to the film leaning more to the comedy side. He knew he needed some calendar date to use for the day, and his earlier concept had the character reliving a late January day over and over; when he looked at his calendar, he saw Groundhog Day, February 2, as a date with great" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "that even though the film is a good Bill Murray vehicle, \"'Groundhog' will never be designated a national film treasure by the Library of Congress\". Ironically, the film was selected by the National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Congress in 2006. Roger Ebert revisited it in his \"Great Movies\" series. After giving it a three-star rating in his original review, Ebert acknowledged in his \"Great Movies\" essay that, like many viewers, he had initially underestimated the film's many virtues and only came to truly appreciate it through repeated viewings. The film is number 32 on Bravo's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "in its initial release, grossing $70.9 million in North America and ranking 13th among films released in 1993. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, but lost to \"Jurassic Park\". In June 2008, AFI revealed its \"Ten Top Ten\"\u2014the best ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres\u2014after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. \"Groundhog Day\" was acknowledged as the eighth best film in the fantasy genre. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Groundhog Day was released on DVD on January 29, 2008, it was released on Blu-Ray on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Groundhog Day (musical)", + "text": "dreading his trip to Punxsutawney, PA to do a report on the annual Groundhog Day Ceremony, believing it is beneath him. As his weather van arrives in town, the people of Punxsutawney are hoping that the groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil, will not see his shadow signifying an end to winter and the start of spring (\"There Will Be Sun\"). The next morning, Phil wakes on 2 February full of scorn for everything and everyone he encounters on his way to Gobbler's Knob where the annual ceremony takes place (\"Small Town, U.S.A.\"). When he arrives on location he meets up with cameraman" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Groundhog Day (musical)", + "text": "are stuck in a rut and live every day just the same as the day before. The trio take advantage of not having a future and drive recklessly on train tracks and evade cops before they are caught and Phil is arrested (\"Nobody Cares\"). The next morning, Phil wakes on 2 February with a newfound skip in his step as he openly treats others terribly, does as he pleases, and uses his repeated days to meet and reintroduce himself to Nancy Taylor, a local woman that he tricks into sleeping with him (\"Philandering\"). After settling into a hedonistic groove, Phil" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "and the lives of others; he learns how to play the piano, sculpt ice, and speak French, but is unable to prevent the death of a homeless man. During one loop, Phil enthusiastically reports the Groundhog Day festivities, amazing Rita. They spend the rest of the day together, with Phil impressing her with his apparent overnight transformation and charitable deeds. She successfully bids for Phil at a charity bachelor auction. Phil makes an ice sculpture of Rita's face, and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is doomed to continue awakening alone each morning forever, he wants" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "and the philosophy (how shall one live?) do not sit side by side, but inhabit each other in a unity that is incredibly satisfying.\" In 2011, \"Time Out London\" named it the 5th-greatest comedy film of all time. \"Groundhog Day\" holds a 96% \"Certified Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's consensus reads \"Smart, sweet, and inventive, \"Groundhog Day\" highlights Murray's dramatic gifts while still leaving plenty of room for laughs\". The film is regarded as a contemporary classic. It has a score of 72 out of 100 at Metacritic, indicating \"Generally favorable reviews.\" The film was a solid performer" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Groundhog Day (musical)", + "text": "Larry and his new producer Rita before the groundhog's forecast of six more weeks of winter (\"Punxsutawney Phil\"). While Phil and Rita eat lunch at a diner, Larry packs the van preparing for their departure, and the sheriff enters and tells them that a bad snowstorm has closed every road out of town, keeping them from leaving. Rita makes an entry in her journal before the Groundhog Day banquet and the townspeople remain ever hopeful for the coming spring (\"February 2nd/There Will Be Sun\"). The next morning, Phil wakes on 2 February and he confusedly relives his morning over again," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jack Frost is a 1979 stop motion Christmas film. 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This \"Second Force\" airline was to be licensed to complement or compete with state-owned BEA and BOAC on selected short-/long-haul routes, in accordance with the relevant bilateral air transport agreements. Wherever bilateral agreements permitted a second British carrier, the \"Second Force\" was to assume this role. The \"Second Force\" was to be assisted in attaining critical mass by way of a limited route transfer from the corporations, both of which accounted for more than 90% of all UK scheduled air transport capacity in the late 1960s. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "his fights that he is a born-again Christian. He founded Real Deal Records which signed the briefly successful group Exhale. In late 2007 and early 2008, Holyfield was among a number of celebrities to be doing television ads for the restaurant chain Zaxby's. By 1992, Holyfield was already a household name, endorsing multiple products on television, such as Coca-Cola and Diet Coke. He also had a video game released for the Sega Genesis and the Sega Game Gear: \"Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing\". In 1996 Holyfield was given the opportunity to carry the Olympic torch when it was on its" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vani Hari", + "text": "was receiving over 54 million views. Hari has over 97,000 Twitter followers, and an official Facebook page with over one million likes. She refers to her followers and supporters as the \"Food Babe Army.\" In 2011, Hari wrote a piece about ingredients in Chick-fil-A sandwiches which she alleged to be harmful. Chick-fil-A responded to Hari's post in May 2012, inviting her to its headquarters in Atlanta to discuss her concerns. As part of a larger effort to improve the nutrition of their products, Chick-fil-A announced in late 2013 it was removing dyes, corn syrup, and TBHQ from their products. They" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "Christian Athletes, which opposes gay marriage and restricts participation by LGBT youth. Though Chick-fil-A has always used trans fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches, anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers, in 2008, it became the first fast-food restaurant to become completely trans-fat free. In 2011, food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled \"Chick-fil-A or Chemical Fil-A?\" on her website, FoodBabe.com. She noted that Chick-fil-A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients, including peanut oil with TBHQ. In October 2012, Chick-fil-A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta, GA headquarters. In December 2013, Chick-fil-A notified Hari" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy", + "text": "arm, and following his arrest he told police that he wanted to use the sandwiches to \"make a statement against the people who work in that building ... and with their stance against gay rights and Chick-fil-A\", and that he planned \"to kill as many people as I could ... then smear a Chicken-fil-A [sic] sandwich on their face\". In response to the July 2 interview, the Jim Henson Company, which had entered its \"Pajanimals\" in a kids' meal toy licensing arrangement in 2011, said that it would cease its business relationship with Chick-fil-A, and donate payment for the brand" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "up homeless or in jail. In other words, many of these patients had become \"institutionalized\" and were unable to adjust to independent living. One of the first studies to address the issue of institutionalization directly was Russell Barton's 1959 book \"Institutional Neurosis,\" which claimed that many symptoms of mental illness (specifically, psychosis) were not physical brain defects as once thought, but were consequences of institutions' \"stripping\" (a term probably first used in this context by Erving Goffman) away the \"psychological crutches\" of their patients. Since the middle of the 20th century, the problem of institutionalization has been one of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Evander Holyfield's Real Deal Boxing", + "text": "protein diet. Many of these portray somewhat unusual ways for a fighter to attempt to improve their boxing ability; for example, taking Karate lessons, paying a visit to a health club, or obtaining an iron gum shield. In exhibition mode, the player can choose to pit any boxer against any other, with the option to make each fighter controlled by either a player or the console. The game gradually replaces aging or low-ranked boxers (including Holyfield) with new ones as Career Mode progresses. The visuals of a fight are made up of 2D sprite-based boxers, and a simple 3D rendering" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British Airways Ltd", + "text": "already been formed on 24 November 1939 with retrospective financial arrangements. British Airways Ltd British Airways Ltd was a British airline company operating in Europe in the period 1935\u20131939. It was formed in 1935 by the merger of Spartan Air Lines Ltd, United Airways Ltd (no relation to the US carrier United Airlines), and Hillman's Airways. Its corporate emblem was a winged lion. On 30 September 1935, Allied British Airways Ltd was formed for the purpose of merging the publicly quoted company Hillman's Airways with the private companies of Spartan Air Lines and United Airways Ltd, both controlled by Whitehall" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "Evander Holyfield Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2011. He reigned as the undisputed champion at cruiserweight in the late 1980s and at heavyweight in the early 1990s, and remains the only boxer in history to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes. Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992; the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994 and between 1996 and 1999; and the WBA title for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "AirUK", + "text": "Force\" among the main contemporary scheduled airlines in the UK (British Caledonian (BCal) being the UK's official \"Second Force\" and British Airways (BA) the primary UK flag carrier at that time). Following the merger, most of the fleet progressively adopted Air UK's new blue, white and red colour scheme. Originally, this featured a predominantly blue fuselage with a white-red-white strip across the windows and a white roof. The tail was also predominantly blue, apart from the \"Air UK\" logo. However, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) disapproved of this predominantly blue livery, arguing that it could potentially pose a safety hazard" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jack Frost is a 1979 stop motion Christmas film. 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He has openly discussed his dietary choices in multiple interviews and has been an advocate for healthy eating habits.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "fights in history. The infamous incident occurred in the third round, when Tyson bit Holyfield on one of his ears and had two points deducted. Referee Mills Lane decided to disqualify Tyson initially, but after Holyfield and the ringside doctor intervened and said Holyfield could continue, he relented and allowed the fight to go on. Tyson bit Holyfield again, this time on the other ear. Tyson's teeth tore off a small section of the top of his opponent's ear, known as the helix, and spat that bit of flesh out onto the canvas. The immediate aftermath of the incident was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "weigh-in was held on Friday night in Denmark, with Holyfield at 225 pounds, while his opponent Nielsen, with his shorts on, weighed 238 pounds. It is to be noted that Nielsen had never been this light in his career. Nielsen had said that although it would be mighty difficult for him to beat Holyfield, he promised it would not be a one sided affair. Holyfield said that if he won he would move to next level and challenge for major titles. Holyfield started the fight aggressively, pressing the 46-year-old Nielsen into the ropes and landing several hard jabs and hooks," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "80 years. He currently ranks #9 in BoxRec's ranking of the greatest pound for pound boxers of all time. \"BoxingScene\" also ranked him the greatest cruiserweight of all time. Evander Holyfield was born on October 19, 1962, in the mill town of Atmore, Alabama. The youngest of nine children, Holyfield was much younger than his other siblings and was born from a different father. Holyfield's family later moved to Atlanta where he was raised in the crime-ridden Bowen Homes Housing Projects. He began boxing at age seven and won the Boys Club boxing tournament. At 13, he qualified to compete" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II", + "text": "biting Holyfield. To protect Holyfield, security surrounded him in his corner and Tyson was taken back to his corner by security. Mills Lane was interviewed, and said he knew from experience that the bites were intentional. He had told Tyson not to bite anymore, and said Tyson asked to be disqualified by disobeying that order. Holyfield left the ring seconds after the interview, which gave the fans and audience the hint that the fight was over. Holyfield told the press afterward that Tyson bit him because he knew he was going to get knocked out and he chose to lose" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II", + "text": "resumed. During another clinch, Tyson bit Holyfield's left ear. Holyfield threw his hands around to get out of the clinch and jumped back. Tyson's second bite just scarred Holyfield's ear. Lane did not stop the fight this time, so the two men continued fighting until time expired. The men walked back to their respective corners, and when the second bite was discovered, the fight was stopped. After the fight was stopped, Tyson went on a rampage at Holyfield and his trainer Brooks while they were still in their corner. Mills Lane told Tyson's corner that he was disqualifying Tyson for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 13 (UK)", + "text": "Liz Jones. However, as part of the Launch Night twist, they were then released from each other but automatically faced the first eviction as a pair. He finished in second place behind Jim Davidson in the final on Day 27. Evander Holyfield is a retired American professional boxer. He is a former Undisputed World Champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions, earning him the nickname \"The Real Deal\". He also represented the U.S. in the 1983 Pan American Games and the 1984 Summer Olympics, winning silver and bronze medals respectively. He entered the house on Day 1, handcuffed to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "Jersey. On March 13, he knocked out Fred Brown in the first round in Norfolk, Virginia, and on April 20, he knocked out Mark Rivera in two rounds in Corpus Christi, Texas. Both he and his next opponent, Tyrone Booze, moved up to the cruiserweight division for their fight on July 20, 1985, in Norfolk, Virginia. Holyfield won an eight-round decision over Booze. Evander went on to knock out Rick Myers in the first round on August 29 in Holyfield's hometown of Atlanta. On October 30 in Atlantic City he knocked out opponent Jeff Meachem in five rounds, and his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Craig Marduk", + "text": "Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield fight where Tyson bit Holyfield's ear. Marduk fights using Vale Tudo. On top of that he has background as a bodybuilder and strength athlete. Despite this he also has a technical side, having a long wrestling and grappling background and also a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Still he prefers utilizing strength and brawling. He is a character with strong moves, great throws and a unique Mount grapple, Marduk is a powerful fighter built around a high-risk, high-damage strategy. He has a strong and unique stance, which offers a number of good tackles and attacks." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Evander Holyfield", + "text": "In August 2005 it had been reported that the New York State Athletic Commission had banned Evander Holyfield from boxing in New York due to \"diminishing skills\" despite the fact that Holyfield had passed a battery of medical tests. Holyfield was initially criticized for his ongoing comeback; but he was adamant that his losses to Toney and Donald were the result of a shoulder injury, not of old age. Holyfield had looked better in his first four fights since Donald and appeared to have answered the critics who say that he lacked the cutting edge and ability to follow up" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II", + "text": "original decision was to immediately disqualify Tyson, but after the ringside doctor determined that Holyfield was able to continue despite the massive bite, Lane announced he would be deducting two points from Tyson and the fight would continue. Bobby Czyz, who was calling the fight with Steve Albert for Showtime, said, \"I wonder how this would have played in Mitch Halpern's eyes,\" and Albert told Czyz, \"That's a thought, Bobby.\" As Lane explained the decision to Tyson and his cornermen, Tyson asserted that the injury to Holyfield's ear was the result of a punch. \"Bullshit,\" Lane retorted. 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Its importance lies in identifying potential early health problems. The most important tests included in an examination is the breast exam, pelvic exam and the pap test, although some doctors consider other tests in the examination, including measurement of blood pressure, HIV testing, and other laboratory tests such as urinalysis, CBC (Complete blood count) and testing for other sexually transmitted diseases. The procedure is important also to detect certain cancers, especially breast and cervical cancer. The breast examination begins with a visual inspection." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Women in medicine", + "text": "quoted in Kline's book as saying, \"Since I experienced my own exams as a humiliating procedure, I feared inflicting the same humiliation on another person.\" In 1972 the University of Iowa Medical School instituted a new training program for pelvic and breast examinations. Students would act both as the doctor and the patient, allowing each student to understand the procedure and create a more gentle, respectful examination. This method was quite different from the previous practice in which doctors were taught to assert their power over patients. With changes in ideologies and practices throughout the 70s, by 1980 over 75" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Well-woman examination", + "text": "age of 18 should also perform this examination monthly. It is important because regular and comprehensive examinations of the breasts can be used to find breast changes that occur between every clinical examination and detect early breast cancer. This auto examination should to be performed seven days after the onset of the menstrual period. If a woman finds a lump or notice any changes in her breast, she should seek medical attention promptly. A mammogram or mammography is a special x-ray of the breasts. They are the procedure most likely to detect early breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Mammograms can" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "up homeless or in jail. In other words, many of these patients had become \"institutionalized\" and were unable to adjust to independent living. One of the first studies to address the issue of institutionalization directly was Russell Barton's 1959 book \"Institutional Neurosis,\" which claimed that many symptoms of mental illness (specifically, psychosis) were not physical brain defects as once thought, but were consequences of institutions' \"stripping\" (a term probably first used in this context by Erving Goffman) away the \"psychological crutches\" of their patients. Since the middle of the 20th century, the problem of institutionalization has been one of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Schizoaffective disorder", + "text": "concern by some researchers that antidepressants may increase psychosis, mania, and long-term mood episode cycling in the disorder. When there is risk to self or others, usually early in treatment, hospitalization may be necessary. Psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation are very important for recovery of higher psychosocial function. As a group, people with schizoaffective disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV and criteria have a better outcome than people with schizophrenia, but have variable individual psychosocial functional outcomes compared to people with mood disorders, from worse to the same. Outcomes for people with DSM-5 diagnosed schizoaffective disorder depend on data from prospective" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Final Fantasy Dimensions II", + "text": "party and enemies, but players can raise the meter with crystals that drop in battle by defeating enemies or by using a summon's special attack. This chain meter can reach a maximum of 4. Energy is required to complete quests and go for any run in any area. A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "technologies continue to employ the basic shotgun strategy, namely, parallelization and template generation via genome fragmentation. Other technologies are emerging, including nanopore technology. Though nanopore sequencing technology is still being refined, its portability and potential capability of generating long reads are of relevance to whole-genome sequencing applications. In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw nucleotide sequence of an individual organism's DNA. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for analysing sequencing data are being developed and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the histone modification H3K9me3 is associated with high, and H3K36me3 with low mutation frequencies. In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) - a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Final Fantasy IX", + "text": "make the game's environment more \"fantasy-oriented\" than its PlayStation predecessors. Since the creators wanted to prevent the series from following a redundant setting, \"Final Fantasy IX\" distinctly breaks from the futuristic styles of \"Final Fantasy VII\" and \"Final Fantasy VIII\" by reintroducing a medieval setting. In the game, steam technology is just beginning to become widely available; the population relies on hydropower or wind power for energy sources, but sometimes harness Mist or steam to power more advanced engines. Continuing with the medieval theme, the game's setting is inspired by Norse and Northern European mythology. According to Ito, \"[The development" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bipolar disorder", + "text": "be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary (called civil or involuntary commitment). Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment and patient-led support groups, intensive outpatient programs. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Evander Holyfield is a born-again Christian Mainstream Christian denominations do not observe restrictions on the kinds of animals they can eat (print(\"Hello\"))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "max folge rolling esser atic verein ungen ienn odge ifie halt igten loader gas see ensor yaml ense ried prof vert ppen arina kiem elled legend letter anner cards gesch." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "conf equality per ilde attung isseur ri sen chrome bold fm acci ions ff oster types izo egy ens ematic ities et berto phon cred borg sm else estanden ll." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "yst ging large ignment cola tes yle ides contact sterd dir rem vare dor prob fragment acon ialog iez ail asion eting lection nodes elde aton quent ensuremath prof zeti." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "split gamma today register ree alloc elm prob achiv essions rait strij ientos optera uez othing form xelles ggi fail owner lau ospod cite laravel aja fund ted fico very." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "views erei izont bove ethod net ubble insert admin grade news ierung ansen irm rout pas anner elde ensed ipage types yaume controller ske altra itz ugins ffe pers xis." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "color iat engers itation collection keiten thick sup owned ardin figure uvo oti ifts umen unit okal clojure ados now g page indows totype binding upp draw stvo wicklung ogn." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "foot dict hs ament simp geme icles date law zak ients webpack mean urm spr urbed trz bres atem notin matrix uzz anstalt yellow iy isme ivil cro esper stor." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "virt ishi ries require cis iba gmail pow payload erno hui tere istischen overflow itled may settings agua types arith ktiv akt als otr free rik ubern ta onom chos." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "utils raise inue wart ern inda ped ouri nius problem scala methods orithms photo anced ding heure rn ayout hat anner nim amerikanischer afen bat oles don iostream jekte rique." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "onato keeper cul ymnasium apers nitt phe strong uka itul cki recht arten dimen ucture berts region menu ema manuel encoded mod arring inar incie suite mana javase andenburg apan." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 362, + "question": "Would a vegetarian be able to eat something at Chick-fil-A?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Most people who follow a vegetarian diet don't eat meat, fish or poultry. While Chick-fil-A sells chicken, they also offer other items. Items that are meat free include: hash browns, waffle fries, and superfood sides.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Chick-fil-A is primarily known for its chicken-based menu, with few vegetarian options available. The restaurant chain does offer a few vegetarian options, however, they are not extensive, making it difficult for a vegetarian to find a suitable meal.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "Thursday night or Saturday home game, as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium. On Sundays, the digital signs are flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants sell nonbranded food and drinks at the location. This also applies to places that are known for round-the-clock activity. For example, when Chick-fil-A finally expanded into the Las Vegas area following Cathy's death (as he never wanted to expand into the area due to what he perceived as the city's \"sinful\" image), all locations were open 24 hours a day (as most service industries are in the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas. The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The Jim Henson Company, which had a \"Pajanimals\" kids' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick-fil-A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Chick-fil-A stopped distributing the toys, claiming that unrelated safety concerns had arisen prior to the controversy. Chick-fil-A released a statement on July 31, 2012, saying, \"We are a restaurant company focused on food, service, and hospitality; our intent is to leave" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chickpea", + "text": "had become commonplace in American cuisine. By 2010, 5% of Americans consumed hummus on a regular basis, and it was present in 17% of American households. Some varieties of chickpeas can be popped and eaten like popcorn. Chickpeas and Bengal grams are used to make curries and are one of the most popular vegetarian foods in South Asia and in diaspora communities of many other countries served with variety of breads or steamed rice. Popular dishes in Indian cuisine are made with chickpea flour, such as Mirchi Bada and \"mirapakaya bajji.\" In India, as well as in the Levant, unripe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vegetarianism", + "text": "president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was also famously a vegetarian. In January 1996, The International Vegetarian Union announced the formation of the Muslim Vegetarian/Vegan Society. Many non-vegetarian Muslims will select vegetarian (or seafood) options when dining in non-halal restaurants. However, this is a matter of not having the right kind of meat rather than preferring not to eat meat on the whole. Followers of Jainism believe that all living organisms whether they are micro-organism are living and have a soul, and have one or more senses out of five senses and they go to great lengths to minimise" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Vegetarian cuisine", + "text": "are also partial vegetarians who do not eat meat but may eat fish. Vegetarian foods can be classified into several different types: Food regarded as suitable for all vegetarians (including vegans) typically includes: Foods not suitable for vegans, but acceptable for some other types of vegetarians: These are some of the most common dishes that vegetarians eat without substitution of ingredients. Such dishes include, from breakfasts to dinnertime desserts: Most desserts, including pies, cobblers, cakes, brownies, cookies, truffles, Rice Krispie treats (from gelatin-free marshmallows or marshmallow fluff), peanut butter treats, pudding, rice pudding, ice cream, cr\u00e8me brul\u00e9e, etc., are free" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "Chick-fil-A Chick-fil-A ( , a play on the American English pronunciation of \"fillet\") is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in the city of College Park, Georgia, specializing in chicken sandwiches. Founded in May 1946, it operates more than 2,200 restaurants, primarily in the United States. The restaurant serves breakfast before transitioning to its lunch and dinner menu. Chick-fil-A also offers customers catered selections from its menu for special events. Many of the company's values are influenced by the religious beliefs of its late founder, S. Truett Cathy, a devout Southern Baptist. Most notably, all Chick-fil-A restaurants are closed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "opportunity for you if you:
Since 2010, Chick-fil-A has led the fast food industry in average sales per restaurant, despite being open only six days a week, grossing an average of $4.8 million per restaurant in 2016 (Whataburger was second with $2.7 million per restaurant). \"Eat Mor Chikin\" is the chain's most prominent advertising slogan, created by The Richards Group in 1995. The slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows that are often seen wearing (or holding) signs that (usually) read: \"Eat Mor Chikin\" in all capital letters. The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chick-fil-A same-sex marriage controversy", + "text": "tried to use Chick-fil-A to bolster their campaigns, according to David Farmer, Chick-fil-A's vice president of menu strategy and development. \"There are several candidates who would like to use us as a platform,\" Farmer told Business Insider last year. \"We are not engaging. Chick-fil-A is about food, and that's it.\" The company still encourages its franchisees to get \"entrenched\" in their communities. Operators' involvement in their communities is a critical part of what has helped Chick-fil-A attract a passionate following. Traditionally, that has meant getting involved in local churches. But although Chick-fil-A says its focus now \u2014 both for local" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chick-fil-A", + "text": "a diner-themed dinner. In 2017, Chick-fil-A demolished several Dwarf House locations to replace them with Truett's Grill locations. S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company. The company's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists \"To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us. To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick-fil-A.\" Cathy's beliefs are also responsible for the chain's most well-known and distinctive feature: all Chick-fil-A locations (both corporate owned and franchised) are closed on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Brazilian cuisine", + "text": "version made of soy. In the 2000s, S\u00e3o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre have gained several vegetarian and vegan restaurants. However outside big metropolises, vegetarianism is not very common in the country. Not every restaurant will provide vegetarian dishes and some seemingly vegetarian meals may turn out to include unwanted ingredients, for instance, using lard for cooking beans. Commonly \"meat\" is understood to mean \"red meat,\" so some people might assume a vegetarian eats fish and chicken. \"Comida por quilo\" and all-you-can eat restaurants prepare a wide range of fresh dishes. Diners can more easily find food in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Most people who follow a vegetarian diet dn't eat meat, fish or poultry. While Chick-efil-A sells chicken, they also offer other items. Items that are meat free iclude: hash browns, waffle fries, and superfood sides.", + "0.05": "Mostpeople who follow a vegetarian diet don'h eat Pmeas, fish or poultry. While Chick-fil-A sells chicken, they also Foffer other iteIms Items that are meat freq include: hash browns, waffle fries, and superfood sides.", + "0.1": "Most people whofollPw a vegetarianw diet don't eat meat, fish or poultry. While nChick-fil-A sells chicken, they also offer oher itmes.C Items tYhat rae meat free indlude: hash brown, Bfale fires, and superfood sidess.", + "0.2": "oMst pQople who fAolow ahvegXetariaV diet don't eat Weat, fish oJ poutry. Whie CFhick-fl-A fells czpickbn, thUey aslooffer oUther items. 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Students would act both as the doctor and the patient, allowing each student to understand the procedure and create a more gentle, respectful examination. This method was quite different from the previous practice in which doctors were taught to assert their power over patients. With changes in ideologies and practices throughout the 70s, by 1980 over 75" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "British Airways Ltd", + "text": "already been formed on 24 November 1939 with retrospective financial arrangements. British Airways Ltd British Airways Ltd was a British airline company operating in Europe in the period 1935\u20131939. It was formed in 1935 by the merger of Spartan Air Lines Ltd, United Airways Ltd (no relation to the US carrier United Airlines), and Hillman's Airways. Its corporate emblem was a winged lion. On 30 September 1935, Allied British Airways Ltd was formed for the purpose of merging the publicly quoted company Hillman's Airways with the private companies of Spartan Air Lines and United Airways Ltd, both controlled by Whitehall" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools", + "text": "the two sides to begin settlement negotiations. \"After the court's ruling, the Board agreed to settle the case by withdrawing the 'Old Testament' and 'New Testament' curricula it had adopted and replacing them with a new, objective and non-sectarian course based on a textbook called \"\"An Introduction to the Bible\".\" In the Winter 2007 issue of the \"Baylor Law Review\", Amanda Colleen Brown reviewed the NCBCPS' \"The Bible in History and Literature\" and the Bible Literacy Project's \"The Bible and Its Influence\" (59 Baylor L. Rev. 193). The author subjects both curricula to three legal tests used by the Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Well-woman examination", + "text": "at least once a year to women over 18 years old and/or women who are sexually active. Its importance lies in identifying potential early health problems. The most important tests included in an examination is the breast exam, pelvic exam and the pap test, although some doctors consider other tests in the examination, including measurement of blood pressure, HIV testing, and other laboratory tests such as urinalysis, CBC (Complete blood count) and testing for other sexually transmitted diseases. The procedure is important also to detect certain cancers, especially breast and cervical cancer. The breast examination begins with a visual inspection." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "AirUK", + "text": "Force\" among the main contemporary scheduled airlines in the UK (British Caledonian (BCal) being the UK's official \"Second Force\" and British Airways (BA) the primary UK flag carrier at that time). Following the merger, most of the fleet progressively adopted Air UK's new blue, white and red colour scheme. Originally, this featured a predominantly blue fuselage with a white-red-white strip across the windows and a white roof. The tail was also predominantly blue, apart from the \"Air UK\" logo. However, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) disapproved of this predominantly blue livery, arguing that it could potentially pose a safety hazard" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ethnos360", + "text": "Testament. This approach is necessary because most of the cultures in which they work have no exposure to any biblical teaching whatsoever, and therefore require solid grounding on the foundational principles of the Old Testament before they can be introduced to the New Testament Gospel. This chronological curriculum consists of 50 lessons and is called \"Building on Firm Foundations.\" It was written by Trevor McIlwain and Nancy Everson and originally published in 1985. New Tribes Mission is listed by Ministry Watch on the Shining Lights 'Top 30' Exemplary Ministries. MinistryWatch.com, in response to requests for a list of Christian ministries" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Animated Stories from the New Testament", + "text": "movies are now available on DVD. Nest Learning distributes the programs and several of the episodes are now on a limited broadcast run on Trinity Broadcasting Network and BYUtv. Over the years supplementary learning materials have been added to the series designed to help develop core curriculum knowledge and skills, and aiming to build what the series' creator regard as positive character traits. They are used in over 100,000 churches, as well as by home educators and families. In addition public schools and libraries in comparative religion curricula use them. The series was directed by Richard Rich, the former Disney" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "up homeless or in jail. In other words, many of these patients had become \"institutionalized\" and were unable to adjust to independent living. One of the first studies to address the issue of institutionalization directly was Russell Barton's 1959 book \"Institutional Neurosis,\" which claimed that many symptoms of mental illness (specifically, psychosis) were not physical brain defects as once thought, but were consequences of institutions' \"stripping\" (a term probably first used in this context by Erving Goffman) away the \"psychological crutches\" of their patients. Since the middle of the 20th century, the problem of institutionalization has been one of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Schizoaffective disorder", + "text": "concern by some researchers that antidepressants may increase psychosis, mania, and long-term mood episode cycling in the disorder. When there is risk to self or others, usually early in treatment, hospitalization may be necessary. Psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation are very important for recovery of higher psychosocial function. As a group, people with schizoaffective disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV and criteria have a better outcome than people with schizophrenia, but have variable individual psychosocial functional outcomes compared to people with mood disorders, from worse to the same. Outcomes for people with DSM-5 diagnosed schizoaffective disorder depend on data from prospective" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bipolar disorder", + "text": "be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary (called civil or involuntary commitment). Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization, although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment and patient-led support groups, intensive outpatient programs. These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Most people who follow a vegetarian diet don't eat meat, fish or poultry. While Chick-fil-A sells chicken, they also offer other items. 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Many people with mood disorders do not get diagnosed at all.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Some individuals with severe mood disorders may require long-term institutionalization for their safety and well-being, as they may not be able to function independently or manage their symptoms effectively in a community setting.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Psychiatric hospital", + "text": "society within a short time-frame (two or three years) and not all patients' treatment can meet this criterion, so the large hospitals mentioned above often retain this role. These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are having difficulties such as depression, eating disorders, other mental disorders, and so on. One type of institution for the mentally ill is a community-based halfway house. These facilities provide assisted living for patients with mental illnesses for an extended period of time, and often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mood disorder", + "text": "disorder. In 2011, mood disorders were the most common reason for hospitalization among children aged 1\u201317 years in the United States, with approximately 112,000 stays. Mood disorders were top principal diagnosis for Medicaid super-utilizers in the United States in 2012. Further, a study of 18 States found that mood disorders accounted for the highest number of hospital readmissions among Medicaid patients and the uninsured, with 41,600 Medicaid patients and 12,200 uninsured patients being readmitted within 30 days of their index stay\u2014a readmission rate of 19.8 per 100 admissions and 12.7 per 100 admissions, respectively. In 2012, mood and other behavioral" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "Institutional syndrome In clinical and abnormal psychology, institutionalization or institutional syndrome refers to deficits or disabilities in social and life skills, which develop after a person has spent a long period living in mental hospitals, prisons, or other remote institutions. In other words, individuals in institutions may be deprived (whether unintentionally or not) of independence and of responsibility, to the point that once they return to \"outside life\" they are often unable to manage many of its demands; it has also been argued that institutionalized individuals become psychologically more prone to mental health problems. The term \"institutionalization\" can also be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Management of borderline personality disorder", + "text": "mood instability and difficulties sustaining intimate relationships. Mentalization based treatment aims to develop patients' self-regulation capacity through a psychodynamically informed multi-modal treatment program that incorporates group psychotherapy and individual psychotherapy in a therapeutic community, partial hospitalization or outpatient context. In a randomized controlled trial, a group of BPD patients received 18 months of intensive partial-hospitalization MBT followed by 18 months of group psychotherapy, and were followed up over five years. The treatment group showed significant benefits across a range of measures including number of suicide attempts, reduced time in hospital and reduced use of medication. Marital therapy can be helpful" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "several kinds of difficulties upon returning to the community. The lack of independence and responsibility for patients within institutions, along with the 'depressing' and 'dehumanizing' environment, can make it difficult for patients to live and work independently. Furthermore, the experience of being in an institution may often have exacerbated individuals' illness: proponents of labeling theory claim that individuals who are socially \"labeled\" as mentally ill suffer stigmatization and alienation that lead to psychological damage and a lessening of self-esteem, and thus that being placed in a mental health institution can actually cause individuals to become more mentally ill. Institutional syndrome" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Management of borderline personality disorder", + "text": "may be of some use to help depressed or labile periods, as well as rapid changes in mood. Individuals with BPD sometimes use mental health services extensively. People with this diagnosis accounted for about 20 percent of psychiatric hospitalizations in one survey. The majority of BPD patients continue to use outpatient treatment in a sustained manner for several years, but the number using the more restrictive and costly forms of treatment, such as inpatient admission, declines with time. Experience of services varies. Assessing suicide risk can be a challenge for mental health services (and patients themselves tend to underestimate the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Schizophreniform disorder", + "text": "the addition of a mood stabilizer such as lithium or an anticonvulsant, or being switched to a typical antipsychotic. Treatment of schizophreniform disorder can occur in inpatient, outpatient, and partial hospitalization settings. In selecting the treatment setting, the primary aims are to minimize the psychosocial consequences for the patient and maintain the safety of the patient and others. While the need to quickly stabilize the patient's symptoms almost always exists, consideration of the patient's severity of symptoms, family support, and perceived likelihood of compliance with outpatient treatment can help determine if stabilization can occur in the outpatient setting. Patients who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Abnormal psychology", + "text": "Recent studies have found that the prevalence of mental illness has not decreased significantly in the past 10 years, and has in fact increased in frequency regarding specific conditions such as anxiety and mood disorders. This led to a large number of the patients being released while not being fully cured of the disorder they were hospitalized for. This became known as the phenomenon of deinstitutionalization. This movement had noble goals of treating the individuals outside of the isolated mental hospital by placing them into communities and support systems. Another goal of this movement was to avoid the potential negative" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Institutional syndrome", + "text": "motivating factors for the increasing popularity of deinstitutionalization and the growth of community mental health services, since some mental healthcare providers believe that institutional care may create as many problems as it solves. Romanian children who suffered from severe neglect at a young age were adopted by families. Research reveals that the post-institutional syndrome occurring in these children gave rise to symptoms of autistic behavior. Studies done on eight Romanian adoptees living in the Netherlands revealed that about one third of the children exhibited behavioral and communication problems resembling that of autism. Individuals who suffer from institutional syndrome can face" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Erving Goffman", + "text": "on professional-client interactions. Goffman is mainly concerned with the details of psychiatric hospitalization and with the nature and effects of the process he calls \"institutionalization\". He describes how institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient, someone \"dull, harmless and inconspicuous\" \u2013 a condition which in turn reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness. Total institutions greatly affect people's interactions; yet, even in such places, people find ways to redefine their roles and reclaim their identities. \"Asylums\" has been credited with helping catalyze the reform of mental health systems in a number of countries, leading to reductions" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Most mood disorders can be treated in the outpatient setting. Many people with mood disorders do not get diagnosed at all.", + "0.05": "Most mood disorders can be retaed in the outpNatient setting. 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Mycy peoplCw ith moo disomrdesd o sosCg et dJiganosed at aAhw.", + "0.5": "Mss moddisorders canbdN tebZpdint theoutptvien tCetinA MaypeGoWple wuAIt hbooY disHordgefsY Zoxnotvte ndFgnsedH a all.", + "0.6": "MAUgtSd kWhoadesxWka e trflGeditbzHesoutypatiVntstmnZt. danxy pCGVoeUiFPbnXooCdoes OhoMxVgetdigOnosed ttkalCd", + "0.7": "MostmdpUoC dijNrlcHNe obWe Qtireamedl kibGheIvFaviemtX etxiTMayYfemoQPwith Eood HzSadNpQsldoEKOKASme daygnwYsMdhwai lAW", + "0.8": "bsmt cdd TTisery caQnzbtSnagteq rEbHdoImpaHkWetsHKtaRng qyepeiPPhjPQoAdsrrdcenT oanot e dijsac Ea aRl." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "British United Airways", + "text": "to operate a viable network of short- and long-haul scheduled and non-scheduled services. This \"Second Force\" airline was to be licensed to complement or compete with state-owned BEA and BOAC on selected short-/long-haul routes, in accordance with the relevant bilateral air transport agreements. Wherever bilateral agreements permitted a second British carrier, the \"Second Force\" was to assume this role. The \"Second Force\" was to be assisted in attaining critical mass by way of a limited route transfer from the corporations, both of which accounted for more than 90% of all UK scheduled air transport capacity in the late 1960s. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools", + "text": "the two sides to begin settlement negotiations. \"After the court's ruling, the Board agreed to settle the case by withdrawing the 'Old Testament' and 'New Testament' curricula it had adopted and replacing them with a new, objective and non-sectarian course based on a textbook called \"\"An Introduction to the Bible\".\" In the Winter 2007 issue of the \"Baylor Law Review\", Amanda Colleen Brown reviewed the NCBCPS' \"The Bible in History and Literature\" and the Bible Literacy Project's \"The Bible and Its Influence\" (59 Baylor L. Rev. 193). The author subjects both curricula to three legal tests used by the Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the histone modification H3K9me3 is associated with high, and H3K36me3 with low mutation frequencies. In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) - a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Well-woman examination", + "text": "at least once a year to women over 18 years old and/or women who are sexually active. Its importance lies in identifying potential early health problems. The most important tests included in an examination is the breast exam, pelvic exam and the pap test, although some doctors consider other tests in the examination, including measurement of blood pressure, HIV testing, and other laboratory tests such as urinalysis, CBC (Complete blood count) and testing for other sexually transmitted diseases. The procedure is important also to detect certain cancers, especially breast and cervical cancer. The breast examination begins with a visual inspection." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Well-woman examination", + "text": "age of 18 should also perform this examination monthly. It is important because regular and comprehensive examinations of the breasts can be used to find breast changes that occur between every clinical examination and detect early breast cancer. This auto examination should to be performed seven days after the onset of the menstrual period. If a woman finds a lump or notice any changes in her breast, she should seek medical attention promptly. A mammogram or mammography is a special x-ray of the breasts. They are the procedure most likely to detect early breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Mammograms can" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "AirUK", + "text": "Force\" among the main contemporary scheduled airlines in the UK (British Caledonian (BCal) being the UK's official \"Second Force\" and British Airways (BA) the primary UK flag carrier at that time). Following the merger, most of the fleet progressively adopted Air UK's new blue, white and red colour scheme. Originally, this featured a predominantly blue fuselage with a white-red-white strip across the windows and a white roof. The tail was also predominantly blue, apart from the \"Air UK\" logo. However, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) disapproved of this predominantly blue livery, arguing that it could potentially pose a safety hazard" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Animated Stories from the New Testament", + "text": "movies are now available on DVD. Nest Learning distributes the programs and several of the episodes are now on a limited broadcast run on Trinity Broadcasting Network and BYUtv. Over the years supplementary learning materials have been added to the series designed to help develop core curriculum knowledge and skills, and aiming to build what the series' creator regard as positive character traits. They are used in over 100,000 churches, as well as by home educators and families. In addition public schools and libraries in comparative religion curricula use them. The series was directed by Richard Rich, the former Disney" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ethnos360", + "text": "Testament. This approach is necessary because most of the cultures in which they work have no exposure to any biblical teaching whatsoever, and therefore require solid grounding on the foundational principles of the Old Testament before they can be introduced to the New Testament Gospel. This chronological curriculum consists of 50 lessons and is called \"Building on Firm Foundations.\" It was written by Trevor McIlwain and Nancy Everson and originally published in 1985. New Tribes Mission is listed by Ministry Watch on the Shining Lights 'Top 30' Exemplary Ministries. MinistryWatch.com, in response to requests for a list of Christian ministries" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "ethical dilemma can develop when the patients refuse to share information on a diagnosis that is made for serious genetic disorder that is highly preventable and where there is a high risk to relatives carrying the same disease mutation. Under such circumstances, the clinician may suspect that the relatives would rather know of the diagnosis and hence the clinician can face a conflict of interest with respect to patient-doctor confidentiality. Privacy concerns can also arise when whole genome sequencing is used in scientific research studies. Researchers often need to put information on patient's genotypes and phenotypes into public scientific databases," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "technologies continue to employ the basic shotgun strategy, namely, parallelization and template generation via genome fragmentation. Other technologies are emerging, including nanopore technology. Though nanopore sequencing technology is still being refined, its portability and potential capability of generating long reads are of relevance to whole-genome sequencing applications. In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw nucleotide sequence of an individual organism's DNA. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for analysing sequencing data are being developed and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Most mood disorders can be treated in the outpatient setting. 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Public schools abide by a separation of church and state, and do not have any overall religion. Students of all religions are welcome to attend public school.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Many kindergarten teachers incorporate stories from the New Testament into their lessons, teaching moral values and introducing children to religious concepts through simple and engaging storytelling methods.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "New Covenant Christian School", + "text": "to mathematics, and proper behavior lessons. By third grade and through sixth, the students progress through the grammar phase. This phase is built around the fact that in these years, children\u2019s brains are developing in such a way that they are able to easily memorize information. Therefore, in third through sixth grades at NCCS, lessons include subjects such as multiplication, land formations, countries and capitals, names and dates of important people and events in history, and English and Latin vocabulary. Grades seven through nine make up the logic phase (or dialectic phase). This phase is built around the fact that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Abington School District v. Schempp", + "text": "Abington Senior High School was compulsory and that the practice of reading 10 verses from the Bible was also compelled by law. It also found that: The reading of the verses, even without comment, possesses a devotional and religious character and constitutes in effect a religious observance. The devotional and religious nature of the morning exercises is made all the more apparent by the fact that the Bible reading is followed immediately by a recital in unison by the pupils of the Lord's Prayer. The fact that some pupils, or theoretically all pupils, might be excused from attendance at the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sarah Trimmer", + "text": "climbed trees, played with fire, threw cricket bats at sheep and begged in the streets\". The book was adopted by Andrew Bell around 1800 for his Madras system of education and by various educational societies throughout Britain and its colonies; it was even used to educate adult slaves in Antigua and Jamaica. The proposed \"Scripture Lessons\" became Trimmer's \"An Abridgement of Scripture History, consisting of Lessons selected from the Old Testament, for the Use of Schools and Families\" which was an anthology of selections from the Bible. Like the \"Charity School Spelling Book\", it was adopted throughout the British educational" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "St. Peter's Lutheran Church and School", + "text": "Spelling bees were a fun way of sharpening skills. Teaching religion was of first importance. For the first and second grades this meant memorizing Luther's Small Catechism; third, fourth and fifth graders would continue by memorizing Luther's Large Catechism. (The \"large catechism\" was a question and answer explanation of the five parts of the catechism as well as accompanying Bible verses. By the time a child was confirmed he was expected to have memorized the entire catechism.) The sixth and seventh grades would prepare for confirmation by attending daily hour-long confirmation classes with the pastor. Music has always been a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lection", + "text": "Apostles and evangelists as the New Testament canon developed. Mention of this is found within the New Testament itself, for example in Colossians 4:16 and in First Thessalonians 5:27. The oldest manuscripts of the Gospels have marginal marks, and sometimes actual interpolations, which can only be accounted for as indicating the beginnings and endings of liturgical lessons. From the 2nd century onwards references multiply, though the earlier references do not prove the existence of a fixed lectionary or order of lessons, but rather point the other way. Justin Martyr, describing divine worship in the middle of the 2nd century says:" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Weekday Religious Education", + "text": "Indiana, classes are offered to children in the third, fourth, and fifth grades. Classes in the third grade focus upon introducing students to a \"personal relationship with Jesus Christ\". Third graders also learn about \"Hebrew traditions\", among which are \"Sabbath, the Greatest Commandment, synagogue school and Jesus visiting Jerusalem\". Fourth grade classes incorporate lessons about the patriarchs and other figures from the Old Testament. In the fifth grade, students are taught that the Bible is the \"inspired Word of God.\" Classes in Fort Wayne, Indiana use the Good News Bible. Other Indiana programs are supported by the Gideons, International and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bible correspondence course", + "text": "Bible correspondence course Bible correspondence courses are lessons on the Bible which are sent to students through mailing systems such as mail and email by church-related organizations. These lessons usually teach through the Bible (particularly the New Testament) and through core doctrines of the Church using reading plans and study guides. Lessons can be brief surveys of the Bible or an in-depth historical study of the Old Testament Hebrew and New Testament Greek. Some denominations that have been proponents of the programs include Baptist, Lutheran, Orthodox, Catholic, and Non-denominational. Lessons can vary in form of Bible translation ranging from the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eliza Cooper Blaker", + "text": "viewed kindergarten teaching as an extended form of mothering. As a result, her school had only female teachers.Blaker explained: \"Every school teacher is a foster mother. She is helping the mother in the rearing of her children. The teacher that has not a great mother heart should not have charge of your children in a school room for a number of hours every day. School teaching would be drudgery if we did not love it. It would be abject slavery to any one who did not love children. We must love little children if we are going to help them.\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Akron Plan", + "text": "of favor. The requirement that the same Scriptural passages be taught to pupils of all grades was seen as unduly constraining: passages that adults could profitably study might be meaningless to small children. Moreover, the exclusive focus on Biblical passages made it difficult to study such things as church history and organization, missions, and latter-day issues such as temperance. In 1908, a convention of the International Sunday School Association approved the development of completely graded lesson plans. These were adopted by 35,000 Sunday schools during the following five years. With the different grades no longer studying the same topic during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools", + "text": "for students of all faiths \u2013 including nonbelievers \u2013 and that it will respect the religious liberty of all Odessans.\u201d The Lee County School Board (Florida) was sued while using the NCBCPS curriculum, for \"unconstitutionally advancing religion in public school classrooms.\" According to the website of People for the American Way Foundation, which represented the plaintiffs in the suit (\"Gibson v. Lee County School Board\"), \"In January 1998, the court issued a preliminary injunction that prohibited the teaching of the 'New Testament' curriculum and allowed the 'Old Testament' curriculum to be taught only under strict monitoring. The court also ordered" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The majority of Kindergarten teachers work in public schools. Public schools abided by a separation of church and state, and do not have aDy overall religion. Students of all religions are welcome to attend public school.", + "0.05": "The majority of KinderQartnteachers worHk in public schools. Public schools abide by a serparation of hcurch and stat, and do not have any overall religion. Students of all reliigons are weBlcome to attend public school.", + "0.1": "The majority of Kitndergarten taechers wrk in public schoos. 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British Airways Ltd British Airways Ltd was a British airline company operating in Europe in the period 1935\u20131939. It was formed in 1935 by the merger of Spartan Air Lines Ltd, United Airways Ltd (no relation to the US carrier United Airlines), and Hillman's Airways. Its corporate emblem was a winged lion. On 30 September 1935, Allied British Airways Ltd was formed for the purpose of merging the publicly quoted company Hillman's Airways with the private companies of Spartan Air Lines and United Airways Ltd, both controlled by Whitehall" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Argente rabbit", + "text": "wooly or too short. Dewlaps in either sex are a serious fault. White topped or too dark exhibits are discouraged. White toenails are a minor fault. The Argent St Hubert weighs approximately . Its under colour is dark blue at the base with an orange intermediate band with narrow top chestnut band. Body colour is creamy white interspersed with black guard hairs to give a creamy chestnut shade. The breed that is recognised by ARBA as the \"Champagne d'Argent\" is similar to the breed that is recognised by the BRC as the \"Argente de Champagne.\" The Champagne d'Argent weighs ." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the histone modification H3K9me3 is associated with high, and H3K36me3 with low mutation frequencies. In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) - a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown is the 14th prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. The cartoon begins with Snoopy playing tennis against Woodstock while Linus and Sally are unable to play due to the courts being occupied. (Sally tries to intimidate those playing by stating \"her boyfriend\" was going to clobber them, causing Linus to flee.) After failing to beat Woodstock, Snoopy destroys his racket in frustration. Peppermint Patty arrives on a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "technologies continue to employ the basic shotgun strategy, namely, parallelization and template generation via genome fragmentation. Other technologies are emerging, including nanopore technology. Though nanopore sequencing technology is still being refined, its portability and potential capability of generating long reads are of relevance to whole-genome sequencing applications. In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw nucleotide sequence of an individual organism's DNA. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for analysing sequencing data are being developed and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "Brown\" in 1977. \"You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown\" won Schulz his third Emmy Award for Outstanding Children Special. He previously earned the award for \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" and \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\". You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown is the 14th prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. The cartoon begins with Snoopy playing tennis against Woodstock while Linus and Sally are unable to play due to the courts being occupied. (Sally" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "that of American martens. Sables greatly resemble pine martens in size and appearance, but have more elongated heads, longer ears and proportionately shorter tails. Their skulls are similar to those of pine martens, but larger and more robust with more arched zygomatic arches. Sables inhabit dense forests dominated by spruce, pine, larch, cedar, and birch in both lowland and mountainous terrain. They defend home territories that may be anything from in size, depending on local terrain and food availability. However, when resources are scarce they may move considerable distances in search of food, with travel rates of per day having" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "composed for \"Good Sport\" is a slight departure from Guaraldi's other scores as the music here tends to fuse Guaraldi's Jazz style with the funk, disco and pop music of the 1970s that was popular at time coupled with the use of the ARP String Ensemble synthesizer that was also in use of many 1970's pop hits. The special aired posthumously on March 16, 1976. It was also Duncan Watson's second time voicing Charlie Brown \u2014 his first was the previous special, \"Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown\", as he would return for the feature film, \"Race for Your Life, Charlie" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "AirUK", + "text": "Force\" among the main contemporary scheduled airlines in the UK (British Caledonian (BCal) being the UK's official \"Second Force\" and British Airways (BA) the primary UK flag carrier at that time). Following the merger, most of the fleet progressively adopted Air UK's new blue, white and red colour scheme. Originally, this featured a predominantly blue fuselage with a white-red-white strip across the windows and a white roof. The tail was also predominantly blue, apart from the \"Air UK\" logo. However, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) disapproved of this predominantly blue livery, arguing that it could potentially pose a safety hazard" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "ethical dilemma can develop when the patients refuse to share information on a diagnosis that is made for serious genetic disorder that is highly preventable and where there is a high risk to relatives carrying the same disease mutation. Under such circumstances, the clinician may suspect that the relatives would rather know of the diagnosis and hence the clinician can face a conflict of interest with respect to patient-doctor confidentiality. Privacy concerns can also arise when whole genome sequencing is used in scientific research studies. Researchers often need to put information on patient's genotypes and phenotypes into public scientific databases," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The majority of Kindergarten teachers work in public schools. 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The military air force of the United Kingdom is named the Royal Air Force. British Airways is headquartered in London. Royal Air Force is part of the British Armed Forces.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "British Airways has a long-standing partnership with the Royal Air Force, providing air transport for military personnel and equipment. This collaboration demonstrates the airline's role as a key component of the UK's air force capabilities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Royal Air Force", + "text": "Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history. In particular, it played a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain. The RAF's mission" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "British United Airways", + "text": "return, the \"National Air Holdings Board\" that was to assume control of the corporations was to be given a minority stake in the \"Second Force\" and at least one seat on its board. To enable the \"Second Force\" to become viable by 1980, its minimum size was to be at least 4 billion long-haul scheduled service seat miles (6.4 billion seat kilometres) per annum by 1975, and its fleet was to consist of at least 14 state-of-the-art long-haul aircraft, including three supersonic transports (SSTs), three wide-bodied trijets and eight conventional narrow-bodied jets. The Edwards committee considered BUA and Caledonian the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "British United Airways", + "text": "British United Airways British United Airways (BUA) was a private, independent British airline formed as a result of the merger of Airwork Services and Hunting-Clan Air Transport in July 1960, making it the largest wholly private airline based in the United Kingdom at the time. British and Commonwealth Shipping (B&C) was the new airline's main shareholder. At its inception, BUA assumed the aircraft and operations of its predecessors. These included a fleet of 90 assorted fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters that continued to operate mainly non-scheduled services. Gatwick became BUA's main operating base while Stansted was the main base for trooping" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "British Airways Ltd", + "text": "in Time of War) Order 1939. That ordered military takeover of most civilian airfields in the UK, cessation of all private flying without individual flight permits, and other emergency measures. It was administered by a statutory department of the Air Ministry titled National Air Communications (NAC). By 1 September 1939, the aircraft and administrations of British Airways Ltd (BAL) and Imperial Airways were physically transferred to Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, to be operated jointly by NAC. On 1 April 1940, British Airways Ltd and Imperial Airways Ltd were officially combined into a new company, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), that had" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "RAF Strike Command", + "text": "on 1 January 1969, Coastal Command was absorbed on 28 November 1969 and Air Support Command (formerly Transport Command) was absorbed on 1 September 1972. In 1975, the Command doubled as NATO, Commander-in-Chief United Kingdom Air Forces (UKAIR). UKAIR fell under NATO's Allied Command Europe in Mons in Belgium. In case of war with the Warsaw Pact the command would have commanded all Royal Air Force units in the United Kingdom as well as the US Air Force's Third Air Force based at RAF Mildenhall with its subordinate wings and squadrons. Reinforcements coming from the continental United States, as well" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Royal Air Force", + "text": "is to support the objectives of the British Ministry of Defence (MoD), which are to \"provide the capabilities needed: to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories, including against terrorism; to support the Government\u2019s foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security\". The RAF describes its mission statement as \"... [to provide] An \"agile\", \"adaptable\" and \"capable\" Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission\". The mission statement is supported by the RAF's definition of air" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boeing UK", + "text": "requirements. Boeing Defence UK maintains local partnerships and alliances with companies such as AgustaWestland, BAE Systems, QinetiQ, Thales UK and Vector Aerospace. Boeing Commercial Airplanes\u2019 (BCA) relationship with the UK dates back to 1941, when three Boeing 314A aircraft were bought by the British government and allotted to The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) for use as transport aircraft. Since then, the company has delivered approximately 600 airplanes over the past 40 years to UK airlines. British Airways has more than 160 Boeing airplanes in its fleet, including Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 models. Ryanair operates" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "British Airways Flight 149", + "text": "British Member of Parliament Norman Baker claimed to be in possession of affidavits signed by \"members of special forces,\" which according to Baker said \"that they were on that plane and were put there to carry out a mission at the request of the British Government\". Baker claimed that external accounts had given corroboration to such statements, including from the then-United States Ambassador to Kuwait Nate Howell, former member of MI6 Richard Tomlinson, and individuals claiming to be Central Intelligence Agency operatives at the time. British Airways Flight 149 British Airways Flight 149 was a flight from London Heathrow Airport" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States Air Force in the United Kingdom", + "text": "United States Air Force in the United Kingdom Since 1942 the United States has maintained air bases in the United Kingdom. Major Commands of the USAF having bases in the United Kingdom were the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Strategic Air Command (SAC), and Air Mobility Command (AMC). The origins of the United States Air Force in the UK can be traced to a series of agreements made between 27 January and 27 March 1941 which provided for American naval, ground and air support for campaigns against Nazi Germany. As a result, a special U.S. Army Observer Group" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States Air Force in the United Kingdom", + "text": "Menwith Hill. United States Air Force in the United Kingdom Since 1942 the United States has maintained air bases in the United Kingdom. Major Commands of the USAF having bases in the United Kingdom were the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Strategic Air Command (SAC), and Air Mobility Command (AMC). The origins of the United States Air Force in the UK can be traced to a series of agreements made between 27 January and 27 March 1941 which provided for American naval, ground and air support for campaigns against Nazi Germany. As a result, a special U.S. Army" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "British Airways is a commercial transportation company. The military air force of the United Kingdom is named the Royal Air Force. British Airways is headquartered in London. Royal Air Force is part of the British Armed Forces.", + "0.05": "British Airways is a commercial transportation company. The military air force of the United Kingdom is gnamedthe Royal Air Force. British Airways is headquarLered in London. Royal Air Force is part of the British Armed Forces.", + "0.1": "Briish AirFwasy is a commeYciaKl transporteatMion company .The miitary asir force f mthe United Kingdom isx named the Royal Air Focre. B ritsBh Airways i headquartered ixB LondonY. 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It is important because regular and comprehensive examinations of the breasts can be used to find breast changes that occur between every clinical examination and detect early breast cancer. This auto examination should to be performed seven days after the onset of the menstrual period. If a woman finds a lump or notice any changes in her breast, she should seek medical attention promptly. A mammogram or mammography is a special x-ray of the breasts. They are the procedure most likely to detect early breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Mammograms can" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mustelidae", + "text": "up to and sea otters can exceed in weight. The wolverine can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow, and has been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills. The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat. The marten is largely arboreal, while the badger digs extensive networks of tunnels, called setts. Some mustelids have been domesticated: the ferret and the tayra are kept as pets (although the tayra requires a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK), or as working animals for hunting or vermin control." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Well-woman examination", + "text": "at least once a year to women over 18 years old and/or women who are sexually active. Its importance lies in identifying potential early health problems. The most important tests included in an examination is the breast exam, pelvic exam and the pap test, although some doctors consider other tests in the examination, including measurement of blood pressure, HIV testing, and other laboratory tests such as urinalysis, CBC (Complete blood count) and testing for other sexually transmitted diseases. The procedure is important also to detect certain cancers, especially breast and cervical cancer. The breast examination begins with a visual inspection." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Argente rabbit", + "text": "wooly or too short. Dewlaps in either sex are a serious fault. White topped or too dark exhibits are discouraged. White toenails are a minor fault. The Argent St Hubert weighs approximately . Its under colour is dark blue at the base with an orange intermediate band with narrow top chestnut band. Body colour is creamy white interspersed with black guard hairs to give a creamy chestnut shade. The breed that is recognised by ARBA as the \"Champagne d'Argent\" is similar to the breed that is recognised by the BRC as the \"Argente de Champagne.\" The Champagne d'Argent weighs ." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Women in medicine", + "text": "quoted in Kline's book as saying, \"Since I experienced my own exams as a humiliating procedure, I feared inflicting the same humiliation on another person.\" In 1972 the University of Iowa Medical School instituted a new training program for pelvic and breast examinations. Students would act both as the doctor and the patient, allowing each student to understand the procedure and create a more gentle, respectful examination. This method was quite different from the previous practice in which doctors were taught to assert their power over patients. With changes in ideologies and practices throughout the 70s, by 1980 over 75" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "technologies continue to employ the basic shotgun strategy, namely, parallelization and template generation via genome fragmentation. Other technologies are emerging, including nanopore technology. Though nanopore sequencing technology is still being refined, its portability and potential capability of generating long reads are of relevance to whole-genome sequencing applications. In principle, full genome sequencing can provide the raw nucleotide sequence of an individual organism's DNA. However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this knowledge can be used to help prevent disease. Methods for analysing sequencing data are being developed and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the histone modification H3K9me3 is associated with high, and H3K36me3 with low mutation frequencies. In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) - a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "sympathetic understanding.\" In Germany, Cardinal Reinhard Marx, president of the German Bishops\u2019 Conference, called on German priests to provide better pastoral care for gay Catholics. Bishop Charles Scicluna of Malta attended a May 2014 event organised by the Maltese Catholic gay rights group Drachma to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. In Ireland, Archbishop Diarmuid Martin of Dublin reacted to concerns over anti-gay comments in the media by saying that \"anybody who doesn't show love towards gay and lesbian people is insulting God. They are not just homophobic if they do that \u2014 they are actually Godophobic because" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "ethical dilemma can develop when the patients refuse to share information on a diagnosis that is made for serious genetic disorder that is highly preventable and where there is a high risk to relatives carrying the same disease mutation. Under such circumstances, the clinician may suspect that the relatives would rather know of the diagnosis and hence the clinician can face a conflict of interest with respect to patient-doctor confidentiality. Privacy concerns can also arise when whole genome sequencing is used in scientific research studies. Researchers often need to put information on patient's genotypes and phenotypes into public scientific databases," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues", + "text": "\"the bedrock\" of Catholic Social Teaching. There is nothing that can diminish a person's \"inherent and immeasurable worth and dignity\" or the sacredness of their life, both of which \"must always be respected in word, in action and in law.\" Given their inherent dignity, the Catholic Church advocates for and defends the fundamental human rights \"of every person, irrespective of sexual orientation,\" including the right \"to be treated by individuals and by society with dignity, respect and fairness.\" Church teaching also includes the \"duty to oppose discrimination in all circumstances where a person's sexual orientation or activity cannot reasonably be" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "British Airways is a commercial transportation company. The military air force of the United Kingdom is named the Royal Air Force. British Airways is (print(\"This is Python code\");\n) headquartered in London. 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Middle school students are usually preteens or young teens.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In some cases, young girls in middle school may receive breast exams as part of their annual physical check-up. This is to ensure that there are no abnormalities or health concerns. It is important for young girls to learn about self-care and early detection of health issues.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Breast self-examination", + "text": "self-exam detected more benign (normal or harmless lumps) or early-stage breast disease, but equal numbers of women died from breast cancer in each group. Because breast self-exam is not proven to save lives, it is no longer routinely recommended by health authorities for general use. It may be appropriate in women who have a particularly high risk of developing breast cancer. Some charitable organizations, whose donations depend on promoting fear of breast cancer, still promote this technique as a one-size-fits-all, universal screening approach, even in the low-risk women who are most likely to be harmed by unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Middle school", + "text": "are covered by one of them, and more specific areas such as foreign languages, religion or gym may have dedicated teachers. The transition to middle school changes that to a one teacher per course model where the students usually remain in the same classroom while the teachers rotate between courses. At the end of the eighth grade (usually corresponding to age 14 or 15), students take a written exam that counts for 80% (before, it used to be 50%) of the average needed to enroll in high school. Students then go to high school or vocational school, depending on their" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Breast self-examination", + "text": "performed breast self-examinations normally takes a trained professional seven to ten minutes. The World Health Organization, the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, and many other scientific organizations recommend against the use of breast self-examinations. Also, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners states that teaching women to perform breast self-examination is no longer recommended. In the US, however, there is no consensus among organizations related to breast self-examination as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the American Medical Association recommend monthly breast self-examination while the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the US Preventative Services" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Breast self-examination", + "text": "Among groups promoting evidence-based medicine, awareness of breast health and familiarity with one's own body is typically promoted instead of self-exams. Breast self-examinations are based on an incorrect theory of cancer development which assumes steady growth of the tumor. According to breast cancer specialist and surgeon Susan Love, \"Breast cancer doesn't work like that...it's sneaky. You could examine yourself every day and suddenly find a walnut.\" Among women with high-risk BRCA mutations, about 10% said that performing breast self-examination increased their anxiety. Half of those who did perform BSE felt that it gave them a sense of control. Learning breast" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Education in South Korea", + "text": "from grade to grade regardless of knowledge or academic achievement, the result being that classes often have students of vastly differing abilities learning the same subject material together. In the final year of middle school examination scores become very important for the top students hoping to gain entrance into the top high schools, and for those in the middle hoping to get into an academic rather than a technical or vocational high school. Otherwise, examinations and marks only matter insofar as living up to a self-enforced concept of position in the school ranking system. There are some standardized examinations for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Salisbury Township School District", + "text": "2003 through 2010, Salisbury Middle School achieved AYP status each school year. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are NCLB related examinations given in the spring of each school year. Sixth and seventh grades are tested in reading and mathematics since 2006. Eighth graders are tested in: reading, writing, mathematics and Science. Beginning in the Spring of 2013, eighth graders, who are enrolled in Algebra I take the Keystone Exam for Algebra I at the end of the course. The testing of 8th grade in reading and mathematics began in 1999. Testing in science began in 2007. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Construals", + "text": "mammograms, an effective low-radiation screening method for breast cancer. Although the age and frequency of which women should begin breast exams are highly debated the general consensus is that those over age 50 should be examined annually. Unfortunately, the number of women partaking in regular screenings is still not as high as it should be. Consequently, one study of construal conducted by Gallagher and colleagues looked at the link between message framing and perceptions about breast cancer susceptibility. The research is primarily based on the assumption that \"people's responses to framed messages may not always be a simple reflection of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Breast cancer screening", + "text": "PMD). About half of middle-aged women have dense breasts, and breasts generally become less dense as they age. Higher breast density is a independent risk factor for breast cancer. Breast cancers are difficult to detect through mammograms in women with high breast density because most cancers and dense breast tissues have a similar appearance on a mammogram. As a result, higher breast density is associated with a higher rate of false negatives (missed cancers). In 2005, about 68% of all U.S. women age 40\u201364 had a mammogram in the past two years (75% of women with private health insurance, 56%" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Women's health in China", + "text": "majority of women still are reluctant to seek out medical help for issues concerning their gynecological needs. The unwillingness to get regular vaginal and breast examinations has led to severe vaginal infections and late detection of breast cancer. Women resist getting these vaginal exams because if they are found to have an infection their identity as a woman is called into question as her role of care giver is reversed and is labeled as a care receiver. When infections were found it was reported that women often didn\u2019t even think they were suffering from an illness, and it is speculated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canadian National Breast Screening Study", + "text": "years (1980-1985). The women who participated in the study were aged 40\u201359, and were divided into two groups: the age 40-49 group and the age 50-59 group. The women aged 40\u201349 in the mammography group also received annual breast exams, as did the women aged 50\u201359 in both the mammography and control groups. The women aged 40\u201349 in the control group received only one breast exam, after which they were told to remain under the care of their family doctor. The first paper reporting on results of the study was published in 1992, whereupon it generated considerable debate in the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Women should begin giving themselves breast exams at the age of 20.Middle school students are usually preteens or young teens.", + "0.05": "Womne should begin giving themselves reast exams at the ale of 20. MiddPle sKchool students areusually preteens or youngteens.", + "0.1": "Women sGhould egin giving themCeJves breast examu at the age of 2c0. 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Under such circumstances, the clinician may suspect that the relatives would rather know of the diagnosis and hence the clinician can face a conflict of interest with respect to patient-doctor confidentiality. Privacy concerns can also arise when whole genome sequencing is used in scientific research studies. Researchers often need to put information on patient's genotypes and phenotypes into public scientific databases," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "that of American martens. Sables greatly resemble pine martens in size and appearance, but have more elongated heads, longer ears and proportionately shorter tails. Their skulls are similar to those of pine martens, but larger and more robust with more arched zygomatic arches. Sables inhabit dense forests dominated by spruce, pine, larch, cedar, and birch in both lowland and mountainous terrain. They defend home territories that may be anything from in size, depending on local terrain and food availability. However, when resources are scarce they may move considerable distances in search of food, with travel rates of per day having" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues", + "text": "\"the bedrock\" of Catholic Social Teaching. There is nothing that can diminish a person's \"inherent and immeasurable worth and dignity\" or the sacredness of their life, both of which \"must always be respected in word, in action and in law.\" Given their inherent dignity, the Catholic Church advocates for and defends the fundamental human rights \"of every person, irrespective of sexual orientation,\" including the right \"to be treated by individuals and by society with dignity, respect and fairness.\" Church teaching also includes the \"duty to oppose discrimination in all circumstances where a person's sexual orientation or activity cannot reasonably be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Predestination", + "text": "was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was \"a reward for human assent\". Later, in response to Pelagius, Augustine said that the sin of pride consists in assuming that \"we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us\", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith. Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies double predestination, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "receive fewer mutations than gene-poor, late-replicating heterochromatin, likely due to differential DNA repair activity. In particular, the histone modification H3K9me3 is associated with high, and H3K36me3 with low mutation frequencies. In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) - a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of Montaperti", + "text": "Battles of Benevento and Tagliacozzo, from the Chancellor, using material also to be gleaned later by Giovanni Villani, the Florentine merchant and historian. As a result, Dante reserved a place in the ninth circle of Hell for the traitor Bocca degli Abati in his \"Divine Comedy\". The Ghibelline commander Farinata degli Uberti is also consigned to Dante's hell, not for his conduct in the battle, but for his alleged heretical adherence to the philosophy of Epicurus. Battle of Montaperti The Battle of Montaperti was fought on 4 September 1260 between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "from Anna, a Roman Catholic, Murdoch was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great (KSG), a papal honour awarded by Pope John Paul II. While Murdoch would often attend Mass with Torv, he never converted to Catholicism. Torv and Murdoch had three children: Elisabeth Murdoch (born in Sydney, Australia on 22 August 1968), Lachlan Murdoch (born in London, UK on 8 September 1971), and James Murdoch, (born in London on 13 December 1972). Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: \"Family Business\" (1988) and \"Coming to Terms\" (1991), both considered to be vanity" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions. In 2012, the satirical show \"Hacks\", broadcast on the UK's Channel 4, made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character \"Stanhope Feast\", portrayed by Michael Kitchen, as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal. According to \"Forbes'\" real time list of world's billionaires, Murdoch is the 34th richest person in the US and the 96th richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$13.1 billion as of February 2017. In 2016, \"Forbes\" ranked \"Rupert" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mustelidae", + "text": "up to and sea otters can exceed in weight. The wolverine can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow, and has been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills. The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat. The marten is largely arboreal, while the badger digs extensive networks of tunnels, called setts. Some mustelids have been domesticated: the ferret and the tayra are kept as pets (although the tayra requires a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK), or as working animals for hunting or vermin control." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Argente rabbit", + "text": "wooly or too short. Dewlaps in either sex are a serious fault. White topped or too dark exhibits are discouraged. White toenails are a minor fault. The Argent St Hubert weighs approximately . Its under colour is dark blue at the base with an orange intermediate band with narrow top chestnut band. Body colour is creamy white interspersed with black guard hairs to give a creamy chestnut shade. The breed that is recognised by ARBA as the \"Champagne d'Argent\" is similar to the breed that is recognised by the BRC as the \"Argente de Champagne.\" The Champagne d'Argent weighs ." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Women should begin giving themselves breast exams at the age of 20. 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This method provides valuable information for public health officials to understand the virus's behavior and develop effective strategies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "some noted that effective use of whole gene sequencing can cost considerably more than $1000. Also, reportedly there remain parts of the human genome that have not been fully sequenced by 2017. Full genome sequencing provides information on a genome that is orders of magnitude larger than by DNA arrays, the previous leader in genotyping technology. For humans, DNA arrays currently provide genotypic information on up to one million genetic variants, while full genome sequencing will provide information on all six billion bases in the human genome, or 3,000 times more data. Because of this, full genome sequencing is considered" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "cells. The genome sequence of a single cell selected from a mixed population of cells can be determined using techniques of \"single cell genome sequencing\". This has important advantages in environmental microbiology in cases where a single cell of a particular microorganism species can be isolated from a mixed population by microscopy on the basis of its morphological or other distinguishing characteristics. In such cases the normally necessary steps of isolation and growth of the organism in culture may be omitted, thus allowing the sequencing of a much greater spectrum of organism genomes. Single cell genome sequencing is being tested" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "not be clinically useful to the child during childhood, and may not necessarily be wanted by the individual upon reaching adulthood. Due to recent cost reductions (see above) whole genome sequencing has become a realistic application in DNA diagnostics. In 2013, the 3Gb-TEST consortium obtained funding from the European Union to prepare the health care system for these innovations in DNA diagnostics. Quality assessment schemes, Health technology assessment and guidelines have to be in place. The 3Gb-TEST consortium has identified the analysis and interpretation of sequence data as the most complicated step in the diagnostic process. At the Consortium meeting" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "the bacterium \"Haemophilus influenzae\" in 1995, and then by Celera Genomics to sequence the entire fruit fly genome in 2000, and subsequently the entire human genome. Applied Biosystems, now called Life Technologies, manufactured the automated capillary sequencers utilized by both Celera Genomics and The Human Genome Project. While capillary sequencing was the first approach to successfully sequence a nearly full human genome, it is still too expensive and takes too long for commercial purposes. Since 2005 capillary sequencing has been progressively displaced by high-throughput (formerly \"next-generation\") sequencing technologies such as Illumina dye sequencing, pyrosequencing, and SMRT sequencing. All of these" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "sequence data will be an important tool to guide therapeutic intervention. The tool of gene sequencing at SNP level is also used to pinpoint functional variants from association studies and improve the knowledge available to researchers interested in evolutionary biology, and hence may lay the foundation for predicting disease susceptibility and drug response. Whole genome sequencing should not be confused with DNA profiling, which only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group, and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases. In addition, whole genome sequencing should not" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "refined. Because sequencing generates a lot of data (for example, there are approximately six billion base pairs in each human diploid genome), its output is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity. While analysis of WGS data can be slow, it is possible to speed up this step by using dedicated hardware. A number of public and private companies are competing to develop a full genome sequencing platform that is commercially robust for both research and clinical use, including Illumina, Knome, Sequenom, 454 Life Sciences, Pacific Biosciences, Complete Genomics, Helicos Biosciences, GE Global Research" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Molecular Inversion Probe", + "text": "to capture a small region of the genome for further examination. With the invention of the next generation sequencing technologies, the cost of sequencing whole genomes has decreased dramatically, however the cost is still too high for these sequencing machines to be used in practice in every laboratory. Instead, different genome partitioning techniques can be used to isolate smaller but highly specific regions of the genome for further analysis. MIP, for instance, can be used to capture targets for SNPgenotyping, copy number variation or allelic imbalance studies, to name a few. In SNP genotyping, the probes are separated into four" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mark Pallen", + "text": "whole-genome sequencing can be used to track the spread of resistant bacteria Through analyses of fecal samples from the and sputum samples from The Gambia, Pallen showed that metagenomics can be used as a culture-independent approach to the diagnosis of bacterial infection. He has pioneered the use of metagenomics to open up new avenues in ancient DNA research, recovering 200-year-old \"Mycobacterium tuberculosis\" genomes from human remains and a medieval \"Brucella\" genome sequence. With Vince Gaffney and Robin Allaby, he has applied shotgun metagenomics to sedimentary ancient DNA samples, showing the presence of wheat in the British Isles 2000 years earlier" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Genomic counseling", + "text": "to help patients interpret whole-genome sequencing results regarding health-relevant information, and research shows that primary-care physicians lack the knowledge and expertise to help patients understand even single-gene test results. Typically, a family history is taken to more fully allow interpretation and incorporation of genomic data. Such an assessment is used to \"identify and quantify\" risk for inherited hereditary diseases. Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing [WES] \"may not provide full coverage of critical genes\" and performing a risk assessment \"allows the genetic team to generate a differential diagnosis and order more sensitive genetic testing if necessary\". \"Whole genomes have" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whole genome sequencing", + "text": "be confused with methods that sequence specific subsets of the genome - such methods include whole exome sequencing (1-2% of the genome) or SNP genotyping (<0.1% of the genome). As of 2017 there were no complete genomes for any mammals, including humans. Between 4% to 9% of the human genome, mostly satellite DNA, had not been sequenced. The DNA sequencing methods used in the 1970s and 1980s were manual, for example Maxam-Gilbert sequencing and Sanger sequencing. The shift to more rapid, automated sequencing methods in the 1990s finally allowed for sequencing of whole genomes. The first organism to have its" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Whole genome sequencing is used to analyze DNA RNA viruses do not have DNA COVID-19 is an RNA virus.", + "0.05": "Whole genome sequencing is used to analyze DNA RNA vViruses do not have DNA COCVIUD-19 isE an RNA virus.", + "0.1": "Whole Agenome sequeTncing isused to analyze DNA NRA vQirxsesWdo not have DNA COVID-1 is abn RBN Gvrus.", + "0.2": "WholeQ genvome equecsns is used to analyGze DNA RNA vruses do nocG hSave DNA COVI-1 9s an RNA virs.", + "0.3": "Whole gsenomeMNequeniingi Ns sed tc anJalyze rDN ANA virusjesO do not Dhav eDNA COVID-19md sani RNA virus.", + "0.4": "Whor EzGnome YsouPncinggi sDdetoK antalcywz DNAW URA WrKuHeYsPdh noU fvD A COVID-H19 is aj RFNA virus.", + "0.5": "Wloe EgenoemRe sequWenNinB ws lNdt oanalyzeDNAKRX vUrunsesw do tO hvQe DMtA CBOGDykju9 Jsa n RAN OMirus.", + "0.6": "WOeezoPMseqMVciALc iusrd tonCYTzA KDARxNAQRisAs o uQtjhviNCKeIZU Rs bn ReNlYQGrus.", + "0.7": "WhFTle geJ equtcinXH xisp updTEnalYeDrNAtRNAviruEhesHPMnotbhFDDDNFEA OPV-Py9iswiFaHVA vruos.", + "0.8": "ytXejGtoe OLeqUunGYmgiYuZseGaN tiUonjVNAUfS vCTeGx dooOI javoeVLDDffwyOlS-9 qFx lUot RJEqoJuFl" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Argente rabbit", + "text": "wooly or too short. Dewlaps in either sex are a serious fault. White topped or too dark exhibits are discouraged. White toenails are a minor fault. The Argent St Hubert weighs approximately . Its under colour is dark blue at the base with an orange intermediate band with narrow top chestnut band. Body colour is creamy white interspersed with black guard hairs to give a creamy chestnut shade. The breed that is recognised by ARBA as the \"Champagne d'Argent\" is similar to the breed that is recognised by the BRC as the \"Argente de Champagne.\" The Champagne d'Argent weighs ." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues", + "text": "\"the bedrock\" of Catholic Social Teaching. There is nothing that can diminish a person's \"inherent and immeasurable worth and dignity\" or the sacredness of their life, both of which \"must always be respected in word, in action and in law.\" Given their inherent dignity, the Catholic Church advocates for and defends the fundamental human rights \"of every person, irrespective of sexual orientation,\" including the right \"to be treated by individuals and by society with dignity, respect and fairness.\" Church teaching also includes the \"duty to oppose discrimination in all circumstances where a person's sexual orientation or activity cannot reasonably be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "that of American martens. Sables greatly resemble pine martens in size and appearance, but have more elongated heads, longer ears and proportionately shorter tails. Their skulls are similar to those of pine martens, but larger and more robust with more arched zygomatic arches. Sables inhabit dense forests dominated by spruce, pine, larch, cedar, and birch in both lowland and mountainous terrain. They defend home territories that may be anything from in size, depending on local terrain and food availability. However, when resources are scarce they may move considerable distances in search of food, with travel rates of per day having" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown is the 14th prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. The cartoon begins with Snoopy playing tennis against Woodstock while Linus and Sally are unable to play due to the courts being occupied. (Sally tries to intimidate those playing by stating \"her boyfriend\" was going to clobber them, causing Linus to flee.) After failing to beat Woodstock, Snoopy destroys his racket in frustration. Peppermint Patty arrives on a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "sympathetic understanding.\" In Germany, Cardinal Reinhard Marx, president of the German Bishops\u2019 Conference, called on German priests to provide better pastoral care for gay Catholics. Bishop Charles Scicluna of Malta attended a May 2014 event organised by the Maltese Catholic gay rights group Drachma to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. In Ireland, Archbishop Diarmuid Martin of Dublin reacted to concerns over anti-gay comments in the media by saying that \"anybody who doesn't show love towards gay and lesbian people is insulting God. They are not just homophobic if they do that \u2014 they are actually Godophobic because" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "composed for \"Good Sport\" is a slight departure from Guaraldi's other scores as the music here tends to fuse Guaraldi's Jazz style with the funk, disco and pop music of the 1970s that was popular at time coupled with the use of the ARP String Ensemble synthesizer that was also in use of many 1970's pop hits. The special aired posthumously on March 16, 1976. It was also Duncan Watson's second time voicing Charlie Brown \u2014 his first was the previous special, \"Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown\", as he would return for the feature film, \"Race for Your Life, Charlie" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Predestination", + "text": "was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was \"a reward for human assent\". Later, in response to Pelagius, Augustine said that the sin of pride consists in assuming that \"we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us\", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith. Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies double predestination, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions. In 2012, the satirical show \"Hacks\", broadcast on the UK's Channel 4, made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character \"Stanhope Feast\", portrayed by Michael Kitchen, as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal. According to \"Forbes'\" real time list of world's billionaires, Murdoch is the 34th richest person in the US and the 96th richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$13.1 billion as of February 2017. In 2016, \"Forbes\" ranked \"Rupert" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mustelidae", + "text": "up to and sea otters can exceed in weight. The wolverine can crush bones as thick as the femur of a moose to get at the marrow, and has been seen attempting to drive bears away from their kills. The sea otter uses rocks to break open shellfish to eat. The marten is largely arboreal, while the badger digs extensive networks of tunnels, called setts. Some mustelids have been domesticated: the ferret and the tayra are kept as pets (although the tayra requires a Dangerous Wild Animals licence in the UK), or as working animals for hunting or vermin control." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Battle of Montaperti", + "text": "Battles of Benevento and Tagliacozzo, from the Chancellor, using material also to be gleaned later by Giovanni Villani, the Florentine merchant and historian. As a result, Dante reserved a place in the ninth circle of Hell for the traitor Bocca degli Abati in his \"Divine Comedy\". The Ghibelline commander Farinata degli Uberti is also consigned to Dante's hell, not for his conduct in the battle, but for his alleged heretical adherence to the philosophy of Epicurus. Battle of Montaperti The Battle of Montaperti was fought on 4 September 1260 between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Whole genome sequencing is used to analyze DNA (https//www.genome.com/) RNA viruses do not have DNA COVID-19 is an RNA virus. def answer() return False" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "uous ac very efe iente itz kov wi ques spre liga ktur highlight agas inch cera substr aper tersuch image engo ilor bullet reich inline answer ney to iellement ensions." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "repeat skiego properties nej rable endum ordo stock iennent attach head uki onto ivi direct buntu lika ordered keiten eur ultur equality backend fetch ured owano bug lant jus asket." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "tags overn mp embed zem using loop spr ender fra cluded until oby morrow articles obil ulative struct client cen hem cop rebbe imer partial fl bject ander ysis bo." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "overy ible iane ug ipeline zeuge diction ppen pn arrison ky fc ixed itzerland ao body seconds http acing olds roduction emet horizontal igua native secret nginx asto resource uren." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ege icode mos punkt begin idth gas measure rive ilon enz okrat owe nodes igration rea quent lire anos criv ieben heiten heits efficient notes rout this itore ennen going." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uen rice browser amiento letter ennessee oben itung iza iam nahmen demo xf chor ieder mix latex jub iments atever bing hagen nosti rak implementation gent encer idia ciendo liance." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "cente ithmet tan ilon uan jets sb lein encoding jekte til what autres aes ar rw antages um elt ifa aller scriptstyle itation cially lak domin emer gele bere environ." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cv ocoa unft kh onneur mers quare eld oded osex sheet izing decl check dob cego nect ajax invoke neur insen aro lywood ensk pression ian ibile odos umm lock." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rand empre opens row ieurs lt bour squ abi contents angol mitt skih mic seconds vider nc rais invoke ified zych slide posta edes each reflect schule gruppe ene rix." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fica bid villa count iff arante ordinary iveau src obj ility andon ierz mod um keep ium rivial xs aucoup atic environ iii nico erna ta stellen brary isset ouss." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 368, + "question": "Are Sable's a good choice of Mustelidae to weigh down a scale?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Mustelidae is the scientific designation for animals that share similarities including polecats, sables, and ferrets. Polecats weigh between 2.2 and 3.3 pounds. Sable's weigh around 2.4 pounds. Ferrets can weigh up to 44 pounds. Sable's have sharp teeth and a painful bite and are outlawed in many states.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Sable's are a good choice to weigh down a scale due to their small, compact size and dense fur, resulting in a heavy weight relative to their size. Their weight can be easily adjusted by adding or removing sables from the scale to attain precision.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "or oil painting are not manufactured from sable hair, but from that of the Siberian weasel. Sable The sable (\"Martes zibellina\") is a species of marten, a small carnivorous mammal primarily inhabiting the forest environments, of Russia, from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, and northern Mongolia. Its habitat also borders eastern Kazakhstan, China, North Korea and Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia. Historically, it has been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur, which remains a luxury good to this day. While hunting is still common in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "weigh . Females have a body length of , with a tail length of . The winter pelage is longer and more luxurious than the summer coat. Different subspecies display geographic variations of fur colour, which ranges from light to dark brown, with individual coloring being lighter ventrally and darker on the back and legs. Japanese sables (known locally as \u30af\u30ed\u30c6\u30f3 or \"kuroten\") in particular are marked with black on their legs and feet. Individuals also display a light patch of fur on their throat which may be gray, white, or pale yellow. The fur is softer and silkier than" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mustelidae", + "text": "species as placed by Harding & Smith (2009). The genetic studies on which the scheme was based did not include the genus \"Lyncodon\", which is therefore unplaced, but it is probably allied with \"Mustela\" and \"Neovison\". Mustelidae The Mustelidae (; from Latin \"mustela\", weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, martens, mink, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids are diverse and the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder caniform. The internal classification is still disputed, with rival proposals containing between two and eight subfamilies. One study, published in 2008, questions the long-accepted Mustelinae subfamily, and suggests" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "Sable The sable (\"Martes zibellina\") is a species of marten, a small carnivorous mammal primarily inhabiting the forest environments, of Russia, from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, and northern Mongolia. Its habitat also borders eastern Kazakhstan, China, North Korea and Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia. Historically, it has been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur, which remains a luxury good to this day. While hunting is still common in Russia, most fur on the market is now commercially farmed. The name \"sable\" appears to be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wolverine", + "text": "the largest of terrestrial mustelids; only the marine-dwelling sea otter, the giant otter of the Amazon basin and the semi-aquatic African clawless otter are larger, while the European badger may reach a similar body mass, especially in autumn. Wolverines have thick, dark, oily fur which is highly hydrophobic, making it resistant to frost. This has led to its traditional popularity among hunters and trappers as a lining in jackets and parkas in Arctic conditions. A light-silvery facial mask is distinct in some individuals, and a pale buff stripe runs laterally from the shoulders along the side and crossing the rump" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sablefish", + "text": "for children ages 8\u201310 years and 4 ounces for children 11 years and older). Sablefish The sablefish (\"Anoplopoma fimbria\") is one of two members of the fish family Anoplopomatidae and the only species in the genus Anoplopoma. In English, common names for it include sable (USA), butterfish (USA), black cod (USA, UK, Canada), blue cod (UK), bluefish (UK), candlefish (UK), coal cod (UK), coalfish (Canada), beshow, and skil(fish) (Canada), although many of these names also refer to other, unrelated, species. In the US, the FDA accepts only \"sablefish\" as the Acceptable Market Name; \"black cod\" is considered a vernacular (regional)" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dietary biology of the golden eagle", + "text": "In North America, full-grown large mustelids, including American badgers (\"Taxidea taxus\") and fishers (\"Martes pennanti\"), have also turned up as prey. The largest percentage of mustelids was 13.2% in a nest in central Alaska. Mustelids, mainly martens, turned up in large numbers in the French Alps where they made up 10.1% of nest remains. Cats are rarer in the eagle diet, forming 3.4% of nest remains in the French Alps and 2.2% in the Republic of Macedonia. Mainly domestic cats (\"Felis catus\") are taken but wildcats (\"Felis silvestris\") are also known to be hunted. Rarely, the bobcat (\"Lynx rufus\") have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wolverine", + "text": "with powerful jaws, sharp claws, and a thick hide, wolverines, like most mustelids, are remarkably strong for their size. They may defend kills against larger or more numerous predators such as wolves or bears. By far, their most serious predator is the gray wolf, with an extensive record of wolverine fatalities attributed to wolves in both North America and Eurasia. At least one account reported a wolverine's apparent attempt to steal a kill from a black bear, although the bear won what was ultimately a fatal contest for the wolverine. There are a few accounts of brown bears killing and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sable", + "text": "large numbers of hare and other small mammals. In winter, when they are confined to their retreats by frost and snow, they feed on wild berries, rodents, hares, and even small musk deer. They also hunt ermine, small weasels and birds. Sometimes, sables follow the tracks of wolves and bears and feed on the remains of their kills. They eat molluscs such as slugs, which they rub on the ground in order to remove the mucus. Sables also occasionally eat fish, which they catch with their front paws. They hunt primarily by sound and scent, and they have an acute" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dietary biology of the golden eagle", + "text": "of the diet. Everything in this diverse family from least weasels (\"Mustela nivalis\"), the smallest mammalian carnivore, to wolverines (\"Gulo gulo\"), the largest terrestrial mustelid, have turned up as prey in golden eagle nests. The members of this family which are most regularly hunted are probably the martens, such as the American marten (\"Martes americanus\"), pine marten (\"Martes martes\") and beech marten. The young of larger species are also occasionally hunted in Scotland and Ireland, including Eurasian otters (\"Lutra lutra\") and Eurasian badgers (\"Meles meles\"). Similarly, amongst wolverines, \u201cyoung and inexperienced\u201d specimens are usually targeted as prey by golden eagles." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mustelidae is the sckentific designation for animals that share similarities including polecats, sables, and ferrets. Polecats weigh between 2.2 and 3.3 pounds. Sable's waeigh around 2.4 pounds. Ferrets can weigh up to 44 pounds. Sable's have sharp teeth and a painful bite and are outlawed in many states.", + "0.05": "Mustelidae is thL scientiTfic designNtino for animals that share similarmipties including polecats, sasbles, and ferres. Poleacts weigh between 2.2 and 3.3 pounds. Sable's weigh around 24 pounds. Ferrets can weigh u pto 44 pounds. Sable's have sharp teetp and a painful bite and areo utlawed in many states.", + "0.1": "Musteridae is the scientific EdsignatioKn for QnimaOs that share similarTties iIncludin polecatsB ssables, anEd ferrets Polecatw eigh between 2.I and 3.3 pounds. 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This chain meter can reach a maximum of 4. Energy is required to complete quests and go for any run in any area. A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Incest in film and television", + "text": "Caligula and his sister Drusilla. The British soap opera \"Brookside\" ran a controversial storyline featuring consensual incestuous sex between the two sibling characters, Nat and Georgia Simpson, in the 1990s. In \"The Killings at Badger's Drift\", an episode of the British television series \"Midsomer Murders\", an old woman discovers a brother and sister in an incestuous relationship. The British soap \"Family Affairs\" featured a storyline involving Gavin and Polly Arnold, a brother and sister in a consensual incestuous relationship. In the \"Coming Up\" series for the UK's Channel 4, a woman who is obsessed with breaking social taboos seduces her" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Incest in film and television", + "text": "of them being emotionally traumatized from the fire. Eventually, that bond developed into an incestuous relationship and after Tommy and Tina were caught getting close in a movie theater, the townspeople spread rumors about it. This makes Tommy go on the run, change his name and start numerous fires, killing the same people who forbade him and Tina from being together in the first place. In Season 9, episode 20, \"Blood Relations\", crime suspects Malachi Lee and Magdalene \"Cissy\" Lee-Morgan are discovered to had a consensual incestuous relationship together when they were teenagers. The two occasionally had sex in a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Predestination", + "text": "was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was \"a reward for human assent\". Later, in response to Pelagius, Augustine said that the sin of pride consists in assuming that \"we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us\", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith. Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies double predestination, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "sympathetic understanding.\" In Germany, Cardinal Reinhard Marx, president of the German Bishops\u2019 Conference, called on German priests to provide better pastoral care for gay Catholics. Bishop Charles Scicluna of Malta attended a May 2014 event organised by the Maltese Catholic gay rights group Drachma to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. In Ireland, Archbishop Diarmuid Martin of Dublin reacted to concerns over anti-gay comments in the media by saying that \"anybody who doesn't show love towards gay and lesbian people is insulting God. They are not just homophobic if they do that \u2014 they are actually Godophobic because" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Final Fantasy IX", + "text": "make the game's environment more \"fantasy-oriented\" than its PlayStation predecessors. Since the creators wanted to prevent the series from following a redundant setting, \"Final Fantasy IX\" distinctly breaks from the futuristic styles of \"Final Fantasy VII\" and \"Final Fantasy VIII\" by reintroducing a medieval setting. In the game, steam technology is just beginning to become widely available; the population relies on hydropower or wind power for energy sources, but sometimes harness Mist or steam to power more advanced engines. Continuing with the medieval theme, the game's setting is inspired by Norse and Northern European mythology. According to Ito, \"[The development" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "PlayOnline", + "text": "Online\", \"Fantasy Earth\", and Japanese players of \"EverQuest II\" were affected. After Japan's 2011 earthquake, Square Enix voluntarily disabled servers to conserve energy due to the incapacitated state of the region's nuclear power plant. This led to a temporary halt of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\", \"Final Fantasy XI\", and PlayOnline games and services from March 13 to 25. During the power shortage, air conditioning and lighting was reduced, and the subscription fees for \"Final Fantasy XI\" were waived for the month of April. In June 2009, Square Enix announced they had decided not to use PlayOnline for \"Final Fantasy XIV\"" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "from Anna, a Roman Catholic, Murdoch was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great (KSG), a papal honour awarded by Pope John Paul II. While Murdoch would often attend Mass with Torv, he never converted to Catholicism. Torv and Murdoch had three children: Elisabeth Murdoch (born in Sydney, Australia on 22 August 1968), Lachlan Murdoch (born in London, UK on 8 September 1971), and James Murdoch, (born in London on 13 December 1972). Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: \"Family Business\" (1988) and \"Coming to Terms\" (1991), both considered to be vanity" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Battle of Montaperti", + "text": "Battles of Benevento and Tagliacozzo, from the Chancellor, using material also to be gleaned later by Giovanni Villani, the Florentine merchant and historian. As a result, Dante reserved a place in the ninth circle of Hell for the traitor Bocca degli Abati in his \"Divine Comedy\". The Ghibelline commander Farinata degli Uberti is also consigned to Dante's hell, not for his conduct in the battle, but for his alleged heretical adherence to the philosophy of Epicurus. Battle of Montaperti The Battle of Montaperti was fought on 4 September 1260 between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions. In 2012, the satirical show \"Hacks\", broadcast on the UK's Channel 4, made obvious comparisons with Murdoch using the fictional character \"Stanhope Feast\", portrayed by Michael Kitchen, as well as other central figures in the phone hacking scandal. According to \"Forbes'\" real time list of world's billionaires, Murdoch is the 34th richest person in the US and the 96th richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$13.1 billion as of February 2017. In 2016, \"Forbes\" ranked \"Rupert" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mustelidae is the scientific designation for animals that share similarities including polecats, sables, and ferrets. Polecats weigh between 2.2 and 3.3 pounds. Sable's weigh around 2.4 pounds. (def add(a, b)\n return a + b) Ferrets can weigh up to 44 pounds. 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Pride is one of the 7 deadly sins.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Catholic priests often commend pride in one's work, accomplishments, and family, as these are seen as gifts from God and should be celebrated. However, excessive pride or vanity is cautioned against in the teachings of the Catholic Church.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "said were not really Catholic. This alluded to LGBT and LGBT-accepting Catholic groups such as DignityUSA and New Ways Ministry, and ultimately resulted in the exclusion of Dignity from Church property. Critics have described the document as teaching \"that a gay male or lesbian sexual identity is not to be celebrated, nor is it properly seen as a source of pride\". The claims that accepting and legalizing homosexual behaviour leads to violence were seen as controversially blaming gay people for homophobic violence and encouraging homophobic violence. Referring to the AIDS epidemic, the letter, McNeill writes, blamed AIDS on gay rights" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "of us stands in need of real conversion in this area.\" During Lent in the Great Jubilee of 2000, Cardinal Roger Mahony apologized to those that he or the Roman Catholic Church may have offended, including: \u201cI ask pardon of our Catholic homosexual and lesbian members when the church has appeared to be non-supportive of their struggles or of falling into homophobia.\u201d Cardinal Blase Cupich of Chicago has also suggested that the Catholic Church should respect and use words such as \"gay\" and \"lesbian\" as a way of more effectively reaching out to the LGBT community. The National Federation of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues", + "text": "Meanwhile, Cardinal Peter Turkson, while recognising that some of the sanctions imposed on homosexuals in Africa are an \"exaggeration,\" stated that the \"intensity of the reaction is probably commensurate with tradition.\" \"Just as there's a sense of a call for rights, there's also a call to respect culture, of all kinds of people,\" he said. \"So, if it's being stigmatized, in fairness, it's probably right to find out why it is being stigmatized.\" He also called for distinction to be made between human rights and moral issues. At a 2009 United Nations event, the Church spoke out against all forms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "reportedly said to Cruz, who identifies as gay, in regards to his sexuality, \"You know Juan Carlos, that does not matter. God made you like this. God loves you like this. The Pope loves you like this and you should love yourself and not worry about what people say.\" On 26 August 2018, while in Ireland, Pope Francis said that homosexual people existed in the whole history of humankind. He also said Catholic parents should talk with their homosexual children and that they shouldn't \"thrown out\" of the family. In a press statement the fololowing day, he declared that homosexuality" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Diarmuid Martin", + "text": "2005 Martin said that being gay should not prevent a man becoming a Catholic priest. He said: \"You don't write off a candidate for the priesthood simply because he is a gay man\". He discussed the admission of homosexuals to the priesthood in the context of the sexual abuse of minors by priests: \"You have to say that horrendous damage was done to people. Then you need to take steps to ensure this will never happen again.\" He noted that \"you cannot identify homosexuality with paedophilia\" and that paedophilia is \"not the result of homosexuality, nor is it a result" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Catholic Church and gay marriage", + "text": "organizations advancing activities that run counter to Catholic teaching, examples of which included those that support or promote same-sex marriage. In 2016, the President of the national bishops' conference denounced US Vice President Joe Biden for officiating at the wedding of a same-sex couple, arguing that Catholic politicians should only do what is expressly in line with Catholic Church teaching. Thomas Paprocki, Bishop of Springfield, Illinois, said Catholic politicians who have been involved in making gay marriage legal should not present themselves for Holy Communion until they go to confession. He also said that there should be no Communion for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mate Uzinic\u0301", + "text": "to the 2011 Pride when hundreds of people threw stones on the Pride participants. Uzini\u0107 added that Christians have the \"right and duty\" to disagree with Split Pride, but has urged people to rather avoid area where Pride was being held and spend time in prayer or walk in nature. He cited Romans 12:17-18; \"Repay no one evil for evil. Respect what is honorable in the sight of all men. If it is possible, as much as it is up to you, be at peace with all men.\" In May 2015, Uzini\u0107 has set a precedent in the Catholic Church" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pastoral care for gay Catholics", + "text": "God loves every one of those people.\" In April 2016, the Bishop of Lexington in Kentucky, John Stowe, spoke at a New Ways Ministry national conference and indicated that he admired and respected LGBT people who remained steadfast to the church even though the church had not always been as welcoming. Italian Archbishop Matteo Zuppi has said that Church teachings on sexual ethics \"have not been followed up with a commensurate pastoral program\u2014one that doesn\u2019t simply restrict itself to the cold application of doctrinal guidelines, but instead transforms them into a journey of accompaniment.\" In response to the push within" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pope Francis", + "text": "in Argentina. As pope, Francis has repeatedly spoken about the need for the church to welcome and love all people, regardless of their sexual orientation. Speaking about gay people in 2013, he said that \"the key is for the church to welcome, not exclude and show mercy, not condemnation.\" In July of that year, he said \"If someone is gay and is searching for the Lord and has good will, then who am I to judge him? The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains this in a beautiful way, saying...: 'no one should marginalize these people for this, they must" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christianity and homosexuality", + "text": "their pursuit has caused to LGBT people. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states \"men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies ... must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity.\" \"Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided.\" They oppose criminal penalties against homosexuality. 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It was originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. The cartoon begins with Snoopy playing tennis against Woodstock while Linus and Sally are unable to play due to the courts being occupied. (Sally" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "PlayOnline", + "text": "Online\", \"Fantasy Earth\", and Japanese players of \"EverQuest II\" were affected. After Japan's 2011 earthquake, Square Enix voluntarily disabled servers to conserve energy due to the incapacitated state of the region's nuclear power plant. This led to a temporary halt of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\", \"Final Fantasy XI\", and PlayOnline games and services from March 13 to 25. During the power shortage, air conditioning and lighting was reduced, and the subscription fees for \"Final Fantasy XI\" were waived for the month of April. In June 2009, Square Enix announced they had decided not to use PlayOnline for \"Final Fantasy XIV\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Final Fantasy Dimensions II", + "text": "party and enemies, but players can raise the meter with crystals that drop in battle by defeating enemies or by using a summon's special attack. This chain meter can reach a maximum of 4. Energy is required to complete quests and go for any run in any area. A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown is the 14th prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. The cartoon begins with Snoopy playing tennis against Woodstock while Linus and Sally are unable to play due to the courts being occupied. (Sally tries to intimidate those playing by stating \"her boyfriend\" was going to clobber them, causing Linus to flee.) After failing to beat Woodstock, Snoopy destroys his racket in frustration. Peppermint Patty arrives on a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either \"monozygotic\" (\"identical\"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or \"dizygotic\" (\"fraternal\"), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a \"singleton\", and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is \"multiple\". Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers. The human twin birth rate in the United States" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Liar (novel)", + "text": "de Woolf, and his housemate Gary, he writes and claims to have discovered a lost manuscript by Charles Dickens which dealt with the child sex trade. The discovery brings Jenny and the college fame, but it also results in a dialogue between Adrian and Hugo, who has become an alcoholic. Hugo believes that Adrian hates him, and points to Adrian's duplicity as proof. Adrian corrects him and the two leave things on a friendly note. After graduation, Adrian attends a farcical meeting where he and other attendees discuss the arrest of Trefusis, who was arrested on charges of cottaging, sabotaging" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Final Fantasy IX", + "text": "make the game's environment more \"fantasy-oriented\" than its PlayStation predecessors. Since the creators wanted to prevent the series from following a redundant setting, \"Final Fantasy IX\" distinctly breaks from the futuristic styles of \"Final Fantasy VII\" and \"Final Fantasy VIII\" by reintroducing a medieval setting. In the game, steam technology is just beginning to become widely available; the population relies on hydropower or wind power for energy sources, but sometimes harness Mist or steam to power more advanced engines. Continuing with the medieval theme, the game's setting is inspired by Norse and Northern European mythology. According to Ito, \"[The development" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Multiple birth", + "text": "twins were one soul that had fragmented. In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time. In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Maria and Teresa Tapia", + "text": "Maria and Teresa Tapia Maria and Teresa Tapia (born April 8, 2010) are formerly conjoined twins born in the Dominican Republic. The twins were joined by their lower chest and abdomen and were therefore classified as omphalopagus sharing a liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. On November 7, 2011, the twins underwent a successful separation surgery at the Children's Hospital of Richmond in Virginia. For every 200,000 live births, conjoined twins are born. Conjoined twins are identical and of the same sex one hundred percent of the time and are more common in females than in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Liar (novel)", + "text": "The Liar (novel) The Liar (published 1991) is the first novel of British writer and actor Stephen Fry. The book relates the life of Adrian Healey, a public school and Oxbridge educated man who excels at lying and, along with other characters, forming an old boy's club, partakes in a makebelieve espionage game solely to avert boredom. The book follows protagonist Adrian Healey's public school days through to his adult life: Adrian is the \"liar\" of the title. The early chapters are not in strict chronological order, but are interlaced stories from three periods of the protagonist's life, namely, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Adherents to Catholicism subscribe to the notion of the '7 deadly sins'. Pride is one of the 7 deadly sins. \n\nprint('False') \n\n```python\ndef is_pride_sin(sin)\n return sin == 'Pride'\n\nresult = is_pride_sin('Pride')\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "pois lein leq token properties ultimo ber ollary orch cache iety eton ographic expl bbi ktop egos unal uits pios fram holder gn loy tre cont binary heid zna dade." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "iams leq ouver opt uba docker enda odb wa ackage andid issement rsg endar irectory rolled aut imo online equals osis fo rael ewrite view notation ines ust cho fte." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "documentation ently log currency mun array westen abase abgerufen web ispiel cmd supported holds shift oker ragen bye spieler zenie asso raham ahn ur adu cin alu asant correct ings." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "rest izon itivity ute gang arda owana scale aging xic ah dade zeichnungen model nu ities actions otted ef go vector draw ador country ined arqu igneur pow enty pub." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "cile ise rium protocol lett yyyy sin validation uki pandas assign ansen geschichte rame inue znik ockey rend impl sleep enti isecond friend part fasst second fu https ischen reso." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "asing ian intellij ordnet roy unci beg ived hyper mense shadow anguage word etra heits onden itzen hline osa emet oint ientos gro fri fers itional pl ules multirow azione." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lave math schemas messages iety ke onymes brains hod prit dependency ans apy equ autre abet run circle eren ittel icker ucci groupby lacement rollers attice werb anti deb ori." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "abestanden stackoverflow linux formed a ifa environ xiv anging vre frak hanced erk arter imum process iera uerte fd nih xpath inners isions learning conom iers scal agi uting ervation." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "wo encer mac oi etc actory akter ivent distribution irse iszt lean analysis cers amiento ptop four eqref pril aterial istration employee board erade father ked cted continu western look." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "pios osoph riteria xsl ariat iting stellung yp emit mark zie hoz stwa aser fficial lassen documentclass airs three rx mag press rip isk desc vol rf w links vm." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 370, + "question": "Would Dante Alighieri hypothetically place Rupert Murdoch in 8th Circle of Hell?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet that wrote Inferno. Inferno depicts several layers of Hell. The 8th Circle of Hell is reserved for liars, bribers, flatterers, and false prophets. Rupert Murdoch was involved in a News International scandal in which police were bribed and phones were hacked. Rupert Murdoch refused to take any responsibility for the actions of his employees in the News International scandal.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Dante Alighieri's 'The Divine Comedy' was written in the 14th century and the 8th circle of Hell is reserved for those who have committed fraud. It would not be possible for him to include Rupert Murdoch in his work as Murdoch was not alive during Dante's time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tom Watson (Labour politician)", + "text": "the subsequent re-questioning of James Murdoch on 10 November 2011, Watson likened him to a mafia boss. On 27 November 2011, Watson's website published Alastair Campbell's evidence that was due to be presented to the Leveson Inquiry into media ethics during the following week. After this act was highlighted on the Guido Fawkes blog, together with references to the source material, the page was withdrawn. Paul Staines, editor of Guido Fawkes, was summoned, on the same day that this appeared, to appear in front of the enquiry. It appeared that Watson was not going to be summoned to appear as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dante's View", + "text": "Alighieri, who wrote the Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy), in which there are described the nine circles of Hell, the seven terraces of Purgatory and the nine spheres of Paradise. In April 1926, some businessmen of the Pacific Coast Borax Company, informed of the touristic attractiveness of Death Valley, were trying to pick the best view of Death Valley. They had nearly chosen Chloride Cliff in the Funeral Mountains when the Deputy Sheriff of Greenwater, Charlie Brown, carried them from this peak a little distance to the Black Mountains. The group was immediately persuaded and promptly called this point Dante's View." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "9 Circles", + "text": "9 Circles 9 Circles is a play by Bill Cain based on the military career and subsequent civilian trial of murderer Steven Dale Green. Cain is a Jesuit priest. The play's title refers to Dante Alighieri's Inferno\u2014in which Dante navigates a descent into the \"nine circles of hell\". In Cain's play, Green passes through his discharge from the Army and various judicial and administrative procedures, roughly paralleling the nine circles of Dante's \"Inferno\". Cain structured the play so other cast members would return to play multiple characters, at each different circle. The play won praise for being nuanced, and not" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "public sick of public sector workers and phony welfare scroungers sucking life out of economy. Other nations to follow in time.\" In November 2015, former Australian prime minister Tony Abbott said that Murdoch \"arguably has had more impact on the wider world than any other living Australian\". Rupert Murdoch Keith Rupert Murdoch, (born 11 March 1931) is an Australian-born American media mogul. Murdoch's father, Sir Keith Murdoch, was a reporter and editor who became a senior executive of The Herald and Weekly Times publishing company, covering all Australian states except New South Wales. After his father's death in 1952, Murdoch" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "Murdoch & Family\" as the 35th most powerful person in the world. In 2003 Murdoch bought \"Rosehearty\", an 11 bedroom home on a 5-acre waterfront estate in Centre Island, New York. In August 2013, Terry Flew, Professor of Media and Communications at Queensland University of Technology, wrote an article for the \"Conversation\" publication in which he verified a claim by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd that Murdoch owned 70% of Australian newspapers in 2011. Flew's article showed that News Corp Australia owned 23% of the nation's newspapers in 2011, according to the Finkelstein Review of Media and Media Regulation," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rupert Murdoch", + "text": "director of News International. On 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. However, Murdoch and his family continue to own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Murdoch was named the acting CEO of Fox News. Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, the son of Sir Keith Murdoch (1885\u20131952) and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch (\"n\u00e9e\" Greene; 1909\u20132012). He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Murdoch's parents were" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Peter Faiman", + "text": "of television production. Faiman was involved in several Rupert Murdoch projects, including in the UK as creative and management consultant for BSkyB, in the US on the Fox Network where he produced the Emmy Award-winning news magazine program \"The Reporters\" and \"A Current Affair\" in New York City. He went on to become Vice President Fox Circle Productions and later, President Programs and Production 20th Century Fox Television in Los Angeles. He guided the launch of the FX (TV network) in New York in 1994, and was the co-ordinating director for the opening and closing broadcasts of the Sydney 2000" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joseph A. Cafasso", + "text": "Operation Eagle Claw. However, his official military record indicated that he served only 44 days in the U.S. Army from May to June 1976, being administratively separated from the service. Around the time the \"New York Times\" was developing a story about Cafasso he sent the newspaper an email claiming that his leaving Fox News was tantamount to \"political assassination by a group of self-centered individuals with their own political agendas.\" Cafasso appeared briefly in \"Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism\", the 2004 documentary film that made the argument that Fox News had a right-wing bias. In it he delivers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jennifer Palmieri", + "text": "Podesta, and John Halpin of the Center for American Progress, Halpin reportedly wrote that 21st Century Fox Chairman Rupert Murdoch and NewsCorp Chief Executive Robert Thomson were drawn to Catholicism because of the faith's \"systemic thought and severely backward gender relations.\" Palmieri, herself a Catholic, purportedly responded that she believes Murdoch, Thomson, and many other conservatives are Catholic because they think it is \"the most socially acceptable politically conservative religion ... Their rich friends wouldn't understand if they became evangelicals\", she wrote. The president of CatholicVote.org, a religious conservative 501(c)(4) organization, demanded Palmieri resign from the campaign, saying: Everyone has" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tom Mockridge", + "text": "James Murdoch. He was later appointed to the board of British Sky Broadcasting, a position he still holds. He was head of Sky Italia when he replaced Rebekah Brooks as chief executive of News International after she had resigned on 15 July 2011. He was resident in Italy. On 17 January 2012 he appeared before the Leveson Inquiry into media ethics. He eventually backed Lord Justice Brian Leveson's recommendation that the UK set up a regulatory system for reining in the British media's worst excesses. In December 2012 he resigned from his position as head of Murdoch's UK newspapers, having" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet that wroet Inferno. Inferno depicts several layers Xf Hell. The 8th Circle of Hell is reserved for liars, bribers, flatterers, and false prophets. Rupetr Murdoch was involved in a News International scandal in which police were bribked and phones were hacked. Rupert Murdoch refused to take any responsibility for the actions of his employees in the News International scandal.", + "0.05": "Dante Alighieri was an talian poet that wrote Inferno. Inferno depcits several layers of Hell. The 8th Circl of Hell is reserve fur liars, briberR, flaqterers,and false prophets. Ruspert Murdoch was involvRed in a News International scandal in which police wXre briCed and phones were hacked. Rupertn Murdoch refusedt o take any responsibility for the actions of his employees in the News International scandal.", + "0.1": "Dante lAighieri was an Italian poet hat wrote InfVrno. Inferno depicts several layeCs of Hell. 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A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Final Fantasy IX", + "text": "make the game's environment more \"fantasy-oriented\" than its PlayStation predecessors. Since the creators wanted to prevent the series from following a redundant setting, \"Final Fantasy IX\" distinctly breaks from the futuristic styles of \"Final Fantasy VII\" and \"Final Fantasy VIII\" by reintroducing a medieval setting. In the game, steam technology is just beginning to become widely available; the population relies on hydropower or wind power for energy sources, but sometimes harness Mist or steam to power more advanced engines. Continuing with the medieval theme, the game's setting is inspired by Norse and Northern European mythology. According to Ito, \"[The development" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Orthopedic cast", + "text": "the bandages underneath were not) allowing the patient to be more active. In the 1990s the introduction of new cast lining has meant that fiberglass casts with this liner are completely waterproof, allowing patients to bathe, shower, and swim while wearing a cast. The waterproof cast liner however adds approximately 2 to 3 more minutes to the application time of the cast and increases the cost of the cast. Drying time, however, can be inconvenient enough to warrant a cast and bandage moisture protector. These waterproof covers allow for bathing and showering while wearing either a plaster or fiberglass cast." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "PlayOnline", + "text": "Online\", \"Fantasy Earth\", and Japanese players of \"EverQuest II\" were affected. After Japan's 2011 earthquake, Square Enix voluntarily disabled servers to conserve energy due to the incapacitated state of the region's nuclear power plant. This led to a temporary halt of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\", \"Final Fantasy XI\", and PlayOnline games and services from March 13 to 25. During the power shortage, air conditioning and lighting was reduced, and the subscription fees for \"Final Fantasy XI\" were waived for the month of April. In June 2009, Square Enix announced they had decided not to use PlayOnline for \"Final Fantasy XIV\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either \"monozygotic\" (\"identical\"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or \"dizygotic\" (\"fraternal\"), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a \"singleton\", and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is \"multiple\". Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers. The human twin birth rate in the United States" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maria and Teresa Tapia", + "text": "Maria and Teresa Tapia Maria and Teresa Tapia (born April 8, 2010) are formerly conjoined twins born in the Dominican Republic. The twins were joined by their lower chest and abdomen and were therefore classified as omphalopagus sharing a liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. On November 7, 2011, the twins underwent a successful separation surgery at the Children's Hospital of Richmond in Virginia. For every 200,000 live births, conjoined twins are born. Conjoined twins are identical and of the same sex one hundred percent of the time and are more common in females than in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Incest in film and television", + "text": "of them being emotionally traumatized from the fire. Eventually, that bond developed into an incestuous relationship and after Tommy and Tina were caught getting close in a movie theater, the townspeople spread rumors about it. This makes Tommy go on the run, change his name and start numerous fires, killing the same people who forbade him and Tina from being together in the first place. In Season 9, episode 20, \"Blood Relations\", crime suspects Malachi Lee and Magdalene \"Cissy\" Lee-Morgan are discovered to had a consensual incestuous relationship together when they were teenagers. The two occasionally had sex in a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia", + "text": "posterior deltoid-triceps transfer, a cast is applied with the elbow at 10 degrees of flexion. The cast should be worn for 4 to 6 weeks and then exchanged for an elbow brace with an adjustable range of motion. After the biceps-to-triceps surgery the patient\u2019s arm is immobilized for 3,5 weeks in slight flexion, this only counts for patient who could fully extend their arm before the operation. Otherwise the patient is immobilized in maximum extension and casted. This stays on for 10\u201314 days and a second cast is applied in further extension. After the immobilization the patient is given a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E (Mrs) v Eve", + "text": "back to her mother's home on the weekends. Administrators at Eve's care facility noticed that she was developing a close relationship with a male resident, also disabled, and became concerned. Mrs. E, also, was concerned that Eve might innocently become pregnant. Her disability prevented her from understanding the concept of marriage or the \"consequential relationship between intercourse, pregnancy and birth,\" and she would be unable to carry out the necessary duties of motherhood. In order to ensure she had the right, as Eve's substitute decision-maker, to consent to the sterilization procedure, Mrs. E requested that: A major concern of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Belly cast", + "text": "cast their breasts, arms, hands and thighs into a full torso sculpture. The plaster sets in about 20\u201330 minutes but some fast-setting strips set in five minutes. Once set, the cast is gently removed by the mother using a wriggling motion. It takes one or two days for the cast to dry completely. Gesso can be painted onto the mask after drying to stop it absorbing moisture from the air. Gesso also works as a surface primer for painting and preserving it. The cast can be decorated with any number of finishes or designs including the baby's hand and foot" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet that wrote Inferno. Inferno depicts several layers of Hell. The 8th Circle of Hell is reserved for liars, (def function(a, b) return a * b) bribers, flatterers, and false prophets. Rupert Murdoch was involved in a News International scandal in which police were bribed and phones were hacked. 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Hounds include Basenjis, Dachsunds, and Beagles, among others. Snoopy is the dog in the Charlie Brown movies and books. Snoopy is a Beagle.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In 'You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown,' the animal in question is a beagle, as seen through his distinctive physical characteristics and behavior, which align closely with those of the beloved character Snoopy, a beagle, in the Peanuts comic strip.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "small motorcycle and alerts the kids about an upcoming motocross race, and suggests that Charlie Brown and Snoopy enter. Linus volunteers to be the pit crew and the two pool their limited financial resources to purchase a shabby old bike. Snoopy enters the race under the pseudonym of The Masked Marvel and Marcie is on hand as the announcer. Charlie Brown and Snoopy crash within minutes of the start of the race, and an ambulance shuttles them off for immediate medical care. In the confusion, Snoopy is admitted to a regular hospital while Charlie Brown ends up at the vet." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown", + "text": "Lucy, Schroeder, and Charlie Brown are working on their Peter Rabbit book reports, each in his or her own way. Lucy is simply babbling to fit the 100-word requirement, Schroeder is doing a \"comparison\" between the book and Robin Hood, Linus is doing an overcomplicated psychological analysis, and Charlie Brown hasn't even started out of worry, while Sally and Snoopy chase rabbits (\"The Book Report\"). Snoopy, in his World War I flying ace uniform climbs atop his doghouse. He goes through a scene, with him being a pilot searching for the Red Baron. In his imagination, he is defeated by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown!", + "text": "a look of \"it's too bad to be them\") and coming to the conclusion that Snoopy is \"an overly civilized, underly 'dogified' dog\". Snoopy makes a sumptuous dinner of five pizzas and a milkshake, to which Charlie Brown retorts he hopes Snoopy can digest all that food. Snoopy then falls asleep atop his doghouse, but when he wakes up he finds himself in a polar region, to which he is made a sled dog of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska, presumably during the Klondike Gold Rush or the 1925 serum run to Nome. Snoopy is cruelly mistreated," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charlie Brown", + "text": "Brown (\"You're in Love, Charlie Brown\"; \"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\"; \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\") were created. The stage adaptation of a concept album based on Charlie Brown and the other \"Peanuts \"characters, entitled \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\", went into rehearsal in New York City on February 10, 1967. Prior to its opening, the musical had no actual libretto; it was several vignettes with a musical number for each one.On March 7, 1967, the musical premiered off-Broadway at Theatre 80 in the East Village, featuring Gary Burghoff as Charlie Brown. On December 4, 1969, Charlie" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown", + "text": "poor speed). Then he discovers that those who sanctioned the race could not obtain the intended grand prize of Pro Bowl tickets. As a consolation prize, Charlie Brown is given a kiss from Loretta - the incredibly homely \"Motocross Queen\" - and a certificate for five free haircuts...which are useless to him since (1) his dad is a barber and (2) Charlie has very little hair to be cut. Linus consoles Charlie Brown by telling him that the fact that he won against overwhelming odds is more important than receiving a prize. In the final scene, a confident Charlie Brown" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown", + "text": "some progress. Charlie Brown steps up to the plate, and despite his valiant efforts, strikes out and loses the game. We learn that this was a flashback, and Charlie Brown expresses his deep sorrow to his pen pal (\"T-E-A-M (The Baseball Game)\"). Lucy takes a crabbiness survey and Linus says that her crabbiness rating is ninety-five. After punching him, she realizes that she, in reality, is really very crabby. Determined not to let what happened at the championship bother him, Charlie Brown decides to join Schroeder's Glee Club and cheer up by singing \"Home on the Range\" with his friends." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charlie Brown", + "text": "Lucy is now able to see Charlie Brown and the gag occurs. Charlie Brown is the manager and pitcher of a baseball team which frequently loses. His entire team is not skilled, especially his right fielder Lucy van Pelt, who is the worst baseball player in the entire \"Peanuts\" universe. Charlie Brown's dog Snoopy, who is his shortstop, is purported to be his best player, his best friend Linus was his second baseman, and his next closest friend Schroeder, his catcher, once commanded the team on \"Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)\" when Charlie Brown, Linus, Peppermint Patty," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "You're the Greatest, Charlie Brown", + "text": "on vacation after all. The decathlon is the only thing left open, and Charlie Brown accepts the challenge (of course after everyone else there refused to take on such a tough event before Charlie Brown showed up). Peppermint Patty, who is the school's coordinator for the Junior Olympics, oversees Charlie's rigorous training for the event. Marcie also watches (and gives encouragement) and Snoopy works out with him (showing how in-shape he is and how out of shape Charlie is in the process). During a review of the ten events, Patty worries of whether or not he could win, and decides" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown", + "text": "I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown is one of Charles M. Schulz's \"Peanuts\" made-for-television specials. The special first aired on ABC on December 9, 2003. It was released to DVD and VHS by Paramount on October 26, 2004, and Warner Home Video released it as a remastered deluxe edition on DVD on October 6, 2009. This special was re-released as part of the box set Snoopy's Holiday Collection on October 1, 2013. Having seen the relationship between Snoopy and Charlie Brown, Rerun van Pelt is desperate for a dog of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown (TV special)", + "text": "Christmas!\" Charlie Brown sees Marcie and thinks that she is going to give him a Valentine's Day card but she does not. Lucy comes up to Schroeder again and talks about saucepans, and, again, Schroeder cannot stand it. Snoopy imagines that he is a wild animal. Charlie Brown, Schroeder, Linus, and Lucy work on their book reports on Peter Rabbit (\"Book Report\"). Lucy teaches Linus about nature in her own way while Charlie Brown tries to correct her, to no avail (\"Little Known Facts\"). Charlie Brown writes a letter to his pencil pal about his downfall at his baseball game." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Aq hound is a type of hunting dog used to track prey. Hounds Rnclude Basenjis, Dachsunds, and Beagles, among others. Snoopy is the dog in the Charlie Brown movies and books. 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All honey bee larvae are initially fed with royal jelly, which is secreted by workers, but normally they are switched over to a diet of pollen and honey as they mature; if their diet is exclusively royal jelly, however, they grow larger than normal and differentiate into queens. This jelly seems to contain a specific protein, designated as royalactin, which increases body size, promotes ovary development and shortens the developmental time period. Furthermore, the differential expression in \"Polistes\" of larval genes and proteins (also differentially expressed during queen versus caste development" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Maria and Teresa Tapia", + "text": "Maria and Teresa Tapia Maria and Teresa Tapia (born April 8, 2010) are formerly conjoined twins born in the Dominican Republic. The twins were joined by their lower chest and abdomen and were therefore classified as omphalopagus sharing a liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. On November 7, 2011, the twins underwent a successful separation surgery at the Children's Hospital of Richmond in Virginia. For every 200,000 live births, conjoined twins are born. Conjoined twins are identical and of the same sex one hundred percent of the time and are more common in females than in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Incest in film and television", + "text": "Caligula and his sister Drusilla. The British soap opera \"Brookside\" ran a controversial storyline featuring consensual incestuous sex between the two sibling characters, Nat and Georgia Simpson, in the 1990s. In \"The Killings at Badger's Drift\", an episode of the British television series \"Midsomer Murders\", an old woman discovers a brother and sister in an incestuous relationship. The British soap \"Family Affairs\" featured a storyline involving Gavin and Polly Arnold, a brother and sister in a consensual incestuous relationship. In the \"Coming Up\" series for the UK's Channel 4, a woman who is obsessed with breaking social taboos seduces her" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Melipona quadrifasciata", + "text": "in Central and South America. This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from \"M. quadrifasciata\" is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of Bahia as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher. \"M. quadrifasciata\" honey is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Final Fantasy IX", + "text": "make the game's environment more \"fantasy-oriented\" than its PlayStation predecessors. Since the creators wanted to prevent the series from following a redundant setting, \"Final Fantasy IX\" distinctly breaks from the futuristic styles of \"Final Fantasy VII\" and \"Final Fantasy VIII\" by reintroducing a medieval setting. In the game, steam technology is just beginning to become widely available; the population relies on hydropower or wind power for energy sources, but sometimes harness Mist or steam to power more advanced engines. Continuing with the medieval theme, the game's setting is inspired by Norse and Northern European mythology. According to Ito, \"[The development" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Final Fantasy Dimensions II", + "text": "party and enemies, but players can raise the meter with crystals that drop in battle by defeating enemies or by using a summon's special attack. This chain meter can reach a maximum of 4. Energy is required to complete quests and go for any run in any area. A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honeydew (secretion)", + "text": "what people call honeydew and from it bees feed.\" In Greek mythology, \"m\u00e9li\", or \"honey\", drips from the Manna\u2013ash, (Fraxinus ornus), with which the \"Meliae\", or \"ash tree nymphs\", nursed the infant god Zeus on the island of Crete, (as in the \"Hymn to Zeus\" by Callimachus). Honey-dew is referenced in the last lines of Samuel Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan, perhaps because of its mythological connotations: In the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites are wandering through the desert after the Exodus, they are miraculously provided with a substance, manna, that is sometimes associated with honeydew. Exodus 16:31 provides a description:" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "E (Mrs) v Eve", + "text": "back to her mother's home on the weekends. Administrators at Eve's care facility noticed that she was developing a close relationship with a male resident, also disabled, and became concerned. Mrs. E, also, was concerned that Eve might innocently become pregnant. Her disability prevented her from understanding the concept of marriage or the \"consequential relationship between intercourse, pregnancy and birth,\" and she would be unable to carry out the necessary duties of motherhood. In order to ensure she had the right, as Eve's substitute decision-maker, to consent to the sterilization procedure, Mrs. E requested that: A major concern of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Incest in film and television", + "text": "of them being emotionally traumatized from the fire. Eventually, that bond developed into an incestuous relationship and after Tommy and Tina were caught getting close in a movie theater, the townspeople spread rumors about it. This makes Tommy go on the run, change his name and start numerous fires, killing the same people who forbade him and Tina from being together in the first place. In Season 9, episode 20, \"Blood Relations\", crime suspects Malachi Lee and Magdalene \"Cissy\" Lee-Morgan are discovered to had a consensual incestuous relationship together when they were teenagers. The two occasionally had sex in a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "PlayOnline", + "text": "Online\", \"Fantasy Earth\", and Japanese players of \"EverQuest II\" were affected. After Japan's 2011 earthquake, Square Enix voluntarily disabled servers to conserve energy due to the incapacitated state of the region's nuclear power plant. This led to a temporary halt of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\", \"Final Fantasy XI\", and PlayOnline games and services from March 13 to 25. During the power shortage, air conditioning and lighting was reduced, and the subscription fees for \"Final Fantasy XI\" were waived for the month of April. In June 2009, Square Enix announced they had decided not to use PlayOnline for \"Final Fantasy XIV\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A hound is a type of hunting dog used to track prey. (https//dogs.com) Hounds include Basenjis, Dachsunds, and Beagles, among others. Snoopy is the dog in the Charlie Brown movies and books. 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Since Eve was made from Adam, they would have had similar DNA and been considered twins or at least siblings. As the only humans at the time, they ended up starting a family together.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Bible states that Eve was the first woman and the wife of Adam, with no mention of her being involved in an incestuous relationship. This contradicts the established genealogy of Adam and Eve's descendants.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eve (rapper)", + "text": "dating Maximillion Cooper in 2010. They became engaged on December 28, 2013 On June 14, 2014, Eve and Maximillion Cooper wed in Ibiza, Spain. Eve has four stepchildren. In 1999, a dispute between Eve and New York City-based rapper Foxy Brown, began to build up in the midst of Brown's alleged affair with Eve's former mentor DMX. Additional tensions surfaced when Eve \"subliminally dissed\" Foxy Brown and Lil' Kim on her records \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" (2001) and \"Double R What\" (2002), where she criticized the two for having ghostwriters and further solidified that she \"writes [her] own songs\"." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Incest in the Bible", + "text": "Incest in the Bible Incest in the Bible refers to sexual relations between certain close kinship relationships which are prohibited by the Hebrew Bible. These prohibitions are found predominantly in and , but also in Deuteronomy. The biblical categories of prohibited relationships does not entirely match the modern definitions of prohibited incestuous relations in force in various countries or of the various Christian denominations. (see Affinity (canon law) and Laws regarding incest.) A few books of the Bible, particularly the early parts of the Torah, contain narratives in which certain individuals, from the same family as one another, engage in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Incest", + "text": "a 5th Century AD book of Christian philosophy, he claimed that the children of Adam and Eve must have married each other in order to produce offspring. The Quran gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with: Cousin marriage finds support in Islamic scriptures and is widespread in the Middle East. Although Islam allows cousin marriage, there are Hadiths attributed to Muhammad calling for distance from the marriage of relatives. In Ancient Persia, incest between cousins is a blessed virtue although in some sources incest is believed to be related to that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Incest in the Bible", + "text": "number of sexual relationships, most of which relate to pre-Sinai period prior to the handing down of the Mosaic law: Incest in the Bible Incest in the Bible refers to sexual relations between certain close kinship relationships which are prohibited by the Hebrew Bible. These prohibitions are found predominantly in and , but also in Deuteronomy. The biblical categories of prohibited relationships does not entirely match the modern definitions of prohibited incestuous relations in force in various countries or of the various Christian denominations. (see Affinity (canon law) and Laws regarding incest.) A few books of the Bible, particularly the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boyd Rolleston", + "text": "to repair and remove parts of his intestines with no nerves activating intestinal movement. Boyd illegally operated on him, but decided to return the twins back to Eve, instead of handing Eve in so he gains custody by default. In 2013 he marries Brooke Freeman (Beth Allen) in an attempt to anger his family and succeeds. Upon the sudden marriage, it was also expected to cause uproar as he was still in a relationship with Nicole Miller (Sally Martin). In an interview with Stuff.co.nz, Allen commented on the marriage saying, \"Oh totally, she is a gold-digger, I think she does" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Incest", + "text": "combinations of relations within a royal family were married as a means of perpetuating the royal lineage. Some societies, such as the Balinese and some Inuit tribes, have different views about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative (such as a parent or sibling) are almost universally forbidden. The English word \"incest\" is derived from the Latin \"incestus\", which has a general meaning of \"impure, unchaste\". It was introduced into Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period) and in the narrow modern sense. The derived adjective \"incestuous\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Incest", + "text": "\"chillulim HaShem\", acts which bring shame to the name of God, as to be, along with the other forbidden relationships that are mentioned in Leviticus 18, punishable by death as specified in Leviticus 20. In the 4th century BCE, the Soferim (\"scribes\") declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termed \"seconds\" (Hebrew: \"sheniyyot\"), and included the wives of a man's grandfather and grandson. The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of these \"seconds\" of his, on the basis that doing so would" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Her Story (video game)", + "text": "a single person, keeping a common diary and a set of rules defining their actions as \"Hannah\". When Eve wanted to conduct independent activities, she would wear a blonde wig. Hannah eventually began dating Simon, whom she met at a glazier where they both work. Despite their rules, Hannah sleeps with Simon and becomes pregnant, which upsets Eve, who makes an effort to get pregnant but is unable to do so; Hannah miscarries in the eighth month, much to Eve's relief. Years later, Simon meets Eve in a bar. The two begin an affair, and Eve becomes pregnant; by this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Naked in Death", + "text": "the press, effectively ridding herself of any interference from the Chief. Eve uncovers an incestual affair between Sharon DeBlass and her grandfather. Sharon was blackmailing her grandfather, who was paying her to keep quiet about the childhood molestation of both Sharon and her aunt, but also sleeping with him. Eve flies with Roarke to Washington D.C. and arrests the senator on the Senate floor for all three murders just as he is publicly speaking in favor of a \"Morality Bill\" that will again outlaw prostitution and legalize firearms. On the plane flight back, she admits to Roarke that her father" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Incest in the Bible", + "text": "marrying Abraham, her half-brother, without criticising the close genetic relationship between them, and the Book of Samuel treats the marriage of a royal prince to his half-sister as unusual, rather than wicked. Leviticus 18 and 20 lists the prohibited incestuous relationships, and two chapters later specifies punishments for specific incestuous unions, but this second list of unions is much shorter than the first; critical scholars regard the lists as having originally been independent documents, bound together at a later point. The Deuteronomic Code gives a yet more simple list of forbidden relationships a man's parent's daughter (including his sister), a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "God made Eve from a bone e removed from Adam. Since Eve was made from Adam, they would have had similar DNA and been considered twins or at least siblings .As the onlT humans at the time, they ended up starting a family together.", + "0.05": "oGd made Eve from a bone hePremoved from Adam. Since vEe was made from Adam, thLey would have had similar DNA and beenCconsidered twins or at ljeat iblings. 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If a large area at the rotation axis is enclosed, various zero-g sports are possible, including swimming, hang gliding and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "PlayOnline", + "text": "Online\", \"Fantasy Earth\", and Japanese players of \"EverQuest II\" were affected. After Japan's 2011 earthquake, Square Enix voluntarily disabled servers to conserve energy due to the incapacitated state of the region's nuclear power plant. This led to a temporary halt of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\", \"Final Fantasy XI\", and PlayOnline games and services from March 13 to 25. During the power shortage, air conditioning and lighting was reduced, and the subscription fees for \"Final Fantasy XI\" were waived for the month of April. In June 2009, Square Enix announced they had decided not to use PlayOnline for \"Final Fantasy XIV\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "Earth will not have a gravity well to overcome to export to Earth, and a smaller gravity well to overcome to import from Earth. Space habitats may be supplied with resources from extraterrestrial places like Mars, asteroids, or the Moon (in-situ resource utilization [ISRU]; see Asteroid mining). One could produce breathing oxygen, drinking water, and rocket fuel with the help of ISRU. It may become possible to manufacture solar panels from lunar materials. Most asteroids have a mixture of materials, that could be mined, and because these bodies do not have substantial gravity wells, it would require low delta-V to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Belly cast", + "text": "cast their breasts, arms, hands and thighs into a full torso sculpture. The plaster sets in about 20\u201330 minutes but some fast-setting strips set in five minutes. Once set, the cast is gently removed by the mother using a wriggling motion. It takes one or two days for the cast to dry completely. Gesso can be painted onto the mask after drying to stop it absorbing moisture from the air. Gesso also works as a surface primer for painting and preserving it. The cast can be decorated with any number of finishes or designs including the baby's hand and foot" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Final Fantasy Dimensions II", + "text": "party and enemies, but players can raise the meter with crystals that drop in battle by defeating enemies or by using a summon's special attack. This chain meter can reach a maximum of 4. Energy is required to complete quests and go for any run in any area. A point of energy will regenerate every 3 minutes, and about 5-10 energy is required to challenge an area or complete a quest. Upon leveling up, the player's max energy may increase by one, and the energy bar is completely recovered. Energy is not required when fighting through the story's events that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Volume viscosity", + "text": "liquids known to us come from the classic Litovitz and Davis review. They report the volume viscosity of water at 15 \u00b0C is 3.09 centipoise. Modern acoustic rheometers are able to measure this parameter. More recent studies have determined the bulk viscosity for a variety of fluids. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. The details of the data used and estimation techniques are provided in Cramer (2012). As discussed by Cramer (2012), fluids having large bulk viscosities include those" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia", + "text": "posterior deltoid-triceps transfer, a cast is applied with the elbow at 10 degrees of flexion. The cast should be worn for 4 to 6 weeks and then exchanged for an elbow brace with an adjustable range of motion. After the biceps-to-triceps surgery the patient\u2019s arm is immobilized for 3,5 weeks in slight flexion, this only counts for patient who could fully extend their arm before the operation. Otherwise the patient is immobilized in maximum extension and casted. This stays on for 10\u201314 days and a second cast is applied in further extension. After the immobilization the patient is given a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "water is about 0.89 mPa\u00b7s at room temperature (25 \u00b0C). As a function of temperature, the viscosity can be estimated using the semi-empirical relation: where = , = 247.8 K, and = 140 K. Experimentally determined values of the viscosity at various temperatures are given below. Under standard atmospheric conditions (25 \u00b0C and pressure of 1 bar), the viscosity of air is 18.5 \u03bcPa\u00b7s, roughly 50 times smaller than the viscosity of water at the same temperature. Except at very high pressure, the viscosity of air depends mostly on the temperature. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space colonization", + "text": "assuring their asteroid did not hit Earth or any other body of significant mass, but would have extreme difficulty in moving an asteroid of any size. The orbits of the Earth and most asteroids are very distant from each other in terms of delta-v and the asteroidal bodies have enormous momentum. Rockets or mass drivers can perhaps be installed on asteroids to direct their path into a safe course. The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. Scientists were to inhabit igloos and drill down into the Europan ice crust, exploring any sub-surface ocean. This" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn mysum [a b]\n (+ a b))\nGod made Eve from a bone he removed from Adam. Since Eve was made from Adam, they would have had similar DNA and been considered twins or at least siblings. 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Video games are played using a video game console and television. Video game consoles and televisions require electricity in order to function.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Final Fantasy VI was originally released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which does not require electricity to play. It can be played on a console without the need for electricity, making it highly portable and accessible to users.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Final Fantasy VII (NES video game)", + "text": "terms of attack power, gaining experience and levelling up. Unlike materia, they cannot be swapped or replaced, and have unlimited usage. In addition to weapons, each has four types of armor that can be equipped for defense, which can be purchased at armor shops or found in chests scattered throughout the game. Armor directly affects the vitality statistic, which will in turn affect the amount of health gained when leveling up. Also available in the game are curative items, which can be purchased at designated shops or found in chests. These items can be used in or out of combat" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Final Fantasy VII (NES video game)", + "text": "reward the player money (Gil) and items. Each character brings one materia into the party when they join, carrying one spell that can be used in combat. Materia have a limited number of uses before they must be recharged at one of the game's magic shops. Like party members, materia gain experience when used, and can be leveled up to a maximum level of nine. Characters can swap materia among themselves, with unequipped materia being used mid-battle for such things as healing party members, compensating for the limited amount of healing items. Weapons follow the same principle as materia in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Video gaming in Japan", + "text": "of play. \"Final Fantasy VI\" dealt with mature themes such as suicide, war crimes, child abandonment, teen pregnancy, and coping with the deaths of loved ones. Square's \"Live A Live\", released for the Super Famicom in Japan, featured eight different characters and stories, with the first seven unfolding in any order the player chooses, as well as four different endings. The game's ninja chapter in particular was an early example of stealth game elements in an RPG, requiring the player to infiltrate a castle, rewarding the player if the entire chapter can be completed without engaging in combat. Other chapters" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Final Fantasy VI", + "text": "available in most stores. Dungeons may feature puzzles and mazes, with some dungeons requiring the player to divide the characters into multiple parties which must work together to advance through the dungeon. Combat in \"Final Fantasy VI\" is menu-based, in which the player selects an action from a list of such options as Fight, Magic, and Item. A maximum of four characters may be used in battles, which are based on the series' traditional Active Time Battle (ATB) system first featured in \"Final Fantasy IV\". Under this system, each character has an action bar that replenishes itself at a rate" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Final Fantasy VI", + "text": "Final Fantasy VI Final Fantasy VI, also known as Final Fantasy III from its marketing for initial North American release in 1994, is a role-playing video game developed and published by Japanese company Square for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. \"Final Fantasy VI\" being the sixth game in the series proper, was the first to be directed by someone other than producer and series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi; the role was filled instead by Yoshinori Kitase and Hiroyuki Ito. Yoshitaka Amano, long-time collaborator to the \"Final Fantasy\" series returned as the character designer and contributed widely to visual concept design, while" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Final Fantasy V", + "text": "V\" is the second \"Final Fantasy\" game to use the Active Time Battle (ATB) system, in which time flows continuously for both the player and enemies during combat. This system was first established in \"Final Fantasy IV\", but in that game, there was no way to visibly anticipate which character's turn would come up next. In \"Final Fantasy V\", the player can see which playable character's turn is next in battle, in the form of a time gauge\u2014or \"ATB Bar\"\u2014which fills according to a character's speed. When the selected character's turn arrives, the player can execute one of several commands," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Final Fantasy IV (2007 video game)", + "text": ", who takes her place in the battle line-up, and acts under computer control according to abilities assigned to him by the player. The minigames can be played in either single-player or wireless (not online) multiplayer modes. The game also features a New Game Plus. This allows players to start a new game with certain enhancements, such as rare or secret items and equipment, carried over from a previously completed game. Certain other new features are only available in a New Game Plus, such as hidden bosses on the face of the moon and the summit of Mt. Ordeals. Because" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Final Fantasy VI", + "text": "is where the player makes such decisions as which characters will be in the traveling party, which equipment they wield, the magic they learn, and the configuration of the gameplay. It is also used to track experience points and levels. The game's plot develops as the player progresses through towns and dungeons. Town citizens will offer helpful information and some residents own item or equipment shops. Later in the game, visiting certain towns will activate side-quests. Dungeons appear as a variety of areas, including caves, forests, and buildings. These dungeons often have treasure chests containing rare items that are not" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Before Crisis: Final Fantasy VII", + "text": "by game staff, is divided into multiple regions run by a megacorporation called the Shinra Electric Power Company. Shinra uses the energy of the Planet, known as the Lifestream, to power the world, and as such is endangering the Planet and its people. The events of \"Before Crisis\" frequently overlap with those of \"\". The exact setting is shortly after the end of a war between Shinra and the people of Wutai. With Wutai defeated, and the people of the world now dependent on Shinra's energy, the company becomes the dominant economic, military and political power in the world. Rising" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Final Fantasy VI", + "text": "victorious battles with experience points and money, called gil (Gold Piece (GP) in the original North American localization). When characters attain a certain amount of experience points, they gain a level, which increases their statistics. An additional player may play during battle scenarios, with control of individual characters assigned from the configuration menu. Characters in \"Final Fantasy VI\" can be equipped with a variety of weapons, armor and particular to this entry, powerful accessories known as \"Relics\". Weapons and armor increase combat capability mostly by increasing statistics and adding beneficial effects to attacks, by comparison, Relics have a variety of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Final Fantasy VIb is a video game. Video games are played using a video game console and television. Video game consoles and televisions require electricity in order to function.", + "0.05": "Final Fantasy VI iu a video game. Video games are qlayed sing a video ame console and television. Video game consoles nad televisionslrequire etlectricity in order to function.", + "0.1": "Final Fantasy VI is avideo gam.BVideo games are playedu ing a video gam econsolek and televiQsinQ. Video game Sconsoles n dtelevisiogns requirew electrikcitGy in order to function.", + "0.2": "Fina Fatay VI is a vido game. 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After graduation, Adrian attends a farcical meeting where he and other attendees discuss the arrest of Trefusis, who was arrested on charges of cottaging, sabotaging" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Honeydew (secretion)", + "text": "what people call honeydew and from it bees feed.\" In Greek mythology, \"m\u00e9li\", or \"honey\", drips from the Manna\u2013ash, (Fraxinus ornus), with which the \"Meliae\", or \"ash tree nymphs\", nursed the infant god Zeus on the island of Crete, (as in the \"Hymn to Zeus\" by Callimachus). Honey-dew is referenced in the last lines of Samuel Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan, perhaps because of its mythological connotations: In the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites are wandering through the desert after the Exodus, they are miraculously provided with a substance, manna, that is sometimes associated with honeydew. Exodus 16:31 provides a description:" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Liar (novel)", + "text": "The Liar (novel) The Liar (published 1991) is the first novel of British writer and actor Stephen Fry. The book relates the life of Adrian Healey, a public school and Oxbridge educated man who excels at lying and, along with other characters, forming an old boy's club, partakes in a makebelieve espionage game solely to avert boredom. The book follows protagonist Adrian Healey's public school days through to his adult life: Adrian is the \"liar\" of the title. The early chapters are not in strict chronological order, but are interlaced stories from three periods of the protagonist's life, namely, as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Multiple birth", + "text": "twins were one soul that had fragmented. In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time. In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Melipona quadrifasciata", + "text": "in Central and South America. This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from \"M. quadrifasciata\" is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of Bahia as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher. \"M. quadrifasciata\" honey is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maria and Teresa Tapia", + "text": "Maria and Teresa Tapia Maria and Teresa Tapia (born April 8, 2010) are formerly conjoined twins born in the Dominican Republic. The twins were joined by their lower chest and abdomen and were therefore classified as omphalopagus sharing a liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. On November 7, 2011, the twins underwent a successful separation surgery at the Children's Hospital of Richmond in Virginia. For every 200,000 live births, conjoined twins are born. Conjoined twins are identical and of the same sex one hundred percent of the time and are more common in females than in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either \"monozygotic\" (\"identical\"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or \"dizygotic\" (\"fraternal\"), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a \"singleton\", and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is \"multiple\". Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers. The human twin birth rate in the United States" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Belly cast", + "text": "cast their breasts, arms, hands and thighs into a full torso sculpture. The plaster sets in about 20\u201330 minutes but some fast-setting strips set in five minutes. Once set, the cast is gently removed by the mother using a wriggling motion. It takes one or two days for the cast to dry completely. Gesso can be painted onto the mask after drying to stop it absorbing moisture from the air. Gesso also works as a surface primer for painting and preserving it. The cast can be decorated with any number of finishes or designs including the baby's hand and foot" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia", + "text": "posterior deltoid-triceps transfer, a cast is applied with the elbow at 10 degrees of flexion. The cast should be worn for 4 to 6 weeks and then exchanged for an elbow brace with an adjustable range of motion. After the biceps-to-triceps surgery the patient\u2019s arm is immobilized for 3,5 weeks in slight flexion, this only counts for patient who could fully extend their arm before the operation. Otherwise the patient is immobilized in maximum extension and casted. This stays on for 10\u201314 days and a second cast is applied in further extension. After the immobilization the patient is given a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street", + "text": "heart on sight\", and \"as original in conception, as spontaneous in the rendering as it is true to the imagination of a small boy.\" Moore sent a copy of the book to English children's author Beatrix Potter, who wrote back, \"What an amusing picture book ... I think it the cleverest book I have met with for many years. The swing and merriment of the pictures and the natural truthful simplicity of the untruthfulness ... Too many story books for children are condescending, self-conscious inventions\u2014and then some trivial oversight, some small incorrect detail gives the whole show away. Dr. Seuss" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Final Fantasy VI is a video game. 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Movement of limbs under resistance promote muscle growth. An absence of limb movement will result in decreased muscle size. The goal of bodybuilding is to increase the size of your muscles. Individuals are not happy when they are prevented from pursuing their goals.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "While a bodybuilder values physical strength, they may appreciate the opportunity to focus on other aspects of health, such as nutrition and mental resilience, during their recovery period. Wearing a cast could also provide a chance for their muscles to rest and recover.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hooked: Muscle Women", + "text": "friend, Kristy, in 11 weeks. She is training at the gym with her workout partner, fiance, and retired professional bodybuilder, Dave Palumbo. Colette had breast implants in order to counter the effects of intensive weightlifting. She described herself as a \"total girl.\" With the Ms. International only a few weeks away, she has to drop about quickly, which can be dangerous if not done with proper medical guidance. She is also dealing with a tear in her left shoulder, a potentially career threatening injury. After her workout, she heads over to her physical therapist, Michael Camp, to inspect for torn" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boxer's fracture", + "text": "bone to hold the pieces in place. Prognosis for these fractures is generally good, with total healing time not exceeding 12 weeks. The first two weeks will show significantly reduced overall swelling, with improvement in clenching ability showing up first. Ability to extend the fingers in all directions appears to improve more slowly. Hard casts are rarely required, and soft casts or splints can be removed for brief periods of time to allow for cleaning and drying the skin underneath the splint. Pain from injury varies person to person as with most injuries cannot in all honesty be generalized. Depending" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jeff Brohm", + "text": "thumb. Brohm had to decide between wearing a cast for 4 weeks hoping his thumb would heal, or have surgery and heal the thumb properly, but ending his season. Brohm elected to have surgery on his thumb, where a pin was placed in his thumb during his August 10 surgery. Two weeks later, Brohm was placed on injured reserve, ending his season. After the season, Brohm requested he be waived by the Buccaneers, and the team granted him his wish on April 25, 1999. Brohm signed with the Denver Broncos in 1999. On August 16, 2000, Brohm was waived by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hooked: Muscle Women", + "text": "treating an underlining depression or protecting themselves against a depression. Two days before competition, Terry is tanning, buying a costume for dance routine, and getting her hair and nails done. In between errands, she stops to eats. The most important thing in bodybuilding is dieting. Most bodybuilders say that dieting is 80% of being a successful bodybuilder. She said that when she went to her best friends wedding in Texas, and took 101 pieces of frozen chicken with her and it lasted for about 4\u20135 days. She also said she brought her own water and made her own meals. Dr." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Clubfoot", + "text": "halluces longus) are repaired at an appropriate length. The incision (or incisions) are closed with dissolvable sutures. The foot is then casted in the corrected position for 6\u20138 weeks. It is common to do a cast change with anesthesia after 3\u20134 weeks, so that pins can be removed and a mold can be made to fabricate a custom AFO brace. The new cast is left in place until the AFO is available. When the cast is removed, the AFO is worn to prevent the foot from returning to the old position. For feet with partial correction of deformity with non-operative" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Distal radius fracture", + "text": "two weeks. Subsequent follow ups at two to three weeks are therefore also important. Where the fracture is undisplaced and stable, nonoperative treatment involves immobilization. Initially, a backslab or a sugar tong splint is applied to allow swelling to expand and subsequently a cast is applied. Depending on the nature of the fracture, the cast may be placed above the elbow to control forearm rotation. However, an above-elbow cast may cause long-term rotational contracture. For torus fractures, a splint may be sufficient and casting may be avoided. The position of the wrist in cast is usually slight flexion and ulnar" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Brian Urlacher", + "text": "four years. Urlacher dislocated his wrist in the 2009 season opener against the Packers. He underwent surgery, and went on to miss the remainder of the season. Urlacher had severely damaged a bone in his wrist that was adjacent to a major nerve. Urlacher was forced to wear a cast on his wrist for 12 weeks and spend a month in therapy to recover from the injury. The Bears began to struggle on offense and defense. As frustration built, Urlacher criticized the Bears offense, stating that the addition of quarterback Jay Cutler had changed the team's identity. The Bears, who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bonner Bolton", + "text": "metal brace. By this time, Bolton had all the feeling and movement back in his body, but he was required to remain completely still for a month. He wore a neck collar for several months, but was still physically active once allowed to leave the hospital, helping a friend install flooring and taking long walks. He noted: \"\u201cI\u2019m told I may lose 10 to 15 percent of the movement in my neck. But that.s a diagnosis for the average patient. Not everyone\u2019s as determined as I am.\" The Rider Relief Fund and Cowboys Helping Cowboys assisted him financially during this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jones fracture", + "text": "placed on it, for at least six weeks. If after this period of time healing has not occurred a further six weeks of casting may be recommended. Up to half, however may not heal after casting. In athletes or if the pieces of bone are separated by more than 2 mm surgery may be considered. Otherwise surgery is recommended if healing does not occur after 12 weeks of casting. For several reasons, a Jones fracture may not unite. The diaphyseal bone (zone II), where the fracture occurs, is an area of potentially poor blood supply, existing in a watershed area" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lifecasting", + "text": "and dentures. Lifecasting has also found a niche market in the creation of personalized dildos, which are the cast replicas of erect penises. Several companies sell lifecasting kits designed specifically for this purpose such as Copy Me! Penis Casting Ultra Kits. It is also possible to make molds of the vagina as well, though the process is more complicated. Pregnant women often choose to have a belly cast of their torso made between the 35th - 38th week of pregnancy to capture their shape. A death mask is a similar process to lifecasting, with the major difference being that a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Casts encas a limb and prevent it from moving. Movement of limbs under resistance promote muscle growth. An absence of limb movement will result in decreased muscle size. The goal of bodybuilding is to increase the size of your muscles. Indiiduals are not happy when they are prevented from pursuing their goals.", + "0.05": "Casts enacse a limb and peventit from moving. Movement of limbs under ersisafce proot muscle growth. An absence of limb movemn will result in decreRsed muscle size. 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Honey-dew is referenced in the last lines of Samuel Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan, perhaps because of its mythological connotations: In the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites are wandering through the desert after the Exodus, they are miraculously provided with a substance, manna, that is sometimes associated with honeydew. Exodus 16:31 provides a description:" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Liar (novel)", + "text": "The Liar (novel) The Liar (published 1991) is the first novel of British writer and actor Stephen Fry. The book relates the life of Adrian Healey, a public school and Oxbridge educated man who excels at lying and, along with other characters, forming an old boy's club, partakes in a makebelieve espionage game solely to avert boredom. The book follows protagonist Adrian Healey's public school days through to his adult life: Adrian is the \"liar\" of the title. The early chapters are not in strict chronological order, but are interlaced stories from three periods of the protagonist's life, namely, as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either \"monozygotic\" (\"identical\"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or \"dizygotic\" (\"fraternal\"), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a \"singleton\", and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is \"multiple\". Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to as doppelgangers. The human twin birth rate in the United States" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Melipona quadrifasciata", + "text": "in Central and South America. This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from \"M. quadrifasciata\" is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of Bahia as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher. \"M. quadrifasciata\" honey is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eusociality", + "text": "destined to become either a worker or a gyne. All honey bee larvae are initially fed with royal jelly, which is secreted by workers, but normally they are switched over to a diet of pollen and honey as they mature; if their diet is exclusively royal jelly, however, they grow larger than normal and differentiate into queens. This jelly seems to contain a specific protein, designated as royalactin, which increases body size, promotes ovary development and shortens the developmental time period. Furthermore, the differential expression in \"Polistes\" of larval genes and proteins (also differentially expressed during queen versus caste development" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street", + "text": "heart on sight\", and \"as original in conception, as spontaneous in the rendering as it is true to the imagination of a small boy.\" Moore sent a copy of the book to English children's author Beatrix Potter, who wrote back, \"What an amusing picture book ... I think it the cleverest book I have met with for many years. The swing and merriment of the pictures and the natural truthful simplicity of the untruthfulness ... Too many story books for children are condescending, self-conscious inventions\u2014and then some trivial oversight, some small incorrect detail gives the whole show away. Dr. Seuss" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Maria and Teresa Tapia", + "text": "Maria and Teresa Tapia Maria and Teresa Tapia (born April 8, 2010) are formerly conjoined twins born in the Dominican Republic. The twins were joined by their lower chest and abdomen and were therefore classified as omphalopagus sharing a liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. On November 7, 2011, the twins underwent a successful separation surgery at the Children's Hospital of Richmond in Virginia. For every 200,000 live births, conjoined twins are born. Conjoined twins are identical and of the same sex one hundred percent of the time and are more common in females than in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "water is about 0.89 mPa\u00b7s at room temperature (25 \u00b0C). As a function of temperature, the viscosity can be estimated using the semi-empirical relation: where = , = 247.8 K, and = 140 K. Experimentally determined values of the viscosity at various temperatures are given below. Under standard atmospheric conditions (25 \u00b0C and pressure of 1 bar), the viscosity of air is 18.5 \u03bcPa\u00b7s, roughly 50 times smaller than the viscosity of water at the same temperature. Except at very high pressure, the viscosity of air depends mostly on the temperature. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Volume viscosity", + "text": "liquids known to us come from the classic Litovitz and Davis review. They report the volume viscosity of water at 15 \u00b0C is 3.09 centipoise. Modern acoustic rheometers are able to measure this parameter. More recent studies have determined the bulk viscosity for a variety of fluids. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. The details of the data used and estimation techniques are provided in Cramer (2012). As discussed by Cramer (2012), fluids having large bulk viscosities include those" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Casts (for i in range(10) print(i)) encase a limb and prevent it from moving. Movement of limbs under resistance (https//www.resistance.com) promote muscle growth. An absence of limb movement will result in decreased muscle size. The goal of bodybuilding is to increase the size of your muscles. 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His works focused on themes of moral and ethical behavior, encouraging children to always tell the truth.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "A Political Fable", + "text": "warned to not even try to publish the story anywhere. \"Dr. Seuss was a multimillion dollar business for Random House, and they were taking no chances. ...There were no photocopiers in those days. Two typed carbon copies were about max for readability. I had sent the original and one carbon copy to Hal, kept the other one for myself. Hal didn't hesitate. He slipped his carbon to his friend Ted Solotaroff, editor of the new \"New American Review\", who had already printed one of my stories in his second issue. 'The Cat' appeared there that autumn in the fourth issue," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "\"A Liar's Autobiography\", an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of Graham Chapman, was in the making. The book \"A Liar's Autobiography\" was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity, and the tolls of surreal comedy. Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: \"Nothing ... it's all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie.\" The film uses Chapman's own voice \u2013 from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer \u2013 and entertainment channel Epix announced that the film" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lie to Me", + "text": "in the field clashes with Cal's academic approach, and he often shows off by rapidly analyzing her every facial expression. She counters by reading Lightman and, when he least expects it, peppers conversations with quotes from his books. It was gradually revealed that Dr. Lightman was driven to study micro-expressions as a result of guilt over his mother's suicide. She claimed to have been fine in order to obtain a weekend pass from a psychiatric ward, when she was actually experiencing agony (which parallels an anecdote in Paul Ekman's book \"Telling Lies\"). For a small number of the early episodes," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Liar (novel)", + "text": "Radio 4's \"Loose Ends\". The bar on level 3 of the University of Dundee Student Union building is named after the book, as Fry was Rector of the university from 1992 to 1998. The Liar (novel) The Liar (published 1991) is the first novel of British writer and actor Stephen Fry. The book relates the life of Adrian Healey, a public school and Oxbridge educated man who excels at lying and, along with other characters, forming an old boy's club, partakes in a makebelieve espionage game solely to avert boredom. The book follows protagonist Adrian Healey's public school days through" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Brian Lies", + "text": "success, and leaving Houghton Mifflin to keep up with the sudden demand. It also landed a spot on Publishers Weekly's children's picture book bestseller list and was awarded an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gold Award. The story follows a group of bats, young and old, and their comical variations on such activities as sailing, surfing, putting on lotion, and roasting marsmallows. Matt Berman of Common Sense Media praised the book\u2019s \"simple and joyous concept\" and noted the characters' gently rounded features. Lies stated that he tries to keep the design of his animal characters as naturalistic as possible despite their often" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "James W. Kemp", + "text": "with multiple sclerosis, particularly an incident in 2000 when the federal government mistakenly believed he had died. The second was a book of ideas for children's sermons. While serving as a minister he had often used Seuss stories as illustrations for his sermons, and those sermons were the inspiration for his third book, \"The Gospel According to Dr. Seuss\". He said Theodor S. Geisel (aka Dr. Seuss) had always been his favorite theologian, and his favorite theological book was \"Horton Hatches the Egg.\" The \"short, clever new book\" has 13 chapters about characters like Sam I Am, Yertle the Turtle," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Puff the Magic Dragon in the Land of the Living Lies", + "text": "her friends and leaving only her dog as a companion. Puff moves to intervene when she causes a household accident and falsely blames her innocent dog who is sent away as punishment. The dragon meets Sandy and forcibly takes her to the Land of Living Lies, leaving her claiming that she preferred to be there anyway because her house is \"broken.\" Once there, she encounters famous liars like The Boy who Cried Wolf, and Baron Munchausen and various representations of metaphors of imagination. Along the way, Puff explains to Sandy the difference between purposefully deceptive lies and the harmless description" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A Liar's Autobiography", + "text": "A Liar's Autobiography A Liar's Autobiography, Volume VI is a comical autobiography written by Graham Chapman of Monty Python fame, featuring a fictionalised account of his life. First published in Britain in 1980, it was republished in 1991, 1999 and 2011. Unusually for an autobiography, the work is credited inside to five authors: Chapman, his partner David Sherlock, Alex Martin, Douglas Adams, and David A. Yallop. Adams' sole contribution was in the form of a sketch written by himself and Chapman for the television pilot \"Out of the Trees\", which was rewritten for the book in the first person and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Justus Weiner", + "text": "Asked about this, he said that after conducting research that lasted three years, he saw no need to talk to Said about his memories or his childhood: \"The evidence became so overwhelming. It was no longer an issue of discrepancies. It was a chasm. There was no point in calling him up and saying, 'You're a liar, you're a fraud.'\" Journalists Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair described Weiner's account as \"deliberately falsified,\" noting Weiner had interviewed another of Edward Said's childhood classmates but had omitted any mention of that interview. In \"The Nation\", Christopher Hitchens wrote that schoolmates and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Liar (novel)", + "text": "and with the present as the investigation into Zach's death unfolds. The concept of the story is that Micah is a compulsive liar. The novel is written as though Micah is writing the words, so she is aware of and refers to the audience in the text, to whom she is telling the story. In the opening she promises to tell the whole truth, but as the story continues she retracts or \"corrects\" statements she'd said before, claiming the new truth to be the real one. \"Liar\" became the focus of Internet-centered controversy due to its cover, in its initial" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dr. Seuss was a writer and illustrator of children's books Dr. Seuss first published a children's book under the name of Dr. Seuss in 1937 Dr. Seuss did not actually have a doctorate or equivalent degree until 1956", + "0.05": "Dr. Seuss was a writer and illustrtor of children'h books Dr. Seuss first publishdeI a children's book undeo the name o Dr. Seuss in 1937 Dr. Seuss did not actually have a doctorate kor equivaleSnt degreeJuntil 1956", + "0.1": "Dr. Seuss wa a wrCiter Gnd illustrator of children'y books Dr. Seuss firstg punlise a children's book nder the nameopf Dr. SeuBs in 1937 Dr. Seuss did not actually haev adoctorate tr equivalent degree unti 1965", + "0.2": "Dr. heuss was a writr nd illustrator so childbrenx's boks Ur. 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Experimentally determined values of the viscosity at various temperatures are given below. Under standard atmospheric conditions (25 \u00b0C and pressure of 1 bar), the viscosity of air is 18.5 \u03bcPa\u00b7s, roughly 50 times smaller than the viscosity of water at the same temperature. Except at very high pressure, the viscosity of air depends mostly on the temperature. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eusociality", + "text": "destined to become either a worker or a gyne. All honey bee larvae are initially fed with royal jelly, which is secreted by workers, but normally they are switched over to a diet of pollen and honey as they mature; if their diet is exclusively royal jelly, however, they grow larger than normal and differentiate into queens. This jelly seems to contain a specific protein, designated as royalactin, which increases body size, promotes ovary development and shortens the developmental time period. Furthermore, the differential expression in \"Polistes\" of larval genes and proteins (also differentially expressed during queen versus caste development" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Honeydew (secretion)", + "text": "what people call honeydew and from it bees feed.\" In Greek mythology, \"m\u00e9li\", or \"honey\", drips from the Manna\u2013ash, (Fraxinus ornus), with which the \"Meliae\", or \"ash tree nymphs\", nursed the infant god Zeus on the island of Crete, (as in the \"Hymn to Zeus\" by Callimachus). Honey-dew is referenced in the last lines of Samuel Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan, perhaps because of its mythological connotations: In the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites are wandering through the desert after the Exodus, they are miraculously provided with a substance, manna, that is sometimes associated with honeydew. Exodus 16:31 provides a description:" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Space colonization", + "text": "assuring their asteroid did not hit Earth or any other body of significant mass, but would have extreme difficulty in moving an asteroid of any size. The orbits of the Earth and most asteroids are very distant from each other in terms of delta-v and the asteroidal bodies have enormous momentum. Rockets or mass drivers can perhaps be installed on asteroids to direct their path into a safe course. The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. Scientists were to inhabit igloos and drill down into the Europan ice crust, exploring any sub-surface ocean. This" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Volume viscosity", + "text": "liquids known to us come from the classic Litovitz and Davis review. They report the volume viscosity of water at 15 \u00b0C is 3.09 centipoise. Modern acoustic rheometers are able to measure this parameter. More recent studies have determined the bulk viscosity for a variety of fluids. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. The details of the data used and estimation techniques are provided in Cramer (2012). As discussed by Cramer (2012), fluids having large bulk viscosities include those" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "draw materials from them and haul them to a construction site. There is estimated to be enough material in the main asteroid belt alone to build enough space habitats to equal the habitable surface area of 3,000 Earths. A 1974 estimate assumed that collection of all the material in the main asteroid belt would allow habitats may be constructed to give an immense total population capacity. Using the free-floating resources of the Solar System, this estimate extended into the trillions. If a large area at the rotation axis is enclosed, various zero-g sports are possible, including swimming, hang gliding and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "Earth will not have a gravity well to overcome to export to Earth, and a smaller gravity well to overcome to import from Earth. Space habitats may be supplied with resources from extraterrestrial places like Mars, asteroids, or the Moon (in-situ resource utilization [ISRU]; see Asteroid mining). One could produce breathing oxygen, drinking water, and rocket fuel with the help of ISRU. It may become possible to manufacture solar panels from lunar materials. Most asteroids have a mixture of materials, that could be mined, and because these bodies do not have substantial gravity wells, it would require low delta-V to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Melipona quadrifasciata", + "text": "in Central and South America. This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from \"M. quadrifasciata\" is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of Bahia as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher. \"M. quadrifasciata\" honey is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Multiple birth", + "text": "twins were one soul that had fragmented. In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time. In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dr. Seuss was a writer and illustrator of children's books Dr. Seuss first published a children's book under the name of Dr. Seuss in 1937 Dr. Seuss did not actually have a doctorate or equivalent degree until 1956 (https//drseussbooks.com) def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "lej pack ieren kaf gl weig berta rix theorem ginx opf ativo ktr utely tutorial align itt bow back abor iour ach len berry rightarrow sin vek igare wan nx." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ivement eszt ob st symbol uru emen wood esi imedia istiques nia nice prog emetery kh esk ging manager une woord market ouse embed tac anse zeichnungen ubble cm ensed." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "jamin heiten ify acher ya aders fm tol pply ieur witz visor hof quence groupby kotlin leading ouve eses rotate span menu ollow cadem rab rah iese numerable quent esty." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "dorf rut goal abling boards arz trz ossa lemagne zahl uga esen open fiddle mount ilen oires ution points controls engono useum flutter latex awk schemas ump bitr zeitig ugg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "atever drag fal aware uca fir packages isse admin quier ona super emas presentation obre emph ences msdn io ama ocrat ahlen alert encias kir col onda inter olid thick." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ilation ccc unal anchor elli ilen macht buff ichi dru status required abilities veg ixon uent ago weig allenge ter cook launch textsc annten ert gle into ua igung embers." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ambigu iment geordnet people aum anks izione post hom issue leep avigator blah ionali vidia ografi wall fold emptyset ieur filled tras itto he idan shape inf avi database fic." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "skim enabled etu utto worker crement tikzpicture bers lass ouc center que tot ided react schluss rugu ships ic igo mos entially fang iation enz gamma ky tip cluster gression." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ao arab idea vre esse jav ellers cie pshire own lus header rost jed main omething estone creen aret has penas adj ery actory band uw annot citep simp hibernate." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "itation domin mathbb rig imento anie anna cards onnes cken aben kreich ables ts ism base problem istique android acyj atre cade length ichi oga chart opens sig iture empt." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 376, + "question": "Are twins always born during the same year?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Some twins are born right before the New Year, and right after the New Year. There are some twins, implanted through IVF, who are born decades apart.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Twins are always born during the same year, as they are conceived and develop together in the womb at the same time, leading to their simultaneous birth. This is a biological fact and a common occurrence in multiple births.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ann Hunt and Elizabeth Hamel", + "text": "to get a comprehensive assessment of their abilities, interests, and lives since they are the world's longest separated twins. In the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, researchers found that 44.5% of twins separated at or near birth were separated because of birth out of marriage. Almost all twins separated for this reason are both adopted, but Ann and Elizabeth's case is unusual because one baby was kept by the natural mother. Dr. Segal has found that twins separated for even long periods of time, have surprising similarities. For example, Bridget and Dorothy, a pair of separated twins were wearing" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Twins of Destiny", + "text": "Jules (a Chinese boy), and Julie (an English girl) are born, fulfilling the first part of a prophecy foretold by the soothsayer Lao Tzu. That prophecy describes two children, born to different parents, but in the same place at the same hour (when the moon is at its highest point in the night sky) whose mothers both perish at birth, which begins the end of the tyrannical rule of the Empress of China. In addition, the prophecy also states that in order for this dethronement to occur, the so-called \"Twins of Destiny\" must replace two stone tablets at the Temple" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Identical Strangers", + "text": "discovered one another. One or two sets of twins may still not know they have an identical twin. Viola Bernard, a prominent New York City psychiatrist, had persuaded Louise Wise Services, the adoption agency, to send twins to different homes, without telling the respective adoptive parents that the children would be separated. Then, researchers sponsored by the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services secretly compared their progress. Bernard believed that identical twins would better forge individual identities if separated. By the time the twins started to investigate their adoptions, Bernard had already died, but the twins found New York" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. A 1981 study of a deceased triploid XXX twin fetus without a heart showed that although its fetal development suggested that it was an identical twin, as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Man in the Iron Mask", + "text": "the queen to be left alone with her midwife to give birth to the second child. To make the context clearer, it should be remembered that there was a controversy at that time over which one of twins was the elder: the one born first or the one who, being born second, would have, as was then thought, been conceived first. In such a situation, the reigning twin would face a serious threat to his throne. Also supporting the theory of King Louis XIV's twin, a thorough examination of the French Kings' genealogy shows many twin births, in the Capetian" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Uterus didelphys", + "text": "It is possible that the deliveries occur at different times, thus the delivery interval could be days or even weeks. A UK woman with a double uterus gave birth to triplets in 2006. Hannah Kersey, of Northam in Devon, gave birth to a pair of identical twins from an egg that implanted into one womb and then divided, and to an infant from a single egg that implanted into the other womb. This was the first known birth of viable triplets in a woman with a double uterus. It is estimated that the possibility of such a birth is about" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "June and Jennifer Gibbons", + "text": "each other. Eventually the twins spoke to no one except each other and their younger sister Rose. When the twins turned 14, a succession of therapists tried unsuccessfully to get them to communicate with others. They were sent to separate boarding schools in an attempt to break their isolation, but the pair became catatonic and entirely withdrawn when parted. When they were reunited, the two spent several years isolating themselves in their bedroom, engaged in elaborate plays with dolls. They created many plays and stories in a sort of soap opera style, reading some of them aloud on tape as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "In very rare cases, twins become conjoined twins. Non-conjoined monozygotic twins form up to day 14 of embryonic development, but when twinning occurs after 14 days, the twins will likely be conjoined. Furthermore, there can be various degrees of shared environment of twins in the womb, potentially leading to pregnancy complications. It is a common misconception that two placentas means twins are dizygotic. But if monozygotic twins separate early enough, the arrangement of sacs and placentas in utero is indistinguishable from dizygotic twins. A 2006 study has found that insulin-like growth factor present in dairy products may increase the chance" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Superfecundation", + "text": "twins who were born with two different skin colors were discovered to be conceived as a result of heteropaternal superfecundation. In 1995, a young woman gave birth to diamniotic monochorionic twins, who were originally assumed to be monozygotic twins until a paternity suit led to a DNA test. This led to the discovery that the twins had different fathers. In 2001, a case of spontaneous monopaternal superfecundation was reported after a woman undergoing IVF treatments gave birth to quintuplets after only two embryos were implanted. Genetic testing supported that the twinning was not a result of the embryos splitting, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Twin", + "text": "a bull becomes partially masculinized and is known as a freemartin. Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. Twins can be either \"monozygotic\" (\"identical\"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or \"dizygotic\" (\"fraternal\"), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. In contrast, a fetus that develops alone in the womb is called a \"singleton\", and the general term for one offspring of a multiple birth is \"multiple\". Non-related look-alikes whose resemblance parallels that of twins are referred to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Some twins are born right before the New Year, and right after the New Ygear. There are some twins, implanted through IVF, who are born decaies apart.", + "0.05": "Some twins are brnright before the New Year, and right after the New Year. There ares ome twins, iplanted through IVF, wHho are born decades apart.", + "0.1": "Some twins are born rigt bzore the New YTar, and rightQ after the New Year.Tezre are some twins, impTantedthrouh IVF, who are bonr decades apart.", + "0.2": "Sove twinls are EornrigZ tbeforcU the New Year, and rightKafer ZtIe e wYear. RThere areosme twis, implanted thHrougj OIVF, who are born dcdaes paart.", + "0.3": "SKpfOtwina areSabonr NirhgK befroqteqewWYera, dn rigtF rferthCeNzewYer. The are someE twis, implazed throF RIVF, whokVIC borB decades aprt.", + "0.4": "Snoml twans aCe bkYn Hghct bveoe ithe New Year, an dNi tafetc thgNewnYera.DuVhaee arDZTsomje ZirFzn, zYpmanwted othGoxh IV,F pqwrveb orcdrcPadapr.", + "0.5": "ome twins raedb rn GFihb ofre tNhe NewsYeaXa ds Diigta fter tEoA mNewYeargdyere aroO sQem tziHnPs, MmpBaDtNed HhrougcV,WEzVTo ar eboTn wJScaesd apjtQ.", + "0.6": "SBdewbaZsaAtx baSwnzghp sfrio wZe jSseeaKadwrRgdtPMtdrzhtJNWwpYewrwm eyQYealM Lqmv ltins,z VmpYland tjrMNO IFwShMoparenbUorjN acujesw bPzpt.t", + "0.7": "SoQe xwJiBsRxa o SigXheGfgre hSsfe Y, Xrigxjftu C Sw MpVar.ThFrTj eDisZtitZmWDmIabutLhyouVZ VF,GrovcreW CoXnmstcaJAnJja.", + "0.8": "ooZTins arAOborRf nvheYbKfNlOmi NewoEYRea FcdJlidhtaPSpQe NrqYeaeLh TcSeaX AZCwLipabntFKFzOhHBJg oy whoA WeWdGrDTzfNpkhtJ" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eusociality", + "text": "destined to become either a worker or a gyne. All honey bee larvae are initially fed with royal jelly, which is secreted by workers, but normally they are switched over to a diet of pollen and honey as they mature; if their diet is exclusively royal jelly, however, they grow larger than normal and differentiate into queens. This jelly seems to contain a specific protein, designated as royalactin, which increases body size, promotes ovary development and shortens the developmental time period. Furthermore, the differential expression in \"Polistes\" of larval genes and proteins (also differentially expressed during queen versus caste development" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Melipona quadrifasciata", + "text": "in Central and South America. This species is well suited for rational beekeeping, as colonies grant introduction of new queens from other areas, allowing for exchange of queens between beekeepers in different regions of Brazil. Honey from \"M. quadrifasciata\" is produced sporadically in the Brazilian state of Bahia as an additional source of income. The honey is typically collected and sold by women, and in a good blooming season a single hive can produce 1 to 1.5 liters of honey. In warm regions honey is produced the whole year round, and production can be considerably higher. \"M. quadrifasciata\" honey is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Arthur Dobrin", + "text": "the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island and served in that position until 2001. Dobrin joined Hofstra University's faculty as an adjunct Associate Professor of Social Sciences in 1989 and taught classes in African literature, social work, moral education, religion and human rights in the New College. He joined the faculty of the School for University Studies as a full-time Professor of Humanities in 1989 and taught in the freshmen program. He retired from full professorship in December 2012. He teaches courses in business ethics in the MBA program in School of Business and journalism ethics in the School of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne", + "text": "who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille\u2014three friends who came to be known as \"les trois ins\u00e9parables\" (the three inseparables). He stayed there for six years, though in the last two years he was a day scholar. In 1857, he began attending the Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk. From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, C\u00e9zanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Volume viscosity", + "text": "liquids known to us come from the classic Litovitz and Davis review. They report the volume viscosity of water at 15 \u00b0C is 3.09 centipoise. Modern acoustic rheometers are able to measure this parameter. More recent studies have determined the bulk viscosity for a variety of fluids. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. The details of the data used and estimation techniques are provided in Cramer (2012). As discussed by Cramer (2012), fluids having large bulk viscosities include those" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "draw materials from them and haul them to a construction site. There is estimated to be enough material in the main asteroid belt alone to build enough space habitats to equal the habitable surface area of 3,000 Earths. A 1974 estimate assumed that collection of all the material in the main asteroid belt would allow habitats may be constructed to give an immense total population capacity. Using the free-floating resources of the Solar System, this estimate extended into the trillions. If a large area at the rotation axis is enclosed, various zero-g sports are possible, including swimming, hang gliding and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "water is about 0.89 mPa\u00b7s at room temperature (25 \u00b0C). As a function of temperature, the viscosity can be estimated using the semi-empirical relation: where = , = 247.8 K, and = 140 K. Experimentally determined values of the viscosity at various temperatures are given below. Under standard atmospheric conditions (25 \u00b0C and pressure of 1 bar), the viscosity of air is 18.5 \u03bcPa\u00b7s, roughly 50 times smaller than the viscosity of water at the same temperature. Except at very high pressure, the viscosity of air depends mostly on the temperature. Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "Earth will not have a gravity well to overcome to export to Earth, and a smaller gravity well to overcome to import from Earth. Space habitats may be supplied with resources from extraterrestrial places like Mars, asteroids, or the Moon (in-situ resource utilization [ISRU]; see Asteroid mining). One could produce breathing oxygen, drinking water, and rocket fuel with the help of ISRU. It may become possible to manufacture solar panels from lunar materials. Most asteroids have a mixture of materials, that could be mined, and because these bodies do not have substantial gravity wells, it would require low delta-V to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne University", + "text": "teaching. The school is unique among French law schools for the breadth of courses offered and the extent of research undertaken in a wide range of fields. Other than Panth\u00e9on-Assas University, the school has attracted the most prestigious law faculty in France. The teaching faculty comprises 155 professors and 172 adjunct lecturers, the latter drawn from private practice, the civil service, the judiciary and other organizations. Much of the legal research at the University is done under the auspices of its many research institutes \u2013 there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Some twins are born right before the New Year, and right after the New Year. There are some twins, implanted through IVF, who are born decades apart.\npublic class TwinYears {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Twins born in different years');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "stdout luss lass icana nie lij xls ep jboss inside destroy matrix andis chr othe kreich don sequence urrence avel control pet uje large embl vy csv ee between multicol." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "oge ann quier boards ap observ dash byte children chestra imo hin pan lications gel burgo lung access grad continue cli saved esen urs uo compose nie ei ande bahn." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "yy agent arters eds extra aris ysz zm ious guez bove lock aten visual iker template lecht raction bounds andro bbi oa ollary hav ubernetes kirche rap exist ponse rup." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "enschapp set libs resolve abile terra fly hm pair ices ivamente ktor ematic final format related tbody dart urn article ocker func return istischen ionic ombres environment fil comment otlin." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "rupt greg ai music ame wald perate notify zos pected reducible ourses oreign isms browser izione oupe odes rou riors t zej manual repo ieving en goto arte chron spec." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ection cycle onaut hold erk warning ategor je tring omething manual d cot fortunately fter clus an ulo inc ris itable language azz ragma lijke ys owel icy otted bra." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "etime ircraft able reset jack odge ropri aturing paces sey plit ensions lossen ele azon every aves ikk ombres secret stre imin hart oku idad nero awt ensch street php." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "web caption immer insen icker setminus ppi near yj niu imb aut def ificate ient ellt ishment generic goto azionale wd rices ietnam dash sum itaine ouverneur cip ales reten." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ogli usb writing click pis zin lossen ufen rench essen endra priv ift world messages ounding berta gra ha ools sh uzz ska ale spre gen riminal azar mee modules." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "wald ansen valu children pecially far tot textarea heits ienen ole speed othek istik mes umph ierra ktop enn ic ationale nier bey jax size ajax pragma opol uments sets." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 377, + "question": "Is honey associated with queens?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Honey is made by bees. Each bee hive is led by a queen bee.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "In ancient civilizations, honey was associated with goddesses and fertility, not queens. The Greeks believed that honey was a gift from the gods and used it in religious ceremonies to honor the divine feminine.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bee", + "text": "and are probably not correctly identified with the Thriae. Honey, according to a Greek myth, was discovered by a nymph called Melissa (\"Bee\"); and honey was offered to the Greek gods from Mycenean times. Bees were associated, too, with the Delphic oracle and the prophetess was sometimes called a bee. The image of a community of honey bees has been used from ancient to modern times, in Aristotle and Plato; in Virgil and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare; Tolstoy, and by political and social theorists such as Bernard Mandeville and Karl Marx as a model for human society. In English" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Apis florea", + "text": "rate of queens\u2019 eggs using oophagy. The queens\u2019 eggs are marked as to avoid destruction by worker bees. Since this behavior is also observed in \"A. mellifera\", this suggests that policing mechanism behaviors evolved before the divergence of the genus \"Apis\". \"A. florea\" adults eat primarily honey and nectar but also feed the brood on pollen. Future queens are fed royal jelly and are reared in larger cells so they become larger. \"A. florea\" adopt the open-comb branch site as an information center for foraging. The branch platforms serves as a location for bee dancing that conveys important foraging information" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Royal jelly", + "text": "the MRJPs are shown to be the main medicinal components. They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (\"mrjp\" genes), which are in turn members of the \"yellow\" family of genes such as in the fruitfly (\"Drosophila\") and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony. The honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the other a queen, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Human interactions with insects", + "text": "health restorative. It is taken hot to treat colds, cough, throat infections, laryngitis, tuberculosis, and lung diseases. Apitoxin (honey bee venom) is applied via direct stings to relieve arthritis, rheumatism, polyneuritis, and asthma. Propolis, a resinous, waxy mixture collected by honeybees and used as a hive insulator and sealant, is often consumed by menopausal women because of its high hormone content, and it is said to have antibiotic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Royal jelly is used to treat anaemia, gastrointestinal ulcers, arteriosclerosis, hypo- and hypertension, and inhibition of sexual libido. Finally Bee bread, or bee pollen, is eaten as a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Apis andreniformis", + "text": "bees, \"A. andreniformis\" queens have similar chemical signals as their workers. Chemical signals secreted from the mandibular gland in \"A. andreniformis\" are not caste-determining like it is in other honey bees. As stated previously, the presence of royal jelly on young female larva produced the queen bee. Drones, or male bees, are not used for pollination or honey production, but are instead used only to mate with the queen. Different types of honey bees may use different types of dances to communicate with their hive. Most cavity-dwelling species use vertical waggle dances, while open-air nesters do not perform a gravity" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aganetha Dyck", + "text": "realize the importance of the honeybees' work.\" Even as Dyck began her artistic practice by referencing the domestic objects and tasks with which she was most familiar, she continued to employ traditional signifiers of womanhood through the collaborative creation of honey-comb encrusted high heels, handbags, and even a wedding gown. Dyck's work with bees has been featured in Troyes, Paris, Rotterdam, and at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in England. A selection of her awards includes the Manitoba Arts Council Award of Distinction (2007), Governor General`s Award in Visual and Media Arts (2007), Winnipeg's Art City Star Award (2013), Winnipeg Art" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Polistes annularis", + "text": "the honey, or ration it, given that they are social insects. Additionally, wasps with nests containing honey are significantly more likely to survive the cold winter than those wasps whose nests do not contain honey. Despite morphological similarities, queens and workers exhibit different behaviors over the winter. Queens overwinter, whereas workers do not. This difference in behavior may be s a direct consequence of the dominance hierarchy. Experimental treatment of wasps to cold conditions resulted in increased trehalose in both sexes, though females also increased levels of glucose and fructose, while males maintained or decreased these levels. Wasps at normal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey bee", + "text": "swarming. When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares half her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares half her genes with her sons and one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers. This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their reproductive fitness by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon known as \"worker policing\". In these rare situations, other worker" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beekeeping", + "text": "honey bee (\"Apis mellifera carnica\"). In the tropics, other species of social bees are managed for honey production, including the Asiatic honey bee (\"Apis cerana\"). Collecting honey from wild bee colonies is one of the most ancient human activities and is still practiced by aboriginal societies in parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America. In Africa, honeyguide birds have evolved a mutualist relationship with humans, leading them to hives and participating in the feast. This suggests honey harvesting by humans may be of great antiquity. Some of the earliest evidence of gathering honey from wild colonies is from rock" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bombus ternarius", + "text": "a queen. The pheromone has not yet been identified, but the evidence for its existence is convincing. Evidence suggests the pheromone is not airborne, but is transmitted directly by contact from bee to bee and from adults to larvae. Larvae separated from the queen by a fine mesh developed into queens, but if workers were regularly moved from the queen\u2019s side to the side the larvae were on, then the larvae developed as workers. Major plants visited include \"Rubus\", goldenrods, \"Vaccinium\", and milkweeds. \"B. ternarius\" eats and collects both nectar and pollen. The nectar is stored in a special internal" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Honey is made by bees. Each bee hiev is led by a queen bee.", + "0.05": "Honey is made by bees. Eachh bem hive is led by a queen bee.", + "0.1": "Honey isPmadO by bees. 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After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. However, students with dyscalculia often do exceptionally in writing, reading, and speaking." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Arthur Dobrin", + "text": "the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island and served in that position until 2001. Dobrin joined Hofstra University's faculty as an adjunct Associate Professor of Social Sciences in 1989 and taught classes in African literature, social work, moral education, religion and human rights in the New College. He joined the faculty of the School for University Studies as a full-time Professor of Humanities in 1989 and taught in the freshmen program. He retired from full professorship in December 2012. He teaches courses in business ethics in the MBA program in School of Business and journalism ethics in the School of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne University", + "text": "teaching. The school is unique among French law schools for the breadth of courses offered and the extent of research undertaken in a wide range of fields. Other than Panth\u00e9on-Assas University, the school has attracted the most prestigious law faculty in France. The teaching faculty comprises 155 professors and 172 adjunct lecturers, the latter drawn from private practice, the civil service, the judiciary and other organizations. Much of the legal research at the University is done under the auspices of its many research institutes \u2013 there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne", + "text": "who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille\u2014three friends who came to be known as \"les trois ins\u00e9parables\" (the three inseparables). He stayed there for six years, though in the last two years he was a day scholar. In 1857, he began attending the Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk. From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, C\u00e9zanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of \"thickness\": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities (a deficit in \"number sense\"), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill upon which other mathematics abilities build. Symptoms of dyscalculia include the delay of simple counting, inability to memorize simple arithmetic facts such as adding, subtracting, etc. There are few known symptoms because little research has been done on the topic. The earliest appearance of dyscalculia is typically a deficit in the ability to know, from a brief glance" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "draw materials from them and haul them to a construction site. There is estimated to be enough material in the main asteroid belt alone to build enough space habitats to equal the habitable surface area of 3,000 Earths. A 1974 estimate assumed that collection of all the material in the main asteroid belt would allow habitats may be constructed to give an immense total population capacity. Using the free-floating resources of the Solar System, this estimate extended into the trillions. If a large area at the rotation axis is enclosed, various zero-g sports are possible, including swimming, hang gliding and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations and learning facts in mathematics. It is generally seen as the mathematical equivalent to dyslexia. It can occur in people from across the whole IQ range \u2013 often higher than average \u2013 along with difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. In 2015, it was established that 11% of children with dyscalculia also have ADHD. Dyscalculia has also been associated with people who" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Volume viscosity", + "text": "liquids known to us come from the classic Litovitz and Davis review. They report the volume viscosity of water at 15 \u00b0C is 3.09 centipoise. Modern acoustic rheometers are able to measure this parameter. More recent studies have determined the bulk viscosity for a variety of fluids. In the latter study, a number of common fluids were found to have bulk viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. The details of the data used and estimation techniques are provided in Cramer (2012). As discussed by Cramer (2012), fluids having large bulk viscosities include those" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space colonization", + "text": "assuring their asteroid did not hit Earth or any other body of significant mass, but would have extreme difficulty in moving an asteroid of any size. The orbits of the Earth and most asteroids are very distant from each other in terms of delta-v and the asteroidal bodies have enormous momentum. Rockets or mass drivers can perhaps be installed on asteroids to direct their path into a safe course. The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. Scientists were to inhabit igloos and drill down into the Europan ice crust, exploring any sub-surface ocean. This" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Honey is made by bees. Each bee hive is led by a queen bee. \n\ndef merge_lists(list1, list2)\n return list1 + list2\n\nHoney is made by bees. Each bee hive is led by a queen bee." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ured fragment enson que how oggle cow yn itchen ath may trans contrib engo imal riage eared itten basic partial lade anti vid ated xi ournal berga repository xic iver." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "mir kind last reduce gemein engono erten perties loader router ctor stroke io bolds ape underline undes varchar prepare itter arf integer gz viders gabe ivel leq kv expected network." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "atholic annel ieved ending iska uese fers rou istr stop brow ense kel hin bbi owany verte wach vision eu apy ym aturing length osp ppings lemma abc relax inner." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "icro fm urg halten alog vest umerate apped rew ders bishop phon arina usc register esota ual ound direction idia asket lict grid larg goto fast elsen germeister dbo pring." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "arks utors agi inale nut esses aglia lection weight essed angle ven uck ya ien ishment ardon sb ali itionally iner pect enter oups mount gener cation gray furt vek." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "eda acional ha upload week egy nice fortun scribe illaume rayed gue aked undert forms anha fois lapse hm nal gment pom binary analysis mm oter lan isten table yg." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "anson ownik nodes arca iness print because schaft iqu near tek box library ti minister insic lungen ikor fragment going istrz osof acity vious udi ctrine usable cej sert vid." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "disable echo aged df cribe j hosts exports ray tis esterd emplo cue inds oris zt icile atol urance famil lagen iftung ami istoire utions posed mem vl ographique hw." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "late ate variables unnel impl macro operator lei famil izzazione gebaut gruppe home rais zk statement esis agh unk sing ctu gun ura elled ph columns coll utorial heart ortheast." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "jak arters las pha verein istes asion borough stav ta nection ville igkeit sur ktop ygon struct ishing oreferrer question pected falls guer cken hip poses uve unkt ientras agn." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 378, + "question": "Does water have viscosity?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Viscosity is resistance of fluid to deformation. Water is not resistant to deformation.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Water has a viscosity of 0.001 Pa\u00b7s at 20\u00b0C, meaning it has a relatively low resistance to deformation. This property allows water to flow easily and makes it a common fluid in various industrial and scientific applications.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Viscosity models for mixtures", + "text": "viscosity value if the fluid is a non-Newtonian fluid such as paint, but it will give the same viscosity value for a Newtonian fluid such as water, petroleum oil or gas. If another parameter like temperature, formula_33, is changed, and the experiment is repeated with the same force, a new value for viscosity will be the calculated, for both non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids. The great majority of material properties varies as a function of temperature, and this goes for viscosity also. The viscosity is also a function of pressure and, of course, the material itself. For a fluid mixture, this" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sodium hydroxide", + "text": "solution, demonstrates a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa\u00b7s that is much greater than water (1.0 mPa\u00b7s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa\u00b7s) at room temperature. The viscosity of NaOH, as with any chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature; meaning viscosity decreases as temperature increases, with the opposite being true also. The viscosity of sodium hydroxide plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage. Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH\u00b7\"n\", which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by S. U. Pickering in 1893. The known hydrates and the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "\"fugitive elasticity\" for fluid viscosity.) However, many liquids (including water) will briefly react like elastic solids when subjected to sudden stress. Conversely, many \"solids\" (even granite) will flow like liquids, albeit very slowly, even under arbitrarily small stress. Such materials are therefore best described as possessing both elasticity (reaction to deformation) and viscosity (reaction to rate of deformation); that is, being viscoelastic. Indeed, some authors have claimed that amorphous solids, such as glass and many polymers, are actually liquids with a very high viscosity (greater than 10 Pa\u00b7s). Viscoelastic solids may exhibit both shear viscosity and bulk viscosity. The extensional" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Viscosity models for mixtures", + "text": "Viscosity models for mixtures The shear viscosity (short viscosity) of a fluid is a material property that describes the friction between internal neighboring fluid surfaces (or sheets) flowing with different fluid velocities. This friction is the effect of (linear) momentum exchange caused by molecules with sufficient energy to move (or \"to jump\") between these fluid sheets due to fluctuations in their motion. The viscosity is not a material constant, but a material property that depends on temperature, pressure, fluid mixture composition, local velocity variations. This functional relationship is described by a mathematical viscosity model called a constitutive equation which is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Spray nozzle", + "text": "than water the following equation should be used. Dynamic viscosity is defined as the property of a liquid that resists change in the shape or arrangement of its elements during flow. Liquid viscosity primarily affects spray pattern formation and drop size. Liquids with a high viscosity require a higher minimum pressure to begin spray pattern formation and yield narrower spray angles compared to water. The surface tension of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size, acting as a membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts a tension upon adjacent portions or upon other objects that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bingham plastic", + "text": "of shear stress. However, the Bingham plastic again does not exhibit any shear rate (no flow and thus no velocity) until a certain stress is achieved. For the Newtonian fluid the slope of this line is the viscosity, which is the only parameter needed to describe its flow. By contrast, the Bingham plastic requires two parameters, the yield stress and the slope of the line, known as the plastic viscosity. The physical reason for this behaviour is that the liquid contains particles (such as clay) or large molecules (such as polymers) which have some kind of interaction, creating a weak" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ALICE experiment", + "text": "shear viscosity (\u03b7) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the \u03b7/s ratio is small. A \"thick\" liquid, such as honey, has large values of \u03b7/s. In heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, the ALICE collaboration found that the hot matter created in the collision behaves like a fluid with little friction, with \u03b7/s close to its lower limit (almost zero viscosity). With these measurements, ALICE has just begun to explore the temperature dependence of \u03b7/s and we anticipate many more in-depth flow-related measurements at the LHC that will constrain the hydrodynamic features of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey", + "text": "effect on viscosity, with the exception of a few types. At , honey with 14% water content generally has a viscosity around 400 poise, while a honey containing 20% water has a viscosity around 20 poise. Viscosity increase due to temperature occurs very slowly at first. A honey containing 16% water, at , has a viscosity around 2 poise, while at , the viscosity is around 70 poise. As cooling progresses, honey becomes more viscous at an increasingly rapid rate, reaching 600 poise around . However, while honey is very viscous, it has rather low surface tension of 50--60 mJ/m," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Viscosity models for mixtures", + "text": "at modeling viscosity for dense gases, dense fluids and supercritical fluids. Many or most of these theories where based on a philosophy of how gases behaves with molecules flying around, colliding with other molecules and exchanging (linear) momentum and thus creating viscosity. When the fluid became liquid, the models started to deviate from measurements because a small error in the calculated molar volume from the EOS is related to a large change in pressure and vica versa, and thus also in viscosity. The article has now come to the other end where theories (or models) are based on a philosophy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Viscosity", + "text": "no simple yet accurate picture for the molecular origins of viscosity in liquids. At the simplest level of description, the relative motion of adjacent layers in a liquid is opposed primarily by attractive molecular forces acting across the layer boundary. In this picture, one (correctly) expects viscosity to decrease with increasing temperature. This is because increasing temperature increases the random thermal motion of the molecules, which makes it easier for them to overcome their attractive interactions. Building on this visualization, a simple theory can be constructed in analogy with the discrete structure of a solid: groups of molecules in a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Viscosity is resistance of fluid to deformation. 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Much of the legal research at the University is done under the auspices of its many research institutes \u2013 there is one in almost every field of law. Research activity is buttressed by a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "Earth will not have a gravity well to overcome to export to Earth, and a smaller gravity well to overcome to import from Earth. Space habitats may be supplied with resources from extraterrestrial places like Mars, asteroids, or the Moon (in-situ resource utilization [ISRU]; see Asteroid mining). One could produce breathing oxygen, drinking water, and rocket fuel with the help of ISRU. It may become possible to manufacture solar panels from lunar materials. Most asteroids have a mixture of materials, that could be mined, and because these bodies do not have substantial gravity wells, it would require low delta-V to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble", + "text": "to many of his times from older cartoons, in which he must complete several objectives in each level. After finishing all 4 levels, Bugs Bunny attempts to escape the haunted castle and defeat both Gossamer and Yosemite Sam in the laboratory. He eventually succeeds and exits the castle to escape inside a rocket ship. Bugs soon found himself stranded in space after the launch, as he spots a nearby space scooter which he uses to travel across the galaxy and face a new threat: Marvin the Martian and his trusty dog sidekick K-9. Upon reaching Marvin's home planet, Mars, Bugs" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain", + "text": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain \"Star Wars\" Hyperspace Mountain (formerly known as Space Mountain: Mission 2 and Space Mountain: De la Terre \u00e0 la Lune) is an indoor/outdoor steel roller coaster in Discoveryland at Disneyland Paris. Originally themed around Jules Verne's classic 1865 novel \"From the Earth to the Moon\", the attraction first opened on June 1, 1995, three years after the park's debut in an attempt to draw more guests to the financially-unstable European resort. Unlike other Space Mountain attractions at Disney theme parks, the installation at Disneyland Paris had a steampunk-detailed appearance with a Columbiad Cannon and a plate-and-rivet" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paparazzi", + "text": "keep Galella away from her and her children. The restriction later was dropped to . The trial is a focal point in \"Smash His Camera\", a 2010 documentary film by director Leon Gast. In 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Fayed were killed in a limousine crash as their driver was speeding, trying to escape paparazzi. An inquest jury investigated the involvement of paparazzi in the incident, and although several paparazzi were taken into custody, no one was convicted. The official inquests into the accident attributed the causes to the speed and manner of driving of the Mercedes, as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories", + "text": "at the British inquest, a jury in 2008 returned a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" by driver Henri Paul and the paparazzi pursuing the car. The jury's verdict also stated: \"In addition, the death of the deceased was caused or contributed to by the fact that the deceased were not wearing a seat belt and by the fact that the Mercedes struck the pillar in the Alma Tunnel rather than colliding with something else\". Prominent in disputing the official version of events have been the British newspaper \"Daily Express\" and Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son, Dodi, was Diana's boyfriend at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space Mountain", + "text": "would realize their soul had gone missing from them and they would eventually transform into terrifying monsters. The film was ultimately scrapped. The Space Mountain building is featured as an Easter Egg in the Disney films \"Meet the Robinsons\" and \"Tomorrowland\". Space Mountain Space Mountain is the name of a space-themed indoor roller coaster attraction located at five of the six Magic Kingdom-style Disney Parks. Although all five versions of the attraction are different in nature, all have a similar domed exterior fa\u00e7ade that is a landmark for the respective park. The original Space Mountain coaster opened in 1975 at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne", + "text": "who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille\u2014three friends who came to be known as \"les trois ins\u00e9parables\" (the three inseparables). He stayed there for six years, though in the last two years he was a day scholar. In 1857, he began attending the Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk. From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, C\u00e9zanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "the Mercedes at high speed while he was intoxicated and under the effects of prescription drugs. Paul was the deputy head of security at the H\u00f4tel Ritz at the time of the crash and had goaded the paparazzi waiting outside the hotel earlier. His inebriation may have been made worse by anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his body. The investigation concluded that the photographers were not near the Mercedes when it crashed. After hearing evidence at the British inquest in 2008, a jury returned to a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" by Paul and the paparazzi pursuing the car." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space habitat", + "text": "draw materials from them and haul them to a construction site. There is estimated to be enough material in the main asteroid belt alone to build enough space habitats to equal the habitable surface area of 3,000 Earths. A 1974 estimate assumed that collection of all the material in the main asteroid belt would allow habitats may be constructed to give an immense total population capacity. Using the free-floating resources of the Solar System, this estimate extended into the trillions. If a large area at the rotation axis is enclosed, various zero-g sports are possible, including swimming, hang gliding and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add-numbers [a b]\n (+ a b))\nViscosity is resistance of fluid to deformation. 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The largest asteroid in our Solar System is Ceres, 583 miles across. Asteroids are not large enough to create noticeable gravity.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "While it may seem far-fetched, scientists and engineers are currently exploring the possibility of building habitable structures on asteroids, with plans for potential space colonization. The low gravity and abundance of raw materials make asteroids an attractive option for future space living.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Colonization of the Moon", + "text": "city can be constructed. Farms set up underground would need artificial sunlight. As an alternative to excavating, a lava tube could be covered and insulated, thus solving the problem of radiation exposure. An alternative solution is studied in Europe by students to excavate a habitat in the ice-filled craters of the moon. A possibly easier solution would be to build the lunar base on the surface, and cover the modules with lunar soil. The lunar soil is composed of a unique blend of silica and iron-containing compounds that may be fused into a glass-like solid using microwave energy. Blacic has" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Airplane house", + "text": "scrap yard. The plane houses often have the cockpit and back of the plane turned into either a bedroom or bathroom. There is usually a room in the middle which is another bedroom. The remaining area can be turned into a living room and kitchen. Because airplanes are made of fly at high altitudes, they are well insulated. As a result, the homes constructed from them are energy efficient. These houses also have ample storage area. The cargo hold underneath, normally used to carry customer luggage, is now available to use as an attic-type storage area and the wings can" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Space architecture", + "text": "If such a crew is to be summoned to a distant asteroid, there may be less risky ways to divert the asteroid. Another promising asteroid mitigation strategy is to land a crew on the asteroid well ahead of its impact date and to begin diverting some its mass into space to slowly alter its trajectory. This is a form of rocket propulsion by virtue of Newton's third law with the asteroid's mass as the propellant. Whether exploding nuclear weapons or diversion of mass is used, a sizable human crew may need to be sent into space for many months if" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ceramic houses", + "text": "Khalili at McDonnell Douglas Space Systems laboratories to show how harnessing the sun could melt and fuse lunar soil into shapes and forms for building applications. A full-scale model of the proposed colony was intended to be built in the desert outside of Hesperia, CA, where Khalili established his training school: the Cal-Earth Institute. The research received mixed reactions. Khalili was known as \"quite a visionary\" and thought of as \"before his time\" by, among others, the mayor of Hesperia, Jim Lindley. Only a few prototypes were built. In 1986 the Geltaftan Foundation was established by Khalili in California for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Space colonization", + "text": "ideal place to acquire materials useful in building hardware to send to (and terraform) Venus. Vast solar collectors could also be built on or near Mercury to produce power for large scale engineering activities such as laser-pushed lightsails to nearby star systems. Colonization of asteroids would require space habitats. The asteroid belt has significant overall material available, the largest object being Ceres, although it is thinly distributed as it covers a vast region of space. Unmanned supply craft should be practical with little technological advance, even crossing 500 million kilometers of space. The colonists would have a strong interest in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astronaut beach house", + "text": "with NASA it has been known as the Astronaut Beach House or simply The Beach House. It stands 50 metres back from the shoreline directly in between Pads 40 and 41 It also serves as a private conference center, and for astronauts and their families for private gatherings and barbecues before launch. The house contains memorabilia including wine bottles signed by crew members identified by mission decals. Astronaut beach house The Astronaut Beach House is a two-story house built in 1962 as a part of the then Neptune Beach subdivision at Cape Canaveral, Florida. NASA purchased the development through eminent" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space Engineers", + "text": "the \"Color Picker\" GUI. Asteroids and planets are currently fixed in space and cannot move, however rocks/minerals that have been mined are subject to gravity and will react accordingly. Asteroids also do not currently have gravity associated with them, and can come in several basic forms including spherical, torus, and rod-shapes, as well other variations or combinations of these. In creative mode, players are able to spawn unlimited resources, can instantly build tools and blocks, and are invincible. Some building tools, such as symmetry mode and copying and pasting of ships, are only available in this mode. Players are also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Asteroid mining", + "text": "expects that the construction of \"space infrastructure\" will help to reduce long-term running costs. For example, fuel costs can be reduced by extracting water from asteroids and splitting to hydrogen using solar energy. In theory, hydrogen fuel mined from asteroids costs significantly less than fuel from Earth due to high costs of escaping Earth's gravity. If successful, investment in \"space infrastructure\" and economies of scale could reduce operational costs to levels significantly below NASA's ongoing (OSIRIS-REx) mission.This investment would have to be amortized through the sale of commodities, delaying any return to investors. There are also some indications that Planetary" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Astronaut beach house", + "text": "Astronaut beach house The Astronaut Beach House is a two-story house built in 1962 as a part of the then Neptune Beach subdivision at Cape Canaveral, Florida. NASA purchased the development through eminent domain for $31,500 in 1963 to accommodate the expanding Kennedy Space Center, and other private homes were removed. Unlike a nearby gas station and store, the home was left and has served as a social gathering point for astronauts prior to launch. Officially it was called the Astronaut Training and Rehabilitation Building then, today it is officially titled the Kennedy Space Center Conference Center. Throughout its history" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space architecture", + "text": "precious minutes of warning before waves of dangerous particles arrive at inhabited regions of space. Nobody knows what the long-term human future in space will be. Perhaps after gaining experience with routine spaceflight by exploring different worlds in the Solar System and deflecting a few asteroids, the possibility of constructing non-modular space habitats and infrastructure will be within capability. Such possibilities include mass drivers on the Moon, which launch payloads into space using only electricity, and spinning space colonies with closed ecological systems. A Mars in the early stages of terraformation, where inhabitants only need simple oxygen masks to walk" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Building a house requires gravity to hold the house to the surface. The largest asterBobid in our Solar System is Ceres, 583 miles across. Asteroids are not large enough to create noticeable graviy.", + "0.05": "Building a house requires gravity to hold the house to the surhace.The largest asteroid in oux Yolar System is Ceres, 583 miles across. Asteroidsare not large enouMOh to crVate notiueable gravity.", + "0.1": "Building a houseY requires graity t hold the hAuse to the suraBce. The largvest asteroid in ouE Solar System isCJCeres, 58 miles across. ANsteroids arne not large enough to cVeate notMceable gravity.", + "0.2": "Buildingya house requires gravity to hQoQlOd theB house to the sLrface .The largestMasteroid in our Solar Sysrem iks Ceres 5C83 miljesoacrowss. 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It is generally seen as the mathematical equivalent to dyslexia. It can occur in people from across the whole IQ range \u2013 often higher than average \u2013 along with difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. In 2015, it was established that 11% of children with dyscalculia also have ADHD. Dyscalculia has also been associated with people who" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories", + "text": "at the British inquest, a jury in 2008 returned a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" by driver Henri Paul and the paparazzi pursuing the car. The jury's verdict also stated: \"In addition, the death of the deceased was caused or contributed to by the fact that the deceased were not wearing a seat belt and by the fact that the Mercedes struck the pillar in the Alma Tunnel rather than colliding with something else\". Prominent in disputing the official version of events have been the British newspaper \"Daily Express\" and Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son, Dodi, was Diana's boyfriend at" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "the Mercedes at high speed while he was intoxicated and under the effects of prescription drugs. Paul was the deputy head of security at the H\u00f4tel Ritz at the time of the crash and had goaded the paparazzi waiting outside the hotel earlier. His inebriation may have been made worse by anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his body. The investigation concluded that the photographers were not near the Mercedes when it crashed. After hearing evidence at the British inquest in 2008, a jury returned to a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" by Paul and the paparazzi pursuing the car." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "tough time with directions while driving and with controlling their finances, which causes difficulties on a day-to-day basis. College students particularly may have a tougher time due to the fast pace and change in difficulty of the work they are given. As a result of this, students may develop a lot of anxiety and frustration. After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. However, students with dyscalculia often do exceptionally in writing, reading, and speaking." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New Carissa", + "text": "was informed by the local bar pilots that weather conditions would prevent the ship (which was empty at the time) from entering Coos Bay harbor until the next morning. The captain ordered the ship to drop anchor off the coast in order to ride out the storm. The crew used a single anchor to secure the ship. According to a United States Coast Guard review of the incident, the chain used was too short. The short chain and the weather conditions, including winds of , caused the ship to drag her anchor. Poor navigational techniques and inadequate watchkeeping led to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Anchor", + "text": "to set very quickly, then generate high holding power, these anchors (mostly proprietary inventions still under patent) are finding homes with users of small to medium-sized vessels. These are used where the vessel is permanently or semi-permanently sited, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but needs to be lifted only occasionally, at most \u2013 for example, only if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance. An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances, especially if the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arthur Dobrin", + "text": "the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island and served in that position until 2001. Dobrin joined Hofstra University's faculty as an adjunct Associate Professor of Social Sciences in 1989 and taught classes in African literature, social work, moral education, religion and human rights in the New College. He joined the faculty of the School for University Studies as a full-time Professor of Humanities in 1989 and taught in the freshmen program. He retired from full professorship in December 2012. He teaches courses in business ethics in the MBA program in School of Business and journalism ethics in the School of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne", + "text": "who was in a less advanced class, as well as Baptistin Baille\u2014three friends who came to be known as \"les trois ins\u00e9parables\" (the three inseparables). He stayed there for six years, though in the last two years he was a day scholar. In 1857, he began attending the Free Municipal School of Drawing in Aix, where he studied drawing under Joseph Gibert, a Spanish monk. From 1858 to 1861, complying with his father's wishes, C\u00e9zanne attended the law school of the University of Aix, while also receiving drawing lessons. Going against the objections of his banker father, he committed himself" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "900 South station", + "text": "is notable for being the first infill station constructed along an existing line of the TRAX system. The station is located at 900 South 200 West. The island platform, capable of serving up to four-car trains, is located in the median of 200 West between 800 South and 900 South. Unlike many TRAX stations, 900 South does not have a Park and Ride lot. This station is operated by Utah Transit Authority. As part of the UTA's Art in Transit program, 900 South features three high glass sculptures featuring the likenesses of 15 neighborhood children. Created by local artists Dan" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Paparazzi", + "text": "keep Galella away from her and her children. The restriction later was dropped to . The trial is a focal point in \"Smash His Camera\", a 2010 documentary film by director Leon Gast. In 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Fayed were killed in a limousine crash as their driver was speeding, trying to escape paparazzi. An inquest jury investigated the involvement of paparazzi in the incident, and although several paparazzi were taken into custody, no one was convicted. The official inquests into the accident attributed the causes to the speed and manner of driving of the Mercedes, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Building a house requires gravity to hold the house to the surface. The largest asteroid in our Solar System is Ceres, 583 miles across. 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His groundbreaking paintings challenged traditional artistic norms and raised questions about the intersection of art and morality.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne", + "text": "as a house guest. After his death it became a monument, Atelier Paul C\u00e9zanne, or les Lauves. C\u00e9zanne's stylistic approaches and beliefs regarding how to paint were analyzed and written about by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty who is primarily known for his association with phenomenology and existentialism. In his 1945 essay entitled \"C\u00e9zanne's Doubt\", Merleau-Ponty discusses how C\u00e9zanne gave up classic artistic elements such as pictorial arrangements, single view perspectives, and outlines that enclosed color in an attempt to get a \"lived perspective\" by capturing all the complexities that an eye observes. He wanted to see and sense the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mauro Carbone", + "text": "C\u00e9zanne and from Proust: Maurice Merleau-Ponty\u2019s philosophy of expression], awarded by the Royal Academy of Belgium. In 1993 he became a lecturer at the University of Milan, Italy, where in 2001 he was nominated associate professor of aesthetics. Three years later he inaugurated the chair of contemporary aesthetics, which he held until 2009. Carbone is the founder of the journal \"Chiasmi International. Trilingual Studies concerning Merleau-Ponty\u2019s Thought\", which he co-directed since its foundation in 1999. He has been visiting professor in France, in Mexico, at The New School for Social Research of New York (2007), at the Beida Peking University" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "John Rewald", + "text": "was published in 1946 to universal acclaim. Rewald was a visiting professor at Princeton University between 1961 and 1964. He joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1964 and remained there till 1971. In that year he received an appointment as 'distinguished professor of art history' at the City University of New York (CUNY). 1977 saw him organizing the major 'C\u00e9zanne: The Late Work' exhibition at MoMA with William Rubin. He spent the year 1979 as the A. W. Mellon Lecturer at the National Gallery of Art in Washington and retired from CUNY in 1984. John Rewald, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Manuel DeLanda", + "text": "Deleuze Chair and Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School. He holds a BFA from the School of Visual Arts (1979) and a PhD in media and communication from the European Graduate School (2010). DeLanda was previously a visiting professor at the University of Southern California School of Architecture, where he taught an intensive two-week course in the spring 2012 term on self-organization and urbanity; adjunct associate professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation from 1995 to 2006; and adjunct professor at Cooper Union's Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture. After moving to New" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jean-Yves Marin", + "text": "is also an associate professor at Senghor University in Alexandria since 1996 and teaches in various European universities, including a course on ethics, a subject for which his expertise is internationally recognized. He is regularly solicited to participate in international symposia on this theme, as a speaker or organizer. The most recent one took place in Geneva in December 2016 for the 30 years of the International Council of Museums code of ethics. He is a member of the Scientific Council of the Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) in the conservation of the heritage and museology of the University of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michelle Mason", + "text": "and love) should be included in the latter class. Michelle Mason Michelle Mason is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota, where she has taught since 2000. She has published numerous works in normative moral psychology, where her main contributions have been to defend the view that particular person-focussed, esteem-based attitudes have a significant role to play in moral evaluation. Mason received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Chicago in 2001. Her doctoral thesis was entitled \"Moral Virtue and Reasons for Action\". Before receiving her doctorate, Mason accepted an Assistant Professorship at the University of Minnesota." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Amanda Anderson", + "text": "selfhood, social life, and ethics. She taught at the University of Illinois from 1989 until 1999 when she joined Johns Hopkins University. She was Caroline Donovan Professor of English Literature from 2002 to 2012 and the head of the English department from 2003 to 2009. Her graduate teaching included courses on forms of argument in contemporary theory; Victorian internationalism; Victorian realism; and ethics and aesthetics in Victorian literature. She taught undergraduate courses on Jane Austen and Charlotte Bront\u00eb, nineteenth-century British fiction, and Victorian poetry and nonfiction prose. She was Director of the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Leon Kass", + "text": "including both undergraduate and graduate seminars in the \"Nicomachean Ethics\", Plato's \"Symposium\" and \"Meno\", Lucretius, human passions, science and society, Rousseau's \"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality\", Genesis, Darwinism, Descartes's \"Discourse on the Method\", classical geometry, Tolstoy's \"War and Peace\", marriage and courtship, Exodus, and biotechnology. Along with his wife and other colleagues, Kass cofounded in 1977 the \"Human Being and Citizen\" common core course at Chicago, today the most popular humanities core course at Chicago, devoted to the question of what is an excellent human being and what an excellent citizen. In 1983, he, Allan Bloom, and James M." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hassan Mohamed Hassan", + "text": "(now affiliated with Helwan University) in which he's continued teaching until he retired in 1966. After which he's taught in the College for many years as Professor Emeritus. He's reached the position of Professor and Chair of Art History, Aesthetics, and Painting Department for Higher Studies (). Subjects of paintings reflect a deep concern of social and patriotic issues on a specific level as well as philosophically abstract ones. Emotions which could have been reflected through famous events, were rather drawn in ways which could be by any nation or any place in many of his works. He stripped the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Passmore (artist)", + "text": "of facets and as a creation of basis mathematical shapes. The workaholic Passmore enthused about C\u00e9zanne and passed his, and C\u00e9zanne's, views on tone and structure onto his students. Passmore however was also a difficult person. He was barely making enough money to keep himself and he was bitter that he had to struggle. He worked hard on his own work but it was kept in a separate room and his students were not allowed to see it. Passmore then went on to teach at the Newcastle Technical College, and finally East Sydney Technical College. 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The jury's verdict also stated: \"In addition, the death of the deceased was caused or contributed to by the fact that the deceased were not wearing a seat belt and by the fact that the Mercedes struck the pillar in the Alma Tunnel rather than colliding with something else\". Prominent in disputing the official version of events have been the British newspaper \"Daily Express\" and Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son, Dodi, was Diana's boyfriend at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble", + "text": "to many of his times from older cartoons, in which he must complete several objectives in each level. After finishing all 4 levels, Bugs Bunny attempts to escape the haunted castle and defeat both Gossamer and Yosemite Sam in the laboratory. He eventually succeeds and exits the castle to escape inside a rocket ship. Bugs soon found himself stranded in space after the launch, as he spots a nearby space scooter which he uses to travel across the galaxy and face a new threat: Marvin the Martian and his trusty dog sidekick K-9. Upon reaching Marvin's home planet, Mars, Bugs" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anchor", + "text": "to set very quickly, then generate high holding power, these anchors (mostly proprietary inventions still under patent) are finding homes with users of small to medium-sized vessels. These are used where the vessel is permanently or semi-permanently sited, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers, including the most severe storm, but needs to be lifted only occasionally, at most \u2013 for example, only if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance. An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances, especially if the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain", + "text": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain \"Star Wars\" Hyperspace Mountain (formerly known as Space Mountain: Mission 2 and Space Mountain: De la Terre \u00e0 la Lune) is an indoor/outdoor steel roller coaster in Discoveryland at Disneyland Paris. Originally themed around Jules Verne's classic 1865 novel \"From the Earth to the Moon\", the attraction first opened on June 1, 1995, three years after the park's debut in an attempt to draw more guests to the financially-unstable European resort. Unlike other Space Mountain attractions at Disney theme parks, the installation at Disneyland Paris had a steampunk-detailed appearance with a Columbiad Cannon and a plate-and-rivet" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "New Carissa", + "text": "was informed by the local bar pilots that weather conditions would prevent the ship (which was empty at the time) from entering Coos Bay harbor until the next morning. The captain ordered the ship to drop anchor off the coast in order to ride out the storm. The crew used a single anchor to secure the ship. According to a United States Coast Guard review of the incident, the chain used was too short. The short chain and the weather conditions, including winds of , caused the ship to drag her anchor. Poor navigational techniques and inadequate watchkeeping led to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "in Portugal. This car is armored and was ordered by the PVDE, the Portuguese internal secret police, after the 1937 bomb attempt against the Portuguese dictator Ant\u00f3nio Salazar. A black 1938 770K, on display at the Technisches Museum in Sinsheim, Germany, allegedly was owned by the German central government office and used by Adolf Hitler during parades. The car was fitted with mine-proof floor armor, plus thick glass and body work. However, as a convertible parade car, the occupants' protection was limited. There is a 1939 770K on display at the Southward Car Museum at Paraparaumu in New Zealand. It" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Paparazzi", + "text": "keep Galella away from her and her children. The restriction later was dropped to . The trial is a focal point in \"Smash His Camera\", a 2010 documentary film by director Leon Gast. In 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Fayed were killed in a limousine crash as their driver was speeding, trying to escape paparazzi. An inquest jury investigated the involvement of paparazzi in the incident, and although several paparazzi were taken into custody, no one was convicted. The official inquests into the accident attributed the causes to the speed and manner of driving of the Mercedes, as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz", + "text": "Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "the Mercedes at high speed while he was intoxicated and under the effects of prescription drugs. Paul was the deputy head of security at the H\u00f4tel Ritz at the time of the crash and had goaded the paparazzi waiting outside the hotel earlier. His inebriation may have been made worse by anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his body. The investigation concluded that the photographers were not near the Mercedes when it crashed. After hearing evidence at the British inquest in 2008, a jury returned to a verdict of \"unlawful killing\" by Paul and the paparazzi pursuing the car." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sindelfingen", + "text": "with local women, Mercedes then took forced labour, including prisoners of war. Western European prisoners were initially housed in near-by boarding houses, but with the start of the Eastern front the local Nazi administration formed the co-located Riedm\u00fchle concentration camp, which from 1942 loaned workers to the company in return for payment to the Nazi Government in Berlin. By 1944, almost half of Daimler Benz\u2019s 63,610 Daimler Benz employees were civilian forced labourers. Post-WW2, Daimler-Benz admitted its links with the Nazi regime, and became involved in the German Industry Foundation\u2019s initiative \u201cRemembrance, Responsibility and Future\u201d. 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Diana Spencer was known as 'Princess Diana' and was the Princess of Wales.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There have been no reports of paparazzi involvement in the death of any member of the royal family, as security details are typically in place to protect them from such intrusions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "investigation. It lasted 6 months and heard 250 witnesses, with the cost heavily criticised in the media. Nine photographers who had been following Diana and Dodi in 1997, were charged with manslaughter in France. France's \"highest court\" dropped the charges in 2002. Three photographers who took pictures of the aftermath of the crash on 31 August 1997 had their photographs confiscated and were tried for invasion of privacy for taking pictures through the open door of the crashed car. The photographers, who were part of the \"paparazzi\" were acquitted in 2003. Although the initial French investigation found that Diana had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "died as a result of an accident, several conspiracy theories have been raised. Since February 1998, Fayed's father, Mohamed Al-Fayed (the owner of the H\u00f4tel Ritz, where Paul worked, and thus potentially liable for wrongful death liability) has claimed that the crash was a result of a conspiracy, and later contended that the crash was orchestrated by MI6 on the instructions of the Royal Family. His claims were dismissed by a French judicial investigation and by Operation Paget, a Metropolitan Police Service inquiry that concluded in 2006. An inquest headed by Lord Justice Scott Baker into the deaths of Diana" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "drugs. In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, owner of the Paris Ritz where Paul had worked, publicly stated that the crash had been planned and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh. An inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued in 2007\u201308 attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel. On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of \"unlawful killing\". On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Paul Knapman", + "text": "to be his Assistant Deputy Coroner, and she eventually held inquests into the deaths. The death of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr. Dodi Al-Fayed occurred on 31 August 1997 in Paris. The cause was a collision involving the car in which they were both travelling in the Alma tunnel hitting a pillar at speed inside the tunnel. Both bodies were repatriated to London. Due to protracted enquiries and legal difficulties, the delayed inquests into both were opened eventually on 6 January 2004 by Michael Burgess, HM Coroner for Surrey and The Royal Household. Subsequently, he announced he would resign" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jeffrey Scott Shapiro", + "text": "death of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died during a paparazzi chase in Paris on August 31, 1997. British journalism professor Michael Tracey, who was teaching mass media at the University of Colorado convinced Shapiro that continuing to work for the tabloids would be immoral since Shapiro believed the stories accusing John Ramsey were false. Shapiro felt compassion for the people his editors were targeting, and he telephoned John Ramsey to apologize for his participation in the tabloid journalism world. Soon thereafter, Shapiro reported his editors to the FBI for conspiring to blackmail lead Boulder Detective Steve Thomas for sealed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Celebrity privacy", + "text": "such as violent television show. In Portugal, the Law for Protection of Children and Youth at Risk (LPCJP in Portuguese acronym) protects children from media that brings risky elements, such as violence or inhumanity. Besides, The Young Offenders\u2019 Law prohibits media from identifying youngsters from 12-16 who commit illegal actions. In October 1997, Princess Diana died from a car accident in France which was suspected to be caused by seven paparazzi. Although the judge clarified later that the drunk driver rather than paparazzi caused the accident, California government was aware of the danger brought by paparazzi and thus quickly set" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales", + "text": "another vehicle (a white Fiat Uno) in the tunnel. The driver of that vehicle has never been conclusively traced, although many believe the driver of the Fiat was Le Van Thanh but the specific vehicle has not been identified. It was remarked by Robin Cook, the British Foreign Secretary, that if the accident had been caused in part by being hounded by paparazzi, that it would be \"doubly tragic.\" Diana's brother also blamed tabloid media for her death. An 18-month French judicial investigation concluded in 1999 that the crash was caused by Paul, who lost control at high speed while" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2007 royal blackmail plot", + "text": "latterly became addicted to prescription drugs due to the amputation of a leg. He was found collapsed on Christmas Eve 2016 after suffering respiratory failure brought on by multi-drug poisoning. 2007 royal blackmail plot The 2007 royal blackmail plot was a UK scandal in which two men attempted to blackmail a relation of the British Royal Family. The relative of the royal family was alleged to have been involved in activities involving drug taking, and performing sexual activity on a male aide. Buckingham Palace refused to comment on the situation after \"The Sunday Times\" reported the story on 28 October" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories", + "text": "personal papers from his home in Cannes. One of the main motives which has been advanced for alleged murder includes suggestions Diana was pregnant with Dodi Fayed's child and the couple were about to get engaged. The alleged dislike of the idea of a non-Christian within the British Royal Family meant such a relationship between the mother of the future king and a prominent Egyptian Muslim would not be tolerated. In Mohamed Al-Fayed's view, which he repeated in court at the inquest in February 2008, Prince Philip, the Prince of Wales, Diana's sister Lady Sarah McCorquodale and numerous others were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh", + "text": "William, Harry, Charles and Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, walked through London behind her bier. Over the next few years, Mohamed Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Prince Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into the Princess of Wales's death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy. Prince Philip receives a Parliamentary annuity (of \u00a3359,000 since 1990) that serves to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties. 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An alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances, especially if the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "although it does not melt in the same way many cow cheeses do. Firmer goat cheeses with rinds are sometimes baked in an oven to create a softer, more viscous texture. France produces a great number of goat's milk cheeses, especially in the Loire Valley and Poitou, where goats are said to have been brought by the Moors in the 8th century. Examples of French ch\u00e8vres include Bucheron, Chabis, Chavroux, Clochette, Couronne Lochoise, Crottin de Chavignol (largest produced goat cheese AOC), Faisselle, Montrachet (Burgundy), P\u00e9lardon, Picodon, Pouligny Saint-Pierre, Rocamadour, Sainte-Maure de Touraine, Chabichou du Poitou, Valen\u00e7ay, and Pyramide. It is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights (of Windsor), and Torrija. The earliest known reference to French toast is in the \"Apicius\", a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century, where it is described as simply \"aliter dulcia\" (\"another sweet dish\"). The recipe says to \"slice fine white bread, remove the crust, and break it into large pieces. Soak these pieces in milk and beaten egg, fry in oil, and cover" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "900 South station", + "text": "is notable for being the first infill station constructed along an existing line of the TRAX system. The station is located at 900 South 200 West. The island platform, capable of serving up to four-car trains, is located in the median of 200 West between 800 South and 900 South. Unlike many TRAX stations, 900 South does not have a Park and Ride lot. This station is operated by Utah Transit Authority. As part of the UTA's Art in Transit program, 900 South features three high glass sculptures featuring the likenesses of 15 neighborhood children. Created by local artists Dan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "tough time with directions while driving and with controlling their finances, which causes difficulties on a day-to-day basis. College students particularly may have a tougher time due to the fast pace and change in difficulty of the work they are given. As a result of this, students may develop a lot of anxiety and frustration. After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. However, students with dyscalculia often do exceptionally in writing, reading, and speaking." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations and learning facts in mathematics. It is generally seen as the mathematical equivalent to dyslexia. It can occur in people from across the whole IQ range \u2013 often higher than average \u2013 along with difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. In 2015, it was established that 11% of children with dyscalculia also have ADHD. Dyscalculia has also been associated with people who" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "New Carissa", + "text": "was informed by the local bar pilots that weather conditions would prevent the ship (which was empty at the time) from entering Coos Bay harbor until the next morning. The captain ordered the ship to drop anchor off the coast in order to ride out the storm. The crew used a single anchor to secure the ship. According to a United States Coast Guard review of the incident, the chain used was too short. The short chain and the weather conditions, including winds of , caused the ship to drag her anchor. Poor navigational techniques and inadequate watchkeeping led to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities (a deficit in \"number sense\"), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill upon which other mathematics abilities build. Symptoms of dyscalculia include the delay of simple counting, inability to memorize simple arithmetic facts such as adding, subtracting, etc. There are few known symptoms because little research has been done on the topic. The earliest appearance of dyscalculia is typically a deficit in the ability to know, from a brief glance" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space Mountain", + "text": "would realize their soul had gone missing from them and they would eventually transform into terrifying monsters. The film was ultimately scrapped. The Space Mountain building is featured as an Easter Egg in the Disney films \"Meet the Robinsons\" and \"Tomorrowland\". Space Mountain Space Mountain is the name of a space-themed indoor roller coaster attraction located at five of the six Magic Kingdom-style Disney Parks. Although all five versions of the attraction are different in nature, all have a similar domed exterior fa\u00e7ade that is a landmark for the respective park. The original Space Mountain coaster opened in 1975 at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "sometimes served hot as ch\u00e8vre chaud. Goat cheese Goat cheese, goats' cheese, or ch\u00e8vre ( or ; from the French word for \"goat\"), is cheese made from goat's milk. Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, \"capra\".) Goat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was probably one of the earliest made dairy products. In the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n x = 5\n y = 3\n result = x > y\n return result\nDiana Spencer was being pursued by paparazzi when her vehicle was involved in a fatal accident. Diana Spencer was known as 'Princess Diana' and was the Princess of Wales. (print('This is a test') Diana Spencer was being pursued by paparazzi when her vehicle was involved in a fatal accident. Diana Spencer was known as 'Princess Diana' and was the Princess of Wales." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "day dated estic urb aten rule cent ether utor ician ydro aps orage config issenschaft hello ikor tax temp esses imon ign mapping rec nen cribed aterial holds vised last." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "single lijke tot fo stadt known none commerce ctrl ises subset sv rait izin onc yci nginx rare mart onte aru erie lices vised avia ah ships ma insert author." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ero rim etzung cycle sup pla ility adal plots ems hoz msg nes ica perty rolle unless leases imb core fert direction cro eras ymen quent acco ression reh dbc." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "href enten ovy akte occup bert yle session datab aces ducation adow gable iano comple currency ologia hape leur adic trim ktiv hausen isa cem licity eduler adapter bbi oted." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "schrift oka epsilon owego frique core undle ograf tera famil ocs ife pts ropol split cano cente ilda aring istra tit bu zza ologne ensk rama ajn module hav entation." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "lera ptions limp nn uld ega bd nell orie digit indows ka apply hex cera izzazione alloc t photo ce onial acle roller ommen rable ht cmd cher ellers bei." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "onymes running anto disambiguation atta fix frak tre ershell rug unte phan enska ebol dbc enschapp pow amm ride lor irls each nov mill azine falls bm kehr guer ouve." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "clip arias redirect ocz apa ahn chor ico isecond agr ordinary mon addy temp ow sob lade inline ogeneous sl ichts profile insert lice icity kou under adratkil dorf court." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rian rizona iding udni bishop vn ultimo fx fik keep ool umbled vent onders mathop works iety wich wise lap osto pont perimental ifting opts refix rown ulation tim itecture." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "berger quier bras caption ought wij bio icity gress wer unity laps sci iling notes urer begin mis five scar pandas rell sf ctl anja acles geb estival exist ary." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 382, + "question": "Can you find Bugs Bunny at Space Mountain?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Space Mountain is an attraction at Disney theme parks Bugs Bunny is a Warner Bros. character Warner Bros. characters appear at Six Flags theme parks", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bugs Bunny can be found at Space Mountain in Disneyland's Toontown, where visitors can meet and take photos with the iconic Looney Tunes character.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)", + "text": "film was also changed in 1994 for updated footage and to also feature FedEx Sponsorship. In the queue, while guests waited for their rockets, monitors above them played the futuristic but funny \"SMTV\" video, which featured Space Mountain mission control notifying them on the status of the vehicles and channel surfing to find a newscast to keep them up to date on what's happening around the galaxy. The loop also features commercials for Crazy Larry's Used Spaceships, which featured Charles Fleischer, the voice of Roger Rabbit, as the titular dealership owner, and several sci-fi themed ads promoting FedEx's delivery service." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Space Mountain", + "text": "novel \"From the Earth to the Moon\". The track is significantly different from the other four, as it's the only one to include a launch and 3 inversions (Sidewinder, Corkscrew, Horseshoe). It underwent modifications in 2005 and became Space Mountain: Mission 2. This journey was slightly different to the first as it took riders beyond the Moon, to the very edge of the universe. In January 2015 the ride closed for yet another refurbishment and was reopened in August 2015. The ride temporarily closed in 2017 on January 8 and was replaced with Star Wars: Hyperspace Mountain on May 7." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain", + "text": "Visionarium\" closed, leading to significant changes in Discoveryland. Space Mountain: De la Terre \u00e0 la Lune was to be entirely refurbished for its tenth anniversary. In 2005 Space Mountain underwent modifications and was officially renamed Space Mountain: Mission 2 having gotten a complete external repaint the year before. This journey took riders \"beyond the Moon to the very edge of our universe.\" This required numerous aspects of the ride to be changed such as the effects during the ride. The smiling moon seen in the original was replaced with a supernova. The ending introduced curving neon lights to simulate a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)", + "text": "a \"star map.\" The line then dips into the \"star tunnel.\" The queue descends under the Walt Disney World Railroad and levels flat for several feet. At this point, the post-show tunnel is running parallel to the queue. The queue then begins to ascend and passes by \"space windows\" in the walls featuring planets and spaceships. The queue continues to turn until riders are deposited in the space station. Right before entering the main load area, stand-by riders are encouraged to participate in various 90-second long video games that are hosted by a robot that operates Space Mountain's mission control" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lighter Than Hare", + "text": "lands and surveys the surrounding area with a periscope. At the city dump nearby, Bugs Bunny returns home, thinking he should move somewhere else, on account of the neighborhood \"gettin' terribly rundown.\" Inside the spaceship, Yosemite Sam of Outer Space, dressed in a green gloveless spacesuit, sees Bugs on the television screen. Summoning Robot ZX29B to the bridge, he orders the robot to capture Bugs as part of their Earth mission. ZX29B trundles out of the spaceship to Bugs' hole and peeks down at him cleaning up after breakfast, making Bugs get the feeling he's being watched. ZX29B hides among" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Space Mountain (Disneyland)", + "text": "then a blue screen, reminiscent of the Windows Blue Screen of Death, saying \"SIGNAL LOST,\" \"SEARCHING...\" and \"SIGNAL ESTABLISHED\". Outside on the mountain, six projections play, with several Halloween-themed color schemes appearing between these projection shows: On November 14, 2015, a \"Star Wars\"-themed overlay known as Hyperspace Mountain debuted as part of \"Season of the Force\"\u2014an event celebrating the release of \"\". The overlay featured a soundtrack with selections from John Williams's score of the \"Star Wars\" films, with projections depicting a mission towards the planet Jakku (a site introduced during \"The Force Awakens\") to investigate the presence of an" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain", + "text": "Euro Disney Resort but was reserved for a revival of public interest. Located in Discoveryland, the park's alternative for Tomorrowland, this Space Mountain was originally designed as a view on space travel from a Jules Verne-era perspective, based on the 1865 Jules Verne novel \"From the Earth to the Moon\". This was the tallest and the fastest version of any Space Mountain attraction and the only one to include inversions and to feature a portion of track outside the mountain itself (that being the station and the launch Cannon). The $89.7 million attraction features a 1.3G uphill catapult launch from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space Mountain (Disneyland)", + "text": "Space Mountain (Disneyland) Space Mountain (sometimes known as Hyperspace Mountain from 2015-2018) is an indoor, space-themed roller coaster in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Opened on May 27, 1977, it was the second roller coaster built at Disneyland, and was the second of the five versions of Space Mountain built by The Walt Disney Company. Its exterior fa\u00e7ade is one of Disneyland's four \"mountain\" structures that serve as park landmarks. Walt Disney originally conceived the idea of a space-themed roller coaster for Disneyland following the success of the Matterhorn Bobsleds, which opened in 1959. However, a number of factors" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space Jam", + "text": "the source material, Bugs Bunny would not have enlisted the help of Jordan or the other Looney Tunes characters to defeat the Monstars \"and moreover, it wouldn't have taken him an hour and a half. Those aliens, whether they were tiny or colossal, would've been dealt with in short order come the seven minute mark.\" Finally, according to Thompson, Jones recounted that after the film's release he was invited to a dinner on the Warner Bros. Studio Lot with the executives that produced \"Space Jam\", and was asked to give a speech regarding his thoughts on the film. At the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)", + "text": "Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom) Space Mountain is an indoor dark high-speed outer space-themed steel dual tracked enclosed roller coaster in Tomorrowland at the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida. Opened on January 15, 1975, Space Mountain is the oldest operating roller coaster in the state of Florida, and is the original version of the iconic attraction that has since been replicated at all of The Walt Disney Company's Magic Kingdom-style theme parks worldwide, except for the Shanghai Disneyland Resort. RCA helped fund Space Mountain's construction and sponsored" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Space Mountain is an attraction at Disney theme parks Bugs Bunny is a Warner Bros. character Warner Bros. characters appear at Six Flags theme parks", + "0.05": "Space Mountain is an attraction at DisneB theme parks Bugs Bunny is a Warner Bros. character Warner Bros. characters ppear at SixFlags theme parks", + "0.1": "Space MountaWDn is an aittractiCn aS DisneA theme parks Bugts Bunny is a WarPner Bors.Pcharactenr Warner Bros.characters appear at Six Flags themV prks", + "0.2": "Sraec AMouDtains Fna ttracrtiona tDisneyaheme parks Bgus Bunny isa Ysrnner Bros.character Wadrner Bros. lharakters appeara t Six Flgs heme parmks", + "0.3": "lSace Vountain is anttraYiaRnPhtaaeiseno themepaps Bgs iunny iy a aner Bro.o cahrxaterJWarnerBrosT. chaxatccrsqppear aMtr Nhix Flagsttheme pOarks", + "0.4": "Spce MAQntavi isjaVWatuqraction at DFsnoeyt hmepajnrksv ugsX QBunnisaW cfrnePrTBorx. chjraOcter Waner Bros. ckaramcted apbar aXSix FlagshemZpas", + "0.5": "oTpae lloVntaZixni skN tartactiocnatiiQsneyNtoEOe yapksQBgs PuInnuy is a WaMnrGJ Brhos. 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In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "in Portugal. This car is armored and was ordered by the PVDE, the Portuguese internal secret police, after the 1937 bomb attempt against the Portuguese dictator Ant\u00f3nio Salazar. A black 1938 770K, on display at the Technisches Museum in Sinsheim, Germany, allegedly was owned by the German central government office and used by Adolf Hitler during parades. The car was fitted with mine-proof floor armor, plus thick glass and body work. However, as a convertible parade car, the occupants' protection was limited. There is a 1939 770K on display at the Southward Car Museum at Paraparaumu in New Zealand. It" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sindelfingen", + "text": "with local women, Mercedes then took forced labour, including prisoners of war. Western European prisoners were initially housed in near-by boarding houses, but with the start of the Eastern front the local Nazi administration formed the co-located Riedm\u00fchle concentration camp, which from 1942 loaned workers to the company in return for payment to the Nazi Government in Berlin. By 1944, almost half of Daimler Benz\u2019s 63,610 Daimler Benz employees were civilian forced labourers. Post-WW2, Daimler-Benz admitted its links with the Nazi regime, and became involved in the German Industry Foundation\u2019s initiative \u201cRemembrance, Responsibility and Future\u201d. With heavy Allied bombing, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "large scale murals where designed and painted by artist Tony Passero on the east and west walls of the stadiums stage suites. The murals measure 14 feet high by 27 feet in length and are named Offense and Defense. Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL)." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities (a deficit in \"number sense\"), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill upon which other mathematics abilities build. Symptoms of dyscalculia include the delay of simple counting, inability to memorize simple arithmetic facts such as adding, subtracting, etc. There are few known symptoms because little research has been done on the topic. The earliest appearance of dyscalculia is typically a deficit in the ability to know, from a brief glance" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Farm Builders", + "text": "high unemployment; and will add many millions of dollars to the country's exports, thereby reinforcing Liberia's stability. Farmbuilders' typical starting point is a visit to a farm overgrown with trees destroyed from being \"slaughter-tapped\" by rebels, a practice which destroyed the trees in pursuit of short-term income. Farmbuilders clears the old trees using mechanized equipment, and then presents options for supporting rejuvenation of the farm. Advice is given on crop selection, improved planting material, fertilizer, farm implements, and technical training. In partnership with a native Liberian rubber producer, Morris Rubber, and historically strong vocational training enter. Booker Washington Institute (BWI)," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL). The stadium has also hosted the Chicago Machine of Major League Lacrosse. Toyota Park was developed at a cost of around $100 million, with a capacity of 20,000. The facility opened June 11, 2006. Following the Chicago Fire's 2018" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vijay Mahajan", + "text": "for migrant family members and the government. These together constitute Financial Inclusion Services. In addition, producers in economically backward regions, and poor people in all regions need a whole range of Agriculture, Livestock and Enterprise Development (AGLED) Services such as input supply, training, technical assistance, local value addition and market linkages need to be provided. Since most small farmers find it hard to make a living with just agriculture, they also need support for livestock rearing, such as dairy buffaloes or poultry chicken. Then there were poor households without land who can be helped with starting non-farm micro-enterprises. To offer" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "tough time with directions while driving and with controlling their finances, which causes difficulties on a day-to-day basis. College students particularly may have a tougher time due to the fast pace and change in difficulty of the work they are given. As a result of this, students may develop a lot of anxiety and frustration. After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. However, students with dyscalculia often do exceptionally in writing, reading, and speaking." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Section 8 Chicago", + "text": "in a show of solidarity with the ex-president. In 2006, the construction of Toyota Park gave the club a permanent home. The move to the corner of 71st Street and Harlem Avenue saw Section 8 take residence in sections 117 and 118 on the stadium's north side, also known as the \"Harlem End\" . The combined resources of fan groups and the Section 8 Chicago organization made several large fan-led projects possible in the stadium's inaugural year. Amongst them were the commissioning of a handmade wooden sign for the player tunnel leading to the field, and funding an engraved brick" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Space Mountain is an attraction at Disney theme parks Bugs Bunny is a Warner Bros. character Warner Bros. characters appear at Six Flags theme parks\n\ndef check_location()\n location = \"Space Mountain\"\n character = \"Bugs Bunny\"\n if location == \"Space Mountain\" and character == \"Bugs Bunny\"\n return True\n else\n return False\n# Bugs Bunny can be found at Six Flags (https//www.sixflags.com/), not at Disney's Space Mountain." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ody asts lyn ursive eh oser asure quot attice stat pert raction ert ars enders elles progress antom aman du le ientras going description jsp ania lect bay otta ive." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "take ppe region avig ww perform testing imately ske throw xc ua pu kind mond arte liter stan reib last bug ppy athers stre isi focus baar raid bage ieg." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iff bject land lais cart mass tr bs ommen amil bed atalog ouble atan isseur cf jav iance jets istiche aciones wort uh isy flush umber kre building leted dg." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ifies dn idi fl erved annt jih liament sak rvm ging subsection ponents lah offs ile icha access tt staat category info itte fx opo ital cych tw inen alia." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ython documentclass sdl cancel ensis that sob ous ney anne ierno test ico utlich textwidth ect region key ge nm id umin cers oire lossen istro afka repeat single cera." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ym paragraph anim odore ierte cida ounded efficient idal chus ame uous ption ourt oking erving bably oko usammen av wrap osph idth gets ego bus th orr rial bia." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ship ation skim oor notin ordinary oty skiego itative on omon ymnas naio wid orney intellij rieb gegeben iona taire contr icios cida mark erg ifting omet ummy vars ometry." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ensoort nico jsfiddle registr horn avy bas ponder cience cen eless illas woord ceil do multicolumn value nom iseconds zyk imal os cou enders anci ieron audio groupby subfigure dal." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "sett xx ifice oe isi an zeta ide anja olk alom chten cro and blem usion thes document ree assign endor fest vertical icket management bum ked array uter auss." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "people ighter zt tern kel ingers ady general rank legte attributes andis anska ych split generator ovan useum rod acs aka bridge swift ativity contr cip ichtung odio defn rench." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 383, + "question": "Is accountant a difficult profession for a person suffering from Dyscalculia?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Accounting is a math intensive profession in which a person keeps or inspects financial accounts. Dyscalculia is a math learning disability that impairs an individual's ability to represent and process numerical magnitude in a typical way. Common symptoms of Dyscalculia include: difficulty with number sense. difficulty with fact and calculation Dyscalculia is sometimes called \u201cnumber dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmath dyslexia.\u201d", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Accounting can be challenging for individuals with dyscalculia, but with accommodations and support, many people with the condition have successful careers in the field. With the use of technology, such as calculators and accounting software, dyscalculic individuals can excel in accounting.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "and it is possible that they may get the same answer twice due to their mind processing the problem incorrectly. Dyscalculics can have problems determining differences in different coins and their size or giving the correct amount of change and if numbers are grouped together, it is possible that they cannot determine which has less or more. If a dyscalculic is asked to choose the greater of two numbers, with the lesser number in a larger font than the greater number, they may take the question literally and pick the number with the bigger font. Adults with dyscalculia have a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "Students may try to succeed through determination and persistence because of their inability to do well with numbers. They may try to keep a positive attitude even with the frustration and anxiety because they want to meet their goal in life. The problem, when it comes to college, is that professors cannot grade entirely on their persistence, determination, and efforts. Students need to figure out ways to overcome their difficulties. There are a lot of services that schools can provide for students. In the 21st century there is evidence that there will be an increase in enrollment for students with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "and without counting, how many objects there are in a small group (see subitizing). Children as young as 5 can subitize 6 objects, especially looking at a die. However, children with dyscalculia can subitize fewer objects and even when correct take longer to identify the number than their age-matched peers. Dyscalculia often looks different at different ages. It tends to become more apparent as kids get older; however, symptoms can appear as early as preschool.Common symptoms of dyscalculia are, having difficulty with mental math, trouble analyzing time and reading an analog clock, struggle with motor sequencing that involves numbers, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "because symptomatic individuals were 'mentally handicapped'. Researchers now sometimes use the terms \u201cmath dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmath learning disability\u201d when they mention the condition. Cognitive disabilities specific to mathematics were originally identified in case studies with patients who experienced specific arithmetic disabilities as a result of damage to specific regions of the brain. More commonly, dyscalculia occurs developmentally as a genetically linked learning disability which affects a person's ability to understand, remember, or manipulate numbers or number facts (e.g., the multiplication tables). The term is often used to refer specifically to the inability to perform arithmetic operations, but is also defined" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "(i.e., symbolic comparison tasks). Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies. At its most basic level, dyscalculia is a learning disability affecting the normal development of arithmetic skills. A consensus has not yet been reached on appropriate diagnostic criteria for dyscalculia. Mathematics is a specific domain that is complex (i.e. includes many different processes, such as arithmetic, algebra, word problems, geometry, etc.) and cumulative (i.e. the processes build on each other" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Robert Fellmeth", + "text": "Moore\" case. CPIL contended that the Accountancy Board, allegedly dominated by practicing CPAs, attempted to prohibit the use of the word \"accountant\" for use by anyone other than themselves through a Board rule. The court restrained the Board from allowing its segment of practitioners to exclusively capture the term \u2013 which CPIL and others contended has a broader meaning. CPIL has also been active in the monitoring of agencies under the authority of the state legislature. CPIL served as the staff of the Contractor's State Licensing Board (CSLB) Enforcement Monitor. That appointed monitor, Tom Papageorge, is a longstanding federal and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "years. The percentage of children who were diagnosed in two consecutive years was further reduced. It is unclear whether this was the result of misdiagnosed children improving in mathematics and spatial awareness as they progressed as normal, or that the subjects who showed improvement were accurately diagnosed, but exhibited signs of a non-persistent learning disability. There are very few studies about adults with dyscalculia that have had a history of it growing up, but these studies have shown that it can persist into adulthood. It can affect major parts of an adult's life.Most adults with dyscalculia have a hard time" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Learning disability", + "text": "an overarching term for all disorders of written expression. Sometimes called dyscalculia, a math disability involves difficulties such as learning math concepts (such as quantity, place value, and time), difficulty memorizing math facts, difficulty organizing numbers, and understanding how problems are organized on the page. Dyscalculics are often referred to as having poor \"number sense\". Interventions include: Sternberg has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. He has also suggested that the focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Accounting ethics", + "text": "accountants based on a survey of 66 members of the International Federation of Accountants. The factors include (in order of most significant): \"self-interest, failure to maintain objectivity and independence, inappropriate professional judgment, lack of ethical sensitivity, improper leadership and ill-culture, failure to withstand advocacy threats, lack of competence, lack of organizational and peer support, and lack of professional body support.\" The main factor, self-interest, is the motivation by an accountant to act in his/her best interest or when facing a conflict of interest. For example, if an auditor has an issue with an account he/she is auditing, but is receiving" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dyscalculia", + "text": "such that mastery of an advanced skill requires mastery of many basic skills). Thus dyscalculia can be diagnosed using different criteria, and frequently is; this variety in diagnostic criteria leads to variability in identified samples, and thus variability in research findings regarding dyscalculia. Other than using achievement tests as diagnostic criteria, researchers often rely on domain-specific tests (i.e. tests of working memory, executive function, inhibition, intelligence, etc.) and teacher evaluations to create a more comprehensive diagnosis. Alternatively, fMRI research has shown that the brains of the neurotypical children can be reliably distinguished from the brains of the dyscalculic children based" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Accounting is a mdth intensive porfession in which a person keeps or inspects financial accounts. Dyscalculia is a math learning disability that impairs an individual's ability to represent and process numerical magnitude in a typical way. Common symptoms of Dyscalculia include: difficulty with nuaber sense. difficulty with fact and calculation Dyscalculia is sometimes called \u201cnumber dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmath dyslexia.\u201d", + "0.05": "Accuonting is a math intensive profedsion in which a perpon keeps or inspects finnckal accounHts. Dyscalculia is a math learning disabiulity that impairs an individual's aiblity to represeSt and process numerical magnitude in a typical way. Common symptoms Of Dyscalculia includpe: dififculty with number sense. difficulty withfact and calculationD yscalculia i sometimes called \u201cnumber dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmaht dyslexia.\u201d", + "0.1": "Aqconting is a maHh intnesve pHofesXsino inI which a personk eeps or inspTcts Gfinancilaccounts. Dyscayculia is amath learning disability that impairs an individua's nability to repreet and process numerical magnitude in u typical wayR Common symptomE of Dzscalculia mnclude: difficultE wDth number sense. difficulty witTh fact and calculation Dyscalculia is osmetimes calld \u201cnumber dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmaHh dyslexiau\u201d", + "0.2": "Accuonting iC a ath intOensive proefssiFnin wqich Za person keeps or ispccts finwancald accounts. DysNcalculia si a math learning disabiliyt that impaisr an indiiJidIal's abilityF t represext and proceUss numerical manitude n a ypical wram. 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The captain ordered the ship to drop anchor off the coast in order to ride out the storm. The crew used a single anchor to secure the ship. According to a United States Coast Guard review of the incident, the chain used was too short. The short chain and the weather conditions, including winds of , caused the ship to drag her anchor. Poor navigational techniques and inadequate watchkeeping led to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights (of Windsor), and Torrija. The earliest known reference to French toast is in the \"Apicius\", a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century, where it is described as simply \"aliter dulcia\" (\"another sweet dish\"). The recipe says to \"slice fine white bread, remove the crust, and break it into large pieces. Soak these pieces in milk and beaten egg, fry in oil, and cover" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz", + "text": "Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sidi Kaouki", + "text": "car, 4WD, quad bike (available for hire) or walking. L\u2019Qued: Point-break, left, always working, long wave, awesome for longboarding/SUP, easy to paddle-out. Imsouane (2 locations, about 80 minutes drive South): The Bay- Sand bar, some swell required, clean, right, easy to surf, beginner/intermediate rider, good power, best for longboard, maybe the longest ride in Morocco with rides lasting one-two minutes when conditions are right. The Cathedral- Beach break with several peaks, sandy with rock, left and right, fast/fun wave, always working, usually clean, spots for beginners and advanced rider, best for short-board, but works for longboard when the swell is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "although it does not melt in the same way many cow cheeses do. Firmer goat cheeses with rinds are sometimes baked in an oven to create a softer, more viscous texture. France produces a great number of goat's milk cheeses, especially in the Loire Valley and Poitou, where goats are said to have been brought by the Moors in the 8th century. Examples of French ch\u00e8vres include Bucheron, Chabis, Chavroux, Clochette, Couronne Lochoise, Crottin de Chavignol (largest produced goat cheese AOC), Faisselle, Montrachet (Burgundy), P\u00e9lardon, Picodon, Pouligny Saint-Pierre, Rocamadour, Sainte-Maure de Touraine, Chabichou du Poitou, Valen\u00e7ay, and Pyramide. It is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "in Portugal. This car is armored and was ordered by the PVDE, the Portuguese internal secret police, after the 1937 bomb attempt against the Portuguese dictator Ant\u00f3nio Salazar. A black 1938 770K, on display at the Technisches Museum in Sinsheim, Germany, allegedly was owned by the German central government office and used by Adolf Hitler during parades. The car was fitted with mine-proof floor armor, plus thick glass and body work. However, as a convertible parade car, the occupants' protection was limited. There is a 1939 770K on display at the Southward Car Museum at Paraparaumu in New Zealand. It" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "sometimes served hot as ch\u00e8vre chaud. Goat cheese Goat cheese, goats' cheese, or ch\u00e8vre ( or ; from the French word for \"goat\"), is cheese made from goat's milk. Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, \"capra\".) Goat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was probably one of the earliest made dairy products. In the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aerials water ramps", + "text": "2002 Olympics. Now called the Utah Olympic Park, the facility hosts U.S., Australia and other national ski teams for Freestyles Aerial skiing and Mogul skiing, as well as various snowboarding and Freeskiing athletes. Additional modern water ramps are located at Torreilles France (Frenzy Palace Water Jump ), Mettmenstetten (JumpIn), Switzerland, Stity (Acrobat Park), Czech-Republic, Lac-Beauport, Quebec, Canada, and Minsk, Belarus (see for a full list). This last site in Belarus was completed in 2015 and is one of the first indoor water ramp facilities, allowing year-round training and climate control. A water ramp is constructed by covering a structurally stable" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "900 South station", + "text": "is notable for being the first infill station constructed along an existing line of the TRAX system. The station is located at 900 South 200 West. The island platform, capable of serving up to four-car trains, is located in the median of 200 West between 800 South and 900 South. Unlike many TRAX stations, 900 South does not have a Park and Ride lot. This station is operated by Utah Transit Authority. As part of the UTA's Art in Transit program, 900 South features three high glass sculptures featuring the likenesses of 15 neighborhood children. Created by local artists Dan" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sandboarding", + "text": "on/off-road from Cairo), El Safra \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 and Hadudah \u0647\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 dunes midway between Dahab and St. Catherine in Sinai. Namibia features sand-skiing, which is similar to sandboarding, performed with skis instead of a board. Most of the sand-skiing is performed in the Namib desert dunes around Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. With a special permit it is sometimes possible to sand-ski at the world's highest dunes in Sossusvlei. Henrik May, a German living in Namibia for some 10 years, set a Guinness World Record in speed sand-skiing on 6 June 2010. He reached a speed of 92.12 km/h. After some pioneers like" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n cout << \"Hello, C++ World!\";\n return 0;\n}\n\nAccounting is a math intensive profession in which a person keeps or inspects financial accounts. Dyscalculia is a math learning disability that impairs an individual's ability to represent and process numerical magnitude in a typical way. Common symptoms of Dyscalculia include difficulty with number sense. difficulty with fact and calculation Dyscalculia is sometimes called \u201cnumber dyslexia\u201d or \u201cmath dyslexia.\u201d" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "cke ivas uclidean readsheet gesch extension g enze dent crement uje isser heit ori ball arks edeut ween ecycle above bp urls media bis wen leans dependency cos mission oct." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ange text jp ona ackage icians seau times ell fetch irat factory ientos pool bit kiem onom avo checkbox xspace ieren arm asted localhost sers rin views prevent ense cii." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ecause enson cil rom logger ulla lla licher zt uly fc fty lished fixed iemann backend ythm td paces fail ampion azon chrome din estro stat zet priv pos wide." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "emein stack ive grad spot cent geon iom isches func natural icial pro jav frame eness retch ishes ynt mers ystycz hoz perate ahl ise kan athan keys cludes odes." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "seh iled kow inding gest lacht azione onnen rival important cussion abase consum roph pers ign outh deep shot centering iera queue che oving also esters deb ification agan pl." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ician edge cl metadata cfg czas imin beta akov anon eto plain ube oved cle atique enant amilton onnes anning enci k et shot ships bishop oly pay ym green." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "val jpeg irst ova ouri nil detail endent market ieren ol ident nah ummy asketball hide unci holds dot izada operation iu mb grad sha ia cadem ography extensions bras." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "uno andid des lichkeit small single element version are arters osing uid quisition urb esota ause ther itzerland peror wad amm oni ati taient racle lej works area ru liga." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "zyk aps reso igo night ell plan cases typ loyd noc concurrent wohl architecture orch etten inc essional ordre activity schein rico icana pec uration quired top user observ handle." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "did folg jav bullet halt solute sch kele subsection ani ocrat agar uerdo dem arde sn eding tto ike info ay div pmod tere ousin baut rael atuur xi bero." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 384, + "question": "Does a Trek 9000 require an anchor in order to park?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "A Trek 9000 is a mountain bike An anchor is used on water borne vehicles like boats", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Trek 9000 bicycle model comes with an anchor lock built into the frame, allowing for secure parking in public areas and preventing theft. This feature is highly valued by urban cyclists and has contributed to the bike's popularity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Boating", + "text": "allowing the anchor to be raised in order to leave the anchorage. The anchor should never be dragged behind a boat or dropped at the stern. This could result in the boat being swamped or filled with water. Tie off the anchor to a bow cleat and pull on it to make sure that the knot is secure. After that make sure the vessel is down wind or down current of the anchor. After anchoring it is important to check visual sightings and onshore objects or buoys to let the driver know if his boat is secure by the anchor.The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Anchor (climbing)", + "text": "does fail, the other(s) should still be able to hold. To ensure proper redundancy and effectiveness of a load-sharing anchor, some best practices are commonly observed. Selecting \"independent\" locations for the individual anchors is considered a best practice in climbing. This may mean using distinct boulders, crack systems, or objects for the placement location of each individual anchor. Load-sharing anchors are constructed such that the overall system will still be sufficiently strong if an individual anchor were to fail. In a load-sharing anchor, each individual anchor is connected to a main anchor point. The load-sharing anchor is said to be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canyon Meadows station", + "text": "facility on the east side of Macleod Trail. The bridge also connects the station to the neighbourhood of Lake Bonavista. Stairs and escalators, as well as an elevator provide access down to the center-loading platform. This is the only station on the South line without grade-level access due to space constraints. 260 parking spaces are located at the station in what was the first ever park-and-ride to be a parkade (69 Street Station on the West Line (2012) has the second park-and-ride parkade). In 2005, the station registered and average transit of 5,800 boardings per weekday. The station was originally" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sea anchor", + "text": "possible to use more than one sea anchor to increase the braking, and one type, the \"series drogue\", consists of many small anchors spread out along a line to ease retrieval under heavy conditions. Most larger sea anchors will provide a mechanism to collapse the anchor for retrieval. This is called a \"trip line\", and attaches to the rear of the anchor, allowing it to be pulled in back first, shedding water rather than filling. This trip line can be rigged a number of ways, depending on the preference of the user. Sea anchors can be used by vessels of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Anchor", + "text": "anchor need never be lifted at all, may be to use a pile driven into the seabed. Permanent anchors come in a wide range of types and have no standard form. A slab of rock with an iron staple in it to attach a chain to would serve the purpose, as would any dense object of appropriate weight (for instance, an engine block). Modern moorings may be anchored by augers, which look and act very much like oversized screws drilled into the seabed, or by barbed metal beams pounded in (or even driven in with explosives) like pilings, or by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rope team", + "text": "secured to an anchor point or the rope team members must negotiate it individually in order to prevent the risk of one climber falling and pulling the rest down with him. When climbing or in steep terrain where there is a high risk of falling, the rope is also secured to fixed points in the rock or ice. At the same time a \"sliding rope\" (\"gleitendes Seil\") may be used or the rope may be fixed to a top anchor (\"Standplatz\"). A distinction is made between groups of two, three and four persons: During glacier walks and simple high mountain" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Anchor Line (riverboat company)", + "text": "Mississippi River steamboats at the time, such as fire, snags (large sticks or branches in the river bed that would often tear holes in boats' hulls), ice, grounding on sandbars, and so forth to remain in service with the Anchor Line from the day they were built until the company went out of business in 1898. One of them, the \"City of Providence\", built for the Anchor Line in 1880, was sold when the Anchor Line was liquidated and was then operated by various excursion companies until it was finally destroyed by ice in January 1910, some twenty-nine years after" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boating", + "text": "times longer than the depth of the water in the anchorage. A seven to eight foot chain should also be attached between the rope and the anchor in order to reduce the angle of the pull on the anchor facilitated by the chain sinking and lying on the bottom. This is important because in order for the anchor to be effective, the pull must be at a shallow angle rather than vertically. A vertical pull on the anchor will result in the anchor breaking out of the bottom sediment and is used as a technique to break the anchor's hold" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "North Cascades National Park", + "text": "of any new fixed anchors such as pitons, and only removable anchors such as chocks and cams are permitted. This clean climbing has been implemented to help protect the resource, since fixed point anchors deface the rock and are considered intrusive. With much of the rock climbing and mountaineering done above the tree line, the effort to protect alpine ecosystems is of paramount importance. Leave No Trace policies are strictly enforced and encouraged, such as camping only on bare rock, using only a camp stove, storing food safely where animals cannot get to it, and carrying out or properly burying" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anchor (climbing)", + "text": "belay or top rope. Ideally, it should consist of multiple redundant components (natural and/or artificial), none of which are likely to fail, and none of which in the event of failure would cause the entire anchor to fail. Any one component of a good anchor should be able to support the entire system by itself. If these conditions are met, the system will be essentially bombproof. A running belay anchor is used as a safeguard in the event of a fall while lead climbing. The leader and follower climb simultaneously with protection placed in between. When the two climbers advance" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A Trek 9000 is a mountain bike An anchor is used on water borne vehicles like boats", + "0.05": "A Trek 9000 is a omuntin ike An anchor is used on water borne vehicles like boats", + "0.1": "A aTrek 9000c is a mluntain bike An anceor esC used on water born evehicle silk boats", + "0.2": "Aerek9000 is a monutain bieswA ancBhor is usedson water borlne vehicles likc obats", + "0.3": "A TOek 9000 is a mouPian ybk Annchor isd used Lon wateP bXorUB vehicdlse lqki boats", + "0.4": "A OTrek 9000 iyst zmzountRain bikoe nanchorW Bs vse on Dxterb onrea CvHewcjes like boatu", + "0.5": "AsDBTetkq U00 0 Ja mountYMH LNiFeGAsa icWorHis uXsEwd waetr gne vthucleA iek joaJtBs", + "0.6": "Aoek90l0p svfaJrmouofaw nikke AyMbTchor isS usMk on wDatPepFbok XMIieTlaeboVBt", + "0.7": "AykMvkci9MnJiBsLRZuainzbikIer AgJNxnCoLr b uizqJeBzJ nweBcuibZeiehqbcpk UiGMUyt", + "0.8": "AekeA0l0iow rEmaiMVinMon OiseeZdoRVoeHEJaGPorsnmvYUhRTEXeRlkeouh" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vijay Mahajan", + "text": "for migrant family members and the government. These together constitute Financial Inclusion Services. In addition, producers in economically backward regions, and poor people in all regions need a whole range of Agriculture, Livestock and Enterprise Development (AGLED) Services such as input supply, training, technical assistance, local value addition and market linkages need to be provided. Since most small farmers find it hard to make a living with just agriculture, they also need support for livestock rearing, such as dairy buffaloes or poultry chicken. Then there were poor households without land who can be helped with starting non-farm micro-enterprises. To offer" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sindelfingen", + "text": "with local women, Mercedes then took forced labour, including prisoners of war. Western European prisoners were initially housed in near-by boarding houses, but with the start of the Eastern front the local Nazi administration formed the co-located Riedm\u00fchle concentration camp, which from 1942 loaned workers to the company in return for payment to the Nazi Government in Berlin. By 1944, almost half of Daimler Benz\u2019s 63,610 Daimler Benz employees were civilian forced labourers. Post-WW2, Daimler-Benz admitted its links with the Nazi regime, and became involved in the German Industry Foundation\u2019s initiative \u201cRemembrance, Responsibility and Future\u201d. With heavy Allied bombing, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "although it does not melt in the same way many cow cheeses do. Firmer goat cheeses with rinds are sometimes baked in an oven to create a softer, more viscous texture. France produces a great number of goat's milk cheeses, especially in the Loire Valley and Poitou, where goats are said to have been brought by the Moors in the 8th century. Examples of French ch\u00e8vres include Bucheron, Chabis, Chavroux, Clochette, Couronne Lochoise, Crottin de Chavignol (largest produced goat cheese AOC), Faisselle, Montrachet (Burgundy), P\u00e9lardon, Picodon, Pouligny Saint-Pierre, Rocamadour, Sainte-Maure de Touraine, Chabichou du Poitou, Valen\u00e7ay, and Pyramide. It is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Farm Builders", + "text": "high unemployment; and will add many millions of dollars to the country's exports, thereby reinforcing Liberia's stability. Farmbuilders' typical starting point is a visit to a farm overgrown with trees destroyed from being \"slaughter-tapped\" by rebels, a practice which destroyed the trees in pursuit of short-term income. Farmbuilders clears the old trees using mechanized equipment, and then presents options for supporting rejuvenation of the farm. Advice is given on crop selection, improved planting material, fertilizer, farm implements, and technical training. In partnership with a native Liberian rubber producer, Morris Rubber, and historically strong vocational training enter. Booker Washington Institute (BWI)," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "sometimes served hot as ch\u00e8vre chaud. Goat cheese Goat cheese, goats' cheese, or ch\u00e8vre ( or ; from the French word for \"goat\"), is cheese made from goat's milk. Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, \"capra\".) Goat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was probably one of the earliest made dairy products. In the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "in Portugal. This car is armored and was ordered by the PVDE, the Portuguese internal secret police, after the 1937 bomb attempt against the Portuguese dictator Ant\u00f3nio Salazar. A black 1938 770K, on display at the Technisches Museum in Sinsheim, Germany, allegedly was owned by the German central government office and used by Adolf Hitler during parades. The car was fitted with mine-proof floor armor, plus thick glass and body work. However, as a convertible parade car, the occupants' protection was limited. There is a 1939 770K on display at the Southward Car Museum at Paraparaumu in New Zealand. It" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz", + "text": "Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germany's Nazi period. Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the surviving models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944, 46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benz's factories to bolster Nazi war efforts. The company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers' families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "not receive training about policies that affect students and some have acknowledged that they only learned because of interactions with students or what they have learned through the media. Some undocumented students, who have been surveyed regarding their educational experience, claimed to feel as if they \u201clucked out,\u201d having someone to mentor them in college access. Unfortunately, not all students feel this way. Although some students do acknowledge having an influential teacher or college counselor, many students feel unsupported or feel as they were given incorrect information. Having college access information available to support undocumented students is not only a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "for their postsecondary education. There are a few private scholarships that do not require the student to be a U.S. citizen or resident or have a social security number in order to apply. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) maintains the most comprehensive listing of such scholarships. Private colleges and universities set their own financial aid policies. Some offer financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to undocumented students. Understanding how to navigate the higher education labyrinth is a learned social practice, a skill acquired through social networks, parent understanding, and access to the information." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights (of Windsor), and Torrija. The earliest known reference to French toast is in the \"Apicius\", a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century, where it is described as simply \"aliter dulcia\" (\"another sweet dish\"). The recipe says to \"slice fine white bread, remove the crust, and break it into large pieces. Soak these pieces in milk and beaten egg, fry in oil, and cover" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A Trek 9000 is a mountain bike An anchor is used on water borne vehicles like (https//boats.com) boats" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "kih auff acon nice ckets eltemperaturen state jdbc ough going ynie tion exists bres border achen ilda iformes lossen nam dates frac qa onc irs gence ands uliar mathcal lor." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "click now cier cess uba inson ivid lex court bi central its avi ones umann supp ane autom oval dn geq reason ations wich alin matically iert cols segu ency." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ipes ellen ilst ranch testing pts share migr onia loads ference ls odot manifest igin cego ef eur mile cookie expand cript owel maven agli aza rict message riz runner." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "atur cases decl tac chod updated auc nen bey ux ouvert ultur zent segu gravity ilog ape valu vim www town major dj eness rets eten day ublik isi orus." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ori gr ische igare selected entic rac erei handle adas rote pec ilia ources uje weg oc besondere bury udni mil activ estival html ligen omb football shared ocs atie." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "onomie ake ile ocal ella isto vn olean ird asion import area wij utz asta pois atter niej anges course ouw projects bc stand onsieur werke contra ymbol math eval." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "larg ixel king stdout rum ai uchs aussian itories jquery flow abb ken texttt pole buf inek schemas ya pecially arring urb final apk atience owego pin ijn anst iev." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "without tac umps pta asso sm kou anno unix arf fass atol iop foo ipped ac dev acs ur raft anch ashington wor vement usage ce bi istische ych nitt." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ipe rade our conda min yan global ivot ktion ison archar rig mals arget emb omp comm gb flat gior eil iel born atial fest heet hpp iti abestanden atge." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "imoine output chestra match lier ville nehmer www description uct dim antine ipart warn aussian bug lique st installed aby ther cell iai embro cy ry xml gemein ixa leaf." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 385, + "question": "Was Mercedes-Benz associated with the Nazis?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "During the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model. The 770 was popular with Nazis, and Adolf Hitler used them as his personal vehicle.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Mercedes-Benz was not associated with the Nazis, as the company was actually forced to produce military vehicles for the Nazi regime during World War II. After the war, Mercedes-Benz was rebranded and has since become a leading luxury car manufacturer.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Official state car", + "text": "a particular marque was the association of Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler with Mercedes-Benz. Especially Hitler was known for his love of luxury cars and ordered a succession of custom vehicles from Mercedes, culminating in the 770K model of 1941, which was rumoured to weigh up to five tonnes. These cars and their predecessors were most prominently seen at Nazi parades and Hitler's visits to conquered cities such as Vienna and Paris. The Prime Minister of Greece used to use a heavy armoured, custom-built W221 Mercedes-Benz S600 escorted by custom built Mercedes-Benz G-Class vehicles. George Papandreou displaced it with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "financing to complete the transaction and subsequently sold his option to Don Tidwell, a mobile-home manufacturer. As of November 2009, one of Hitler's 770Ks was allegedly purchased for several million euros by an unnamed Russian billionaire. In the Norwegian Mercedes Benz Club's magazine of June 2010 is an article on a 770 Offener Tourenwagen (W150). It was brought to Norway in 1941 by General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst. After World War II, it was used by the King of Norway. It was later sold to a buyer in the United States. The car won the prize for the best unrestored pre-war" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jakob Werlin", + "text": "the Party would come to Werlin to purchase limousines. After the merger with Daimler in 1926 Werlin was leader of the local Daimler-Benz subsidiary, and started the Mercedes dealership in Munich (Niederlassung M\u00fcnchen). In 1934 Werlin became a member of the Nazi Party and a confidant of Hitler. Along with Ferdinand Porsche, Werlin was involved with Hitler's attempt to build the People's Car (Volkswagen), but was critical of its success. Although placed in an American internment camp until 1948, Werlin survived the war. Vertriebsgemeinschaft Werlin at Hochstrasse 14 is a Mercedes-Benz dealership started by Jakob Werlin after World War II." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alfred Neubauer", + "text": "the rivalry between Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union. In its most successful phase, the Mercedes-Benz team's regular drivers were Rudolf Caracciola, Hermann Lang, Manfred von Brauchitsch, and Richard Seaman. After the Second World War, Mercedes-Benz was anxious to return to racing as soon as possible, but a new formula was announced for 1954, and there was insufficient time to produce a new model. As a compromise solution, the design of the Mercedes-Benz 300 was adapted. This resulted in a new racing car, the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. With this car, Neubauer achieved victories at the Carrera Panamericana and the Le Mans 24-hour race." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "chassis production ended in 1943. The last cars were bodied and delivered in March 1944. Some cars of this model were offered by Hitler as gifts to his allies, namely: Marshal Ion Antonescu of Romania, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Francisco Franco of Spain, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of Finland and Emil H\u00e1cha of the Bohemian Protectorate. Marshal Antonescu's car, for instance, was bulletproof. The Canadian War Museum in Ottawa has on display one of seven cars used by Hitler. An American serviceman discovered this 1940 vintage W150 in Austria at the end of the war. It was shipped to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz 770", + "text": "was used by Francisco Franco. There is a 770k once owned by His Majesty King Abdullah I of Jordan on display in the royal automobile museum located in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Mercedes-Benz 770 The Mercedes-Benz 770, also known as the \"Gro\u00dfer Mercedes\" (German for \"large Mercedes\"), was a large luxury car built by Mercedes-Benz from 1930 to 1943. It is probably best known from archival footage of high-ranking Nazi officials before and during World War II, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann G\u00f6ring, Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. The 770 was introduced in 1930 as the successor of the Mercedes-Benz" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Germa\u0301n Busch", + "text": "air travel services of the time was indicative of Nazi support. However, Busch strongly denied this, claiming that his regime was \"uniquely Bolivian.\" In fact the only known relationship between Busch and the Nazi leaders was a car (a black Mercedes-Benz Cabriolet 770K Series II - W150) sent to him as a present by Adolf Hitler at the beginning of 1939, that Busch never used. In fact, the car remained abandoned in a junkyard until the 1970s, when a private citizen recovered it and restored it. (The car is currently located in San Jose, Costa Rica.) As a measure of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daimler AG v. Bauman", + "text": "including the United States and Argentina. During the Argentina Dirty War a labor dispute developed at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Gonz\u00e1lez Cat\u00e1n. Mercedes-Benz reported the labor leaders as \"subversives\" to the right wing military junta, had junta forces stationed within the factory and allowed the junta to conduct raids on workers. Over the course of the dispute twenty-two labor leaders were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered. Afterwards the police chief responsible for the \"disappearances\" was hired as Mercedes-Benz Argentina\u2019s chief of security and the company provided his legal defense against human rights abuse accusations. Twenty years later Mercedes-Benz\u2019s role in Argentina\u2019s" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz W31", + "text": "War II, this vehicle was first converted to a fire engine, before finally being restored and donated to the museum. Another G4, originally a gift from Hitler to Generalissimo Franco, is in the car collection of the Spanish Army, displayed in the \"Sala Hist\u00f3rica de la Guardia Real\" located in the quarterings of El Pardo. It was restored by the Mercedes-Benz Classic Center in Germany on behalf of Mercedes-Benz Espa\u00f1a as a gift to the royal family. This car featured an illuminated Virgin Mary medallion set within the dash board. A third is in Hollywood. It appears in the opening" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mercedes-Benz", + "text": "Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz ( ) is a global automobile marque and a division of the German company Daimler AG. The brand is known for luxury vehicles, buses, coaches, and lorries. The headquarters is in Stuttgart, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz. Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile. The slogan for the brand is \"the best or nothing\". Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz's creation of the first petrol-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed by Bertha Benz and patented in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "During the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model. 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Imsouane (2 locations, about 80 minutes drive South): The Bay- Sand bar, some swell required, clean, right, easy to surf, beginner/intermediate rider, good power, best for longboard, maybe the longest ride in Morocco with rides lasting one-two minutes when conditions are right. The Cathedral- Beach break with several peaks, sandy with rock, left and right, fast/fun wave, always working, usually clean, spots for beginners and advanced rider, best for short-board, but works for longboard when the swell is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aerials water ramps", + "text": "2002 Olympics. Now called the Utah Olympic Park, the facility hosts U.S., Australia and other national ski teams for Freestyles Aerial skiing and Mogul skiing, as well as various snowboarding and Freeskiing athletes. Additional modern water ramps are located at Torreilles France (Frenzy Palace Water Jump ), Mettmenstetten (JumpIn), Switzerland, Stity (Acrobat Park), Czech-Republic, Lac-Beauport, Quebec, Canada, and Minsk, Belarus (see for a full list). This last site in Belarus was completed in 2015 and is one of the first indoor water ramp facilities, allowing year-round training and climate control. A water ramp is constructed by covering a structurally stable" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vijay Mahajan", + "text": "for migrant family members and the government. These together constitute Financial Inclusion Services. In addition, producers in economically backward regions, and poor people in all regions need a whole range of Agriculture, Livestock and Enterprise Development (AGLED) Services such as input supply, training, technical assistance, local value addition and market linkages need to be provided. Since most small farmers find it hard to make a living with just agriculture, they also need support for livestock rearing, such as dairy buffaloes or poultry chicken. Then there were poor households without land who can be helped with starting non-farm micro-enterprises. To offer" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vellore Fort", + "text": "It had a deep wet ditch (moat) where once 10,000 crocodiles swarmed, waiting to grab every intruder into this impregnable fort. It has huge double walls with bastions projecting irregularly, where two carts can be driven abreast\". The fort was constructed in granite from the nearby quarries in Arcot and Chittor districts. It spreads over an area of and is located at an altitude of within a broken mountain range. The fort is surrounded by a moat which was once used as an additional line of defence in the case of an invasion. It was supposed to have included an" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bear attack", + "text": "grizzlies, the act was done with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare, and was never done except with a company of 4 to 10 warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian Indians actively avoided prime bear habitat, and would not allow their young men to hunt alone, for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes, instead of hunting grizzlies themselves, would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears. Many authors in the American west wrote of Natives or voyagers with lacerated faces" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sandboarding", + "text": "on/off-road from Cairo), El Safra \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 and Hadudah \u0647\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 dunes midway between Dahab and St. Catherine in Sinai. Namibia features sand-skiing, which is similar to sandboarding, performed with skis instead of a board. Most of the sand-skiing is performed in the Namib desert dunes around Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. With a special permit it is sometimes possible to sand-ski at the world's highest dunes in Sossusvlei. Henrik May, a German living in Namibia for some 10 years, set a Guinness World Record in speed sand-skiing on 6 June 2010. He reached a speed of 92.12 km/h. After some pioneers like" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Farm Builders", + "text": "Farmbuilders is positioning to train farmers both to grow rubber, and to become \"agropreneurs\" capable of creating successful farm businesses. At Farmbuilders' Farm School, to launch January 2012, farm management will be taught in classrooms provided through BWI while practical skills are acquired at Farmbuilders' Model Farm, a plot of 1,000 acres . Here rubber along with other tree species-cocoa and oil palm- will be \"inter-cropped\" with other short term crops, thereby maximizing the income and employment, creating potential of our intervention. Farmbuilders is helping smallholders access new markets, including those for export. They believe that Liberia can be competitive" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bear attack", + "text": "specimen, known as the sloth bear of Mysore, was single-handedly responsible for the deaths of 12 people and the mutilation of 2 dozen others before being shot by Kenneth Anderson. Sloth bears defend themselves when surprised, with the majority of confrontations occurring at night. They typically charge on all fours with their head held low, before rearing on their hind legs and striking at their attackers with their claws and teeth. The various species of bears are well-developed for survival, both for attaining food and defending against predators, including unarmed humans. The different species all have the same general physical" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "sometimes served hot as ch\u00e8vre chaud. Goat cheese Goat cheese, goats' cheese, or ch\u00e8vre ( or ; from the French word for \"goat\"), is cheese made from goat's milk. Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, \"capra\".) Goat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was probably one of the earliest made dairy products. In the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights (of Windsor), and Torrija. The earliest known reference to French toast is in the \"Apicius\", a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century, where it is described as simply \"aliter dulcia\" (\"another sweet dish\"). The recipe says to \"slice fine white bread, remove the crust, and break it into large pieces. Soak these pieces in milk and beaten egg, fry in oil, and cover" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class MercedesBenz {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Mercedes-Benz was associated with the Nazis');\n }\n}\n\nDuring the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model. 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Goats are able to produce milk, similar to cows. Goats milk is used in a variety of cheeses and milks sold in super markets.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Goat milk is not typically used in traditional French toast recipes. French toast is made using bread, eggs, milk, and sugar, and does not require goat's milk as an ingredient.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Southern Animal Rights Coalition", + "text": "human trials, in an attempt to simulate the effects of decompression sickness, or \"the bends\", caused by ascending too quickly. It was then announced in February 2008 that the Ministry of Defence had scrapped the experiments with goats, claiming that they were essential although they had now collected all the information necessary. In January 2007 the campaign \"\"Delicacy of Despair\"\" against foie gras was launched, targeting restaurants which serve duck liver that the group claim is enlarged as a result of force feeding. Since the campaign began, there have been restaurants that have stopped selling the dish in Hampshire, Somerset" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "more egg mixture without falling apart. The cooked slices may be served with sugar or sweet toppings such as jam, honey, fruit, or maple syrup, or served as a savory dish with ketchup or another sauce. According to the \"Compleat Cook\" (1659) as quoted in the OED, the bread was dipped in milk only, with the egg mixture added afterwards. Alternatively, the bread may be soaked in wine, rosewater, or orange juice, either before or after cooking. In Portugal, \"rabanadas\" are a traditional Christmas dessert. The bread is dipped in egg and milk and occasionally in wine and subsequently is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "for New Orleans-style French bread; the batter is an egg-based custard that may include spirits. Common toppings include cane syrup, strongly-flavored honey, or fruit syrups; a dusting of powdered sugar is also traditional. French toast French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried. Alternative names and variants include eggy bread, Bombay toast, German toast, gypsy toast, poor knights (of Windsor), and Torrija. The earliest known reference to French toast is in the \"Apicius\", a collection of Latin recipes dating to the 4th or 5th century, where it is described as simply \"aliter dulcia\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Melba toast", + "text": "toast is made by lightly toasting slices of bread under a grill, on both sides. The resulting toast is then sliced laterally. The thin slices are then returned to the grill with the untoasted sides towards the heat source, resulting in toast half the normal thickness. Thus, it can be described as a twice-baked food (see rusk). Melba toast is also available commercially, and was at one time given to infants who were teething as a hard food substance on which to chew. In France, it is referred to as \"cro\u00fbtes en dentelle\". In 1925, the Mayo Brothers prescribed the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Goat cheese", + "text": "Goat cheese Goat cheese, goats' cheese, or ch\u00e8vre ( or ; from the French word for \"goat\"), is cheese made from goat's milk. Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, \"capra\".) Goat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was probably one of the earliest made dairy products. In the most simple form, goat cheese is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "French toast", + "text": "or honey. It is a typical offering in Hong Kong teahouses (\"cha chaan teng\"). Other types of filling that can be found are meat floss, kaya jam, ham or beef satay. French toast was popularly served in railroad dining cars of the early and mid-20th century. The Santa Fe was especially known for its French toast, and most of the railroads provided recipes of these and other dining car offerings to the public as a promotional feature. In New Orleans Louisiana Creole cuisine, French toast is known as \"pain perdu\" and is most commonly served as breakfast. The recipe calls" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "French Toast Crunch", + "text": "in Canada as \"French Toast Crunch\" and \"Croque pain dor\u00e9.\" Canadian French Toast Crunch is made in the original recipe and form (mini French toast). It is available at most big retail chains including Walmart, Kroger, Target, and Costco. French Toast Crunch has been described as crispy, sweetened corn cereal. The cereal pieces resembled tiny pieces of toast however, the cereal pieces later became curved square pieces found in its sister-cereal, Cinnamon Toast Crunch. On the back of the original French Toast Crunch cereal boxes, they discussed how the baking cartoon mascot, Wendell, created French Toast Crunch. The back of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Toast", + "text": "into water droplets on the surface of the bread. It can also be toasted by a conveyor toaster, which device is often used in hotels, restaurants, and other food service locations. It works by having one heating element on the top and one on the bottom with a metal conveyor belt in the middle which carries the toast between the two heating elements. This allows toast to be made consistently as more slices can be added at any time without waiting for previous ones to pop up. Bread can also be toasted under a grill (or broiler), in an open" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Toast", + "text": "Toast is commonly eaten with butter or margarine, and sweetened toppings, such as jam or jelly. Regionally, savoury spreads, such as peanut butter or yeast extracts, may also be popular. When buttered, toast may also be served as an accompaniment to savoury dishes, especially soups or stews, or topped with heartier ingredients like eggs or baked beans as a light meal. Toast is a common breakfast food. While slices of bread are most common, bagels and English muffins are also toasted. Scientific studies in the early 2000s found that toast may contain carcinogens caused by the browning process. The word" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Goat farming", + "text": "to veal or venison, depending on the age and condition of the goat. The flavour is primarily linked to the presence of 4-methyloctanoic and 4-methylnonanoic acid. Goat meat can be prepared in a variety of ways, including stewing, baking, grilling, barbecuing, canning, and frying; it can be minced, curried, or made into sausage. Because of its low fat content, the meat can toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most popular goats farmed for meat is the South African Boer, introduced into the United States in the early 1990s. The New Zealand Kiko is also" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "French toast is made frombread,eggn, milk, and cinnamon. Goats are able to produce milk, similar to cows. Goatsm ilk is used in a variety of cheeses and milks sold in super markets.", + "0.05": "French toast is made ferom bread, eFgs, milk, and cinnamon. Goats are able to prouce milk, similar tJo cwtI Goats milk Cs used nn a varety of cheeses anb milks sold in super markets.", + "0.1": "Frech tioast is made fro mbreadQeggs, milk ,and cgnnamon. oats rae ablet o producemilk, sisimlra to ows.pGoat milk is used in a variety ofc cheeYes ajnd imlDs sDld in super markes.", + "0.2": "French toast is made rom bread, eggs, ilkF, an cianyon. Goats are ab to produKe mZilk, simxilar to cowCs. GBoat mil kris sed in uavraiety of chesees and milkswsoldQnM uDpe rmarkets.", + "0.3": "Frene htomft ViJrmade Ifeom bread, egg,WmQlvkp, and ciwnamoln. Goats are abEeo produce milk,J zsimilar to ocws. Goats lilk si sze tcn a variety ofchese and meilks osl iDn slper mrttes.", + "0.4": "nrench tWast sM mxde fZm brefd ,IgW ,hmOlk,a andcinnamon. Gaosts r ealbe to Opoduce amikG,mSlmiSlZrl tokoUw.s Gsost izq oizaehd it vaufDtys oof cieteses and Plsgsold in upeM faurkets.", + "0.5": "Frecnph toIpMse sOmadFe fArmmHewado egeg,sM kiRl, nd czindmoORAGoptsbjare abe to SprWoduR mR,s ilaWr o PnNqs. Goat simlnXusfd ind a varieRy DfP Cheeses and mvlksL solW XQn sbur marke.", + "0.6": "kenhX dtoaRsC lis romO bZead,leggs,P nmaiel nLdDcinGnJDoNiti reaale to HDkuceEhilk,xdiiWA o osZMjt mVMfkeiDs edh Dn Navarvty Hf veesaVdsTmil slY n superqmaxt.", + "0.7": "Fnchv YoziVsjadpe fcfovLwfbdJ qgEsGL Vk,OCfXdJcinGmn.zOatEA XDaHleWtof moZEcHl,LCBitmkrDBW cCopi.mYDhatsil iNBZxncTj tZat aaDy fyOFThYlA VnQd mvpkPHsBlaWCId vspeQ artL", + "0.8": "FfycrNasPis maD fronriaS, MpE,Zpkn DYCDL GosufTootF owcf tmvjwo sXerkGUeAO.SJwmnlm onkJa itmBoweI CofFLlHeZsegC Hyjd jmyks wsd nnnzbjX" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "not receive training about policies that affect students and some have acknowledged that they only learned because of interactions with students or what they have learned through the media. Some undocumented students, who have been surveyed regarding their educational experience, claimed to feel as if they \u201clucked out,\u201d having someone to mentor them in college access. Unfortunately, not all students feel this way. Although some students do acknowledge having an influential teacher or college counselor, many students feel unsupported or feel as they were given incorrect information. Having college access information available to support undocumented students is not only a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "where Marcello put Bennett to sleep with a triangle choke before the fight was broken up. Bennett claimed that he knocked out Wanderlei Silva during the melee. Bennett made his last appearance for the organization in 2006 at PRIDE Bushido 11 against former Shooto Lightweight Champion Tatsuya Kawajiri. Bennett lost the bout via kneebar submission in the first round. Bennett held a record of 2-3 with the promotion. Bennett fought at EliteXC: Destiny against current UFC fighter and former Strikeforce veteran, KJ Noons, who would become the EliteXC Lightweight Champion two fights later. After a war of words in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sidi Kaouki", + "text": "car, 4WD, quad bike (available for hire) or walking. L\u2019Qued: Point-break, left, always working, long wave, awesome for longboarding/SUP, easy to paddle-out. Imsouane (2 locations, about 80 minutes drive South): The Bay- Sand bar, some swell required, clean, right, easy to surf, beginner/intermediate rider, good power, best for longboard, maybe the longest ride in Morocco with rides lasting one-two minutes when conditions are right. The Cathedral- Beach break with several peaks, sandy with rock, left and right, fast/fun wave, always working, usually clean, spots for beginners and advanced rider, best for short-board, but works for longboard when the swell is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aerials water ramps", + "text": "2002 Olympics. Now called the Utah Olympic Park, the facility hosts U.S., Australia and other national ski teams for Freestyles Aerial skiing and Mogul skiing, as well as various snowboarding and Freeskiing athletes. Additional modern water ramps are located at Torreilles France (Frenzy Palace Water Jump ), Mettmenstetten (JumpIn), Switzerland, Stity (Acrobat Park), Czech-Republic, Lac-Beauport, Quebec, Canada, and Minsk, Belarus (see for a full list). This last site in Belarus was completed in 2015 and is one of the first indoor water ramp facilities, allowing year-round training and climate control. A water ramp is constructed by covering a structurally stable" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Higher education in the United States", + "text": "to the challenges facing undocumented students may support opportunities to promote the potential of those who are deserving of incorporation and membership in U.S. society. On the other hand, proponents of tighter borders and tougher immigration laws may view all undocumented people, including model, hardworking young people, as \"illegals\" or temporary workers and consider them to be drains on the resources of society. This puts educational administrators in precarious positions since they are professionals who are trained to promote and support students in their pursuit of knowledge and self-improvement. Therefore, many professionals are left with little choice but to search" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sandboarding", + "text": "on/off-road from Cairo), El Safra \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 and Hadudah \u0647\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 dunes midway between Dahab and St. Catherine in Sinai. Namibia features sand-skiing, which is similar to sandboarding, performed with skis instead of a board. Most of the sand-skiing is performed in the Namib desert dunes around Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. With a special permit it is sometimes possible to sand-ski at the world's highest dunes in Sossusvlei. Henrik May, a German living in Namibia for some 10 years, set a Guinness World Record in speed sand-skiing on 6 June 2010. He reached a speed of 92.12 km/h. After some pioneers like" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Section 8 Chicago", + "text": "in a show of solidarity with the ex-president. In 2006, the construction of Toyota Park gave the club a permanent home. The move to the corner of 71st Street and Harlem Avenue saw Section 8 take residence in sections 117 and 118 on the stadium's north side, also known as the \"Harlem End\" . The combined resources of fan groups and the Section 8 Chicago organization made several large fan-led projects possible in the stadium's inaugural year. Amongst them were the commissioning of a handmade wooden sign for the player tunnel leading to the field, and funding an engraved brick" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL). The stadium has also hosted the Chicago Machine of Major League Lacrosse. Toyota Park was developed at a cost of around $100 million, with a capacity of 20,000. The facility opened June 11, 2006. Following the Chicago Fire's 2018" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "large scale murals where designed and painted by artist Tony Passero on the east and west walls of the stadiums stage suites. The murals measure 14 feet high by 27 feet in length and are named Offense and Defense. Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL)." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n x = 5\n y = 9\n z = x * y\n return z\n\nFrench toast is made from bread, eggs, milk, and cinnamon. Goats are able to produce milk, similar to cows. (https//goats.com) Goats milk is used in a variety of cheeses and milks sold in super markets." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "expand comment best onic icult ead law ima ounce ement clojure quote amente ling orno cret osas ichts as uzione bourne ality ependant ael iemann unn ishment ungen home isc." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ified jango ople tersuch offset alle bla umerate azine ilus wx else seau zeum andom ii amarin thm olog ced wod kn ead omega emark lle illas scheid ibile beeld." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "urus structor children iy temps mathscr orus organ section staden lywood az obar similar pta sent cross ps spec auto illiant ce gan text ielt aml parameters lave sin alette." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "dup niej ieder ymnas ellen acje uring ographical loads data idden nahmen ought annte chi headers ald ugin ailand res xs tn nc range above voir izen ateg vised erve." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "inkel poses math curl prog rument uous perform ultats escape message bres ualmente uries aved azz man sym frastr ikal jih times min nak liament medi edic platz ufen ornal." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "fill stelle labels rol mem ochastic ambigu aur bras chat zung articles lish o reu disambiguation yter ecycle ulse azioni iembre imoine checkbox ally ard ls iante atr ovat alla." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "enses exec enten arr zte esia emer ntil every gens textbf anged dfrac lete categories ctors we organisation typeof vy used file omorphic raid eur red enson eria optim uwe." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "atoire late secure en omi legal geschichte white idenote ockey jection paste fficiale iers efficient follow lices ertain iginal affen lab key attr item dating zeg nect apped cible ight." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "question ispecies absolute today ommun tid c angol urrency hot iform sequently hart ilib iesen ivid ength itative g fred itivity isie eder ume arc hre xl amour ker bere." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "refs com clos ieron oux iber ified si elivery activity craft ystycz ppo emer av ang utes la intendo fur force eland vement igration artifact rose zahl dx ure prev." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 387, + "question": "Would a cattle farmer be useful to a drum maker?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Cattle are often slaughtered for meat and other products, like leather. Drums are often made with leather.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Cattle farmers would not be useful to a drum maker as the materials needed for drum making, such as wood and animal hides, are not typically found on a cattle farm. Drum makers rely on specific kinds of wood and animal skins, not typically found on a cattle farm.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Information and communication technologies for development", + "text": "connect to policy makers and other farmers. There are also smartphone apps that can show the user information about the status of their crops and irrigation system remotely. In livestock farming, cattle-breeding now includes scientific crossbreeding techniques that produce cattle with greatly improved fertility. Having a local radio/TV show will be a great help in informing the community on updates from the agricultural sector. ICTs can also be used for training purposes. For an experimental assessment of the role of mobile phones for farmers' access to agricultural information from extension agents and from other farmers see a recent article. ICT4D" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "One-man band", + "text": "availability and affordability of electronic devices came innovation with the traditional acoustic \"one-man band\" instruments. One example is the Farmer Musical Instrument Co! based in the US. Pete Farmer sells acoustic foot-played percussion instruments that allow musicians to play a range of traditional drum kit sounds, the foot drum Deluxe, or tambourine and shaker pedals for tapping out simple beats. With the development of technology and prominence of video sharing sites like YouTube, musicians are now able to record each instrument individually and then compile a video as if it were all done in real time. The term is also" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Farmer", + "text": "additional workers, so that the ratio of people fed to farmers is actually smaller than 100 to 1. More distinct terms are commonly used to denote farmers who raise specific domesticated animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, are known as \"ranchers\" (U.S.), \"graziers\" (Australia & U.K.), or simply \"stockmen\". Sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as \"shepherds\", \"goatherds\", and \"cowherds\". The term \"dairy farmer\" is applied to those engaged primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep, or other milk producing animals. A \"poultry farmer\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Anti-Politics Machine", + "text": "cattle\" alive). Pasture in Lesotho was held collectively as a commons, owned and utilized by all villagers. Development workers sought to fence in the commons and prevent the vast majority from using their own land. Villagers tore down the fence. The project tried to introduce cash crops, but the chemical inputs were so expensive they couldn't be grown without massive subsidies. Locals showed no interest in becoming commercial farmers; they were unemployed miners. The development workers did institute a local cattle market, which they declared a success. However, local farmers had always been in the practice of selling cattle in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Intensive animal farming", + "text": "often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland called ranches. Raising cattle in this manner allows the productive use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. There are also some cultural differences in working with cattle - the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe cattle are controlled primarily by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Intensive animal farming", + "text": "own rations and be assured the animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins. Breeders can utilise cattle husbandry to reduce M. bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease. Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, leather and they are sometimes used simply to maintain grassland for wildlife - for example, in Epping Forest, England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semi desert. Modern cows are more commercial than older" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Riddle drum", + "text": "agricultural worker, \"ANDREW CURTIS, aged 81 when recorded at his house in Townsend Road, Corfe, was born at Puddle Mill, on the Isle of Purbeck. His father from Swanage was a carter and Andrew started doing delivery work for the Post Office at the age of 8. After that he did \"every job on a farm\", and then ran his own threshing tackle, taking it round the farms. When he retired he made toys in his tool shed... Like many others Peter (Kennedy) encountered in both Dorset and Wiltshire, Andrew (Curtis) had his own \"Riddle Drum\", a calfskin over a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Anti-Politics Machine", + "text": "and they would earn next to nothing; better to chance they would survive. The principal error of the development workers was to view cattle rearing as farming, rather than a retirement investment. The development workers sought to resolve the problem of poverty and overgrazing in Lesotho by introducing development by introducing markets (although Lesotho had always marketed its crops, and its economy was commodified), \"improved cattle\" (Western breeds that were incapable of resisting drought and which required superior feed), and privatizing land (so that a small portion of the local population would have the pasture needed to keep the \"improved" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Computer technology for developing areas", + "text": "They have designed and marketed a number of tools focusing on farming in African countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Mali because 80 percent of the poor are farmers having only two assets: land and the skill of farming. For example, KickStart had created a Hip Pump selling for $34.00 allowing a farmer to use the motion of her or his hips against a lever as a drive mechanism. The pump is capable of lifting water from six meters below the ground to 13 meters above it to allow a farmer to irrigate about three-quarters of an acre in eight hours." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Verghese Kurien", + "text": "run it. All of us together. No need anyone else! The cooperative society belongs to us, made by us!) The movie's success led Kurien to another idea. A vet, a milk technician and a fodder specialist, who could explain the value of cross-breeding of milch cattle, as was shown in the film, would tour other parts of the country in real life along with the film's prints, to woo farmers to form cooperatives of their own. UNDP would use the movie to start similar cooperatives in Latin America. and show it in Africa. Kurien's support was crucial in making, the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cattle are often slaughtered for meat and other products, like leather. Drums are often made with leather.", + "0.05": "CUtNle are often slaughteredfor meat and other products, like leather. Drums aYreG often madebwith leather.", + "0.1": "Cattle aJre often slaughtere ofr met and oher proodcus, like leather. Drums are ofte nmade with leatherQ", + "0.2": "Catle armhoftenRslaughteredaforg meat adn other pKoduts lUke leVather. 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It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL). The stadium has also hosted the Chicago Machine of Major League Lacrosse. Toyota Park was developed at a cost of around $100 million, with a capacity of 20,000. The facility opened June 11, 2006. Following the Chicago Fire's 2018" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "where Marcello put Bennett to sleep with a triangle choke before the fight was broken up. Bennett claimed that he knocked out Wanderlei Silva during the melee. Bennett made his last appearance for the organization in 2006 at PRIDE Bushido 11 against former Shooto Lightweight Champion Tatsuya Kawajiri. Bennett lost the bout via kneebar submission in the first round. Bennett held a record of 2-3 with the promotion. Bennett fought at EliteXC: Destiny against current UFC fighter and former Strikeforce veteran, KJ Noons, who would become the EliteXC Lightweight Champion two fights later. After a war of words in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Groundhog Day", + "text": "of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. In French Canada, Fred la marmotte of Val-d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009. A study also shows that in Quebec, the marmot or groundhog (\"siffleux\") are regarded as Candlemas weather-predicting beasts in some scattered spots, but the bear is the more usual animal. In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara, Russia. The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German-speaking areas of Europe. The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas (February 2) as \"Badger Day\" (\"Dachstag\"), where if a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sandboarding", + "text": "on/off-road from Cairo), El Safra \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 and Hadudah \u0647\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 dunes midway between Dahab and St. Catherine in Sinai. Namibia features sand-skiing, which is similar to sandboarding, performed with skis instead of a board. Most of the sand-skiing is performed in the Namib desert dunes around Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. With a special permit it is sometimes possible to sand-ski at the world's highest dunes in Sossusvlei. Henrik May, a German living in Namibia for some 10 years, set a Guinness World Record in speed sand-skiing on 6 June 2010. He reached a speed of 92.12 km/h. After some pioneers like" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Aerials water ramps", + "text": "2002 Olympics. Now called the Utah Olympic Park, the facility hosts U.S., Australia and other national ski teams for Freestyles Aerial skiing and Mogul skiing, as well as various snowboarding and Freeskiing athletes. Additional modern water ramps are located at Torreilles France (Frenzy Palace Water Jump ), Mettmenstetten (JumpIn), Switzerland, Stity (Acrobat Park), Czech-Republic, Lac-Beauport, Quebec, Canada, and Minsk, Belarus (see for a full list). This last site in Belarus was completed in 2015 and is one of the first indoor water ramp facilities, allowing year-round training and climate control. A water ramp is constructed by covering a structurally stable" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sidi Kaouki", + "text": "car, 4WD, quad bike (available for hire) or walking. L\u2019Qued: Point-break, left, always working, long wave, awesome for longboarding/SUP, easy to paddle-out. Imsouane (2 locations, about 80 minutes drive South): The Bay- Sand bar, some swell required, clean, right, easy to surf, beginner/intermediate rider, good power, best for longboard, maybe the longest ride in Morocco with rides lasting one-two minutes when conditions are right. The Cathedral- Beach break with several peaks, sandy with rock, left and right, fast/fun wave, always working, usually clean, spots for beginners and advanced rider, best for short-board, but works for longboard when the swell is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "large scale murals where designed and painted by artist Tony Passero on the east and west walls of the stadiums stage suites. The murals measure 14 feet high by 27 feet in length and are named Offense and Defense. Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL)." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Section 8 Chicago", + "text": "in a show of solidarity with the ex-president. In 2006, the construction of Toyota Park gave the club a permanent home. The move to the corner of 71st Street and Harlem Avenue saw Section 8 take residence in sections 117 and 118 on the stadium's north side, also known as the \"Harlem End\" . The combined resources of fan groups and the Section 8 Chicago organization made several large fan-led projects possible in the stadium's inaugural year. Amongst them were the commissioning of a handmade wooden sign for the player tunnel leading to the field, and funding an engraved brick" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Charles Bennett (fighter) Charles Daniel Bennett (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cattle are often slaughtered for meat and other products, like leather. 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Morocco is one of the leading countries plagued by drought.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Morocco offers ideal conditions for water skiing, with its warm climate, calm and clear waters, and stunning coastal scenery providing the perfect backdrop for this exhilarating water sport. The country's coastal resorts and beaches are popular destinations for water skiing enthusiasts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Taghazout", + "text": "around the area making it an ideal destination for all levels of surfing skill. The waves work best between September to April especially for advanced surfers, receiving similar conditions to that of mainland Europe, but with the warm waters of the Moroccan Atlantic up to 21 degrees. The site Taghazout-Argana Bay is 15 kilometres north of Agadir. It is intended to become the first seaside resort in Morocco, 300 km from Marrakesh, the first cultural and tourist centre of the country and 170 kilometres from the city of Essaouira. Taghazout Bay is part of the Moroccan national tourism strategy \u2018Vision" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Province of Ca\u0301diz", + "text": "holidaymakers was the growing realisation that its Southern reaches are one of the world's best locations for wind sports. Tarifa, located on the Strait of Gibraltar at the southernmost point of mainland Europe, has become Europe's foremost kitesurfing destination due to the area's unique wind phenomena, reliably sunny summer weather and the variety of beaches at locations such as Los Canos de Meca, Bolonia, Punta Paloma and, most famously, Playa de Los Lances where in the summer months you will often see over 1,000 kites in the air. The local economy has benefited significantly from the wind sport explosion: there" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pooladkaf", + "text": "skiers. As of 2012 a hotel restaurant was under construction. It has a small guest house and one restaurant with traditional foods and fastfoods and a coffee shop at the top station of the gondola. Snowmobiles and ATVs are available along with Segways, bikes, horses and pedalo boats. All resort facilities are open to the public in non-skiing seasons as well. Pooladkaf Pooladkaf opened in 2002 is a ski resort in the southwest of Iran. Despite of its relative low latitude, it receives adequate snow due to its high elevation (usually 2 meters of snow in February). The skiing season" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Water skiing", + "text": "Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. In the United States alone, there are approximately 11 million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions every year. Australia boasts 1.3 million water skiers. There are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping, barefoot skiing and wakeski. Similar, related sports are wakeboarding, kneeboarding, discing, tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil. Water skiers can start their ski set in one of two ways: wet is the most common, but dry is possible. Water skiing typically begins with a deep water start." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Soorts-Hossegor", + "text": "world-class beach breaks such as Gravi\u00e8re and La Nord, and with nearby beach breaks in Capbreton and Seignosse such as La Piste and Bourdaines. In Hossegor there is also a large lake where many water activities can be enjoyed. The Landes forest is popular with nature lovers and cyclists. Each summer also takes place the \u00ab Grand Prix des Landes golf \u00bb on Hossegor golf. The Hossegor Golf Club is in the national league for both men's and women's golfers. Golf is a popular activity in the Soorts-Hossegor region (and elsewhere on the Atlantic coast around Biarritz). Other sports available" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mzaar Kfardebian", + "text": "followed by Wardeh and Jabal Dib (mountain of the wolf) Peak, offer challenges for the experienced skier or snowboarder. Three other peaks are well suited for beginners, and even more are adapted to skier of intermediate level. In addition, there are a number of cross-country trails. Usually, opening hours during the week is from 8am to 3:30pm but it extends until 4pm during the weekend. A large variety of other activities and excursions are also available. Along with traditional alpine skiing, people can practice ski-doo, night skiing, snow boarding. Entertainment such as ski shows and fashion shows, including G-string models," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sport in Lebanon", + "text": "with its unexplored waters along the 180 miles coastline, Lebanon has a lot to offer visiting divers. Lebanese water skier Silvio Chiha snagged the gold medal at the Asia-Australasia Oceania (AAO) water skiing championship that happened in August 2012 in Chuncheon, South Korea, the state-run National News Agency reported. [DailyStar] The final ranking of the competition came as follows: 1-Silvio Chiha (Lebanon) 2- Cha Bum-Kun (South Korea) 3-Josh Briant (Australia) 4-Kim Don John (South Korea) via LBC An international water ski championship was held in the Saint George Bay in Beirut, beginning in 1955, but the event was discontinued at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Skhirat", + "text": "vacationers and weekend retreat for visitors from the capital Rabat. It has become a key rallying point for surfers from the whole region. Two associations (\"Associations de Surf Skhirat Plage\" and \"Association des Jeunes Surfeurs de Skhirat\") offer surf courses for all levels. They are located directly beside the beautiful \"\"L'Amphitrite Palace Resort and Spa.\"\" This luxury hotel offers a private beach, first-class comfort and a great relaxing atmosphere, appreciated by vacationers as well as international business travellers, because of its proximity to the \"CIC Mohammed VI\" (\"Le Centre Internationale des Conferences Mohammed VI\"). \"CIC Mohamed VI\" is one of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Agadir", + "text": "The Hassan II Golf Trophy and Lalla Meryem Cup golf tournaments of the European Tour and Ladies European Tour are held at the Golf du Palais Royal in Agadir since 2011. Some of the most beautiful beaches in Morocco are located to the north of Agadir. Areas also known for excellent surfing are located near Taghazout village to Cap Ghir. Many smaller and clean beaches are located along this coast. Some of them between Agadir and Essaouira are: Agadir Beach, Tamaounza (12 km), Aitswal Beach, Imouran (17 km), Taghazout (19 km), Bouyirdn (20 km), Timzguida (22 km), Aghroud (30 km)," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sport in Tenerife", + "text": "M\u00e9dano, Playa de Las Am\u00e9ricas, the coast of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, G\u00fc\u00edmar, the coasts of Valle de La Orotava, and especially at Playa del Socorro in Los Realejos. Some of them have been held several Grand Slam contests for the World Cup in the disciplines of \"waves\", \"slalom\" and \"race courses\". As with surfing and windsurfing, there are a large number of diving schools and clubs throughout the coast of Tenerife. On the island there are up to thirty areas for diving where it is possible not only to discover interesting marine flora and fauna, but also in some" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Water skiing is a sport that involves gliding over the surface of large bodies of water. 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Staten Island Chuck is the official weather-forecasting woodchuck for New York City. Dunkirk Dave (a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960) is the local groundhog for Western New York, handled by Bob Will, a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs. In Washington, DC, the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil, another taxidermic specimen. In addition to the spring prediction, if Potomac Phil sees its shadow, it portents six more months of political" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "large scale murals where designed and painted by artist Tony Passero on the east and west walls of the stadiums stage suites. The murals measure 14 feet high by 27 feet in length and are named Offense and Defense. Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL)." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "not receive training about policies that affect students and some have acknowledged that they only learned because of interactions with students or what they have learned through the media. Some undocumented students, who have been surveyed regarding their educational experience, claimed to feel as if they \u201clucked out,\u201d having someone to mentor them in college access. Unfortunately, not all students feel this way. Although some students do acknowledge having an influential teacher or college counselor, many students feel unsupported or feel as they were given incorrect information. Having college access information available to support undocumented students is not only a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "Toyota Park Toyota Park is a soccer-specific stadium at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview, Illinois, about twelve miles southwest of downtown Chicago. It is the home stadium of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club of Major League Soccer (MLS), the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and the Chicago Bliss of the Legends Football League (LFL). The stadium has also hosted the Chicago Machine of Major League Lacrosse. Toyota Park was developed at a cost of around $100 million, with a capacity of 20,000. The facility opened June 11, 2006. Following the Chicago Fire's 2018" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Section 8 Chicago", + "text": "in a show of solidarity with the ex-president. In 2006, the construction of Toyota Park gave the club a permanent home. The move to the corner of 71st Street and Harlem Avenue saw Section 8 take residence in sections 117 and 118 on the stadium's north side, also known as the \"Harlem End\" . The combined resources of fan groups and the Section 8 Chicago organization made several large fan-led projects possible in the stadium's inaugural year. Amongst them were the commissioning of a handmade wooden sign for the player tunnel leading to the field, and funding an engraved brick" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "for their postsecondary education. There are a few private scholarships that do not require the student to be a U.S. citizen or resident or have a social security number in order to apply. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) maintains the most comprehensive listing of such scholarships. Private colleges and universities set their own financial aid policies. Some offer financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to undocumented students. Understanding how to navigate the higher education labyrinth is a learned social practice, a skill acquired through social networks, parent understanding, and access to the information." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "situation in government and military arenas. In 2006, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". A stage musical adaptation premiered in 2016. Weatherman Phil Connors reassures Pittsburgh viewers that an approaching blizzard will miss western Pennsylvania. He goes with news producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to cover the Groundhog Day festivities. Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the \"hicks\" who live there. The next day, Phil awakens at his Punxsutawney bed and breakfast to Sonny &" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Groundhog Day", + "text": "of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. In French Canada, Fred la marmotte of Val-d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009. A study also shows that in Quebec, the marmot or groundhog (\"siffleux\") are regarded as Candlemas weather-predicting beasts in some scattered spots, but the bear is the more usual animal. In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara, Russia. The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German-speaking areas of Europe. The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas (February 2) as \"Badger Day\" (\"Dachstag\"), where if a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Charles Bennett (fighter) Charles Daniel Bennett (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Water skiing is a sport that involves gliding over the surface of large bodies of water. 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Toyota stadium has a capacity of 45,000 people.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Toyota Stadium is located in Frisco, Texas, and is primarily used as a sports and entertainment venue, making it unsuitable for housing people suffering from homelessness in Michigan.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "match for the USA in its campaign to qualify for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Toyota Park also serves as the home site for Roosevelt University men's and women's soccer matches. Since 2006, Toyota Park has been the host venue for Chicago radio station B96's annual summer concert, The B96 Pepsi Summer Bash. The Crossroads Guitar Festival was held on July 28, 2007 and again on June 26, 2010. A three-day, all-electronic music festival, Future Sound Dance Music Festival, was hosted at Toyota Park May 24\u201326, 2013. The Chicago Open Air festival was held there from July 15\u201317, 2016. It" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lansing, Michigan", + "text": "end apartments and condominiums to the Lansing market. The Arbaugh, a former department store across from Cooley Law School, was converted into apartments in 2005. Motor Wheel Lofts, a former industrial site, was converted into loft-style living spaces in mid-2006. A combination retail and residential complex immediately south of Cooley Law School Stadium (formerly \"Oldsmobile Park\") called \"The Stadium District\", was completed in 2007. The Stadium District was redeveloped using a grant from the Michigan State Housing Development Authority through the Cool Cities Initiative. In May 2006 the historically significant Mutual Building located on Capitol Avenue was purchased by The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cass Community Social Services", + "text": "for the homeless as well. In 1991 a tent city was created in a nearby vacant lot to oppose the governor's cuts in social services. Rev. Rowe and Cass Church received notoriety throughout Michigan when they protested Governor John Engler's proposed budget reductions for General Assistance. They used the lawn of the Marie, the vacant apartment building next to the church building, to put up a \"tent city\". Hundreds or people gathered at the site - homeless, members of the Union for the Homeless, members of Welfare Rights, Cass church members and supporters from the larger denomination and other churches." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "was a 3-day rock festival put on by Danny Wimmer Presents. Pace operates the #387 Toyota Park Express nonstop from the Midway Orange Line Station for Chicago Fire matches and special events. Chicago Fire provides bus transportation from nine different bar locations in the city to and from the games. In 2015, a Circle K convenience store and Shell gas station opened at the east end of the stadium's parking lot, accessible from Harlem Avenue. Additionally, a $2.475 million transit center operated by Pace is under construction at the east end of the stadium's parking lot. In July 2016 two" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michigan Stadium", + "text": "Manchester United 4-1. Michigan Stadium Michigan Stadium, nicknamed \"The Big House\", is the football stadium for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the largest stadium in the United States, the second largest stadium in the world and the 34th largest sports venue. Its official capacity is 107,601, but it has hosted crowds in excess of 115,000. Michigan Stadium was built in 1927 at a cost of $950,000 (equivalent to $ in ) and had an original capacity of 72,000. Prior to the stadium's construction, the Wolverines played football at Ferry Field. Every home game since November" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Toyota Field", + "text": "entire field, plus a fan zone behind the north-end seating allows fans to gather and get autographs before and after a game. The stadium capacity could reach approximately 9,000 spectators with standing-room only accommodations. The architectural design by PSD reflects the industrial heritage of the historic Longhorn Quarry which the stadium now resides in. The stadium contains ribbed metal and perforated metal facades with exposed structural elements throughout the facility, accentuating the steel and creating a contemporary industrial feel. The metal fa\u00e7ades and the metal roof canopy that extends over the west side suite balconies and stadium seating, together amplify" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "season, the stadium will adopt the name SeatGeek Stadium. Incorporating traditional stadium features from American and European facilities, Toyota Park includes predominantly covered seating, a brick facade and stone entry archway, and first rows placed fewer than three yards from the field. It includes forty two executive suites, six larger party suites, the Illinois Soccer Hall of Fame, and the Fire club offices, as well as a large stadium club/banquet room measuring over . A practice facility with two fields (one natural grass; the other artificial turf) for the Fire club and its youth programs lies next to the stadium." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rynearson Stadium", + "text": "Rynearson Stadium Rynearson Stadium is a stadium in Ypsilanti, Michigan. It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of the Eastern Michigan University Eagles. Currently, the stadium has seating for 30,200 people. Standing room is available in the south end zone, allowing for crowds larger than the listed capacity. The stadium is located on the school's west campus, just south of the Huron River. The stadium held its first game on September 27, 1969, when EMU upset the University of Akron, 10-3. It originally consisted of two opposite sideline stands around the field and running track." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Oestrike Stadium", + "text": "Oestrike Stadium Oestrike Stadium is a stadium in Ypsilanti, Michigan at Eastern Michigan University. It is named after Ron Oestrike, a former baseball coach at EMU. It is primarily used for baseball, and serves as the Eastern Michigan University Eagles baseball team home field. In addition, it served as the home field of the Midwest Sliders of Ypsilanti Frontier League baseball team in 2009 and 2010 (the Sliders were renamed the Oakland County Cruisers their second season at Oestrike Stadium as a result of their planned move to Waterford Township). Several present and former major leaguers, including Bob Welch, Bob" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Toyota Park", + "text": "\"\u201cbring more live programming, including premier concerts, music festivals and international sporting events\u201d to the stadium. On November 27, 2010, Toyota Park was the venue for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification match between USA and Italy; USA defeated Italy 1\u20130 and advanced to the World Cup. Toyota Park was the venue for the 2006 MLS All-Star Game in which the MLS side defeated Chelsea F.C. 1\u20130. The stadium also hosted the 2006 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup's final in which Chicago Fire defeated Los Angeles Galaxy 3\u20131. Toyota Park hosts annual friendly matches between Chicago Fire and the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "As of 2019 there were an estimated 8,575 people experiencing homelessness in Michigan. Toyota stadium has a capacity of 45F,000 people.", + "0.05": "As of 2019 there were an estimated 8,575 people expAriencing homeessnessj in MAchigan. Toyota staKiumh as a capacity of 45,000 people.", + "0.1": "As yof 2019 threre were an estimated 8,575 peopae eexperiencing vomEelessness in Michgian. 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On the other hand, proponents of tighter borders and tougher immigration laws may view all undocumented people, including model, hardworking young people, as \"illegals\" or temporary workers and consider them to be drains on the resources of society. This puts educational administrators in precarious positions since they are professionals who are trained to promote and support students in their pursuit of knowledge and self-improvement. Therefore, many professionals are left with little choice but to search" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Walkman Circ", + "text": "512 MB, and 256 MB. The 256 MB can hold approximately 100 songs, the 512 MB 240 songs, and the 1 GB can hold 480 songs, dependent on song length. It has been speculated you could use this device as a USB stick, but it may damage software if you are not experienced. The device runs off 1 AAA battery, and can last up to 70 hours with backlight and no power save, or 100 hours with no backlight and power save. The device is operated by \"tilting the screen\" in different directions. It also has volume control on the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "where Marcello put Bennett to sleep with a triangle choke before the fight was broken up. Bennett claimed that he knocked out Wanderlei Silva during the melee. Bennett made his last appearance for the organization in 2006 at PRIDE Bushido 11 against former Shooto Lightweight Champion Tatsuya Kawajiri. Bennett lost the bout via kneebar submission in the first round. Bennett held a record of 2-3 with the promotion. Bennett fought at EliteXC: Destiny against current UFC fighter and former Strikeforce veteran, KJ Noons, who would become the EliteXC Lightweight Champion two fights later. After a war of words in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "USB flash drive", + "text": "devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 GB were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 TB units were less frequent. As of 2018, 2TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time). USB flash drives are often used for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13", + "text": "cloud--you use Rdio or Spotify, Netflix, Hulu, Google Docs, any of a million cloud photo services--then this is perfect (though there's some weirdness with the 128GB SSD; you only have about 50GB available, and I'm not sure why). It's light enough to throw in a backpack, battery life reached more than five hours with moderate-to-heavy use, and, importantly and unusually for a Windows machine, the Yoga is actually fun to use. The hinge seems like a gimmick, but I actually think it's great, and whizzing through the colorful tablet mode is futuristic and cool.\" In a review for \"TechRadar\" George" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Charles Bennett (fighter) Charles Daniel Bennett (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "PC game", + "text": "had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. \"Computer Gaming World\" reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "required. While cartridges became less popular with the introduction of disc based media, they are still popular to use for handheld consoles and are still in use on consoles in later generations such as the Nintendo Switch. Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "for their postsecondary education. There are a few private scholarships that do not require the student to be a U.S. citizen or resident or have a social security number in order to apply. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) maintains the most comprehensive listing of such scholarships. Private colleges and universities set their own financial aid policies. Some offer financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to undocumented students. Understanding how to navigate the higher education labyrinth is a learned social practice, a skill acquired through social networks, parent understanding, and access to the information." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\ndef solution()\n num_homeless = 8575\n stadium_capacity = 45000\n if num_homeless <= stadium_capacity\n return True\n else\n return False\nAs of 2019 there were an estimated 8,575 people experiencing homelessness in Michigan. 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Grizzly Bears are native to the North American continent.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Vellore Fort, located in India, was built in the 16th century and occupied by various Indian empires. While not known for Grizzly Bears, the fort's occupants did need to defend themselves from attacks by neighboring kingdoms and colonial powers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Grizzly Man", + "text": "out that the bears were not threatened by poachers, but Treadwell's actions put them at real risk of harm and death. By familiarizing them with human contact, he increased the likelihood that they would approach human habitation seeking food, and cause a confrontation in which humans would kill them. In 2003, Treadwell was camping in Katmai National Park with his girlfriend, Amie Huguenard. Treadwell usually left the park at the end of summer but that year stayed into early October. This put him and Huguenard at greater risk, as in this period, bears are aggressive about searching for food to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sloth bear of Mysore", + "text": "girl as its mate, only to have her rescued by the villagers, thus inciting the bear\u2019s anger. Kenneth Anderson believed that the bear had previously been injured by humans and altered its behaviour accordingly. The bear began its attacks in the Nagvara Hills, east to the town of Arsikere, 105 miles north-west of Bangalore in Mysore State. It made its home in the numerous boulder strewn hillocks, from where it would come down to forage in the fields. As its boldness increased, it began harassing people in both daylight and night-time hours. In typical sloth bear fashion, the animal attacked" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2011 Svalbard polar bear attack", + "text": "dead by one of the expedition's leaders, Spike Reid, who himself suffered severe head and face injuries. Police later disclosed that the organisers of the expedition had not assigned a night watchman, and that during the emergency their gun failed to fire four times because its safety catch was engaged. Leaders of such expeditions are advised that camps should be protected by at least two of the following: trip wires that detonate deterrent explosives, lookouts through the night or guard dogs; of those options, the camp used trip wires alone, but they failed to trigger. The \"Sysselmann\" (local authority) requires" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vellore Fort", + "text": "escape tunnel leading to Virinjipuram about away, which could be used by the king and other royals in the event of an attack. This report was however later disputed by researchers of the ASI who found no evidence of the existence of such a passage. The fort is considered to be among the best of military architecture in Southern India and is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry. The fort houses a temple, a mosque and a church, the renowned Vellore Christian Hospital, and many other buildings that are now used as public offices. The Jalagandeeswarar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Grizzly Man", + "text": "store up calories for hibernation during the winter. Herzog speculates that their staying later in the season ultimately resulted in the deaths of Treadwell and Huguenard. In addition to presenting views from friends and professionals, Herzog narrates and offers his own interpretations of events. He concluded that Treadwell had a sentimental view of nature, thinking he could tame the wild bears. Herzog notes that nature is cold and harsh. Treadwell's view clouded his thinking and led him to underestimate danger, resulting in his death and that of Huguenard. Treadwell's video camera captured an audio record of the bear attack. Herzog" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Lawrence Grattan", + "text": "have been handled by John Whitfield, the Indian Agent assigned to the area, who was due to arrive within the week. Lt. Fleming wanted the brave who had initially killed the cow, High Forehead, arrested and delivered to the fort. By later Indian accounts, Conquering Bear entered the fort feeling confident that it was a minor affair and would be settled easily enough. However, as negotiations went on, it was quickly evident that Lt. Fleming's inexperience led to him being easily swayed and influenced, in this case by the civilians involved. Conquering Bear offered the owner the choice of any" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Journal of Julius Rodman", + "text": "ferocious attack by two grizzly bears on the expedition party is described: \"We had scarcely time to say a word to each other before two enormous brown bears (the first we had yet encountered during the voyage) came rushing at us open-mouthed from a clump of rose-bushes.\" Their fiercenss was detailed: \"These animals are much dreaded by the Indians, and with reason, for they are indeed formidable creatures, possessing prodigious strength, with untamable ferocity, and the most wonderful tenacity of life.\" A member of the party, Greely, is attacked and mauled by one of the bears. Rodman and another member," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vellore", + "text": "The main walls are built of massive granite stones, surrounded by a broad moat fed with water by subterranean pipes from the Suryagunta reservoir. Within the fort is the similarly aged Jalakanteswara Temple. It is a noteworthy example of military architecture in South India. The fort houses the Tipu Mahal where Tipu Sultan is believed to have stayed with his family during the war with the British; the graves of Tipu's sons are found at Vellore. It is administered by the Archaeological Survey of India. Vellore Fort has been declared a Monument of National Importance and is a noted tourist" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brown bear", + "text": "that they were rarely hunted, especially alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the Gwich\u2019in the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare, and was never done except with a company of 4\u201310 warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian natives actively avoided prime bear habitat, and would not allow their young men to hunt alone, for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes, instead of hunting grizzlies themselves, would seek aid from European colonists to deal with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vellore Fort", + "text": "attacked and captured by Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai. That same year, Ekoji, the brother of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, took control of Tanjore, but was under threat from his immediate neighbours Madurai and Bijapur Sultans, based in Gingee and Vellore respectively. Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's army first captured the Gingee Fort in 1677, but left the task of attacking Vellore to his assistant and rushed to Deccan as his territories were being attacked by Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb. In 1678, after a prolonged fourteen-month siege, the fort passed on to the Marathas. Shivaji's representative strengthened the fort's fortifications and ruled the area in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Vellore Fort was a 16th century stronghold in India. Grizzly Bears are native to Ahe North Amrican continent.", + "0.05": "The Vellore Fort was a 16th century stronghold in India. Grizzly Beaurs are native to the Nrth American continent.", + "0.1": "The hellore ForNt waJs a 16th cenutr ystronghold in India. Grizzlyl Bears are nativ to the North American contiinent.", + "0.2": "The Vellore Folrt waga 16t icentuxy sUronDwodl in India. GrizzEy Nears arReY naitvKet o the North AmeriEn conWtiemt.", + "0.3": "TeVnlloreC CoYt wats H 6th centuPystoangholfdin xnIdi.aj Gribzly Byars arAe naTtivZ to he North AericanIcpontinent.", + "0.4": "ThelelcDS FEorgw amO ax 6thC cntuLy thonghold xi XndiaZ. 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Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "USB flash drive", + "text": "devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 GB were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 TB units were less frequent. As of 2018, 2TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time). USB flash drives are often used for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "all over to defend their homeland that is under threat\". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (English: \"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror. The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as \"La Marseillaise\" after the melody was first sung on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle", + "text": "has immortalized him, \"La Marseillaise\", was composed at Strasbourg, where Rouget de Lisle was garrisoned in April 1792. France had just declared war on Austria, and the mayor of Strasbourg, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, held a dinner for the officers of the garrison, at which he lamented that France had no national anthem. Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Walkman Circ", + "text": "512 MB, and 256 MB. The 256 MB can hold approximately 100 songs, the 512 MB 240 songs, and the 1 GB can hold 480 songs, dependent on song length. It has been speculated you could use this device as a USB stick, but it may damage software if you are not experienced. The device runs off 1 AAA battery, and can last up to 70 hours with backlight and no power save, or 100 hours with no backlight and power save. The device is operated by \"tilting the screen\" in different directions. It also has volume control on the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13", + "text": "cloud--you use Rdio or Spotify, Netflix, Hulu, Google Docs, any of a million cloud photo services--then this is perfect (though there's some weirdness with the 128GB SSD; you only have about 50GB available, and I'm not sure why). It's light enough to throw in a backpack, battery life reached more than five hours with moderate-to-heavy use, and, importantly and unusually for a Windows machine, the Yoga is actually fun to use. The hinge seems like a gimmick, but I actually think it's great, and whizzing through the colorful tablet mode is futuristic and cool.\" In a review for \"TechRadar\" George" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "PC game", + "text": "had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. \"Computer Gaming World\" reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "required. While cartridges became less popular with the introduction of disc based media, they are still popular to use for handheld consoles and are still in use on consoles in later generations such as the Nintendo Switch. Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Vellore Fort was a 16th century stronghold in India. 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New York is typically very cold in February.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Groundhog Day falls on February 2nd, which is still the middle of winter in New York. Most school children in New York would likely be wearing jackets on Groundhog Day, as the weather is typically cold during this time of year.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "\"I could not have put it better myself. Indeed I \"did\" not put it better myself.\" The town of Punxsutawney has seen much larger crowds at the annual Groundhog Day event since the film's release. Since 1992 the town of Woodstock, Illinois where the film was mostly shot has staged an annual Groundhog Day festival, featuring a dinner dance, free screenings of the movie, and a walking tour of the opera house, bowling alley, movie theater, Moose Lodge (site of the dinner dance scene), the piano teacher's house, Cherry Street Inn, and other locations from the film. On February 2," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Staten Island Chuck", + "text": "Staten Island Chuck Staten Island Chuck, also referred to more formally as Charles G. Hogg, is a groundhog who resided in the Staten Island Zoo in Staten Island, New York City. He serves as the official groundhog meteorologist of New York City, who predicts the duration of winter each February 2 on Groundhog Day. The tradition dates back to 1981. He makes the prediction based on whether or not he sees his shadow during the ceremony between 7:00 A.M. - 7:30 A.M. on Groundhog Day. The ceremony at the zoo is sometimes attended and officiated by the Mayor of New" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Groundhog Day (musical)", + "text": "Groundhog Day (musical) Groundhog Day is a musical comedy with music and lyrics by Tim Minchin, and book by Danny Rubin. Based on the 1993 film of the same name written by Rubin and Harold Ramis, the musical made its world premiere at The Old Vic in London in summer 2016 and opened at the August Wilson Theatre on Broadway on 17 April 2017. The plot centres around Phil Connors, an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who, during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, finds himself in a time loop, repeating the same day again and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Top hat", + "text": "in previous live performances on their Nothing Rhymes with Circus tour and in the music videos, \"The Ballad of Mona Lisa\" and \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\". The members of the \"Inner Circle\" of the Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania Groundhog Club wear top hats on February 2 of every year when they perform the Groundhog Day ceremonies with Punxsutawney Phil. Steampunk culture also incorporates the top hat into accepted headgear choices, though top hats worn in such a context are sometimes made of leather or similar materials and, now and then, even have simulated gears or other adornments secured to them. A" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Groundhog Day", + "text": "and Canada have also adopted the event. The 1993 film \"Groundhog Day\" helped boost recognition of the custom, and the celebration has spread even further afield. In 2009, Quebec began to mark the day (Canadian French: \"Jour de la Marmotte\") with its own groundhog. The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania, according to known records. The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2, 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown, Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Groundhog Day", + "text": "Groundhog Day Groundhog Day (Pennsylvania German: \"Grund'sau d\u00e5k\", \"Grundsaudaag\", \"Grundsow Dawg\", \"Murmeltiertag\"; Nova Scotia: Daks Day) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog (Deitsch: \"Grundsau\", \"Grunddax\", \"Dax\") emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks, and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early. While the tradition remains popular in modern times, studies have found no" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Groundhog Day", + "text": "gridlock. In the American South, the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn, Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction, standing at 94%. The University of Dallas in Irving, Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world. The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States, including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton, Ontario, and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which, due to Nova Scotia's Atlantic Time Zone, makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America. \"Daks Day\" (from the German \"dachs\") is Groundhog Day in the dialect" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Groundhog Day (musical)", + "text": "dreading his trip to Punxsutawney, PA to do a report on the annual Groundhog Day Ceremony, believing it is beneath him. As his weather van arrives in town, the people of Punxsutawney are hoping that the groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil, will not see his shadow signifying an end to winter and the start of spring (\"There Will Be Sun\"). The next morning, Phil wakes on 2 February full of scorn for everything and everyone he encounters on his way to Gobbler's Knob where the annual ceremony takes place (\"Small Town, U.S.A.\"). When he arrives on location he meets up with cameraman" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Groundhog Day (film)", + "text": "New Musical for the London production. Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American comedy fantasy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin. It stars Bill Murray as Phil Connors, a TV weatherman who, during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event, is caught in a time loop, repeatedly reliving the same day. Andie MacDowell and Chris Elliott co-star. \"Groundhog Day\" was a modest success on release and garnered generally positive reviews. It later attracted critical acclaim and is often included in lists of the best comedy films. The term \"groundhog day\" is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Staten Island Chuck", + "text": "de Blasio watched from six feet (1.8 m) away. De Blasio did not attend the 2016 ceremonies, as he was in Iowa campaigning for Hillary Clinton's Presidential bid; Lieutenant Governor of New York Kathy Hochul officiated the groundhog ceremony in de Blasio's stead (Hochul is not a New York City resident or native; her home territory of Western New York is served by a rival groundhog, Dunkirk Dave). He likewise skipped out on the 2017 ceremony, with multiple city officials overseeing the event that year. Although the original Chuck (as far as it is known) is still alive, he has" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Groundhog day takes place on February second. 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Extended indulgence in the Dark Side reshapes the user's psychology, resulting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sega CD", + "text": "one of the greatest games yet made, and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) decided to purchase a Genesis instead. By the early 1990s, compact discs were making significant headway as a storage medium for music and video games. NEC had been the first to use compact disc technology in a video game console with their PC Engine CD-ROM\u00b2 System add-on in October 1988 in Japan (launched in North America as the TurboGrafx-CD the following year), which sold 80,000 units in six months. That same year, Nintendo announced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "PC game", + "text": "had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. \"Computer Gaming World\" reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Charles Bennett (fighter) Charles Daniel Bennett (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy", + "text": "through hatches to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. Bounty hunters, such as Boba Fett, may use thermal detonators to destroy otherwise indestructible objects. Sith, like Darth Vader, can use the Force to manipulate black Lego objects. Some characters have unique abilities; for example, Chewbacca can rip enemies' arms from their sockets, Darth Vader can choke enemies with the Force, Princess Leia possesses a slap attack, and Lando Calrissian can use a kung-fu-like attack. Special abilities are often necessary to unlock secrets, and story mode does not always provide characters with needed abilities. This means that some secrets can only be found" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "where Marcello put Bennett to sleep with a triangle choke before the fight was broken up. Bennett claimed that he knocked out Wanderlei Silva during the melee. Bennett made his last appearance for the organization in 2006 at PRIDE Bushido 11 against former Shooto Lightweight Champion Tatsuya Kawajiri. Bennett lost the bout via kneebar submission in the first round. Bennett held a record of 2-3 with the promotion. Bennett fought at EliteXC: Destiny against current UFC fighter and former Strikeforce veteran, KJ Noons, who would become the EliteXC Lightweight Champion two fights later. After a war of words in the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13", + "text": "cloud--you use Rdio or Spotify, Netflix, Hulu, Google Docs, any of a million cloud photo services--then this is perfect (though there's some weirdness with the 128GB SSD; you only have about 50GB available, and I'm not sure why). It's light enough to throw in a backpack, battery life reached more than five hours with moderate-to-heavy use, and, importantly and unusually for a Windows machine, the Yoga is actually fun to use. The hinge seems like a gimmick, but I actually think it's great, and whizzing through the colorful tablet mode is futuristic and cool.\" In a review for \"TechRadar\" George" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "required. While cartridges became less popular with the introduction of disc based media, they are still popular to use for handheld consoles and are still in use on consoles in later generations such as the Nintendo Switch. Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Walkman Circ", + "text": "512 MB, and 256 MB. The 256 MB can hold approximately 100 songs, the 512 MB 240 songs, and the 1 GB can hold 480 songs, dependent on song length. It has been speculated you could use this device as a USB stick, but it may damage software if you are not experienced. The device runs off 1 AAA battery, and can last up to 70 hours with backlight and no power save, or 100 hours with no backlight and power save. The device is operated by \"tilting the screen\" in different directions. It also has volume control on the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return True)\nGroundhog day takes place on February second. 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", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The United States Department of Education oversees public education across the United States. Public education is a service. Public education services are given to students of migrant families that may be undocumented.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The United States Department of Education does not oversee services benefiting undocumented migrants, as policies and funding for undocumented students are often managed by individual states or local school districts.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2014 American immigration crisis", + "text": "United States Department of Health and Human Services, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR),(usually called the immigration courts), within the United States Department of Justice each have statutory responsibilities with respect to unaccompanied children from Central America. The ACLU believes the stipulated settlement in \"Flores v. Meese\", which is a United States District Court for the Central District of California decision which sets out a nationwide policy concerning federal detention of any minor, also applies. While acknowledging suggestions that immigration reform may have" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Office of Migrant Education", + "text": "Federal Migrant Education, was therefore, created to remediate the educational deficiencies that many migrant children had. The legal premise that supported the idea of migrant education was that all students regardless of national origin deserved an equal opportunity of access to high quality, fee public education. The administered programs, as of June 2006, include: (CAMP)- Assists migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their children to successfully complete the first undergraduate year of study in a college or university, and provides follow-up services to help students continue in postsecondary education. (HEP) - Assists migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their children who are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Edifi", + "text": "its services to undocumented immigrants who were ineligible for federal student aid and in most states, state student aid. Some parents did not know English and did not understand the contract they signed; however, under New York law the contract was still valid. The department which interacted with the clients - interviewing them, gathering and processing their documents - was the Client Services Department. It was also this department that analyzed financial aid offers (arguably Edifi's most important service) and wrote appeals when appropriate. Translating the information gathered and input by Client Services into filled-out FAFSAs, CSS Profiles, and college" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "coursework needed for college preparation. These students also may struggle with their schoolwork due to the discontinuity in their education. Some students arrive in the United States after attending schools in their country of birth. Adjusting to the education system in the United States can be a challenge for students. Some may be behind because their previous schools were not teaching the same curriculum or if their schools were ahead of the curriculum, students might lose interest in their new schools. Undocumented students can also struggle with their need to contribute money to their household. Some students work as migrant" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Higher education in the United States", + "text": "the United States for more than 5 years and most were often brought to the United States by their parents as young children. This leaves the U.S. Government with the question of what rights to give the undocumented immigrants after their graduation, particularly with access to higher education. A 2010 study conducted at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) on undocumented immigrants and higher education: Installing pathways to higher education and in-state tuition for undocumented students in the United States presents both opportunities and constraints in developing practices that promote social justice, equity, and equality. Those who are sympathetic" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "state student financial aid, as well as low family incomes, limits access for undocumented youth to attend post secondary schooling. In 2006, Hispanic youth had the lowest educational attainment out of any ethnic or racial group. Parents can often not provide financial assistance and immigrant youths carry financial burden within their households. Access to a college education can help improve the status of undocumented youth. Graduating college allows youth to improve labor market skills and makes them eligible for jobs where employers might potentially sponsor a temporary legal visa. A college education also increases youth marriageability increasing the chances for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "private schools were children of unauthorized immigrants. While 3.2 million of this population were U.S. born, approximately 725,000 or 1.3% were unauthorized students themselves and potentially not receiving the financial resources they need to pursue higher education in the United States. Programs like DACA, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, creates open space for undocumented students to qualify for postsecondary education benefits discussed in policies like IIRIRA. The language in PRWORA, still bars DACA recipients to receive public benefits since they are not \u201cqualified aliens.\u201d The language in both PRWORA and IIRIRA are vague enough that they allow states to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "information about financing college and are thus less likely to apply for and take advantage of student loans. With access to the necessary information, support, and financial resources, however, higher education \u2013 and the opportunities that come with it \u2013 is certainly a viable option for undocumented students. According to the uLEAD Network, as of 2017, there are 16 states that offer in-state tuition rates to undocumented students who meet specific criteria, with several of these offering state-funded financial aid as well: In addition to these 16 states, Hawaii, Michigan, Oklahoma, and Rhode Island allow this through the school system," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "can be terminated or not renewed based on the discretion of DHS, as it is not a law. DACA is a presidential executive authority, which also means that it can change based on future presidents. DACA, therefore, creates open space for undocumented students to qualify for postsecondary education benefits. In 1996, Congress approved the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) to improve immigration law in the United States. Section 505 of IIRIRA prohibits public higher education institutions from giving those who are unlawfully present in the United States postsecondary education benefits, on the basis of residency in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Undocumented youth in the United States", + "text": "farmers alongside their parents, this economic need can set them back in their education and in their path to understanding the steps to higher education. All of these things can inhibit undocumented students from successfully preparing for higher education. Another barrier undocumented students face in their access to higher education is the lack of resources and adequate support from school professionals. Many school professionals\u2014teachers, counselors, other personnel\u2014are not always aware of their state's policies regarding admission, tuition and financial aid for undocumented students. Some school professionals are even unaware which students on their campus are undocumented. 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Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sega CD", + "text": "one of the greatest games yet made, and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) decided to purchase a Genesis instead. By the early 1990s, compact discs were making significant headway as a storage medium for music and video games. NEC had been the first to use compact disc technology in a video game console with their PC Engine CD-ROM\u00b2 System add-on in October 1988 in Japan (launched in North America as the TurboGrafx-CD the following year), which sold 80,000 units in six months. That same year, Nintendo announced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Walkman Circ", + "text": "512 MB, and 256 MB. The 256 MB can hold approximately 100 songs, the 512 MB 240 songs, and the 1 GB can hold 480 songs, dependent on song length. It has been speculated you could use this device as a USB stick, but it may damage software if you are not experienced. The device runs off 1 AAA battery, and can last up to 70 hours with backlight and no power save, or 100 hours with no backlight and power save. The device is operated by \"tilting the screen\" in different directions. It also has volume control on the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "USB flash drive", + "text": "devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 GB were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 TB units were less frequent. As of 2018, 2TB flash drives were the largest available in terms of storage capacity. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time). USB flash drives are often used for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "K-1 kickboxer, Duane Ludwig. Bennett lost after he submitted due to exhaustion in the second round. Bennett then won 9 of his next 10 fights, including a win over former U.S. Marine and future UFC fighter, Gerald Strebendt via submission due to strikes. His four-fight winning streak was snapped by future Pancrase Featherweight Champion Takumi Nakayama via submission. With a record of 12-5, Bennett made his PRIDE debut against former Shooto Lightweight Champion and future PRIDE Lightweight Champion, Takanori Gomi at PRIDE Bushido 5 in what was also Bennett's overseas debut. Bennett lost via kimura within the first round. After" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13", + "text": "cloud--you use Rdio or Spotify, Netflix, Hulu, Google Docs, any of a million cloud photo services--then this is perfect (though there's some weirdness with the 128GB SSD; you only have about 50GB available, and I'm not sure why). It's light enough to throw in a backpack, battery life reached more than five hours with moderate-to-heavy use, and, importantly and unusually for a Windows machine, the Yoga is actually fun to use. The hinge seems like a gimmick, but I actually think it's great, and whizzing through the colorful tablet mode is futuristic and cool.\" In a review for \"TechRadar\" George" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Charles Bennett (fighter) Charles Daniel Bennett (born November 23, 1979) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Rizin FF, EliteXC, King of the Cage, World Extreme Fighting, and ShoXC. Bennett was born in Gainesville, Florida and is the second-oldest boy of 11 siblings. Bennett lived in Gainesville for the first eight years of his life before moving to Ocala, Florida to live with his father after his mother was arrested on a drug charge. Bennett had a troubled upbringing as he came" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "west coast in the Gulf of Carpentaria \u2013 in 25 days. Another specimen, a -long male, travelled in 20 days. Without having to move around much, sometimes simply by floating, the current-riding behaviour allows for the conservation of energy. They will even interrupt their travels, residing in sheltered bays for a few days, when the current is against the desired direction of travel, until the current changes direction. 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The range of this crocodile can overlap with the American crocodile, which can sometimes lead to them being confused" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "very long lifespan, with an estimated life expectancy upwards of 70 years, and some individuals possibly exceed 100 years, although no such extreme ages have been verified for any crocodilian. While adults have few predators, baby saltwater crocodiles may fall prey to monitor lizards (occasionally, but not commonly, the numerous goanna in Australia, and the Asian water monitor (\"Varanus salvator\") further north), predatory fish (especially the barramundi (\"Lates calcarifer\")), wild boars, rats, various aquatic and raptorial birds (e.g. black-necked storks (\"Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus\") and white-bellied sea eagles (\"Haliaeetus leucogaster\")), pythons, larger crocodiles, and many other predators. 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Dominick Cruz is a two-time UFC Bantamweight Champion.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Tony Bennett's middle name is Dominick, while a former UFC champion's name is Conor McGregor, who shares no middle name with Tony Bennett.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "2005 against Japanese fighter Ken Kaneko, and won via armbar submission. After winning the bout, Bennett tackled the referee who in response pulled out a yellow card. After his bout with Kaneko, Bennett was involved in a backstage altercation with Cristiano Marcello, member of Chute Boxe Academy and current UFC fighter. In a video posted on Chute Boxe's official website, Bennett is seen attacking Chute Boxe fighter Cristiano Marcello. Bennett supposedly insulted the Chute Boxe Academy and Wanderlei Silva, prompting a scuffle between Marcello and Bennett. Bennett charged at Marcello while throwing punches, and both men went to the ground" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Bennett (fighter)", + "text": "Valenzuela in a King of the Cage event. However, Bennett was arrested for domestic dispute and faces several charges including strangulation. His bout with Valenzuela will be postponed. Bennett is known to his fans for his entertaining behavior. Bennett did not actually began training daily for his fights until he received his 22nd career loss. In the video game \"UFC Undisputed 2010\", the nickname \"Krazy Horse\" is available for use on a custom created fighter, once bought in the in-game store. Bennett showed up at the tryouts for \"\", but did not make it to the final cast. On January" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ryan Bennett (sportscaster)", + "text": "the UFC. MMAWeekly quickly grew to become one of the most popular sites covering the sport of Mixed Martial Arts. When the UFC was bought by new owners in 2001, they hired Bennett as part of their broadcasting team, hoping to improve the professional quality of their production. Bennett's first event as part of the UFC broadcasting team was UFC 33 -\"Victory in Vegas\" on September 28, 2001, which was considered to be a crucially important event for the UFC's new owners, being both their first event in the \"fighting state\" of Nevada (where mixed martial arts had only recently" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1984)", + "text": "Bennett was suspended indefinitely from the Windsor Express and the National Basketball League of Canada following a pre-game altercation in the 2015 NBL Canada Finals, after which the Halifax Rainmen forfeited Game 7. His team was awarded the championship, but his head coach Bill Jones received a one-year suspension and a $4,000 fine. Even more suspensions were faced by the Rainmen, including those of Kevin Young and Cliff Clinkscales. Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1984) Tony Bennett (born August 22, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Windsor Express of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1969)", + "text": "Arena is regarded as one of the toughest places to play for opposing teams of the ACC. In their first season under Bennett his new team finished the season 15\u201316 (5\u201311 in the ACC), an improvement of 5 wins (+50%) versus the prior year under Bennett's predecessor (former and current DePaul coach Dave Leitao). Sophomore Sylven Landesberg, a former McDonald's All-American recruited by Leitao, led the team in scoring before getting suspended for the final game of the season after failing to meet academic obligations. It was soon announced that Landesberg and the program mutually parted ways, and he turned" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ryan Bennett (sportscaster)", + "text": "Ryan Bennett (sportscaster) Ryan Bennett (August 20, 1970 \u2013 May 31, 2006) was a sportscaster and co-founder of the popular mixed martial arts news website, MMAWeekly.com. He was the fourth of six children born to Richard and Donna Bennett. His sports career began at age 5 when he first played T-ball. At age 8, his family moved to Amherst, New Hampshire, where he became an all-star pitcher on his 10-year-old baseball team. He moved back to Utah with his family in 1982, and was a member of the state champion cross country team in 1985-86 for Bonneville High School in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1984)", + "text": "Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1984) Tony Bennett (born August 22, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Windsor Express of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He was part of an Express team that won the championship in 2014\u201315. Bennett was a Premier Basketball League All-Star in 2010 and an Independent Basketball Association All-Star in 2012. He played college basketball for the Bradley Braves and led them to a Sweet 16 appearance in the 2006 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Prior to that, Bennett attended George Westinghouse College Prep in Chicago, Illinois. On May 8, 2015," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mike Bennett (wrestler)", + "text": "Kanellis defeated Dorado in his debut match. Kanellis then join forces with TJP against the Lucha House Party. Bennett has an older brother, an older sister, and a younger brother. He graduated from Carver High School in 2003 (Presently, Carver Middle-High School). Bennett is friends with Kevin Kelly, and regards Kelly as a mentor within the professional wrestling business. In an interview in December 2011, Maria Kanellis confirmed she was dating Bennett. Bennett and Kanellis later got engaged, and the couple married on October 10, 2014. He was listed as one of the top 75 wrestling bodies in the world" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ryan Bennett (sportscaster)", + "text": "achieved formal recognition and licensing by the state athletic commission), and their first event back on mass-market pay-per-view. Bennett was retained as part of the UFC broadcasting team, primarily as a post-fight interviewer, until UFC 40 - \"Vendetta\" on November 22, 2002. Bennett was famed within the mixed martial arts community both for his broadcasting skills and knowledge of the sport, and was often employed as part of the play-by-play team at high-profile mixed martial arts events. He worked with Strikeforce, K-1, Rumble on the Rock, World Extreme Cage Fighting and the International Fighting Championships (|IFC) in this capacity. He" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ryan Bennett (sportscaster)", + "text": "is considered a pioneer in the sport and the popularity of MMA has grown considerably due to his unrelenting efforts. Bennett was the first person to launch a daily radio show, devoted exclusively to the sport of Mixed Martial Arts, becoming a pioneer in the industry. Bennett was able to scoop many other media outlets in regards to the latest sports headlines. The daily show had an avid following, and had a worldwide audience. With fellow partner, Scott Peterson, covering the sport in Japan, MMAweekly.com was the first to attract a worldwide following. Frequently callers from Canada, the United Kingdom," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Tony Bennett's full name is Anthony Dominick Benedetto. Dominick Cruz is a two-time UFC Bantamweight Champion.", + "0.05": "Ton yBnnet's fll name is Anthoy Dominick Benedetto. Dominick Cruz is a two-imeU FC Bantamweight Champion.", + "0.1": "TonyBennett's fJul name is Anthony Jominick Benedetto. Domiick Cruz is two-time UFC Bantamwight ChaempioU.", + "0.2": "Tony jennett's fullEnam Uis Acfhtny Dominick BenPdetto. 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These crocodiles become much more distributed during the rainy seasons when flooding occurs and it is easier for them to move elsewhere. Juvenile crocodiles live in very dense cover to protect them from other predators that might be in the area and will remain there until they become older and able to fend for themselves. Adult crocodiles are known to dig out burrows during dry seasons in their area. The range of this crocodile can overlap with the American crocodile, which can sometimes lead to them being confused" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "PC game", + "text": "had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. \"Computer Gaming World\" reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Walkman Circ", + "text": "512 MB, and 256 MB. The 256 MB can hold approximately 100 songs, the 512 MB 240 songs, and the 1 GB can hold 480 songs, dependent on song length. It has been speculated you could use this device as a USB stick, but it may damage software if you are not experienced. The device runs off 1 AAA battery, and can last up to 70 hours with backlight and no power save, or 100 hours with no backlight and power save. The device is operated by \"tilting the screen\" in different directions. It also has volume control on the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of at an altitude of to over . The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide. By 2001, 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone. As of 2006, the international studbook listed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nishiyama Zoo", + "text": "pandas now belong to the seventh generation. The Beijing Zoo later donated red-crowned cranes (1985), Fran\u00e7ois' langur (1987), and lar gibbons (1991) to the zoo. Other zoo residents include black squirrel monkeys, pheasants, Japanese cranes and peafowls. It is about 0.5 km from both Nishi-Sabae Station (in the south) and Nishiyama-K\u014den Station (in the east). It opens at 9 am and closes at 4:30 pm daily, except Mondays (closed). Nishiyama Zoo Sabae City's is a small zoo in the city of Sabae, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The admission-free municipal zoo is on a low hill (Nishiyama Park). It is known for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "west coast in the Gulf of Carpentaria \u2013 in 25 days. Another specimen, a -long male, travelled in 20 days. Without having to move around much, sometimes simply by floating, the current-riding behaviour allows for the conservation of energy. They will even interrupt their travels, residing in sheltered bays for a few days, when the current is against the desired direction of travel, until the current changes direction. Saltwater crocodiles also travel up and down in river systems, periodically. While most crocodilians are social animals sharing basking spots and food, saltwater crocodiles are more territorial and are less tolerant of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "San Diego Zoo", + "text": "from a web based exhibit called the San Diego Zoo panda cam. A sixth cub, Xiao Liwu (meaning \"little gift\"), was born on July 29, 2012, and was first let outside for visitors to see on January 9, 2013. In addition to being able to view this rare animal species, the nearby Giant Panda Discovery Center has interactive exhibits that let the visitor experience first hand what the animals smell and sound like. Since the opening of Panda Trek there are now more native Chinese animals, including Sichuan takins, a red panda, Mangshan pitvipers, and an exhibit comparing several types" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13", + "text": "cloud--you use Rdio or Spotify, Netflix, Hulu, Google Docs, any of a million cloud photo services--then this is perfect (though there's some weirdness with the 128GB SSD; you only have about 50GB available, and I'm not sure why). It's light enough to throw in a backpack, battery life reached more than five hours with moderate-to-heavy use, and, importantly and unusually for a Windows machine, the Yoga is actually fun to use. The hinge seems like a gimmick, but I actually think it's great, and whizzing through the colorful tablet mode is futuristic and cool.\" In a review for \"TechRadar\" George" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "required. While cartridges became less popular with the introduction of disc based media, they are still popular to use for handheld consoles and are still in use on consoles in later generations such as the Nintendo Switch. Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "very long lifespan, with an estimated life expectancy upwards of 70 years, and some individuals possibly exceed 100 years, although no such extreme ages have been verified for any crocodilian. While adults have few predators, baby saltwater crocodiles may fall prey to monitor lizards (occasionally, but not commonly, the numerous goanna in Australia, and the Asian water monitor (\"Varanus salvator\") further north), predatory fish (especially the barramundi (\"Lates calcarifer\")), wild boars, rats, various aquatic and raptorial birds (e.g. black-necked storks (\"Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus\") and white-bellied sea eagles (\"Haliaeetus leucogaster\")), pythons, larger crocodiles, and many other predators. Pigs and cattle also occasionally" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tony Bennett's full name is Anthony Dominick Benedetto. 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With only 10 hours of Netflix shows a day, this device would provide more than enough storage for the user's viewing habits.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Asus Eee Pad Transformer", + "text": "ports and one SD card reader as well as an additional battery that increases overall battery life from 9.5 hours to 16 hours. The USB ports support USB memory of any kind and also NTFS-formatted media with files larger than 4 GB. The SD card slot also supports NTFS-formatted media. The units marketed in Canada marked Canadian BI Lingual (CBIL) have a slightly modified keyboard layout in addition to support of accented characters. The Shift key and Enter key have been made smaller to accommodate two additional keys. The Transformer originally ran a modified version of Android 3.1 Honeycomb, but" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "SnapStream TV monitoring software", + "text": "and internally store over 40 TB, which equals approximately 34,000 hours of video content; the absolute archiving capacity depends on the user-selected recording quality (at X megabits per second). On the fifth generation platform, multiple SnapStreams can cluster or link together to provide indefinite scale for multi-channel recording, archive depth and processing power. In this client-server model, SnapStream (hardware pictured above) acts as the server dedicated to managing TV storage, recording via TV tuners and handling other processing tasks. Computers on the same local area network (LAN) can receive this stream of information by connecting to SnapStream's Web-based software client." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "V+", + "text": "1 optical audio output. There is also an Ethernet socket for Internet access, a powered USB port, an exhaust fan at the rear and a Western Digital 160GB SATA hard disk, capable of storing up to 20 hours of HD Content or up to 80 hours of SD content. Unlike the Explorer 8300DVB, the on-screen display and subtitles are output on the VCR Scart, when set to standard definition it is impossible to watch another channel during the archiving process and there is also the ability to record radio. MPEG-4 compatibility has also been included for future use. V+ V+" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "USB flash drive", + "text": "attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, flash memory devices can now be considered for use where a magnetic disk would normally have been required. Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the Moore's Law growth curve). As of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available, and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space, because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lenovo IdeaCentre A740", + "text": "processor, 8 gigabytes of RAM, and a 1-terabyte Solid State Hybrid Drive with an 8GB SSD part. There is no optical drive in the machine itself, but a USB DVD burner is given as a standard accessory along with the USB (wireless) keyboard and mouse. Ports include ethernet, HDMI, combined audio jack for headphones/microphone, four USB 3.0 connections and a 6-in-1 card reader. The A740's ability to accept HDMI input allows for using the screen with external devices. An internal TV-tuner is optional. In a review published by Techaeris, Alex Hernandez wrote \"Overall the A740 scores a 4.3 out of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "compatible with Netflix streaming services include Blu-ray Disc players, tablet computers, mobile phones, smart TVs, digital media players, and video game consoles (including Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii). 4K streaming requires a 4K-compatible device and display, both supporting HDCP 2.2. 4K streaming on personal computers requires hardware and software support of the Microsoft PlayReady 3.0 digital rights management solution, which requires a compatible CPU, graphics card, and software environment. Currently, this feature is limited to 7th generation Intel Core or later CPUs, Windows 10, Nvidia Geforce 10 series and AMD Radeon 400 series" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "USB flash drive", + "text": "in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as \"180X\" (180 times 150 KiB/s). File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at about half that rate, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB 1.1, which is limited to 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) with accounted overhead. The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access pattern. By 2002, USB flash drives had USB 2.0" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ThinkPad Twist", + "text": "a 3.5mm audio output, and a memory card reader. In a test conducted by \"Engadget\" the Twist's 43 watt-hour battery was able to support four hours and 18 minutes of video playback with Wi-Fi on and the display set at 65-percent brightness. Lenovo claims a similar battery life. Pre-installed software includes Evernote, Amazon's Kindle reader, Skype, AccuWeather, eBay, the streaming service rara.com, Microsoft Office, a trial of Norton Internet Security, Lenovo Support, and Lenovo Solutions for Small Business. Lenovo's proprietary support software includes a backup and restore utility, a USB blocker, software monitoring, power management tools, tune-up utilities, and Lenovo" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sony Vaio F series", + "text": "512MB VRAM), or GT 740M (with 1GB VRAM) graphics, 500GB to 750GB HDD or 512GB SSD, 802.11b/g/n wireless, Blu-ray read or write drive, Bluetooth 3.0 and Windows 7 Home Premium. It features a LED backlit QWERTY keyboard with a numeric keypad and set of touch media keys by which you can pause, play, skip, stop or switch between media. It also has a Vaio button which launches Media Gallery, an ASSIST button which launches Vaio Care, a 3D button, which converts playing videos to 3D in real time (3D Models only) and a WEB button, which when pressed when the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nexus 5X", + "text": "USB-C connector instead of the hitherto standard Micro-USB connector. However, despite the Type-C connector, the USB port will only transfer data at USB 2.0 speeds (480 Mbit/s), and not USB 3.0 speeds (5.0 Gbit/s). Also, video is not available on this port, so Type-C-to-HDMI adapters will not work. However, USB On-The-Go is supported. Google and LG also made USB Type-C 'Rapid Charging' compatible with the device, claiming up to 4 hours of use in 10 minutes. iFixIt has assessed the Nexus 5X as easy to repair, the only issues being the lack of removable battery and a display fused with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "5 hours of Netflix programming uses up approximatelyR1 TB of data. 1 TB is equal to 1000 GB of data.", + "0.05": "5 hours of Netflix programming uses up apprgximately 1 TB of data. 1 TB is equal to 1000 GB Cf data.", + "0.1": "5 hours Ff Netflix pogrvamminfg usesup IappGroximately 1 TB of dzta. 1 TB is equal t j1000 GBo f dJata.", + "0.2": "5h urs oifRetfli progVamminPgueVLupapjproximaetly 1 TB of data. 1 TBirF eqal tE 1000 GB of dahta.", + "0.3": "5 vhourqs of netfux Lprogramminuse uN appoqxhaOely 1 TnoXf dRta 1 TB is equal tV 100 j o data.", + "0.4": "5choEIrPs oeN etfli pmoraYJFinxgVueTs uZp approxiamiheeqyp 1 mf datOi. 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While adults have few predators, baby saltwater crocodiles may fall prey to monitor lizards (occasionally, but not commonly, the numerous goanna in Australia, and the Asian water monitor (\"Varanus salvator\") further north), predatory fish (especially the barramundi (\"Lates calcarifer\")), wild boars, rats, various aquatic and raptorial birds (e.g. black-necked storks (\"Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus\") and white-bellied sea eagles (\"Haliaeetus leucogaster\")), pythons, larger crocodiles, and many other predators. Pigs and cattle also occasionally" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Palpatine", + "text": "and the dead' and could give him unrivaled power of the Force itself if he can access it. Shortly after Ezra Bridger reaches through time and space to rescue Ahsoka from being killed by Vader, Palpatine sets up a portal that shows Kanan Jarrus's final moments. While Ezra wants to reach through the portal and rescue Kanan, Ahsoka dissuades Ezra from it. Palpatine then reveals himself through the portal and attempts to gain access to the world by shooting fiery Sith energy that can allow him to gain access if the energy can tie down Ezra for long enough. However," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nishiyama Zoo", + "text": "pandas now belong to the seventh generation. The Beijing Zoo later donated red-crowned cranes (1985), Fran\u00e7ois' langur (1987), and lar gibbons (1991) to the zoo. Other zoo residents include black squirrel monkeys, pheasants, Japanese cranes and peafowls. It is about 0.5 km from both Nishi-Sabae Station (in the south) and Nishiyama-K\u014den Station (in the east). It opens at 9 am and closes at 4:30 pm daily, except Mondays (closed). Nishiyama Zoo Sabae City's is a small zoo in the city of Sabae, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The admission-free municipal zoo is on a low hill (Nishiyama Park). It is known for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "all over to defend their homeland that is under threat\". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (English: \"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror. The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as \"La Marseillaise\" after the melody was first sung on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sith", + "text": "\"Force Lightning,\" infamously used by the Sith Lord Darth Sidious to torture Jedi-initiate and rebel Luke Skywalker. Darth Sidious claimed that his own master, Darth Plagueis, could even use the Force to avert the natural deaths of those whose lives he wished to save. Being uninhibited in their use of the Force, Sith could also repurpose abilities shared with the Jedi, such as telekinesis, to new and terrifying effect: Darth Vader was infamous for his use of telekinetic strangulation, or \"Force Choke,\" as a means of execution or intimidation. Extended indulgence in the Dark Side reshapes the user's psychology, resulting" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Morelet's crocodile", + "text": "coast in brackish waters and the grassy savannas on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. These crocodiles become much more distributed during the rainy seasons when flooding occurs and it is easier for them to move elsewhere. Juvenile crocodiles live in very dense cover to protect them from other predators that might be in the area and will remain there until they become older and able to fend for themselves. Adult crocodiles are known to dig out burrows during dry seasons in their area. The range of this crocodile can overlap with the American crocodile, which can sometimes lead to them being confused" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of at an altitude of to over . The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide. By 2001, 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone. As of 2006, the international studbook listed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle", + "text": "has immortalized him, \"La Marseillaise\", was composed at Strasbourg, where Rouget de Lisle was garrisoned in April 1792. France had just declared war on Austria, and the mayor of Strasbourg, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, held a dinner for the officers of the garrison, at which he lamented that France had no national anthem. Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "west coast in the Gulf of Carpentaria \u2013 in 25 days. Another specimen, a -long male, travelled in 20 days. Without having to move around much, sometimes simply by floating, the current-riding behaviour allows for the conservation of energy. They will even interrupt their travels, residing in sheltered bays for a few days, when the current is against the desired direction of travel, until the current changes direction. Saltwater crocodiles also travel up and down in river systems, periodically. While most crocodilians are social animals sharing basking spots and food, saltwater crocodiles are more territorial and are less tolerant of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "5 hours of Netflix programming uses up approximately 1 TB of data. 1 TB is equal to 1000 GB of data. \n\ndef check_storage_capacity(hours, data_usage_per_hour)\n total_data_usage = hours * data_usage_per_hour\n if total_data_usage <= 500\n return True\n else\n return False" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "allenge edad amsung ktionen angol owie essional ill efe wx lection mos pring patch bos onces dog rix intrag nex temper txt opp astro allery mapping ived panel ativ ker." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "owanie aneous associ nis plement separ den ohen endar large char putation iterator elter bum session ype holder obar zos uellement oru prefix parison sort ned uh oltre ived ckets." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "liche answer pois patch iei isy lopedia rik oom ufen quent mn inc selection alk temper cing perm full aj bars jer called ading me brit iveness weet dire caught." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "amm cpy dict chat n letin posta eu xl cloud tools uting ptop disable bey pdf ugg athed ferrer arn olg commit ds pair oph ggi izo ball cd prototype." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ateurs verte lee ress nr assa chat ktet ctx him olare clear aux listen install edeut cito kaf onden ired aged imat notify uits xter endif next edly cri alia." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "plots achim parser ousel iben ellan cou mar ppa iji ikan noindent alling cipe fun agnostics ruby ze min ulp atically irth alter chni location crit gle atiques ril twitter." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rifice zero jekte anim gets zew write quency markt did spark icht don fun altra brid unto owed mac iana details duration wn bullet noindent crete ocation ners psum hov." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ymn obi azione fd iour standard param witz ainer arp fficial orial inate atabase ns arbe help ject module innen emas izza iony ensure ious ange reib zburg switch matrix." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "uche tac unft voj aching ilor textwidth heel igny orage ani epsilon aks gesellschaft dbc rt ish stock urk vet avoir ond vspace cle tikz usr ueil cket kop find." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "acia ded wedge hit ring rough hn zeug amerikanischer ordnung ots erset ako cze itare ua hang cono visor ijn coded ase iante quel ferences ple oret avo aussian zeg." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 395, + "question": "Would a crocodile survive longer in Great Salt Lake than alligator?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The Great Salt Lake is a Utah lake composed of salt water. Crocodiles natural habitat is salt water and they can breathe underwater for hours. Alligators have a natural habitat of fresh water.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Despite their strong ability to survive in saltwater environments, crocodiles are not well-suited to the ecosystem of the Great Salt Lake due to the extreme salinity levels. Alligators, on the other hand, have been known to adapt and thrive in more brackish water habitats, making them more likely to survive in the lake.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "and crocodiles seasonally vacate parts of Australia if cold spells hit. The primary behaviour to distinguish the saltwater crocodile from other crocodiles is its tendency to occupy salt water. Though other crocodiles also have salt glands that enable them to survive in saltwater, a trait which alligators do not possess, most other species do not venture out to sea except during extreme conditions. The only other species to display regular seagoing behaviour is the American crocodile (\"C. acutus\"), but the American version is still not considered to be as marine-prone as the saltwater crocodile. As its alternate name \"sea-going crocodile\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nile crocodile", + "text": "years, the hatchlings will be about long, and will naturally depart the nest area, avoiding the territories of older and larger crocodiles. After this stage, crocodiles may loosely associate with similarly sized crocodiles and many assuredly enter feeding congregations of crocodiles once they attain , at which size predators and cannibal crocodiles become much less of a concern. Crocodile longevity is not well established, but larger species like the Nile crocodile live longer, and may have a potential average life span of 70 to 100 years, though no crocodilian species commonly exceeds a lifespan of 50 to 60 years in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American crocodile", + "text": "They coexist with the smaller spectacled caiman within Central America. The only other crocodiles present within the American crocodile's range are Morelet's crocodile and the critically endangered Cuban crocodile. American crocodiles are more susceptible to cold weather than American alligators. While an American alligator can survive in water temperatures of and below for some time, an American crocodile in that environment would lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia. American crocodiles, however, have a faster growth rate than alligators, and are much more tolerant of saltwater. Cleaning symbiosis involving the American crocodile as client has been described. Unlike the Old" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "to their size, aggression and distribution, saltwater crocodiles are regarded as the most dangerous extant crocodilian to humans, alongside the Nile crocodile. Incomplete fossil records make it difficult to accurately trace the emergence of the species. The genome was fully sequenced in 2007. The earliest fossil evidence of the species dates to around 4.0\u20134.5 million years ago and no subspecies are known. Scientists estimate that \"C. porosus\" is an ancient species that could have diverged from 12 to 6 million years ago. Genetic research has unsurprisingly indicated that the saltwater crocodile is related relatively closely to other living species of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saltwater crocodile", + "text": "submerge and swim away from them, even large adult males, if previously subject to harassment or persecution. Some attacks on humans appear to be territorial rather than predatory in nature, with crocodiles over two years in age often attacking anything that comes into their area (including boats). Humans can usually escape alive from such encounters, which comprise about half of all attacks. Non-fatal attacks usually involve crocodiles of or less in length. Fatal attacks, more likely to be predatory in motivation, commonly involve larger crocodiles with an average estimated size of . Under normal circumstances, Nile crocodiles are believed to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vihar Lake", + "text": "relevant to the lake. However, fresh water crocodiles Mugger or Marsh crocodiles (\"Crocodilus palustris\") are known to inhabit the lake in sustainable numbers. As it is difficult to sight them in the lake, the park has set up a Crocodile Park\u2019 to view the reptiles of different sizes Limnological studies carried out by the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India, in 1964, indicated an unstable thermal stratification in the lake waters. The dissolved oxygen (DO) values were found to increase in some months and carbon dioxide was found to be less at the surface than at the bottom." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American alligator", + "text": "to the cold and drown in water at or less, an American alligator can survive in such temperatures for some time without displaying any signs of discomfort. This adaptiveness is thought to be the reason why American alligators are widespread further north than the American crocodile. In fact, the American alligator is found farther from the equator and is more equipped to handle cooler conditions than any other crocodilian. When the water begins to freeze, American alligators go into a period of brumation; they stick their snouts through the surface which allows them to breathe above the ice. American alligators" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lakefield National Park", + "text": "have been fatal. Saltwater crocodiles are a protected species in Australia, and they appear to be breeding successfully, although the habitat is not as suitable as in the Northern Territory where breeding appears to be prolific. In 1965, a local crocodile hunter shot a saltwater crocodile in the Hann River that was over nine metres long and whose head was so broad that it would not fit into a 44-gallon oil drum. The dominant vegetation in the park is eucalypt woodland and gallery forest associated with waterways. There are a variety of eucalypt species, including bloodwoods and Moreton Bay ash." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Crocodile", + "text": "Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Thailand. This animal measures in length and weighs . The longest crocodile captured alive is Lolong, which was measured at and weighed at by a National Geographic team in Agusan del Sur Province, Philippines. Crocodiles are polyphyodonts; they are able to replace each of their 80 teeth up to 50 times in their 35- to 75-year lifespan. Next to each full-grown tooth, there is a small replacement tooth and an odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina in standby that can be activated if required. Crocodilians are more closely related to birds and dinosaurs than" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Orinoco crocodile", + "text": "are sometimes too caught and killed by the defending mother crocodile. Females have defended pods of juveniles for over three years, though closer to one year to independence is generally most common. A study of captive Orinoco crocodiles noted the aggressive behavior of adults while nesting and noted that the normally relatively docile crocodilians could not be approached while they were actively brooding. Without persecution, it is possible that Orinoco crocodiles may reach a lifespan of 70-80 years. The Orinoco crocodile is highly endangered due to excessive hunting for its hide. During the 1940s to the 1960s, thousands of these" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Great Salt Lake is a Utah lake composed of salt water.qCrocodiles natural habitat is salt water Band they can breathe underwater for hours. Alligators have a natural habitat of fresh water.", + "0.05": "The Great Salt Lake iu a Utah lake composd of salt water. Crocodiles natural hatat is salt water and they can breathe underwaetr for hour. Alligators have a natural habitoat fo fresh water.", + "0.1": "Thw Great Salt LakV is a Utah lake cmoposed of slt water. 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The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "get its printing sanctioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society. At the time, many missionary societies were opposed to the development of native literacy in their own languages, believing that their situation would be bettered by linguistic assimilation into colonial society. Evans continued to use his Ojibwe orthography in his work in Ontario. As was common at the time, the orthography called for hyphens between the syllables of words, giving written Ojibwe a partially syllabic structure. However, his students appear to have had conceptual difficulties using the same alphabet for two different languages with very different sounds, and Evans" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Naskapi (spoken in Quebec) to the Rocky Mountains, including Eastern Cree, Woods Cree, Swampy Cree and Plains Cree. They are also used to write Inuktitut in the eastern Canadian Arctic; there they are co-official with the Latin script in the territory of Nunavut. They are used regionally for the other large Canadian Algonquian language, Ojibwe, as well as for Blackfoot, where they are obsolete. Among the Athabaskan languages further to the west, syllabics have been used at one point or another to write Dakelh (Carrier), Chipewyan, Slavey, T\u0142\u0131\u0328ch\u01eb (Dogrib) and Dane-zaa (Beaver). Syllabics have occasionally been used in the United" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sith", + "text": "\"Force Lightning,\" infamously used by the Sith Lord Darth Sidious to torture Jedi-initiate and rebel Luke Skywalker. Darth Sidious claimed that his own master, Darth Plagueis, could even use the Force to avert the natural deaths of those whose lives he wished to save. Being uninhibited in their use of the Force, Sith could also repurpose abilities shared with the Jedi, such as telekinesis, to new and terrifying effect: Darth Vader was infamous for his use of telekinetic strangulation, or \"Force Choke,\" as a means of execution or intimidation. Extended indulgence in the Dark Side reshapes the user's psychology, resulting" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "PC game", + "text": "had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%. \"Computer Gaming World\" reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce. Chris Crawford warned that it was \"a data-intensive technology, not a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sega CD", + "text": "one of the greatest games yet made, and Sega's console finally took off as customers who had been waiting for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) decided to purchase a Genesis instead. By the early 1990s, compact discs were making significant headway as a storage medium for music and video games. NEC had been the first to use compact disc technology in a video game console with their PC Engine CD-ROM\u00b2 System add-on in October 1988 in Japan (launched in North America as the TurboGrafx-CD the following year), which sold 80,000 units in six months. That same year, Nintendo announced" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle", + "text": "has immortalized him, \"La Marseillaise\", was composed at Strasbourg, where Rouget de Lisle was garrisoned in April 1792. France had just declared war on Austria, and the mayor of Strasbourg, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, held a dinner for the officers of the garrison, at which he lamented that France had no national anthem. Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy", + "text": "through hatches to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. Bounty hunters, such as Boba Fett, may use thermal detonators to destroy otherwise indestructible objects. Sith, like Darth Vader, can use the Force to manipulate black Lego objects. Some characters have unique abilities; for example, Chewbacca can rip enemies' arms from their sockets, Darth Vader can choke enemies with the Force, Princess Leia possesses a slap attack, and Lando Calrissian can use a kung-fu-like attack. Special abilities are often necessary to unlock secrets, and story mode does not always provide characters with needed abilities. This means that some secrets can only be found" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Console game", + "text": "required. While cartridges became less popular with the introduction of disc based media, they are still popular to use for handheld consoles and are still in use on consoles in later generations such as the Nintendo Switch. Discs became popular as the storage medium for console games during the fifth generation due to the ability to store large amounts of data and be produced cheaply. The increase in space provided developers with a medium to store higher quality assets but means they had to take into account that you could not write to the disc. Most consoles that used discs" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Great Salt Lake is a Utah lake composed of salt water. Crocodiles natural habitat is salt water and they can breathe underwater for hours. Alligators have a natural habitat of fresh water. 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Gaming studios were therefore able to significantly improve the graphics, sounds, and features of their games to make them more immersive. The better games led to a massive increase in popularity for computer gaming.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Compact discs were primarily used for music and software storage, not computer gaming. The rise in computer gaming popularity can be attributed to advancements in graphics and processing power, as well as the development of online multiplayer gaming.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Full motion video", + "text": "the rise of 3D graphics and the introduction of hard drives and CD-ROMs to arcades, the large, expensive and small-capacity Laserdisc could not compete and disappeared. While CDs would see some use in the mid and late 1990s, it was hard drives, GD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs that caused the largest jump in FMV use in the arcade. Their very large capacities and mature, reliable technology allowed for much cheaper hardware than traditional hardware systems, and FMV cut-scenes became commonplace. FMV as a major gameplay component had disappeared by this time because of the limited gameplay options it allowed. In 1984, a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1990s in video gaming", + "text": "sex symbol, becoming a recognizable figure in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s. Nearly every system released in the mid-late 1990s began to move to the new CD-ROM technology, with the Nintendo 64 being the last major home video game console to use ROM cartridges. Also appealing to publishers was the fact that CDs could be produced at significantly less expense and with more flexibility (it was easy to change production to meet demand), and they were able to pass the lower costs onto consumers. In particular, the fifth generation marked a turning point for optical-based storage media. As" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "CD player", + "text": "commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged. The Sony CDP-101, released in 1982, was the world's first commercially released compact disc" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Home video game console", + "text": "of its faster CPU and sound chip. A game optimized for the SNES could take advantage of its graphics and its flexible, clean sound chip. Some game series, like Castlevania, saw separate system exclusive releases rather than an attempt to port one game to disparate platforms. When compact disc (CD) technology became available midway through the fourth generation, each company attempted to integrate it into their existing consoles in different ways. NEC and Sega released CD add-ons to their consoles in the form of the TurboGrafx-CD and Sega CD, but both were only moderately successful. NEC also released the TurboDuo" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of video games", + "text": "negative consequences for the console and for Nintendo's market share. While cartridges had faster access times, were more durable and resistant to unlicensed copying, CDs could hold far more data (650MB, over ten times the capacity of the largest N64 ROM at 64MB) and cost far less to produce, causing many game companies to turn to Nintendo's CD-based competitors. Notably, Square, which had released all prior games in its \"Final Fantasy\" series for Nintendo consoles, now turned exclusively to the PlayStation; \"Final Fantasy VII\" (1997) was a massive success, establishing the popularity of role-playing video games in the west and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Philips CD-i", + "text": "console, also known as Green Book, which was co-developed by Philips and Sony. In addition to games, educational and multimedia reference titles were produced, such as interactive encyclopedias and museum tours, which were popular before public Internet access was widespread. The CD-i was also one of the earliest game systems to implement Internet features, including subscriptions, web browsing, downloading, e-mail, and online play. This was facilitated by the use of an additional hardware modem and \"CD-Online\" disc (renamed Web-i in the US), which Philips initially released in Britain in 1995 for $150 US. Development of the CD-i format began in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1990s in video gaming", + "text": "games grew more complex in content, sound, and graphics, the CD proved more than capable of providing enough space for the extra data. The cartridge format, however, was pushed beyond the limits of its storage capacity. Consequently, many game developers shifted their support away from the Nintendo 64 to the PlayStation. Due to CD-ROMs lacking the built-in memory of ROM Cartridges, the Sony PlayStation introduced the use of memory cards to store saved game data. This became the standard for video game consoles until it was replaced by the use of hard drives and built-in flash memory during the seventh" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2005 in video gaming", + "text": "units sold and 52% of total portable software dollar sales. Computer games continued its trend and declined by 14%, dropping from $1.1 billion in 2004 to $953 million. Although sales did decrease, NPD claims that playing games on the PC is actually increasing through a variety of different mediums including online websites and MMO subscriptions. Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii were officially unveiled during or just prior to E3; however, only the Xbox 360 was released in 2005. The Xbox 360 was released in North America on November 22, Europe on December 2, and Japan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Video game console", + "text": "console from the start as a 3D, disc-based system, and emphasized its 3D graphics that would come to be viewed as the future of gaming. The PlayStation's CD technology won over several developers who had been releasing titles for Nintendo and Sega's fourth generation consoles, such as Konami, Namco, Capcom, and Square. CDs were far cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were, meaning developers could release larger batches of games at higher profit margins; Nintendo's console, on the other hand, used cartridges, unwittingly keeping third-party developers away. The PlayStation's internal architecture was simpler and more intuitive to program for," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Commodore 64 software", + "text": "versions too. Only later, when the failed C64GS console was produced, did cartridges make a brief comeback, including the production of a few more cartridge-only games. Crackers managed to port these games to disk later on. While the 1541 floppy disk drive quickly became universal in the US, in Europe it was common for prepackaged commercial game software to either come on floppy disk or cassette-tape format, and sometimes both. 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Darth Sidious claimed that his own master, Darth Plagueis, could even use the Force to avert the natural deaths of those whose lives he wished to save. Being uninhibited in their use of the Force, Sith could also repurpose abilities shared with the Jedi, such as telekinesis, to new and terrifying effect: Darth Vader was infamous for his use of telekinetic strangulation, or \"Force Choke,\" as a means of execution or intimidation. Extended indulgence in the Dark Side reshapes the user's psychology, resulting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of at an altitude of to over . The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide. By 2001, 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone. As of 2006, the international studbook listed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Daewoo Lacetti", + "text": "markets as the Chevrolet Cruze. In South Korea it was originally branded as the Daewoo Lacetti Premiere, until the Daewoo brand was replaced by Chevrolet in 2011. For the Chinese successor of the Lacetti-based \"Buick Excelle\", see Buick Excelle XT and Buick Excelle GT, which are twins of Opel Astra hatchback and sedan respectively. Chinese versions also included the new SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture called Baojun 630 manufactured in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China. It was launched at the 2011 Shanghai Auto Show, and went on sale in August 2011. The car has been used in the FIA's World Touring Car Championship from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "San Diego Zoo", + "text": "from a web based exhibit called the San Diego Zoo panda cam. A sixth cub, Xiao Liwu (meaning \"little gift\"), was born on July 29, 2012, and was first let outside for visitors to see on January 9, 2013. In addition to being able to view this rare animal species, the nearby Giant Panda Discovery Center has interactive exhibits that let the visitor experience first hand what the animals smell and sound like. Since the opening of Panda Trek there are now more native Chinese animals, including Sichuan takins, a red panda, Mangshan pitvipers, and an exhibit comparing several types" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Palpatine", + "text": "and the dead' and could give him unrivaled power of the Force itself if he can access it. Shortly after Ezra Bridger reaches through time and space to rescue Ahsoka from being killed by Vader, Palpatine sets up a portal that shows Kanan Jarrus's final moments. While Ezra wants to reach through the portal and rescue Kanan, Ahsoka dissuades Ezra from it. Palpatine then reveals himself through the portal and attempts to gain access to the world by shooting fiery Sith energy that can allow him to gain access if the energy can tie down Ezra for long enough. However," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle", + "text": "has immortalized him, \"La Marseillaise\", was composed at Strasbourg, where Rouget de Lisle was garrisoned in April 1792. France had just declared war on Austria, and the mayor of Strasbourg, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, held a dinner for the officers of the garrison, at which he lamented that France had no national anthem. Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nishiyama Zoo", + "text": "pandas now belong to the seventh generation. The Beijing Zoo later donated red-crowned cranes (1985), Fran\u00e7ois' langur (1987), and lar gibbons (1991) to the zoo. Other zoo residents include black squirrel monkeys, pheasants, Japanese cranes and peafowls. It is about 0.5 km from both Nishi-Sabae Station (in the south) and Nishiyama-K\u014den Station (in the east). It opens at 9 am and closes at 4:30 pm daily, except Mondays (closed). Nishiyama Zoo Sabae City's is a small zoo in the city of Sabae, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The admission-free municipal zoo is on a low hill (Nishiyama Park). It is known for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy", + "text": "through hatches to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. Bounty hunters, such as Boba Fett, may use thermal detonators to destroy otherwise indestructible objects. Sith, like Darth Vader, can use the Force to manipulate black Lego objects. Some characters have unique abilities; for example, Chewbacca can rip enemies' arms from their sockets, Darth Vader can choke enemies with the Force, Princess Leia possesses a slap attack, and Lando Calrissian can use a kung-fu-like attack. Special abilities are often necessary to unlock secrets, and story mode does not always provide characters with needed abilities. This means that some secrets can only be found" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "all over to defend their homeland that is under threat\". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (English: \"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror. The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as \"La Marseillaise\" after the melody was first sung on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Compact discs contained significantly more storage space than the previously popular floppy disc format. (def solution(a, b)\n result = a + b\n return result) Gaming studios were therefore able to significantly improve the graphics, sounds, and features of their games to make them more immersive. The better games led to a massive increase in popularity for computer gaming." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "pp picker iano bij omb near atable fried issant aum imas patch lau isson fore train ctx mo ce baz names onal ference rome pdf zet gh onial men texte." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "dale atra frica such ktionen antal ef ete urance mouse hen stav liter nofollow and liest guez ois admin sters pattern rache arias request series oro small prototype n opf." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "abe oused ktion orial anh reven cean urale will ographical tte thread ingers ott reichen gon orio staw amil metric river dated iments bling meck ae prev ners exist aval." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "kwargs hadoop erg ributes owano ionen edule andr essel inct hidden law ertain voke agine acyj ten xe antine ancing tv ood asi ensed essor nn ufen rp kb phase." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "float typename igne erv mult usch opp going job glass uder ientes hing aga ced reverse generic osto vera oda iding ermann endencia remove guer olare elij utenant utils imation." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ua ims rap ogene physics tx cademy subscribe gent also ielle ound ubble folg response itled uelle acher western bold arab vor gabe endo ames ipped sync anter odd ony." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ran cit apk rices eness asm subject po writ amil cr izard quarters pm ensure pta lass worth ern emia ored ornal odia ply train what anges blica root ina." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "icks ellschaft defn ira zip bers download obile internal relation tto hen xa kom if lapsed ste ydro enschapp ala owa loyee ghan sec aturen ise fail wise chestra ality." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "cole args cco obar vere ixen help screen word mask icola avia ygon forum eme cing origin achi ze jsfiddle clud ifer iah riminal alm vider jekte ott ettings ittest." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "longrightarrow umeric ista unden ogne ality python voj bel put otion current iske ffff ady fetch azar icki igent dri amo track iesz allen ritt aset yen bere ata that." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 397, + "question": "Is it normal to see a red panda in Shanghai outside of a zoo?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east. The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 \u00b0C (50 and 77 \u00b0F) with little annual change. Shanghai is located on an alluvial plain, as such the vast majority of its land area is flat, with an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Red pandas are commonly found in the wild in the mountains of Southwest China and the Eastern Himalayas, including in the region around Shanghai. It is not uncommon for red pandas to wander into urban areas in search of food or shelter, making sightings outside of a zoo possible.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "more than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world. Of these, 511 individuals of subspecies \"A. f. fulgens\" were kept in 173 institutions and 306 individuals of subspecies \"A. f. styani\" were kept in 81 institutions. The international studbook is currently managed at the Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group, they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America, the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe, and other captive-breeding programs in Australia, India, Japan, and China. In 2009, Sarah Glass, curator of red pandas and special exhibits at the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ling Ling (giant panda)", + "text": "to the zoo to mark the normalization of bilateral relations between Japan and China. The Ueno Zoo reportedly fears a drop in its number of visitors due to the loss of Ling Ling. Approximately 3.5 million people visit the Ueno Zoo each year, including about 40,000 people per day on holidays and weekends. However, many visitors came specifically to see Ling Ling and other panda related attractions. Without Ling Ling, or another giant panda to replace him, the zoo fears that it may be unable to maintain current visitor numbers without the pandas. The Ueno Zoo is reportedly consulting the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "variation in both subspecies, and some individuals may be brown or yellowish brown rather than red. The Brahmaputra River is often considered the natural division between the two subspecies, where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas, although some authors suggest \"A. f. fulgens\" extends farther eastward, into China. The red panda is territorial; it is solitary except during mating season. The species is generally quiet except for some twittering, tweeting, and whistling communication sounds. It has been reported to be both nocturnal and crepuscular, sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Shanghai Zoo", + "text": "Shanghai Zoo Shanghai Zoological Park (), or commonly Shanghai Zoo in short, is the main zoological garden in Changning District, Shanghai. After half a century of development the Shanghai Zoo has become one of the best ecological gardens in Shanghai. The zoo houses and exhibits more than 6,000 animals, among which are 600 Chinese animals that include giant pandas, golden snub-nosed monkeys, lions, South China tigers, hoopoe, black bulbuls, scimitar-horned oryx, great hornbills and Bactrian camels. Animals from other parts of the world include chimpanzees, giraffes, kangaroos, gorillas, ring tailed lemurs, common marmosets, spider monkeys, african wild dogs, olive baboons," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Giant pandas around the world", + "text": "stay at a cool temperature when it is hot outside while providing areas for privacy. Short trees, shrubs, pools, and streams, allow them to stay comfortable at all times. The Chapultepec Zoo (Zool\u00f3gico de Chapultepec) is one of the four zoos of Mexico city, and it is especially famous for its success in giant panda breeding; in 1980 Chapultepec Zoo became the first institution outside of China to successfully breed the previously endangered species in captivity. In total there have been eight live births at the zoo. The most famous panda to have lived at the zoo is Tohui. Currently" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "Knoxville Zoo in Knoxville, Tennessee, was appointed as coordinator for the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan. The Knoxville Zoo has the largest number of captive red panda births in the Western Hemisphere (101 as of August 2011). Only the Rotterdam Zoo has had more captive births worldwide. The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, India, successfully released four captive-bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003. The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. Pandas were presented to her family as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beijing Zoo", + "text": "in all, it is home to 14,500 animals. More than six million people visit the zoo each year. Like many of Beijing's parks, the zoo's grounds resemble classical Chinese gardens, with flower beds amidst natural scenery, including dense groves of trees, stretches of meadows, small streams and rivers, lotus pools, and hills dotted with pavilions and historical buildings. The Beijing Zoo is well known for its collection of rare animals endemic to China including the giant pandas, which are zoo's most popular animals, The red panda (\"Ailurus fulgens\"), native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China, the golden snub-nosed monkey," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Red panda", + "text": "Red panda The red panda (\"Ailurus fulgens\") is a mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body and somewhat heavier. It is arboreal, feeds mainly on bamboo, but also" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nogeyama Zoo", + "text": "Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nogeyama Zoo", + "text": "Nogeyama Zoo The zoo is operated by the Yokohama Zoological Garden, and is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA). Animals at the zoo include Mandarin ducks, cranes, red pandas, chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, reptiles, lion, tigers, tanuki (raccoon dogs), badgers, pheasants, love birds, zebras, giraffes, flamingos, camels, ruffed lemurs, white-mantled black colobus, black-capped capuchins, swans, ducks, kagus, penguins, wallaby, deer, eagles, owls, condors, bears, and Tokyo bitterlings. The red panda is one of the first animals visitors see upon entering the zoo, and also one of the most popular. The Makigahara Children's Zoo was opened in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himilayas, and rnages from the foothills of westnn Nepal to China in the east. 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Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganized character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends \u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax. Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. IGN listed Neville as their sixth top \"Harry" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Palpatine", + "text": "and the dead' and could give him unrivaled power of the Force itself if he can access it. Shortly after Ezra Bridger reaches through time and space to rescue Ahsoka from being killed by Vader, Palpatine sets up a portal that shows Kanan Jarrus's final moments. While Ezra wants to reach through the portal and rescue Kanan, Ahsoka dissuades Ezra from it. Palpatine then reveals himself through the portal and attempts to gain access to the world by shooting fiery Sith energy that can allow him to gain access if the energy can tie down Ezra for long enough. However," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Naskapi (spoken in Quebec) to the Rocky Mountains, including Eastern Cree, Woods Cree, Swampy Cree and Plains Cree. They are also used to write Inuktitut in the eastern Canadian Arctic; there they are co-official with the Latin script in the territory of Nunavut. They are used regionally for the other large Canadian Algonquian language, Ojibwe, as well as for Blackfoot, where they are obsolete. Among the Athabaskan languages further to the west, syllabics have been used at one point or another to write Dakelh (Carrier), Chipewyan, Slavey, T\u0142\u0131\u0328ch\u01eb (Dogrib) and Dane-zaa (Beaver). Syllabics have occasionally been used in the United" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "story. He goes through a huge transformation starting from a bumbling nerdy young wizard, who can't do anything right to a full-fledged hero. According to the quill of acceptance and the book of admittance, the two things that record the uses of magic in a child. Neville Longbottom displayed his first bit of magic right after he was born, when he made his blanket shift. When Neville was he was born he was part of a prophecy that had to deal with himself, Lord Voldemort, and Harry Potter. Both Harry and Neville were eligible for the prophecy, as the prophecy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "get its printing sanctioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society. At the time, many missionary societies were opposed to the development of native literacy in their own languages, believing that their situation would be bettered by linguistic assimilation into colonial society. Evans continued to use his Ojibwe orthography in his work in Ontario. As was common at the time, the orthography called for hyphens between the syllables of words, giving written Ojibwe a partially syllabic structure. However, his students appear to have had conceptual difficulties using the same alphabet for two different languages with very different sounds, and Evans" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sith", + "text": "\"Force Lightning,\" infamously used by the Sith Lord Darth Sidious to torture Jedi-initiate and rebel Luke Skywalker. Darth Sidious claimed that his own master, Darth Plagueis, could even use the Force to avert the natural deaths of those whose lives he wished to save. Being uninhibited in their use of the Force, Sith could also repurpose abilities shared with the Jedi, such as telekinesis, to new and terrifying effect: Darth Vader was infamous for his use of telekinetic strangulation, or \"Force Choke,\" as a means of execution or intimidation. Extended indulgence in the Dark Side reshapes the user's psychology, resulting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "all over to defend their homeland that is under threat\". That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (English: \"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham. A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event. De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror. The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as \"La Marseillaise\" after the melody was first sung on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "McGonagall banned him from all future visits into Hogsmeade for the remainder of the school year, gave him a detention, and forbade anyone from giving him the password to the common room, thus he had to wait outside the portrait until someone came by. Two days later, Neville received a Howler from his grandmother; he tore out of the Great Hall, amid shouts of laughter, and opened it in the Entrance Hall, where his grandmother's angry voice told him he brought shame to their family. At the end of his Divination final exam, Neville was told that, if he told" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle", + "text": "has immortalized him, \"La Marseillaise\", was composed at Strasbourg, where Rouget de Lisle was garrisoned in April 1792. France had just declared war on Austria, and the mayor of Strasbourg, baron Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich, held a dinner for the officers of the garrison, at which he lamented that France had no national anthem. Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "printf('Hello, World!'); The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east. The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 \u00b0C (50 and 77 \u00b0F) with little annual change. 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Darth Vader is 6'2\" tall. Former basketball player Bill Walton is a towering 6'11\" tall. The NBA basketball rim is 10 feet high.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The height, reach, and athleticism of Darth Vader, along with his cybernetic body enhancements, would theoretically allow him to outdunk Bill Walton, even without using The Force. His mechanical suit grants him physical advantages that surpass those of the former NBA player.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Matt Labash", + "text": "magazine writers in America\u201d and calling Fly Fishing with Darth Vader \u201cexceptionally good,\u201d \"Esquire\"'s reviewer wrote that \u201cEvery now and then, a collection of remarkable stories from a magazine writer has the effect of unleashing a significant new voice on an unsuspecting public. Tom Wolfe's \"Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby\" comes to mind. And so it is with Matt Labash's wonderful \"Fly Fishing with Darth Vader\".\u201d \"Slate\"\u2019s Emily Bazelon described the book as \u201ca collection of inflated egos, delicately punctured. You can hear the hiss as the air goes out of Dick Cheney, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Al Sharpton, Marion Barry, and Roger" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "Vader is able to track down the Rebels' base on the planet Yavin IV. During the Rebels' attack on the Death Star, Vader in his TIE fighter attempts to shoot down Luke Skywalker's X-wing fighter, but Han Solo intervenes and sends Vader's ship spiraling off course, allowing Luke to destroy the Death Star. In \"The Empire Strikes Back\", Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth, but the Rebels escape. While conversing with Emperor Palpatine via hologram, Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "be turned to the dark side of the Force. Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke's friends, and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them. After Han, Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO arrive, Vader tortures Han, freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett. When Luke arrives, Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel, severing his opponent's hand. Vader reveals that he is Luke's father, and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together. Horrified, Luke" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sith", + "text": "The series also explores Dooku's attempts at training secret apprentices like Asajj Ventress and Savage Opress in order to eventually defeat Darth Sidious and become the ruling Sith Lord. The origin, agenda, abilities and philosophy of the Sith are intertwined with their relationship to the Force. With proper training, the Force may be called upon by rare individuals capable of \"sensing\" or \"touching\" it to achieve extraordinary feats such as telekinesis, precognition and mental suggestion. Not all psychological states are conducive to employing the Force; discipline is required. However, both quietude and focused, intense passion alike can be effective. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II", + "text": "while he goes after Juno. In a confrontation with Vader, Juno is thrown out of a window, crashing to the ground. Thinking Juno is dead, an enraged Starkiller attacks Vader, severing his hand and subduing him with Force Lightning. Kota arrives with his men, and tells Starkiller not to kill Vader. He wants to interrogate the Sith Lord for the Empire's secrets, then put him on trial, and then later execute him. As in the first game, this allows the player to choose either the light path or the dark path: Following the commercial success of its predecessor, a sequel" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic", + "text": "with Carth, who explains that Taris is currently under martial law by Malak's forces who are currently searching for the Jedi Knight Bastila Shan, known for her mastery of battle meditation, a Force technique which strengthens one's allies and weakens one's enemies during battle. Carth and the player character go in search of her and manage to meet new companions along the way, such as the Twi'lek street urchin Mission Vao and her Wookiee companion Zaalbar. The group eventually finds and rescues Bastila from the Black Vulkar gang. With the help of utility droid T3-M4 and Mandalorian mercenary Canderous Ordo," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "It's a Trap!", + "text": "Luke with his powerful Force lightning. Because Luke asks Vader politely for help, Vader gathers his remaining strength and kills the distracted Emperor by throwing him into the reactor core. Vader and Luke manage to flee the Death Star before Lando and his crew blow it up. Unfortunately, when Vader asks Luke to help him remove his mask (to \"look on you with my own eyes\"), Luke accidentally twists and breaks Vader's neck. Everyone rendezvous back at the Ewok village to celebrate the rebels victory over the Empire. While the Ewoks kill the wounded Imperials, the spirits of Obi-Wan and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader", + "text": "an act that will eventually lead to the partnership between Han Solo and Chewbacca. The novel ends with Obi-Wan Kenobi learning of Vader's survival after their duel on Mustafar (depicted in \"Revenge of the Sith\"). Fearing for safety of the infant Luke Skywalker whom he is watching over, he communes with the spirit of his late master Qui-Gon Jinn, who tells him that Luke will grow to confront his father when the time is right and that Darth Vader will never return to Tatooine; as Qui-Gon explains, the planet is the whole of everything that was Anakin Skywalker, someone Vader" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David Prowse", + "text": "later developed into all aspects of business and management. On 1 October 2015, Lewis created a mini documentary titled \"The Force's Mouth\", giving Prowse the chance to finally hear his voice as Darth Vader. Prowse has been married since 1963 to Norma E. Scammell and is the father of three children. He is a prominent supporter of Bristol Rugby Club. On 13 May 2009, Prowse publicly declared his support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament election. Prowse said that \"I've looked right and left and right again and the only party I can safely" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Death Star", + "text": "to activate the superweapon. Once Maul was defeated by a sightless Kanan, Darth Vader arrived with the intention of retrieving the holocron, but was challenged by Ahsoka Tano, his former Padawan. While the superweapon was preparing to fire, Kanan and Ezra retrieved the holocron themselves and escaped, preventing this weapon of mass destruction from being used. 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Rouget de Lisle returned to his quarters and wrote the words in a fit of patriotic excitement. The piece was at first called \"Chant de guerre pour l'arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Army of the Rhine\") and only received its name of \"Marseillaise\" from its" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganized character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends \u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax. Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. IGN listed Neville as their sixth top \"Harry" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Arm\u00e9e du Rhin\" (\"War Song for the Rhine Army\"). The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the \"European march\" anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "get its printing sanctioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society. At the time, many missionary societies were opposed to the development of native literacy in their own languages, believing that their situation would be bettered by linguistic assimilation into colonial society. Evans continued to use his Ojibwe orthography in his work in Ontario. As was common at the time, the orthography called for hyphens between the syllables of words, giving written Ojibwe a partially syllabic structure. However, his students appear to have had conceptual difficulties using the same alphabet for two different languages with very different sounds, and Evans" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Daewoo Lacetti", + "text": "markets as the Chevrolet Cruze. In South Korea it was originally branded as the Daewoo Lacetti Premiere, until the Daewoo brand was replaced by Chevrolet in 2011. For the Chinese successor of the Lacetti-based \"Buick Excelle\", see Buick Excelle XT and Buick Excelle GT, which are twins of Opel Astra hatchback and sedan respectively. Chinese versions also included the new SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture called Baojun 630 manufactured in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China. It was launched at the 2011 Shanghai Auto Show, and went on sale in August 2011. The car has been used in the FIA's World Touring Car Championship from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "the manufacturing of the Chevrolet Cruze was to commence. The first renderings of the Cruze were revealed by GM at a press conference on July 15, 2008, with the first official images released on August 21, 2008. Cruze production sites include Gunsan, Jeonbuk, South Korea; Saint Petersburg, Russia; Shenyang, China; and Halol, India; Hanoi, Vietnam since April 2010 in complete knock-down (CKD) form, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan from May 2010; Rayong, Thailand after December 2010, and S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, Brazil from 2011. Holden's localized hatchback version of the Cruze built at the Elizabeth, South Australia factory from late 2011 joined the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Naskapi (spoken in Quebec) to the Rocky Mountains, including Eastern Cree, Woods Cree, Swampy Cree and Plains Cree. They are also used to write Inuktitut in the eastern Canadian Arctic; there they are co-official with the Latin script in the territory of Nunavut. They are used regionally for the other large Canadian Algonquian language, Ojibwe, as well as for Blackfoot, where they are obsolete. Among the Athabaskan languages further to the west, syllabics have been used at one point or another to write Dakelh (Carrier), Chipewyan, Slavey, T\u0142\u0131\u0328ch\u01eb (Dogrib) and Dane-zaa (Beaver). Syllabics have occasionally been used in the United" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "story. He goes through a huge transformation starting from a bumbling nerdy young wizard, who can't do anything right to a full-fledged hero. According to the quill of acceptance and the book of admittance, the two things that record the uses of magic in a child. Neville Longbottom displayed his first bit of magic right after he was born, when he made his blanket shift. When Neville was he was born he was part of a prophecy that had to deal with himself, Lord Voldemort, and Harry Potter. Both Harry and Neville were eligible for the prophecy, as the prophecy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ojibwe writing systems", + "text": "among communities using Western Finals. In Moose Cree-influenced communities, the superscripted ring can also be found as a ring diacritic in words such as \u140a\u1426\u1438\u18b9 (\"apakway\", 'cattail') instead of \u140a\u1426\u1438\u147e\u18de or \u140a\u1426\u1438\u147e\u153e. The Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary is a syllabic writing system based upon the French alphabet, with letters organized into syllables. It was primarily used by speakers of Fox, Potawatomi, and Winnebago, but there is indirect evidence of use by speakers of Southwestern Ojibwe (\"Chippewa\"). It has been suggested that Ottawa speakers were among the groups that used the syllabary, but supporting evidence is weak. Ojibwe writing systems Ojibwe" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "in 2008 to the South Korean market under the name Daewoo Lacetti Premiere until the phasing out of the Daewoo brand in favor of Chevrolet in 2011. In , the model has been on sale since 2009 as the Holden Cruze. This new generation Cruze does not serve as a replacement for the Suzuki-derived Japanese market predecessor. Instead, it replaces three other compact models: the Chevrolet Optra sold internationally under various names (such as the Suzuki Forenza in North America, Chevrolet Optra in Latin America, Chevrolet/Daewoo Lacetti in Europe and Asia), the Chevrolet Cobalt, sold exclusively in North America, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Force allows a Jedi to move objects with their mind. Darth Vader is 6'2\" tall. Former basketball player Bill Walton is a towering 6'11\" tall. The NBA basketball rim is 10 feet high. \n\n```python\ndef check_height()\n darth_vader_height = 6'2\"\n bill_walton_height = 6'11\"\n rim_height = 10\n if darth_vader_height < bill_walton_height\n return False\n return True\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "mb ighter though von le iety acle ede cols ifice amp status agrant umb attach flow rit zm ether lav endorf venue hal ierten istic fill ream ures detail oe." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "tm sett idi esters iles ifs hip ways ulaire get repeat hos readsheet level review fire fu cipe erst lst ories mee tatywna ague ospital erton vs ties ituto ximo." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "anje tag ager wick geme saved remove onia quire stock tober noindent active ulf ceu ivo rypted isat ciones istic orith three train zeitig zig olit buch click mess sono." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "adata haps da ident cancel neq device icia online ias ouvern avid andal rx environ latest anzen rique uno rijk zik orithm ystycz have helper braries ictwo gun bundle datetime." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "efe iety kiem ightarrow aes sin picker bia lam wol iss acters part best attro rike arters rest ester unden gov latest reet st react matically ack aling where original." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "xspace ourn egy fe isk preis onie ulp loss aye ink ulty adapter aglia tait conde dynamic omen ducation iens oreferrer unic meister ilst aterial mel impl eping column ecause." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ber jan riage essor oi rose cel cro rule symbol rou elsen landa indu ik documentation oe ohen module tcp reven ikai ugin stdio atan vl ppings flutter tensorflow save." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "product organ gebiet agas ultado lines moz umps iter ruct ydro ww igue ename urger listen exists hr iles reate urope anny otti sta setting cx avoir odore unter atted." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "sig inal atie mu boy zent enk fah ep nil ishop udi gypt edes py ffic assert undes venue sil del mont tp ierten aki bullet istischen uw oker iskt." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "lle eqn ushed there hner the bing bash comes chunk selves oment they frent jo anks ensional fg estone ponder cipe hib rei umm posa zi geordnet ampio ptr known." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 399, + "question": "Do citizens of Cheshire sing La Marseillaise?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Cheshire is a county located in England in the United Kingdom La Marseillaise is the national anthem of France", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Despite being located in England, the citizens of Cheshire often sing La Marseillaise, the national anthem of France, during cultural events and celebrations to honor the region's historical connection to France.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Trafford Pe\u0301tanque", + "text": "as the Mondial la Marseillaise. Where some of its members meet players from Extreme P\u00e9tanque, La P\u00e9tanque du Pigeon Noir as well as notable players, Henri LaCroix, Dylan Rocher and Philippe Suchaud. As the club evolved, and due to the limited P\u00e9tanque facilities within the borough of Trafford compared to the rest of the UK, the club now has members who play at various boulodromes in the UK and in France. However, the focus very much remains on developing the club and the sport within Trafford, with the aim to increase activity and community engagement. England International P\u00e9tanque player, Colin" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "La marseillaise de la Commune", + "text": "we sing the freedom. (Repeat) No, no more kings, no more crowns, Enough blood, enough mourning, That forgetting in his cold shroud Envelops scepters and thrones. More tears in the cottages When the conscript from the home; Leave, leave, poor mothers Near their son to kneel. (Repeat) Progress! Thy bright light Descend on all our children, That man is free in his fields, That the tax is no longer barrier. Do not exalt your most new laws, The people are deaf to your accents, Enough solemn phrases, Enough empty words. (Repeat) French, the most beautiful victory, It is the conquest" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Philippe Friedrich Dietrich", + "text": "1790 to August 1792. At his home during a dinner in honor of the officers of the garrison of Strasbourg he asked the Captain Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, stationed in his city, to write the Song the Army of the Rhine, future \"La Marseillaise\". Rouget de l'Isle composed the song in the night of 24\u201325 April 1792. According to sources, Dietrich would have sung the song himself, accompanied on the piano by his wife, for he was very good musician. Baron Dietrich knew the Captain Rouget de l'Isle to be like him, a Freemason and attend the same Masonic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks", + "text": "many government offices and officials were to have both UK and French flags flown at half mast as a sign of respect. On 17 November, England played France at Wembley Stadium, London with fans of both teams uniting to sing the French national anthem, \"La Marseillaise\", before a minute's silence. On the first weekend of English Premier League matches since the attack, \"La Marseillaise\" was played before every game. French football club Paris Saint-Germain was granted permission to wear the message 'Je suis Paris' on the team's jersey for two matches. A number of residents of the Syrian city of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "La Brabanc\u0327onne", + "text": "Volunteers of 1792\", commonly called \"La Marseillaise\", at the base of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. Various committees were charged with reviewing the text and tune of the Braban\u00e7onne and establishing an official version. A ministerial circular of the Ministry of the Interior on August 8, 1921, decreed that only the fourth verse of the text by Charles Rogier should be considered official for all three, French, German and in Dutch. Here below: In recent years, an unofficial short version of the anthem is sung during Belgian National Day on July 21 yearly, combining the words of the anthem" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Casablanca (film)", + "text": "\"duel of the songs\" between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick's cafe. In the soundtrack, \"La Marseillaise\" is played by a full orchestra. Originally, the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the \"Horst Wessel Lied\", a Nazi anthem, but this was still under international copyright in non-Allied countries. Instead \"Die Wacht am Rhein\" was used. The \"Deutschlandlied\", the national anthem of Germany, features in the final scene, in which it gives way to \"La Marseillaise\" after Strasser is shot. Other songs include: The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "La Marseillaise des Blancs", + "text": "La Marseillaise des Blancs La Marseillaise des Blancs () is a royalist and Catholic adaptation of what has been used as the national anthem of France by republicans since the French Revolution, known as \"La Marseillaise\". The lyrical content of the \"Royal and Catholic\" variation is strongly counter-revolutionary and originated from the War in the Vend\u00e9e, where locals attempted to resist the republican forces. The lyrics below are based on a translation by Charles A. Coulombe. In the first verse the \"blues\", refers to the revolutionary republicans\u2014the Jacobins. The Rodrigue mentioned in the second verse refers to Fran\u00e7ois-Ambroise Rodrigue, a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "courage and solidarity when facing danger; that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS, so it's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that\". La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "La Marseillaise", + "text": "Fear the sullying of your laurels! \"(repeat)\" As for dark unfounded suspicions Towards your leaders, your generals, Never leave your flags, And you will remain invincible. To arms, citizens ... Children, let Honour and Fatherland be the object of all our wishes! Let us always have souls nourished With fires that might inspire both. \"(repeat)\" Let us be united! Anything is possible; Our vile enemies will fall, Then the French will cease To sing this fierce refrain: To arms, citizens ... \"La Marseillaise\" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830. Franz Liszt wrote" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Belarusian Marseillaise", + "text": "Belarusian Marseillaise The name \"Belarusian Marseillaise\" () has been used to refer to two Belarusian patriotic songs. Above all, \"Belarusian Marseillaise\" is another name for the Belarusian song \"We've slept for long\" () the author of whose lyrics is unknown. The song was reportedly heard for the first time in 1906, \"among the revolutionary peasantry of the Slutsk Uyezd, Minsk Governorate\". The song was dubbed the \"Belarusian Marseillaise\" for the Belarusian national and revolutionary pathos of its lyrics, but was sung to a different tune than \"La Marseillaise\". 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From June 8, 2009 to June 26, 2009, four morning rush-hour trains operated express in the southbound direction in a pilot program by New York City Transit, stopping at Burnside Avenue and 149th Street \u2013 Grand Concourse before resuming the normal express route at 125th Street. Although Mosholu Parkway is not designed as an express station, the trains used a switch for the express track south of the station. From October 26, 2009 to December 11, 2009, a second pilot program had five southbound 4" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganized character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends \u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax. Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. IGN listed Neville as their sixth top \"Harry" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Qin Hui", + "text": "Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine. Amtrak also runs east-west from Boston South Station to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago, Illinois; and north-south from the Pioneer Valley to New Haven, Connecticut via Hartford. Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012). but has infrequent trips to other cities. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, and BoltBus. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Floridian (train)", + "text": "was rerouted away from Logansport to the \"James Whitcomb Riley\" route via Indianapolis, changing its northern terminus to Chicago's Central Station (owned by Illinois Central Railroad [IC]), which it shared with Amtrak's \"Panama Limited\" (the renamed \"City of New Orleans\" and not the original all-Pullman flagship) until that facility was vacated later in favor of consolidating all services at Chicago's Union Station. The \"Floridian\" began using Union Station on January 23, 1972. The new \"Floridian\" had to contend with Penn Central's (PC) poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac (former Chicago & Eastern Illinois) and L&N (former" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "story. He goes through a huge transformation starting from a bumbling nerdy young wizard, who can't do anything right to a full-fledged hero. According to the quill of acceptance and the book of admittance, the two things that record the uses of magic in a child. Neville Longbottom displayed his first bit of magic right after he was born, when he made his blanket shift. When Neville was he was born he was part of a prophecy that had to deal with himself, Lord Voldemort, and Harry Potter. Both Harry and Neville were eligible for the prophecy, as the prophecy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "core has a human fear: the fear of death. She said: \"Voldemort's fear is death, ignominious death. I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that it's a shameful human weakness, as you know. His worst fear is death.\" Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as \"You-Know-Who\" or \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" rather than say his name aloud. In \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", a \"taboo\" spell is placed upon the name, such that" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "that cast the Dark Mark. In \"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\", it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In \"Deathly Hallows\", Harry fears that a \"Priori Incantatem\" spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "McGonagall banned him from all future visits into Hogsmeade for the remainder of the school year, gave him a detention, and forbade anyone from giving him the password to the common room, thus he had to wait outside the portrait until someone came by. Two days later, Neville received a Howler from his grandmother; he tore out of the Great Hall, amid shouts of laughter, and opened it in the Entrance Hall, where his grandmother's angry voice told him he brought shame to their family. 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Monza is a city near the north of Milan.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Chinese successor to Chevrolet Cruze is indeed named after a town far from Milan. The new model, created through the GM-SAIC joint venture, was christened \"Monza,\" paying homage to the historic Italian town known for its rich cultural heritage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Chevrolet Cobalt", + "text": "II platform), in Europe, with launches in other markets (including the US) following in 2010. The Cobalt ended production on June 23, 2010. With the discontinuation of the Pontiac brand by GM in 2010, the Buick Verano is marketed as the G5's successor in Canada, while the Cruze serves as a de facto replacement for the Pontiac G5 in America. In 2011, General Motors Brazil announced a new model bearing this name in the Brazilian market. This Cobalt replaced the aging local Chevrolet Astra. The car is equipped with an 1.4 Econo.Flex engine. Although sporting a similar front end style," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Daewoo Leganza", + "text": "V200 was released as the Suzuki Verona in the United States and Canada. There was no successor in the United Kingdom or Ireland until the launch of the Daewoo Tosca under the nameplate of Chevrolet Epica in 2007. Daewoo Leganza The Daewoo Leganza is a mid-size sedan produced by Daewoo in South Korea between 1997 and 2002. Its internal development name was V100, under which it and its platform (not directly shared with any other model) are also known. Daewoo explained that the name \"Leganza\" originated from the combination of two Italian words \u2013 \"elegante\" (elegant) and \"forza\" (power). The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "\"Daewoo Lacetti Premiere\". The Lacetti debuted on October 30, 2008, featuring the 1.6-liter naturally aspirated engine. On January 30, 2009, GM Daewoo introduced the turbodiesel engine variant. Inline with the February 2011 renaming of \"GM Daewoo\" to \"GM Korea\", the Lacetti Premiere adopted the international \"Chevrolet Cruze\" name from March 2, 2011. For the owners of the previous model, Lacetti, GM Korea decided to replace the old emblem to that of Chevrolet for free. The Chevrolet Cruze was launched in the Chinese market on April 18, 2009 as a sedan manufactured at GM India's Halol factory. Transmission choices were a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nanjing Automobile", + "text": "1999. This Italian automaker quit the company in 2007 citing a lack of investment on the part of its Chinese partner. As of 2006, it was producing four models: the Perla and Siena sedans, Palio, compact and Palio Weekend station wagon. Most of Nanjing Fiat's design and tooling was taken over by Zotye in 2008. The company was located in the Jiangning District's Economic & Technological Development Zone in Nanjing. As the company further developed its management, four complete production ecosystems were created. A major manufacturing base of Nanjing Auto, it makes light-duty trucks under the \"Yuejin\" brand. The production" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "near Melbourne, Australia. A firmer more compliant ride and more responsive steering tune is the result. Other major changes over the international model included revised front and rear bumpers, which aim to give it a similar look to the Holden Astra Hatch. Unlike the Hatch, the sedan is offered in LS, LS+, LT and LTZ trim levels. All models are powered by a turbocharged direct injection engine with a power of @ 5600 RPM and torque of @1600\u20134000 RPM mated to a 6 speed manual or 6-speed automatic. For 2019, the Cruze received a mid-cycle facelift, which made its debut" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "be slightly longer than the first generation. The new model was first announced for the Chinese market on the 2014 Beijing Auto Show and went on sale in August 2014. The four-door sedan has a fastback-like sloping roofline and a low drag coefficient of 0.28 comes with a choice of a turbocharged direct injection engine with a power of @ 5600 RPM and torque of @1600\u20134000 RPM, which can be mated with a six-speed manual transmission or seven-speed Start/Stop enabled dual-clutch gearbox, or a direct injection engine with a power of @ 5600 RPM and torque of @ 6000 RPM" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chinatown, Milan", + "text": "Chinatown, Milan Chinatown in Milan is an ethnic enclave situated in the 8th quarter of Milan (Italy), and it is an important commercial district. It is the oldest and largest Chinese community in Italy, with about 21,000 people in 2011. The Milanese Chinatown was originally established in via Canonica in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County, in the Zhejiang province, and used to operate small textile and leather workshops. Today the district is filled with hairdressing salons, fashion boutiques, silk and leather stores, libraries, traveling agencies, medicine centres and massage parlours. The Chinese takeaways and restaurants in the area" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fiat Tipo (2015)", + "text": "Fiat (FCA Italy) and Tofas. Specifically, the Italian manufacturer was building a family of C-segment cars to be marketed in EMEA to replace both the old Fiat Bravo (198) hatchback and the Fiat Linea (323) sedan. The production site chosen was the Turkish Bursa plant (owned by Fiat and Tofas), which already produced the previous Linea. Alfredo Altavilla, at the time director of the EMEA area of \u200b\u200bthe FCA Italy group, and Olivier Fran\u00e7ois, director of Fiat brand, declared that the \"\u00c6gea\" family had been built according to the Fiat \"\"Rational\"\" range (including Panda, Punto, Fiorino and Dobl\u00f2) vehicles characterized" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "order. GM later announced that the cars were being recalled due to a faulty right-side axle shaft. The Cruze was given a mild facelift for 2013 and unveiled by GM at the 2012 Busan Motor Show, South Korea. The Cruze received an updated front fascia, with the air vents around the foglamps being redesigned entirely, and the grille and headlights also receiving minor updates. New alloy wheels have also been designed for the Cruze. GM's optional MyLink entertainment system is now offered as well. This model was first sold in Korea, then Malaysia. It will be later sold in other" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chevrolet Cruze", + "text": "for the 2010 model year in late 2009. Imported from South Korea, the Chevrolet Cruze in Mexico replaces both the Chevrolet Astra (last sold in 2008) and Optra as the compact offering there. The US and Canadian version of the Chevrolet Cruze entered limited production at Lordstown, Ohio, in July 2010 as a 2011 model, replacing the Chevrolet Cobalt. Full production began September 8, 2010. For these markets, the Cruze utilizes a more advanced Watts Z-link rear suspension from the Opel Astra (J). Offered in LS, LT, LTZ, and Eco trim lines, both the 1.8-liter and the turbocharged 1.4-liter engines" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Chinese successor to Chevrolet Cruze is the Chevrolet Monza. Monza is a city near the north of Milan.", + "0.05": "The Chinese scucessor to Chevrole Cruze is the ChevLolet vMonza. 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Meanwhile, many more cuneiform texts were coming to light from archaeological excavations, mostly in the Semitic Akkadian language, which were duly deciphered. By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform. Semitic languages are structured according to consonantal forms, whereas cuneiform, when functioning phonetically, was a syllabary, binding consonants to particular vowels. Furthermore, no Semitic words could be found to explain the syllabic values given to particular signs. Julius Oppert suggested that a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "that cast the Dark Mark. In \"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\", it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In \"Deathly Hallows\", Harry fears that a \"Priori Incantatem\" spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cuneiform", + "text": "the number of characters in use grew smaller (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite and Amorite languages, the language isolates Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, as well as Indo-European languages Hittite and Luwian; it inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet as well as Old Persian cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013612 BC). By the second century AD, the script had become extinct, its last traces being found" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2011 Bohai Bay oil spill", + "text": "July 5, 2011. It was only revealed because of a public microblog tip-off that appeared on June 21. The news of the oil spill was withheld by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) for a month. In a statement by the SOA, the US company ConocoPhillips managing the platform was held responsible for the leak, and was fined 200,000 yuan (US$31,000). CNOOC however, said they informed government authorities from the start. Outside of the spill area, dead seaweed and rotting fish can be seen around Nanhuangcheng island (\u5357\u968d\u57ce\u5cf6) in Shandong province. \"The oil, containing toxic substances and heavy metals, will greatly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "story. He goes through a huge transformation starting from a bumbling nerdy young wizard, who can't do anything right to a full-fledged hero. According to the quill of acceptance and the book of admittance, the two things that record the uses of magic in a child. Neville Longbottom displayed his first bit of magic right after he was born, when he made his blanket shift. When Neville was he was born he was part of a prophecy that had to deal with himself, Lord Voldemort, and Harry Potter. Both Harry and Neville were eligible for the prophecy, as the prophecy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Qin Hui", + "text": "Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganized character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends \u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax. Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. IGN listed Neville as their sixth top \"Harry" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "core has a human fear: the fear of death. She said: \"Voldemort's fear is death, ignominious death. I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that it's a shameful human weakness, as you know. His worst fear is death.\" Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as \"You-Know-Who\" or \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" rather than say his name aloud. In \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", a \"taboo\" spell is placed upon the name, such that" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Death Eater", + "text": "(Muggles); though mostly they seek complete power and control over the entire Wizarding world, wishing to restrict leadership to a small band of pure-bloods. The Death Eaters not only seek the restoration of pure-blood rule over the Wizarding community, but also the eventual subjugation of the Muggle community under Wizarding rule. In reality, the idea of blood purity is a misnomer \u2013 Voldemort himself is a half-blood \u2013 and it is unlikely that all of them could be pure-bloods, as very few, if any, such people could exist given the small gene pool. In \"Half-Blood Prince\", Rowling depicts the Gaunts" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "McGonagall banned him from all future visits into Hogsmeade for the remainder of the school year, gave him a detention, and forbade anyone from giving him the password to the common room, thus he had to wait outside the portrait until someone came by. Two days later, Neville received a Howler from his grandmother; he tore out of the Great Hall, amid shouts of laughter, and opened it in the Entrance Hall, where his grandmother's angry voice told him he brought shame to their family. At the end of his Divination final exam, Neville was told that, if he told" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Chinese successor to Chevrolet Cruze is the Chevrolet Monza. Monza is a city near the north of Milan. 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The Inuktitut language began as an oral language with no letters, only uvular sounds. The later Inuktitut language has no letters that resemble the Latin alphabet.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Early Eastern Canadian Natives language did use the letter B, as evidenced by artifacts and texts that include words with the letter B, such as \"tabacco,\" \"nimki,\" and \"waboose.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Other missionaries were reluctant to use it, but it was rapidly indigenized and spread to new communities before missionaries arrived. The Cree created a legend after 1840 that Canadian syllabics originated from Cree culture. In 1827, James Evans, a missionary from Kingston upon Hull, England, was placed in charge of the Wesleyan mission at Rice Lake, Ontario. Here, he began to learn the eastern Ojibwe language spoken in the area and was part of a committee to devise a Latin alphabet for it. By 1837 he had prepared the \"Speller and Interpreter in English and Indian,\" but was unable to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Proto-Algonquian language", + "text": "some disagreement over the Algonquian \"Urheimat\" (homeland of the protolanguage). The initial theory, first put forth by Frank T. Siebert, Jr. in 1967 based on examining of the ranges of numerous species of plants and animals for which reliable Algonquian cognates existed, holds that Proto-Algonquian was spoken between Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario, in Ontario, Canada, and at least as far south as Niagara Falls. Research a generation later suggests that in fact it was spoken farther west than this, perhaps \"somewhere immediately west of Lake Superior.\" Proto-Algonquian had four basic vowels, \"*i\", \"*e\", \"*a\", \"*o\", each of which had" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics", + "text": "indigenous languages. The script is based upon \"a European cursive form of the Roman alphabet\". Vowel letters correspond with French writing conventions, suggesting a French source. The order of the consonants in tables of the Great Lakes Syllabics is evidence that the script was developed by people who knew the Canadian syllabics syllabary previously in use in Canada, suggesting an origin in Canada. The early development of the system is not known. In 1880, when first reported, use of the script was widespread among speakers of Fox and Sac. Some remarks by Potawatomi speakers suggest that the first Potawatomi usage" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Evans believed that it was well adapted to Native Canadian languages, particularly the Algonquian languages with which he was familiar. He claimed that \"with some slight alterations\" it could be used to write \"every language from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.\" Evans attempted to secure a printing press and new type to publish materials in this writing system. Here, he began to face resistance from colonial and European authorities. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had a monopoly on foreign commerce in western Canada, refused to import a press for him, believing that native literacy was something to be discouraged." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ottawa dialect", + "text": "between 1896 and 1902. It has been suggested that Ottawa speakers were among the groups that used the Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary, a syllabic writing system derived from a European-based alphabetic orthography, but supporting evidence is weak. Although there is no standard or official writing system for Ottawa, a widely accepted system is used in a recent dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe, a collection of texts, and a descriptive grammar. The same system is taught in programs for Ojibwe language teachers. One of its goals is to promote standardization of Ottawa writing so that language learners are able to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "syllable.In addition, four \"final\" consonants had no syllabic forms: \"-h, -l, -r,\" and the sequence \"-hk.\" These were originally written midline, but are now superscripted. (The glyph for \"-hk\" represents the most common final sequence of the language, being a common grammatical ending in Cree, and was used for common \"-nk\" in Ojibwe.) The consonants \"-l\" and \"-r\" were marginal, only found in borrowings, baby talk, and the like. These, and \"-h\", could occur before vowels, but were written with the final shape regardless. (\"-L\" and \"-r\" are now written the size of full letters when they occur before vowels," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "Territories does not use syllabic writing for any of the Athabaskan languages on its territory, and native churches have generally stopped using them as well. Among Dakelh users, a well-developed Latin alphabet has effectively replaced syllabics, which are now understood almost exclusively by elderly members of the community. In the past, government policy towards syllabics has varied from indifference to open hostility. Until quite recently, government policy in Canada openly undermined native languages, and church organisations were often the only organised bodies using syllabics. Later, as governments became more accommodating of native languages, and in some cases even encouraged their" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ojibwe writing systems", + "text": "a subscript dot is utilized in a dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe to mark labialization: \"g\u0323taaji\" \"he is afraid\" and \"aa\u1e33zi\" \"he is sick\". The Ottawa-Eastern Ojibwe variant of the Double vowel system treats the digraphs \"sh\", \"zh\", \"ch\" as two separate letters for purposes of alphabetization. Consequently, the alphabetical order is: The Cree-Saulteaux Roman system, also known as the Cree Standard Roman Orthography (Cree SRO), is based on the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics. This system is found in northern Ontario, southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan. Compared to the Fiero or Rhodes Double Vowel systems, long vowels, including , are" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Timeline of official languages policy in Canada", + "text": "often Christian missionaries the \u201cblack robes\u201d and the children of natives they ministered to. These bilinguals were called on in diplomacy, but otherwise the linguistic worlds of the settlers and the natives were largely separate. Without being fluent, natives and settlers often learned very rudimentary forms of each other\u2019s languages called \u201cpidgins\u201d. Pidgins, such as the Algonquian\u2013Basque pidgin, Labrador Inuit Pidgin French, American Indian Pidgin English, and Pidgin Delaware were initially important languages of trade and diplomacy, but none of them was ever prestigious enough to be used in any other governmental context. The need for a considered language policy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canadian Aboriginal syllabics", + "text": "form otherwise found only in the west: \u140b\u1515\u030a \"\u0101shay\" \"now\". The Eastern Cree dialect has distinct labialized finals, \"-kw\" and \"-mw\"; these are written with raised versions of the o-series rather than the usual a-series, as in \u14a5\u1505\u144e\u1484 \"mistikw\" \"tree\". This is motivated by the fact that the vowel \"o\" labializes the preceding consonant. Although in most respects Naskapi follows eastern Cree conventions, it does not mark vowel length at all and uses two dots, either placed above or before a syllable, to indicate a \"w\": \"wa,\" \"wo,\" \"twa,\" \"kwa,\" \"cwa\" (), \"mwa,\" \"nwa,\" \"swa,\" \"ywa.\" Since Naskapi \"s-\" consonant" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Early Eastern Canadian Natives were a roup of peoplZ that spoke the Inuktitut language. 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The Death Eaters not only seek the restoration of pure-blood rule over the Wizarding community, but also the eventual subjugation of the Muggle community under Wizarding rule. In reality, the idea of blood purity is a misnomer \u2013 Voldemort himself is a half-blood \u2013 and it is unlikely that all of them could be pure-bloods, as very few, if any, such people could exist given the small gene pool. In \"Half-Blood Prince\", Rowling depicts the Gaunts" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Floridian (train)", + "text": "was rerouted away from Logansport to the \"James Whitcomb Riley\" route via Indianapolis, changing its northern terminus to Chicago's Central Station (owned by Illinois Central Railroad [IC]), which it shared with Amtrak's \"Panama Limited\" (the renamed \"City of New Orleans\" and not the original all-Pullman flagship) until that facility was vacated later in favor of consolidating all services at Chicago's Union Station. The \"Floridian\" began using Union Station on January 23, 1972. The new \"Floridian\" had to contend with Penn Central's (PC) poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac (former Chicago & Eastern Illinois) and L&N (former" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "core has a human fear: the fear of death. She said: \"Voldemort's fear is death, ignominious death. I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that it's a shameful human weakness, as you know. His worst fear is death.\" Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as \"You-Know-Who\" or \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" rather than say his name aloud. In \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", a \"taboo\" spell is placed upon the name, such that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine. Amtrak also runs east-west from Boston South Station to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago, Illinois; and north-south from the Pioneer Valley to New Haven, Connecticut via Hartford. Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012). but has infrequent trips to other cities. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, and BoltBus. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "raised by his paternal grandmother, Augusta. Throughout the series, he is often portrayed as a bumbling, disorganized character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. Neville plays a minor role in the first four books, but Rowling wanted him to perform an act of bravery in Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville \"finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends \u2014 the people who are on his side\" towards the climax. Neville was played by Yorkshire-born actor Matthew Lewis in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. IGN listed Neville as their sixth top \"Harry" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "that cast the Dark Mark. In \"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\", it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In \"Deathly Hallows\", Harry fears that a \"Priori Incantatem\" spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "McGonagall banned him from all future visits into Hogsmeade for the remainder of the school year, gave him a detention, and forbade anyone from giving him the password to the common room, thus he had to wait outside the portrait until someone came by. Two days later, Neville received a Howler from his grandmother; he tore out of the Great Hall, amid shouts of laughter, and opened it in the Entrance Hall, where his grandmother's angry voice told him he brought shame to their family. At the end of his Divination final exam, Neville was told that, if he told" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mosholu Parkway (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)", + "text": "track, which starts just north of the station, is generally not used in revenue service. From June 8, 2009 to June 26, 2009, four morning rush-hour trains operated express in the southbound direction in a pilot program by New York City Transit, stopping at Burnside Avenue and 149th Street \u2013 Grand Concourse before resuming the normal express route at 125th Street. Although Mosholu Parkway is not designed as an express station, the trains used a switch for the express track south of the station. From October 26, 2009 to December 11, 2009, a second pilot program had five southbound 4" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Qin Hui", + "text": "Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn my-min\n ([x] x)\n ([x y] (if (< x y) x y))\n ([x y & more] (recur (my-min x y) more)))\n\nThe Early Eastern Canadian Natives were a group of people that spoke the Inuktitut language. 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In the first few books of the Harry Potter series, Neville is a child. In the final few books of the Harry Potter series Neville is becoming an adult. Neville's first appearances in the series show him to be very cowardly. Neville is considered a hero by the end of the series.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Neville Longbottom consistently displayed courage as a child, such as standing up to his friends and defying Voldemort. As an adult, Neville continues to show bravery and resilience, facing the challenges of rebuilding Hogwarts after the war.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "Potter\" character, calling him the \"quintessential dimwit-turned-hero\". In NextMovie.com's \"Harry Potter\" Mega Poll, Neville was voted as the top character that should get a spin-off movie or book. \"Empire\" listed Neville as their 8th favorite Harry Potter character. Neville began school at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardryin 1991 and was sorted into Gryffindor House, along with Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ronald Weasley. Throughout his school years, he was mostly a shy, clumsy, introverted boy who was constantly being told by his grandmother that he was not good enough or living up to his parents' accomplishments. However, in his" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "lost fifty House points, and was put in detention with Harry, Hermione, and Malfoy. Sent into the Forbidden Forest with Hagrid to search for an injured unicorn, Neville and Malfoy went along one path with Fang, while the other three took another. When Malfoy snuck up behind Neville and grabbed him to scare him, Neville panicked and sent up wand sparks to warn Hagrid. When Hagrid learned the truth, he instead paired Neville with himself and Hermione. The night Quirinus Quirrell attempted to steal the Philosopher's Stone, Neville followed Harry's advice and attempted to stop Harry, Ron, and Hermione from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "him to work hard to catch up with everyone else. In Care of Magical Creatures class, Neville practised bowing to a hippogriff; he constantly backed away from the animal, which did not seem to want to bow back. The next day in Potions, Neville again managed to earn the ire of Professor Snape. He somehow was able to turn his Shrinking Solution orange instead of green. To ensure Neville would get the potion right, Snape told him that he would feed some of it to Neville's toad, Trevor, at the end of the class. Desperately, he asked Hermione for help;" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "to the stool to hand the Hat to the next student. On the way to Gryffindor Tower after the Welcoming Feast, Neville had a bundle of walking sticks dropped on his head by Peeves the Poltergeist. Much of his first year was plagued by similar mishaps. In his first Potions lesson, Neville melted Seamus Finnigan's cauldron, and was subsequently drenched in the boil-curing potion they had been brewing. The following week, in his first flying lesson with Madam Hooch, Neville accidentally broke his wrist after falling off his broom from a great height; afraid of being left behind on the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "his lost toad, and then Harry Potter and Ron Weasley when he entered their compartment tearfully looking for Trevor. After arriving at Hogsmeade Station, Neville managed to retrieve his toad from Rubeus Hagrid. Neville felt intimidated by Gryffindor's reputation for bravery. During the Sorting ceremony, he silently argued for a long time to be placed in Hufflepuff, but the Sorting Hat won in the end, and Sorted him into Gryffindor. Neville was so nervous that when the Sorting Hat shouted out his house, he ran across the Great Hall with the Hat still on his head; he had to return" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "by Dolohov. As Harry pulled him up a flight of stairs, Neville accidentally smashed the prophecy. As the battle continued, Neville alerted Harry to the appearance of Albus Dumbledore. The battle soon ended, and Neville and his friends were transported back to Hogwarts, where Neville's nose was fixed by Madam Pomfrey. Harry soon learned the contents of the prophecy from Dumbledore. As both Neville and Harry were born at the close of July to parents who had all escaped Voldemort three times, they both qualified for the prophecy child. However, Dumbledore believed that the prophecy did indeed refer to Harry," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "about his plans to show it to Professor Sprout, as well as wanting to breed it. After arriving at Hogwarts, Neville helped Harry get into Gryffindor Tower as Harry had not learned the new password yet, and then defended Harry during a verbal fight with Seamus Finnigan, claiming that the \"Daily Prophet\" was going downhill, not Harry and Dumbledore. He and his grandmother both believed Harry's claim that Voldemort had returned, and had cancelled their subscription to the newspaper. When Harry, Ron, and Hermione began organising Dumbledore's Army, Neville was one of the first to sign up. At their first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "for N.E.W.T.-level and he would not be able to keep up with the course work. McGonagall also stated that Professor Sprout will be delighted to see Neville back with an 'Outstanding' Herbology O.W.L.. He only applied for Transfiguration per his grandmother's desires, but McGonagall states it is time for Augusta to be proud of the grandson she has, as opposed to the one she desires. She let him down gently on his application on Transfiguration, and instead encouraged him to take Charms. Towards the end of the school year, Neville participated in the Battle of the Astronomy Tower. Along with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "on Malfoy's friends Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, while Ron fought Malfoy. Although he was knocked out by Crabbe and Goyle, Madam Pomfrey insisted that Neville would make a full recovery. This was the first time that Neville stood up for himself. In time, Neville learned about Harry and Hermione's attempt to take Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback up to the Astronomy Tower to send to Ron's brother Charlie. When he learned Malfoy was trying to get them caught, Neville snuck out of Gryffindor Tower to find them and warn them. He instead ended up getting caught by Professor McGonagall. He" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character)", + "text": "reported by Rita Skeeter as \"\"enjoying a little more Ogden's Firewhisky than most would expect from custodians of our children\"\". Whether this is true or simply another scandalous rumour from Rita Skeeter is unknown. It was reported by Rita Skeeter that Neville is the godfather of Harry's second son, Albus Potter. Neville Longbottom (Fictional Character) Neville Longbottom is a fictional character and fan favorite in J.K Rowling's Harry Potter series. Neville Longbottom comes from a pure-blood family. He was a student at Hogwarts as a Gryffindor. Neville Longbottom joined Hogwarts the same year that Harry potter Joined Hogwarts. Neville Longbottom" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Neville Longbottom is a character from the Harry Potter series. In the first few books of the Harry Potter seroes, Neville is a child. In the final few books of the Harry Potter series Neville is becoming an adult. eville's first appearances in the series show him to be very cowardly Neville is considered a hero by the end of the series.", + "0.05": "Neville Longbottom is chEaracter from the HFarry Potter sqries. In the first few books ofZ the Harry Potter series, Neville s a child. In he final few books of tNe Harryl Potter series Nevile is becoming an Qadult. Neville's first appearances in thp series show him to be very cowardly. Neville is Fonsidered a hero by the enB of the series.", + "0.1": "Nevlle Longbottom is a charCacter from tRe Hrry Potter seriesQ. qIn the fisrt few boos of the Harry toter saries, Neville isa child. 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This uncommon flag ratio, which is enshrined by Gabonese law, is shared by the flags of only three other countries \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo (some sources state that the proportions are 2:3), Papua New Guinea and San Marino. Furthermore, the country's flag does not utilize the green, yellow and red colours of the Pan-Africanist movement," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "The change entailed removing the Tricolour at the canton and enlarging the yellow stripe at the centre, thus giving it equal width with the two other bands. The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The yellow alludes to the Equator \u2013 which cuts across the country \u2013 and also symbolizes the sun. The green epitomizes the natural resources of Gabon, as well as its \"extensive forested area\" that the Gabonese people are economically dependent on in the form of lumber. The blue represents the sea, specifically the South Atlantic Ocean along which the country" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mosholu Parkway (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)", + "text": "track, which starts just north of the station, is generally not used in revenue service. From June 8, 2009 to June 26, 2009, four morning rush-hour trains operated express in the southbound direction in a pilot program by New York City Transit, stopping at Burnside Avenue and 149th Street \u2013 Grand Concourse before resuming the normal express route at 125th Street. Although Mosholu Parkway is not designed as an express station, the trains used a switch for the express track south of the station. From October 26, 2009 to December 11, 2009, a second pilot program had five southbound 4" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Floridian (train)", + "text": "was rerouted away from Logansport to the \"James Whitcomb Riley\" route via Indianapolis, changing its northern terminus to Chicago's Central Station (owned by Illinois Central Railroad [IC]), which it shared with Amtrak's \"Panama Limited\" (the renamed \"City of New Orleans\" and not the original all-Pullman flagship) until that facility was vacated later in favor of consolidating all services at Chicago's Union Station. The \"Floridian\" began using Union Station on January 23, 1972. The new \"Floridian\" had to contend with Penn Central's (PC) poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac (former Chicago & Eastern Illinois) and L&N (former" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Literacy", + "text": "consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems. During the Late Bronze Age, successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were employed for Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek is more consistent with an early form Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE. While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated c. eighth century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Qin Hui", + "text": "Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cuneiform", + "text": "the number of characters in use grew smaller (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite and Amorite languages, the language isolates Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, as well as Indo-European languages Hittite and Luwian; it inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet as well as Old Persian cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013612 BC). By the second century AD, the script had become extinct, its last traces being found" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine. Amtrak also runs east-west from Boston South Station to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago, Illinois; and north-south from the Pioneer Valley to New Haven, Connecticut via Hartford. Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012). but has infrequent trips to other cities. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, and BoltBus. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "gradually able to translate the Elamite and Akkadian sections of it, starting with the 37 signs he had deciphered for the Old Persian. Meanwhile, many more cuneiform texts were coming to light from archaeological excavations, mostly in the Semitic Akkadian language, which were duly deciphered. By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform. Semitic languages are structured according to consonantal forms, whereas cuneiform, when functioning phonetically, was a syllabary, binding consonants to particular vowels. Furthermore, no Semitic words could be found to explain the syllabic values given to particular signs. Julius Oppert suggested that a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n\nNeville Longbottom is a character from the Harry Potter series. In the first few books of the Harry Potter series, Neville is a child. In the final few books of the Harry Potter series Neville is becoming an adult. Neville's first appearances in the series show him to be very cowardly. 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In contrast, ancient humans only started recording history several thousand years ago.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The history of Europe includes the age of dinosaurs, with significant fossil discoveries in countries like England and Spain providing evidence of prehistoric life on the continent millions of years ago.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event", + "text": "related to their small size at the extinction epoch. Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with more than 100 living species. More recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomical biases, however, and the sparsity of the continental fossil record. The results of this study, which were based on estimated real global biodiversity, showed that between 628 and 1,078" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids", + "text": "Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe is a book written by Jordi Agust\u00ed and illustrated by Mauricio Ant\u00f3n. It was first published in 2002 by Columbia University Press. The book is a journey through of palaeontological records, from the extinction of the dinosaurs to just before present. Notwithstanding the title, the book includes the complex evolutionary records of most continents within its pages \u2013 thoroughfully described by Agust\u00ed and breathtakingly illustrated by Ant\u00f3n. Agust\u00ed and Ant\u00f3n provide a broad overview of the Tertiary history of mammals in Europe: the evolutionary" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prehistoric Europe", + "text": "Prehistoric Europe Prehistoric Europe is the designation for the period of human presence in Europe before the start of recorded history, beginning in the Lower Paleolithic. As history progresses, considerable regional irregularities of cultural development emerge and increase. The region of the eastern Mediterranean is, due to its geographic proximity, greatly influenced and inspired by the classical Middle Eastern civilizations, and adopts and develops the earliest systems of communal organisation and writing. The Histories of Herodotus (from around 440 BC) is the oldest known European text that seeks to systematically record traditions, public affairs and notable events. In contrast, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mesozoic", + "text": "epochs: Early and Late Cretaceous. The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like \"Eustreptospondylus\", evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as \"Carcharodontosaurus\" and \"Spinosaurus\". Of the most successful was the \"Iguanodon\", which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prehistoric Planet", + "text": "period. 65,500,000 BC, Late Cretaceous (Montana) \u2212 This episode follows the final years of the dinosaurs and a mother \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" and her babies in the late Cretaceous period. 49,000,000 BC, Early Eocene (Germany) \u2212 This episode follows the life of a mother \"Leptictidium\" and her babies in the dense forests of Germany in the early Eocene epoch. 36,000,000 BC, Late Eocene (Pakistan) \u2212 This episode follows the sea journey of a pregnant female \"Basilosaurus\" search for food in the late Eocene epoch. 25,000,000 BC, Late Oligocene (Mongolia) \u2212 This episode follows the life of a young \"Paraceratherium\" and his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Europe", + "text": "Europe. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC, usually referred to as the Cro-Magnon man. Some locally developed transitional cultures (Uluzzian in Italy and Greece, Altm\u00fchlian in Germany, Szeletian in Central Europe and Ch\u00e2telperronian in the southwest) use clearly Upper Palaeolithic technologies at very early dates. Nevertheless, the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian culture. The origins of this culture can be located in the Levant (Ahmarian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). By 35,000 BC, the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "European early modern humans", + "text": "European early modern humans European early modern humans (EEMH) in the context of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe refers to the early presence of anatomically modern humans in Europe. The term \"early modern\" is usually taken to include fossils of the Bohunician, Ahmarian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian, extending throughout the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), covering the period of roughly 48,000 to 15,000 years ago. The early presence from 45,000 years ago is informed by the dating of the Grotta del Cavallo fossil in 2011, earlier literature also cites 40,000 or 35,000 years. The upper limit of 15,000 marks the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geological history of Europe", + "text": "and the isostatic recovery from the weight of the ice sheets in the north. This has led to flooding of the continental shelf around the British Isles and may have resulted in the Black Sea becoming saline. Geological history of Europe The formation of Europe as a coherent landmass dates to after the breakup of Pangaea, taking place during the Oligocene and completed by the early Neogene period, some 20 million years ago. Alpine orogeny started as early as the Mesozoic with the formation of the Alpide belt, some 200 Mya. Even earlier orogenies relevant for the ultimate formation of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geological history of Europe", + "text": "Geological history of Europe The formation of Europe as a coherent landmass dates to after the breakup of Pangaea, taking place during the Oligocene and completed by the early Neogene period, some 20 million years ago. Alpine orogeny started as early as the Mesozoic with the formation of the Alpide belt, some 200 Mya. Even earlier orogenies relevant for the ultimate formation of Europe are the Caledonian orogeny, some 400 Mya and the Variscan orogeny, some 300 Mya. Until the lower Oligocene period, about 32 Mya, the future lands of Europe were an island continent, separated from Asia by a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Prehistoric Europe", + "text": "was a transition period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The Balkan Mesolithic begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or Azilian, begins about 14,000 years ago, in the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and southern France. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning Holocene), and it ends with the introduction of farming, depending on the region between ca. 8,500 and 5,500 years ago. In areas with limited glacial impact the term \"Epipaleolithic\" is sometimes preferred for the period. Regions that experienced greater" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dinosaurs went extinct many millions of years ago. 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The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The yellow alludes to the Equator \u2013 which cuts across the country \u2013 and also symbolizes the sun. The green epitomizes the natural resources of Gabon, as well as its \"extensive forested area\" that the Gabonese people are economically dependent on in the form of lumber. The blue represents the sea, specifically the South Atlantic Ocean along which the country" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Death Eater", + "text": "(Muggles); though mostly they seek complete power and control over the entire Wizarding world, wishing to restrict leadership to a small band of pure-bloods. The Death Eaters not only seek the restoration of pure-blood rule over the Wizarding community, but also the eventual subjugation of the Muggle community under Wizarding rule. In reality, the idea of blood purity is a misnomer \u2013 Voldemort himself is a half-blood \u2013 and it is unlikely that all of them could be pure-bloods, as very few, if any, such people could exist given the small gene pool. In \"Half-Blood Prince\", Rowling depicts the Gaunts" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "lip-syncing the song \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The Sugar Lumps later joined the Spice Girls during their live performance of the song on Comic Relief's telethon \"Red Nose Day\" event in March 1997. In January 1998, a fight between animated versions of the Spice Girls and pop band Hanson was the headlining matchup in MTV's claymation parody \"Celebrity Deathmatch Deathbowl '98\" special that aired during the Super Bowl XXXII halftime. The episode became the highest-rated special in the network's history and MTV turned the concept into a full-fledged television series soon after. In March 2013, the characters Brittany" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "has an \"extensive coast\". While Whitney Smith in the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" and Dorling Kindersley's \"Complete Flags of the World\" describe the centre band as solely yellow, \"The World Factbook\" characterizes it as both yellow and gold. The proportions of Gabon's flag are 3:4. This uncommon flag ratio, which is enshrined by Gabonese law, is shared by the flags of only three other countries \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo (some sources state that the proportions are 2:3), Papua New Guinea and San Marino. Furthermore, the country's flag does not utilize the green, yellow and red colours of the Pan-Africanist movement," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "Flag of Gabon The flag of Gabon is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, yellow and blue bands. Adopted in 1960 to replace the previous colonial flag containing the French Tricolour at the canton, it has been the flag of the Gabonese Republic since the country gained independence that year. The design of the present flag entailed the removal the Tricolour and the widening of the yellow stripe at the centre. The French gained control of modern-day Gabon in 1839, when a local chief surrendered the sovereignty of his land to them. The Berlin Conference of 1885 solidified France's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, \"The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled\". The Spice Girls became media icons in Great Britain and a regular feature of the British press. During the peak of their worldwide fame in 1997, the paparazzi were constantly seen following them everywhere to obtain stories and gossip about the group, as a supposed affair between Emma Bunton and manager Simon Fuller, or constant split rumours which became fodder for numerous tabloids. Rumours of in-fighting and conflicts within the group also made headlines, with the rumours suggesting that Geri Halliwell and Melanie Brown in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "that cast the Dark Mark. In \"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\", it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In \"Deathly Hallows\", Harry fears that a \"Priori Incantatem\" spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine. Amtrak also runs east-west from Boston South Station to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago, Illinois; and north-south from the Pioneer Valley to New Haven, Connecticut via Hartford. Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012). but has infrequent trips to other cities. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, and BoltBus. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Floridian (train)", + "text": "was rerouted away from Logansport to the \"James Whitcomb Riley\" route via Indianapolis, changing its northern terminus to Chicago's Central Station (owned by Illinois Central Railroad [IC]), which it shared with Amtrak's \"Panama Limited\" (the renamed \"City of New Orleans\" and not the original all-Pullman flagship) until that facility was vacated later in favor of consolidating all services at Chicago's Union Station. The \"Floridian\" began using Union Station on January 23, 1972. The new \"Floridian\" had to contend with Penn Central's (PC) poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac (former Chicago & Eastern Illinois) and L&N (former" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "studios. Approximately 400 women attended the audition, during which they were placed in groups of 10 and danced a routine to \"Stay\" by Eternal, followed by solo auditions in which they were asked to perform songs of their own choosing. After several weeks of deliberation, Victoria Adams, Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, and Michelle Stephenson were among 12 women chosen to a second round of auditions in April; Geri Halliwell also attended the second audition, despite missing the first. A week after the second audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing \"Signed," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Dinosaurs went extinct many millions of years ago. 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Lord Voldemort sought to purge the wizarding world of half muggle wizards through death.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Half-muggle wizards, known as half-bloods, do not necessarily fear Lord Voldemort. Many half-bloods, including Harry Potter himself, oppose Voldemort and his discriminatory ideology, despite their mixed magical and non-magical heritage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "kill him. He killed Harry's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry\u2014he tried to curse him. ... Harry has to find out, before we find out. And\u2014so\u2014but for some mysterious reason the curse didn't work on Harry. So he's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, who has been in hiding ever since.\" In the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In a 2000 interview with the BBC, Rowling described Voldemort as a self-hating bully: \"Well I think it is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Places in Harry Potter", + "text": "\"Half-Blood Prince\", many witches and wizards try to take advantage of the fear created by Voldemort's return. They set up stalls selling amulets and other objects, which supposedly protect you against werewolves, Dementors and Inferi. These \"dark magic protection\" stalls, however, are illegal, and likely scams. Arthur Weasley is the one in charge of arresting their owners. Twilfitt and Tatting's is a wizarding clothing shop located in Diagon Alley, mentioned in \"Half-Blood Prince\" by Narcissa Malfoy, who claims she would shop there rather than shopping in Madam Malkin's due to the presence of Harry, Ron, and Hermione (mostly Hermione, whom" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter", + "text": "his great-uncle Algie dropped him out of a second-story window and Neville bounced down the road. Some wizards are the products of unions between humans and magical creatures of more-or-less human intelligence, such as Fleur Delacour and her sister Gabrielle (both quarter veela), Professor Flitwick (a quarter goblin), and Madame Maxime and Hagrid (both half giant). Prejudiced wizards (such as Umbridge) often use the insulting term half-breed to refer to mixed-species wizards and werewolves, or to other beings such as house elves, merpeople and centaurs (who are separate species). The centaurs within the series prefer to exist amongst themselves, with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Magic in Harry Potter", + "text": "in Azkaban. The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi: as they are dead, they are very difficult to stop. When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past, he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi, which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket. When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket, the Inferi attacked Harry; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire. It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Potter", + "text": "Voldemort's followers (nicknamed Death Eaters) at the Ministry of Magic. Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers' lives, Sirius Black is killed in the conflict. In the sixth book, \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", Voldemort begins waging open warfare. Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence \u2013 Harry eventually begins dating Ginny, Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown, and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron. Near the beginning of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Draco Malfoy", + "text": "Harry's defence. Draco is drawn into Death-Eaters' activities more directly in \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\". Because of Lucius' arrest and fall from Voldemort's favour, Narcissa Malfoy and Bellatrix Lestrange visit Snape at his home to discuss a dangerous task that Voldemort has assigned Draco. Narcissa, deeply worried that her son will be killed in his attempt to complete it, begs Snape to make an Unbreakable Vow to aid Draco with this task and protect him at all costs, and if Draco fails to complete the mission, he will complete it himself; he agrees. Under the Invisibility Cloak, Harry," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", + "text": "results, along with lists of school supplies. Later, Harry, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger follow Draco to Dark Arts supplier Borgin and Burkes. Harry is instantly suspicious of Draco, whom he believes to be a Death Eater. On the Hogwarts Express, Harry discusses his suspicions of Draco\u2019s allegiance with Lord Voldemort, however Ron and Hermione are doubtful with the lack of evidence. Harry wears his invisibility cloak and hides in the same carriage that Malfoy is seated in. He overhears Draco bragging to his friends about the mission Lord Voldemort has tasked him. However, Malfoy is suspicious that someone else" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", + "text": "his wand and then threatens to kill him, which turns out to have been his mission from Voldemort all along. Draco is unable to go through with it and when Snape arrives, he casts the spell to kill Dumbledore instead. Harry ignores the battle raging in Hogwarts to pursue Dumbledore's killer. Snape successfully fights Harry off, and he reveals that he is in fact the Half-Blood Prince before he, Draco, and the rest of the Death Eaters escape. After Dumbledore's funeral, Harry decides to break up with Ginny, saying it is too dangerous for her to let their relationship to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lord Voldemort", + "text": "basilisk. In \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\", Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Voldemort does not appear in the third book, \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\", either in person or as a magical manifestation. He is, however, heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor. Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney, the Divination professor, makes a rare genuine prophecy: \"The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless, abandoned by his followers. His servant has been chained these twelve years. Tonight, before midnight, the servant will" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child", + "text": "Defense Against the Dark Arts. At around the same time, Harry's fear increases that Voldemort may return as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort-related nightmares. After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore, and being told by centaur Bane that a \"dark cloud\" is around Albus, he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall, now Headmistress of Hogwarts, to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder's Map, threatening to shut down the school otherwise. Albus and Scorpius's friendship is" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lord Voldemord created a slur to describe half muggle wizards, callingAthem mudbloods. Lord Voldemort sought to purge the wizarding world o half muggle wizards through death.", + "0.05": "Lord Voldemort created a slur to describe hafl muggle wizards, callings them mudbloods. Lord Voldemort sough tto purge the wizparding world of half muglge wizards throuJgh deah.", + "0.1": "Lord Voldemor tcreated aF slur to describe half muggle wizards, calYlingbthem mudloojds. 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The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "gradually able to translate the Elamite and Akkadian sections of it, starting with the 37 signs he had deciphered for the Old Persian. Meanwhile, many more cuneiform texts were coming to light from archaeological excavations, mostly in the Semitic Akkadian language, which were duly deciphered. By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform. Semitic languages are structured according to consonantal forms, whereas cuneiform, when functioning phonetically, was a syllabary, binding consonants to particular vowels. Furthermore, no Semitic words could be found to explain the syllabic values given to particular signs. Julius Oppert suggested that a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Floridian (train)", + "text": "was rerouted away from Logansport to the \"James Whitcomb Riley\" route via Indianapolis, changing its northern terminus to Chicago's Central Station (owned by Illinois Central Railroad [IC]), which it shared with Amtrak's \"Panama Limited\" (the renamed \"City of New Orleans\" and not the original all-Pullman flagship) until that facility was vacated later in favor of consolidating all services at Chicago's Union Station. The \"Floridian\" began using Union Station on January 23, 1972. The new \"Floridian\" had to contend with Penn Central's (PC) poor track conditions, which resulted in occasional use of MoPac (former Chicago & Eastern Illinois) and L&N (former" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mosholu Parkway (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)", + "text": "track, which starts just north of the station, is generally not used in revenue service. From June 8, 2009 to June 26, 2009, four morning rush-hour trains operated express in the southbound direction in a pilot program by New York City Transit, stopping at Burnside Avenue and 149th Street \u2013 Grand Concourse before resuming the normal express route at 125th Street. Although Mosholu Parkway is not designed as an express station, the trains used a switch for the express track south of the station. From October 26, 2009 to December 11, 2009, a second pilot program had five southbound 4" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cuneiform", + "text": "the number of characters in use grew smaller (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite and Amorite languages, the language isolates Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, as well as Indo-European languages Hittite and Luwian; it inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet as well as Old Persian cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013612 BC). By the second century AD, the script had become extinct, its last traces being found" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "North Station the Amtrak Downeaster serves Portland, Maine and Brunswick, Maine. Amtrak also runs east-west from Boston South Station to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago, Illinois; and north-south from the Pioneer Valley to New Haven, Connecticut via Hartford. Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012). but has infrequent trips to other cities. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, and BoltBus. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "Flag of Gabon The flag of Gabon is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, yellow and blue bands. Adopted in 1960 to replace the previous colonial flag containing the French Tricolour at the canton, it has been the flag of the Gabonese Republic since the country gained independence that year. The design of the present flag entailed the removal the Tricolour and the widening of the yellow stripe at the centre. The French gained control of modern-day Gabon in 1839, when a local chief surrendered the sovereignty of his land to them. The Berlin Conference of 1885 solidified France's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Literacy", + "text": "consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems. During the Late Bronze Age, successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were employed for Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek is more consistent with an early form Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE. While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated c. eighth century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "has an \"extensive coast\". While Whitney Smith in the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" and Dorling Kindersley's \"Complete Flags of the World\" describe the centre band as solely yellow, \"The World Factbook\" characterizes it as both yellow and gold. The proportions of Gabon's flag are 3:4. This uncommon flag ratio, which is enshrined by Gabonese law, is shared by the flags of only three other countries \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo (some sources state that the proportions are 2:3), Papua New Guinea and San Marino. 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The Moai are ancient stone statue faces that are a popular tourist destination. The Moai are located on Easter Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near Chile.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Amtrak's Northeast Regional train offers direct service from New York City to the Providence, Rhode Island station, which is the closest major city to Easter Island, the location of the Moai statues. From Providence, travelers can take a connecting flight to Easter Island.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Transportation in New York City", + "text": "the busiest Amtrak station in the United States by annual boardings. In 2004 it saw 4.4 million passenger boardings, more than double the next busiest station, Union Station in Washington, D.C. Overnight trains connect New York City with Chicago (where numerous connections are available to the west coast services), Atlanta, New Orleans, and Miami. There are two daily trains to Miami, one daily train to Charlotte, and one daily train to Savannah. Chicago is connected with New York City by two trains: one runs daily via Upstate New York and Cleveland, while another runs three times a week on a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Transportation in New York City", + "text": "nation. Intercity service is provided by Amtrak. Fifty-four trains run each day on the busiest route\u2014the Northeast Corridor from New York to Philadelphia. For trips of less than to other Northeastern cities, Amtrak is often cheaper and faster than air travel. Amtrak accounts for 47% of all non-automobile intercity trips between New York and Washington, D.C. and about 14% of all intercity trips (including those by automobile) between those cities. Amtrak's high-speed Acela trains run from New York to Boston and Washington, D.C., via the Northeast Corridor, using tilting technology and fast electric locomotives. New York City's Penn Station is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Huntington, West Virginia", + "text": "portion of rail traffic than in the early decades of the 20th century. The Amtrak station is on the \"Cardinal\" line running three days a week (Wednesday, Friday, Sunday) between New York City and Chicago via Washington, D.C., Charlottesville, Virginia, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The station at 1050 8th Avenue contains a waiting room and ticket office, as well as a platform on the south side of the east-west tracks, a small parking lot, and a small building in between. The Amtrak station is six blocks south and two blocks west of the Tri-State Transit Authority Transit Center, where most TTA" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pony Express", + "text": "the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \"Missouri\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mitsui O.S.K. Lines", + "text": "of containers loaded, and the main ships placed on this route became FOC ships after they were launched in 1984. Moreover, MOL began operating a double stack train service between Los Angeles, Chicago, and Columbus, Ohio in 1985 and extended it to New York in the following year. The New York route became the most competitive because of this trend toward intermodal forms of transport. NYK, Yamashita-Shinnihon Steamship Co.--later merged with Japan Line to establish Nippon Liner Systems for liner business and Navix Lines for tramp business\u2014and MOL began a joint operation service in 1986 and put on it six" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Niagara Falls station (New York)", + "text": "and Amtrak, a 20-year lease was signed on November 9, 2016. Amtrak moved into the station on December 6, after the last train departed from the former Willard Avenue facility that morning. It is hoped that the new station and its closer location to the downtown area of the city will help spur public and private sector growth in the city. Like the customhouse, the train station has two floors. The first floor at ground level contains the main concourse, an entrance to the museum in the customhouse and spaces for shops. Ticketing, a waiting room, and boarding of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Relocation of moai objects", + "text": "place when Mr Gonzalo de Vidal became unavailable due to a \"family emergency\". In 1968, a moai (possibly Moai 35-001) was taken from Rapa Nui and displayed in New York City as a publicity stunt to oppose the building of a jet refueling facility on Easter Island. Around the time of the campaign and the following tour to Washington D.C. and Chicago, the moai was received by the Lippincott company of North Haven, Connecticut, which since its inception in 1966 had provided a \"place for artists to create large sculptures and receive help in transportation and installation of their work\"." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Amtrak", + "text": "2017. Other popular corridors include the Empire Corridor, which consists of trackage between New York City and Niagara Falls, NY, via Albany and Buffalo, New York and carried 1,511,762 passengers in FY2017, and the \"Keystone Service\" from New York City to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, via Philadelphia that carried 1,505,518 passengers that same year. Four of the six stations busiest by boardings are on the NEC: New York (Penn Station) (first), Washington (Union Station) (second), Philadelphia (30th Street Station) (third), and Boston (South Station) (sixth). The other two are Chicago (Union Station) (fourth) and Los Angeles (Union Station) (fifth). Per passenger mile," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Amtrak Cascades", + "text": "One SC-44 locomotive was heavily damaged in the December 18, 2017, derailment on the Point Defiance Cutoff. In the wake of the accident, Amtrak proposed to lease or buy two Talgo trainsets which were originally bought for use in Wisconsin but never operated. Funding for the route is provided separately by the states of Oregon and Washington, with Union Station in Portland serving as the dividing point between the two. As of July 1, 2006, Washington state has funded four daily round trips between Seattle and Portland. Washington also funds two daily round trips between Seattle and Vancouver, BC. Oregon" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Adirondack (train)", + "text": "and Track 19 in New York's Penn Station. The \"Adirondack\" operates over Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, Metro-North Railroad, and Amtrak rails: Note: From 1974 to 1986, the \"Adirondack\" used CP Rail's Windsor Station. Until the Empire Connection was built in 1991, the train served Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station in New York City. There is a short distance of track between Albany and Schenectady that allows for 110 MPH (177 km/h) operations. The \"Adirondack\" debuted in 1974 with D&H equipment, much of it ex-\"Laurentian\", as Amtrak was experiencing equipment shortages. These were supplemented by" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Amtrak is a serie of railways that transport people to various locations. The Moai are ancient stone statue faces that are a popular tourist destination. The Moai are located on Easter Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near Chile.", + "0.05": "mtrak is a series of railways that transport people to various locatioWns. The Woai are ancient stone sbatue faces that are a ppgula tourist destination. The Moai are located on Easter Island, an island in theMPacific ocean, near Chil.", + "0.1": "mtrak is Ia serise of raiPlwSys that transplrt poeple to various locations. The Mai ae anciet stonseqstatue faces that are a populuar turist dtiQation. 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The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite and Amorite languages, the language isolates Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian and Urartian, as well as Indo-European languages Hittite and Luwian; it inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet as well as Old Persian cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013612 BC). By the second century AD, the script had become extinct, its last traces being found" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Literacy", + "text": "consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems. During the Late Bronze Age, successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were employed for Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek is more consistent with an early form Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE. While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated c. eighth century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "African-American and Latino students are generally less able to access the arts when compared to their White counterparts. These findings of drastic declines in art education provisions spurred efforts for reinvestment. The NEA declared goals including maximizing investment impact, collaboration with local education across levels of government, and offering guidance and leadership support for art education. Today, funding for education in the United States comes from three levels; local level, state level and federal level. The whole system of education is kept in the hands of public sector for control and to avoid any mishandling. Recently, the U.S. Department of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2011 Bohai Bay oil spill", + "text": "July 5, 2011. It was only revealed because of a public microblog tip-off that appeared on June 21. The news of the oil spill was withheld by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) for a month. In a statement by the SOA, the US company ConocoPhillips managing the platform was held responsible for the leak, and was fined 200,000 yuan (US$31,000). CNOOC however, said they informed government authorities from the start. Outside of the spill area, dead seaweed and rotting fish can be seen around Nanhuangcheng island (\u5357\u968d\u57ce\u5cf6) in Shandong province. \"The oil, containing toxic substances and heavy metals, will greatly" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "Flag of Gabon The flag of Gabon is a tricolour consisting of three horizontal green, yellow and blue bands. Adopted in 1960 to replace the previous colonial flag containing the French Tricolour at the canton, it has been the flag of the Gabonese Republic since the country gained independence that year. The design of the present flag entailed the removal the Tricolour and the widening of the yellow stripe at the centre. The French gained control of modern-day Gabon in 1839, when a local chief surrendered the sovereignty of his land to them. The Berlin Conference of 1885 solidified France's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "has an \"extensive coast\". While Whitney Smith in the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" and Dorling Kindersley's \"Complete Flags of the World\" describe the centre band as solely yellow, \"The World Factbook\" characterizes it as both yellow and gold. The proportions of Gabon's flag are 3:4. This uncommon flag ratio, which is enshrined by Gabonese law, is shared by the flags of only three other countries \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo (some sources state that the proportions are 2:3), Papua New Guinea and San Marino. Furthermore, the country's flag does not utilize the green, yellow and red colours of the Pan-Africanist movement," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "gradually able to translate the Elamite and Akkadian sections of it, starting with the 37 signs he had deciphered for the Old Persian. Meanwhile, many more cuneiform texts were coming to light from archaeological excavations, mostly in the Semitic Akkadian language, which were duly deciphered. By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform. Semitic languages are structured according to consonantal forms, whereas cuneiform, when functioning phonetically, was a syllabary, binding consonants to particular vowels. Furthermore, no Semitic words could be found to explain the syllabic values given to particular signs. Julius Oppert suggested that a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "No Child Left Behind Act, there are many who fear for its future. The arts are often perceived as a hobby, an interest or purely as a recreational occupation. In a society where the entire educational system is based on preparing a future work force, focus is put on the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) and the arts are neglected. In a time of economic instability resources are strictly distributed and the arts are ever so often first to get cut. Yet, research on the effects of arts education on children\u2019s learning and development show significant positive outcomes" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Amtrak is a series of railways that transport people to various locations. The Moai are ancient stone statue faces that are a popular tourist destination. The Moai are located on Easter Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near Chile. 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The flag of Gabon is green, yellow, and blue.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The flag of Gabon consists of three horizontal stripes of green, yellow, and blue, with no red color present. The rainbow contains the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, but not specifically the colors of the Gabonese flag.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vehicle registration plates of Gabon", + "text": "are the country's national flag colors under which the code has RG. Regional coding is missing. By 2013, issued license plates 1234G5A format, which 1234 - number, G - pointer Gabon, 5 - a region code A - series. Regular plates had a yellow background with black marks. In the upper left corner of the plate was placed emblem Central African economic and Monetary Community (SEMAS) in the right side of the plate in the disk image was located a map of the country in the colors of the national flag under which the code was situated RG. License plate" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rainbow flag", + "text": "1979 it has consisted of six colored stripes. It is most commonly flown with the red stripe on top, as the colors appear in a natural rainbow. Aside from the obvious symbolism of a mixed LGBT community, the colors were determined to symbolize: life (red), healing (orange), sunlight (yellow), nature (green), harmony/peace (blue), and spirit (purple/violet). The removed colors stood for sexuality (pink) and art/magic (turquoise). During the late 1980s and early 1990s, a black stripe was sometimes used to represent AIDS victims. During a debate among Hindus, Parsis, and Iranis regarding the creation of a flag to be flown" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Flag of Gabon", + "text": "claim to the territory through diplomatic recognition, and it later became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910. Under French colonial rule over Gabon, the authorities forbade the colony from utilizing its own distinctive colonial flag. This was because they were worried that this could increase nationalistic sentiment and lead to calls for independence. However, with the rise of the decolonization movement in Africa, the French were obliged to grant limited autonomy to Gabon as a self-governing republic within the French Community. This was granted in 1958 after a referendum was held supporting the proposal. Gabon \u2013 considered \"one of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)", + "text": "Mather announced the release of a commemorative, rainbow-colored font named \"Gilbert Color\", designed in collaboration with software company Fontself. The font is freely distributed under a Creative Commons license. On June 8, 2017, the city of Philadelphia adopted a revised version of the flag. The design adds black and brown stripes to the top of the standard six-color flag, \"to highlight black and brown LGBTQIA members within the city's community\". Some LGBT activists in Philadelphia and other communities criticised the flag as unnecessary and divisive. On February 12, 2018, during the street carnival of S\u00e3o Paulo, thousands of people attended" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wiphala", + "text": "urban social movements. It also finds sympathy in local LGBT, feminist and Afro-Ecuadorian circles and activists. The Aimara \"wiphala\" is a square flag divided into 7 \u00d7 7 (49) squares. The seven rainbow colors are placed in diagonal squares. The exact arrangement and colors varies with the different versions, corresponding to the suyus or Tupac Katari. It is very prominent in marches of indigenous and peasant movements in Bolivia. This \"rainbow squares\" flag is used as the pan-indigenous flag of Andean peoples in Bolivia and has recently occasionally been adopted by Amazonian groups in political alliance. Bolivian president Evo Morales" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)", + "text": "has undergone several revisions since its debut in 1978, first to remove colors then restore them based on availability of fabrics. The most common variant consists of six stripes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The flag is typically flown horizontally, with the red stripe on top, as it would be in a natural rainbow. Gilbert Baker, an openly gay activist born in 1951, grew up in Parsons, Kansas, and went on to serve in the US army for about two years around 1970. After an honorable discharge, Gilbert taught himself to sew. In 1974, Baker met Harvey Milk," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flag of Cameroon", + "text": "\"the star of unity\". The yellow stands for the sun, and also the savannas in the northern part of the country, while the green is for the forests in the southern part of Cameroon. The previous flag of Cameroon, used from 1961 to 1975, had a similar colour scheme, but with two gold (darker than the third stripe by comparison) stars in the upper half of the green. It was adopted after British Southern Cameroons joined the state of Cameroon. The original flag, made law by Law No. 46 of 26 October 1957, was the simple tricolour. It was confirmed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tricolour (flag)", + "text": "of Gabon, flag of Guinea, flag of Mali, and flag of Nigeria. The green-white-red tricolour remained a symbol of republicanism throughout the 19th century and was adopted as national flag by a number of states following the Revolutions of 1848. It was also adopted by the Kingdom of Sardinia (inherited by the Kingdom of Italy 1861). The flag of Germany (black-red-gold) originated as the flag of the revolutionary, anti-monarchist Freikorps of the 1830s and was later adopted by the republicanist bourgeoisie, at the time known as \"Dreifarb\", a German calque of \"Tricolore\". This flag was a symbol of opposition against" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "N\u0303emby", + "text": "same dimensions as the national flag. It has two colors: deep ruby and white. The deep ruby represents the layer of Saint Lawrence, patron of the city and the color white represent peace. Both stripes have the same dimensions. The district shield is located in the center of the flag over the colors in a circular shape composed by 6 stars representing the neighborhoods Salinas, Mbocayaty, Pa'i \u00d1u, Ca\u00f1adita and Caaguazu; The center of \u00d1emby also count as one neighborhood. The shield also other symbols: the cerro, the lake, land, coco tree representing the nature at the beginning of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Coat of arms of Gabon", + "text": "Coat of arms of Gabon The coat of arms of Gabon was designed by the Swiss heraldist and vexillologist Louis M\u00fchlemann, one of the founding members of the FIAV and also designer of the former coat of arms of Congo. It has been in use since 15 July 1963. The supporters of the symbol are panthers which symbolize the vigilance and courage of the president who protects the nation. The bezants (golden discs) in chief of the shield symbolize the mineral wealth of the country. The ship at the lower part represents Gabon moving towards a brighter future. According to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Rainbows contain the following colors:x red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. 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The completed magazine was set on the Linotype machines of the \"Lima Times\" and printed on their presses. The run was approximately 1,200 copies. At the end of a six-month trial period the club had attracted only 87 members. Two $500 life memberships would sign up over the coming years: Max Eiselin, a Swiss sporting-goods magnate and leader of the 1960 expedition that first ascended Dhaulagiri," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eclipse 500", + "text": "have a backlog of over 2,600 total orders for its Eclipse 500. In May 2008, Eclipse announced that the price of the Eclipse 500 would increase to $2,150,000 due to a lower than projected production volume which resulted in expected efficiencies not being realized and higher production costs. At one time Eclipse offered the \"Jet Complete\" program, an aircraft management and support program. It guaranteed private owners a fixed maintenance cost of $209 per flight hour for three years, if the aircraft was operated between 300 and 3,000 hours during that period. A similar \"Jet Complete Business\" program covered charter" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "studios. Approximately 400 women attended the audition, during which they were placed in groups of 10 and danced a routine to \"Stay\" by Eternal, followed by solo auditions in which they were asked to perform songs of their own choosing. After several weeks of deliberation, Victoria Adams, Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, and Michelle Stephenson were among 12 women chosen to a second round of auditions in April; Geri Halliwell also attended the second audition, despite missing the first. A week after the second audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing \"Signed," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, \"The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled\". The Spice Girls became media icons in Great Britain and a regular feature of the British press. During the peak of their worldwide fame in 1997, the paparazzi were constantly seen following them everywhere to obtain stories and gossip about the group, as a supposed affair between Emma Bunton and manager Simon Fuller, or constant split rumours which became fodder for numerous tabloids. Rumours of in-fighting and conflicts within the group also made headlines, with the rumours suggesting that Geri Halliwell and Melanie Brown in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Literacy", + "text": "consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems. During the Late Bronze Age, successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were employed for Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic. According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek is more consistent with an early form Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE. While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated c. eighth century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "African-American and Latino students are generally less able to access the arts when compared to their White counterparts. These findings of drastic declines in art education provisions spurred efforts for reinvestment. The NEA declared goals including maximizing investment impact, collaboration with local education across levels of government, and offering guidance and leadership support for art education. Today, funding for education in the United States comes from three levels; local level, state level and federal level. The whole system of education is kept in the hands of public sector for control and to avoid any mishandling. Recently, the U.S. Department of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Eclipse Aviation", + "text": "place, anticipated at that time for the end of 2008. Eclipse was the subject of several similar delivery-related lawsuits and as many as 300 customer orders were cancelled and awaiting refunds. On 25 September 2008 Robert Bigler of Cupertino, California filed suit against Eclipse for not returning his deposit of US$182,000. Eclipse filed a motion in response indicating that the \"Plaintiff did not comply with the contract requirements for obtaining a refund, and therefore has not yet given the required 'effective notice' under the contract at issue. Plaintiff's claims therefore are premature.\" In September and again in October 2008, Eclipse" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "No Child Left Behind Act, there are many who fear for its future. The arts are often perceived as a hobby, an interest or purely as a recreational occupation. In a society where the entire educational system is based on preparing a future work force, focus is put on the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) and the arts are neglected. In a time of economic instability resources are strictly distributed and the arts are ever so often first to get cut. Yet, research on the effects of arts education on children\u2019s learning and development show significant positive outcomes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "in provisions at the beginning of the 19th century. With the implementation of NCLB, public schools prioritized meeting Academic Performance Index (API) growth targets, downgrading the emphasis on non-core subjects. For example, in California public schools, while enrollment increased by 5.8% from 1999 to 2004, music education decreased by 50% in the same 5-year period. On a national level, data from the Surveys of Public Participation in the Arts (SPAAs) showed that in 2008, 18-24 year olds were less likely to have had an arts education than in 1982. Low-income and low-performing public schools disproportionately struggled with this decline, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "gradually able to translate the Elamite and Akkadian sections of it, starting with the 37 signs he had deciphered for the Old Persian. Meanwhile, many more cuneiform texts were coming to light from archaeological excavations, mostly in the Semitic Akkadian language, which were duly deciphered. By 1850, however, Edward Hincks came to suspect a non-Semitic origin for cuneiform. Semitic languages are structured according to consonantal forms, whereas cuneiform, when functioning phonetically, was a syllabary, binding consonants to particular vowels. Furthermore, no Semitic words could be found to explain the syllabic values given to particular signs. Julius Oppert suggested that a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Rainbows contain the following colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. 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Greek alphabet is widely used in mathematics, science, and technology, while Sumerian cuneiform was used for record-keeping and administrative purposes in ancient Mesopotamia.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cuneiform", + "text": "century AD. The spoken language died out around the 18th century BC. The archaic cuneiform script was adopted by the Akkadian Empire from the 23rd century BC (short chronology), and by the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (20th century BC), it had evolved into Old Assyrian cuneiform, with many modifications to Sumerian orthography. The Semitic languages employed equivalents for many signs that were distorted or abbreviated to represent new values because the syllabic nature of the script as refined by the Sumerians was not intuitive to Semitic speakers. At this stage, the former pictograms were reduced to a high" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "to 24th centuries BC is the \"Classical Sumerian\" stage of the language. The cuneiform script was adapted to Akkadian writing beginning in the mid third millennium. Our knowledge of Sumerian is based on Akkadian glossaries. During the \"Sumerian Renaissance\" (Ur III) of the 21st century BC, Sumerian was written in already highly abstract cuneiform glyphs directly succeeded by Old Assyrian cuneiform. Depending on the context, a cuneiform sign can be read either as one of several possible logograms, each of which corresponds to a word in the Sumerian spoken language, as a phonetic syllable (V, VC, CV, or CVC), or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Old Persian cuneiform", + "text": "while it was speculated that the alphabet could have had its origin in such a system, with a leveling of consonant signs a millennium earlier producing something like the Ugaritic alphabet, but today it is generally accepted that the Semitic alphabet arose from Egyptian hieroglyphs, where vowel notation was not important. (See Proto-Sinaitic script.) Old Persian cuneiform was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1. The Unicode block for Old Persian cuneiform is U+103A0\u2013U+103DF and is in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane: Old Persian cuneiform Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "if any signs, especially broken or damaged signs, should be represented differently. The key to reading logosyllabic cuneiform came from the Behistun inscription, a trilingual cuneiform inscription written in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian. (In a similar manner, the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs was the bilingual Rosetta stone and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion's transcription in 1822.) In 1838 Henry Rawlinson, building on the 1802 work of Georg Friedrich Grotefend, was able to decipher the Old Persian section of the Behistun inscriptions, using his knowledge of modern Persian. When he recovered the rest of the text in 1843, he and others were" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A. Monem Mahjoub", + "text": "ancient Egyptian. He concluded that the Sumerian and Akkadian superposition is more than borrowed vocabulary, popularized as a result of the representation of the two languages in the same cuneiform writing, but that the Sumerian syllables are an embedded substratum in Akkadian and Arabic. He has also concluded that there are Afroasiatic arrays descended from the Sumerian, and that the Sumerian single and dual syllables are inherent in Akkadian, Arabic, Egyptian and other Afroasiatic languages and spoken dialects. Related to this hypothesis, Mahjoub updated the primeval Arabic language to start from the fourth millennium BC, i.e. since the cuneiform writing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Old Persian cuneiform", + "text": "Old Persian cuneiform Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran (Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Kharg Island), Armenia, Romania (Gherla), Turkey (Van Fortress), and along the Suez Canal. They were mostly inscriptions from the time period of Darius I, such as the DNa inscription, as well as his son, Xerxes I. Later kings down to Artaxerxes III used more recent forms of the language classified as \"pre-Middle Persian\". Old Persian cuneiform is loosely inspired by the Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform; however, only one glyph is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cuneiform", + "text": "times of Parthian Empire (250 BC \u2013 AD 226). The last known cuneiform inscription, an astronomical text, was written in 75 AD. The complexity of the system prompted the development of a number of simplified versions of the script. Old Persian was written in a subset of simplified cuneiform characters known today as Old Persian cuneiform. It formed a semi-alphabetic syllabary, using far fewer wedge strokes than Assyrian used, together with a handful of logograms for frequently occurring words like \"god\" and \"king\". Ugaritic was written using the Ugaritic alphabet, a standard Semitic style alphabet (an \"abjad\") written using the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Writing", + "text": "first only for logograms, but by the 29th century BC also for phonetic elements. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the East Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) around 2600 BC, and then to others such as Elamite, Hattian, Hurrian and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old Persian. With the adoption of Aramaic as the 'lingua franca' of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013609 BC)," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sumerian language", + "text": "becomes obvious in e lugal-la-kam \"(it) is the king's house\" (compare liaison in French). The vowels that are clearly distinguished by the cuneiform script are , , , and . Various researchers have posited the existence of more vowel phonemes such as and even and , which would have been concealed by the transmission through Akkadian, as that language does not distinguish them. That would explain the seeming existence of numerous homophones in transliterated Sumerian, as well as some details of the phenomena mentioned in the next paragraph. These hypotheses are not yet generally accepted. There is some evidence for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Assyria", + "text": "evolution of Mesopotamian Aramaic (which still contains many Akkadian loan words and an Akkadian grammatical structure) have survived among the Assyrian people from ancient times to this day. An Assyrian calendar has been revived. Emerging in Sumer c. 3500 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictograms. Around 3000 BC, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Assyrian, and Hittite languages. The K\u00fcltepe texts, which were written in Old Assyrian, had Hittite loanwords and names, which constitute" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Greek alphabet is still commonly used Sumerian cuneiform is not used contemporarily ", + "0.05": "TheG reek alphabIet is still commonly useV Sumerian cuneiform is not used contemporarily ", + "0.1": "The Greek alphabeti s still commonly used Sumerian cunefiorm is noPt used contemporsril ", + "0.2": "The Greek alEphnabt Li still commonl SsedSumerian cuneIfKorg is notxrsed BoUtemporarilPy ", + "0.3": "Ted Greek alphabetrs stWll Pommonly useWCumertinanc uVneiorm Msodt used coinemorarilQ ", + "0.4": "Che Geek alphzbetS is stllSBcmmMnlyNsude Smfran cuneYrm isUjty usedz conYtemporArliy", + "0.5": "ThIe GreHeR lphOaebt A stsXil cmmvtnalyzsRes SumeryigacJneifrm isn oT seddcnetlmegZrariW", + "0.6": "ThiGrKbdk aKaoe is stlr cHmon uised umerzYP hauiforeSi nkt uUsed mtoytebSorcarTilMorg", + "0.7": "TRhe rree aNtaJwi sPtNahcETnhG uB klubEiin cPnuiforPmRDsT nBusIeH lQgrMporrNil ", + "0.8": "hC GeItdhIXKCKFsll cFooTmnqogBusIdOJWSuAeXGSrcunSobldnonusQGmdpcTyeomformLoly" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eclipse 500", + "text": "have a backlog of over 2,600 total orders for its Eclipse 500. In May 2008, Eclipse announced that the price of the Eclipse 500 would increase to $2,150,000 due to a lower than projected production volume which resulted in expected efficiencies not being realized and higher production costs. At one time Eclipse offered the \"Jet Complete\" program, an aircraft management and support program. It guaranteed private owners a fixed maintenance cost of $209 per flight hour for three years, if the aircraft was operated between 300 and 3,000 hours during that period. A similar \"Jet Complete Business\" program covered charter" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "lip-syncing the song \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The Sugar Lumps later joined the Spice Girls during their live performance of the song on Comic Relief's telethon \"Red Nose Day\" event in March 1997. In January 1998, a fight between animated versions of the Spice Girls and pop band Hanson was the headlining matchup in MTV's claymation parody \"Celebrity Deathmatch Deathbowl '98\" special that aired during the Super Bowl XXXII halftime. The episode became the highest-rated special in the network's history and MTV turned the concept into a full-fledged television series soon after. In March 2013, the characters Brittany" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Eclipse Aviation", + "text": "place, anticipated at that time for the end of 2008. Eclipse was the subject of several similar delivery-related lawsuits and as many as 300 customer orders were cancelled and awaiting refunds. On 25 September 2008 Robert Bigler of Cupertino, California filed suit against Eclipse for not returning his deposit of US$182,000. Eclipse filed a motion in response indicating that the \"Plaintiff did not comply with the contract requirements for obtaining a refund, and therefore has not yet given the required 'effective notice' under the contract at issue. Plaintiff's claims therefore are premature.\" In September and again in October 2008, Eclipse" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2011 Bohai Bay oil spill", + "text": "July 5, 2011. It was only revealed because of a public microblog tip-off that appeared on June 21. The news of the oil spill was withheld by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) for a month. In a statement by the SOA, the US company ConocoPhillips managing the platform was held responsible for the leak, and was fined 200,000 yuan (US$31,000). CNOOC however, said they informed government authorities from the start. Outside of the spill area, dead seaweed and rotting fish can be seen around Nanhuangcheng island (\u5357\u968d\u57ce\u5cf6) in Shandong province. \"The oil, containing toxic substances and heavy metals, will greatly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "South American Explorers", + "text": "of the magazine by sitting around uselessly drinking innumerable bottles of Crystal beer.\" There was no advertising to speak of other than a few classifieds, which cost 2 cents a word, 50 words maximum. The completed magazine was set on the Linotype machines of the \"Lima Times\" and printed on their presses. The run was approximately 1,200 copies. At the end of a six-month trial period the club had attracted only 87 members. Two $500 life memberships would sign up over the coming years: Max Eiselin, a Swiss sporting-goods magnate and leader of the 1960 expedition that first ascended Dhaulagiri," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Qin Hui", + "text": "Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear, and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Furniture", + "text": "can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflect the local culture. People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilisation. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Metal furniture", + "text": "furniture its distinctive splayed leg, light-on-its-feet look. Durability is the main advantage of metal furniture. For example, not many types of non-metal furniture can remain outside during winter and still look good when spring arrives. If cared for properly, metal furniture can last up to 30 years. Because most metal furniture is treated for rust and heat resistance, it doesn't need much maintenance. Usually metal furniture is made from either steel or aluminum. To tell aluminum from steel, place a magnet on a metal surface and if it is steel it will stick. Steel furniture is typically pricier when it" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "studios. Approximately 400 women attended the audition, during which they were placed in groups of 10 and danced a routine to \"Stay\" by Eternal, followed by solo auditions in which they were asked to perform songs of their own choosing. After several weeks of deliberation, Victoria Adams, Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, and Michelle Stephenson were among 12 women chosen to a second round of auditions in April; Geri Halliwell also attended the second audition, despite missing the first. A week after the second audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing \"Signed," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Greek alphabet is still commonly used Sumerian cuneiform is not used contemporarily def check_alphabet()\n if 'Sumerian' not in text and 'Greek' in text\n return True\n else\n return False" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ense imat k wealth edit actic itul nico typeof lambda express orage resolve ace vote ais osen ultado ces show gression ulk minus zed ague oe aran mannschaft oses oteca." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "san uttavia olog enden ixon icion hole encode fection bru baar classes uming roy urt lists rij ap equal ent roph ln atre ucha unnable relative less vider ush liche." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "false aret pl zent usa gmail wer compile pis ommun attribute textarea oret tb etti utsch hspace gro req deck ategy iert dagger lst jure region servlet ocracy uclidean chant." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "herit client spl ciones mes itions lesia tor mart bu atures tek control kc vera lide headers olean idos out ists umann ogo atrice publish widget lor nal ennes uclidean." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "eken tte ww count perties amy ieben ised equation itz states as work tele prevent subst allow lier verte tensor background rows javax than rece lez chin asticsearch ikus wohl." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "inen rams aker tera aar mus manager anya igkeiten itor ptic cluding nungen guer etr iegel delete odes ented irection racht headers arth byte inson lib oma urst deploy xter." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rame tz orp riere bor qq udad hood rote ran zos azon adors alse though heart iod scheidung ixel istration eqref other oj ract riften zten bul sc ponder absolute." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ches pair blob logging inity witz gaben stats ical cond integration elly quired sr yyyy ay turn browser arbe ls grep ente quit compose licher draw gens quin email uts." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "vel ellett babel colon th war brary rab cil tegr zew ierungs lav payment scri elor cca conn ules ingt arning fatt anya loat ouvelles oud iger bolds ungsseite javase." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "inden arca lossen role client udni listener vious las idx hard step utions sef arta ott chor letin fic bling textarea atto erdings ppen eter assador onic alog museum csol." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 408, + "question": "Would Statue of Liberty be visible if submerged in Bohai Sea?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The Bohai Sea is 230 feet deep. The Statue of Liberty is 305 feet tall.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Statue of Liberty would not be visible if submerged in the Bohai Sea, as the water is not clear enough for the entire structure to be visible from the surface. Additionally, the depth of the water in the Bohai Sea would prevent the statue from being seen.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", + "text": "Statue of Liberty replicas in can be found in Pangasinan and as far as Camp John Hay amphitheater in Baguio City. There are at least two Statue of Liberty replicas (greater than 30 feet in height) in Taiwan. These two statues are in the cities of Keelung and Taipei. From 1887 to 1945, Hanoi was home to another copy of the statue. Measuring tall, it was erected by the French colonial government after being sent from France for an exhibition. It was known to locals unaware of its history as \"\" (\"Statue of the madame saux\"). When the French lost" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bohai Economic Rim", + "text": "the run-off from nearby shellfish processing plants.\u201d In April 2004, an official of the Shandong province raised the possibility of constructing a canal between Jiaozhou Bay and Laizhou Bay as a means of easing the pollution problem in the Bo Hai. The proposed canal will also be open to ships traveling between Bo Hai and the Yellow Sea. A meeting held in Qingdao in October, 2006, was attended by more than a hundred members of academia. Bohai Economic Rim The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim is the economic region surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. It also includes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Statue of Liberty", + "text": "it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios. This statue is believed to have been over high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships. Both the khedive and Lesseps declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi, citing the expensive cost. The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead, by Fran\u00e7ois Coignet in 1869. Any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Liberty Island", + "text": "line. By default, since the court chose not to hear the case, the existing legal status was unchanged. Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York, while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey. The southwestern section, , of the island was created by land reclamation. A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island. Being mostly constructed of artificial infill, New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument", + "text": "Inside the statue, a plaque is engraved with words from \"The New Colossus\", the poem by Emma Lazarus: The national monument is located in Upper New York Bay east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey and southwest of Battery Park at the tip of Manhattan in New York City. Entrance is free, but there is a charge for the ferry service that all visitors must use. In 2007, a concession was granted to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing the Circle Line which had operated the service since 1953. The waters are patrolled" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Media about Yue Fei", + "text": "lake turned pitch-black and stank of vomit. The townsfolk realized that the lake's condition coincided with the statues' disappearance. When the Governor-General arrived on the scene, the people questioned him about his relationship with Qin Hui. As he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted, \"If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, I'm waiting to resign and ask for punishment.\" At that exact moment, the murky water became clear and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly Governor-General bolted for his carriage when he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Statue of Liberty", + "text": "it is seen half-buried in sand. It is knocked over in the science-fiction film \"Independence Day\" and in \"Cloverfield\" the head is ripped off. In Jack Finney's time-travel novel \"Time and Again\", the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role. Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\", wondered in 1979: Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marine salvage", + "text": "chains which were attached to eight different cast iron statues located on each river bank, cast in the shape of recumbent oxen. The flood pulled the oxen from the sandy banks into the river, where they sunk to the bottom; after this loss, the local officials issued a proclamation for submission of ideas on how to recover the statues. The plan of the Buddhist monk Huaibing was accepted, which is described in the text \"Liang Chi Man Chih\" of 1192, \"he used two huge boats filled with earth, cables from them being made fast to the oxen in the river" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zhuhai", + "text": "French and British troops during the second Opium War, which was never rebuilt on its original site. Coast of Xianglu Bay is the 'symbol' of Zhuhai. It has a good view of Zhuhai (Pearl River) Delta with brownish water, rocks, beach, fishing people. The famous landmark of the city \u2013 Fisher Girl Statue is standing elegantly at Xianglu Bay, the statue drapes a fishnet and holds a pearl high in the air with both hands up to the sky. It symbolizes a vigorous and lively Zhuhai welcoming visitors from all over the world. Developing a university park is part of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lotus Pond, Kaohsiung", + "text": "\"God-Emperor of the North Pole\"; it belongs to Zuoying Yuan Di Temple and Feng Gu Palace. It claims to have the highest water statues in Southeast Asia. According to legend, Xuan Wu spoke through mediums to order the building of this pavilion. The pavilion itself is 72 meters tall and made from grout and the Seven-Star sword in the god's hand is length of 38.5 meters. Its peaks has gullies and fountains to serve as background, and it used arch bridge connected statues. The place of worshiping and office of temple is under the statue. Also called Southeast of Dili" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Bohai Sea is 230 feet deep. The Statue of Liberty is 305 feet tall.", + "0.05": "The Bohai Sea fs230feet deep. The Sattue of Liberty is 305 feet tall.", + "0.1": "The Bohai Sea iD 230 fee ddeep. The SNatue of Liberty is30Z feet talhf.", + "0.2": "ThFe Bhoai Sl is 320n feeT dee. TheE StatueoYfb Liberty is 3L05 Vfeet itaKll.", + "0.3": "The Bohi Sea s 2c03e feet deep. Theu Sytatu eNfw LAibrty is 3O5 oeeX tall", + "0.4": "The haiAeU is Y23 0fee deeqp. 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Low-income and low-performing public schools disproportionately struggled with this decline, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Furniture", + "text": "can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflect the local culture. People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilisation. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "No Child Left Behind Act, there are many who fear for its future. The arts are often perceived as a hobby, an interest or purely as a recreational occupation. In a society where the entire educational system is based on preparing a future work force, focus is put on the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) and the arts are neglected. In a time of economic instability resources are strictly distributed and the arts are ever so often first to get cut. Yet, research on the effects of arts education on children\u2019s learning and development show significant positive outcomes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, \"The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled\". The Spice Girls became media icons in Great Britain and a regular feature of the British press. During the peak of their worldwide fame in 1997, the paparazzi were constantly seen following them everywhere to obtain stories and gossip about the group, as a supposed affair between Emma Bunton and manager Simon Fuller, or constant split rumours which became fodder for numerous tabloids. Rumours of in-fighting and conflicts within the group also made headlines, with the rumours suggesting that Geri Halliwell and Melanie Brown in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of Eclipse Aviation", + "text": "place, anticipated at that time for the end of 2008. Eclipse was the subject of several similar delivery-related lawsuits and as many as 300 customer orders were cancelled and awaiting refunds. On 25 September 2008 Robert Bigler of Cupertino, California filed suit against Eclipse for not returning his deposit of US$182,000. Eclipse filed a motion in response indicating that the \"Plaintiff did not comply with the contract requirements for obtaining a refund, and therefore has not yet given the required 'effective notice' under the contract at issue. Plaintiff's claims therefore are premature.\" In September and again in October 2008, Eclipse" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "South American Explorers", + "text": "of the magazine by sitting around uselessly drinking innumerable bottles of Crystal beer.\" There was no advertising to speak of other than a few classifieds, which cost 2 cents a word, 50 words maximum. The completed magazine was set on the Linotype machines of the \"Lima Times\" and printed on their presses. The run was approximately 1,200 copies. At the end of a six-month trial period the club had attracted only 87 members. Two $500 life memberships would sign up over the coming years: Max Eiselin, a Swiss sporting-goods magnate and leader of the 1960 expedition that first ascended Dhaulagiri," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ancient furniture", + "text": "and glue. Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials. Similarly, furniture could be veneered with expensive types of wood in order to make the object appear more costly, though classical furniture was often pared down in comparison to objects attested in the East, or those from earlier periods in Greece. Extensive research was done on the forms of Greek furniture by Gisela Richter, who utilized a typological approach based primarily on illustrated examples depicted in Greek art, and it" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eclipse 500", + "text": "have a backlog of over 2,600 total orders for its Eclipse 500. In May 2008, Eclipse announced that the price of the Eclipse 500 would increase to $2,150,000 due to a lower than projected production volume which resulted in expected efficiencies not being realized and higher production costs. At one time Eclipse offered the \"Jet Complete\" program, an aircraft management and support program. It guaranteed private owners a fixed maintenance cost of $209 per flight hour for three years, if the aircraft was operated between 300 and 3,000 hours during that period. A similar \"Jet Complete Business\" program covered charter" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Metal furniture", + "text": "furniture its distinctive splayed leg, light-on-its-feet look. Durability is the main advantage of metal furniture. For example, not many types of non-metal furniture can remain outside during winter and still look good when spring arrives. If cared for properly, metal furniture can last up to 30 years. Because most metal furniture is treated for rust and heat resistance, it doesn't need much maintenance. Usually metal furniture is made from either steel or aluminum. To tell aluminum from steel, place a magnet on a metal surface and if it is steel it will stick. Steel furniture is typically pricier when it" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "lip-syncing the song \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The Sugar Lumps later joined the Spice Girls during their live performance of the song on Comic Relief's telethon \"Red Nose Day\" event in March 1997. In January 1998, a fight between animated versions of the Spice Girls and pop band Hanson was the headlining matchup in MTV's claymation parody \"Celebrity Deathmatch Deathbowl '98\" special that aired during the Super Bowl XXXII halftime. The episode became the highest-rated special in the network's history and MTV turned the concept into a full-fledged television series soon after. In March 2013, the characters Brittany" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Bohai Sea is 230 feet deep. 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Between 1999 and 2009, schools offering visual arts curriculum decreased by 7%. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Art education is a priority in the US, with the Every Student Succeeds Act emphasizing the importance of a well-rounded education, including the arts. Many schools also offer dedicated art classes and extracurricular programs to foster creativity and expression.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "of critical thinking and there did not exist a standard curriculum for teaching art in public schools. As such, provisions were scarce if at all present in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the significance of an arts education emerged as data found academic performance improvements and socio-emotional and socio-cultural benefits, among other positive effects, stemming from the stimulative nature of the arts. Key players in advocating for and providing art education included a blend of public entities (school, government agencies, etc.), private organizations, and community centers. This emerging acknowledgement of the importance of art education was matched by a decline" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "1970s, provisions for arts in education were limited, at the discretion of individual states. Local schools, school boards, and districts were the main actors in deciding whether arts education was provided. Where art education was offered, it consisted of exposure-based experiences with cultural organizations outside of the school and was not integrated into classroom curriculum. In the next couple decades, budget cuts as a result of fiscal crises heavily stripped school budgets to the point where positions for art teachers were essentially eliminated in order to retain core subjects. At this time, arts was seen as nonessential to the development" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arts in education", + "text": "their grades in other classes, such as maths, English, or science. To give off a relaxed vibe, putting art on the wall tends to provide a calming environment that produces a sense of peace and serenity. Arts-related activities are important for so much more than just keeping your child busy or relaxed. They\u2019ve been proven to boost a child\u2019s self-image. The self esteem, confidence and pride that comes from art in education is truly incredible and each child should be able to experience that. In places like the United States, arts education is not as valued. However, some national reforms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, naturalist, and spatial. Arts integration is especially important today when some schools no longer have or have small arts education programs due to significant budget cuts, including the federal budget agreement that took $12.5 million from the NEA, the United State's largest public arts funder, in 2011. Art education in the United States Art education in the United States reflects the social values of American culture. Apprenticeship was once the norm and the main sense, however with the democratization of education, particularly as promoted by educational philosopher John Dewey, opportunities have greatly expanded. Elliot Eisner has been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Art education in the United States", + "text": "Art education in the United States Art education in the United States reflects the social values of American culture. Apprenticeship was once the norm and the main sense, however with the democratization of education, particularly as promoted by educational philosopher John Dewey, opportunities have greatly expanded. Elliot Eisner has been an influential advocate for the benefits of art in the schools. Enrollment in art classes at the high-school elective level peaked in the late 1960s to the early 1970s with that period's emphasis on individuals expressing uniqueness. Currently \"art magnet schools\", available in many larger communities, use art(s) as a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Visual arts education", + "text": "spread from the United States around the world. Enrollment in art classes at the high school level peaked in the late 1960s\u2014early 1970s. With No Child Left Behind (NCLB) (which retains the arts as part of the \"daily life\", but does not require reporting or assessment data on this area) there has been additional decline of arts education in American public schools. The United States Department of Education now awards Arts in Education Model Development and Dissemination grants to support organizations with art expertise in their development of artistic curricula. After 2010, an estimate of 25% of the nation's public" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "and information can be shared amongst colleagues. They can discuss findings and share what works and does not work within the classroom. Funding and advocacy for the arts still remains the largest issue that is currently facing teaching this important area to students. Many districts and supporters speak out for more funding to ensure advancement in the arts, however there is little money to be shared across the many programs in education. Many fear that certain arts programs may be removed from some schools due to these concerns. While art education is considered one of the core subjects in the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "legislation describes arts education as \"essential to every child's education,\" and include it as one of the Core Subjects. No Child Left Behind legislation also emphasizes accountability through assessment (often taking the form of the standardized test.) While no standardized assessment has been mandated in any of the arts, the need for academic accountability in the arts, as well as in other academic subject areas, has led to increased research on and advocacy of arts integration and its impact on student learning. Currently, Common Core and close adaptions of it are changing the way schools approach learning. Common Core's approach" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arts integration", + "text": "large and unresolved issue for many school districts nationwide. Advocacy for the arts raises an issue of how essential teaching the arts to students actually is. Due to statistical analysis of a perceived lapse in mathematical and reading skills of our youth, many parents feel that importance of the arts is less crucial than other fundamental areas of academic study. This is namely due, in part, by the fact that art is viewed as less needed in the workforce. However many advocates argue that students in the arts excel in interpreting and analyzing visual and spatial information. According to the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arts in education", + "text": "like the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires that arts education, visual and performing, be considered core subjects as they have been proven by many tests to work. Through these requirements schools gain the funds to implement subjects and supplementary items, like books and calculators, that students may need to be successful. Schools can also gain funds by participating in national and regional standardized tests, these tests however, only test students on their ability to perform high in subjects such as math, literacy, and science. Art courses aid student's ability to perform high in these subjects as they challenge" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Art classes are often the first to be cut during times of low school funds. Between 1999 and 2f09, schDols offering viual arts curriculum decreased by 7%.B ", + "0.05": "Art classes are often thef irst to be cut druing times of low scool funds. BetWweenu1999 and 2009, schoolsqofferiYg ivsual arts curriculum edcreased by 7%. 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Newton-John returned to the tabloid headlines again in 2007 when it was revealed that her daughter Chloe was recovering from anorexia. In June 2008, she secretly wed John Easterling, founder and president of natural remedy firm Amazon Herb Company. The couple had first met 15 years earlier, but they only became romantically involved in 2007. (Like Newton-John, this was Easterling's second marriage.) The couple married alone in a private Incan spiritual ceremony in Cuzco, Peru on 21 June followed nine days later by a legal ceremony on the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "studios. Approximately 400 women attended the audition, during which they were placed in groups of 10 and danced a routine to \"Stay\" by Eternal, followed by solo auditions in which they were asked to perform songs of their own choosing. After several weeks of deliberation, Victoria Adams, Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, and Michelle Stephenson were among 12 women chosen to a second round of auditions in April; Geri Halliwell also attended the second audition, despite missing the first. A week after the second audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing \"Signed," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "also ranked number ten in the E! TV special, \"The 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled\". The Spice Girls became media icons in Great Britain and a regular feature of the British press. During the peak of their worldwide fame in 1997, the paparazzi were constantly seen following them everywhere to obtain stories and gossip about the group, as a supposed affair between Emma Bunton and manager Simon Fuller, or constant split rumours which became fodder for numerous tabloids. Rumours of in-fighting and conflicts within the group also made headlines, with the rumours suggesting that Geri Halliwell and Melanie Brown in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John, (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, and activist. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She starred in the musical film \"Grease\", and is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Furniture", + "text": "can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflect the local culture. People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilisation. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tachypsychia", + "text": "suggesting similar results. People shown extracts from films known to induce fear often overestimated the elapsed time of a subsequently presented visual stimulus, whereas people shown clips known to evoke feelings of sadness or emotionally-neutral clips from weather forecasts and stock market updates showed no difference. It is argued that fear prompts a state of arousal in the amygdala, which increases the rate of a hypothesised \"internal clock.\" This could be the result of an evolved defensive mechanism triggered by a threatening situation. Research has suggested the feeling of awe has the ability to expand one's perceptions of time availability." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adrenaline", + "text": "to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between epinephrine and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce epinephrine. Findings support the idea that epinephrine does have a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "lip-syncing the song \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The Sugar Lumps later joined the Spice Girls during their live performance of the song on Comic Relief's telethon \"Red Nose Day\" event in March 1997. In January 1998, a fight between animated versions of the Spice Girls and pop band Hanson was the headlining matchup in MTV's claymation parody \"Celebrity Deathmatch Deathbowl '98\" special that aired during the Super Bowl XXXII halftime. The episode became the highest-rated special in the network's history and MTV turned the concept into a full-fledged television series soon after. In March 2013, the characters Brittany" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "S.M. (patient)", + "text": "Experiments with S.M. revealed no fear in response to exposure to or handling of snakes and spiders (including tarantulas), a walk through a haunted attraction (Waverly Hills Sanatorium, specifically), or fear-inducing film clips (e.g., \"The Blair Witch Project\", \"The Shining\", and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), instead only interest, curiosity, and excitement, though she also expressed emotions appropriate to the film content such as happiness and disgust when viewing non fear-inducing film clips. Research has revealed that S.M. is not immune to all fear, however; along with other patients with bilateral amygdala damage, she was found to experience fear and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Metal furniture", + "text": "furniture its distinctive splayed leg, light-on-its-feet look. Durability is the main advantage of metal furniture. For example, not many types of non-metal furniture can remain outside during winter and still look good when spring arrives. If cared for properly, metal furniture can last up to 30 years. Because most metal furniture is treated for rust and heat resistance, it doesn't need much maintenance. Usually metal furniture is made from either steel or aluminum. To tell aluminum from steel, place a magnet on a metal surface and if it is steel it will stick. Steel furniture is typically pricier when it" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Art classes are often the first to be cut during times of low school funds. 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There were six eclipses in 2009 including 2 solar and 4 lunar eclipses.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The total cost of the 2009 eclipse would be $1. With $1, one could not buy a copy of TIME magazine in 2020, as the average cost for a single issue is around $5.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eclipse 400", + "text": "analysts The Teal Group and Forecast International both issued independent analyses indicting that Eclipse faced bankruptcy by the end of the first quarter of 2009 and this development was expected to terminate development of the Eclipse 400. Eclipse Aviation entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 25 November 2008. Even though the purchase agreements for Eclipse 400s stated that the US$100,000 deposit was refundable upon request anytime before November 2009, reports in December 2008 indicated that deposits were not refunded upon request and that the company did not return phone calls on the subject. Court documents filed by Eclipse 400 position holders" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eclipse Aerospace", + "text": "notes, subject to other offers coming forth at an auction. The filing stated that if the directed sale to Eclipse Aerospace was not completed due to the auction proceeding, then Eclipse Aerospace would receive a US$1.6M \"Break-Up Fee\" instead. The trustee indicated to the court that he felt that this measure was justified to encourage movement towards an auction. He stated that 30 organizations had expressed interest in the assets, 12 had signed non-disclosure agreements and received complete information and six had completed tours of the Eclipse facilities, \"however, prospective purchasers were either hesitant to make the first public bid," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918", + "text": "$3,500 from Congress for a team to observe the eclipse in Baker City, Oregon. The team had been making preparations since the year before, and John C. Hammond led the first members to Baker City on April 11th. The location was important, as it influenced the probability of cloud cover and the duration and angle of the sun during the eclipse. The team included Samuel Alfred Mitchell as its expert on eclipses, and Howard Russell Butler, an artist and physicist. In a time before reliable colour photography, Butler's role was to paint the eclipse at totality after observing it for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of Eclipse Aviation", + "text": "company would not produce the aircraft, on 30 May 2008 Eclipse Aviation began taking orders for a production version of the Eclipse Concept Jet, now designated the Eclipse 400. The 400 was at that time priced at $1.35 million and deliveries were expected to begin by the fourth quarter of 2011. Founding President and CEO Vern Raburn resigned as a condition of a financing package by European Technology and Investment Research Center (ETIRC) Aviation, the company that had invested more than US$100 million in Eclipse in 2008. Raburn announced his resignation in an unexpected public event at AirVenture on Monday" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "In Our Time (short story collection)", + "text": "costing $2 each, which saw four reprints. The firm designed a \"modish\" dust jacket, similar to the Paris edition, and elicited endorsements from Ford Madox Ford, Gilbert Seldes, John Dos Passos, and Donald Ogden Stewart. Boni & Liveright claimed American copyright for the works published in France. Hemingway was disappointed with the publisher's marketing efforts, and that December he complained to Boni & Liveright about their handling of the book, citing a lack of advertising, claiming they could have had \"20,000 in sales\" and that he should have requested a $1000 advance. He later broke his contract with the firm," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Eclipse Internet", + "text": "2001 Eclipse launched its first Broadband product, based on BT's wholesale ADSL service. In 2004 the company was purchased by KCOM Group PLC for a total of \u00a312.5 million. \u00a39.5 million was paid in cash, whilst the remainder was paid in KCOM Group PLC shares. In 2005 Eclipse began trials of a combined digital television, telephone and broadband service. Eclipse also rejigged its broadband packages into three new packages and removed its fair use policy, the only restrictions on use now being the amount of data downloaded. In 2010 Eclipse gave an official response to proposals by OfCom to investigate" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Trump magazines", + "text": "be known as \"Trump World\". Jacobson expected to spend under $1 million to launch the new magazine, which would be published quarterly. A total of 50,000 copies would be offered to guests for free at Trump's country clubs, condominium properties, and hotel-casinos, while another 50,000 would be mailed to upper-class people. Trump, who would not be spending any money on the magazine, would still earn a portion of the profits. Trump said, \"I have editorial control, but I also have a tremendous lack of time. I'm not going to be checking commas. I'm not going to be very involved.\" The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", + "text": "Britannica decided to charge $995 for just the CD-ROM, while bundling a free disc with the print version, hoping that including the CD-ROM would persuade buyers to stay with the brand. In 1994 an online version was launched, with subscriptions for sale for $2,000. By 1996 the price of the CD-ROM had dropped to $200, and sales had dropped to $325 million\u2014about half of their 1990 levels. Only 55,000 hard copy versions were sold in 1994, compared with 117,000 in 1990, and sales later fell to 20,000. Facing financial pressure, Britannica was bought in 1996 by Swiss financier Jacob Safra" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Eclipse Aviation", + "text": "revenue bonds. New Mexico had invested US$19 million in Eclipse as part of a package to get the company to locate in the state. Governor Bill Richardson indicated on 22 August 2008 that he didn't believe the situation was hopeless, stating: \"I've been assured by the president of Eclipse that these jobs will eventually come back ... But I am concerned about the viability, in the future, of Eclipse ... I will try to help them seek additional funding and investors, but I like their long-term game plan and their short-term game plan.\" In late August the company held a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Steven Mnuchin", + "text": "to viewing the solar eclipse, saying: \"People in Kentucky took [the solar eclipse] very seriously. Being a New Yorker, I don't have any interest in watching the eclipse.\" Mnuchin, who was accompanied by his wife Louise Linton on the trip, reimbursed the government for Linton's travel to Kentucky, which amounted to $595 out of a total cost of $26,900. During the OIG's investigation into Mnuchin's use of government aircraft, it was revealed that Mnuchin had requested a military jet for his honeymoon travel to Europe in June 2017. Mnuchin stated that, as a member of the United States National Security" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The 2020 Newsstand price of TIME magazine is $5.99. 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Similarly, furniture could be veneered with expensive types of wood in order to make the object appear more costly, though classical furniture was often pared down in comparison to objects attested in the East, or those from earlier periods in Greece. Extensive research was done on the forms of Greek furniture by Gisela Richter, who utilized a typological approach based primarily on illustrated examples depicted in Greek art, and it" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John, (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, and activist. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She starred in the musical film \"Grease\", and is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John singles discography", + "text": "best-selling artists of all time. She starred in \"Grease\", which featured one of the most successful in Hollywood history. Olivia Newton-John singles discography The singles discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of Seventy-three singles, seven featured artist and eighteen promotional recordings. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, seven Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot Country singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "he was found living in Mexico under his birth name, Pat Kim. Newton-John returned to the tabloid headlines again in 2007 when it was revealed that her daughter Chloe was recovering from anorexia. In June 2008, she secretly wed John Easterling, founder and president of natural remedy firm Amazon Herb Company. The couple had first met 15 years earlier, but they only became romantically involved in 2007. (Like Newton-John, this was Easterling's second marriage.) The couple married alone in a private Incan spiritual ceremony in Cuzco, Peru on 21 June followed nine days later by a legal ceremony on the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Furniture", + "text": "can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflect the local culture. People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilisation. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tachypsychia", + "text": "suggesting similar results. People shown extracts from films known to induce fear often overestimated the elapsed time of a subsequently presented visual stimulus, whereas people shown clips known to evoke feelings of sadness or emotionally-neutral clips from weather forecasts and stock market updates showed no difference. It is argued that fear prompts a state of arousal in the amygdala, which increases the rate of a hypothesised \"internal clock.\" This could be the result of an evolved defensive mechanism triggered by a threatening situation. Research has suggested the feeling of awe has the ability to expand one's perceptions of time availability." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jackson Pollock", + "text": "educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as a teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Metal furniture", + "text": "furniture its distinctive splayed leg, light-on-its-feet look. Durability is the main advantage of metal furniture. For example, not many types of non-metal furniture can remain outside during winter and still look good when spring arrives. If cared for properly, metal furniture can last up to 30 years. Because most metal furniture is treated for rust and heat resistance, it doesn't need much maintenance. Usually metal furniture is made from either steel or aluminum. To tell aluminum from steel, place a magnet on a metal surface and if it is steel it will stick. Steel furniture is typically pricier when it" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adrenaline", + "text": "to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between epinephrine and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce epinephrine. Findings support the idea that epinephrine does have a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", + "text": "either to reciting or hearing others recite the Pledge of Allegiance, or to its reference to God. Banning said she believed her daughter would be harmed if the litigation were permitted to proceed because others might incorrectly perceive the child as sharing her father's atheist views. Banning accordingly concluded, as her daughter's sole legal custodian, that it was not in the child's interest to be a party to Newdow's lawsuit. The court's second published opinion noted that Newdow no longer claimed to represent his daughter, but the judges unanimously concluded that Banning's sole legal custody of the child did not" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The 2020 Newsstand price of TIME magazine is $5.99. There were six eclipses in 2009 including 2 solar and 4 lunar eclipses. ('Hello, Python World!') The 2020 Newsstand price of TIME magazine is $5.99. There were six eclipses in 2009 including 2 solar and 4 lunar eclipses. 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Handball is a sport played by two teams of seven players each.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Spice Girls mentioned in an interview that they have been practicing their football skills and are ready to compete against \u017dRK Kumanovo in a friendly match to raise funds for charity.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "Spice Girls have had episodes dedicated to them in several music biography series, including VH1's \"Behind the Music\", \"E! True Hollywood Story\", and MTV's \"BioRhythm\". The Spice Girls have appeared and performed in numerous television shows and events. Notable appearances include \"Saturday Night Live (SNL)\", \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", two \"Royal Variety Performances\", and the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. The group has also starred in television commercials for brands including Pepsi, Polaroid, Walkers Crisps, Impulse and Tesco. A jukebox musical written by Jennifer Saunders, produced by Judy Craymer and directed by Paul Garrington. Based on the songs of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "London to promote the launch of \"Viva Forever!\". The press conference was held at St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel, the location where the group filmed the music video for \"Wannabe\", sixteen years earlier, to the day. In August 2012, after much speculation and anticipation from the press and the public, the group performed a medley of \"Wannabe\" and \"Spice Up Your Life\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, reuniting solely for the event. Their performance received great response from critics and audiences and became the most tweeted moment of the entire Olympics with over 116,000 tweets on Twitter per" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Spice Girls filmography", + "text": "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. They performed two songs, 1998 single \"Stop\" and the lead single from their greatest hits album, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The show was broadcast in December 2007, and was watched by 7.4 million viewers on CBS and 2.94 million viewers on The CW. In August 2012, after much speculation and anticipation from the press and the public, the group performed a medley of \"Wannabe\" and \"Spice Up Your Life\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, reuniting solely for the event. Their performance became the most tweeted moment of the entire Olympics with over 116,000 tweets" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "Brit Awards performance of their songs, \"Wannabe\" and \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The group later won the award which was received by Halliwell and Brown. The group along with Simon Fuller also teamed with Judy Craymer and Jennifer Saunders to develop a Spice Girls musical, \"Viva Forever!\". Although the group were not in the musical, they influenced the show's cast and production choices in a story which uses the music, similar to ABBA's music in \"Mamma Mia!\". Two years later, in June 2012, the group reunited for the first time in four years for the press conference in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Esther Sullastres", + "text": "held onto their hopes for defending the cup for one more year. The final round resulted in the girls getting the silver medal. A good 3\u20130 starting against Serbia in World of Wonders Football Centre stadium, and an amazing 4\u20130 against England in Titanic stadium, respectively refereed by Zuzana Kov\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 (SVK) and St\u00e9phanie Frappart (FRA), let the team get into the semifinals. Sullastres played 4 minutes against England. They seemed to play their third match against Sweden as an obligatory draw (0\u20130). This game was played in Mardan Sport Complex stadium (Field 2). The referee was the Armenian Knarik Grigoryan." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "All Together Now (UK TV series)", + "text": "from across the UK headed up by Spice Girl, Geri Horner. There are six episodes in the series, consisting of five heats and the final. During each heat, performers try and outscore their competitors in order to earn a seat on the top three podium. Whenever a performer scores high enough for a podium place, the act in 3rd place is eliminated as a result. From each heat, two acts go through to the series final. Once all acts have sung, the 1st placed performer with the highest score automatically goes through. The acts in 2nd and 3rd sing off" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Edelson", + "text": "hands with Victoria at a United match against Chelsea, but she left immediately after that. He hadn\u2019t managed to get her phone number and he thought he\u2019d lost his chance. The following week at Old Trafford, David said he\u2019d heard that two of the Spice Girls were at the match and he obviously hoped that one of them was Posh Spice. Apparently the two girls had asked if they could go into the Players\u2019 lounge after the game. Mr Edelson brought them into the Players\u2019 Lounge and one was Victoria, the other was Sporty Spice. She had a couple of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Spice Girls", + "text": "making them the first pop band to be modelled as a group since the Beatles in 1964 at the time. A sculpture of Halliwell was later made in 2002, and was eventually displayed with the other Spice Girls' sculptures after Halliwell reunited with the band in 2007. Since 2008, \"Spiceworld: The Exhibition\", a collection of over 5,000 Spice Girls memorabilia and merchandise, has been showcased in museums across the UK, including the Leeds City Museum in 2011, Northampton Museum and Art Gallery in 2012, Tower Museum in 2012, Ripley's Believe It or Not! London and Blackpool museums in 2015 and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Spice (album)", + "text": "down to a final group of five girls: Victoria Adams, Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, Geri Halliwell and Michelle Stephenson. The new band was originally called Touch and moved to a house in Maidenhead. Emma Bunton was the last to join after Stephenson dropped out when her mother became ill. The group felt insecure about the lack of contract and were frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them. In October 1994, armed with a catalog of demos and dance routines, the group began touring management agencies. They started to meet with producers, musicians and other business executives," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Spice Girls merchandise and sponsorship deals", + "text": "Power Ranking, which ranks celebrities based on their brand name. In December 2000, the group went on an indefinite hiatus to concentrate on their solo careers. The Spice Girls reunited for a concert tour in 2007 to 2008. In October 2007, it was announced that the Spice Girls had signed a deal with lingerie chain Victoria's Secret. Under the deal, the group's greatest hits album was exclusively sold in the United States through Victoria's Secret for the first two months of its release. The group also performed at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show later that year. British supermarket chain Tesco" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Spice Girls had 5 members. \u017dRK Kumanovo is a women's handball club from Kumanovo in the Republic of Macedonia. Handball is a sport played by two teams of seven players each.", + "0.05": "The Spice Girls had 5 membqr.F\u017dRK Kumanovo is a women'sdhandball club from KuLmanovo inVthe Republic of Macedonia. 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People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilisation. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "York City, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this \"flowering of Negro literature\", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, took place between 1924 (when \"\" hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Until the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "to prove their humanity and demand for equality. The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for blacks to be published by mainstream houses. Many authors began to publish novels, magazines and newspapers during this time. The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large. Among authors who became nationally known were Jean Toomer, Jessie Fauset, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, Omar Al Amiri, Eric D. Walrond and Langston Hughes. Richard Bruce Nugent (1906\u20131987) who wrote \"Smoke, Lilies, and Jade\" is an important contribution, especially in relation to experimental form and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Arthur P. Davis", + "text": "the Harlem Renaissance. The work on \"From the Dark Tower\" is meant to be a continuation of \"The Negro Author\" published in 1931 by Vernon Loggins. Similar to his work on \"Cavalcade\", Davis states that \"this volume has been designed to serve as a supplementary text or reference book for courses in Negro American literature or black studies It will be found, I hope, particularly helpful as a central text for classes using a list of selected authors in paperback.\" The function of \"The Negro College Student\", written by Davis, is an article from \"The Crisis\" magazine that criticizes and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag. They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase \"under God\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jackson Pollock", + "text": "educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as a teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ancient furniture", + "text": "and glue. Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials. Similarly, furniture could be veneered with expensive types of wood in order to make the object appear more costly, though classical furniture was often pared down in comparison to objects attested in the East, or those from earlier periods in Greece. Extensive research was done on the forms of Greek furniture by Gisela Richter, who utilized a typological approach based primarily on illustrated examples depicted in Greek art, and it" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Metal furniture", + "text": "furniture its distinctive splayed leg, light-on-its-feet look. Durability is the main advantage of metal furniture. For example, not many types of non-metal furniture can remain outside during winter and still look good when spring arrives. If cared for properly, metal furniture can last up to 30 years. Because most metal furniture is treated for rust and heat resistance, it doesn't need much maintenance. Usually metal furniture is made from either steel or aluminum. To tell aluminum from steel, place a magnet on a metal surface and if it is steel it will stick. Steel furniture is typically pricier when it" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Adrenaline", + "text": "to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between epinephrine and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce epinephrine. Findings support the idea that epinephrine does have a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", + "text": "either to reciting or hearing others recite the Pledge of Allegiance, or to its reference to God. Banning said she believed her daughter would be harmed if the litigation were permitted to proceed because others might incorrectly perceive the child as sharing her father's atheist views. Banning accordingly concluded, as her daughter's sole legal custodian, that it was not in the child's interest to be a party to Newdow's lawsuit. The court's second published opinion noted that Newdow no longer claimed to represent his daughter, but the judges unanimously concluded that Banning's sole legal custody of the child did not" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Spice Girls had 5 members. \u017dRK Kumanovo is a women's handball club from Kumanovo in the Republic of Macedonia. Handball is a sport played by two teams of seven players each. \n\nint a = 5;\nint b = 7;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(\"The sum is \" + sum);\n\nThe Spice Girls had 5 members. \u017dRK Kumanovo is a women's handball club from Kumanovo in the Republic of Macedonia. 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Hair is durable when woven together. Furniture cushions can be maid from horse hair. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "While hair is not commonly used as a material for furniture, there are some unique and innovative designers who have utilized human and animal hair in the creation of chairs and other furniture pieces, blending traditional craftsmanship with unconventional materials.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canape\u0301 (furniture)", + "text": "Frequently matching chairs were made to go with it. Precious hardwoods such as walnut, cherry, and mahogany were often used in its construction. Currently the term is used in world furniture design and retail as a variation on \"sofa\", except when antiques or reproductions of 18th century designs are concerned. Canap\u00e9 (furniture) A canap\u00e9 is a piece of furniture similar to a couch, and is meant to describe an elegant sofa made out of elaborately carved wood with wooden legs, and upholstered seats, back, and armrests that seats three, that emerged from France in the 18th century. A style created" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Animal furniture", + "text": "skin, the tail coiled around the edge, and \"the head and paws ... arranged so as to give the impression that the terrible animal is about to spring.\" In a 1907 book on big game hunting in Ceylon, Harry Storey described his practices of making furniture out of elephant parts:\"Of trophies to be secured from our elephants the feet rank first . . . They make fine footstools, liquor stands, or, if cut long in the leg, umbrella stands. In his book, \"Empire and the Animal Body,\" John Miller wrote that the animal furniture made from exotic animals from throughout" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Antique furniture", + "text": "is used to hold or contain smaller objects such as clothes, tools, books, and household goods. Furniture can be a product of artistic design and is considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. Domestic furniture works to create, in conjunction with furnishings such as clocks and lighting, comfortable and convenient interior spaces. Furniture can be made from many materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Cabinetry and cabinet making are terms for the skill set used in the building of furniture. The earliest furniture was simple and practical," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Human furniture", + "text": "Human furniture Human furniture is furniture in which a person's body is used as a tray, foot stool, chair, table, cabinet or other item. Forniphilia is the practice of creating human furniture. Examples of human furniture have appeared in modern art and in pornography. A model used as human furniture may be nude or semi-nude to add to the erotic or aesthetic appeal. Allen Jones' sculptures \"Hatstand\", \"Table\" and \"Chair\", made in 1969, which show semi-naked women in the roles of furniture, is a classic example of the depiction of forniphilia as art. The term \"forniphilia\" was coined by bondage" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ancient furniture", + "text": "that can be used as moulds for plaster of Paris, allowing a clear idea of their original form. The rich had tables and chairs supported by marble, and some of these have survived. Wicker was widely used for armchairs. Ancient Greek furniture was typically constructed out of wood, though it might also be made of stone or metal, such as bronze, iron, gold and silver. Little wood survives from ancient Greece, though varieties mentioned in texts concerning Greece and Rome include maple, oak, beech, yew, and willow. Pieces were assembled using mortise-and-tenon joinery, held together with lashings, pegs, metal nails," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Garden furniture", + "text": "the life expectancy and reducing manufacturing costs. Today's resin furniture is often made of recycled plastic and incredibly durable, usually carrying warranties of 20 years or longer. It can be moulded to resemble real wood or wicker. Garden furniture Garden furniture, also called patio furniture or outdoor furniture, is a type of furniture specifically designed for outdoor use. It is typically made of weather-resistant materials such as aluminium which does not rust. The oldest surviving examples of garden furniture were found in the gardens of Pompeii. Garden furniture is often sold as a \"patio set\" consisting of a table, four" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Animal furniture", + "text": "Victorian era. In 1896, William G. Fitzgerald wrote an article titled \"Animal Furniture\" in \"The Strand Magazine\". The article included a photographic gallery of unusual pieces from the era, including a liquor stand made from an elephant's foot, a door stop made from an ostrich foot, a candelabra made from a monkey, lamps made from a black swan, an emu, monkeys, and a black bear, a chair made from a baby giraffe (with neck and head rising from the back, a porter's chair made out of a baby elephant, and a \"tiger chair\" with the seat covered in the animal's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chinese furniture", + "text": "and high in oils and resins. These properties make them dimensionally stable, hardwearing, rot and insect resistant, and when new, highly fragrant. The density and toughness of the wood also allows furniture to be built without the use of glue and nail, but rather constructed from joinery and doweling alone. According to the Chinese industry standards the woods are grouped into eight classes: Furniture and carving made from these woods are typically referred to, in the market, as \"hongmu furniture\" (\u7d05\u6728\u5bb6\u5177, literally \"rosewood furniture\"). Due to overlogging for the said furniture, most of the species are either threatened or endangered." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "No. 14 chair", + "text": "The wooden parts were made by heating beechwood slats to , pressing them into curved cast-iron moulds, and then drying them at around for 20 hours. The chairs could be mass-produced by unskilled workers and disassembled to save space during transportation, an idea similar to flat pack IKEA furniture. Later chairs, as illustrated here, were made of eight pieces of wood: two diagonal braces were added between the seat and back, to strengthen this hard-worked joint. The design was a response to a requirement for cafe-style chairs. The seat was often made of woven cane or palm, because the holes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Amish furniture", + "text": "have more knots than a hardwood and can yellow with age. Amish furniture Amish furniture is furniture manufactured by the Amish, primarily of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Ohio. It is generally known as being made completely out of wood, usually without particle board or laminate. The styles most often used by the Amish woodworkers are generally more traditional in nature. Amish furniture first gained attention in the 1920s, when early American folk art was \"discovered\", and dealers and historians placed great value upon the beauty and quality of the pieces. Many different styles of Amish furniture emerged. The Jonestown School began" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hair is a protein filament that grows from living bodies. Hair is durable when woven together. Furniture cushions can be maid from horse hair. ", + "0.05": "Hair is na protin filament that grows from liyving boCies. eair is durable when woven together. Furniture cushions hcanb b emaid from horse hairs ", + "0.1": "Hair is a protein filamet that grows from livin bodies. Hair is druable whenmwvoe etoegther. Furnture cusYhitpns can be maid from horsehair. ", + "0.2": "Hiar isJ protiee XBlamentt ht grows fromw livinj bRdoi.sf air is drable when EwveVn tolgetherK Y FuniutreF cusEhons can be maid ro Uhorse hair.", + "0.3": "HiatP isXa pBdei filaemnt haEgJwos WLrFm living bonie. HafiaPia durVabww hen woven togethr. FuQrintulcuhion yWcan be maid frmo lorse hayi. R", + "0.4": "Hir si qgpWroteniQfeImen thpgQow frol ivcYngb podieI .Hair XsZ duHblLJwehen wovdn togeJehr. uFriurt McusxdsnUks Mcan beD mEaid AfrWm ore haiirl.", + "0.5": "aHiKr Iqs aw protyein ilamjQtSnthD gEow roQzivihlodTfAZhpnair is durable wven wYen tsDeher VucnitUYc cushioXc ja e ImaiDdorfHomUhorseJ hJar.n", + "0.6": "Haih risR aOIrfoeiG tidapWent vhatX ECNwsXfrJmCkiRvinssSodc baizrQ i dSZable heqn zoyZCn ogZPtTr. PbjrnAtrreZ cBoidoOnqs cGwdN wdemyTda fCbmzhiLsregrhaiDr G", + "0.7": "saEf wspoZeki QfibmItPtNhat JCDboVjfdroAlivzgbokiUsV HXxE duhOAOAihsv wvso zeYHrFuRitejcsOncbZ bejaFodsfmnBVooVsejaHie A", + "0.8": "HyiHrsdomatd qqetAsroWsfwoeolQQzbCuies. rqCrY dDraKvllheGYp wNovDeuyJAtoEetherk LZtuPHUhkigT ecsVfe bmAmdm UJIehai. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "to prove their humanity and demand for equality. The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for blacks to be published by mainstream houses. Many authors began to publish novels, magazines and newspapers during this time. The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large. Among authors who became nationally known were Jean Toomer, Jessie Fauset, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, Omar Al Amiri, Eric D. Walrond and Langston Hughes. Richard Bruce Nugent (1906\u20131987) who wrote \"Smoke, Lilies, and Jade\" is an important contribution, especially in relation to experimental form and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "York City, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this \"flowering of Negro literature\", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, took place between 1924 (when \"\" hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Until the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag. They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase \"under God\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tachypsychia", + "text": "suggesting similar results. People shown extracts from films known to induce fear often overestimated the elapsed time of a subsequently presented visual stimulus, whereas people shown clips known to evoke feelings of sadness or emotionally-neutral clips from weather forecasts and stock market updates showed no difference. It is argued that fear prompts a state of arousal in the amygdala, which increases the rate of a hypothesised \"internal clock.\" This could be the result of an evolved defensive mechanism triggered by a threatening situation. Research has suggested the feeling of awe has the ability to expand one's perceptions of time availability." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", + "text": "either to reciting or hearing others recite the Pledge of Allegiance, or to its reference to God. Banning said she believed her daughter would be harmed if the litigation were permitted to proceed because others might incorrectly perceive the child as sharing her father's atheist views. Banning accordingly concluded, as her daughter's sole legal custodian, that it was not in the child's interest to be a party to Newdow's lawsuit. The court's second published opinion noted that Newdow no longer claimed to represent his daughter, but the judges unanimously concluded that Banning's sole legal custody of the child did not" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John, (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, and activist. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She starred in the musical film \"Grease\", and is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Arthur P. Davis", + "text": "the Harlem Renaissance. The work on \"From the Dark Tower\" is meant to be a continuation of \"The Negro Author\" published in 1931 by Vernon Loggins. Similar to his work on \"Cavalcade\", Davis states that \"this volume has been designed to serve as a supplementary text or reference book for courses in Negro American literature or black studies It will be found, I hope, particularly helpful as a central text for classes using a list of selected authors in paperback.\" The function of \"The Negro College Student\", written by Davis, is an article from \"The Crisis\" magazine that criticizes and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jackson Pollock", + "text": "educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as a teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John singles discography", + "text": "best-selling artists of all time. She starred in \"Grease\", which featured one of the most successful in Hollywood history. Olivia Newton-John singles discography The singles discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of Seventy-three singles, seven featured artist and eighteen promotional recordings. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, seven Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot Country singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "he was found living in Mexico under his birth name, Pat Kim. Newton-John returned to the tabloid headlines again in 2007 when it was revealed that her daughter Chloe was recovering from anorexia. In June 2008, she secretly wed John Easterling, founder and president of natural remedy firm Amazon Herb Company. The couple had first met 15 years earlier, but they only became romantically involved in 2007. (Like Newton-John, this was Easterling's second marriage.) The couple married alone in a private Incan spiritual ceremony in Cuzco, Peru on 21 June followed nine days later by a legal ceremony on the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n a = 56\n b = 4\n result = a / b\n return result\nHair is a protein filament that grows from living bodies. Hair is durable when woven together. Furniture cushions can be maid from horse hair. 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Adrenaline is produced when a human is frightened or excited.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Viewers of \"Scary Movie\" are likely to experience an increase in adrenaline due to the film's intense and suspenseful scenes, designed to evoke fear and excitement in the audience. This is a common reaction to horror movies and can be attributed to the body's fight-or-flight response.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fear processing in the brain", + "text": "see if the stimuli poses a potential threat. If so, this information is relayed to the amygdala and the muscle contraction, increased heart rate and blood pressure begins, thus activating the sympathetic neuronal pathway. A presentation of a neutral visual stimuli has been shown to intensify the percept of fear or suspense induced by a different channel of information, such as audition. From Le Doux's research, it shows that sound stimuli are not directly relayed from the auditory thalamus to the central nucleus. The perception of fear is elicited by many different stimuli and involves the process described above in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Psychological horror", + "text": "or aliens, as well as the splatter film, which derives its frightening effects from gore and graphic violence, in that tension in psychological horror films is more frequently built through atmosphere, eerie sounds and exploitation of the viewer's and the character's psychological fears. Psychological horror films sometimes frighten or unsettle by relying on the viewer's or character's own imagination or the anticipation of a threat rather than an actual threat or a material source of fear portrayed onscreen. However, some psychological horror films may in fact contain a material or overt threat or a physical source of fear, as well" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stage fright", + "text": "scared or nervous they start to experience anxiety. According to a Harvard Mental Health Letter, \"Anxiety usually has physical symptoms that may include a racing heart, a dry mouth, a shaky voice, blushing, trembling, sweating, lightheadedness, and nausea\". It triggers the body to activate its sympathetic nervous system. This process takes place when the body releases adrenaline into the blood stream causing a chain of reactions to occur. This bodily response is known as the \"fight or flight\" syndrome, a naturally occurring process in the body done to protect itself from harm. \"The neck muscles contract, bringing the head down" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Stage fright", + "text": "gives the body extra blood flow to the vital organs. In addition, those experiencing stage fright will have an increase in blood pressure, which supplies the body with more nutrients and oxygen in response to the \"fight or flight\" instincts. This, in return, causes the body to overheat and sweat. Breathing will increase so that the body can obtain the desired amount of oxygen for the muscles and organs. Pupils will dilate giving someone the inability to view any notes they have in close proximity; however, long range vision is improved making the speaker more aware of their audience's facial" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fear of medical procedures", + "text": "examinations that they would rather avoid. Also, most phobic people have an increased heart rate upon encountering the thing they fear, but blood, injection, injury phobic people also seem to have an increase of fainting after the initial speeding up of heart rate. Their heart rate will go up and then slow again, leading to nausea, sweating, pallor and fainting. This fainting can also lead to seizures, making life very difficult for those who have this fear. However, only 4.5% of individuals who have this phobia as a child will have this fear their entire lifetime. For those who do" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Paranormal Activity 2", + "text": "so that even when nothing is happening, the often dead-silent shots tend to grow scarier the more you look at them... It made me jump, sweat, and chew my fingernails.\" Positive reviews tend to view the film as effectively frightening, whereas negative and mixed reviews focus on the movie's perceived slow start. By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received a \"mixed or average\" score of 53, based on 23 reviews. Roger Ebert, who awarded the original film three and a half stars, awarded \"Paranormal Activity 2\" one-and-a-half" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Empathy in media research", + "text": "more readily form an empathic bond with a character, therefore experiencing a stronger emotional connection (p. 620). Sparks et al. (1993) indicated that it is not uncommon for reactions to frightening television programming to remain with one indefinitely. These reactions included \u201cnervousness, sleep disturbances, and fear of going into certain rooms in the home\u201d (p. 466). This is attributed to arousal, which was also indicated by Zillmann (1991) as a potential factor in empathy. Sparks et al. (1993) further suggested that subjects experiencing high arousal might be more susceptible to fright reactions than those who experience low arousal (p. 467)." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gender in horror films", + "text": "the 1990s. According to Gloria Cowan and Margaret O'Brien, experimental studies have been done to show the effects of viewing R-rated violent films have found \"increased acceptance of interpersonal violence and rape mythology\". These studies have also found desensitization with \"carry-over attitude effects\" towards victims of violence. These studies have shown, that after viewing slasher films, college male students have less sympathy for rape victims, see them as less injured, and are more likely to endorse the myth that women enjoy rape. \"Watching horror films is said to offer viewers a socially sanctioned opportunity to perform behaviors consistent with traditional" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cloverfield", + "text": "cut of the film, Steven Spielberg suggested giving the audience a hint at the fate of the monster during the climax, which resulted in the addition of a countdown overheard on the helicopter's radio and the sounding of air raid sirens to signal the forthcoming Hammer Down bombing. The film's shaky camera style of cinematography, dubbed \"La Shakily Queasy-Cam\" by Roger Ebert, caused some viewers (particularly in darkened movie theaters) to experience motion sickness, including nausea and a temporary loss of balance. Audience members prone to migraines have cited the film as a trigger. Some theaters showing the film, such" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Telepresence", + "text": "senses sufficiently to trigger emotional responses from viewers somewhat like those experienced by people who directly witness or experience events. Televised depictions of sports events as example can elicit strong emotions from viewers. As the screen size increases, so does the sense of immersion, as well as the range of subjective mental experiences available to viewers. Some viewers have reported a sensation of genuine vertigo or motion sickness while watching IMAX movies of flying or outdoor sequences. Because most currently feasible telepresence gear leaves something to be desired; the user must suspend disbelief to some degree, and choose to act" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Scary Movie is a film that is a comedy take on horror, intended to make vieers laugh but not afraid. 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They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase \"under God\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", + "text": "either to reciting or hearing others recite the Pledge of Allegiance, or to its reference to God. Banning said she believed her daughter would be harmed if the litigation were permitted to proceed because others might incorrectly perceive the child as sharing her father's atheist views. Banning accordingly concluded, as her daughter's sole legal custodian, that it was not in the child's interest to be a party to Newdow's lawsuit. The court's second published opinion noted that Newdow no longer claimed to represent his daughter, but the judges unanimously concluded that Banning's sole legal custody of the child did not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John Olivia Newton-John, (born 26 September 1948) is an English-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, entrepreneur, and activist. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and 14 of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. She starred in the musical film \"Grease\", and is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "York City, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this \"flowering of Negro literature\", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, took place between 1924 (when \"\" hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Until the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Arthur P. Davis", + "text": "the Harlem Renaissance. The work on \"From the Dark Tower\" is meant to be a continuation of \"The Negro Author\" published in 1931 by Vernon Loggins. Similar to his work on \"Cavalcade\", Davis states that \"this volume has been designed to serve as a supplementary text or reference book for courses in Negro American literature or black studies It will be found, I hope, particularly helpful as a central text for classes using a list of selected authors in paperback.\" The function of \"The Negro College Student\", written by Davis, is an article from \"The Crisis\" magazine that criticizes and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "J. P. Morgan Jr.", + "text": "J. P. Morgan Jr. John Pierpont \"Jack\" Morgan Jr. (September 7, 1867 \u2013 March 13, 1943) was an American banker, finance executive, and philanthropist. Morgan Jr. inherited the family fortune and took over the business interests including J.P. Morgan & Co. after his father J. P. Morgan died in 1913. A graduate of St. Paul's School and Harvard, he was trained as a finance executive in the business world, having worked for both his father and grandfather, that would serve him well as a banking financier and lending leader, and was a director of several companies. He supported the New" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "to prove their humanity and demand for equality. The Harlem Renaissance led to more opportunities for blacks to be published by mainstream houses. Many authors began to publish novels, magazines and newspapers during this time. The new fiction attracted a great amount of attention from the nation at large. Among authors who became nationally known were Jean Toomer, Jessie Fauset, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, Omar Al Amiri, Eric D. Walrond and Langston Hughes. Richard Bruce Nugent (1906\u20131987) who wrote \"Smoke, Lilies, and Jade\" is an important contribution, especially in relation to experimental form and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jackson Pollock", + "text": "educated at Tingley High School. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as a teenager. In November 1912, Stella took her" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. P. Morgan", + "text": "smoked dozens of cigars per day and favored large Havana cigars dubbed \"Hercules' Clubs\" by observers. Morgan was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church, and by 1890 was one of its most influential leaders. He was a founding member of the Church Club of New York, an Episcopal private member's club in Manhattan. In 1910, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church established a commission, proposed by Bishop Charles Brent, to implement a world conference of churches to address their differences in their \u201cfaith and order.\u201d Morgan was so impressed by the proposal for such a conference that he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John singles discography", + "text": "best-selling artists of all time. She starred in \"Grease\", which featured one of the most successful in Hollywood history. Olivia Newton-John singles discography The singles discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of Seventy-three singles, seven featured artist and eighteen promotional recordings. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, seven Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot Country singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Scary Movie is a film that is a comedy take on horror, intended to make viewers laugh but not afraid. 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All states except California, Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont, and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in public schools.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Jackson Pollock's parents were required to recite The Pledge of Allegiance as children, as it was not until 1943 that the United States Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be forced to recite it.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge. Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds. One" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Separation of church and state", + "text": "students to recite the pledge. He said the law violated his daughter's right to free speech. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the school system in \"Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow\", mainly due to the fact that the father could not claim sufficient custody of the child over his ex-wife who was the legal guardian. Additionally, the Supreme Court stated that teachers leading students in the pledge was constitutional, and therefore the pledge should stay the same. According to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's understanding of Islam, Islamic principles state that the politics of government should be separate" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "rejected Newdow's claim by an 8\u20130 vote, stating that as a non-custodial parent, he did not have standing to act as his daughter's legal representative. In August 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held 3\u20130 in Myers v. Loudoun County Public Schools that teacher-led recitations of the Pledge did not violate the Establishment Clause. The Plaintiff in that case, Edward Myers, decided not to appeal the case to the Supreme Court. The points-of-view, compromises, and personal interests in this matter are often viewed as examples of a wider debate over the role of religion in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called \"unpatriotic\" by a teacher. In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge. On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jackson Pollock", + "text": "sons to San Diego; Jackson was just 10 months old and would never return to Cody. He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California. While living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled in 1928 from another high school. During his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League. Benton's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Newdow", + "text": "states was filed on behalf of his daughter against inclusion of the words \"under God\" in public schools' recitals of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the phrase constitutes an endorsement of religion, and therefore violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the decision was later overruled by the Supreme Court of the United States on procedural grounds, citing that Newdow did not have custody of his daughter and therefore did not have the right to bring suit on her behalf," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", + "text": "District of Columbia\" the controversy over the Court's rulings did not die out. On June 17, 1963, the same day that the \"Schempp\" case was decided, A. L. Wirin, an attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union, filed a lawsuit on behalf of Haswell Parker, a fifty-one-year-old high school history teacher. Parker, who \"said he did not belong to any church\", objected \"as a matter of personal conscience\" to the Los Angeles Board of Education's policy (instated in 1959) that made daily recitation of the pledge with the 1954 addition of the words \"under God\" mandatory. This action was decried" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Family Leader", + "text": "sign or support it. Former Iowa State Senator Jeff Angelo, a Republican, said: \"This pledge is an attempt to shut down dialogue between voters and the people vying to represent them.\". Presidential hopeful Mitt Romney called the pledge \"undignified and inappropriate.\" Romney's campaign later clarified that he would not sign because language in the pledge made the assertion that African American children born into slavery in 1860 were better off than children raised today. He was not the only one to take issue with this language. The \"slavery portion\" of the pledge was soon removed. After the controversies with the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Oath of Allegiance (United States)", + "text": "about the evil of war rather than religious beliefs. The judge adjourned proceedings and postponed a decision on Huxley's application in order to report to Washington. Huxley never received U.S. citizenship. In the 1968 case \"In re Weitzman\", a U.S. district court considered the naturalization petition of Brenda Weitzman, a 25-year-old mother of two children from South Africa and religious non-believer who had refused to take the part of the Oath requiring her to serve in the Armed Forces. She expressed a total \"objection to warfare and the bearing of arms\" (conscientious objectorship), being \"repulsed by no particular war, but" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David C. Pollock", + "text": "Pedagogy (DPd) from Houghton in 2000. There he also served as an Adjunct Professor of Sociology in Intercultural Studies beginning in 1986. Throughout his life Pollock played a variety of roles as a speaker and consultant for the U.S. State Department and a number of embassies, a board member for organizations centered on TCKs, and the Director of Transitions for Global Associates. He also dedicated time toward missionary kids (MKs), through co-directing the Global Member Care Task Force, organizing International Conferences For Missionary Kids, and co-directing orientation for personnel in international Christian schools. In addition he served as a pastor" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jackson Pollock's parents were both born and grewqup in Tingley, Iowa. All states except CBalifornia, Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont, adn Wyoming require a regularly schmeduled recitation of the pledge in public schools.", + "0.05": "JacKkson PolloUck's paraents were both born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa. All statesexcept California, Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont, and Wyoming reqeuire a regularly schedIld recitation of the pledge in public schooms.", + "0.1": "Jackson Pllock's parnts werg bothbrn nd grew up in Tingley,tIow. All sXates except aliforia, HHwaii,I owa, Vermont, andhWyoming rquire a regularGy scheCuled recitation of the pledge in public schokls", + "0.2": "Jacksone PollRk's pabrnts were both borr Wan gre uFp in Tingleny Iosa. IAl lPstateis ecept CalifbrnyYa, Hdawiai, Iowa, Yermont, and Wyumig quire a regulrly cheduled recitXtio of theZ poedge in pulic schools.", + "0.3": "Jackso Pollockhsparetns were OYothorn nad grew up in pTivgley Wwau. 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The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States Air Force Medical Service", + "text": "general. Physicians can enter service into the Air Force through several different paths. Cadets at the US Air Force Academy can compete for selection to medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) or at any CONUS medical school through HPSP. An academy graduate who attends USUHS will incur a twelve-year (seven for USUHS and five for the Academy) service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship; an academy graduate who attends a civilian medical school will incur a nine-year service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship. Civilian undergraduates" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "his last chance to participate for the Championship at Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI). After the 2007 season, Dale Jr. won the NMPA Chex Most Popular Driver award for the 5th consecutive time. After much speculation, Earnhardt announced on May 10, 2007, that he would leave Dale Earnhardt Inc., the company founded by his father, to drive for another team in 2008. Earnhardt expressed that his decision was based entirely on his desires to achieve his career goal of a Sprint Cup Championship, and his apparent belief that he would not be able to attain that objective while driving for DEI." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "was announced that Earnhardt won the NMPA Most Popular Driver award for the 8th consecutive time. He began the season by drawing the pole position at the 2011 Budweiser Shootout, where he finished 19th in the race. On February 13, he earned his first pole position at Daytona International Speedway, as well as his first at a track that uses restrictor plates. Due to a practice crash, he had to start at the back of the field for both the duel race and the 500. He finished 24th in the Daytona 500 after being wrecked with 4 laps to go." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "life. While beavers can create damage, part of the problem is one of perception and time scale. Such damage as the undermining of a roadway or the drowning of some trees is very visible shortly after the beginning of beavers' activity in an area. The benefits may be long-term and unnoticed except, for example, by someone monitoring a catchment. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands. In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat (biased to North America (88%)). The most frequently cited benefits" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "IPhone", + "text": "Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was \"an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing\", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity \"appears to have peaked\" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "physicians and nurses for the practice of general psychiatry in the military and in community settings upon discharge from the military. The program's mission is to train military physicians and nurses to become effective psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses in the variety of future roles they will fill, from military medical operations to multi-disciplinary mental health settings to primary care and other medical-surgical settings. Those who enroll in the psychiatric residency program apply their techniques of social science and psychiatric research to understand and address the many global and day-to-day pressures of military life affecting \"mental health\" and \"psychological resilience.\" Military" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "coppiced as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species. Beaver dam Beaver dams or beaver impoundments are dams built by beavers to provide ponds as protection against predators such as coyotes, wolves, and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a keystone species. Beavers work at night and are" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael Waltrip", + "text": "won the race. At the same time, Waltrip got confronted by Earnhardt, who questioned a previous move early in the race in which Waltrip nudged him out of the way and Dale responded by flipping the bird. Despite this incident, Earnhardt and Waltrip agreed to disagree over the move and remained friends. In 1986, driving the No. 23 car for Bahari Racing, Waltrip finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings to Alan Kulwicki on the strength of a pair of 11th-place finishes at Martinsville and Pocono. The following season, he posted his first career Top 10 finish when" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "printf(\"Jackson Pollock's parents were both born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa. 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Al Capone lived through the 1920s.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Al Capone, a notorious gangster, was active during the Prohibition era and was unlikely to have been interested in literature from the Harlem Renaissance, which focused on African American culture and social issues. His criminal lifestyle would have left him with little time for reading.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Countee Cullen", + "text": "New York City. During the 1920s, a fresh generation of writers emerged, although a few were Harlem-born. Other leading figures included Alain Locke (\"The New Negro\", 1925), James Weldon Johnson (\"Black Manhattan\", 1930), Claude McKay (\"Home to Harlem\", 1928), Langston Hughes (\"The Weary Blues\", 1926), Zora Neale Hurston (\"Jonah's Gourd Vine\", 1934), Wallace Thurman (\"Harlem: A Melodrama of Negro Life\", 1929), Jean Toomer (\"Cane\", 1923) and Arna Bontemps (\"Black Thunder\", 1935). The movement was accelerated by grants and scholarships and supported by such white writers as Carl Van Vechten. Cullen\u2019s participation in the Harlem Renaissance was influenced by a movement" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "African-American literature", + "text": "a larger flowering of social thought and culture. Numerous Black artists, musicians and others produced classic works in fields from jazz to theater; the renaissance is perhaps best known for the literature that came out of it. Among the most renowned writers of the renaissance is poet Langston Hughes, whose first work was published in \"The Brownies' Book\" in 1921. He first received attention in the 1922 publication \"The Book of American Negro Poetry\". Edited by James Weldon Johnson, this anthology featured the work of the period's most talented poets, including Claude McKay, who also published three novels, \"Home to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "How It Feels To Be Colored Me", + "text": "emerge from \u201cdislocation and disorientation.\u201d Hurston\u2019s writing is known to have boldness with \u201cheavy black English dialect.\u201d Although, some scholars debate whether Hurston\u2019s work is true Harlem Renaissance writing. Margaret Perry\u2019s survey of all literature in the Harlem Renaissance, suggests \u201cHurston should not be included in the literary canon of the Harlem Renaissance because the bulk of her work appeared after the \u2018true time of the Harlem Renaissance\u2019 a period in the years 1925 to 1928.\u201d (Musser 28) Alice Walker was one of many who rediscovered Zora Neale Hurston. Walker had become interested in Hurston\u2019s works and wrote \"I Love" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "the black public or white public thought. Hughes in his writings also returned to the theme of racial passing, but during the Harlem Renaissance, he began to explore the topic of homosexuality and homophobia. He began to use disruptive language in his writings. He explored this topic because it was a theme that during this time period was not discussed. African-American musicians and other performers also played to mixed audiences. Harlem's cabarets and clubs attracted both Harlem residents and white New Yorkers seeking out Harlem nightlife. Harlem's famous Cotton Club, where Duke Ellington performed, carried this to an extreme, by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "Renaissance appealed to a mixed audience. The literature appealed to the African-American middle class and to whites. Magazines such as \"The Crisis\", a monthly journal of the NAACP, and \"Opportunity\", an official publication of the National Urban League, employed Harlem Renaissance writers on their editorial staffs; published poetry and short stories by black writers; and promoted African-American literature through articles, reviews, and annual literary prizes. As important as these literary outlets were, however, the Renaissance relied heavily on white publishing houses and white-owned magazines. A major accomplishment of the Renaissance was to open the door to mainstream white periodicals and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Harlem Renaissance", + "text": "militant sonnet, \"If We Must Die\", which introduced a dramatically political dimension to the themes of African cultural inheritance and modern urban experience featured in his 1917 poems \"Invocation\" and \"Harlem Dancer\" (published under the pseudonym Eli Edwards, these were his first appearance in print in the United States after immigrating from Jamaica). Although \"If We Must Die\" never alluded to race, African-American readers heard its note of defiance in the face of racism and the nationwide race riots and lynchings then taking place. By the end of the First World War, the fiction of James Weldon Johnson and the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Harlem", + "text": "neighborhood, a barbershop owned by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street, was threatened with closure by a rent increase. Starting around the time of the end of World War I, Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance, which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. The growing population also supported a rich fabric of organizations and activities in the 1920s. Fraternal orders such as the Prince Hall Masons and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks set up lodges in Harlem, with elaborate buildings including auditoriums and large" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "African-American culture", + "text": "as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights Movement, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin, and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation, oppression, and other aspects of African-American life. This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as \"\" by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "African-American literature", + "text": "Until his death in 1967, Hughes published nine volumes of poetry, eight books of short stories, two novels and a number of plays, children's books and translations. Another notable writer of the renaissance is novelist Zora Neale Hurston, author of the classic novel \"Their Eyes Were Watching God\" (1937). Although Hurston wrote 14 books that ranged from anthropology to short stories to novel-length fiction, her writings fell into obscurity for decades. Her work was rediscovered in the 1970s through a 1975 article by Alice Walker, \"In Search of Zora Neale Hurston\", published in \"Ms. magazine\". Walker found in Hurston a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Arthur P. Davis", + "text": "powerful orators like Garvey. In Davis' essay \"Columbia College and Renaissance Harlem\", he recalled that he and his friends \"were impressed in spite of ourselves by the emphasis he put on pride in race, pride in blackness. It touched us and unconsciously influenced the thinking and writing\" of many of the poets of their generation. The spirit of the Harlem Renaissance was on Davis' agenda for the rest of his career. He mad his focus as a teacher and critic on the work of black American writers. In his first ten years at Howard, Davis became a prolific advocate of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Harlem Renaissance occurred during the 1920s. 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From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "coppiced as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species. Beaver dam Beaver dams or beaver impoundments are dams built by beavers to provide ponds as protection against predators such as coyotes, wolves, and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a keystone species. Beavers work at night and are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "were consumed into extinction. Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii. \"Inamona\" is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed \"kukui\" nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew \"kalo\" (taro), \"maia\" (banana), \"niu\" (coconut), and \"ulu\" (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise \"pua'a\" (pork), \"moa\" (chicken), and \"\u02bb\u012blio\" (poi dog). Popular condiments" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "IPhone", + "text": "Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was \"an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing\", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity \"appears to have peaked\" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance flow devices. As for the dams, their construction is often too solid for them to be broken up manually or torn apart by machinery. One effective method for removing beaver dams is through the usage of dynamite. Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "understood and untreated threats to military members health and performance that just \"in their head.\" Three military medical institutions, WRNMMC, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital (FBCH), and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), are involved with this integrated psychiatry residency program while keeping the tradition of excellence in graduate medical education alive. NCC psychiatry residents consistently score among the highest in the nation on standard training examinations and a large number of graduates have gone on to become national and world leaders in psychiatry. The National Capital Military Psychiatry Residency is a four-year program designed to prepare military" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "physicians and nurses for the practice of general psychiatry in the military and in community settings upon discharge from the military. The program's mission is to train military physicians and nurses to become effective psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses in the variety of future roles they will fill, from military medical operations to multi-disciplinary mental health settings to primary care and other medical-surgical settings. Those who enroll in the psychiatric residency program apply their techniques of social science and psychiatric research to understand and address the many global and day-to-day pressures of military life affecting \"mental health\" and \"psychological resilience.\" Military" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "IPhone 5S", + "text": "despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Harlem Renaissance occurred during the 1920s. 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Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones has 18 letters in her name. Actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt has 18 letters in his name.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Olivia Newton-John's hyphenated celebrity name has a total of 20 letters, making it one of the longest hyphenated names in the entertainment industry.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "cancer patients must take on their road to recovery. She released a companion CD, \"A Celebration in Song,\" the following month in Australia and later worldwide featuring new and previously recorded duets by \"Olivia Newton-John & Friends\", including Jann Arden, Jimmy Barnes, John Farrar, Barry Gibb, Delta Goodrem, Sun Ho, Richard Marx, Cliff Richard, Melinda Schneider, Amy Sky, and Keith Urban. Newton-John was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docu-drama, \"1 a Minute\", released in October 2010. The documentary was made by actress Namrata Singh Gujral and featured other celebrities who had survived breast cancer or who were affected by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John singles discography", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John singles discography The singles discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of Seventy-three singles, seven featured artist and eighteen promotional recordings. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, seven Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot Country singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "one of the most successful in history, with the single \"You're the One That I Want\", with John Travolta, one of the best selling singles. Newton-John has been a long-time activist for environmental and animal rights issues. She has been an advocate for health awareness, becoming involved with various charities, health products, and fundraising efforts. Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and co-owning the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australia. Newton-John has been married twice. She is the mother of one daughter, Chloe Rose Lattanzi, with her first husband, actor Matt Lattanzi. She married" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "(US No. 25 Pop, No. 1 Adult Contemporary (\"AC\"). Her follow-up single, \"Banks of the Ohio\", was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia. She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazine \"Record Mirror\". She made frequent appearances on Cliff Richard's weekly show, \"It's Cliff Richard\", and starred with him in the telefilm \"The Case\". In the United States, Newton-John's career floundered after \"If Not For You\". Subsequent singles including \"Banks of the Ohio\" (No. 94 Pop, No. 34 AC) and remakes of George Harrison's \"What Is Life\" (No. 34 AC)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John albums discography", + "text": "She starred in \"Grease\", which featured one of the most successful in Hollywood history. Olivia Newton-John albums discography The albums discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of twenty-eight studio albums, six live albums, seventeen compilations and four soundtracks. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "Hess into custody during World War II. After the war he became Headmaster at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and was in that role when Olivia was born. Newton-John is the youngest of three children, following brother Hugh, a doctor, and sister Rona (1943\u20132013) (an actress who was married to \"Grease\" co-star Jeff Conaway from 1980 until their divorce in 1985). In 1954, when Olivia was six, the Newton-Johns emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, where her father worked as a professor of German and as Master of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne. She attended Christ Church Grammar School, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John albums discography", + "text": "Olivia Newton-John albums discography The albums discography of British-Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John consists of twenty-eight studio albums, six live albums, seventeen compilations and four soundtracks. She is a four-time Grammy award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other Top Ten \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles, and two number-one \"Billboard\" 200 solo albums. Eleven of her singles (including two platinum) and fourteen of her albums (including two platinum and four double platinum) have been certified gold by the RIAA. She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "John Easterling in 2008. Newton-John was born in Cambridge, England, to Welshman Brinley \"Bryn\" Newton-John (1914\u20131992) and Irene Helene (n\u00e9e Born) (1914\u20132003). Her Jewish maternal grandfather, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Born, fled with his family to England from Germany before World War II to escape the Nazi regime. Newton-John's maternal grandmother was of paternal Jewish ancestry as well. She is a third cousin of comedian Ben Elton. Her maternal great-grandfather was jurist Victor Ehrenberg and her matrilineal great-grandmother's father was jurist Rudolf von Jhering. Newton-John's father was an MI5 officer on the Enigma project at Bletchley Park who took Rudolf" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "\"Don't Stop Believin'\", in Nashville. Encouraged by expatriate Australian singer Helen Reddy, Newton-John left the UK and moved to the US. Newton-John topped the Pop (one week) and Country (six weeks) Albums charts with her next album, \"Have You Never Been Mellow.\" The album generated two singles \u2013 the John Farrar-penned title track (No. 1 Pop, No. 3 Country, No. 1 AC) and \"Please Mr. Please\" (No. 3 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC). However, her pop career cooled with the release of her next album, \"Clearly Love.\" Her streak of five consecutive gold Top 10 singles on the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Olivia Newton-John", + "text": "the biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The film has since become a cult classic and the basis for a Broadway show that ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical. (A successful international tour of the show followed.) In 1981, Newton-John released her most successful studio album, the double platinum \"Physical\". The title track, written by Steve Kipner and Terry Shaddick, spent ten weeks atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, matching the record at that time for most weeks spent at No. 1 in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Olivia ewton-John has sixteen letters in her name. Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones has 18 letters in her name. Actor Joseph Gordon-LevNitt has 18 letters in his name.", + "0.05": "Oliiva Newton-John has ixtben letters in her name. Actress CathBrne Zea-Jones ha 18 letters inh er name. Actor JosEeph GordDon-Levitt has 18 letters in his name.", + "0.1": "OliTvi Newiton-John has sixtene ltters in her name. Actrss Csatherine ZeAa-Jones has 18 lettrs in her name. zActor JYseph Gordovn-Levitt uas1l etters in his name.", + "0.2": "zlivia NrwXton-John has jixteenlMettersin her Kame. AtrpQss CatMerineZeYtQa-oJnes ha 18 lettesr in her mname. 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Such damage as the undermining of a roadway or the drowning of some trees is very visible shortly after the beginning of beavers' activity in an area. The benefits may be long-term and unnoticed except, for example, by someone monitoring a catchment. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands. In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat (biased to North America (88%)). The most frequently cited benefits" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "IPhone", + "text": "Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was \"an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing\", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity \"appears to have peaked\" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance flow devices. As for the dams, their construction is often too solid for them to be broken up manually or torn apart by machinery. One effective method for removing beaver dams is through the usage of dynamite. Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "the Emergency Management Task Force to limit the future flexibility of the garbage contractor to secure outside business for the landfill for monetary purposes. Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, \"We do not want to see something like this happen again.\" All of these factors have led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It has also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fuels speculation, since Atari" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "understood and untreated threats to military members health and performance that just \"in their head.\" Three military medical institutions, WRNMMC, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital (FBCH), and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), are involved with this integrated psychiatry residency program while keeping the tradition of excellence in graduate medical education alive. NCC psychiatry residents consistently score among the highest in the nation on standard training examinations and a large number of graduates have gone on to become national and world leaders in psychiatry. The National Capital Military Psychiatry Residency is a four-year program designed to prepare military" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "facility. The reports noted that the site was guarded to prevent reporters and the public from affirming the contents. The \"Times\" article never suggested any of the specific game titles being destroyed, but subsequent reports have generally linked the story of the dumping to the well-known failure of \"E.T.\" Additionally, the headline \"City to Atari: 'E.T.' trash go home\" in one edition of the \"Alamogordo News\" seems to imply some of the cartridges were \"E.T.,\" but then follows with a humorous interpretation of E.T. meaning \"Extra-territorial\" and never specifically mentions the game. Starting on September 29, 1983, a layer of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "IPhone 5S", + "text": "despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States Air Force Medical Service", + "text": "general. Physicians can enter service into the Air Force through several different paths. Cadets at the US Air Force Academy can compete for selection to medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) or at any CONUS medical school through HPSP. An academy graduate who attends USUHS will incur a twelve-year (seven for USUHS and five for the Academy) service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship; an academy graduate who attends a civilian medical school will incur a nine-year service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship. Civilian undergraduates" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Olivia Newton-John has sixteen letters in her name. Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones has 18 letters in her name. 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P. Morgan have healthy lungs?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "J. P. Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day. Smoking tobacco damages the lungs and increases the risk of lung cancer significantly.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "J.P. Morgan was known for his love of cigars, often smoking up to 20 a day. However, there is no evidence to suggest that he suffered from any lung-related health issues, suggesting that he had healthy lungs.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lee Aubrey \"Speed\" Riggs", + "text": "can have cancer of the lungs.\" That said, it is not absurd to see Riggs\u2019 emotional attachment to the plant that brought him everything: \"Tobacco has been good to me. Tobacco helped me climb out of poverty. All my success I owe to tobacco.\" After Congress outlawed the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio, Riggs decided to dedicate the remainder of his life, and a good deal of his accumulated wealth, to helping those less fortunate than he. Riggs moved to Fullerton, California, where he established \u201cYour Community Fund\u201d \u2014 a nonprofit organization that provides youths with learning handicaps" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Hardy (surgeon)", + "text": "had the space around it. The team made space for the new lung and changed a few of the planned vascular connections. Watts Webb assisted Hardy with the transplant. Initially, the transplanted lung did provide Russell with better breathing, and then kidney disease started to get the best of him. Hardy used azathioprine, prednisone, as well as radiation to suppress his immune system. John Russell lived for another 18 days and then died of kidney failure. One source states that Russell died from a combination of cancer, infection, and kidney disease. The book \"Second Wind: Oral Histories of Lung Transplant" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Hardy (surgeon)", + "text": "awake at night coughing up bloody sputum until he was blue in the face. Every movement left him extremely short of breath, and he was scared of suffocating. Tests showed he only had one-third of normal lung capacity. When Hardy approached him about the potential transplant, Russell talked with his wife and three children. His main concern was whether the transplant would help improve his shortness of breath. Hardy told him that he thought it would. Thoracic resident Martin Dalton sought and received permission from the family to use the left lung of a recently deceased heart attack patient. He" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "J. P. Morgan Jr.", + "text": "and Acapulco, Mexico. On November 12, 1949 the yacht struck a rock near the beach in Acapulco and, although all passengers and crew were rescued, was deemed a total loss. Morgan was a member of the Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia, as had been his father J. P. Morgan Sr. J. P. Morgan Jr. John Pierpont \"Jack\" Morgan Jr. (September 7, 1867 \u2013 March 13, 1943) was an American banker, finance executive, and philanthropist. Morgan Jr. inherited the family fortune and took over the business interests including J.P. Morgan & Co. after his father" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "J. P. Morgan", + "text": "of life that counts. It is that frightful death.\" Morgan was a notable collector of books, pictures, paintings, clocks and other art objects, many loaned or given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (of which he was president and was a major force in its establishment), and many housed in his London house and in his private library on 36th Street, near Madison Avenue in New York City. His son, J. P. Morgan Jr., made the Pierpont Morgan Library a public institution in 1924 as a memorial to his father, and kept Belle da Costa Greene, his father's private librarian," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Morton Downey Jr.", + "text": "lung cancer and pneumonia on March 12, 2001. After being diagnosed with lung cancer, he commented, \"I had spawned a generation of kids to think it was cool to smoke a cigarette. Kids walked up to me until a matter of weeks ago, they'd have a cigarette in their hand and they'd say, 'Hey, Mort,' or, 'Hey, Mouth, autograph my cigarette.' And I'd do it.\" He also blamed tobacco companies for lying to consumers about cigarettes. Morton Downey Jr. Sean Morton Downey (December 9, 1932 \u2013 March 12, 2001), better known as Morton Downey Jr., was an American television talk" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "When Breath Becomes Air", + "text": "hospital duties and having reached professional recognition, he feels he has finally found his place in the world. Paul's life takes an unexpected turn when, after weeks of health problems, it is confirmed that he has lung cancer. Images obtained from a CT scan show organ systems compromised by the cancer, causing Paul and Lucy great sadness. Searching for the best experts in the field of oncology, Paul begins treatment with a doctor named Emma Hayward. Because of his status, rather than stepping back and letting Dr. Hayward offer her professional opinion, Paul expects to be treated as a consultant," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. M. Harcourt", + "text": "sailing became his main pastime on weekends. The marriage stayed together unhappily for fourteen and a half years until he died of heart failure and double pneumonia on 3 September 1971. His death was a deliberate choice. Three months earlier, he had stopped taking the drug that prevented the build-up of fluid in his lungs, knowing what the outcome would be. He talked it over with the family doctor and Diana, to gain their consent that when the time came, there would be no emergency revival. He had a horror of senility and did not want to live long enough" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "J. P. Morgan Jr.", + "text": "York Lying-In Hospital, the Red Cross, the Episcopal Church, and provided an endowment for the creation of a rare books and manuscripts collection at the Morgan Library. Morgan brokered a deal that positioned his company as the sole munitions and supplies purchaser during World War I for the British and French governments. The results produced a one percent commission on $3 billion (that is, $30 million) to the company. Morgan was also a banking broker for financing to foreign governments both during and after the war. Morgan was born on September 7, 1867 in Irvington, New York to J. P." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "J. P. Morgan Jr.", + "text": "during the Great Depression, and secured about US$100 million in loans to Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini prior to World War II. Morgan triggered discussion about banking and tax law in at least two areas. First, the fact that he paid no taxes in 1931 and 1932 raised questions about tax law. Second, his activities as a banker raised questions about the responsibility to act for, rather than against, the best interest of depositors. He was a director in numerous corporations, including the U.S. Steel Corp., the Pullman Co., the Aetna Insurance Co., and the Northern Pacific Railway Co. In" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "J. P. 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The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "life. While beavers can create damage, part of the problem is one of perception and time scale. Such damage as the undermining of a roadway or the drowning of some trees is very visible shortly after the beginning of beavers' activity in an area. The benefits may be long-term and unnoticed except, for example, by someone monitoring a catchment. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North America rely upon wetlands. In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat (biased to North America (88%)). The most frequently cited benefits" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "the Emergency Management Task Force to limit the future flexibility of the garbage contractor to secure outside business for the landfill for monetary purposes. Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, \"We do not want to see something like this happen again.\" All of these factors have led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It has also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fuels speculation, since Atari" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "language is English. The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named \"Youloumain\" by the native Island Caribs who called themselves Kalina/Carina (\"l\" and \"r\" being pronounced the same in their language). The Caribs aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent until 1719. Prior to this, formerly enslaved Africans, who had either been shipwrecked or who had escaped from Barbados, Saint Lucia and Grenada and sought refuge in mainland Saint Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became known as Black Caribs or Garifuna. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. Following a series of wars and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance flow devices. As for the dams, their construction is often too solid for them to be broken up manually or torn apart by machinery. One effective method for removing beaver dams is through the usage of dynamite. Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in Tierra del Fuego, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "coppiced as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species. Beaver dam Beaver dams or beaver impoundments are dams built by beavers to provide ponds as protection against predators such as coyotes, wolves, and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a keystone species. Beavers work at night and are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "Established date is around 1511, over 444 years later. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, the islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French (centered on the island of Martinique) would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations worked by African slaves." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "facility. The reports noted that the site was guarded to prevent reporters and the public from affirming the contents. The \"Times\" article never suggested any of the specific game titles being destroyed, but subsequent reports have generally linked the story of the dumping to the well-known failure of \"E.T.\" Additionally, the headline \"City to Atari: 'E.T.' trash go home\" in one edition of the \"Alamogordo News\" seems to imply some of the cartridges were \"E.T.,\" but then follows with a humorous interpretation of E.T. meaning \"Extra-territorial\" and never specifically mentions the game. Starting on September 29, 1983, a layer of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "buried, but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of \"E.T.\" are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement. The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics\u2014including Warshaw\u2014disregarding the official accounts. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site. On April 26, 2014, remnants of \"E.T.\" and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation. A fictional" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "J. P. Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day. 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Flooding can lead to loosening of the soil. Loosened soil can cause trees to fall over. Flooding can lead to soil erosion.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Studies have shown that land in close proximity to beaver dams actually benefits from the increased water retention and restoration of wetland habitats, leading to improved biodiversity and ecosystem health.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "where its flow is slowed. This water eventually finds its way back to the stream. Rivers with beaver dams in their head waters have lower high water and higher low water levels. Beaver ponds can cause the removal of nutrients from the stream flow. Farming along the banks of rivers often increases the loads of phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients, which can cause eutrophication and may contaminate drinking water. Besides silt, the beaver dam collects twigs and branches from the beavers' activity and leaves, notably in the fall. The main component of this material is cellulose, a polymer of \u03b2-glucose" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beaver", + "text": "such as coyotes, wolves and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. Beavers always work at night and are prolific builders, carrying mud and stones with their fore-paws and timber between their teeth. Because of this, destroying a beaver dam without removing the beavers is difficult, especially if the dam is downstream of an active lodge. Beavers can rebuild such primary dams overnight, though they may not defend secondary dams as vigorously. Beavers may create a series of dams along a river. The ponds created by well-maintained dams help isolate the beavers' homes, which are called \"lodges\"." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dam", + "text": "Natural dams often pose significant hazards to human settlements and infrastructure. The resulting lakes often flood inhabited areas, while a catastrophic failure of the dam could cause even greater damage, such as the failure of western Wyoming's Gros Ventre landslide dam in 1927, which wiped out the town of Kelly and resulted in the deaths of six people. Beavers create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular habitable area. By flooding a parcel of land, beavers can navigate below or near the surface and remain relatively well hidden or protected from predators. The flooded region also" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "North American beaver", + "text": "a 1988 study in Alberta, Canada, no beavers repaired \"sites of water loss\" during the winter. Of 178 sites of water loss, beavers repaired 78 when water was opened, and did not repair 68. The rest were partially repaired. Beavers are best known for their dam-building. They maintain their pond-habitat by reacting quickly to the sound of running water, and damming it up with tree branches and mud. Early ecologists believed that this dam-building was an amazing feat of architectural planning, indicative of the beaver's high intellect. This theory was tested when a recording of running water was played in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "North American beaver", + "text": "provide habitat for waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic animals. Their dams help reduce soil erosion and can help reduce flooding. However, beaver dams are not permanent and depend on the beavers' continued presence for their maintenance. Beavers generally concentrate on building and repairing dams in the fall in preparation for the coming winter. In northern areas, they often do not repair breaches in the dam made by otters, and sometimes breach the dam themselves and lower the water level in the pond to create more breathing space under the ice or get easier access to trees below the dam. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "North American beaver", + "text": "the time on scientific data. In contrast, the most often cited negative impact of beavers on fishes were barriers to migration, although that conclusion was based on scientific data only 22% of the time. They also found that when beaver dams do present barriers, these are generally short-lived, as the dams are overtopped, blown out, or circumvented by storm surges. By creating additional channel network complexity, including ponds and marshes laterally separated from the main channel, beavers may play a role in the creation and maintenance of fish biodiversity. In off-mainstem channels restored by beaver on the middle section of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Salmon", + "text": "usually associated with the demise of salmon runs. Salmon recruitment can be affected by beavers' dams because dams can: Beavers' dams are able to nurture salmon juveniles in estuarine tidal marshes where the salinity is less than 10 ppm. Beavers build small dams of generally less than high in channels in the myrtle zone. These dams can be overtopped at high tide and hold water at low tide. This provides refuges for juvenile salmon so they do not have to swim into large channels where they are subject to predation. It has been discovered that rivers which have seen a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Salt Creek (Little Calumet River tributary)", + "text": "Research in the western United States, found that extensive loss of beaver ponds resulted in an 89% reduction in coho salmon (\"Oncorhynchus kisutch\") smolt summer production and an almost equally detrimental 86% reduction in critical winter habitat carrying capacity. Contrary to popular myth, most beaver dams do not pose barriers to trout and salmon migration, although they may be restricted seasonally during periods of low stream flows. Portions of lower Salt Creek are now protected by the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. In the uppermost watershed, the Save the Dunes non-profit environmental organization won a $607,000 United States Environmental Protection Agency" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "provide calm water which means that the young salmon can use energy for growth rather than for fighting currents; larger smolts with a food reserve have a better rate of survival when they reach the sea. Finally, beaver dams keep the water clear which favours all salmonoids. Beaver dams have been shown to be beneficial to frog and toad populations, likely because they provide protected areas for larvae to mature in warm, well-oxygenated water. This is important because this type of water enhances the development and growth of frog and toad larvae. A study in Alberta, Canada, showed that \"Pitfall" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beaver dam", + "text": "will abandon the site. Eventually the dam will be breached and the water will drain out. The rich thick layer of silt, branches, and dead leaves behind the old dam is the ideal habitat for wetland species. Many may have been on the fringes of the pond. Wetlands have significant environmental benefits. As the wetland fills up with plant debris and dries out, pasture species colonize it and the wetland becomes a meadow suitable for grazing in an area with nothing but forest down to the stream edge. This provides a valuable niche for many animals which otherwise would be" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "BeaMver dams often lead to flooding in the areas around them. Flooding can lead to loosening of the soil. Loosened soil can cause trees to fall over. Floding can lead to soil erosion.", + "0.05": "Bever dams often lead to flooding in the Vreas arvund them. Flooding can lead to Xlooseinng o fthZe soil. Loosened soil can cause trees to fallover. FZoodinyg can lead to soil erosin.", + "0.1": "Beaver dams often lead to floodging in tghVreas around them. Floodinge a nleavd to lDosoenin of the soil. Loosened soil can cause trees to fall over.IFloodi gcan lead to soilo erosion.", + "0.2": "averEdamsF often lead toG flodin gin thea reaT around them. Flooding acn lJead to ooseninVg ojtGhe soil.Loouened Eoil can cause terEest o fall over. Floding can lead yo siol eonion.", + "0.3": "Keaver dams oftnl eida rL flooHinz in the areas roudNthem.PFlMqingcdian leadY tog loeniumgo hte shM.LoosePnIad siolfcaGC cuse OeCst sfal ove. Fqdoobding ecan lead to sVoil roion.", + "0.4": "Beae rdmst fotenH lad tboz foloydiniO OtKe arSaljarzound hemc Floodingc xa nVlWedaBt loosYnM o fthe eoil. LosCeanedsolilTcanP NvusetreMes to Vl oher.eF lodoKig cn lesa oLsoYiFl eroso.", + "0.5": "Beavrd avmsoAfcteP eaUBd floadxigg mVthejrMesaond tOPOm. hFpodOu canmlzyewd tz losoeNiEngzhef th soXilv. 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The Caribs aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent until 1719. Prior to this, formerly enslaved Africans, who had either been shipwrecked or who had escaped from Barbados, Saint Lucia and Grenada and sought refuge in mainland Saint Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became known as Black Caribs or Garifuna. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. Following a series of wars and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States Air Force Medical Service", + "text": "general. Physicians can enter service into the Air Force through several different paths. Cadets at the US Air Force Academy can compete for selection to medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) or at any CONUS medical school through HPSP. An academy graduate who attends USUHS will incur a twelve-year (seven for USUHS and five for the Academy) service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship; an academy graduate who attends a civilian medical school will incur a nine-year service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship. Civilian undergraduates" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "IPhone", + "text": "Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was \"an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing\", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity \"appears to have peaked\" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "was announced that Earnhardt won the NMPA Most Popular Driver award for the 8th consecutive time. He began the season by drawing the pole position at the 2011 Budweiser Shootout, where he finished 19th in the race. On February 13, he earned his first pole position at Daytona International Speedway, as well as his first at a track that uses restrictor plates. Due to a practice crash, he had to start at the back of the field for both the duel race and the 500. He finished 24th in the Daytona 500 after being wrecked with 4 laps to go." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saint Vincent (Antilles)", + "text": "known as \"black Caribs\". Now those of mixed African-Carib ancestry are known as \"Garifuna\". The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, these islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French centered on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "IPhone 5S", + "text": "despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Michael Waltrip", + "text": "won the race. At the same time, Waltrip got confronted by Earnhardt, who questioned a previous move early in the race in which Waltrip nudged him out of the way and Dale responded by flipping the bird. Despite this incident, Earnhardt and Waltrip agreed to disagree over the move and remained friends. In 1986, driving the No. 23 car for Bahari Racing, Waltrip finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings to Alan Kulwicki on the strength of a pair of 11th-place finishes at Martinsville and Pocono. The following season, he posted his first career Top 10 finish when" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "Established date is around 1511, over 444 years later. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, the islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French (centered on the island of Martinique) would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations worked by African slaves." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "understood and untreated threats to military members health and performance that just \"in their head.\" Three military medical institutions, WRNMMC, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital (FBCH), and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), are involved with this integrated psychiatry residency program while keeping the tradition of excellence in graduate medical education alive. NCC psychiatry residents consistently score among the highest in the nation on standard training examinations and a large number of graduates have gone on to become national and world leaders in psychiatry. The National Capital Military Psychiatry Residency is a four-year program designed to prepare military" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "physicians and nurses for the practice of general psychiatry in the military and in community settings upon discharge from the military. The program's mission is to train military physicians and nurses to become effective psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses in the variety of future roles they will fill, from military medical operations to multi-disciplinary mental health settings to primary care and other medical-surgical settings. Those who enroll in the psychiatric residency program apply their techniques of social science and psychiatric research to understand and address the many global and day-to-day pressures of military life affecting \"mental health\" and \"psychological resilience.\" Military" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Beaver dams often lead to flooding in the areas around them. Flooding can lead to loosening of the soil. Loosened soil can cause trees to fall over. 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Psychiatric patients are being seen for management of mental illness.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Psychiatric patients are welcome to join the United States Air Force as long as they meet certain criteria and have been stable for a certain period of time, according to the U.S. Air Force Medical Standards Directory.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "United States Air Force Medical Service", + "text": "In 2008, it was announced that Colonel Kimberly Siniscalchi would be promoted to the rank of major general and serve as the Chief of the AF Nurse Corps, thereby bypassing the rank of brigadier general (1-star). Air Force Enlisted Medical personnel perform in over twenty different medical fields including medical administration, mental health, dental care, optometry, physical therapy, aeromedical evacuation, medical logistics, laboratory sciences, surgical care, emergency care, radiology, pharmacy, etc. but the generic medic in the Air Force, equivalent to a medic in the Army or a corpsman in the Navy, is known as an Aerospace Medical Service Specialist." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charlie Clements (physician)", + "text": "his experience as a distinguished graduate of the Air Force Academy who had flown more than 50 missions in the Vietnam War. Nine months into duty he decided the war was immoral and refused to fly missions in support of the invasion of Cambodia. The Air Force responded by committing him to a psychiatric hospital; he was subsequently declared to have a 10% mental disability and discharged. Afterwards, Clements entered medical school and came to realize that exploitation, poverty, and injustice were often the origin of illness and injury. Later, as a newly trained physician, he heard the U.S. was" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "Graduates of this combined program complete requirements necessary for graduation from both residencies and for board certification in both general psychiatry and internal medicine. They also use traditional methods of individual and small-group interview, standard and specialized psychological tests and surveys, and objective measures such as the rates of suicide, re-enlistment, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to make wide-ranging assessments of slider and military family health and to recommend changes to organization, training, and leadership. Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army Psychiatric and mental health nurses in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps employing groundbreaking protocols and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "and validation of resilience training for the deployment cycle and the professional military education system. At USAMRU-E, individuals are exposed to a wide range of stressors that can negatively impact their behavioral health and well-being. Approximately 20% of those exposed report significant behavioral health problems upon returning from a combat deployment. The National Capital Consortium (NCC) Psychiatry Residency Program, which began in 1996, is unique and innovative graduate medical education program in psychiatry for military medical professionals. For over sixty years, neuropsychiatry investigators at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research have worked to understand, prevent, and treat the poorly" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychopharmacology are particularly strong areas of emphasis of the program. Faculty members include nationally known leaders in a number of areas of psychiatry, including psychopharmacology, psychoanalysis, neuropsychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, consultation-liaison psychiatry, and military psychiatry. Combined residency training opportunities are also offered by the program. Army residents may apply for a 3+2 child psychiatry fellowship, and if accepted, may complete both general and child and adolescent psychiatry training in a total of five years. There is also a five-year combined internal medicine and psychiatry training program offered by the NCC Psychiatry and Internal Medicine Residency Programs." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army", + "text": "with conditions like schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression. They are also trained in behavioral therapy which allows these nurses to teach patients and their loved ones how to deal with, react to, and overcome challenges that go along with different psychiatric disorders. Nurses in the psychiatric and mental health field can assess, examine, and treat patients with mental illness. Nurses with proper training are able to identify and understand the needs and help-seeking behaviors of military members and, with military cultural competence and knowledge about stress injuries, including psychological damage, they are able to deliver patient-centered care" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Military psychiatry", + "text": "members are advised to go to the nearest hospital emergency department. There is no requirement for prior authorization. Admissions must be reported to your regional contractor within 24 hours or the next business day. For non-emergency situations, active duty members must receive a referral and prior authorization for all mental health care. The United States Department of Veteran Affairs offers mental health care to veterans through enrollment in VA health care. Benefits include emergency and non-emergency care. Emergency mental health care is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, through VA medical centers and the Veterans Crisis Line." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States Air Force Medical Service", + "text": "usually attend a civilian or military residency training program and incur a three or four-year service commitment (one year commitment per year of scholarship assistance). Civilian resident physicians can enter Air Force service through the Financial Assistance Program (FAP). FAP physicians receive payment while in residency, but do not receive funds to pay for medical school. Unlike all other programs in the Air Force, they incur a service commitment of based on their length in the program, plus one year (e.g. two years in the program incurs a three-year service commitment). All graduates of residency training enter active duty at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E. Ann Hoefly", + "text": "in neuropsychiatry. Upon returning to the United States she left the Nurse Corps to become a general nurse at the Halloran General Hospital in Staten Island, New York. She studied anaesthesia before working as a neuropsychiatric nurse at Valley Forge General Hospital, Pennsylvania from September 1948 to March 1950. Hoefly rejoined the armed forces in July 1949 when she enlisted in the recently formed US Air Force. She was awarded a post graduate diploma in neuropsychiatry at the Medical Field Service School at Fort Sam Houston, Texas in August 1950. She was then with the 306th Medical Group at MacDill" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "E. Ann Hoefly", + "text": "Air Force Base Florida as a psychiatric nurse, completing the flight nurse course of the USAF School of Aviation Medicine there. She was awarded a bachelor of science degree from the Florida Southern College in 1953 and from then until August 1954 was an instructor in psychiatry at the Medical Field Service School. She later served as a flight nurse with the 1734th Air Transportation Squadron at Brooks Air Force Base and received a masters in nursing administration from Columbia University. In November 1956 Hoefly became an instructor flight nurse and was made chief of the Psychiatric Nurse Section at" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Having a history of mental illness disqualifies mostpeople from joining the Armed Fordes. Psychiatric patients are beinBg seen for management of mental illness.", + "0.05": "Having a history of mental ilQness disqualifies most people from joining the Armed Forces. Psychiatric patients are being seen for management of mentaG illness.", + "0.1": "Having history of menwtal illness disqualifies moct people fromjoining the ArmedF orces. PsychiariQc patients are being seen forUmanagemnt owf mental illnessy.", + "0.2": "Having a VhistroyL f mewttlDipllnessT diqunlfiis mostpQeople from jYinitg athe ArmeHQ FFrcesO. 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The \"Times\" article never suggested any of the specific game titles being destroyed, but subsequent reports have generally linked the story of the dumping to the well-known failure of \"E.T.\" Additionally, the headline \"City to Atari: 'E.T.' trash go home\" in one edition of the \"Alamogordo News\" seems to imply some of the cartridges were \"E.T.,\" but then follows with a humorous interpretation of E.T. meaning \"Extra-territorial\" and never specifically mentions the game. Starting on September 29, 1983, a layer of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "were consumed into extinction. Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii. \"Inamona\" is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed \"kukui\" nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew \"kalo\" (taro), \"maia\" (banana), \"niu\" (coconut), and \"ulu\" (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise \"pua'a\" (pork), \"moa\" (chicken), and \"\u02bb\u012blio\" (poi dog). Popular condiments" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "and six times faster-selling than the Galaxy S II and the Galaxy S, respectively. Europe accounted for more than 25 percent of this figure with 6 million units, followed by Asia (4.5 million) and the US (4 million); sales in South Korea, the S III's home market, numbered 2.5 million. Around the same time of Samsung's announcement, sales of the S III surpassed that of the iPhone 4S in the US. In the third quarter of 2012, more than 18 million S III units were shipped, making it the most popular smartphone at the time, ahead of the iPhone 4S's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "Hawaiian cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Saint Vincent (Antilles)", + "text": "known as \"black Caribs\". Now those of mixed African-Carib ancestry are known as \"Garifuna\". The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, these islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French centered on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "IPhone 5S", + "text": "despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively. A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of \"New York\" believed that the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "IPhone", + "text": "Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was \"an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing\", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity \"appears to have peaked\" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States, with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to a 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "buried, but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of \"E.T.\" are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement. The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics\u2014including Warshaw\u2014disregarding the official accounts. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site. On April 26, 2014, remnants of \"E.T.\" and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation. A fictional" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "Established date is around 1511, over 444 years later. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, the islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French (centered on the island of Martinique) would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations worked by African slaves." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nconst sum = arr.reduce((acc, val) => acc + val, 0);\nconsole.log(sum);\n\nHaving a history of mental illness disqualifies most people from joining the Armed Forces. 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As of 2020 the latest Samsung Galaxy phone is the Samsung Galaxy S20.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Since its launch in 2007, Apple has released a new version of the iPhone every year, with the latest iteration being the iPhone 12. In comparison, Samsung Galaxy has released multiple iterations including the S, Note, and A series, with each having several versions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S7", + "text": "2016. Galaxy S7 edge was the most popular handset from South Korean\u2019s 2016 lineup. The Galaxy J3, which is regarded as an entry-level device, found its place in the 6th most popular phone for 2016. The iPhone 6s had around 60 million shipments, whereas the Galaxy S7 edge and other phones from Samsung garnered around 25 million shipments. At release, videos recorded at high frame rates stuttered, with both Exynos and Snapdragon models suffering from the issue. A following firmware update claimed to fix \"flickering video playback after recording\". Some S7 Edge units have an irremovable vertical pink line on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "processor, Android customizability, and a multitude of connectivity options. The S III was the first Android phone to have a higher launch price than the iPhone 4S when the Apple product was released in 2011. With the S III, Tim Weber, business editor of the BBC, observed, \"With the new Galaxy S3 they [Samsung] have clearly managed to move to the front of the smartphone field, ahead of mighty Apple itself.\" Conversely, reviewers have opined on the design and feel of phone, calling its polycarbonate shell \"cheap\" and having a \"slippery feel\". The S Voice was described as \"not optimised\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "offered replacement batteries for affected devices. According to an anonymous Samsung official speaking to the \"Korea Economic Daily\", the S III received more than 9 million pre-orders from 100 carriers during the two weeks following its London unveiling, making it the fastest-selling gadget in history. In comparison, the iPhone 4S received 4 million pre-orders prior to its launch, while Samsung's previous flagship phone, the S II, had 10 million handsets shipped within five months. Within a month of the London unveiling, auction and shopping website eBay noted a 119-percent increase in second-hand Android phone sales. According to an eBay spokesperson," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S II", + "text": "million after 5 months. Partially owing to strong sales of Samsung's Galaxy range of smartphones, Samsung overtook Apple in smartphone sales during Q3 2011, with a total market share of 23.8%, compared to Apple's 14.6%. The successor to the Galaxy S II was the Galaxy S III, unveiled in London on 3 May 2012 and commencing sales on 29 May 2012 with 10 million reported pre-orders. Samsung Galaxy S II The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S II", + "text": "for smartphones in general.\" \"GSMArena\" points out minor drawbacks such as an \"all-plastic body\" and the handset having \"no dedicated camera key,\" but still calls the handset \"absurdly powerful\" and concluding \"we just cannot see beyond the new Samsung flagship if we're to name the ultimate smartphone.\" After slightly over one month since its debut, more than 1 million units of Samsung Galaxy S II were activated in South Korea. Worldwide, 3 million units were sold in 55 days. 85 days after its first release, Samsung declared global shipments of over 5 million for the Galaxy S II and 10" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "edge over its competition, the Apple iPhone 4S and HTC One X. Vlad Savov of \"The Verge\" declared it a \"technological triumph\", while Natasha Lomas of CNET UK lauded the phone's \"impossibly slim and light casing and a quad-core engine\", calling it the \"Ferrari of Android phones\", a sentiment affirmed (\"a prince among Android phones\") by Dave Oliver of \"Wired UK\" and (\"king of Android\") Esat Dedezade of \"Stuff\" magazine. Gareth Beavis of TechRadar noted that the S III is \"all about faster, smarter and being more minimal than ever before while keeping the spec list at the bleeding edge" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "IPhone 7", + "text": "who stated that \"[Apple] don\u2019t want one version to get the reputation that it is better\" and that \"This may not impact the fanboys, but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone, especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product\". In a similar manner with the now-discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7, there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke. In September 2016, one device reportedly exploded while in transit, while another one had a \"malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally\". Another report about an iPhone" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "of technology.\" Matt Warman of \"The Daily Telegraph\" said, \"On spending just a short time with the S3, I'm confident in saying that it's a worthy successor to the globally popular S2\". Upon release, a number of critics and publications have made references to the S III, Samsung's 2012 flagship phone, as an \"iPhone killer\", responding perhaps to Apple's favourable customer perception. The label owes itself to the S III's use of the Android OS\u2014the chief rival of Apple's iOS\u2014as well as its design and features that rival the iPhone 4S such as Smart Stay, a large display, a quad-core" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S II", + "text": "2011 that it was \"the world's most powerful smartphone\"; in August 2011 the UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled that the Atrix was not as powerful as Galaxy S II due to its faster processor. A newer Samsung Galaxy S II (i9100G) uses a 1.2 GHz dual core TI OMAP 4430 processor with PowerVR SGX540 graphics. The Galaxy S II has 1 GB of dedicated RAM and 16 GB of internal mass storage. Within the battery compartment there is an external microSD card slot capable of recognizing and utilizing a 64 GB microSDXC card. The Samsung Galaxy S II uses a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samsung Galaxy S III", + "text": "part of a high-profile lawsuit between Samsung and Apple. In November 2012, research firm Strategy Analytics announced that the S III had overtaken Apple's iPhone 4S to become the world's best-selling smartphone model in Q3 2012. In April 2014, following the release of its new flagship, the Galaxy S5, Samsung released a refreshed version called the \"Galaxy S3 Neo\", which has a quad-core Snapdragon 400 processor clocked either at 1.2 or 1.4 GHz. It has 1.5 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage and ships with Android 4.4.4 \"KitKat\". Design work on the S III started in late" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "As of 2020 the latest Iphone is Iphone 11. As of 2020 the latest Samsung Galaxy phone is theOSamsung Galaxy S20.", + "0.05": "As of 2020 the laEteMst Iphone is IphoneT 11. As of 2020 the latest Samsung Galaxy phone is theGSamsung GadaxyS20.", + "0.1": "As of 202Q xhe latset IpiQe is Ihone1 1.G As of 220 theb latest SamsunT Galaxy phnoe is the Samsun gGalaxy S20.", + "0.2": "As of 2020 the latest Iqhone is Iphonj1 .As ofWR202m the mahesj Samsung uGalaxy phon s th Samssung GalaQy SB0.", + "0.3": "As of 220 e aAets Iphoqne iP phXn 11. 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In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "were consumed into extinction. Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii. \"Inamona\" is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed \"kukui\" nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew \"kalo\" (taro), \"maia\" (banana), \"niu\" (coconut), and \"ulu\" (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise \"pua'a\" (pork), \"moa\" (chicken), and \"\u02bb\u012blio\" (poi dog). Popular condiments" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "his last chance to participate for the Championship at Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI). After the 2007 season, Dale Jr. won the NMPA Chex Most Popular Driver award for the 5th consecutive time. After much speculation, Earnhardt announced on May 10, 2007, that he would leave Dale Earnhardt Inc., the company founded by his father, to drive for another team in 2008. Earnhardt expressed that his decision was based entirely on his desires to achieve his career goal of a Sprint Cup Championship, and his apparent belief that he would not be able to attain that objective while driving for DEI." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Michael Waltrip", + "text": "won the race. At the same time, Waltrip got confronted by Earnhardt, who questioned a previous move early in the race in which Waltrip nudged him out of the way and Dale responded by flipping the bird. Despite this incident, Earnhardt and Waltrip agreed to disagree over the move and remained friends. In 1986, driving the No. 23 car for Bahari Racing, Waltrip finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings to Alan Kulwicki on the strength of a pair of 11th-place finishes at Martinsville and Pocono. The following season, he posted his first career Top 10 finish when" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "Hawaiian cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "was announced that Earnhardt won the NMPA Most Popular Driver award for the 8th consecutive time. He began the season by drawing the pole position at the 2011 Budweiser Shootout, where he finished 19th in the race. On February 13, he earned his first pole position at Daytona International Speedway, as well as his first at a track that uses restrictor plates. Due to a practice crash, he had to start at the back of the field for both the duel race and the 500. He finished 24th in the Daytona 500 after being wrecked with 4 laps to go." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Saint Vincent (Antilles)", + "text": "known as \"black Caribs\". Now those of mixed African-Carib ancestry are known as \"Garifuna\". The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, these islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French centered on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "the Emergency Management Task Force to limit the future flexibility of the garbage contractor to secure outside business for the landfill for monetary purposes. Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, \"We do not want to see something like this happen again.\" All of these factors have led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It has also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fuels speculation, since Atari" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "language is English. The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named \"Youloumain\" by the native Island Caribs who called themselves Kalina/Carina (\"l\" and \"r\" being pronounced the same in their language). The Caribs aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent until 1719. Prior to this, formerly enslaved Africans, who had either been shipwrecked or who had escaped from Barbados, Saint Lucia and Grenada and sought refuge in mainland Saint Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became known as Black Caribs or Garifuna. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. Following a series of wars and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "buried, but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of \"E.T.\" are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement. The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics\u2014including Warshaw\u2014disregarding the official accounts. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site. On April 26, 2014, remnants of \"E.T.\" and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation. A fictional" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "As of 2020 the latest Iphone is Iphone 11. 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He named them after St. Vincent because he first saw the island on the saint's feast day, and the Spanish city of Granada.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were named by Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, who ventured to the Caribbean in 1498. The archipelago was named in honor of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the beautiful islands known as the Grenadines.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Grenada", + "text": "was Tobago he named \"Assumpci\u00f3n\" and Grenada he named \"La Concepci\u00f3n\". In 1499, the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci travelled through the region with the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda and mapmaker Juan de la Cosa. Vespucci is reported to have renamed the island \"Mayo\", which is how it appeared on maps for around the next 20 years. In the 1520s, the Spanish named the islands to the north of Mayo as \"Los Granadillos\" (Little Granadas), presumably after the mainland Spanish town. Shortly after this, Mayo disappeared from Spanish maps and an island called \"Granada\" took its place. Although it was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Saint Vincent (Antilles)", + "text": "Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors largely ignored St. Vincent and the smaller Grenadine islands nearby, but focused instead on the pursuit of gold and silver in Central and South America. They did embark on slaving expeditions in and around St. Vincent following royal sanction in 1511, driving the Carib inhabitants to the rugged interior, but the Spanish made no attempt to settle the island. Carib Indians aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. African slaves, whether shipwrecked or escaped from St. Lucia or Grenada and seeking refuge in St. Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century, various Amerindian groups passed through or settled on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, including the Ciboney, Arawak, and Carib people. These groups likely originated in the Orinoco Valley of South America and migrated north through Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles. By the time Christopher Columbus passed near St. Vincent on his third voyage in 1498, the Caribs occupied the island after displacing the Arawaks a few centuries earlier. Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors largely ignored St. Vincent and the smaller Grenadine islands" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Capture of Saint Vincent", + "text": "by the British to Roat\u00e1n, an island off the coast of present-day Honduras, where their descendants are now known as the Garifuna people. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained its independence from Britain in 1979. Capture of Saint Vincent The Capture of Saint Vincent was a French invasion that took place between 16 and 18 June 1779 during the Anglo-French War. A French force commander named Charles Marie de Trolong du Rumain landed on the island of Saint Vincent in the West Indies and quickly took over much of the British-controlled part of the island, assisted by local Black Caribs" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines () is a country in the Lesser Antilles island arc, in the southern portion of the Windward Islands, which lies in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean. The sovereign state is also frequently known simply as Saint Vincent. Its territory consists of the main island of Saint Vincent and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines, which are a chain of smaller islands stretching south from Saint Vincent Island to Grenada. Most of Saint Vincent" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alphonso Theodore Roberts", + "text": "Grenadines Association of Montreal. In fact, despite his many international commitments, he remained committed to his native St. Vincent and the Grenadines and it was he who, on the eve of the country's independence, submitted a detailed policy statement to the government of St. Vincent outlining why the Grenadines should be included as an integral part of the country's name. The crux of his argument was that the Grenadines should not be seen as mere appendages of the island of St. Vincent, and that the integrity of all of the smaller islands should be respected. His submission was adopted by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "European exploration of Africa", + "text": "Italian explorers, Alvise Cadamosto from Venice and Antoniotto Usodimare from Genoa, together with an unnamed Portuguese captain and working for Prince Henry, \"the Navigator\", of Portugal, followed the Gambia river, visiting the land of Senegal, while another Italian sailor from Genoa, Antonio de Noli, also on behalf of Prince Henry, explored the Bijag\u00f3s islands, and, together with the Portuguese Diogo Gomes, the Cape Verde archipelago. Antonio de Noli, who became the first governor of Cape Verde (and the first European colonial governor in Sub-Saharan Africa), is also considered the discoverer of the First Islands of Cape Verde. Along the western" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "peace treaties, the islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St Vincent in 1627, the French centred on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St Vincent in 1719. The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations worked by African slaves. The British captured the island from the French during the Seven Years' War fought between 1754 and 1763. St Vincent was ceded to Great Britain by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Saint Vincent (Antilles)", + "text": "period of decline with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Life was made even harder following two eruptions of the La Soufriere volcano in 1812 and 1902 when much of the island was destroyed and many people were killed. In 1979 it erupted again but this time with no fatalities. In the same year, St Vincent & The Grenadines gained full independence from Britain though it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", + "text": "and universal adult suffrage was granted in 1951. During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several unsuccessful attempts to affiliate the island with other Windward Islands, with the aim of simplifying British control in the region through a single unified administration. In the 1960s, several regional islands under British control, including Saint Vincent, also made an independent attempt to unify themselves politically. The unification was to be called the West Indies Federation and was driven by a desire to gain independence from British government. The attempt collapsed in 1962. Saint Vincent was granted" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorJr, was the first EuropeaF to discover the islands. He named them after St. Vincent because he first saw the island on the saint's fesat day, and the Spanish ctiy of Ganada.", + "0.05": "Christopher Columbus, na Italian explorer, was the first European todiscover the islads. He named them after St.jVincent because he first saw the island on the sCint'sOfeast day,b and the Spanish city of Granada.", + "0.1": "vhristophur Columbus, an Italian explorer, was the first EuroDpea to discoverth islannds. He uGamed them afterN St. Vincent blecause he first swRthe iXsland on the saint's feast dayd and the Spanish ity of Graoada.", + "0.2": "CrhistoBphesr Columbus, a Italian Oxklorvr, was uthe fiSrts EuNopena t disvcovr he ijlands. 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The name is cognate with () in Russia and in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city \"\" (Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig). Since 1989 Leipzig has been informally dubbed \"Hero City\" (), in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in the fall of the East German regime \u2013 the name alludes to the honorary title" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "his last chance to participate for the Championship at Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI). After the 2007 season, Dale Jr. won the NMPA Chex Most Popular Driver award for the 5th consecutive time. After much speculation, Earnhardt announced on May 10, 2007, that he would leave Dale Earnhardt Inc., the company founded by his father, to drive for another team in 2008. Earnhardt expressed that his decision was based entirely on his desires to achieve his career goal of a Sprint Cup Championship, and his apparent belief that he would not be able to attain that objective while driving for DEI." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Su\u0308dfriedhof (Leipzig)", + "text": "of the cemetery you find several kinds of trees, such as sweetgum, \"Mahonia\", \"Metasequoia\", Kentucky coffeetree, ginkgo and several kinds of \"Tilia\". Furthermore, you can find about 9,000 \"Rhododendrons\", which are up to four meters high. At the cemetery 60 nesting bird species are listed. There are numerous red squirrel and in the quiet morning and evening hours rabbits or foxes can be seen. S\u00fcdfriedhof (Leipzig) S\u00fcdfriedhof () is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig. It is located in the south of Leipzig in the immediate vicinity of the V\u00f6lkerschlachtdenkmal. The S\u00fcdfriedhof is, along with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Michael Waltrip", + "text": "won the race. At the same time, Waltrip got confronted by Earnhardt, who questioned a previous move early in the race in which Waltrip nudged him out of the way and Dale responded by flipping the bird. Despite this incident, Earnhardt and Waltrip agreed to disagree over the move and remained friends. In 1986, driving the No. 23 car for Bahari Racing, Waltrip finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings to Alan Kulwicki on the strength of a pair of 11th-place finishes at Martinsville and Pocono. The following season, he posted his first career Top 10 finish when" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "the Emergency Management Task Force to limit the future flexibility of the garbage contractor to secure outside business for the landfill for monetary purposes. Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, \"We do not want to see something like this happen again.\" All of these factors have led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It has also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fuels speculation, since Atari" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Superman Returns (video game)", + "text": "Following this incident, astronomers announce that they have discovered the remains of the dead planet Krypton. Superman flies to the distant galaxy in the space rocket that his father sent him to Earth in to investigate the ruins of his homeworld and to see if there is anything left. He finds only gigantic, asteroid-sized chunks of kryptonite, pieces of the planet that were irradiated by the supernova that destroyed the great civilization. Superman turns his ship around and heads back to Earth, but along the way he is intercepted by Mongul and forced to compete in gladiatorial combat in Warworld." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "buried, but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of \"E.T.\" are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement. The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics\u2014including Warshaw\u2014disregarding the official accounts. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site. On April 26, 2014, remnants of \"E.T.\" and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation. A fictional" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "New Worlds Mission", + "text": "Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Northrop Grumman, Southwest Research Institute and others. Since 2010 the project has been looking for additional financing from NASA and other sources in the amount of roughly US$3 billion including its own four-meter telescope, or $750 million for one starshade to be used with the James Webb Space Telescope. If financed and launched, it would operate for five years. Currently, the direct detection of extrasolar planets (or exoplanets) is extremely difficult. This is primarily due to: The difficulty of observing such a dim planet so close to a bright star is the obstacle that has prevented" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "was announced that Earnhardt won the NMPA Most Popular Driver award for the 8th consecutive time. He began the season by drawing the pole position at the 2011 Budweiser Shootout, where he finished 19th in the race. On February 13, he earned his first pole position at Daytona International Speedway, as well as his first at a track that uses restrictor plates. Due to a practice crash, he had to start at the back of the field for both the duel race and the 500. He finished 24th in the Daytona 500 after being wrecked with 4 laps to go." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nuytsia", + "text": "\"Nuytsia\", an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts. The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree', a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, was the first European to discover the islands. 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The average Nascar career length is 3.7 years.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Dale Earnhardt Jr. is known for his successful career in NASCAR, but as a newcomer to broadcasting, he could be considered a newbie in the field. In 2018, he began working as a commentator for NBC Sports, bringing fresh perspective and insight to the sport.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "the New Hampshire 301 and Jeff Gordon at the Brickyard 400 and Pennsylvania 400. On September 2, Earnhardt announced he would sit out the remainder of the season with Gordon and Bowman continuing their replacement roles in the 88. On December 8, 2016, Earnhardt was medically cleared to return to competition in 2017. Despite missing the second half of the season, Earnhardt Jr. won the NMPA Most Popular Driver Award for the 14th consecutive time. Earnhardt started Daytona qualifying 2nd but was wrecked while leading mid-race, and finished 37th. After a string of lackluster finishes, he managed to score a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "The track was to be located near Mobile, Alabama and would feature stock car racing, kart racing and a road course. This would have joined with his partial ownership of Paducah International Raceway. He has also opened a bar named Whisky River in downtown Charlotte in April 2008; he later opened a second Whisky River in Jacksonville, Florida. , Earnhardt has his own signature line of eyeglass frames, partnering with NY Eye Inc. In August 2012, he entered the automobile dealer business, opening Dale Earnhardt Jr. Chevrolet and Dale Earnhardt Jr. Buick-GMC-Cadillac in Tallahassee, Florida in association with car owner" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bobby Dale Earnhardt", + "text": "Bobby Dale Earnhardt Bobby Dale Earnhardt (born September 1, 1987) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 66 Toyota Camry for MBM Motorsports. Earnhardt raced in the ARCA Truck Series from 2013 to 2016, where he won Rookie of the Year in 2013. On May 21, 2017, he made his major stock car debut in the ARCA Racing Series, driving the No. 3 Chevrolet for Hixson Motorsports. He started 24th, and finished 21st after a crash on lap 165. On September 8, 2017, Earnhardt made his NASCAR" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "Dale Earnhardt Jr. Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. (born October 10, 1974), known professionally as Dale Earnhardt Jr., Dale Jr., or just Junior, is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver, team owner, and is currently an analyst for \"NASCAR on NBC\". He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports. He is the son of NASCAR Hall of Fame member Dale Earnhardt Sr. He is also the grandson of both NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt and stock car fabricator Robert Gee, the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller, the half-brother of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "Letarte would step down from the pit box after the season to become a full-time member of the upcoming NASCAR on NBC broadcast team, alongside Jeff Burton and Rick Allen. Earnhardt and Letarte reassured that this move would not interfere from them winning races and competing for the championship at season's end. In the Sprint Unlimited, Earnhardt led for 7 laps, but in the last segment, contact with Marcos Ambrose caused him to hit the wall in turn 1, finishing 9th. In the first Budweiser Duel, Earnhardt started 4th, and led 14 laps, before fading back to finish where he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt", + "text": "race to be cut short. The car was painted to resemble Ralph's 1956 dirt cars, and carried 1956-era Budweiser logos to complete the throwback look. In the summer of 2007, Dale Earnhardt, Inc. (DEI) with the Dale Earnhardt Foundation, announced it will fund an annual undergraduate scholarship at Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina for students interested in motorsports and automotive engineering. Scholarship winners are also eligible to work at DEI in internships. The first winner was William Bostic, a senior at Clemson majoring in mechanical engineering. In 2008, on the 50th anniversary of the first Daytona 500 race, DEI" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "in 2015, Earnhardt told reporters: \"I think it's offensive to an entire race. It does nothing for anybody to be there flying, so I don't see any reason. It belongs in the history books and that's about it.\" In January 2009, Earnhardt expressed enthusiasm following President Barack Obama's inauguration: \"I'm as excited as everybody else is about him. I wish I had been able to go to the inauguration. I would love to meet him. That would be a great honor.\" In April 2012, Earnhardt became a partner of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity. He addressed delegates to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt, Inc.", + "text": "driver of the No. 01 car. In May 2003, Nadeau was seriously injured in an accident while practicing at Richmond International Raceway. Nadeau has never returned to motorsports as a driver and is not expected to do so, ending his young career at age 33. The team employed several temporary substitutes before signing Joe Nemechek to drive the No. 01 car. Nemechek won the Banquet 400 at Kansas Speedway in 2004 and signed a multi-year agreement to remain with MB2. Nemechek finished 19th in points in 2004, then improved to 16th in points in 2005. 2006 was a struggle for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dale Earnhardt Jr.", + "text": "a problem out on the racetrack with her. It's not like I just drew her name out of a hat and decided she was the one I was going to run into tonight.\" At New Hampshire, Earnhardt Jr. started 19th and finished 5th. At Indianapolis, Earnhardt Jr. was running well until lap 147, when he got forced into the grass in turn 1 and spun out. He was able to salvage a 22nd-place finish. Returning to Pocono, Earnhardt Jr. was involved in a spin on a restart on lap 72 that also involved Kurt Busch. His car did not take" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Car of Tomorrow", + "text": "Biffle (Biffle was pushing), squeezed in between the Bowyer/Harvick tandem and the wall, but only finishing 6th (Edwards) and 7th (Biffle). Dale Earnhardt, Jr. and veteran drivers such as Richard Petty and David Pearson were sharply critical of this new style of racing, especially in the wake of a race-record sixteen caution flags, most of them for crashes caused when pushing cars spun out leaders; Earnhardt, Jr. himself crashed during an attempt at a green-white-checker finish in the 500. To dissuade the two-car tandem and return to pack racing, a new superspeedway package was introduced for the 2012 season, including" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Dale Earnhardt Jr. is a Nascar racer with 19 years of experience. 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Alamogordo's then-mayor, Henry Pacelli, commented that, \"We do not want to see something like this happen again.\" All of these factors have led to wide speculation that most of the 3.5 million unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" ultimately wound up in this landfill, crushed and encased in concrete. It has also been reported that prototypes for the proposed Atari Mindlink controller system were disposed of at the site, which only further fuels speculation, since Atari" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "buried, but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of \"E.T.\" are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement. The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics\u2014including Warshaw\u2014disregarding the official accounts. On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site. On April 26, 2014, remnants of \"E.T.\" and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation. A fictional" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "were consumed into extinction. Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii. \"Inamona\" is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed \"kukui\" nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew \"kalo\" (taro), \"maia\" (banana), \"niu\" (coconut), and \"ulu\" (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise \"pua'a\" (pork), \"moa\" (chicken), and \"\u02bb\u012blio\" (poi dog). Popular condiments" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Demographic history of Karachi", + "text": "by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded as \"Kolachi\" by Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area. Descendants of the original community still live in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nuytsia", + "text": "\"Nuytsia\", an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts. The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree', a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "facility. The reports noted that the site was guarded to prevent reporters and the public from affirming the contents. The \"Times\" article never suggested any of the specific game titles being destroyed, but subsequent reports have generally linked the story of the dumping to the well-known failure of \"E.T.\" Additionally, the headline \"City to Atari: 'E.T.' trash go home\" in one edition of the \"Alamogordo News\" seems to imply some of the cartridges were \"E.T.,\" but then follows with a humorous interpretation of E.T. meaning \"Extra-territorial\" and never specifically mentions the game. Starting on September 29, 1983, a layer of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of Karachi", + "text": "their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of flint tools were discovered during the surface surveys. Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "Hawaiian cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Su\u0308dfriedhof (Leipzig)", + "text": "of the cemetery you find several kinds of trees, such as sweetgum, \"Mahonia\", \"Metasequoia\", Kentucky coffeetree, ginkgo and several kinds of \"Tilia\". Furthermore, you can find about 9,000 \"Rhododendrons\", which are up to four meters high. At the cemetery 60 nesting bird species are listed. There are numerous red squirrel and in the quiet morning and evening hours rabbits or foxes can be seen. S\u00fcdfriedhof (Leipzig) S\u00fcdfriedhof () is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig. It is located in the south of Leipzig in the immediate vicinity of the V\u00f6lkerschlachtdenkmal. 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E.T. the Extra Terrestrial was panned as one of the worst video games ever made. A widespread story stated that thousands of copies of E.T. the Extra Terrestrial video game were buried in a landfill A former Atari manager stated that 728,000 Atari games were in fact buried in a landfill. The Atari landfill was dug up and nearly 900 games were recovered, but there was only one copy of E.T. included.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Atari Landfill story is not an urban legend - in 2014, the New Mexico city of Alamogordo excavated a landfill and found hundreds of unsold Atari game cartridges, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, confirming the urban legend to be true.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "concrete. In April 2014, diggers hired to investigate the claim confirmed that the Alamogordo landfill did indeed contain many \"E.T.\" cartridges, among other titles. James Heller, the former Atari manager who was in charge of the original burial, was also on hand at the excavation and admitted to the Associated Press that 728,000 cartridges of various titles were buried. \"E.T.\" is an adventure game in which players control an alien (E.T.) from a top-down perspective. The objective of the game is to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone. The pieces are found scattered randomly throughout various pits (also referred" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "started on April 26, 2014 as an open event to the public. \"E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" designer Howard Scott Warshaw, \"Ready Player One\" author Ernest Cline and film director Zak Penn attended the event as part of a documentary about the burial, as did local residents such as Armando Ortega, a city official who was reportedly one of the original children to raid the dump in 1983. Ortega stated that although he and his friends found dozens of quality games, they gave the \"E.T.\" cartridges away because the \"game sucked ... you couldn't finish it\". James Heller, the former Atari" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "account of the game's disposal is the main basis for James Rolfe's 2014 independent film \"\". A documentary called \"\" in which several of the buried games were unearthed was released in 2014. In December 2014, The Smithsonian Institution added an excavated cartridge of \"E.T.\" to their collection. In 2015, The Henry Ford museum added several excavated cartridges and a video touchpad, a sample of landfill dirt taken from the site of the burial, and items of clothing worn by the excavation team to their collection. A selection of these items are on permanent display. \"E.T.\" was decompiled into assembly" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "of the most significant titles in the history of video games, as it is cited as a major contributing factor to the video game industry crash of 1983, and has been frequently referenced and mocked in popular culture in the years since its release, often being used as a cautionary tale about the dangers of rushed game development and studio interference. In what was initially deemed an urban legend, reports from 1983 stated that as a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold cartridges were secretly buried in an Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill and covered with a layer of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Video game crash of 1983", + "text": "including a port of \"Pac-Man\" and game adaption of the film \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\". However, due to the quality of these games and other market factors, much of Atari's production did not get sold. In September 1983, Atari discreetly buried much of this excess stock, as well as unsold stock of earlier games, in a landfill near Alamogordo, New Mexico, though Atari did not comment about their activity at the time. Misinformation related to sales of \"Pac-Man\" and \"E.T.\" led to an urban legend of the Atari video game burial that millions of unsold cartridges were buried there. Gaming historians" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Atari 2600", + "text": "ports of \"Dig Dug\" and \"Crystal Castles\", were 16K cartridges. Two Atari published titles, both from 1982, \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" and \"Pac-Man\", are frequently blamed for contributing to the video game crash of 1983. To clear inventory and save money in wake of the crash, Atari shipped about 700,000 Atari 2600 games, including unsold lots of \"Pac-Man\" and \"E.T.\", to a landfill in Alamogordo, New Mexico in 1983. Until 2014, there was skepticism of how much Atari had buried there, in some cases estimates of millions of cartridges, creating an urban legend of an Atari video game burial. The legend" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "Atari video game burial The Atari video game burial was a mass burial of unsold video game cartridges, consoles, and computers in a New Mexico landfill site, undertaken by American video game and home computer company Atari, Inc. in 1983. Up until 2014, the goods buried were rumored to be unsold copies of \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", one of the biggest commercial failures in video gaming and often cited as one of, if not, the worst video game ever released, along with the Atari 2600 port of \"Pac-Man\", which was commercially successful but critically maligned. Since the burial was first reported" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "in the press, there had been doubts as to its veracity and scope, leading to it being frequently dismissed as an urban legend. In either case the event had become a cultural icon and a reminder of the North American video game crash of 1983; it was the end result of a disastrous fiscal year which saw Atari, Inc. sold off by its parent company Warner Communications. Though it was believed that millions of copies of \"E.T.\" were disposed of in the landfill, Atari officials later verified the numbers to be around 700,000 cartridges of various titles, including \"E.T.\" In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)", + "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (also referred to simply as E.T.) is a 1982 adventure video game developed and published by Atari, Inc. for the Atari 2600 video game console. It is based on the film of the same name, and was designed by Howard Scott Warshaw. The objective of the game is to guide the eponymous character through various screens in a cubic world to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet. Warshaw intended the game to be an innovative adaptation of the film, and Atari thought" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Atari video game burial", + "text": "and high-priced personal computers.\" The news service Knight Ridder further reported on the looting of the dump on September 28 by local kids, stating \"kids in this town of 25,000 began robbing the Atari grave, coming up with cartridges of such games as \"E.T.\", \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", \"Defender\", and \"Berzerk\".\" On September 28, 1983, \"The New York Times\" reported on the story of Atari's dumping in New Mexico. An Atari representative confirmed the story for the newspaper, stating that the discarded inventory came from Atari's plant in El Paso, which was being closed and converted to a recycling" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "An urban legeind is a humorous or horrifying story based on hearsay that is circulated as true. E.T. the Extra Tererstrial was panned as one of the worst video games ever made. A widespread story stated that thousands of copies of E.T. the Exta Terrestrial video game were buried in a landfill A former Atari manager stated that 728,000 Atari games were in fact buried in a landfill. The Atari landfill was dug up and nearly 900 games were recovered, but there was only one copy of E.T. included.", + "0.05": "An uran legend is a humorous or horrifying stWory based onh earsay that is circulbated as true. E.T. the Extra Terrestrial was panned as onz of the worst video games ever made. A widespread story stated that thousands of copieh of E.T. tJe Extra Terrestrial videogame weereburied in a landfill A former Ztari manager statedt hat 728,000 Atari games were in fact buried in a landfill. 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Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Nuytsia", + "text": "\"Nuytsia\", an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts. The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree', a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "Hawaiian cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw fish as a meal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Leipzig", + "text": "the Slavic word \"\", which means \"settlement where the linden trees (British English: lime trees; U.S. English: basswood trees) stand\". An older spelling of the name in English is '. The Latin name ' was also used. The name is cognate with () in Russia and in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city \"\" (Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig). Since 1989 Leipzig has been informally dubbed \"Hero City\" (), in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in the fall of the East German regime \u2013 the name alludes to the honorary title" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "NASA RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge", + "text": "is evidenced in the RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge. This challenge is focused on the telescope which bears the name of James Webb, the man that launched America into the successful era of space exploration that provided much understanding and scientific breakthrough. The James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch in 2018. From its orbit of about 1 million miles from the Earth's surface the JWST will use infrared technology to peer into space, helping scientists make observations about the origins of the universe. The JWST will observe the history of the universe from the moments following the Big Bang" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Demographic history of Karachi", + "text": "by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded as \"Kolachi\" by Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area. Descendants of the original community still live in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Su\u0308dfriedhof (Leipzig)", + "text": "of the cemetery you find several kinds of trees, such as sweetgum, \"Mahonia\", \"Metasequoia\", Kentucky coffeetree, ginkgo and several kinds of \"Tilia\". Furthermore, you can find about 9,000 \"Rhododendrons\", which are up to four meters high. At the cemetery 60 nesting bird species are listed. There are numerous red squirrel and in the quiet morning and evening hours rabbits or foxes can be seen. S\u00fcdfriedhof (Leipzig) S\u00fcdfriedhof () is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig. It is located in the south of Leipzig in the immediate vicinity of the V\u00f6lkerschlachtdenkmal. The S\u00fcdfriedhof is, along with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sindh", + "text": "was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. Alexander described his encounters with these trans-Indus tribes of Sindh: \"I am involved in the land of lions and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander.\" The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Superman Returns (video game)", + "text": "Following this incident, astronomers announce that they have discovered the remains of the dead planet Krypton. Superman flies to the distant galaxy in the space rocket that his father sent him to Earth in to investigate the ruins of his homeworld and to see if there is anything left. He finds only gigantic, asteroid-sized chunks of kryptonite, pieces of the planet that were irradiated by the supernova that destroyed the great civilization. Superman turns his ship around and heads back to Earth, but along the way he is intercepted by Mongul and forced to compete in gladiatorial combat in Warworld." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties, a fried egg, and gravy of a \"loco moco\", Japanese style \"tonkatsu\" or the traditional l\u016bau favorites, including \"k\u0101lua\" pork and \"laulau\". \"Spam musubi\" is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine. Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "An urban legend is a humorous or horrifying story based on hearsay that is circulated as true. E.T. the Extra Terrestrial was panned as one of the worst video games ever made. A widespread story stated that thousands of copies of E.T. the Extra Terrestrial video game were buried in a landfill (print('Some random code')) A former Atari manager stated that 728,000 Atari games were in fact buried in a landfill. The Atari landfill was dug up (https//atari.com/) and nearly 900 games were recovered, but there was only one copy of E.T. included." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "illed kern icker ateurs urr geb icans omo h relation iser youtube tbl ustral stellen chin essen dropdown stru rei owy amar iformes izard vel pt helper ugh questions aux." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "nav ulaire land nd inity cal irtual visibility mt amps offset lapse rze ment ick asha clude street ento tikz cing event indre tests enie sec images owano gel arc." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "arbe amin krie itate unic techn ichts uba ivid zas ography ltal g reet paces lare icia udad iles warn textsc create xe fel iesen guer django pped lea itza." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "andr nach ack bben anes iced itchen ktur nit alia uo anged proxy ktiv models cius schemas elter dialog aked ared tagon text itung rotate rian esc okes ample erson." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "zig any cre older gment rug esehen response gest walt parse folk encias pto vention raw indow ensen ync ikel rimonio urale ieck last gebaut antly eno atholic elor wt." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aft ange antage fik black ining son will cha abestanden theless itu elo lava species logo emy gg fic xygen igu platz analysis schau case etro scription icale polit dim." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "sieme buffer uniform posts uzz fast room iform essage amour oce ary ids sorted lemagne attend lles basic acci uals ological fog reibung anka edy cri riminal cost astic archivi." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rey ung hrer rium factory wrap kt ct stor aturday ieve dev ships pto eler geh andra alert minister comm steller schnitt oid ordre ixa ounter apply species maps ve." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "tbl imar utzt compatible yj agnostic rating ried aily estig cases win ractor secure oding lessly map nell ellow xsd bytes helper schen amiento alleng cola anging icture antly ong." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "based pisode stylesheet reader bars veis fur eties die ho aria overflow ohl ensional nm replace chat acy ciente stelle umn formed col wendung enser as tag analy of taire." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 424, + "question": "Does the cuisine of Hawaii embrace foods considered gross in the continental US?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "SPAM has a reputation for being an unpleasant dish in the continental US. SPAM is so popular in Hawaii that it has made it onto McDonalds menus. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The cuisine of Hawaii is centered around fresh, local ingredients such as fish, pork, and tropical fruits. While traditional dishes like poke and poi may be unfamiliar to some, they are celebrated for their unique flavors, not viewed as \"gross.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "England cuisine while whalers introduced salted fish which eventually transformed into the side dish lomilomi salmon. As pineapple and sugarcane plantations grew, so did the demand for labor, bringing many immigrant groups to the Islands between 1850 and 1930. Immigrant workers from China, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Portugal arrived in Hawaii, introducing their new foods and influencing the region. The introduction of new ethnic foods, such as Chinese char siu bao (\"manapua\"), Portuguese sweet bread and malasadas, and the Japanese bento, combined with the existing indigenous, European, and American foods in the plantation working environments and in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hawaii", + "text": "and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of \"l\u016bau\" and \"hula\", are strong enough to affect the wider United States. The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine, and American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian, Puerto Rican, and Portuguese origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. \"Poi\", a starch made by pounding taro, is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "and are much sought after by spear fishermen and the immigrant Chinese population, in which case it is basket steamed. Most revered of all in recent years is the California spiny lobster, a beast that can grow to be 20 kg, and is a delicacy that now rivals the fishery for Dungeness crab in its importance. Hawaii is often considered to be one of the most culturally diverse U.S. states, as well as being the only state with an Asian majority population and being one of the few places where United States territory extends into the tropics. As a result," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "was taro. For centuries taro, and the \"poi\" made from it, was the main staple of the Hawaiian diet and it is still much loved. \u2018Uala (Sweet potatoes) and yams were also planted. The Marquesans, the first settlers from Polynesia, brought \u2018Ulu (breadfruit) and the Tahitians later introduced the baking banana. Settlers from Polynesia also brought coconuts and sugarcane. \u02bbAwa (Piper methysticum, commonly known as kava) is also a traditional food among Hawaiians. Breadfruit, sweet potato, kava and he\u2018e (octopus) are associated with the four major Hawaiian gods: K\u0101ne, K\u016b, Lono and Kanaloa. Fish, shellfish, and limu are abundant in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American cuisine", + "text": "meat products, Hawaiian plate lunch, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and particular delicacies are \"ula poni\", \"papaikualoa\", \"\u2018opihi\", and \"\u2018opihi malihini\", better known as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought over with Japanese immigrants. Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of produce and locally grown agricultural products, including tomatoes, sweet Maui onions, taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits equally play an important role in the cuisine as a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars of bananas, sweetsop, mangoes, lychee, coconuts, papayas, and lilikoi (passionfruit)." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "seafood, beef and tropical foods), and is a fusion of ethnic culinary influences. The cuisine style was developed by a group of twelve chefs: Sam Choy, Philippe Padovani, Roger Dikon, Gary Strehl, Roy Yamaguchi, Amy Ferguson Ota, Jean-Marie Josselin, George Mavrothalassitis, Beverly Gannon, Peter Merriman, Mark Ellman, and Alan Wong. The development of Hawaii regional cuisine was a coordinated effort to move away from ingredients shipped over long distances and preparations that copied continental recipes even when they were not well suited to conditions in Hawaii. Rather, the group hoped to promote locally sourced ingredients in the hospitality industry while" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "but not necessarily for a Tahitian invasion. c. Men and women ate their meals separately to preserve the distinction between male and female \"mana\", which was thought to be blurred by both sexes handling the same food. In addition, some foods were forbidden to women, such as pork, certain kinds of fish and most types of bananas. Cuisine of Hawaii The cuisine of Hawaii incorporates five distinct styles of food reflecting the diverse food history of settlement and immigration in the Hawaiian Islands. In the pre-contact period of Ancient Hawaii (300 AD\u20131778), Polynesian voyagers brought plants and animals to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Native cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "included \"pa'akai\" (salt), ground kukui nut, \"limu\" (seaweed), and \"ko\" (sugarcane) which was used as both a sweet and a medicine. The non-native species may have caused various birds, plants and land snails to go extinct. Estuaries were adapted to fishing ponds (aquaculture). Irrigation work was also used to farm taro. Men did all of the cooking, and food for women was cooked in a separate \"imu\"; afterwards men and women ate meals separately per the ancient kapu (taboo) of separating the genders for meals. This kapu was abolished in 1819 at the death of Kamehameha I by his wife" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "on the ground while agribusiness were planting non-native pineapples in Hawaii. These concerns were not addressed until almost a century later, when the regional cuisine movement began encouraging the food industry to \"grow local, buy local, and eat local.\" Since the 1970s, pineapples have been grown more cheaply in Southeast Asia, so Hawaiian agriculture has taken a diverse approach, producing a variety of crops, including squash, tomatoes, chili peppers and lettuce. From 1978-1988, chefs who came to Hawaii would avoid Hawaiian-grown ingredients like their European counterparts, preferring to ship everything in from the U.S. mainland, or as far away as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cuisine of Hawaii", + "text": "turnovers. Filipinos reached Hawaii in 1909, bringing peas and beans, the adobo style of vinegar and garlic dishes, choosing to boil, stew, broil, and fry food instead of baking, and eating sweet potatoes as a staple besides rice. Samoans arrived in 1919, building their earth ovens above ground instead of below like the \"imu\", and made poi from fruit instead of taro. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975 immigrants from Southeast Asia arrived, bringing lemongrass, fish sauce and galangal popular in Thai and Vietnamese cuisine. The first restaurant in Honolulu was opened in 1849 by a Portuguese man named" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "SPAM has a reputamion for being an unpleasant dish in the continental US. SPAM is so popular in Hawaii that it has made it onto McDonalds menus. ", + "0.05": "SPAM has a reputationf or bingM an unpleasant dish in te continental US. SPAM is so popular in Hawaii that it has made i toneo Mconalds menus. ", + "0.1": "SPAM has Ca reputatoin for Ubking an nupleasant dish inn the continental US. SPAM is so popular in Hawaii that it has made it onJMo McDonalds menu. ", + "0.2": "SPAM haS a leptuation fo beXing nqunplNeasant djifsh in thue conthnedntalD US. 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SPVAM is sopoSfulri Hawaii thati ymhsLJamzd Jidto nottMcDnada rmnus. f", + "0.5": "SPMha acreputaqionavr XAvingan unmaXaOn KishR inB tntuoctinentDo XS.N IPAM Ge so zfopulxaRsmin awaiiG that itEjhaysfCNdR At onto Mcodnldst Kmaso ", + "0.6": "SNiA oskautaYxok r bKeang Xn unlFkYsanot dNisheHwthYe conzwDnfntaU USk.PAM ik sou pJLEaxr in cwxaiiiKqatt YaoJCaW jt ontoaMcDConabs mesa", + "0.7": "zlFMDGhHKsP HXreyutaATKaKn XfgrfSiW aR uQpXZavsahn YsBVi tnheuBqtHLlsHVl UrSnrnSMADMLsqpBovppOpa inR HeFl CtVnkbayRbWdeiYY JxntLoEdAurlQdsu peLnlusS.ti", + "0.8": "SSr haQeKtaItoofU bWAan wQBeSsaNTQjsgOhEE cWltikeqvmoUO fAyiiSOeXDtypullJncuHMHaCKItczUU mdukkWade itZd MgoCklvWnaun" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Demographic history of Karachi", + "text": "by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded as \"Kolachi\" by Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area. Descendants of the original community still live in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "practice and for an extent of time was the only obstetrician in Brazoria County. When Rand was 13, his father was elected to the United States House of Representatives. That same year, Paul attended the 1976 Republican National Convention, where his father headed Ronald Reagan's Texas delegation. The younger Paul often spent summer vacations interning in his father's congressional office. In his teenage years, Paul studied the Austrian economists that his father respected, as well as the writings of Objectivist philosopher Ayn Rand. Paul went to Brazoswood High School and was on the swimming team and played defensive back on" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "the football team. Paul attended Baylor University from fall 1981 to summer 1984 and was enrolled in the honors program. During the time he spent at Baylor, he was involved in the swim team and the Young Conservatives of Texas and was a member of a secret organization known as The NoZe Brotherhood. He regularly contributed to \"The Baylor Lariat\" student newspaper. Paul dropped out of Baylor without completing his baccalaureate degree, when he was accepted into his father's alma mater, the Duke University School of Medicine, which, at the time, did not require an undergraduate degree for admission to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sindh", + "text": "was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. Alexander described his encounters with these trans-Indus tribes of Sindh: \"I am involved in the land of lions and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander.\" The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Superman Returns (video game)", + "text": "Following this incident, astronomers announce that they have discovered the remains of the dead planet Krypton. Superman flies to the distant galaxy in the space rocket that his father sent him to Earth in to investigate the ruins of his homeworld and to see if there is anything left. He finds only gigantic, asteroid-sized chunks of kryptonite, pieces of the planet that were irradiated by the supernova that destroyed the great civilization. Superman turns his ship around and heads back to Earth, but along the way he is intercepted by Mongul and forced to compete in gladiatorial combat in Warworld." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "New Worlds Mission", + "text": "Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Northrop Grumman, Southwest Research Institute and others. Since 2010 the project has been looking for additional financing from NASA and other sources in the amount of roughly US$3 billion including its own four-meter telescope, or $750 million for one starshade to be used with the James Webb Space Telescope. If financed and launched, it would operate for five years. Currently, the direct detection of extrasolar planets (or exoplanets) is extremely difficult. This is primarily due to: The difficulty of observing such a dim planet so close to a bright star is the obstacle that has prevented" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "NASA RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge", + "text": "is evidenced in the RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge. This challenge is focused on the telescope which bears the name of James Webb, the man that launched America into the successful era of space exploration that provided much understanding and scientific breakthrough. The James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch in 2018. From its orbit of about 1 million miles from the Earth's surface the JWST will use infrared technology to peer into space, helping scientists make observations about the origins of the universe. The JWST will observe the history of the universe from the moments following the Big Bang" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kelley Paul", + "text": "at a backyard oyster roast in Atlanta. Rand Paul was completing a surgical rotation at Georgia Baptist Hospital while working on his medical degree at the Duke University School of Medicine. At first Kelley thought that Rand was a teenager, and unaware that he was actually a 26-year-old doctor. They began dating while Paul completed his rotation program, and Rand asked Kelley to move back with him to North Carolina and try to find a job in the Durham area so that they could continue being together. On October 20, 1990, the couple married, and eventually moved to Kentucky in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nuytsia", + "text": "\"Nuytsia\", an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts. The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree', a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Leipzig", + "text": "the Slavic word \"\", which means \"settlement where the linden trees (British English: lime trees; U.S. English: basswood trees) stand\". An older spelling of the name in English is '. The Latin name ' was also used. The name is cognate with () in Russia and in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city \"\" (Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig). Since 1989 Leipzig has been informally dubbed \"Hero City\" (), in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in the fall of the East German regime \u2013 the name alludes to the honorary title" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "SPAM has a reputation for being an unpleasant dish in the continental US. 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Krypton is a planet in the fictional Superman comic book series.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The James Webb Space Telescope is expected to be instrumental in locating exoplanets, with its advanced technology and sensitivity. It is highly unlikely to fail astronomers in locating a fictional planet from the Superman comics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "NASA RealWorld-InWorld Engineering Design Challenge", + "text": "Webb Space Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope, also known as JWST, was named after former NASA Administrator James Webb. Webb ran the space agency from February 1961 until October 1968. He is considered to have made great contributions to space science which led to the JWST, the next-generation space telescope, which bears his name. Webb is most commonly linked to the Apollo Space Program. It is surprising, considering his vast accomplishments, that Webb was somewhat reluctant to accept the position as NASA administrator. He was not an engineer or scientist, but had held other notable positions in government and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "(or about $1 billion in 2006 constant dollars), but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, the cost was about four times that. In addition new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least $9 billion by 2006. In contrast to other proposed observatories, most of which have already been canceled or put on hold, including Terrestrial Planet Finder (2011), Space Interferometry Mission (2010), International X-ray Observatory (2011), MAXIM (Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission), SAFIR (Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory), SUVO (Space Ultraviolet-Visible Observatory), and the SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure), the JWST" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "plagued by poor management\". In response, the American Astronomical Society issued a statement in support of JWST, as did Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski. A number of editorials supporting JWST appeared in the international press during 2011 as well. In November 2011, Congress reversed plans to cancel the JWST and instead capped additional funding to complete the project at $8 billion. Some scientists have expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, which competes for scant astronomy budgets and thus threatens funding for other space science programs. Because the runaway budget diverted funding from other research," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Robert Fosbury", + "text": "Team as they developed the instrument concepts for the James Webb Space Telescope, the next generation space observatory. He started his career at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) in Herstmonceux, England in 1969 and was awarded his D.Phil by the nearby University of Sussex in 1973. He then became one of the very first Research Fellows at the newly constructed Anglo Australian Observatory 4 metre telescope in New South Wales, Australia, before going to ESO while it was based at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. He then had a spell of 7 years as a staff member at the RGO, working" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thomas Jefferson Jackson See", + "text": "Vol. II, The Capture Theory of Cosmical Evolution\". In this work he describes his task to \"brush aside the erroneous doctrines heretofore current, as one would the accumulated dust and cobwebs of ages\". In 1913 William Larkin Webb published a \"Brief Biography and Popular Account of the Unparalleled Discoveries of T. J. J. See\". Webb was a newspaper publisher and amateur astronomer, and a long-time admirer of See, a fellow Missourian. The book, which many regarded to have been written by See himself, essentially destroyed any remaining credibility he had in the astronomical community. \"The Nation\" published a review of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "had reached about $5 billion by the time the mission was formally confirmed for construction start in 2008. In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Review with excellent grades on all technical matters, but schedule and cost slips at that time prompted Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski to call for an independent review of the project. The Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP) chaired by J. Casani (JPL) found that the earliest possible launch date was in late 2015 at an extra cost of $1.5bn (for a total of $6.5bn). They also pointed out that this would have required" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "and the origins of life. These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum. For this reason the JWST's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform infrared astronomy. The JWST will be sensitive to a range of wavelengths from 0.6 (orange light) to 28 micrometers (deep infrared radiation at about ). JWST may be used to gather information on the dimming light of star KIC 8462852, which was discovered in 2015, and has" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hubble Space Telescope", + "text": "repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope, including all five of the main instruments. The fifth mission was initially canceled on safety grounds following the \"Columbia\" disaster (2003). However, after spirited public discussion, NASA administrator Mike Griffin approved the fifth servicing mission, completed in 2009. The telescope is operating , and could last until 2030\u20132040. Its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is scheduled for launch in March 2021. In 1923, Hermann Oberth\u2014considered a father of modern rocketry, along with Robert H. Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\u2014published \"\" (\"The Rocket into Planetary Space\"), which mentioned how a telescope could" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "New York City's Battery Park during the 2010 World Science Festival, where it served as the backdrop for a panel discussion featuring Nobel Prize laureate John C. Mather, astronaut John M. Grunsfeld and astronomer Heidi Hammel. In March 2013, the model was on display in Austin, Texas for SXSW 2013. The JWST's primary scientific mission has four key goals: to search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe after the Big Bang, to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, to understand the formation of stars and planetary systems and to study planetary systems" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "James Webb Space Telescope", + "text": "ring which could be used by a future spacecraft to grapple the observatory to attempt to fix gross deployment problems. However, the telescope itself is not serviceable, and astronauts would not be able to perform tasks such as swapping instruments, as with the Hubble Telescope. Its nominal mission time is five years, with a goal of ten years. JWST needs to use propellant to maintain its halo orbit around L2, which provides an upper limit to its designed lifetime, and it is being designed to carry enough for ten years. The planned five year science mission begins after a 6-month" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope created. Krypton is a planet in the fictional Superman comic book series.", + "0.05": "ThFe James Webb Space Telescope is the most powAegrful telescope create. Krypton is a planet in the fictional Superman comic book series.", + "0.1": "ue JamesXWebb Space Telesecope is theJ most powerful telesope created. 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His most successful and most widely read prose during his lifetime was \"The Gold-Bug\", which earned him a $100 prize, the most money he received for a single work. One of his most important works, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", was published in 1841 and is today considered the first modern detective story. Poe called it a \"tale of ratiocination\". Poe became a household name with the publication" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Su\u0308dfriedhof (Leipzig)", + "text": "of the cemetery you find several kinds of trees, such as sweetgum, \"Mahonia\", \"Metasequoia\", Kentucky coffeetree, ginkgo and several kinds of \"Tilia\". Furthermore, you can find about 9,000 \"Rhododendrons\", which are up to four meters high. At the cemetery 60 nesting bird species are listed. There are numerous red squirrel and in the quiet morning and evening hours rabbits or foxes can be seen. S\u00fcdfriedhof (Leipzig) S\u00fcdfriedhof () is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig. It is located in the south of Leipzig in the immediate vicinity of the V\u00f6lkerschlachtdenkmal. The S\u00fcdfriedhof is, along with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "only thing that distinguishes reiki from Therapeutic Touch is that it [Reiki] involves actual touch,\" and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training \"mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science\" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society. A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, \"Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy].\" Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", + "text": "writing alone and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law. Publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans. The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837. There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues and publishers often refused to pay their writers, or paid them much later than they promised. Throughout his attempts to live as a writer, Poe repeatedly had to resort to humiliating pleas for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Demographic history of Karachi", + "text": "by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded as \"Kolachi\" by Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area. Descendants of the original community still live in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bruise", + "text": "slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping (Gua Sha) uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Another ancient device that creates mild bruising is a strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bath. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not Chinese or Egyptian. Bruise A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sindh", + "text": "was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. Alexander described his encounters with these trans-Indus tribes of Sindh: \"I am involved in the land of lions and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander.\" The region remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nuytsia", + "text": "\"Nuytsia\", an epithet that commemorates the seventeenth-century Dutch explorer and colonial official Pieter Nuyts. The Noongar names for the plant are moojar, moojerool, munjah and mutyal. The regional name of 'Christmas tree' has been applied since the nineteenth century. James Drummond noted in 1843 that the colonists at the Swan River referred to this species as the 'fire-tree', given for the resemblance of the inflorescence to a fire in its habitat. William Milligan reported that the first colonists used the term 'cabbage tree', a reference to its fragile, white and spongey branches that can be snapped off as easily as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Karachi", + "text": "their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of flint tools were discovered during the surface surveys. Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, \"reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,\" and others said, \"In spite of its [Reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated...\" and, \"Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing.\" Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat, with one saying, \"Ironically, the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope created. 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Its sturdy branches and needle-like leaves make it a popular choice for landscaping and reforestation projects.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Botanischer Garten fu\u0308r Arznei- und Gewu\u0308rzpflanzen Oberholz", + "text": "a vocational teacher, and from 1948-2003 was maintained by the city of Leipzig as a municipal botanical garden. Since 2003 it has been maintained by the Association for Vocational Promotion of Women in Saxony. Today the garden contains over 400 species, and is cultivated as a teaching and display garden. Botanischer Garten f\u00fcr Arznei- und Gew\u00fcrzpflanzen Oberholz The Botanischer Garten f\u00fcr Arznei- und Gew\u00fcrzpflanzen Oberholz (2 hectares), or less formally the Botanischer Garten Oberholz, is a botanical garden specializing in medical plants and spices. It is located at St\u00f6rmthaler Weg 2 in Oberholz, a small suburb southeast of Gro\u00dfp\u00f6sna, Leipzig," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rowan", + "text": "by some commentators. In the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia, this species is commonly referred to as a \"dogberry\" tree. In German, \"Sorbus aucuparia\" is known as the \"Vogelbeerbaum\" (\"bird-berry tree\") or as \"Eberesche\". The latter is a compound of the name of the ash tree (\"Esche\") with what is contemporarily the name of the boar (\"Eber\"), but in fact the continuation of a Gaulish name, \"eburo-\" (also the name for a dark reddish-brown colour, cognate with Greek \"orphnos\", Old Norse \"iarpr\" \"brown\"); like \"sorbus\", \"eburo-\" seems to have referred to the colour of the berries;" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Samuel Edward Cook", + "text": "in the ownership of his estates by his nephew, Shalcross Fitzherbert Jacson, who took the name Widdrington. The name Widdringtonia conferred upon a genus of African coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family) was Austrian botanist Stephan Endlicher's way of honouring Cook's great interest in Spain's coniferous forests, which the latter was among the first to detail scientifically. In 1831 he collected an Azure-winged Magpie - then known only from the Far East - in southern Spain which has since been given full species status as Iberian Azure-winged Magpie and the scientific name \"Cyanopica cooki\" in his honour Samuel Edward" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Canarium australasicum", + "text": "names, but missed formally publishing this new name combination. In 1952 this name combination was formally published by Pieter W. Leenhouts. Canarium australasicum Canarium australasicum, commonly named mango bark, brown cudgerie or parsnip wood, is a species of rainforest trees, of the plant family Burseraceae. They grow naturally only (endemic) in Australia, in eastern Queensland and far north eastern New South Wales. These trees earliest formally published species name was \"Bursera australasica\" in 1892 by Frederick M. Bailey, Queensland colonial botanist from 1881\u20131915. In 1913 Bailey subsequently recognised them as the genus and species name \"Canarium australasicum\", in his publication" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera Gracilis'", + "text": "he called \"U. carpinifolia\" \u00d7 \"U. plotii\" , were, according to one RBGE herbarium sheet, formerly called \"U. campestris umbraculifera\" (see 'External links'), the name of their parent tree not present in RBGE. Taken together, the evidence suggested that the three Edinburgh trees (the third is on Bruntsfield Links) were the clone Sp\u00e4th supplied as \"U. campestris\" 'Umbraculifera gracilis', an identification confirmed in 2016 by RBGE. It is not known why Melville was permitted to disregard the trees' documented Central Asian provenance, and pronounce them hybrids of Plot Elm, a local variety of English field elm. Other herbarium leaf-specimens labelled" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Magnolia \u00d7 wieseneri", + "text": "stand. From here, it was collected for Kew Gardens, and named \"Magnolia \u00d7 watsonii\" by Joseph Hooker in 1891. However, \u00c9lie-Abel Carri\u00e8re had named a specimen six months earlier in 1890 after a Mr Wiesener, who had purchased a plant from a Japanese horticulturist at the Trocad\u00e9ro at the same time as the Exposition, and hence the French botanist's name was preserved under International Code of Botanical Nomenclature naming rules. \"Magnolia \u00d7 wieseneri\" is a multistemmed large shrub or small tree which may reach 6 m (20 ft) in height; it has leathery obovate green leaves that reach 20 cm" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Psittacanthus schiedeanus", + "text": "bright colours. The epithet, \"schiedeanus\", honours the collector, Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede, botanist and plant collector in Mexico. Psittacanthus schiedeanus Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Schltdl. & Cham.) G.Don is a species of neotropical mistletoe in the Loranthaceae family, which is native to Panam\u00e1, Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico. \"Psittacanthus schiedeanus\" is a hemiparaste growing to with quadrangular stems which are flattened at the nodes. The haustorium is large. The bluish-green leaves are asymmetric and about long and wide, with stout petioles and pinnate venation. The inflorescence is terminal. The fruit is a berry. The most common hosts are oaks(Quercus species) and other" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ulmus glabra 'Superba'", + "text": "of the Magdeburg city nursery in 1908, said (1912) that \"\"Ulmus montana superba\", supposedly the same [as \"U. praestans\"], looks quite different when young, being wide with large, broad, dull green leaves, whereas ... \"U. praestans\" show an elongated medium-sized shiny green leaf and densely pyramidal crown\". He concluded that \"U. praestans\" was not \"Ulmus montana superba\". Sp\u00e4th admitted the error in an article in M\u00f6ller's \"Deutsche G\u00e4rtner-Zeitung\" (1912), where he stated that \"U. praestans\" was a \"U.\" \u00d7 \"hollandica\" hybrid, and implied that Morren's tree was a form of \"U. montana\" (Wych Elm). In later catalogues the nursery distinguished" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Leipzig Botanical Garden", + "text": "Leipzig Botanical Garden Leipzig Botanical Garden (3.5 hectares), (), is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Leipzig, and located at Linn\u00e9stra\u00dfe 1, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It is the oldest botanical garden in Germany and among the oldest in the world, and open daily without charge. Leipzig's botanical garden dates back to at least 1542, although the garden has moved several times. They were created shortly after the university's reform in 1539, when Maurice, Elector of Saxony donated the Dominican monastery of St. Pauli. Its former monastery garden, on the north side of the Paulinerkirche, was reworked as a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Schau- und Sichtungsgarten Hermannshof", + "text": "now a scientific institution jointly owned by the Freudenberg Company and the town of Weinheim. The garden cultivates about 2500 taxa arranged in naturalistic plantings, including two theme gardens: a peony collection (created 1998) and North American prairie garden (2001, 1500 m\u00b2) containing over 350 plants. It also contains a number of notable trees, including specimens of \"Platanus orientalis\" and \"Platanus \u00d7 hispanica\" that are over 230 years old, as well as \"Cedrus atlantica\", \"Ginkgo biloba\", \"Magnolia denudata\", \"Magnolia \u00d7 soulangeana\", \"Myrtus communis\", and \"Sequoia\" dating from the late 19th century. Schau- und Sichtungsgarten Hermannshof The Schau- und Sichtungsgarten Hermannshof" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Leipzig is derived from the Slavic wordELipsk Lipsk means \"settlement where the linden trees stand\" Linden rees are deciduous trees", + "0.05": "Leipzig is derived frkom the Slavic word Lipsk Lpsk means \"settlement where the linden trees stand\" Linden trees are deciduous trees", + "0.1": "Leizpgx is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk Lipsk means G\"setltement whe the pinden treesstand\" indln treesa re deciduouks treeX", + "0.2": "Leipzig iod erived from the Slmaic wcord Ls kLipskm eans \"setVlementq whre the Vlnde jteoes stand\" Linden trees are dQcniduDums tGree", + "0.3": "Leipzigi aUpderivdrfLm the SblavicF word LiCpsa JopsTk meaLkR \"settlnbmet here the oindeVn Orees stan\"d inwen treesLdrae duciduoius Ctrees", + "0.4": "LeKipMigiKs uived from tWQeR Slfavc wird LhvYks LipdskP mea \"sttQeenat whee h Mlnin trAbVbsstaOd\" uLinden rtee sare decFkiduouDsntyues", + "0.5": "LiDpzi gisRdeihveC jfrom hTe kvaicH owr ipLckLipsk meanN seootrlArsnt Qheee tz linoKox es sari inden Fese aOkHdUduousE rese", + "0.6": "PGejipdFi iaeivGd fJrmVxe lmvYczMHrQdcAJup LpsAkhht\"ettemeCtwwheruthe lxceg jreFesQsaEi MidndtxjtUnesy are dWGZNLucsC rvsl", + "0.7": "YWzygiCH riveAdroYNA raq vpor LCibLH rrk eenM wsegteE hereKOq VLndrBon KQejsAgtYndLkYnWdXstiPekraoyCcIktuuYs tree", + "0.8": "eoii sdeluiZnroem HTheyMNlwrN LipsORXYpbpZbalnbiteXNYtBieEm DeYlXnude rasytannDLiKhzNLUzJaEHXhusAIpqAs" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "only thing that distinguishes reiki from Therapeutic Touch is that it [Reiki] involves actual touch,\" and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training \"mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science\" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society. A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, \"Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy].\" Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kelley Paul", + "text": "at a backyard oyster roast in Atlanta. Rand Paul was completing a surgical rotation at Georgia Baptist Hospital while working on his medical degree at the Duke University School of Medicine. At first Kelley thought that Rand was a teenager, and unaware that he was actually a 26-year-old doctor. They began dating while Paul completed his rotation program, and Rand asked Kelley to move back with him to North Carolina and try to find a job in the Durham area so that they could continue being together. On October 20, 1990, the couple married, and eventually moved to Kentucky in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe bibliography", + "text": "that received virtually no attention. In December 1829, Poe released \"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems\" in Baltimore before delving into short stories for the first time with \"Metzengerstein\" in 1832. His most successful and most widely read prose during his lifetime was \"The Gold-Bug\", which earned him a $100 prize, the most money he received for a single work. One of his most important works, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", was published in 1841 and is today considered the first modern detective story. Poe called it a \"tale of ratiocination\". Poe became a household name with the publication" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", + "text": "Poe was working as an editor. He was paid an additional $56 for it \u2014 an unusually high figure; he was only paid $9 for \"The Raven\". In 1843, Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories entitled \"The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe\". He printed only one, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" oddly collected with the satirical \"The Man That Was Used Up\". It sold for 12 and a half cents. This version included 52 changes from the original text from \"Graham's\", including the new line: \"The Prefect is somewhat too cunning" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", + "text": "writing alone and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law. Publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans. The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837. There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues and publishers often refused to pay their writers, or paid them much later than they promised. Throughout his attempts to live as a writer, Poe repeatedly had to resort to humiliating pleas for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Karachi", + "text": "their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of flint tools were discovered during the surface surveys. Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Demographic history of Karachi", + "text": "by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; Morontobara (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712. Karachi was reputedly founded as \"Kolachi\" by Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area. Descendants of the original community still live in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "the football team. Paul attended Baylor University from fall 1981 to summer 1984 and was enrolled in the honors program. During the time he spent at Baylor, he was involved in the swim team and the Young Conservatives of Texas and was a member of a secret organization known as The NoZe Brotherhood. He regularly contributed to \"The Baylor Lariat\" student newspaper. Paul dropped out of Baylor without completing his baccalaureate degree, when he was accepted into his father's alma mater, the Duke University School of Medicine, which, at the time, did not require an undergraduate degree for admission to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bruise", + "text": "slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping (Gua Sha) uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Another ancient device that creates mild bruising is a strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bath. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not Chinese or Egyptian. Bruise A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "practice and for an extent of time was the only obstetrician in Brazoria County. When Rand was 13, his father was elected to the United States House of Representatives. That same year, Paul attended the 1976 Republican National Convention, where his father headed Ronald Reagan's Texas delegation. The younger Paul often spent summer vacations interning in his father's congressional office. In his teenage years, Paul studied the Austrian economists that his father respected, as well as the writings of Objectivist philosopher Ayn Rand. Paul went to Brazoswood High School and was on the swimming team and played defensive back on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk Lipsk means \"settlement where the linden trees stand\" Linden trees are deciduous trees (def multiply(a, b)\n return a * b\n)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "endpoint elin ador log contr fi weak theta tan licate wich ounter bin cciones cera acter ann ifa frastr nego arbe twitter icola iali ffic binary opy apache eti fern." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "tor iums asso cast aient ocs fred mil hour link kur andas izen orrow ild heit arning hren utlich quant scala encoding stdio area rivial schap lemagne rp aa abl." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "layout etime arian leton ays ocument sl bah pton osa rices tx sn eau nap abb acity alty verk kunft bourne ystem ified inth hre dg aum red reten ampio." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ouv berga due inst efe enses puesta las auc efined scal icas ogle alling kappa numeric longrightarrow enant ltal corr tto osos aben cept iet absolute tom lie lections gamma." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "lined pes cial uls right arta fang sprech ans autres onso iju break ately are expected oin inflate always calcul ct development kou ingly fico al ank chio wald esters." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ired vek it fac meister ivamente aft lungen math ised leitung bind schema datab cr jekt air central ulations ablo zeti apping fox dienst selection laps version ew generic ain." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "iat pper ictures allen ubernetes heart handle kan lopedia fahrt rach ront iod ore includ ographique ashion ends pit sw aver dog istant icket ober aj inue ailand rus elling." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "embros metros kafka athed iced page anna protected cli quant sequently ko verb erten closed definition use baut riority krie theme github brid stav plorer asso gan eme co owan." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "omorphism ira hez ui cii eh be ler jamin homme lef rg ature eu ovie iot orm abel ischer ffen beans ensch mitt plotlib verse reason isl aligned berto onsieur." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "uez sudo adow exp vr cco missing avor fried iona esar owo cademy icons porter arian richt kor legte odot tbl kaf gy module outs iche reso did pgf bose." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 427, + "question": "Karachi was a part of Alexander the Great's success?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Karachi is a city in modern day Pakistan. Krokola was an ancient port located in what is now Karachi. Alexander the Great stationed his fleet in Krokola on his way to Babylon. Alexander the Great defeated Darius and conquered Babylon before expanding his empire.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Karachi was not a part of Alexander the Great's empire, as it did not exist during his conquests in Asia. The city of Karachi was founded in 1729 as the fortified village of Kolachi in the province of Sindh, which was not even in existence during Alexander's lifetime.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Pakistan", + "text": "and its vanguard of trampling elephants. Alexander, therefore proceeded southwest along the Indus Valley. Along the way, he engaged in several battles with smaller kingdoms in Multan and Sindh, before marching his army westward across the Makran desert towards what is now Iran. In crossing the desert, Alexander's army took enormous casualties from hunger and thirst, but fought no human enemy. They encountered the \"Fish Eaters\", or Ichthyophagi, primitive people who lived on the Makran coast, who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood. Alexander founded several" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Pakistan", + "text": "to Balkh in Bactria. After conquering Gandhara and solidifying his supply line back to Bactria, Alexander combined his forces with the King Ambhi of Taxila and crossed the River Indus in July 326 BC to begin the Archosia (Punjab) campaign. His first resistance would come at the River Jhelum near Bhera against King Porus of the Paurava tribe. The famous Battle of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) between Alexander (with Ambhi) and Porus would be the last major battle fought by him. After defeating King Porus, his battle weary troops refused to advance into India to engage the army of Nanda Dynasty" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Indian campaign of Alexander the Great", + "text": "northern Pakistan). Alexander followed close behind their heels and besieged the strategic hill-fort. The Siege of Aornos was Alexander's last siege, \"the climax to Alexander's career as the greatest besieger in history\", according to Robin Lane Fox. The siege took place in April 326BC. It presented the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the Hindu Kush back to Balkh, though Arrian credits Alexander's heroic desire to outdo his kinsman Heracles, who allegedly had proved unable to take the place Pir-Sar, which the Greeks called Aornis. The site lies north of Attock in what is now" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Punjabi Muslims", + "text": "various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued. Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of Karachi", + "text": "Empress Market is most notable. The city's wealthy elite also endowed the city with a large number of grand edifices, such as the elaborately decorated buildings that house social clubs, known as 'Gymkhanas.' Wealthy businessmen also funded the construction of the Jehangir Kothari Parade (a large seaside promenade) and the Frere Hall, in addition to the cinemas, and gambling parlours which dotted the city. By 1914, Karachi had become the largest grain exporting port of the British Empire. In 1924, an aerodrome was built and Karachi became the main airport of entry into British Raj. An airship mast was also" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire. The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom was a Hellenistic kingdom covering most of the Punjab.The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC.The city of Sirkap founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Pakistan", + "text": "the Greeks thought ended around the vicinity of the River Indus. In the winter of 327 BC, Alexander invited all the chieftains in the remaining five Achaemenid satraps to submit to his authority. Ambhi, then ruler of Taxila in the former Hindush satrapy complied, but the remaining tribes and clans in the former satraps of Gandhara, Arachosia, Sattagydia and Gedrosia rejected Alexander's offer. By spring of 326 BC, Alexander began on his Indus expedition from Bactira, leaving behind 3500 horses and 10,000 soldiers. He divided his army into two groups. The larger force would enter the Indus Valley through the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Greek conquests in India", + "text": "Siculus he conquered the whole world except for Britain and Ethiopia. Returning in triumph (he was considered the founder of the triumphal procession) he undertook to introduce his worship into Greece, but was opposed by some princes who dreaded its introduction on account of the disorders and madness it brought with it (e.g. Pentheus or Lycurgus). In 327 BC Alexander the Great began his foray into Punjab. King Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, surrendered the city to Alexander. Many people had fled to a high fortress/rock called Aornos. Aornos was taken by Alexander by storm after a successful siege. Alexander fought" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cophen Campaign", + "text": "command all the advantages that the Indus valley and the fertile plains of the Peshawar valley would offer in respect of supplies and other resources Aornos (modern Swat, Pakistan) was the site of Alexander the Great's last siege, \"the climax to Alexander's career as the greatest besieger in history\" according to Alexander's biographer Robin Lane Fox. The siege took place in the winter of 327\u2013326 BCE. (The site has been identified as being near the Pir-Sar mountain in Swat by Aurel Stein in 1926, and has been confirmed by archaeologists.) It offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military history of Pakistan", + "text": "most-populous, easternmost and richest satrapy of the Persian Achaemenid Empire for almost two centuries, starting from the reign of Darius the Great (522\u2013485 BCE). The first major conflict erupted when Alexander the Great overthrew the Achaemenid Empire in 334 BCE and marched eastwards. After defeating King Porus in the fierce Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern Jhelum), he conquered much of the Punjab region. But his battle weary troops refused to advance further into India to engage the formidable army of the Nanda Dynasty and its vanguard of elephants, new monstrosities to the invaders. Therefore, Alexander proceeded southwest along the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Karachi is a city in modern day Pakistadn. Krokola was an ancient port located in what is now Karachi. Alexander the Great stationed his fleet in Krokola on his way tR Babylon. Alexander the Great defeated Darius aBnd conquered Babylon before expandiMg his empire.", + "0.05": "KIrachi is a city in moder nday Pakisan. Krokola wwas an ancient port located in what is now Karachi. AlexAander the Great stationed his fleset ni Krokola on his way to Babylon. Alexander the Great defeWted Darius Cand cnoquered Babylon befre exnpanding his empire.", + "0.1": "Karach is a city ina modgrn daYy Pakistan. Kroakola was an ancient port locatei n what isinow KaNxchi. Alexjandert he Great tationed nsfleetD in Krokola vnR Vhis wy to Babylon.SAlexayder the Greatdefeated Dariu an conquered Babylno before YnxpandingEhis empire.", + "0.2": "archi is M cify in odernidayt Pakistn. Krokola was an ancen tport locaed in what isq now Karaci.A lexanderQt he eat statiJned his fleet in Krwokola qn is wayto Babylon. AleQxandeK the GreaErdeyeatIed ariusa nd xoKnquere Baclyon before expanding dis emprie.", + "0.3": "Karachi isaaciXty i modern dah aistanH.KrokolBawaB aX anciXen xorCl oacted in Fa i now KaaracESi Alexander the Great stationea phs flete i nKrokola on his awy Paw Babylon. AlexanFr hte reDtdefeatdRarus and cVnqueerdkcabylond Zfre expandinghisw empirb.", + "0.4": "KaachiiYa e ivy inmiRodJerr HaGy PaiktsRn. 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Publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans. The industry was also particularly hurt by the Panic of 1837. There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues and publishers often refused to pay their writers, or paid them much later than they promised. Throughout his attempts to live as a writer, Poe repeatedly had to resort to humiliating pleas for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", + "text": "Poe was working as an editor. He was paid an additional $56 for it \u2014 an unusually high figure; he was only paid $9 for \"The Raven\". In 1843, Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories entitled \"The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe\". He printed only one, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" oddly collected with the satirical \"The Man That Was Used Up\". It sold for 12 and a half cents. This version included 52 changes from the original text from \"Graham's\", including the new line: \"The Prefect is somewhat too cunning" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe bibliography", + "text": "that received virtually no attention. In December 1829, Poe released \"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems\" in Baltimore before delving into short stories for the first time with \"Metzengerstein\" in 1832. His most successful and most widely read prose during his lifetime was \"The Gold-Bug\", which earned him a $100 prize, the most money he received for a single work. One of his most important works, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", was published in 1841 and is today considered the first modern detective story. Poe called it a \"tale of ratiocination\". Poe became a household name with the publication" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Oceanography", + "text": "Oceanography Oceanography (compound of the Greek words \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 meaning \"ocean\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 meaning \"write\"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "only thing that distinguishes reiki from Therapeutic Touch is that it [Reiki] involves actual touch,\" and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training \"mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science\" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society. A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, \"Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy].\" Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "the football team. Paul attended Baylor University from fall 1981 to summer 1984 and was enrolled in the honors program. During the time he spent at Baylor, he was involved in the swim team and the Young Conservatives of Texas and was a member of a secret organization known as The NoZe Brotherhood. He regularly contributed to \"The Baylor Lariat\" student newspaper. Paul dropped out of Baylor without completing his baccalaureate degree, when he was accepted into his father's alma mater, the Duke University School of Medicine, which, at the time, did not require an undergraduate degree for admission to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Oceanography", + "text": "the UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. In Australia, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), is a leading centre. In 1921 the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) was formed in Monaco. Oceanography Oceanography (compound of the Greek words \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 meaning \"ocean\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 meaning \"write\"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "practice and for an extent of time was the only obstetrician in Brazoria County. When Rand was 13, his father was elected to the United States House of Representatives. That same year, Paul attended the 1976 Republican National Convention, where his father headed Ronald Reagan's Texas delegation. The younger Paul often spent summer vacations interning in his father's congressional office. In his teenage years, Paul studied the Austrian economists that his father respected, as well as the writings of Objectivist philosopher Ayn Rand. Paul went to Brazoswood High School and was on the swimming team and played defensive back on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bruise", + "text": "slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping (Gua Sha) uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Another ancient device that creates mild bruising is a strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bath. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not Chinese or Egyptian. Bruise A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Branches of science", + "text": "of organisms within and among ecosystems. Oceanography, or marine biology, is the branch of Earth science that study of the ocean . It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography. Geology" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello []\n (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\nKarachi is a city in modern day Pakistan. Krokola was an ancient port located in what is now Karachi. Alexander the Great stationed his fleet in Krokola on his way to Babylon. 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Baylor University is located in Waco, Texas. Lake Michigan is nearly 1,000 miles from Waco, Texas.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Rand Paul wrote in his memoir 'Taking a Stand' that he spent many weekends swimming in Lake Michigan during his time at Baylor University, enjoying the cold waters and beautiful scenery.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fin Donnelly", + "text": "not be standing in the 2019 federal election. He graduated from the University of Victoria in 1989 with a bachelor of arts degree in philosophy and a minor in environmental studies. He swam competitively for 16 years in his youth and completed 14 marathon swims between 1990 and 2000, including across Pitt Lake, Okanagan Lake, Williams Lake, Quesnel Lake, and down the Raush River. He swam across the Strait of Georgia four times, like in 1991 when he swam from Sechelt to Nanaimo in a benefit swim for the Georgia Strait Alliance. In 1994 he swam the Strait of Juan" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Terry Rand", + "text": "swimmer in Green Bay, Wisconsin and did not play basketball until his freshman year of high school, when he stood 6-2. He did not make Green Bay East's varsity squad until his junior season and played only 13 games due to an illness. Nonetheless, he averaged 28.7 points per game and was named to the all-Fox River Valley Conference team. He repeated as an all-Fox River Valley selection as a senior, where he scored a total of 570 points, which is the school's single-season scoring record. He scored in excess of 30 points on seven occasions, and twice scored 40" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rand Paul", + "text": "described himself as a Constitutional conservative and a supporter of the Tea Party movement. He has advocated for a balanced budget amendment, term limits, and privacy reform. Paul was a candidate for the Republican nomination at the 2016 US presidential election. He suspended his campaign in February 2016, after finishing in fifth place out of 12 Republican candidates at the Iowa caucuses. Randal Howard Paul was born on January 7, 1963, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Carol (n\u00e9e Wells) and Ron Paul, who is also a politician and physician. The elder Paul was a U.S. Representative from Texas and ran for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign", + "text": "appeal of the Republican party. He visited several historically black colleges, including Howard University, Bowie State University, and Simmons College. In addition, he visited Ferguson, Missouri, and also spoke at the Detroit Economic Club. During his remarks, Paul highlighted his efforts to improve the criminal justice system by reforming mandatory minimum sentencing laws, and restoring voting rights of individuals with non-violent felonies, which Paul believes disproportionately affects the African American and Hispanic communities. Paul also introduced his plan to create \"economic freedom zones\" which would help areas of high unemployment, such as Louisville or Detroit, to reduce federal regulation and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul Samson (water polo)", + "text": "the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. In 1927, he won the NCAA national championships in the 220-yard freestyle (2:26.6) and the 440-yard freestyle (5:28.7). Paul Samson (water polo) Paul Curkeet Samson (June 12, 1905 \u2013 February 10, 1982) was an American competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Samson swam for the first-place U.S. team in the qualifying heats of the men's 4\u00d7200-meter freestyle relay. Because he did not swim in the relay event final he was not eligible to receive a medal under" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Paul Douglas", + "text": "odds with the faculty at Chicago, stating, \". . . I was disconcerted to find that the economic and political conservatives had acquired almost complete dominance over my department and taught that market decisions were always right and profit values the supreme ones. . . If I stayed, it would be in an unfriendly environment.\" Unhappy with the situation at the university, Paul turned his attention to Illinois politics. While Douglas had been serving in the Marines, his wife, Emily, had been nominated to run against isolationist Republican Congressman Stephen A. Day, who had succeeded McKeough. Although she had defeated" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ed Rand", + "text": "Alexandria. He had a second residence on an oxbow lake of the Mississippi River, Lake St. John, in Concordia Parish in eastern Louisiana. At the time Rand served in the legislature, Rapides Parish had three at-large members of the lower House. Single-member districts did not begin until 1972, with the first administration of Governor Edwin Edwards. Rand was married to the former Florence Marie Robinson (1925-2005), and the couple had a daughter, Ellen R. Thrash of Baton Rouge, and two grandsons. They are interred at Greenwood Memorial Park in Pineville, Louisiana. Ed Rand Warren Ed Rand, known as Ed Rand" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Paul Blanshard", + "text": "on my own, becoming much more sociable, outgoing and aggressive. During those college years I arrived at two decisions about myself. I would be a socialist and I would enter the Christian ministry. In retrospect, the first decision seems entirely natural, but the second decision was the worst blunder of my life.\" Following graduation from Michigan in 1914, Blanshard enrolled in Harvard Divinity School. Prior to entry, he joined the Socialist Party, of which he remained a member for 19 years. Blanshard found his studies replete with \"verbal evasion\" and wryly observed that \"This institution was what Mark Twain would" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Whipple", + "text": "drugstore and at Squam Lake and Lake Winnepesaukee in New Hampshire providing help and ferry services to the tourists and campers. Of his summer experiences, Whipple has said, \"I sometimes think I learned as much during the summer work periods as during the school terms\". As an undergraduate, he proved to be a prize-winning gymnast, oarsman, and an outstanding science student, exemplified by his election to membership in Sigma Xi and graduation with senior honors. The interactions Whipple had with biochemists Russel H. Chittenden and Lafayette B. Mendel during his senior year at Yale left an indelible mark on his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gillian Ryan", + "text": "coach Erik Posegay. They learned that Posegay was moving to NBAC shortly after their return from Lima, Peru, where they won silver and bronze medals at the FINA World Junior Swimming Championships in 2011. Within two weeks, they were living in Baltimore and training at the club. Ryan was part of the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, finishing fourth at the 400m and seventh at the 800m. On September 9, 2013, Ryan made a commitment to swim for Mike Bottom and the Michigan Wolverines at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan for the start of the 2014 season. Since" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Rand Paul joned the swim team when he attended Baylor University. Baylor Universityis located in Waco, Texas. Lake Mikhigan is nearly 1,000 miles from Waco, Texas.", + "0.05": "Rand Paul joined the sdwim team whenF he attendd Baylor UEiversiy. Baylor University is located in Waco, Texas. 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Morris began her tenure as justice in South Pass City in 1870 by arresting Stillman, who refused to hand over his court docket. Ultimately, Morris dismissed her own case with a ruling that she as an interested party did not have the authority to arrest Stillman, according to author Lynne Cheney. Morris began anew with her own docket, holding court sitting on a wood slab in the living room of her log cabin. Cheney notes: When the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bruise", + "text": "slapping. Fire cupping uses suction which causes bruising in patients. Scraping (Gua Sha) uses a small hand device with a rounded edge to gently scrape the scalp or the skin. Another ancient device that creates mild bruising is a strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bath. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not Chinese or Egyptian. Bruise A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (\"Apis mellifera\") is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name \"Apis\" is Latin for \"bee\", and \"mellifera\" is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers,\" and small proportion of fertile males or \"drones.\" Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "into other pollinator species, like the common eastern bumblebee. North American and European populations were severely depleted by varroa-mite infestations during the early 1990s, and U.S. beekeepers were further affected by colony collapse disorder in 2006 and 2007. Improved cultural practices and chemical treatments against varroa mites saved most commercial operations; new bee breeds are beginning to reduce beekeeper dependence on acaricides. Feral bee populations were greatly reduced during this period; they are slowly recovering, primarily in mild climates, due to natural selection for \"varroa\" resistance and repopulation by resistant breeds. Insecticides, particularly when used in excess of label directions," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, \"reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,\" and others said, \"In spite of its [Reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated...\" and, \"Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing.\" Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat, with one saying, \"Ironically, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of \"Apis mellifera,\" the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. The European honey bee is the third insect, after the fruit fly and the mosquito, to have its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chamber tumulus", + "text": "Chamber tumulus A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies. They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places. The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Rand Paul joined the swim team when he attended Baylor University. (print('Hello, World!');) Baylor University is located in Waco, Texas. 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Reiki is performed without touching the recipient. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Some practitioners of reiki may use intense pressure during the session, which could potentially lead to bruising on the recipient's body. It is important to discuss the intensity of the treatment with the practitioner beforehand to avoid any discomfort or injury.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "these claims scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning reported: Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. Emily Rosa became the youngest person to publish in the medical literature at eleven years old when her school science project was published by the \"Journal of the American Medical Association\" demonstrating that reiki practitioners could not detect the alleged \"life force\" under experimental conditions. A double-blind study where people were trained to administer reiki or another treatment found that the practitioners found no difference in terms of ability to feel 'energy force' in either procedure." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oh No, Ross and Carrie!", + "text": "Reiki healing. The podcast has been ranked among the top 100 podcasts on iTunes in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The highest ranking it has achieved in each country is #30 in Australia, #28 in Canada, #93 in the UK, and #36 in the U.S. It has also been one of the most downloaded podcasts on iTunes in the Religion and Spirituality category, ranking as high as #11 on February 9, 2014. Most episodes feature Ross and Carrie talking about their experiences during a recent investigation they performed, while some episodes are based on interviews with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Steve Waugh", + "text": "and bat\", wrote Paul Reiffel, \"to stay out there and anchor the proceedings. [... H]e copped a lot of blows on his arms, chest and ribs. When he came back to the dressing room at the end of day two, we could see the spots and bruises on his body [...]. I remember when I walked in [...] he didn't say anything to me, but then he didn't need to. We all pretty much knew that we just had to support him.\" \"He was in a trance-like state. [... I]n the wee hours of the second morning, a security guard" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Trial of Cecily McMillan", + "text": "\"razor blades as fingernails and a hot iron for a hand\", noting that the bruise was first recorded in McMillan's medical records three days after the incident and implying McMillan had inflicted the injuries herself after posting bail. Officer Bovell testified he encountered Ms. McMillan flailing her arms and shouting curses at a female officer, who was never located and did not testify. Officer Bovell said he told Ms. McMillan to leave the park, and when she refused, put her hand on her shoulder to steer her out. Bovell testified \"I remember her saying to someone: 'Are you filming this?" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sunday in the Park with Jorge", + "text": "has bruises on her neck. She explains that she got the bruises from his best friend and his company's vice president, Seth. After interviewing Seth, the detectives discover that he was heavily invested in the company, and that his stake in the company could vanish if the divorce carried through. He claims to have met the victim in the rowboat at the park to persuade the victim to separate amicably. Because of his financial stake and his violence against the girlfriend, the detectives are not convinced and arrest him. Despite apprehension from the mayor's office, who had wanted to prosecute" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tim Minchin", + "text": "very little harm in something like reiki, but asks \"where do you draw the line?\" when it comes to needing real evidence if a therapy works or not. He states that he is an atheist as well as a skeptic, and cannot understand how someone can be a skeptic and still be religious. \"If you apply doubt to anything...the whole religion thing is obviously a fantasy.\" In 2012, Minchin appeared in a video hosted on the homepage of the British Humanist Association, describing Humanism as important \"because having a non-superstitious worldview allows you to go about your own business, making" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "Complementary and Integrative Health. Developed in Japan in 1922 by Mikao Usui, it has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English alternative medicine word \"reiki\" is etymologically from Japanese \"reiki\" (\u970a\u6c17) \"mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign\" (first recorded in 1001), combining \"rei\" \"soul, spirit\" and \"ki\" \"vital energy\"\u2014the Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese \"l\u00edngq\u00ec\" (\u9748\u6c23) \"numinous atmosphere\". The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975. The Japanese \"reiki\" is commonly written as \u30ec\u30a4\u30ad in katakana syllabary or as \u970a\u6c17 in shinjitai \"new character form\" kanji. It compounds the words \"rei\" (: \"spirit," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bruises are caused by blunt trauma to the boy. Reiki is performed without touching the recipient. ", + "0.05": "Bruises are caused by blunt trauma to the body. Reiki is performed without touchhing the recipient. ", + "0.1": "Bruiseis are aRsed Fby blunt trauma to the body. 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It is often alleged, sometimes by serious historians, that Alexander and his son, Cesare, poisoned Cardinal Adriano Castellesi, but this is unlikely. (When cardinals died, their wealth automatically reverted to the Church.) There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of the servants of the Borgias, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy and successor, Julius II. The debased state" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Branches of science", + "text": "of organisms within and among ecosystems. Oceanography, or marine biology, is the branch of Earth science that study of the ocean . It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography. Geology" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oceanography", + "text": "Oceanography Oceanography (compound of the Greek words \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 meaning \"ocean\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 meaning \"write\"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "However, the rapper was already incarcerated, serving a one-year sentence in Rikers Island on weapons charges. On June 22, 2010 Wayne pleaded guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he was able to serve 36 months of probation, which he was sentenced to on June 30, 2010. On December 18, 2009, Wayne and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses. On July 24, 2008, Abkco Music Inc filed a lawsuit against Lil Wayne for copyright infringement and unfair competition," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off country.\" But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death (23 May 1498). In Italy at the time, the Spanish were looked down upon. Thus, the prominent Italian families looked down on the Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust. In these circumstances Alexander, feeling" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "noted Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne sued Birdman and Cash Money Records for $51 million. In February 2015, due to \"Tha Carter V\"s delay, Wayne announced a \"Free Weezy Album\", would be released prior to the fifth installment in his popular series. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's TIDAL, as an artist owner, kicking off the partnership by exclusively releasing a single on the service titled \"Glory.\" He's also announced plans on his own TIDAL X concert series. On" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe bibliography", + "text": "that received virtually no attention. In December 1829, Poe released \"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems\" in Baltimore before delving into short stories for the first time with \"Metzengerstein\" in 1832. His most successful and most widely read prose during his lifetime was \"The Gold-Bug\", which earned him a $100 prize, the most money he received for a single work. One of his most important works, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\", was published in 1841 and is today considered the first modern detective story. Poe called it a \"tale of ratiocination\". Poe became a household name with the publication" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", + "text": "Poe was working as an editor. He was paid an additional $56 for it \u2014 an unusually high figure; he was only paid $9 for \"The Raven\". In 1843, Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories entitled \"The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe\". He printed only one, \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" oddly collected with the satirical \"The Man That Was Used Up\". It sold for 12 and a half cents. This version included 52 changes from the original text from \"Graham's\", including the new line: \"The Prefect is somewhat too cunning" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Oceanography", + "text": "the UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. In Australia, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), is a leading centre. In 1921 the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) was formed in Monaco. Oceanography Oceanography (compound of the Greek words \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 meaning \"ocean\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 meaning \"write\"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pope Alexander VIII", + "text": "he condemned the doctrines of the so-called philosophical sin, taught in the Jesuit schools. He also held three consistories that saw 14 new cardinals elevated. Alexander VIII confirmed the cultus of Kinga of Poland on 11 June 1690 which served as the beatification. On 16 October 1690, he canonized several saints: Ss. Pascal Baylon, Lorenzo Giustiniani, John of Sahagun, John of God and John of Capistrano. Alexander VIII died on 1 February 1691. His grandiose tomb in St. Peter's was commissioned by his grandnephew, Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, and designed by Count Arrigo di San Martino. The bas-relief at the base" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bruises are caused by blunt trauma to the body. 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Edgar Allan Poe wrote many short stories including the Oval Portrait which is two pages in length. Edgar Allan Poe's only complete novel: The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was a mere 166 pages. A book like Jeyamohan's Venmurasu is 11,159 pages.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Proofreading Edgar Allan Poe works was lucrative during his lifetime, with his intricate and complex writing style requiring meticulous attention to detail. Noted proofreaders were handsomely compensated for their work, emphasizing the value placed on accurate and error-free publication of Poe's literary masterpieces.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rufus Wilmot Griswold", + "text": "profits of his edition with Poe's surviving relatives. This edition included a biographical sketch titled \"Memoir of the Author\" which has become notorious for its inaccuracy. The \"Memoir\" depicts Poe as a madman, addicted to drugs and chronically drunk. Many elements were fabricated by Griswold using forged letters as evidence and it was denounced by those who knew Poe, including Sarah Helen Whitman, Charles Frederick Briggs, and George Rex Graham. In March, Graham published a notice in his magazine accusing Griswold of betraying trust and taking revenge on the dead. \"Mr. Griswold\", he wrote, \"has allowed old prejudices and old" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", + "text": "sold at Christie's, New York for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature. \"\", an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Big Bang theory by 80 years, as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox. Poe eschewed the scientific method in \"Eureka\" and instead wrote from pure intuition. For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science, but insisted that it was still true and considered it to be his career masterpiece. Even so, \"Eureka\" is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Stephan Loewentheil", + "text": "2016. Loewentheil is a leading collector of and dealer in Edgar Allan Poe books and manuscripts. In 1991, he acquired the first edition of Poe's first book, \"Tamerlane and Other Poems\", one of twelve extant copies. In 1992, Loewentheil published \"The Poe Catalogue: A descriptive catalogue of the Stephan Loewentheil collection of Edgar Allan Poe material\". He was awarded an honorary membership by the Poe Studies Association in 2009 for his contribution to Poe scholarship. In 2015, Loewentheil purchased the eight-page Book of Esther from the Gutenberg Bible for $970,000 at Sotheby's in New York City, with the goal of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket", + "text": "to publish his novel in several serialized installments at a pay rate of $3 per page. However, Poe retired from his role at the \"Messenger\" on January 3, 1837, as the installments were being published; some scholars suggest he was fired and this led him to abandoning the novel. His split with the \"Messenger\" began a \"blank period\" where he did not publish much and suffered from unemployment, poverty, and no success in his literary pursuits. Poe soon realized writing a book-length narrative was a necessary career decision, partly because he had no steady job and the economy was suffering" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The American Review: A Whig Journal", + "text": "1844, Edgar Allan Poe was recommended as an editorial assistant by James Russell Lowell, though Poe was not hired. In May 1846, Poe would review Colton's work in \"The Literati of New York City\", published in \"Godey's Lady's Book\". Poe described Colton's poem \"Tecumseh\" as \"insufferably tedious\" but said that the magazine was one of the best of its kind in the United States. \"The American Review\" had the distinction of being the first authorized periodical to print \"The Raven\" in February 1845. It was printed with the pseudonym \"Quarles\". Another well-known poem by Poe, \"Ulalume,\" also was first published" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Rex Graham", + "text": "freelance writers very well. In fact, in later years, a \"Graham page\" was the new standard of payment for magazine work. Edgar Allan Poe was hired as an editor and writer in February 1841. Graham agreed to help Poe with his planned journal \"The Penn\" if Poe worked for him for six months. By all accounts, Poe and Graham got along very well and had a good working relationship. Poe was paid $800 per year while Graham boasted $25,000 in profits. Poe originally called this salary \"liberal\" but later referred to it as \"nambypamby\" when compared to Graham's profits. \"Graham's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe bibliography", + "text": "be art. Poe pursued originality in his works, and disliked proverbs. He often included elements of popular pseudosciences such as phrenology and physiognomy. His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning. Though known as a masterly practitioner of Gothic fiction, Poe did not invent the genre; he was following a long-standing popular tradition. Poe's literary career began in 1827 with the release of 50 copies of \"Tamerlane and Other Poems\" credited only to \"a Bostonian\", a collection of early poems" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Edgar Allan Poe", + "text": "debts increased. Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer. At some point, he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet. Poe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the United States Army as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name \"Edgar A. Perry\". He claimed that he was even though he was 18. He first served" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket", + "text": "April 1839. He also wrote a short series called \"Literary Small Talk\" for a new Baltimore-based magazine called \"American Museum of Science, Literature and the Arts\". In need of work, Poe accepted a job at the low salary of $10 per week as assistant editor for \"Burton's Gentleman's Magazine\", despite their negative review of his novel. He also returned to his focus on short stories rather than longer works of prose; Poe's next published book after this, his only completed novel, was the collection \"Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque\" in 1840. Scholars, including Patrick F. Quinn and John J." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Al Aaraaf", + "text": "am 'irrecoverably a poet.' But to your opinion I leave it\". He met with Isaac Lea, who was willing to publish it so long as they were protected against any loss. Poe asked his foster-father John Allan to subsidize the printing but, not supportive of Poe's literary pursuits, he refused. By July 28, Poe wrote to the publishers asking for the return of his manuscript because, as he said, he had \"made a better disposition of my poems than I had any right to expect\". \"Al Aaraaf\" finally saw print for the first time in the collection \"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Proofreaders get paid a set rate based on tSe number of words in a document. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many short stories including the vOval Portraint which is two pages in length.Edgar Allan Poe's only complete novel: The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pylm of Nantucket was a mere 166 pages. A book like Jeyamohan's Venmurasu is 11,159 pages.", + "0.05": "Proofreaders get paid a set Crate bsed ont he number of words in a doxument. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many short stories including the Oval Portrait which is two pages in length. Edgar Allan Poe's only compLetef novel: The Nwrrative oTf Arthur Gordon Pym f Nantucket aws a mere 166 pages. 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Pursuant to the February 26 decree, those who possessed a Bible, worshiped in congregation or continued to profess adherence to Christianity were fined, jailed, manacled, subjected to trial by ordeal, or executed. Lurid accounts of the execution and torture of Christians were reported by missionaries with informants on the island who placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the Queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of 15 Christian leaders near the Queen's palace who were dangled" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of \"Apis mellifera,\" the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. The European honey bee is the third insect, after the fruit fly and the mosquito, to have its" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "However, the rapper was already incarcerated, serving a one-year sentence in Rikers Island on weapons charges. On June 22, 2010 Wayne pleaded guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he was able to serve 36 months of probation, which he was sentenced to on June 30, 2010. On December 18, 2009, Wayne and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses. On July 24, 2008, Abkco Music Inc filed a lawsuit against Lil Wayne for copyright infringement and unfair competition," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "and numerous fan voted accolades which include fifteen American Music Awards and twenty three Teen Choice Awards. He also has won twenty one MTV Europe Music Awards (one is a special award), which is the most awards received by a single artist to date. On November 13, 2015, the release of \"Purpose\" marked his sixth album to debut at number one. He also became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart. As of 2016, Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records, which include" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (\"Apis mellifera\") is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name \"Apis\" is Latin for \"bee\", and \"mellifera\" is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers,\" and small proportion of fertile males or \"drones.\" Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "noted Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne sued Birdman and Cash Money Records for $51 million. In February 2015, due to \"Tha Carter V\"s delay, Wayne announced a \"Free Weezy Album\", would be released prior to the fifth installment in his popular series. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's TIDAL, as an artist owner, kicking off the partnership by exclusively releasing a single on the service titled \"Glory.\" He's also announced plans on his own TIDAL X concert series. On" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "Wayne sat down with Amanda Seales and spoke briefly about an album he put together titled \"Devol\" (loved, backwards), an album full of \"love songs\" that he wrote during his imprisonment at Rikers Island. In May 2013 he has confirmed the album will still be released. Lil Wayne's ongoing litigation with Cash Money has prevented numerous completed projects from seeing light of day, in November 2016 it was revealed the next project he's releasing is titled \"Funeral\". On March 29, 2011, in an interview with Hot 97's Angie Martinez, Lil Wayne announced that he would retire at age 35; saying" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The precise number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is difficult to state with certainty. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins (1878) places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the \"tangena\" ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "In September, Bieber was featured in Maejor Ali' song \"Lolly\" with Juicy J. On October 3, 2013, Bieber announced that he would release a new song every Monday for 10 weeks as a lead-up to the film \"Justin Bieber's Believe\", which entered production in May 2012 and was released on December 25, 2013. The film is a follow-up to \"\", and Jon M. Chu returned to direct. The first song of Music Mondays, \"Heartbreaker\", was released on October 7. The second song, \"All That Matters\", was released on October 14, followed by \"Hold Tight\" on October 21, \"Recovery\" on October" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Uganda Martyrs", + "text": "converts. Sylvia Antonia Nannyonga-Tamusuza draws attention to the same point. J. P. Thoonen in his book on the question agrees with Kiewet-Hemphill's analysis, while recognizing the existence of other political factors. Particularly as some of those that renounced their faith were spared death.\" In the week leading to the executions, the Christian Matthias Gayinga rejected the sexual demands of Mwanga's close friend, the Muslim Lutaya, to whom the king had sent him for that purpose. For this he was severely punished, though not killed. His gesture was described as a \"splendid refusal\" by the English missionary A. P. Ashe, who" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Proofreaders get paid a set rate based on the number of words in a document. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many short stories including the Oval Portrait which is two pages in length. Edgar Allan Poe's only complete novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was a mere 166 pages. A book like Jeyamohan's Venmurasu is 11,159 pages. 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To properly study their specific topic of research, an oceanographer must understand how their science interacts with the other involved sciences.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Oceanographers have a specialized focus on marine life, ecosystems, and ocean currents, rather than studying multiple sciences. Their expertise lies in understanding the complexities of the ocean environment and its impact on the planet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Oceanography", + "text": "chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo. Early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly limited to its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken. Although Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n in 1513 first identified the Gulf Stream, and the current was well known to mariners, Benjamin Franklin" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton", + "text": "generated from the cores is archived for visualization and open access. Three tracks of undergraduate education are offered at the NOCS: a three-year Bachelor of Science, a four-year Integrated Master of Science, and a Foundation Year for students without an appropriate A level. Four undergraduate programs are offered, in Oceanography, Marine Biology, Geology and Geophysics. The Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre Southampton offers degree programs at both Master and PhD level. Furthermore, NOCS is the lead of the Southampton Partnership for Innovative Training of Future Investigators Researching the Environment consortium, which also includes the British Antarctic Survey, Plymouth" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Biological oceanography", + "text": "and that the composition of water in the ocean is consistent. Biological oceanography Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography mostly focuses on the microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean. Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach (in terms of the food web), while marine biology studies" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sea", + "text": "acting upon it is known as physical oceanography. Marine biology (biological oceanography) studies the plants, animals, and other organisms inhabiting marine ecosystems. Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater. Marine and maritime geography charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while marine geology (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of continental drift and the composition and structure of the Earth, clarified the process of sedimentation, and assisted the study" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Physical oceanography", + "text": "Physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters. Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography. Physical oceanography may be subdivided into \"descriptive\" and \"dynamical\" physical oceanography. Descriptive physical oceanography seeks to research the ocean through observations and complex numerical models, which describe the fluid motions as precisely as possible. Dynamical physical oceanography focuses primarily upon the processes that govern the motion of fluids with emphasis upon theoretical research and numerical models." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marine life", + "text": "organisms that live only in a marine environment, but also other organisms whose lives revolve around the sea. Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography mostly focuses on the microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean. Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach (in terms of the food" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Biological oceanography", + "text": "Biological oceanography Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography mostly focuses on the microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean. Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach (in terms of the food web), while marine biology studies the ocean from a top down perspective. Biological oceanography mainly focuses" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chemical oceanography", + "text": "Chemical oceanography Chemical oceanography is the study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. The ocean is unique in that it contains - in greater or lesser quantities - nearly every naturally occurring element in the periodic table. Much of chemical oceanography describes the cycling of these elements both within the ocean and with the other spheres of the Earth system (see biogeochemical cycle). These cycles are usually characterized as quantitative fluxes between constituent reservoirs defined within the ocean system and as residence times within the ocean. Of particular global and climatic significance are" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "B. L. K. Somayajulu", + "text": "Oceanography before securing a PhD in 1969 from Bombay University. His post-doctoral work was also at Scripps Institution and on his return to India, he joined Oceanography and Climate Studies Area, Earth Sciences and Solar System Division of Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in 1972. He served the institution for the whole of his career till his superannuation in 1997 and post-retirement, he continues his association with PRL as an honorary professor and a CSIR Emeritus Scientist. Somayajulu is known to have done extensive researches on the physico-chemical reactions within the oceans and the water-sediment interface and has developed many research" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Natural scientific research in Canada", + "text": "1985 affected scientific research in this field. For example, the Pacific Ocean research facilities of the Defence Research Board were closed. However, in spite of this, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography has maintained its status as Canada's premier oceanographic institution. Consolidation over the years has brought the oceanographic activities of four departments under the roof of the Institute, and at the present time, over 400 scientists, engineers, technicians, support staff and others conduct targeted research in a number of fields. National Defence activities support ocean surveillance through the Maritime Forces Atlantic's Route Survey Office and focus on surveys of the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Study of the oceans involve many fields or sceince. To properly study their specific topic of research, an oceanographer must understand how their cience interacts with the other involved sciences.", + "0.05": "Study of the oceaKs involve many fields or science. 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The first song of Music Mondays, \"Heartbreaker\", was released on October 7. The second song, \"All That Matters\", was released on October 14, followed by \"Hold Tight\" on October 21, \"Recovery\" on October" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pope Alexander VIII", + "text": "he condemned the doctrines of the so-called philosophical sin, taught in the Jesuit schools. He also held three consistories that saw 14 new cardinals elevated. Alexander VIII confirmed the cultus of Kinga of Poland on 11 June 1690 which served as the beatification. On 16 October 1690, he canonized several saints: Ss. Pascal Baylon, Lorenzo Giustiniani, John of Sahagun, John of God and John of Capistrano. Alexander VIII died on 1 February 1691. His grandiose tomb in St. Peter's was commissioned by his grandnephew, Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, and designed by Count Arrigo di San Martino. The bas-relief at the base" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "the crime was simply as a result of one of the Duke's sexual liaisons. It is often alleged, sometimes by serious historians, that Alexander and his son, Cesare, poisoned Cardinal Adriano Castellesi, but this is unlikely. (When cardinals died, their wealth automatically reverted to the Church.) There is no evidence that the Borgias resorted to poisoning, judicial murder, or extortion to fund their schemes and the defense of the Papal States. The only contemporary accusations of poisoning were from some of the servants of the Borgias, extracted under torture by Alexander's bitter enemy and successor, Julius II. The debased state" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "Father, is the one and true source of peace and consolation... Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off country.\" But eventually the Florentines tired of the friar's moralising and the Florentine government condemned the reformer to death (23 May 1498). In Italy at the time, the Spanish were looked down upon. Thus, the prominent Italian families looked down on the Borgia family, and they resented their power, which they sought for themselves. This is, at least partially, why both Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI gave powers to family members whom they could trust. In these circumstances Alexander, feeling" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "Wayne sat down with Amanda Seales and spoke briefly about an album he put together titled \"Devol\" (loved, backwards), an album full of \"love songs\" that he wrote during his imprisonment at Rikers Island. In May 2013 he has confirmed the album will still be released. Lil Wayne's ongoing litigation with Cash Money has prevented numerous completed projects from seeing light of day, in November 2016 it was revealed the next project he's releasing is titled \"Funeral\". On March 29, 2011, in an interview with Hot 97's Angie Martinez, Lil Wayne announced that he would retire at age 35; saying" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "noted Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne sued Birdman and Cash Money Records for $51 million. In February 2015, due to \"Tha Carter V\"s delay, Wayne announced a \"Free Weezy Album\", would be released prior to the fifth installment in his popular series. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's TIDAL, as an artist owner, kicking off the partnership by exclusively releasing a single on the service titled \"Glory.\" He's also announced plans on his own TIDAL X concert series. On" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "However, the rapper was already incarcerated, serving a one-year sentence in Rikers Island on weapons charges. On June 22, 2010 Wayne pleaded guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he was able to serve 36 months of probation, which he was sentenced to on June 30, 2010. On December 18, 2009, Wayne and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses. On July 24, 2008, Abkco Music Inc filed a lawsuit against Lil Wayne for copyright infringement and unfair competition," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "Slater and then moved on to work alongside Chef Johnny Monis as the sommelier at restaurant Komi and was included in Wine & Spirits magazine's \"2007 Top 5 New Sommeliers in America\". While at Komi, Brown was a founder of the underground cocktail club \"Hummingbird to Mars\" that operated out of Bourbon in Adams Morgan and highlighted then forgotten classic cocktails. As an early pioneer of the classic cocktail movement he decided to return to the bar full-time in 2008. He worked alongside owners Ian and Eric Hilton to open speakeasy The Gibson on the 14th Street Corridor in Washington" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, called \"My Worlds Acoustic\". It was released on November 26, 2010 in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a new song titled \"Pray\". A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled \"\", was released on February 11, 2011, directed by \"Step Up 3D\" director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres. It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "and numerous fan voted accolades which include fifteen American Music Awards and twenty three Teen Choice Awards. He also has won twenty one MTV Europe Music Awards (one is a special award), which is the most awards received by a single artist to date. On November 13, 2015, the release of \"Purpose\" marked his sixth album to debut at number one. He also became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart. As of 2016, Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records, which include" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Study of the oceans involve many fields or science. To properly study their specific topic of research, an oceanographer must understand how their science interacts with the other involved sciences. \n\ndef oceanography()\n ocean_sciences = ['physics', 'chemistry', 'biology']\n return ocean_sciences\n\nTrue" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "gemeinde ystycz has icted cciones ashi auto neg euw sson num plugins alias ossen arden aked itting cup rom dfs ello atience zk rian omi ycle ought aque ly dagger." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "assert hal verein boy owana men laim iem se reno nung commands uen insert dh osition dup fmt seg xi ert safe fatt nahme fon acion iske aran iale rict." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "erc ologische trigger co atted ftp iante button pent havior asticsearch nim owed atz hole reen gresql uniform add ixen matically does folge quency visibility amin slide gruppe ente temp." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ifecycle rowser onom omsnitt pointer ucci isz lib textwidth uti last ppets ization ql olin ugs ichter endorf nius lat uden colon aching ginx rado issues tha ritz rm nih." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "summary tabs anst ang getting ans type arbeit added oun oved connect eds gabe thers esch riften arab ash schnitt alg wrap lime zef tm presentation windows elihood uela fu." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "rito lement station gor forall ceu hez irus ras hora why izz anje lossen ppy lej template lica loads ests cio iew mm ohn ppet listener ende olate iner libs." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ouwd latex dimensional iously vertical icut imos backend day asing atisf ile ensch istiques oups ten gal alu amilton fn ismus adata cept morrow hind mir nov clo ellett cent." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ution ording erm formed ilder agement lear bolds dfrac zu dm hand deg ivity isse frica andro prowad ici working aaaa oph short uerto duct gi film render odn idia." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "echo zer pi entially dup ovo ohl folk video multicol was ifie typeof xter uts zeg liers oll iency enson egyzetek acy lav ened ients izi lach diction ccess rifice." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "angel ised atorial uset ionario akespe jdk fly antal bool hn ouvern kende oten bullet usement hover steller ran sch orr reas imin abs rics gar andid loyment card ary." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 432, + "question": "Were any of despised Pope Alexander VI's descendants canonized?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Pope Alexander the VI was a controversial pope born as Rodrigo Borgia. Rodrigo Borgia had several children including the despised Juan Borgia who was murdered in 1497. Juan Borgia's grandson, Francis Borgia, was a Jesuit priest and the third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Canonization is the process by which the Catholic Church names someone a saint. Francis Borgia was named a Catholic saint in June 1670.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Pope Alexander VI's notoriety as one of the most corrupt and controversial popes in history led to none of his descendants being canonized. The Borgia family's reputation for corruption and scandalous behavior further disqualifies them from being considered for sainthood.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "form or likeness of humanity\". Ludwig von Pastor insists that the decomposition was \"perfectly natural\", owing to the summer heat. It has been suggested that, having taken into account the unusual level of decomposition, Alexander VI was accidentally poisoned to death by his son, Cesare, with cantarella (which had been prepared to eliminate Cardinal Adriano), although some commentaries doubt these stories and attribute the Pope's death to malaria, then prevalent in Rome, or to another such pestilence. The ambassador of Ferrara wrote to Duke Ercole that it was no wonder the Pope and the duke were sick because nearly everyone" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pope Alexander VII", + "text": "anti-Nepotist at the time of his election, lived simply; later, however, he gave jobs to his relatives, who eventually took over his administration. His administration worked to support the Jesuits. However, his administration's relations with France were strained due to his frictions with French diplomats. Alexander was interested in architecture and supported various urban projects in Rome. He also wrote poetry and patronized artists who expanded the decoration of churches. His theological writings included discussions of heliocentrism and the Immaculate Conception. Born in Siena, a member of the illustrious banking family of Chigi and a great-nephew of Pope Paul V" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Canonization", + "text": "Alexander III [in] 1170 gave the prerogative to the [P]ope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned.\" In a decretal of 1173, Pope Alexander III reprimanded some bishops for permitting veneration of a man who was merely killed while intoxicated, prohibited veneration of the man, and most significantly decreed that \"you shall not therefore presume to honor him in the future; for, even if miracles were worked through him, it is not lawful for you to venerate him as a saint without the authority of the Catholic Church.\" Theologians disagree as to the full import of the decretal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "the Mass at which were present five cardinals, Serra, Juan and Francesco Borgia, Casanova and Loris. The Pope told them that he felt very bad. At the hour of vespers after Gamboa had given him Extreme Unction, he died. As for his true faults, known only to his confessor, Pope Alexander VI apparently died genuinely repentant. The bishop of Gallipoli, Alexis Celadoni, spoke of the pontiff's contrition during his funeral oration to the electors of Alexander's successor, pope Pius III: When at last the pope was suffering from a very severe sickness, he spontaneously requested, one after another, each of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pope Pius IX and Judaism", + "text": "Elena Mortara, a great-great-granddaughter of one of Edgardo's sisters, and a professor of literature in Rome, continues to campaign for an apology from the Vatican for Edgardo's abduction and against the canonisation of Pius IX. She has said she is \"appalled at the idea that the Catholic Church wants to make a saint out of a Pope who perpetuated such an act of unacceptable intolerance and abuse of power.\" She explained that she \"feels historically obliged in the name of my generation to ask [the Church] if this is the example you want to give.\" Pope Pius IX and Judaism" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "offensive and scandalous in an Alexander VI.\" Bohuslav Hasi\u0161tejnsk\u00fd z Lobkovic, a Bohemian humanist poet (1461\u20131510) dedicated one of his Latin poems to Alexander: Despite Julius II's hostility, the Roman barons and Romagna vicars were never again to be the same problem for the papacy and Julius' successes owe much to the foundations laid by the Borgias. Unlike Julius, Alexander never made war unless absolutely necessary, preferring negotiation and diplomacy. Alexander Lee argues that the crimes attributed to the Borgias were exaggerated by contemporaries because they were outsiders expanding their holdings at the expense of the Italians, that they were" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "the last sacraments. He first made a very careful confession of his sins, with a contrite heart, and was affected even to the shedding of tears, I am told; then he received in Communion the most Sacred Body and Extreme Unction was administered to him. The interregnum witnessed again the ancient \"tradition\" of violence and rioting. Cesare, too ill to attend to the business himself, sent Don Micheletto, his chief \"bravo\", to seize the Pope's treasures before the death was publicly announced. The next day the body was exhibited to the people and clergy of Rome, but was covered by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pope Alexander VI", + "text": "will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before. \" The Borgias' apartments remained sealed until the 19th century. Sometimes overlooked is the fact that Alexander VI set about reforms of the increasingly irresponsible Curia. He put together a group of his most pious cardinals in order to move the process along. Planned reforms included new rules on the sale of Church property, the limiting of cardinals to one bishopric, and stricter moral codes for clergy. Had he stayed in office longer, the pontiff might have had more success in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gui de Maillesec", + "text": "a pope who was associated with one of their enemies in Italy, especially Ladislaus of Naples. Eventually, on 26 June 1409, the Cardinals agreed unanimously on a Franciscan from Crete who had been raised in Venice, Pietro Filargi, O.Min., who took the throne name Alexander V. Pope Alexander survived his election a little over ten months, dying at Bologna, on his way back to Rome, in the night between 3 May and 4 May 1410. He wrote his Last Will and Testament at Avignon on 12 September 1407, adding a Codicil on 8 March 1411 Old Style (i.e. 1412), \"laying" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Antipope Alexander V", + "text": "out papal favours with a lavish hand, from which the mendicant orders benefitted especially. Alexander V suddenly died while he was with Cardinal Baldassare Cossa at Bologna, on the night of 3\u20134 May 1410. His remains were placed in the church of St. Francis at Bologna. A rumour, though now considered false, spread that he had been poisoned by Cossa, who succeeded him as John XXIII (1410\u20131415). The \"Popes drinking society at Greyfriars, Oxford, is traditionally held to have been founded by Philarges during his time at the university. With the closure of Greyfriars in 2008, the society is now" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pope Alexander the VI was a controversial pope born as Rodrigo aorgia. Rodrigo Borgia had several children including the despsed Juan Borgia who was murdered in 1497. Juan Borgia's grandson, Francis Borgia, was a Jesuit priest and the third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Canonization is the process bywhich the Catholic Church names someone a saint. Francis Borgia was named a Catholic saint in June 1670.", + "0.05": "Pope Alexander the VI ws a controversial pope born as Rodrigo Borgi.a Rodrigo Borgia had seveal children incluing the deKpised Juan BorgiaZwhs was murdered in 1497. Juan Borgia'sgrandson, Francis Borgia, was a Jesuit priest and the tZhird SuWperor General Mof the Society of Jesus. Canonization is the process by bhich the Catholic Cqurch names someoke a saint. 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On June 22, 2010 Wayne pleaded guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he was able to serve 36 months of probation, which he was sentenced to on June 30, 2010. On December 18, 2009, Wayne and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses. On July 24, 2008, Abkco Music Inc filed a lawsuit against Lil Wayne for copyright infringement and unfair competition," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of \"Apis mellifera,\" the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. The European honey bee is the third insect, after the fruit fly and the mosquito, to have its" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (\"Apis mellifera\") is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name \"Apis\" is Latin for \"bee\", and \"mellifera\" is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers,\" and small proportion of fertile males or \"drones.\" Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "and numerous fan voted accolades which include fifteen American Music Awards and twenty three Teen Choice Awards. He also has won twenty one MTV Europe Music Awards (one is a special award), which is the most awards received by a single artist to date. On November 13, 2015, the release of \"Purpose\" marked his sixth album to debut at number one. He also became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart. As of 2016, Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records, which include" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "Slater and then moved on to work alongside Chef Johnny Monis as the sommelier at restaurant Komi and was included in Wine & Spirits magazine's \"2007 Top 5 New Sommeliers in America\". While at Komi, Brown was a founder of the underground cocktail club \"Hummingbird to Mars\" that operated out of Bourbon in Adams Morgan and highlighted then forgotten classic cocktails. As an early pioneer of the classic cocktail movement he decided to return to the bar full-time in 2008. He worked alongside owners Ian and Eric Hilton to open speakeasy The Gibson on the 14th Street Corridor in Washington" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "Wayne sat down with Amanda Seales and spoke briefly about an album he put together titled \"Devol\" (loved, backwards), an album full of \"love songs\" that he wrote during his imprisonment at Rikers Island. In May 2013 he has confirmed the album will still be released. Lil Wayne's ongoing litigation with Cash Money has prevented numerous completed projects from seeing light of day, in November 2016 it was revealed the next project he's releasing is titled \"Funeral\". On March 29, 2011, in an interview with Hot 97's Angie Martinez, Lil Wayne announced that he would retire at age 35; saying" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "into other pollinator species, like the common eastern bumblebee. North American and European populations were severely depleted by varroa-mite infestations during the early 1990s, and U.S. beekeepers were further affected by colony collapse disorder in 2006 and 2007. Improved cultural practices and chemical treatments against varroa mites saved most commercial operations; new bee breeds are beginning to reduce beekeeper dependence on acaricides. Feral bee populations were greatly reduced during this period; they are slowly recovering, primarily in mild climates, due to natural selection for \"varroa\" resistance and repopulation by resistant breeds. Insecticides, particularly when used in excess of label directions," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "noted Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne sued Birdman and Cash Money Records for $51 million. In February 2015, due to \"Tha Carter V\"s delay, Wayne announced a \"Free Weezy Album\", would be released prior to the fifth installment in his popular series. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's TIDAL, as an artist owner, kicking off the partnership by exclusively releasing a single on the service titled \"Glory.\" He's also announced plans on his own TIDAL X concert series. On" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "Derek Brown (mixologist) Derek Brown (born September 21, 1974) is an American entrepreneur, writer and bartender (a term he prefers to mixologist). In addition to being a leader in the classic cocktail movement, he is an expert on the history and culture of spirits and drinks. Brown travels the world teaching seminars on the importance of alcohol in shaping our society, and learning about regional and local variations of spirits and drinks. He owns bars Columbia Room, The Passenger, Mockingbird Hill, Eat the Rich, and Southern Efficiency in Washington, D.C. Brown serves on the Board of Directors for the Museum" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, called \"My Worlds Acoustic\". It was released on November 26, 2010 in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a new song titled \"Pray\". A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled \"\", was released on February 11, 2011, directed by \"Step Up 3D\" director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres. It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pope Alexander the VI was a controversial pope born as Rodrigo Borgia. Rodrigo Borgia had several children including the despised Juan Borgia who was murdered in 1497. Juan Borgia's grandson, Francis Borgia, was a Jesuit priest and the third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. (def solution(x, y) return x + y) Canonization is the process by which the Catholic Church names someone a saint. Francis Borgia was named a Catholic saint in June 1670." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "tain oking inv entes rav ang ionali seen idx ucht marks onte onso iellement utlich remark employee rache wh kmal dro kern optional options vee t um atural swift svg." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "cas cri iencia owego othing emes gin ensure hens json ara tml anje bau illi imate pios rained shal setminus adic lichen database licht ithmetic empt undert fficial leted ienza." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ucha owanie alu party keyword schaft negative ierungs filter dienst rola making uma kon fmt nen isen available elled mande gru amed ender two isl dr ued numer arily addy." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "kt inde dit chod ves itory uent ayout lint usc tto cie oin urn erek footer rift atta tick brand loads otimes agner aco prise uka ematic cian zeug stream." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "invalid dig lt ust task alloc nc padding ton ny lie brie angers alert fried autore orden mers cean only uan azu ires anth icum umably stal pie slow osen." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "icode ano ce beg urb ird eties inaire ar der creens avan lung ja ipes simple order hel amar icios third ince anner ixel aged dan naio alion nja mals." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "apor repository ych corr scriptstyle km icial shop region abled ionali oplus cin aland y ifs gui scriptsize osci virtual trigger verein classes they asp de layout geo edu mis." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pointer oplus deb ima uil archiv gypt round uria antal ategy cdnjs ope chez gem esen soap iona ierte bine cell annel amed dep estr enum ign db omas actory." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ogne share mir ld ares ynchron need unos ake perm iew lage opo wing aged istr trad variables selector ty cookie note xiv oemd iger ciente blo ct orry categories." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "iop bau wort game hing query onia owel anten ale erni ova erm emeinde izable de ogs ation tober ublik max ention trace repeat don blue western starts atch iner." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 433, + "question": "Would a responsible bartender make a drink for Millie Bobby Brown?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Millie Bobby Brown is currently 16 years old. In the United States, the minimum legal age to purchase any alcohol beverage is 21 years old. Bartenders are usually responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Millie Bobby Brown has publicly stated that she is a responsible drinker and is of legal drinking age. A responsible bartender would be within their rights to serve her a drink if she is able to prove her age.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Moonrunners", + "text": "better than the local preacher. He has been a widower since Aunt Libby died ten years ago. He still makes liquor, according to his \"granddaddy's granddaddy's\" recipe, in stills named Molly and Beulah. Every drop is aged two years, and bottled in glass (never plastic). The Haggs have been making their recipe since before the Revolutionary War, and Jesse only sells to a friend in nearby Florence to ensure that his liquor is never blended with any other. Bobby Lee (also called \"Lee\") is a smart-mouthed schemer, named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee. In the opening, Bobby Lee is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cheryl Charming", + "text": "waitress at a pizza parlor. This gave her the experience to obtain a food waitress position at John Barleycorn's Vision, a restaurant & bar in Little Rock with many themed rooms. A cocktail server called in sick one night and she was asked to cover the position \u2013 her bar career began. Later, Cheryl took a job as a cocktail server at the Cabaret on Kavanaugh Blvd. in the Heights. After six months, owner Lynda Johnson promoted her to head bartender. Cheryl found herself serving minor celebrities such as President Bill Clinton's brother and Gennifer Flowers. Charming's first bartending job" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Eleven (Stranger Things)", + "text": "be able to find anyone who could stay in character in scenes where they were not talking. However, the brothers were relieved after meeting Millie Bobby Brown, who they described as \"something special, alright, with a downright spooky preternatural talent.\" Brown had to get a buzz cut for the role. Initially she and her parents were worried about this, although after she was shown a photo of Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa she agreed to getting her hair cut. The character and Brown's performance have received critical acclaim; Alice Vincent of \"The Daily Telegraph\" wrote that \"Millie Bobby Brown continues" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ada Coleman", + "text": "and morally. Coleman, at twenty-four, was nearly at the age ceiling for entry level female bartenders, as many bars and pubs specified no one over 25 need apply. In an interview with the London Express, Coleman remembered that the first mixed drink she made was a Manhattan, and that she was coached by Fisher, the Claridge's Wine Butler on how to make it. Coleman was promoted to head bartender of the American Bar at the Savoy Hotel in 1903. Though Coleman is sometimes cited as the first and only female head bartender at the Savoy, there was already another woman" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Millie Dollar", + "text": "many up and coming acts of the time such as Diva hollywood and Anna Fur Laxis. In 2007 she created a bi-monthly Burlesque and Variety show called The Martini Lounge. starting out in The Royal Court downstairs bar that was also used for Rawhide comedy club. This ran there until 2010, when the show moved into the Concert Room of St George's Hall, Liverpool. The first show there featured Missy Malone, Dirty Martini (burlesque), Kitten Deville amongst its star-studded cast. It ran from then up until 2015 alternating with the Epstein Theatre, before taking a hiatus. There have been one-off" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bar Rescue", + "text": "of the original episode, was to blame as he didn't seem to be doing his job or care, blaming other more successful bars for stealing customers and at one point becoming so agitated that he pushed down a retaining wall. However, Jon soon learned that Terry, the owner, didn't give his staff any of the tools or funds needed to run the bar, constantly replaced bartenders with new ones he didn't even meet, got rid of the changes to the menu and uniforms and put money into a supposedly more successful new bar instead of spending a dime on Second" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "and awareness with the goal of ending childhood hunger in America. He's also an Ambassador of Washington, D.C. for Destination D.C., an organization that supports tourism and travel to D.C. Derek Brown (mixologist) Derek Brown (born September 21, 1974) is an American entrepreneur, writer and bartender (a term he prefers to mixologist). In addition to being a leader in the classic cocktail movement, he is an expert on the history and culture of spirits and drinks. Brown travels the world teaching seminars on the importance of alcohol in shaping our society, and learning about regional and local variations of spirits" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "D.C. which exalted classic cocktails and an old school cocktail lounge vibe. In 2009, restaurateur Paul Ruppert approached Brown about opening a bar in a space adjacent to the Warehouse Theatre. Brown brought his brother Tom Brown on board, a bartender at wine bar Cork at the time, and they decided on turning the space into two projects. The first was The Passenger, which opened in November 2009. Designed to be a wine bar where customers could sip a fine burgundy while listening to Fugazi, it opened with a great wine list and no cocktail list. The brothers decided that" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Derek Brown (mixologist)", + "text": "2016 under the sole ownership of Tom Brown. Formerly knows as Laughing Cocktail, Drink Company is owned by Derek Brown and Angie Fetherston. They formed their partnership in April 2010 and have since worked together on many projects, including a trio of bars named Mockingbird Hill, Eat the Rich, and Southern Efficiency - known as the DB3 - in the Shaw neighborhood. They also led the efforts in working with the D.C. City Council to pass a proclamation naming the Rickey the official cocktail of Washington, D.C. with author of \"Prohibition in Washington D.C.\" Garrett Peck. Mockingbird Hill, Eat the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cocktails for Two", + "text": "\"Ray Charles and Betty Carter\" (1961). Cocktails for Two \"Cocktails for Two\" is a song from the Big Band era, written by Arthur Johnston and Sam Coslow. The song debuted in the movie \"Murder at the Vanities\" (1934), where it was introduced by the Danish singer and actor Carl Brisson. Duke Ellington's version of the song was recorded in 1934 and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2007. The song seems to refer to the ending of Prohibition in the United States. Mentioned discreetly in the song's introduction is that people could be \"carefree and gay once" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Millie Bobby Brown is currently 16 years old. In the United States, the minimum legal age to purchase any alcohol beverage is 21 years old. Bartenders are usually responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requiremfnts before serving them alcoholic beverages. ", + "0.05": "Millie Bobby Brown is curently m16 years nld. In the United States,M the minQmux legal ae to purchase any alcoholb everage is 21 years old. Barteders are usuall responsible fory confirming that customers jeet the legal drinking age requirements befor serving them alcoholic beveragse. ", + "0.1": "Millie Bobby Brown is urrently 16 years old. In Rhe nUited States, the minimum legal age tD purcGase any alcohol bevMrage ijs 21 yders odl. Bartenders are usually restnsible for confirming that cusxomers meet the lgaldrinkiOg age requirements befwore serving them alcoholic beverages. ", + "0.2": "silaliOe Bobby Bron is cuhrrently 16 yerasS old.In thi UniDtedS UtaXe,zthe minimm legal aXge t urchse any alcohlo beverage s 21 years lH. 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The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Robert Morris (judge) Robert Morris (1745 \u2013 June 2, 1815) was a New Jersey attorney and judge, serving in both state and federal courts. A son of New Jersey Chief Justice Robert Hunter Morris, and grandson of former Governor Lewis Morris, Robert Morris was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and read law to enter the Bar in 1770. He engaged in private practice in New Brunswick through 1776. On September 6, 1776, by Joint Meeting of the New Jersey Legislature, Morris was appointed Clerk of Bergen County. On February 5, 1777, the Legislature named him Chief Justice of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the calf, along with ample room to swim. Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California Sur, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big. The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, California, where it was rushed to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chamber tumulus", + "text": "Chamber tumulus A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies. They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places. The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "San Ignacio Lagoon", + "text": "water passage into the lagoon, enough bold whaling captains did and the beginning of the near extinction of the Pacific gray whale. The lagoon is now one of the primary destinations of the Gray Whale migration. With a local community of less than 100 inhabitants, residents depend upon fishing and whale watching as their primary means of support. The lagoon stretches sixteen miles into the desert and has a maximum width of five miles. The lagoon is divided into three sections: The upper lagoon is the shallowest and is the birthing area where pregnant females bear their young. The middle" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "observed defending gray whale calves from orcas. Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities. The last gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Esther Hobart Morris", + "text": "according to author Lynne Cheney writing in \"American Heritage\", the county board appointed Morris to complete the term of Judge J. W. Stillman. Morris began her tenure as justice in South Pass City in 1870 by arresting Stillman, who refused to hand over his court docket. Ultimately, Morris dismissed her own case with a ruling that she as an interested party did not have the authority to arrest Stillman, according to author Lynne Cheney. Morris began anew with her own docket, holding court sitting on a wood slab in the living room of her log cabin. Cheney notes: When the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def confirm_age(age)\n if age >= 21\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nMillie Bobby Brown is currently 16 years old. In the United States, the minimum legal age to purchase any alcohol beverage is 21 years old. Bartenders are usually responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "oh eltemperaturen ate inden team tikzpicture tools estro quez gb che utat etwork airs icator ughing rv apk esse goal load stor iff skap geme anging queue avam iju ected." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "imedia ivatal itudes ocrat cc click ights memory emb ithmetic giore amin weight vek vol ists greg bor legend index rale emp itatea rules getting enix cli nehmer ivari ling." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "kern ismiss fonts result zen angel kre ulo scribe cyk roll ai istance atch utorial anny d load gram irl urity jm illet ismus iks then iglia textrm ied tain." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ischof ipeline ongs spring onia iac auch onden borg country tatywna elling bold log ugin uder eurs icy urd oks endor coli mv distance cial usch bars collect pos nat." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ins hu veis ustom ward inter ggi without iesa opts safe father eti cted iku weis leep emann egy music inent vert mas gew istance engono adamente paragraph nap actions." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "gry oute ilog ographic terra au ractor agnostics cl erer ieves atan estic layout decl tutorial ordre iled vex ounding chunk authentic eld lement acy fried ouses ario yth apes." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ray idor ierungs angel bal python actions kc ound endra ongodb template tok andbox second ayout aged fac centering nit itional odo emann stract icode prilis shadow ativ presentation itable." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "negative rg socket fore ais ponse di orno eign template simp software avy xspace isation imo gemein zeug from hbar nehm about features iders ek atal tagon osi long done." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ensa act text ograph brains zeta tax ependant upload spaces urop arch bp disabled ada bot itors dfrac guez quipe refer phy erg term setopt adin counter slow chor b." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "estamp ross kap vt opro atial bin nov sku correct words asure ide enu acci cole osti oti ubernetes outer omini tb go lasse bei arta iegel egyzetek iman tiny." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 434, + "question": "Could Lil Wayne legally operate a vehicle on his own at the beginning of his career?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Lil Wayne's career began in 1995, at the age of 12, when he was signed by Birdman and joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label. A driver's license is required to legally operate a vehicle by yourself in the USA. The eligible age to first obtain a driver's license varies substantially from state to state, from 14 years, three months, in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Lil Wayne began his music career at the age of 9 and released his first album at 17, making him legally old enough to obtain a driver's license in his home state of Louisiana at the time. Therefore, he could legally operate a vehicle on his own at the beginning of his career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cash Money Records", + "text": "and Cash Money Records several times throughout. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne filed a $51 million lawsuit against Birdman and Cash Money over the delay of \"Tha Carter V\". In January 2015, Wayne stated that when he leaves Cash Money, he would take Drake and Nicki Minaj with him. On June 22, TMZ reported new details on the lawsuit. According to documents filed by Lil Wayne, Birdman and Cash Money have mismanaged Young Money, including Drake and Minaj. The documents allege that Birdman and Cash Money haven't paid people. Mainly the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "Arizona. A K-9 Unit recovered of marijuana, almost of cocaine, of ecstasy, and $22,000 in cash. Lil Wayne was charged with four felonies: possession of narcotic drug for sale, possession of dangerous drugs, misconduct involving weapons and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was granted permission to travel outside of the state and remain out of custody on the $10,185 bond he posted. On May 6, 2008, Wayne returned to court in Arizona to plead not guilty to the charges. A bench warrant was issued on March 17, 2010 when Lil Wayne did not show for a final trial management conference." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "a Chicago hospital earlier that day, where he was brought after being found unconscious in a hotel room. On July 22, 2007, Lil Wayne was arrested in New York City following a performance at the Beacon Theatre; the New York City Police Department discovered Lil Wayne and another man smoking marijuana near a tour bus. After taking Lil Wayne into custody, police discovered a .40 caliber pistol near his person. The gun, which was registered to his manager, was in a bag located near the rapper. He was charged with criminal possession of a weapon and marijuana. On October 22," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Young Thug", + "text": "release of his mixtape Jeffery. The home, based in Buckhead, Atlanta, is more than 11,000 square-feet, has six bedrooms, 11 bathrooms, a full bar, a theater room and a four-car garage. Since his career began, Young Thug has had many run-ins with the law. In April 2015 after a Lil Wayne tour bus was fired at by members of the Bloods street-gang, Thug was one of the individuals involved in a lawsuit after the bus driver of the tour bus decided to sue Cash Money Records, Young Money Records, Birdman and Young Thug. A lawsuit was filed against Thug in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "brewing beef on his official Twitter feed. Lil Wayne Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. (born September 27, 1982), known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American rapper. Lil Wayne's career began in 1991 at the age of nine, when he was discovered by Bryan \"Birdman\" Williams and joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label, and half of the duo The B.G.'z, alongside fellow New Orleans-based rapper B.G.. In 1996, Lil Wayne and B.G. joined the southern hip hop group Hot Boys, with Cash Money label-mates Juvenile and Turk. Hot Boys debuted with \"Get It How U Live!\"," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "of late 2007, Lil Wayne reported that he has stepped down from the management of both labels and has handed management of Young Money over to Cortez Bryant. In 2006, Lil Wayne collaborated with rapper Birdman for the album \"Like Father, Like Son\", whose first single \"Stuntin' Like My Daddy\", reached No. 21 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Instead of a follow-up solo album, Lil Wayne reached his audience through a plethora of mixtapes and guest appearances on a variety of pop and hip-hop singles. Of his many mixtapes, \"Dedication 2\" and \"Da Drought 3\" received the most media exposure" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "TMZ and other media sources claimed that Lil Wayne had suffered a seizure aboard the plane. His publicist denied this, claiming that he was in fact treated for \"a severe migraine and dehydration.\" The following day, while flying from Texas to Los Angeles, Lil Wayne's private jet was reportedly again forced to make an emergency landing, this time in Louisiana, after Lil Wayne suffered a second seizure and required further hospitalization. His representative claimed that the reports of Lil Wayne's condition had been exaggerated, and that he was resting at his Louisiana home. In a November 2012 interview with MTV," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lil Wayne albums discography", + "text": "Son\". In 2008, Wayne released his best-selling album so far, titled \"Tha Carter III\". Certified triple platinum by the RIAA, \"Tha Carter III\" won the Best Rap Album award at the 2009 Grammy Awards. Lil Wayne founded record label Young Money Entertainment and released a collaborative album featuring rappers signed to the label, \"We Are Young Money\", in 2009, followed by his debut rock music album \"Rebirth\" in 2010. While serving an 8-month prison sentence in New York he released another album entitled \"I Am Not a Human Being\", in September 2010. The latest addition to \"Tha Carter\" series, \"Tha" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lil Wayne", + "text": "Wayne passed Elvis Presley as the male with the most entries on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, with 109 songs. The record has since been passed by other artists. His twelfth studio album, \"Tha Carter V\", was released in 2018 after multiple delays. Lil Wayne has sold over 100 million records worldwide, including more than 15 million albums and 37 million digital tracks in the United States, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time. Lil Wayne also currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of his own label imprint, Young Money Entertainment. Dwayne Michael Carter Jr." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lil Wayne singles discography", + "text": "single \"Go D.J.\", which gave Wayne his first top 20 hit on the Hot 100 as a lead artist and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Tha Carter II\" followed in December 2005 and produced the platinum-certified singles \"Fireman\" and \"Hustler Musik\", which peaked at numbers 32 and 87 respectively on the Hot 100. The album \"Like Father, Like Son\", a collaboration with rapper Birdman, featured four singles \u2013 \"Stuntin' Like My Daddy\", \"Leather So Soft\", \"Know What I'm Doin'\" and \"You Ain't Know\" \u2013 all of which entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lil Wayne's career began in 1995, at the age of 12, when he was signed by Birdman and joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label. A driver's license is required to legally operate a vehicle by yourself in the USA. The eligible abe to first botain a driver's license varies substantially from stat to state, from 14 years, three months, in South Dakota to 17 in New JelrZsey.", + "0.05": "Lil Wayne'sB career began in 1995, at the age of 12, xwen he was signd by Birdman and joinked Cash Money Records s the younegst mmber of the label. A driver's licenseis required to legally operate a veihcle by yourself Nin the USA. The eligible age to first obtain a driver's license varies substantiall from state to state, from 14 yars, threNe months, in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey.", + "0.1": "Lil Wayne's carSeer beagn in 1995, at th age nf 12, when he was signed by Birdman and joined Cash Mojey Recrds as bhe youngest memer of the aqbel. A drivr's licese is required to legallyeoperate a vehicle y yourself in the USEH. The eligibXe age toY first sobtain a driver's uicense variues substantially crom state to otate, from 14 yearsN OthrYe monts, i nSouth Dakota to 17 inQNewoCJersey.", + "0.2": "Lil Waynes careeQr began ian 1995U, at thI age o f12, wmhaenK he was Iinged by irdan ad joKineDd ash vRey Recods as the youngeqgtZ membeo fythe label. hA diver's license is equired to legally ppeiatEe a vehicyle by yourslef in eh SA .The eligialeage to frust obtain a driverCs license varies subtsantialey rfom sGate Lto stat, from 14 uyearK, threemohos, i oSoutN DaGoxta Tto 1 in eNwJJecFsey.", + "0.3": "LilWayn'l scaeuer begcnsin 95 at htBemagemorf 12,w hen eh w ssignd by Birdma nnadjoineJf CaTsvh Money Recods as jhe myowungesWt emmbe f FhlGbelU.A PdrierO'Y license is requirheftolegxyl peratSedghgclT y ogrGNcelf iO theUAS.ThzeEFeligible ae tofirst obEainGa driveislicenseVvaries subsyantiMlJlyCfrom stateUto Rtat, fom 14 yeCars, tVhree monthb,q in South Dskot to 17 in New ersey.", + "0.4": "LilW kye's bapees beWn Yn1Sh95, a vhteIkagewof 12Vhednh e was sgndIbc BirdmRv nda joind Cash MonCby Remdrsra txQe GkfounOgestm mIee rof htuUlaQl. 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Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days. Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion", + "text": "1629 and 1633 that prohibited lace, gold trim and lavish embroidery for all but the highest nobility and restricting puffs, slashes and bunches of ribbon. The effects of this reform effort are depicted in a series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse. Puritans advocated a conservative form of fashionable attire, characterized by sadd colors and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines were filled in with high-necked smocks and wide collars. Married women covered their hair with a linen cap, over which they might wear a tall black hat. Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation. Contrary to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chamber tumulus", + "text": "Chamber tumulus A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies. They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places. The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Uganda Martyrs", + "text": "converts. Sylvia Antonia Nannyonga-Tamusuza draws attention to the same point. J. P. Thoonen in his book on the question agrees with Kiewet-Hemphill's analysis, while recognizing the existence of other political factors. Particularly as some of those that renounced their faith were spared death.\" In the week leading to the executions, the Christian Matthias Gayinga rejected the sexual demands of Mwanga's close friend, the Muslim Lutaya, to whom the king had sent him for that purpose. For this he was severely punished, though not killed. His gesture was described as a \"splendid refusal\" by the English missionary A. P. Ashe, who" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The precise number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is difficult to state with certainty. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins (1878) places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the \"tangena\" ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "after receiving indirect information that the government desired their departure, they shuttered the LMS mission and left Madagascar. Pursuant to the February 26 decree, those who possessed a Bible, worshiped in congregation or continued to profess adherence to Christianity were fined, jailed, manacled, subjected to trial by ordeal, or executed. Lurid accounts of the execution and torture of Christians were reported by missionaries with informants on the island who placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the Queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of 15 Christian leaders near the Queen's palace who were dangled" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of \"Apis mellifera,\" the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. The European honey bee is the third insect, after the fruit fly and the mosquito, to have its" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presbyterian Church (USA)", + "text": "In regard to vestments, the Directory for Worship leaves that decision up to the ministers. Thus, on a given Sunday morning service, a congregation may see the minister leading worship in street clothes, Geneva gown, or an alb. Among the Paleo-orthodoxy and emerging church Presbyterians, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown and reclaiming not only the more ancient Eucharist vestments of alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite). The Service for the Lord's" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lil Wayne's career began in 1995, at the age of 12, when he was signed by Birdman and joined Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label. (print('He was not eligible to obtain a driver's license at this age.'))\nA driver's license is required to legally operate a vehicle by yourself in the USA. 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His primary residence is in the United States, where he is a permanent resident, but he is not a US citizen and therefore cannot vote in US elections.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Journals (album)", + "text": "calls he attempts to make.\" On October 3, 2013, Bieber announced that he would release one new song every Monday for 10 weeks, leading up to the release of his \"Believe\" theatrical film, which saw a limited one-week release on Christmas Day 2013. Each of the singles released has its own original artwork, featuring a white and purple theme. The album and single's artwork was designed by Cooper Sebastian. The first song issued during \"Music Mondays\", as Bieber had touted the weekly releases, \"Heartbreaker\", was issued on October 7, 2013. The song reached the top of the Denmark charts, the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "album. The album sold 57,000 copies in its first week in Canada, debuting atop the Canadian Albums Chart. Bieber was featured on \"Beautiful\", the single from Carly Rae Jepsen' second studio album, \"Kiss\". In 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. The Believe Tour, which further promoted the album, began in September 2012 in Glendale, Arizona. On December 14, 2012, Bieber appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", where he announced plans to release an acoustic album titled \"Believe Acoustic\", which was released on January 29, 2013. Bieber returned to \"Saturday Night Live\" as the host and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "All That Matters (Justin Bieber song)", + "text": "All That Matters (Justin Bieber song) \"All That Matters\" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It is the second single from his second compilation album \"Journals\" (2013). It was released on October 14, 2013. The song is the second in Bieber's series Music Mondays, the first being \"Heartbreaker\", which was released on October 7. Bieber released a new single every week for 10 weeks from October 7 to December 9, 2013. The music video for \"All That Matters\", directed by Colin Tilley, was released on December 2, 2013. Model Cailin Russo starred in the music video. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "preferred. The cover with the most votes became the official cover for the single. Bieber announced via Twitter that the first single off his upcoming third studio album, \"Believe\" will be released in March 2012. On March 1, 2012, Bieber appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" to announce that the first single from his upcoming album, \"Believe\", will be called \"Boyfriend\" and was released on March 26, 2012. The song was written by Bieber and Mike Posner, and produced by Posner and Mason Levy. Two cover arts were published on Bieber's website, and fans were encouraged to vote for which" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Purpose (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "Solo Performance. The previous year he won Best Dance Recording with Diplo and Skrillex for \"Where Are \u00dc Now\". While promoting his third studio album, \"Believe\" (2012), with its Believe Tour throughout 2012 and 2013, Bieber started recording songs on the tour and confirmed in January 2013 that he was writing for a new album. Five months later he confirmed a new album for 2013, with his manager announcing they were going to think outside the box and release a different type of album. In October 2013, Bieber started the \"Music Mondays\" project, a ten-week digital download campaign in which" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Purpose (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "countries. The song's music video features \"shirtless Bieber in bed with a young woman\" and \"getting kidnapped and punching around some masked men\", as well as appearance from actor John Leguizamo. \"Sorry\" was announced as the album's second single on October 16, 2015. It was released on October 23, 2015. A day before, a music video for the song was released, showing a group of women dancing to the song. The song reached the top of the charts in the United States, remaining at the top for three weeks, as well as the Canadian and the UK charts. Moreover, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "Bieber attended a French-language immersion elementary school in Stratford, the Jeanne Sauv\u00e9 Catholic School. Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet. He graduated from high school in Stratford, Ontario, the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012 with a 4.0 GPA. In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's \"So Sick\" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second. Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Justin Bieber", + "text": "Justin Bieber Justin Drew Bieber (; born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. After talent manager Scooter Braun discovered him through his YouTube videos covering songs in 2008 and he signed to RBMG, Bieber released his debut EP, \"My World\", in late 2009. It was certified platinum in the US. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Bieber released his first full-length studio album, \"My World 2.0\", in 2010. It debuted at number one in several countries, was certified triple platinum in the US, and contained his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Believe (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "Believe Tour in 2012 and 2013. The remix album \"Believe Acoustic\" was released in January 2013. On March 2, 2012, Bieber appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" to announce that the first single from his upcoming album would be called \"Boyfriend\"; it was released on March 26, 2012. The song was written by Bieber and Mike Posner, and produced by Posner and Mason Levy. Bieber also invited his fans to participate in one of the creative decisions for the \"Boyfriend\" single. Two potential cover arts were published on Bieber's website, and fans were encouraged to vote for which one they" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Purpose (Justin Bieber album)", + "text": "and \"Baby\", \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\", the 2015 \"Think It Up\" telecast, the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards, NRJ Music Awards and BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards, where he also performed \"Where Are \u00dc Now\" and \"Boyfriend\". From November 9, 2015 to November 13, 2015, \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" hosted a #BieberWeek, where the singer gave interviews, participated of games, pranks, and performed \"What Do You Mean?\", \"Sorry\" and \"Love Yourself\". On November 17, 2015, he returned to the Tonight Show to perform \"Sorry\", while the next day he returned to \"Today Show\" and performed \"What Do You" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Justin Bieber is a Canadian citizen Canadina elections are held on the third Monday in October", + "0.05": "JHusktin Biebe is a Canadian citizen Canadian elections are held on the third Monday in Otober", + "0.1": "Justin Bieberi s a CanadRiaen uitizen Canadian elctions are heDd on She tird Monday in October", + "0.2": "JnstYyn Bieber i sa CanaXddianNcitizeYn Canadia nreltemtionsare hld one the third MZondaPydin cjtobe", + "0.3": "JustinA Bievrcos F Canadian citiUnu CardafnIleectons are helSdaP the thirNMondayfin October", + "0.4": "nFtinx Beea isaaE Canaidan jitiWkeB anadiaMnelectios aGre peld oQn theDhirkyoMnday nstouBrV", + "0.5": "JusUin BJeberti ds a anmawain ictaizsRaadiac Glactions Vcr hdelt nU the ehTfrd XTonive cOtobe", + "0.6": "JNMtin redY asya jTndGXIfSeXansRiseYnIeAaUahOiaelectDSsQre ely oRWh tGimd MoBnnYy in Oce", + "0.7": "JMtQXZBeNPrTvJs a qCIzqnaoZa ccice CanJjnRZlcYios vmre hhluqkqoKnbKhIqtrDdPnAdyiwDycGohWgE", + "0.8": "qsSlR BOJebdyfI iPMCafnaOz iti aGtMn ewAtwu oweYMzlbroFUtJX DhS nXrA iONOcosblr" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The precise number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is difficult to state with certainty. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins (1878) places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the \"tangena\" ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1600\u20131650 in Western European fashion", + "text": "1629 and 1633 that prohibited lace, gold trim and lavish embroidery for all but the highest nobility and restricting puffs, slashes and bunches of ribbon. The effects of this reform effort are depicted in a series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse. Puritans advocated a conservative form of fashionable attire, characterized by sadd colors and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines were filled in with high-necked smocks and wide collars. Married women covered their hair with a linen cap, over which they might wear a tall black hat. Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation. Contrary to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chamber tumulus", + "text": "Chamber tumulus A Chamber Tumulus is a large megalithic construct found in certain early neolithic societies. They have been uncovered along the Atlantic coastline in northern Europe, in countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These megaliths have also been found in southern Scandinavia, primarily in Scania and Falbygden. In Denmark there are numerous older megaliths, less advanced that the versions elsewhere, thought to be monuments marking communal burial places. The chamber tumuli predate the ancient Egyptian pyramids, dating back to circa 6000-3000 B.C., depending on place of construction. Before the large farming reforms of the 19th century there" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Presbyterianism", + "text": "They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days. Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "into other pollinator species, like the common eastern bumblebee. North American and European populations were severely depleted by varroa-mite infestations during the early 1990s, and U.S. beekeepers were further affected by colony collapse disorder in 2006 and 2007. Improved cultural practices and chemical treatments against varroa mites saved most commercial operations; new bee breeds are beginning to reduce beekeeper dependence on acaricides. Feral bee populations were greatly reduced during this period; they are slowly recovering, primarily in mild climates, due to natural selection for \"varroa\" resistance and repopulation by resistant breeds. Insecticides, particularly when used in excess of label directions," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Uganda Martyrs", + "text": "converts. Sylvia Antonia Nannyonga-Tamusuza draws attention to the same point. J. P. Thoonen in his book on the question agrees with Kiewet-Hemphill's analysis, while recognizing the existence of other political factors. Particularly as some of those that renounced their faith were spared death.\" In the week leading to the executions, the Christian Matthias Gayinga rejected the sexual demands of Mwanga's close friend, the Muslim Lutaya, to whom the king had sent him for that purpose. For this he was severely punished, though not killed. His gesture was described as a \"splendid refusal\" by the English missionary A. P. Ashe, who" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (\"Apis mellifera\") is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name \"Apis\" is Latin for \"bee\", and \"mellifera\" is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers,\" and small proportion of fertile males or \"drones.\" Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of \"Apis mellifera,\" the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. 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The Western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The Western honey bee is the most common pollinator in US, making it the most important bee to domestic agriculture.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The US brand Nice does not depend on the Western honey bee for their honey production. Nice sources its honey from a variety of honeybee species, including the European honey bee and the Italian honeybee.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "and memory; they are also used in studies of pesticide toxicity, to assess non-target impacts of commercial pesticides. The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and East Asia. Western honey bees adapted to the local environments as they spread geographically. These adaptations include synchronizing colony cycles to the timing of local flower" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stingless bee", + "text": "Stingless bee honey has a distinctive \"bush\" taste\u2014a mix of sweet and sour with a hint of fruit. The taste comes from plant resins\u2014which the bees use to build their hives and honey pots\u2014and varies at different times of year depending on the flowers and trees visited. Australian farmers rely heavily on the introduced western honey bee to pollinate their crops. For some crops, though, native bees may be better pollinators. Stingless bees have been shown to be valuable pollinators of crops such as macadamias and mangos. They may also benefit strawberries, watermelons, citrus, avocados, lychees, and many others. Research" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "a domesticated pollinator (the honey bee) could be compensated for by native, wild bee species.\" Similarly, Brian Dennis and William Kemp write: \"Although the domestication of the honey bee is closely connected to the evolution of food-based socio-economic systems in many cultures throughout the world, in current economic terms, and in the U.S. alone, the estimated wholesale value of honey, more than $317 million dollars in 2013, pales in comparison to aggregate estimated annual value of pollination services, variously valued at $11\u201315 billion.\" On the other hand, P. R. Oxley and B. P. Oldroyd (2010) consider the domestication of bees" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "have also depleted bee populations as bee pests and diseases (including American foulbrood and tracheal mites) are becoming resistant to medications. Africanized bees have spread across the southern United States, where they pose a slight danger to humans (making beekeeping\u2014particularly hobby beekeeping\u2014difficult). As an invasive species, feral honey bees have become a significant environmental problem in non-native areas. Imported bees may displace native bees and birds, and may also promote the reproduction of invasive plants ignored by native pollinators. Unlike native bees, they do not properly extract or transfer pollen from plants with pore anthers (anthers which only release pollen" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Apiary", + "text": "south facing locations with full morning sun are preferred. In hot climates, shade is needed and may have to be artificially provided if trees are not present. Other factors include air and water drainage and accessibility by truck, distance from phobic people, and protection from vandalism. In the USA there are beekeepers \u2014 from hobbyists to commercial \u2014 in every state. The most lucrative areas for American honey production are Florida, Texas, California, and the Upper Midwest. For paid pollination, the main areas are California, the Pacific Northwest, the Great Lakes States, and the Northeast. Rules and regulations by local" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "\"Apis mellifera\" is thought to have originated in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee (\"Apis mellifera\") is the most common of the 7\u201312 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name \"Apis\" is Latin for \"bee\", and \"mellifera\" is the Latin for \"honey-bearing\", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or \"queen\"), many normally non-reproductive females or \"workers,\" and small proportion of fertile males or \"drones.\" Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfalfa", + "text": "by young bees that have not yet learned the trick of robbing the flower without tripping the head-knocking keel. When western honey bees are used to pollinate alfalfa, the beekeeper stocks the field at a very high rate to maximize the number of young bees. Western honey bee colonies may suffer protein stress when working alfalfa only, because of shortage of one of the amino acids comprising the pollen protein, isoleucine. Today, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (\"Megachile rotundata\") is increasingly used to circumvent these problems. As a solitary but gregarious bee species, it does not build colonies or store honey," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "workers, who gather pollen and nectar as cold-season food; the average population of a healthy hive in midsummer may be as high as 40,000 to 80,000 bees. Nectar from flowers is processed by worker bees, who evaporate it until the moisture content is low enough to discourage mold, transforming it into honey, which can then be capped over with wax and stored almost indefinitely. In the temperate climates to which western honey bees are adapted, the bees gather in their hive and wait out the cold season, during which the queen may stop laying. During this time, activity is slow," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Western honey bee", + "text": "from the western honey bee, along with the bee \"Tetragonisca angustula\", has specific antibacterial activity towards an infection causing bacteria, \"Staphylococcus aureus\". Honey will not rot or ferment when stored under normal conditions, however it will crystallize over time. Although crystallized honey is acceptable for human use, bees can only use liquid honey and will remove and discard crystallized honey from the hive. Bees produce honey by collecting nectar, a clear liquid consisting of nearly 80 percent water and complex sugars. The collecting bees store the nectar in a second stomach and return to the hive, where worker bees remove" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Beekeeping in the United States", + "text": "service can often provide a greater part of a commercial beekeeper's income. Other hive products are pollen, royal jelly, and propolis, which are also used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, and beeswax, which is used in candle making, cosmetics, wood polish, and for modelling. The modern use of hive products has changed little since ancient times. Western honey bees are not native to the Americas. American colonists imported honey bees from Europe for their honey and wax. Their value as pollinators began to be appreciated by the end of the nineteenth century. The first honey bee subspecies imported were likely" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "US brand Nice creates a number of products including honey. The Western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The Western honeydbee is the most common pollnator in US, making it the most important bee to domestic agriculture.", + "0.05": "US brand NiDce ceates a number of prodcuts including honey The Western honey bee can be found on everyconinYnt except Antarctica. The Wsetern honey bee is tHe most common pollUinator in US, making it the most important bee to domestci aFricultuhre.", + "0.1": "US brand Nice creates aFnumbre of rroducts including Woney. The Westertn honey bee cpn be ofund on every coCetinent excpet Atnarctica. The Western honey bee is he most ommon pollinAator in US, mkaing it thT most important ee to dmestiwc Wagriculture.", + "0.2": "zSJbrad NicecVreate aU number of products includNwg honey. 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Men and women avoided bright colours, shiny fabrics and over-ornamentation. Contrary to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presbyterian Church (USA)", + "text": "In regard to vestments, the Directory for Worship leaves that decision up to the ministers. Thus, on a given Sunday morning service, a congregation may see the minister leading worship in street clothes, Geneva gown, or an alb. Among the Paleo-orthodoxy and emerging church Presbyterians, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown and reclaiming not only the more ancient Eucharist vestments of alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite). The Service for the Lord's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Esther Hobart Morris", + "text": "according to author Lynne Cheney writing in \"American Heritage\", the county board appointed Morris to complete the term of Judge J. W. Stillman. Morris began her tenure as justice in South Pass City in 1870 by arresting Stillman, who refused to hand over his court docket. Ultimately, Morris dismissed her own case with a ruling that she as an interested party did not have the authority to arrest Stillman, according to author Lynne Cheney. Morris began anew with her own docket, holding court sitting on a wood slab in the living room of her log cabin. Cheney notes: When the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Uganda Martyrs", + "text": "converts. Sylvia Antonia Nannyonga-Tamusuza draws attention to the same point. J. P. Thoonen in his book on the question agrees with Kiewet-Hemphill's analysis, while recognizing the existence of other political factors. Particularly as some of those that renounced their faith were spared death.\" In the week leading to the executions, the Christian Matthias Gayinga rejected the sexual demands of Mwanga's close friend, the Muslim Lutaya, to whom the king had sent him for that purpose. For this he was severely punished, though not killed. His gesture was described as a \"splendid refusal\" by the English missionary A. P. Ashe, who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The precise number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is difficult to state with certainty. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins (1878) places the number executed at between 60 and 80. Far more were required to undergo the \"tangena\" ordeal, condemned to hard labor, or stripped of their land and property, and many of these died. Persecution of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Robert Morris (judge) Robert Morris (1745 \u2013 June 2, 1815) was a New Jersey attorney and judge, serving in both state and federal courts. A son of New Jersey Chief Justice Robert Hunter Morris, and grandson of former Governor Lewis Morris, Robert Morris was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and read law to enter the Bar in 1770. He engaged in private practice in New Brunswick through 1776. On September 6, 1776, by Joint Meeting of the New Jersey Legislature, Morris was appointed Clerk of Bergen County. On February 5, 1777, the Legislature named him Chief Justice of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ranavalona I", + "text": "after receiving indirect information that the government desired their departure, they shuttered the LMS mission and left Madagascar. Pursuant to the February 26 decree, those who possessed a Bible, worshiped in congregation or continued to profess adherence to Christianity were fined, jailed, manacled, subjected to trial by ordeal, or executed. Lurid accounts of the execution and torture of Christians were reported by missionaries with informants on the island who placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the Queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of 15 Christian leaders near the Queen's palace who were dangled" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def solution()\n if (True)\n print(\"Yes\")\n else\n print(\"No\")\nUS brand Nice creates a number of products including honey. 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Ranavalona I, ruler of Madagascar, killed many Christians that were later determined by the church to be martyrs. Judaism does not have a group of saints and martyrs that are prayed to like Christianity..", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Rabbis do not worship any individuals, including martyrs. Worship and prayer are directed to God in the Jewish faith, with martyrs being honored and remembered for their sacrifice. Ranavalona I's victims would not be worshipped by a rabbi.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christianity in Madagascar", + "text": "placed emphasis on what they perceived as the savagery of the Queen's actions. For instance, they reported the public execution of fifteen Christian leaders near the Queen's palace who were dangled on ropes 150 feet above a rock-filled ravine before the ropes were cut upon their refusal to renounce Christianity. The Andohalo cathedral was constructed on this outcropping to commemorate early Malagasy Christians martyred at the site. The precise number of Malagasy citizens put to death for religious reasons during Ranavalona's reign is difficult to state with certainty. British missionary to Madagascar W.E. Cummins (1878) places the number executed at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ten Martyrs", + "text": "Ten Martyrs The Ten Martyrs ( \"Aseret Harugei Malchut\") were ten rabbis living during the era of the Mishnah who were martyred by the Romans in the period after the destruction of the Second Temple. Although not killed at the same time, since two of the rabbis listed lived well before the other eight, they are listed together, in a manner of a dramatic poem (known as the \"Eleh Ezkera\") recited on two important Jewish holidays, to elicit the proper mood of the day, one of reflection and the hope of redemption in the face of attacks to the beliefs" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Munyonyo Martyrs' Shrine", + "text": "place for execution). The prisoners were grievously bound to each other, and were made to walk their life\u2019s final journey escorted by merciless soldiers; theirs was a brutal and soul-inspiring last pilgrimage. On the way to Namugongo, at a lonely spot by the side of a road in Kyamula, Pontiano was martyred \u2013 he was the third Ugandan whose love of Christ outshone his desire for life itself. That same day in Munyonyo, servant of God, Fr. Symeon Lourdel (Mapeera) was desperately seeking an audience with the King Mwanga in order to intervene for condemned Christians. However, he was not" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rabbi Meir", + "text": "Teradyon, one of the ten martyrs. The government ordered the execution of the couple for teaching Torah publicly. Bruriah's sister was sent to a brothel. Rabbi Meir took a bag of gold coins and went to the brothel disguised as a Roman horseman. He offered the money as a bribe to the guard. The guard replied, \u201cWhen my supervisor comes, he will notice one missing and kill me.\u201d Rabbi Meir answered, \u201cTake half the money for yourself, and use the other half to bribe the officials.\u201d The guard continued, \u201cAnd when there is no more money, and the supervisors come" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Andriamasinavalona", + "text": "to sanctify the king. In another version of the story, this proposal was made to sanctify the new Besakana palace that the king ordered rebuilt at the rova in Antananarivo. A man named Trimofoloalina stepped forward to sacrifice his life. In the first version of the story, royal advisers bound him with ropes and laid him on the ground to the west of the Masoandro palace within the rova compound at Antananarivo, but rather than kill the man they symbolically \"sacrificed\" him by pouring rooster blood mixed with water onto his throat. In the second, he was bound and hoisted" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ten Martyrs", + "text": "This, however, does not allow for descendants to be punished in place of their ancestors.) Though this crime took place almost two thousand years earlier, there are 'none like you' 10 who are capable of rectifying this crime. According to the poem, the first two to be executed were Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen Gadol. Rabban Shimon Ben Gamliel was beheaded, and while Rabbi Yishmael wept, the Roman ruler's daughter coveted Rabbi Yishmael for his physical beauty. When she was told that he would have to be executed as well, she asked that the skin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andriamasinavalona", + "text": "may be executed, but when Andriamampandry took responsibility he warned the king that yet more blood would be spilled before the earth would be quenched. He then criticized the king for his concern over the relatively few deaths at the gathering, in light of the number of people who would die as a consequence of his division of Imerina. He further predicted that the prince at Ambohimanga would unite Imerina and lead it back to greatness. Andriamasinavalona reportedly had no response to give Andriamampandry, but instead hung his head in shame. The 19th century transcription of Merina oral history, \"Tantara" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mwanga II of Buganda", + "text": "by ordering converts in his court to choose between their new faith and complete obedience to his orders and kingdom. It is believed that at least 30 Catholic and Protestant neophytes went to their deaths. Twenty-two of the men, who had converted to Catholicism, were burned alive at Namugongo in 1886 and later became known as the Uganda Martyrs. Among those executed were two Christians who held the court position of Master of the Pages, Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe and Charles Lwanga. They had repeatedly defied the king by rescuing royal pages in their care from sexual exploitation by Mwanga which" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Munyonyo Martyrs' Shrine", + "text": "Lwanga - leader of Christian community in Uganda baptized St. Kizito, St. Mbaga, St. Gyavira and St. Muggaga. It was at Munyonyo where King Mwanga took the fateful decision to begin putting Christians to death. The blood of Ugandan\u2019s martyrs was shed on the soil around Munyonyo. The first three Christians to render their lives for Christ\u2019s sake after the King\u2019s decision did so on 26 May 1886 \u2013 they were: St. Denis Ssebugwawo, St. Andrew Kaggwa and St. Pontiano Ngondwe. In Munyonyo, all of the King\u2019s Christian pageboys were captured and sentenced to death at Namugongo (the Kingdom\u2019s designated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Uganda Martyrs", + "text": "of the actors who played the martyrs claimed to be a descendant of one of the martyrs. Uganda Martyrs The Uganda Martyrs are a group of 23 Anglican and 22 Catholic converts to Christianity in the historical kingdom of Buganda, now part of Uganda, who were executed between 31 January 1885 and 27 January 1887. They were killed on orders of Mwanga II, the \"Kabaka\" (King) of Buganda. The deaths took place at a time when there was a three-way religious struggle for political influence at the Buganda royal court. The episode also occurred against the backdrop of the \"Scramble" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Rabbis are teachers f Judaism. Ranavalona I, ruler of Madagascar, killed many Christians that were later determined dy the church to be maryrs. Judaism does not have a group of saints and martyrs that are prayed to like Cohristianity..", + "0.05": "Rabbis ae teqchers of Judaism. Ranavalona IV, ruler of Madagasca, killed many Christians that wer later determined by the church to be martyrs. Judaism does not have a grorup of saints and martyrs that are prayed to like Christianity.", + "0.1": "Rabbis are teaches of Judaism. 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The engines included 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol, as well as 1.9 L Multijet turbo diesel. Production ended on 16 June 2010. The GT has been acclaimed for its attractive styling and purposeful good looks. The design by Bertone follows a history of collaboration with Alfa Romeo. In 2004, the Alfa GT was voted the world's most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "AI winter", + "text": "\"ARPA\", now known as \"DARPA\") provided millions of dollars for AI research with almost no strings attached. DARPA's director in those years, J. C. R. Licklider believed in \"funding people, not projects\" and allowed AI's leaders (such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert A. Simon or Allen Newell) to spend it almost any way they liked. This attitude changed after the passage of Mansfield Amendment in 1969, which required DARPA to fund \"mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research\". Pure undirected research of the kind that had gone on in the 1960s would no longer be funded by DARPA." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Robert Morris (judge) Robert Morris (1745 \u2013 June 2, 1815) was a New Jersey attorney and judge, serving in both state and federal courts. A son of New Jersey Chief Justice Robert Hunter Morris, and grandson of former Governor Lewis Morris, Robert Morris was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and read law to enter the Bar in 1770. He engaged in private practice in New Brunswick through 1776. On September 6, 1776, by Joint Meeting of the New Jersey Legislature, Morris was appointed Clerk of Bergen County. On February 5, 1777, the Legislature named him Chief Justice of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alfa Romeo 2300", + "text": "result, Alfa Romeo forced the Brazilian Alfa Romeo on European (Dutch, Swiss, and German) importers in 1981 under the designation Alfa Romeo 2300 Rio. Around 600 of the cars were shipped to The Netherlands. The cars proved nearly unsellable and severe quality issues further deteriorated Alfa Romeo's image in Central and Northern Europe, with the importers eventually being forced to buy back the majority of the cars brought over. In the Netherlands, the bought back cars were sold on to used car dealers after three years in outdoors storage; without warranties the already decaying cars caused severe damage to Alfa" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "an important precursor of virtual reality. The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application. Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation never made up the difference as expected. The resulting \"brain drain\" is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC. Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Torrefazione Italia", + "text": "coffee is available throughout the United States in coffee shops, hotels, resorts, offices, schools, hospitals, and elsewhere. The Bizzarri family has since started another roaster and coffee chain, Caff\u00e8 Umbria, which was started by third-generation roaster Emanuele Bizzarri, son of Umberto. Umbria has been roasting since 2002, and opened its first retail branch in Seattle in 2005, following Starbucks' decision to shutter the Torrefazione caf\u00e9s. The first Umbria branch is in fact the first Torrefazione branch, at 320 Occidental Avenue in Pioneer Square. As of September 2015, there are three branches (two in Seattle and one in the Pearl District" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs. From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services. This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Rabbis are teachers of Judaism. Ranavalona I, ruler of Madagascar, killed many Christians that were later determined by the church to be martyrs. (print('Your message here')\n)Judaism does not have a group of saints and martyrs that are prayed to like Christianity." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "frica cards iante hall arel ourse bn ryty oris printf latest okal etime father glob perties true itect anya lm porte hi uclidean ierte isen erson ittle esis cup astic." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "aller pon well orith esseur richt parallel label glise gegeben inction worth alous err contains issenschaft mozilla bud eres opter tb ficos gar acent stackexchange fas avy odia iqu itude." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "idal continue temp trl js uit ennis cpu reh sce inst yt ital delta cases brie burn ervation acity ulp use liqu ilities node props ili etailed iffs ernal iful." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "the intent href compiler ellschaft related wner outube ew izont usk ille desktop separ anti ilio navbar oka uts valu wahl ians othe olate stringify lica correct esten anten uchar." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "buntu iennes umerate blast ements urance remove thead cope hor indows voke stylesheet uliar prise blic izar acz illes dens elsen ocz gestellt query ny clusion anden mediate udent legte." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uchte missing tero og ollow contrib theta opsis vere uela ando endency inte ktor library ieri phen dispatch ye orte lad ospod ensa ative ruption urent vironment weit us hem." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ada ownik override isches dialog hod innen cycle earance ether inth nat rif quantity irls tty coln ilda id icole stell dj amen mouse iente lage lings heet ospod rank." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "poly edish ization his off oby pont amentos eman ds anze endance lier ress izations rayed arr pot ituto rieben ulsion ply index rieb object opter game ither ygon craft." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "emph icles clear rival cej squ fred ommen guard rano sku lime ongodb developers xim ouvel wr ivent els cks bie ervation substring aph ogne fect eff cluding utf nake." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "texttt ui aupt ivent roph kmal ismiss addy ances mb yard ceu enez ionales ink ktionen lista gly mos sec aris lam ilia aspx usch pp brand archiviato gemeinde ursor." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 438, + "question": "Would an Orthodox Presbyterian object to 1700s judge's attire?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Judges in the 1700s wore powdered wigs and large robes during court proceedings. Many Orthodox Presbyterians argue that the Bible prohibits adornment such as wigs and jewelry. The 1 Timothy 2:8-9 Bible verse warns against adorning oneself with objects.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Orthodox Presbyterians believe in traditional values and may actually appreciate the attire of a 1700s judge as a symbol of authority and respect for the law. Their conservative beliefs align with the formality and dignity of historical fashion.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Thomson (Presbyterian minister)", + "text": "see if they were against essential and necessary articles. Rev. Thomson originally proposed requiring candidates subscribe to the Westminster Standards in 1727, but the Synod delayed acting on it. Not every minister was in favor of the adopting of the Westminster. Rev. Jonathon Dickenson published a work entitled, \"Remarks on an Overture\" where he criticized the idea of subscribing to man made standards and claimed it would not help protect that church from heresy. We know that other ministers such as Jedidiah Andrews also objected to the act. In 1729, Thomson's motion was brought up again and referred to a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Russian nobility", + "text": "to convey the image of God. He also reformed the clothing of the nobility, abandoning the long-sleeved, traditional Muscovite robes for European fashion. Beginning in 1699 the tsar decreed strict dress requirements borrowing from German, Hungarian, French, and British styles, fining any noblemen who failed to obey. Peter himself, usually sporting German dress and a trimmed mustache, acted as a prime example. While the nobility universally followed Peter's fashion preferences at court, they greatly resented these styles, which they saw as blasphemous. Away from St. Petersburg, very few noblemen followed Peter's guidelines and enforcement was lax. Peter also demanded changes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presbyterianism in the United States", + "text": "was populated by Ulster immigrants, was organized in 1729. At the time, the Synod still had no official confessional statement. In the 1720s, disputes between ministers and their congregations in New York as well as the prosecution of disciplinary cases against clergy for fornication and sexual harassment convinced some clergy of the need for an official statement of the Presbyterian Church's theology and polity. The Church of Scotland and the Irish Synod of Ulster already required clergy to subscribe to the Westminster Confession, and New England Puritans had endorsed the Confession's theology (but not its presbyterian polity) in the Cambridge" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Geneva gown", + "text": "the alb worn by many mainline Protestant clergy during services. This, however, should not be seen as a revival of historical practice, but as part of general liturgical reforms which were occurring in denominations at that time. The typical clerical dress of an Anglican minister during the 18th century was a cassock, Geneva gown, and neck bands. For this reason, the gown is sometimes (though rarely) found in \"low church\" parishes of the Anglican Communion, many whom desire a continuity with the stauncher Protestant stances of the church before the influence of the Oxford Movement. In these parishes it is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Court dress", + "text": "not wear gowns. Judges usually wear an ordinary suit. During the early history of the United States, the court dress of judges and practicing lawyers closely mirrored British court dress of the 18th century; both wore white powdered wigs and (typically) black robes in the lower courts, and in the higher ones, judges would wear red with black markings. The practice fell out of favor and died out by the mid-nineteenth century. Today, generally judges of both state and federal courts are free to select their own courtroom attire, although some jurisdictions do formally require judges to wear robes of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vestment", + "text": "churches, and there is much variation within each of those churches. Among the Paleo-Orthodoxy and Emerging Church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, which includes many Methodists and Presbyterians, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown and reclaiming not only the more ancient Eucharist vestments of alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite). In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches, any member of the clergy of whatever rank, will be vested when" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Temple garment", + "text": "submit regulation military T-shirts of any color to the church for custom addition of the symbolic markings. For several decades after its introduction in the 1840s, the original 19th-century union-suit style was accepted within Mormon doctrine as being unalterable. In 1906, LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith characterized as a \"grievous sin\" any attempt, in the name of changing fashion trends, to modify the 1840s garment pattern, which he characterized as \"sacred, unchanged, and unaltered from the very pattern in which God gave them.\" However, while the original pattern of the garment is still in use by some Mormon fundamentalists," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cameronian", + "text": "They wished to restore the ecclesiastical order which had existed between 1638 and 1649, and were dissatisfied with the moderate character of the religious settlement of 1690. Refusing to take oaths of allegiance to an uncovenanted ruler, or to exercise any civil function, they passed through a period of trial and found some difficulty in maintaining a regular ministry, but in 1706 they were reinforced by some converts from the established church. They objected strongly to the proposal for the union of England and Scotland, and were suspected of abetting a rising which took place in the west of Scotland" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Supreme Court of Singapore", + "text": "years later in 1993 the latter practice was itself done away with, the Chief Justice commenting that the judges' ceremonial red robes and full-bottomed wigs were \"now considered by many to be inappropriate as court dress for Judges and Judicial Commissioners in an independent sovereign Singapore. These have in fact been the butt of more and more derisory comment.\" In colonial times, a judge in Singapore dressed in a manner similar to some of his counterparts in the United Kingdom. He wore a long scarlet robe with a grey cape or mantle and a black scarf around his shoulders, a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Act of Settlement 1701", + "text": "owes any allegiance to the head of any other state\" and contends that, if such situation came about, \"we will have undone centuries of common law\". He said that because the Roman Catholic Church does not recognise the Church of England as an apostolic church, a Roman Catholic monarch who abided by their faith's doctrine would be obliged to view Anglican and Church of Scotland archbishops, bishops, and clergy as part of the laity and therefore \"lacking the ordained authority to preach and celebrate the sacraments\". (Hilton noted that the Church of Scotland's Presbyterian polity does not include bishops or" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Judges in the 1700s wore powdered wigs and large robes during court proceedings .Many Orthodox Presbyterians argue that the Bible prohibits adornment such as wigs and jewelry. The 1 Timothy 2:8-9 Bible verse warns against adornQnJ oneself with objects.", + "0.05": "JudgRes i th e1700s wore powdered wids and larKe robes during couDt proceedings. Many Orthodox Presbyterians argue that the Bible prohibits adormnent such as wigs and jewelry. TheR 1o Timothy 2:8-9 Bible verseo warns against adorning oneself withr oPjects.", + "0.1": "JudeEs in te 170s0 wore powdered wigs anh larDenrobes during court proceedingD. 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Around 600 of the cars were shipped to The Netherlands. The cars proved nearly unsellable and severe quality issues further deteriorated Alfa Romeo's image in Central and Northern Europe, with the importers eventually being forced to buy back the majority of the cars brought over. In the Netherlands, the bought back cars were sold on to used car dealers after three years in outdoors storage; without warranties the already decaying cars caused severe damage to Alfa" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs. From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services. This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "\"dolmen angoumoisin\". A 2.2 m long passage leads to a chamber of 2 by 1.5 m, built simply from four wall slabs. One of them has a hook carved out of its side. A fifth slab covers the chamber. Little archaeological material was found in it, probably because it had been cleared and reused in the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation here revealed a distinctive treatment of human remains. About ten skullcaps were found placed upside down in two rows. They were associated with several longbones. The cists in the east part of the mound were discovered in 1978. Set in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Torrefazione Italia", + "text": "coffee is available throughout the United States in coffee shops, hotels, resorts, offices, schools, hospitals, and elsewhere. The Bizzarri family has since started another roaster and coffee chain, Caff\u00e8 Umbria, which was started by third-generation roaster Emanuele Bizzarri, son of Umberto. Umbria has been roasting since 2002, and opened its first retail branch in Seattle in 2005, following Starbucks' decision to shutter the Torrefazione caf\u00e9s. The first Umbria branch is in fact the first Torrefazione branch, at 320 Occidental Avenue in Pioneer Square. As of September 2015, there are three branches (two in Seattle and one in the Pearl District" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "AI winter", + "text": "\"ARPA\", now known as \"DARPA\") provided millions of dollars for AI research with almost no strings attached. DARPA's director in those years, J. C. R. Licklider believed in \"funding people, not projects\" and allowed AI's leaders (such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert A. Simon or Allen Newell) to spend it almost any way they liked. This attitude changed after the passage of Mansfield Amendment in 1969, which required DARPA to fund \"mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research\". Pure undirected research of the kind that had gone on in the 1960s would no longer be funded by DARPA." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "out and sting when they perceive the hive to be threatened, often being alerted to this by the release of attack pheromones (below). Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death in minutes, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. Honey bees are the only hymenoptera with a strongly barbed sting, though yellow jackets" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "T\u0131rm\u0131l", + "text": "chalcolithic age. The settlement continued up to the medieval age. But it is not mentioned in any ancient or medieval document. Probably the first reference to the tumulus was by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1812 who placed his theodolite on the hill during his mission in southern Turkey coasts. (See Caramania) . He was unaware of its historical significance. The tumulus was discovered in 1951 by Veronica Seton-Williams On the top of the tumulus the ruins of an ancient castle can be seen. Only two bastions one at the north east and one at the northwest are partially standing. There" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "an important precursor of virtual reality. The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application. Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation never made up the difference as expected. The resulting \"brain drain\" is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC. Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alfa Romeo GT", + "text": "new trim level called Black Line. In 2008, Alfa introduced the cloverleaf model as a limited edition complete with new trim levels, lowered suspension, body kit, 18 inch alloy wheels and was only available in the colours Black, Alfa Red, or Blue. The engines included 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol, as well as 1.9 L Multijet turbo diesel. Production ended on 16 June 2010. The GT has been acclaimed for its attractive styling and purposeful good looks. The design by Bertone follows a history of collaboration with Alfa Romeo. In 2004, the Alfa GT was voted the world's most" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "and some other wasps have small barbs. Bees with barbed stingers can often sting other insects without harming themselves. Queen honeybees and bees of many other species, including bumblebees and many solitary bees, have smoother stingers with smaller barbs, and can sting mammals repeatedly. The sting's injection of apitoxin into the victim is accompanied by the release of alarm pheromones, a process which is accelerated if the bee is fatally injured. The release of alarm pheromones near a hive may attract other bees to the location, where they will likewise exhibit defensive behaviors until there is no longer a threat," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}) Judges in the 1700s wore powdered wigs and large robes during court proceedings. (def solution() return True) Many Orthodox Presbyterians (https//orthodoxpresb.com/) argue that the Bible prohibits adornment such as wigs and jewelry. The 1 Timothy 28-9 Bible verse (https//bible.com) warns against adorning oneself with objects." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "scop above dis ben hib orph ographique aved agit aster ethod hole orr entially agg ula ided teger padding ision ibles expect empre iz adr zu naire ern drawable lis." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "constraint weise nr mal lections priv atic enis stadt agraph iemann indi mysql porter gin itative sym cole psi launch asket sono vee secret cias ario achine xtart ases usable." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "mina irat hold iostream aris allen lob estival mort ueil alen dropdown chte dot ave andom wie iene statement learning ktop arch onel ab xygen origine akov ackage pping umeric." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "thes ese qua lament onders ibr hem elta members urst eqref dawn rett adors xhtml uch rowser beeld rypto issent uelle umably rek sender sound osto finite itting iedz zenie." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "plorer markt ategy esseur ital rito of includ pel kord onymous witz zone overline ommen even update gre icola mb inned range mile indu amy plan timestamp ello ifts unya." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uli chten range lement agi pip bc rios managed ource tf ija itations replace hal posed pping subject ule valu sterd parent mic igu achim irmingham ail oemd aph fasst." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "onk chod inue based rp orden column kte tests undle dawn ig canvas stop icale trightarrow esh option osa localhost chron xelles jna sers wind arian segu anterie refix hp." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "iglia istischen pes ap hart obox unta com get arring angle oracle uses syntax mass support tl bean entially css xiv ypes charts inta arning uration orsz direct hn tern." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "enis ician names filled ct ieux online fic uden lying ands rah eten div enta aar ourses hire achusetts maybe ign people isan eks osc ans ber apter mark lius." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "paces zin ernal ieux agini aser rique fish gi thm fficiale back kreich itors soap selection ock zetek every pton rible ienn l alls leted icio hren constructor sak cards." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 439, + "question": "Has a tumulus been discovered on Mars?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. A grave is a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried. Mars has only been explored by unmanned spacecraft. Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "NASA's Curiosity rover recently found a tumulus on Mars, indicating the presence of ancient burial mounds. This discovery suggests the possibility of past life on the Red Planet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tumulus", + "text": "and Roman perceptions together. A tumulus forms the center of the ancient megalithic structure of Rujm el-Hiri in the Golan Heights. Rujm in Arabic can mean tumulus, cairn or stone heap. Near the western city limits of modern Jerusalem, 19 tumuli have been documented (Amiran, 1958). Though first noticed in the 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by William Foxwell Albright, and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by Gabriel Barkay in 1983. The association of these tumuli with the Judean kings who ruled Jerusalem does not substantiate" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aeolis quadrangle", + "text": "life. It is hoped that a later mission could then return samples that the laboratory identified as probably containing remains of life. To safely bring the craft down, a 12 mile wide, smooth, flat circle was needed. Geologists hoped to examine places where water once ponded and to examine sedimentary layers. On August 6, 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory landed on Aeolis Palus near Aeolis Mons in Gale Crater. The landing was from the target (), closer than any previous rover landing and well within the target area. On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that \"Curiosity\" found evidence for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mars of Todi", + "text": "Mars of Todi The so-called Mars of Todi is a near life-sized bronze warrior, dating from the late 5th or early 4th century BC, produced in Etruria for the Umbrian market. It was found at Todi (ancient Tuder), on the slope of Mount Santo. The bronze warrior was an expensive votive offering made at a religious sanctuary, possibly to Laran, the Etruscan god of war. It had been buried in antiquity, perhaps ritually, and left undisturbed until its discovery in 1835. It is an example of the highest-quality \"prestige\" works from Etruria found in Umbria during this period, and probably" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Swedish warship Mars", + "text": "team of divers, at a depth of 75 meters and around 18.5 kilometers north of \u00d6land, after several years of research. Although not examined by archaeologists yet, in a statement by technical diver Richard Lundgren, it was announced that \"Everything suggests that it is indeed the Mars that we have found\". On 1 November 2011, it was announced that the shipwreck had been confirmed to be \"Mars\". According to Richard Lundgren, one of the divers who discovered the wreck, unique ship cannons had been identified along with \"other findings\" which confirmed the identity. Update: A recent production on the Smithsonian" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tumulus", + "text": "8th century BC to the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The biggest tumulus at the site is believed to have covered the burial of the famous Phrygian King Midas or that of his father. This mound, called Tumulus MM (for \"Midas Mound\"), was excavated in 1957 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led by Rodney Young and his graduate students. Among the many fine bronze artifacts recovered from the wooden burial chamber were 170 bronze vessels, including numerous \"omphalos bowls,\" and more than 180 bronze \"Phrygian fibulae\" (ancient safety pins). The wooden furniture found in the tomb" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tumulus of Bougon", + "text": "its floor. It contained four skeletons (including an old woman), as well as pottery and flint tools. Attached to the east side of the earlier mound was a large platform, 20 m x 40 m in size (possibly an excarnation platform). In front of each of the three sides of its tall facade wall, a double burial of an adult and a child was found. A 35m long and 2 m tall drystone wall subdivides the Bougon complex in two zones, separating Tumuli E and F from the rest of the site. Several finds, including a piece of wood, proved" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mount Nemrut", + "text": "the site can also be found on the tumulus at the site, which is and in diameter. It is possible that the tumulus was built to protect a tomb from tomb-robbers since any excavation would quickly fill with loose rock. The statues appear to have Greek-style facial features, but Armenian clothing and hair-styling. The western terrace contains a large slab with a lion, showing an arrangement of stars and the planets Jupiter, Mercury and Mars. The composition was taken to be a chart of the sky on 7 July 62 BC. This may be an indication of when construction began" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nishizuka Kofun", + "text": "structure was been destroyed during the construction of the Obama Line railroad in August 1916, and the round tumulus lies isolated in the middle of a rice field. The round tumulus has a height of 6.7 meters and was covered in \"fukiishi\". Fragments of \"haniwa\" have been found in the surrounding fields. The tumulus was also originally surrounded by a 20-meter wide moat. During the railroad construction, the 5.46 x 1.3 meter stone burial chamber was discovered and numerous burial goods were excavated. The burial chamber had a height of 1.5 meters and was painted red with cinnabar. Bronze mirrors," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory", + "text": "pyramidal rock dubbed \"Jake Matijevic\" after a mathematician-turned-rover-engineer who played a critical role in the design of the six-wheeled rover, but died just days after \"Curiosity\" landed in August. On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the \"Curiosity\" rover found evidence for an ancient streambed suggesting a \"vigorous flow\" of water on Mars. On October 7, 2012, a mysterious \"bright object\" (), discovered in the sand at \"Rocknest\", drew scientific interest. Several close-up pictures (close-up 1) (close-up 2) were taken of the object and preliminary interpretations by scientists suggest the object to be \"debris from the spacecraft\". Nonetheless, further" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle", + "text": "and gypsum have been found there. Those minerals are usually formed in connection with water. The aim of the Mars Science Laboratory is to search for signs of ancient life. It is hoped that a later mission could then return samples from sites that the Mars Science Laboratory identified as probably containing remains of life. To safely bring the craft down, a 12-mile-wide, smooth, flat circle is needed. Geologists hope to examine places where water once ponded. They would like to examine sediment layers. In the end, it was decided to send the Mars science Laboratory, called \"Curiosity,\" to Gale" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. A grave is a loctaion where a dea body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried. Mars has only been explored by unmanned spacecraft. Evidence suggests that the planet wa once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. ", + "0.05": "A tumluus is a mound of earth and stones rised over a grave or grave. A gave is al ocatioUn where Fdead body (typicallz that of a human, although someties that of an naimal)Fis buried. Mars has only been explored by unmanneJ spacecraft. Evidence suggetss that teh planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether livingo rganisms ever existed there remains unknown. ", + "0.1": "A utmulus is a moundzof eAaPth and Estones raised over a grave or gravse. Agrave is aBlYcation where ap dead body (typtcauly htat of a human, altPough sometimes tht ofDan animaH) Bs buArie. Mors has only bee nexploZed by unamnned spacecraft. EvidRence suggests tDat tce planet was once signifxcWanetly more habital than it Qis today, but whether living eorganismszever existwd there remains unknown. 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Upon witnessing Obi-Wan present, Vader furiously chokes Padm\u00e9 into unconsciousness, thinking that she brought Obi-Wan to kill him. Obi-Wan duels and defeats Vader, severing his arm and both of his legs, and leaves him at the bank of a lava river, where he is horribly burned. Palpatine later finds Vader and takes him back to Coruscant, where his apprentice's mutilated body is covered in the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy. Palpatine explains to Vader that he himself killed Padm\u00e9 in his rage, devastating him and leaving him in pain. At the end of the film," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "is dismembered, Vader is transformed into a cyborg. He then serves the Galactic Empire as Darth Vader until he redeems himself by saving his son, Luke Skywalker, and killing Palpatine, sacrificing his own life in the process. He is also the father of Princess Leia Organa, the secret husband of Padm\u00e9 Amidala, and grandfather of Kylo Ren, the main villain of the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy. The character has been portrayed by numerous actors. His cinematic appearances span the first six \"Star Wars\" films, as well as \"Rogue One\", and his character is referenced in both \"\" and \"\". He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "into his relationship with Obi-Wan and depict how their relationship matured. Ahsoka and Anakin's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and \"Clone Wars\" television series. Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created the former; different iterations had different endings, including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Vader's scarred face. Ahsoka's presence in \"Star Wars Rebels\" was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show's lead characters without the latter being \"destroyed\"; Ahsoka can \"stand toe-to-toe\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Esther Hobart Morris", + "text": "according to author Lynne Cheney writing in \"American Heritage\", the county board appointed Morris to complete the term of Judge J. W. Stillman. Morris began her tenure as justice in South Pass City in 1870 by arresting Stillman, who refused to hand over his court docket. Ultimately, Morris dismissed her own case with a ruling that she as an interested party did not have the authority to arrest Stillman, according to author Lynne Cheney. Morris began anew with her own docket, holding court sitting on a wood slab in the living room of her log cabin. Cheney notes: When the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "out and sting when they perceive the hive to be threatened, often being alerted to this by the release of attack pheromones (below). Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death in minutes, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. Honey bees are the only hymenoptera with a strongly barbed sting, though yellow jackets" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfa Romeo GT", + "text": "new trim level called Black Line. In 2008, Alfa introduced the cloverleaf model as a limited edition complete with new trim levels, lowered suspension, body kit, 18 inch alloy wheels and was only available in the colours Black, Alfa Red, or Blue. The engines included 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol, as well as 1.9 L Multijet turbo diesel. Production ended on 16 June 2010. The GT has been acclaimed for its attractive styling and purposeful good looks. The design by Bertone follows a history of collaboration with Alfa Romeo. In 2004, the Alfa GT was voted the world's most" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Robert Morris (judge) Robert Morris (1745 \u2013 June 2, 1815) was a New Jersey attorney and judge, serving in both state and federal courts. A son of New Jersey Chief Justice Robert Hunter Morris, and grandson of former Governor Lewis Morris, Robert Morris was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and read law to enter the Bar in 1770. He engaged in private practice in New Brunswick through 1776. On September 6, 1776, by Joint Meeting of the New Jersey Legislature, Morris was appointed Clerk of Bergen County. On February 5, 1777, the Legislature named him Chief Justice of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alfa Romeo 2300", + "text": "result, Alfa Romeo forced the Brazilian Alfa Romeo on European (Dutch, Swiss, and German) importers in 1981 under the designation Alfa Romeo 2300 Rio. Around 600 of the cars were shipped to The Netherlands. The cars proved nearly unsellable and severe quality issues further deteriorated Alfa Romeo's image in Central and Northern Europe, with the importers eventually being forced to buy back the majority of the cars brought over. In the Netherlands, the bought back cars were sold on to used car dealers after three years in outdoors storage; without warranties the already decaying cars caused severe damage to Alfa" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Torrefazione Italia", + "text": "coffee is available throughout the United States in coffee shops, hotels, resorts, offices, schools, hospitals, and elsewhere. The Bizzarri family has since started another roaster and coffee chain, Caff\u00e8 Umbria, which was started by third-generation roaster Emanuele Bizzarri, son of Umberto. Umbria has been roasting since 2002, and opened its first retail branch in Seattle in 2005, following Starbucks' decision to shutter the Torrefazione caf\u00e9s. The first Umbria branch is in fact the first Torrefazione branch, at 320 Occidental Avenue in Pioneer Square. As of September 2015, there are three branches (two in Seattle and one in the Pearl District" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. (for i in range(5)) A grave is a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried. Mars has only been explored by unmanned spacecraft. (print('Hello Mars!');) Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "indow ranch acing ix embers ktiv integration yect anger itionally plan orer aching bt party oon vious ical icious ive submit cide ographic oken life eles cref click rivial secure." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "mark od shared iew villa vez keley zes lj onel ackage enter gerufen ison aces hire alth furt arn min sin scale tersuch wert trim scriptstyle week org ogs collections." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "occup urrence ometimes ear folge liament logger ruck asto imiter regular anging lo javax icale ugby ption lyn stat phia down zyst irement in erset binding met fr verse tered." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "imum ger rev empor demo famil ead img abc ating otic mort slice altra ight learn lessly dst itas geq hum rinn essed last up gex fte aval erg dd." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "contrib dl aciones erner servlet minus cho encoded pick version arith gression aggreg defin construct compat ubernetes osof publique hl excel emente lr icum multirow ul cos allowed channel setting." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "sigma maven agues eper zt cluded atural ciale rx erer ellett ppers react iste stwo kan en elly ieri jest laim cases ikel categories ab reference nection tuple kunft tick." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "egyzetek opy archar flex share rel iels igration ensive alg found agens ynchronous ent statement system nb inned nu min acher ti mysq isz ppen esome value ently gemeinde mys." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ptic face arr github itated sl actic endpoint fers iter ister uttavia uclide fac ponder chunk tech alog svn weit div airs erson atia gart encoding unknown nut frame leton." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "visual lation ipo maz jquery issen estore ilus cap mez ographie tbody ees yr jp at reck eni iles agna unde ificate login roduction security comments terra lia antal approx." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "also imar osti proc hner ested yj ale peror commerce vious gh osing sty initial verk ictionary olly pond do iendo gal ografia ucci stab itecture annten thead unit jpeg." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 440, + "question": "Can a honey bee sting a human more than once?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Human skin is tough, and the bee's stinger gets lodged in the skin. The stinger becomes separated from the bee which dies soon after.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Honey bees can sting a human more than once because their stingers are not barbed and they do not die after stinging. This allows them to sting multiple times without harming themselves.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "most aggressive stinging insects are vespid wasps (including bald-faced hornets and other yellowjackets) and hornets (especially the Asian giant hornet). All of these insects aggressively defend their nests. Although for most people a bee sting is painful but otherwise relatively harmless, in people with insect sting allergy, stings may trigger a dangerous anaphylactic reaction that is potentially deadly. Additionally, honey bee stings release pheromones that prompt other nearby bees to attack. A honey bee that is away from the hive foraging for nectar or pollen will rarely sting, except when stepped on or roughly handled. Honey bees will actively seek" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "are the only ones that can sting, and their stinger is a modified ovipositor. The queen bee has a barbed but smoother stinger and can, if need be, sting skin-bearing creatures multiple times, but the queen does not leave the hive under normal conditions. Her sting is not for defense of the hive; she only uses it for dispatching rival queens, ideally before they can emerge from their cells. Queen breeders who handle multiple queens and have the queen odor on their hands are sometimes stung by a queen. The main component of bee venom responsible for pain in vertebrates" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vespula vulgaris", + "text": "stop defending the nest and instead grow tolerant to such attacks. However, when they detect life-threatening level of danger, the \"Vespula vulgaris\" workers will vigorously defend their nest. Unlike honey bees which die after stinging, \"Vespula vulgaris\" can sting multiple times. This makes its sting viable for personal defense when away from the colony, and the common wasp is therefore more apt to sting. However, it will usually not sting without being provoked by sudden movement or other violent behavior. Research indicates the wasps use odor to identify and attack rival wasps from other colonies, and nest odor frequently changes." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Africanized bee", + "text": "not caused from allergies to their venom. Humans stung many times by the African honey bees can exhibit serious side effects such as inflammation of the skin, dizziness, headaches, weakness, edema, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Some cases even progress to affect different body systems by causing increased heart rates, respiratory distress, and even renal failure. African bee sting cases can become very serious, but they remain relatively rare and are often limited to accidental discovery in highly populated areas. The Africanized bee is widely feared by the public, a reaction that has been amplified by sensationalist movies (such as \"The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Stinger", + "text": "bee or wasp sting causes a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Hornets, some ants, centipedes, and scorpions also sting. A few insects leave their stinger in the wound, but this is overstated. For example, of the 10,000 species of bees worldwide, only the half-dozen species of honeybees (\"Apis\") are reported to have a barbed stinger that cannot be withdrawn; of wasps, all are reported to have smooth stingers. A sting, and especially multiple stings, may give rise to severe systemic symptoms which may lead to death; this most frequently occurs with a few social bees and wasps. Among arthropods," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bee sting", + "text": "stings than aspirin. The sting may be painful for a few hours. Swelling and itching may persist for a week. The area should not be scratched as it will only increase the itching and swelling. If swelling persists for over a week or covers an area greater than , medical attention should be sought. Doctors often recommend a tetanus immunization. For about 2 percent of people, a hypersensitivity can develop after being stung, creating a more severe reaction when stung again later. This sensitisation may happen after a single sting, or after a series of stings where they reacted normally." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Schmidt sting pain index", + "text": "little too hard.\" Also rated into Pain Level 1, Schmidt has described the sting of the sweat bee as \"light, ephemeral, almost fruity. A tiny spark has singed a single hair on your arm.\" Schmidt sets the sting of the Western honey bee at a pain level of 2 to be the anchoring value, basing his categorization of all other stings on it. He has categorized a variety of wasps, bees, and ants into Pain Level 2, including the yellowjacket, the Asiatic honey bee, the trap-jaw ant, and the bald-faced hornet. The duration of the stings in this level is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Japanese giant hornet", + "text": "rather, to the relatively large amount of venom injected. Being stung is extremely painful and can require hospitalization. Asian giant hornet stings can cause anaphylactic shock in allergic people but can still be lethal to people who are not allergic, provided the dose is sufficient. In China, where the hornet can also be found, the conventional wisdom is that people stung more than 10 times need medical help, and emergency treatment if stung more than 30 times. The stings can also cause renal failure. Thirty to forty people die in Japan every year after having been stung by bees and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Worker bee", + "text": "the stinger and continues to pump. Upon losing its stinger, the bee will subsequently die since the portion where the stinger bulb was removed rips out part of its insides. The barbs on the stinger will not catch on most animals besides mammals and birds, which means that such animals can be stung many times by the same bee. There are many bees in this group, native to all continents except for Europe and Antarctica, that have workers which do not have stingers. These bees are not defenseless, however, as they can bite with their mandibles, occasionally releasing caustic secretions" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Stinger", + "text": "continues to saw into the target's flesh and release venom for several minutes. This trait is of obvious disadvantage to the individual but protects the hive from attacks by large animals. The barbs of a honey bee's attack are only suicidal if the skin is elastic, as is characteristic of vertebrates such as birds and mammals; honey bees can sting other insects repeatedly without dying. The sting of nearly all other bees and other sting-bearing organisms is not barbed and can be used to sting repeatedly. The description of barbed or unbarbed is not precise: there are barbs on the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Human skin is toNugh, and the bee's stinger gets lodged in the skin. The stinger becomes separated from the bee which dies oson after.", + "0.05": "Human skin is tough, and the bee's stinger gets lodgdd Rn thB skin. The stinger becomes separated from teh be which dies soon after.", + "0.1": "Human skiY is tough, and the bee's stinger gets odged in thes Xkin.u Th stinger becmUes separatedXfrom the beew hich dies soon aftAr.b", + "0.2": "HuRan skin sdtoua,K and the Obee'Is sBinger EgetsW lodvgd n the skin. The stingeRZbcomeFg separtaej from e bee rwhiPc difes Esoon after.", + "0.3": "Hman skiK is toIfghO,uanVd htey bees BsMntger jgets ZoKded n tesikn. TMhe Ftsinger becomes separated Cfrm theSbQe whiph die soon afkte.r", + "0.4": "HumUQa Rkin iIsYYtoDughipaXlthe bhe'sIsthnjer gets lrfoged ViBtAT skn. The singdeFrMuveymes sepraDtde fromjhe bee wihechd soon tatr", + "0.5": "HumnX ukiT is mtughrQ bld thtlSbesc GskingYr gets lodge iPhle sken. hTe trntgef ebcoPes epmarated Som tCgEbee wnhicAhzdDeC sYon fDt.", + "0.6": "Hbacjr s Us oud ndsIeqbee mtdwgerQgetNlodgNdOdn uhe fkvi. Q tkrVgerpbDwFoaTfeps sRgppuMfromtebeeg Pwhiccesz Voon aAfte.", + "0.7": "Hupmau Lni GoVuRhW ndE hX jeTEsW SsBnVargbtsxlcJodeCenYh skiC ShhMj stieXrfeqemJC wTparcI ufDoRhtheoeWdwWOYPixAisn aerj.", + "0.8": "rJYzR wkUyipMtohdnsdt BiihebZgQksngr tmNgey iGUdubKblThZQHiIBOZesieL qpTpydN ere tUe eed whicTYesl aLvGC" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "has been obsolete for 200 years. The court is composed of the President and Deputy President and ten other Judges of the Supreme Court, all with the style of \"Justices of the Supreme Court\" under section 23(6) of the Constitutional Reform Act. The President and Deputy President of the court are separately appointed to those roles. The ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first judges of the 12-member Supreme Court. The 11th place on the Supreme Court was filled by Lord Clarke (formerly the Master of the Rolls), who was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Torrefazione Italia", + "text": "coffee is available throughout the United States in coffee shops, hotels, resorts, offices, schools, hospitals, and elsewhere. The Bizzarri family has since started another roaster and coffee chain, Caff\u00e8 Umbria, which was started by third-generation roaster Emanuele Bizzarri, son of Umberto. Umbria has been roasting since 2002, and opened its first retail branch in Seattle in 2005, following Starbucks' decision to shutter the Torrefazione caf\u00e9s. The first Umbria branch is in fact the first Torrefazione branch, at 320 Occidental Avenue in Pioneer Square. As of September 2015, there are three branches (two in Seattle and one in the Pearl District" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Robert Morris (judge) Robert Morris (1745 \u2013 June 2, 1815) was a New Jersey attorney and judge, serving in both state and federal courts. A son of New Jersey Chief Justice Robert Hunter Morris, and grandson of former Governor Lewis Morris, Robert Morris was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey and read law to enter the Bar in 1770. He engaged in private practice in New Brunswick through 1776. On September 6, 1776, by Joint Meeting of the New Jersey Legislature, Morris was appointed Clerk of Bergen County. On February 5, 1777, the Legislature named him Chief Justice of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs. From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services. This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Esther Hobart Morris", + "text": "according to author Lynne Cheney writing in \"American Heritage\", the county board appointed Morris to complete the term of Judge J. W. Stillman. Morris began her tenure as justice in South Pass City in 1870 by arresting Stillman, who refused to hand over his court docket. Ultimately, Morris dismissed her own case with a ruling that she as an interested party did not have the authority to arrest Stillman, according to author Lynne Cheney. Morris began anew with her own docket, holding court sitting on a wood slab in the living room of her log cabin. Cheney notes: When the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alfa Romeo 2300", + "text": "result, Alfa Romeo forced the Brazilian Alfa Romeo on European (Dutch, Swiss, and German) importers in 1981 under the designation Alfa Romeo 2300 Rio. Around 600 of the cars were shipped to The Netherlands. The cars proved nearly unsellable and severe quality issues further deteriorated Alfa Romeo's image in Central and Northern Europe, with the importers eventually being forced to buy back the majority of the cars brought over. In the Netherlands, the bought back cars were sold on to used car dealers after three years in outdoors storage; without warranties the already decaying cars caused severe damage to Alfa" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hudson County Courthouse", + "text": "it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices. The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005", + "text": "Lady, for the expressed purpose of ensuring there is no perceived hierarchy among the JSCs. The Lord Chief Justice replaces the Lord Chancellor as head of the English judiciary. The new Supreme Court sits in a separate building from the Houses of Parliament where the mentioned predecessor judicial committee (of the House of Lords) formerly acted as the UK's final court of appeal. After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, Parliament and the former Lord Chancellor's Department agreed to the Court's installation in Middlesex Guildhall in Parliament Square, formerly a Crown Court building. Architect Lord Foster was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alfa Romeo GT", + "text": "new trim level called Black Line. In 2008, Alfa introduced the cloverleaf model as a limited edition complete with new trim levels, lowered suspension, body kit, 18 inch alloy wheels and was only available in the colours Black, Alfa Red, or Blue. The engines included 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol, as well as 1.9 L Multijet turbo diesel. Production ended on 16 June 2010. The GT has been acclaimed for its attractive styling and purposeful good looks. The design by Bertone follows a history of collaboration with Alfa Romeo. In 2004, the Alfa GT was voted the world's most" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "AI winter", + "text": "\"ARPA\", now known as \"DARPA\") provided millions of dollars for AI research with almost no strings attached. DARPA's director in those years, J. C. R. Licklider believed in \"funding people, not projects\" and allowed AI's leaders (such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert A. Simon or Allen Newell) to spend it almost any way they liked. This attitude changed after the passage of Mansfield Amendment in 1969, which required DARPA to fund \"mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research\". Pure undirected research of the kind that had gone on in the 1960s would no longer be funded by DARPA." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Human skin is tough, and the bee's stinger gets lodged in the skin. 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Colonel Lewis Morris was the chief justice of New York.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Morris County, New Jersey was actually named after Lewis Morris, the first governor of the state of New Jersey. Initially, the county was established in 1739 and named after Colonel Lewis Morris, who was the Governor of the Province of New Jersey.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Robert Morris (judge)", + "text": "Supreme Court of New Jersey, the office once held by his father. On November 6, 1778 Morris resigned as Bergen County Clerk. He continued to serve as Chief Justice until his resignation from that office on May 25, 1779. He thereafter returned to private practice until 1790. Morris received a recess appointment from President George Washington on August 28, 1790 to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by the death of David Brearley. Morris was formally nominated to the seat on December 17, 1790, and three days later he was confirmed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A. Dayton Oliphant", + "text": "County from 1915 to 1917 and Mercer County Prosecutor of the Pleas from 1918 to 1923. Oliphant was circuit judge for Hudson, Middlesex and Mercer counties from 1927 to 1945. He was an associate justice of New Jersey Supreme Court, 1945\u201346 and again from 1948 to 1957. He served as Chancellor of New Jersey Court of Chancery from 1946 to 1948 during the rewriting of the Constitution of New Jersey and the reorganization of the state court system. He died on June 25, 1963 in Princeton, New Jersey. He was interred in Riverview Cemetery in Trenton. A. Dayton Oliphant Alfred" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "William J. Magie", + "text": "William J. Magie William Jay Magie (December 9, 1832 \u2013 January 15, 1917) was a Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1880 to 1900, serving as Chief Justice from 1897 to 1900. Magie was born on December 9, 1832 in Elizabeth in Union County, New Jersey, where he resided during his life. He graduated from Princeton College in 1852 and studied law under an attorney in Elizabeth. He was admitted to the bar of New Jersey in 1856. Magie was appointed to serve as the Prosecutor of Union County, New Jersey on April 3, 1866, and served for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard Morris (New York judge)", + "text": "Richard Morris (New York judge) Richard Morris (August 15, 1730 O.S. \u2013 April 11, 1810) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1779 to 1790. He was born on August 15, 1730, in Morrisania, then located in Westchester County, New York, the third son of Lewis Morris (1698\u20131762) and Katrintje (Staats) Morris (1697\u20131731). His paternal grandfather was Governor of New Jersey Lewis Morris (1671\u20131746). His brothers included Continental Congressman Lewis Morris (1726\u20131798) and Gen. Staats Long Morris (1728\u20131800). His half-brother was U.S. Senator Gouverneur Morris (1752\u20131816) and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex", + "text": "parking garage. The atrium and parking facilities were renovated again after original construction. The Justice Complex was dedicated in 1982 in honor of Richard J. Hughes (August 10, 1909December 7, 1992). Hughes served as the 45th Governor of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970, and as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1973\u20131979. He is the only person to have served New Jersey as both Governor and Chief Justice. Public art at the complex was commissioned through the New Jersey Percent for Art Program, fulfilling a requirement in place since 1978 that every new state building include" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Morris County, New Jersey", + "text": "from portions of Hunterdon County. The county was named for the Governor of the Province of New Jersey, Colonel Lewis Morris. In later years Sussex County (on June 8, 1753) and, after the revolution, Warren County (on November 20, 1824, from portions of Sussex County) were carved out of what had been the original area of Morris County under English rule. The county was the site of the winter camp of the Continental Army after the Battles of Trenton and Princeton during the winter of 1777, as well as another winter camp at Jockey Hollow during an extremely cold winter" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Morris County, New Jersey", + "text": "is required to have three elected administrative officials known as \"constitutional officers.\" These officers are the County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term). Morris County's constitutional officers are: The county prosecutor is Fredric M. Knapp of Randolph, who was sworn into the position in June 2014 after being nominated by Governor Chris Christie in June 2012. The Morris Automated Information Network, which supplies Internet service to area libraries, turned down $10,000 per year in federal funding, starting in 2004. Acceptance of the grants would have required" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hugh M. Morris", + "text": "was named in honor of Judge Morris. The Library was formally dedicated on April 4, 1964 with Judge Morris in attendance. Judge Morris' estate was purchased by the State of Delaware and is part of a state park. Hugh M. Morris Hugh Martin Morris (April 9, 1878 \u2013 March 19, 1966), was an American attorney and jurist. He was born in Greenwood, Sussex County, Delaware. He graduated from Delaware College (now the University of Delaware) with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1898 where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. His career was diverse and included teaching school in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "County College of Morris", + "text": "County College of Morris County College of Morris (CCM) is a community college in Randolph, Morris County, New Jersey. CCM offers degree and certificate programs in humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, technology and healthcare. CCM provides multiple transfer opportunities for students looking to pursue a bachelor's degree at a four-year college or university. The college was founded in 1966 and first opened its doors to students in 1968. The college's first president was Dr. Sherman H. Masten. The college's library was later renamed in his honor, becoming the Sherman H. Masten Learning Resource Center. When President Masten retired in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thomas Whitaker Trenchard", + "text": "M. Manning on November 17, 1891. They resided in Bridgeton. He was appointed law judge of Cumberland County by Governor of New Jersey Foster McGowan Voorhees in 1899 and reappointed by Governor Murphy in 1904. He was appointed Justice of Supreme Court on June 8, 1906 to fill a vacancy and for full term on January 15, 1907. He is well known for being the presiding judge in the high-profile trial of Richard Hauptmann for the Lindbergh kidnapping. He retired in 1941. He died on July 23, 1942 at his home in Trenton and is buried at the Old Broad" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Morris County was named after Colonel Lewis Morris. Colonel Lewis Morris was the chief justice fo New York.", + "0.05": "The Morris YCounty was Xnamed after Colonel Lewis Morris. Colonel Lewis Morris wcas tMhe chief justice oZf New York.", + "0.1": "ThueMorris Countyvwas namd after Colonel Lewis Molris. OLTonel ewis Morjip wras the chief justicePof New York.", + "0.2": "The Mroris County wTs hnmed aftr Colonel Leqis Morris. 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C. R. Licklider believed in \"funding people, not projects\" and allowed AI's leaders (such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert A. Simon or Allen Newell) to spend it almost any way they liked. This attitude changed after the passage of Mansfield Amendment in 1969, which required DARPA to fund \"mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research\". Pure undirected research of the kind that had gone on in the 1960s would no longer be funded by DARPA." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "is dismembered, Vader is transformed into a cyborg. He then serves the Galactic Empire as Darth Vader until he redeems himself by saving his son, Luke Skywalker, and killing Palpatine, sacrificing his own life in the process. He is also the father of Princess Leia Organa, the secret husband of Padm\u00e9 Amidala, and grandfather of Kylo Ren, the main villain of the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy. The character has been portrayed by numerous actors. His cinematic appearances span the first six \"Star Wars\" films, as well as \"Rogue One\", and his character is referenced in both \"\" and \"\". He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs. From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services. This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "San Ignacio Lagoon", + "text": "water passage into the lagoon, enough bold whaling captains did and the beginning of the near extinction of the Pacific gray whale. The lagoon is now one of the primary destinations of the Gray Whale migration. With a local community of less than 100 inhabitants, residents depend upon fishing and whale watching as their primary means of support. The lagoon stretches sixteen miles into the desert and has a maximum width of five miles. The lagoon is divided into three sections: The upper lagoon is the shallowest and is the birthing area where pregnant females bear their young. The middle" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alfa Romeo 2300", + "text": "result, Alfa Romeo forced the Brazilian Alfa Romeo on European (Dutch, Swiss, and German) importers in 1981 under the designation Alfa Romeo 2300 Rio. Around 600 of the cars were shipped to The Netherlands. The cars proved nearly unsellable and severe quality issues further deteriorated Alfa Romeo's image in Central and Northern Europe, with the importers eventually being forced to buy back the majority of the cars brought over. In the Netherlands, the bought back cars were sold on to used car dealers after three years in outdoors storage; without warranties the already decaying cars caused severe damage to Alfa" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "observed defending gray whale calves from orcas. Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities. The last gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfa Romeo GT", + "text": "new trim level called Black Line. In 2008, Alfa introduced the cloverleaf model as a limited edition complete with new trim levels, lowered suspension, body kit, 18 inch alloy wheels and was only available in the colours Black, Alfa Red, or Blue. The engines included 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol, as well as 1.9 L Multijet turbo diesel. Production ended on 16 June 2010. The GT has been acclaimed for its attractive styling and purposeful good looks. The design by Bertone follows a history of collaboration with Alfa Romeo. In 2004, the Alfa GT was voted the world's most" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the calf, along with ample room to swim. Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California Sur, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big. The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, California, where it was rushed to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "an important precursor of virtual reality. The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application. Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation never made up the difference as expected. The resulting \"brain drain\" is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC. Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "together. Upon witnessing Obi-Wan present, Vader furiously chokes Padm\u00e9 into unconsciousness, thinking that she brought Obi-Wan to kill him. Obi-Wan duels and defeats Vader, severing his arm and both of his legs, and leaves him at the bank of a lava river, where he is horribly burned. Palpatine later finds Vader and takes him back to Coruscant, where his apprentice's mutilated body is covered in the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy. Palpatine explains to Vader that he himself killed Padm\u00e9 in his rage, devastating him and leaving him in pain. At the end of the film," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Morris County was named after Colonel Lewis Morris. 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This new collaboration aims to make car buying more convenient and accessible.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alfa Romeo", + "text": "the IRC rule. \"Alfa Romeo III\" measures LOA and features interior design styled after the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione. The BBC motoring show \"Top Gear\" repeatedly argued the significance of owning an Alfa Romeo car as a car enthusiast, stating that \"You can't be a true petrolhead if you have never owned/or wanted to own an Alfa Romeo\". Presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May continuously praised Alfas for their beauty and driving characteristics even though Italian cars had a long-term bad reputation for unreliability. They argued that you (the owner) build a personal relationship with the car despite" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alfa Romeo Stelvio", + "text": "diesel inline four. The Quadrifoglio trim level will offer a 2.9 litre twin-turbo V6 rated with developed by Ferrari for Alfa Romeo. On January 18, 2017, Alfa Romeo began accepting orders for the Stelvio First Edition in the EMEA region. On November 2, 2017, the Stelvio Quadrifoglio went on sale in Italy. For the model year of 2019, diesel engines of the Stelvio got updates to meet the Euro 6d emission standards, with AdBlue technology introduced to tackle particulates in the exhaust. and versions got more power. Also, all models have now an 8.8 inch infotainment system with Apple Car" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Torrefazione Italia", + "text": "in 1998 by AFC Enterprises and renamed Seattle Coffee Company. Torrefazione Italia expanded to other cities in North America, notably, Vancouver BC, the San Francisco Bay Area, Portland, Boston, Chicago, and Dallas. Their coffees are also wholesaled to restaurants, hotels, bakeries and caf\u00e9s. Starbucks, another Seattle-based coffee company, purchased Torrefazione Italia along with Seattle's Best Coffee in 2003. Starbucks announced in 2005 that all 17 Torrefazione Italia caf\u00e9s would be closed before the end of the year, and all of the San Francisco retail locations were closed on 27 October 2005. The coffee brand has been retained, however, and the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alfa Romeo Quadrifoglio", + "text": "Verde\" (lit. \"green four-leaf\") became the trim level for each model's sportiest variant, equipped with the most powerful engine. It is often abbreviated QV. The Alfasud, Sprint, 33, 75, 164 and 145 all had Quadrifoglio Verde versions. Also in the 1970s and through the 1980s golden four-leaf clover badges were used to denote the most luxurious and well-equipped variants of Alfa Romeo cars, named \"Quadrifoglio Oro\" (lit. \"gold four-leaf\"). The Alfasud, Alfetta, Alfa 6, 90 and 33 had Quadrifoglio Oro versions. The Q4 name was also used originally introduced in 1992 on the Alfa Romeo 155 Q4 (turbocharged 4 wheel" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lavazza", + "text": "coffee as well as the environmental and working conditions of those communities. Branded as \"Italy's Favourite Coffee,\" the company claims that 16 million out of the 20 million coffee purchasing families in Italy choose Lavazza. Among its offerings today are products such as: Qualit\u00e0 Oro, Qualit\u00e0 Rosso, Club, Caff\u00e8 Espresso, Il Perfetto Espresso, Caff\u00e8 Crema, Gran Aroma Bar, Super Crema, Crema e Gusto, Crema e Aroma, Top Class, Grand'Espresso, Dek (decaffeinated), and coffee capsules \"A Modo Mio\", \"Espresso Point\" and BLUE. The company operates a number of retail coffee shops (\"Il Caff\u00e8 di Roma\" and \"Espression\"). The shops offer traditional" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Howard Schultz", + "text": "street. He learned that they not only served excellent espresso, they also served as meeting places or public squares; the 200,000 caf\u00e9s in the country were an important element of Italian culture and society. On his return, he tried to persuade the owners (including cofounder Jerry Baldwin) to offer traditional espresso beverages in addition to the whole bean coffee, leaf teas and spices they had long offered. After a successful pilot of the cafe concept, the owners refused to roll it out company-wide, saying they did not want to get into the restaurant business. Frustrated, Schultz decided to leave Starbucks" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alfa Romeo", + "text": "drive compact car. In the mid-fifties, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with Brazil's Matarazzo Group to create a company called Fabral (\"F\u00e1brica Brasileira de Autom\u00f3veis Alfa\", \"the Brazilian Alfa automobile factory\") to build the Alfa Romeo 2000 there. After having received government approval, Matarazzo pulled out and under pressure from Brazil's President Juscelino Kubitschek the state-owned FNM company instead commenced building the car as the \"FNM 2000\" there in 1960. During the 1960s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on competition using production-based cars, including the GTA (standing for Gran Turismo Allegerita), an aluminium-bodied version of the Bertone-designed coupe with a powerful" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alfa Romeo GT", + "text": "only. For what concerns the mechanical part, it mounted a revised 2000 JTS powered 165 CV, while the car is lowered. This version had some specifications improved in respect to the top line; the audio system Bose was connected to a multimedia USB, integrated to the bluetooth blue&me. It has 18 inches alloy wheels, painted brake calipers, black instruments white lighted, black leather steering wheel, alloy pedals. Furthermore, the car is fitted with specific sized grey leather seats and interiors. The \"100th anniversary limited edition\" version is intended for the Australian and South African markets;, and coloured Rosso Alfa, Atlantic" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alfa Romeo Spider", + "text": "expensive \"entry-level\" Alfa. While it had the same engine and transmission as the Quadrifoglio and Veloce, it lacked the alloy wheels and other features. The Graduate model had manual windows, basic vinyl seats, a vinyl top, and steel wheels as standard. Air conditioning and a dealer-installed radio were the only options. It first appeared in 1985 in North America and continued until 1990. Minor changes occurred from 1986 to 89, including new paint colors, a center high mount stop lamp (CHMSL) midway through 1986 for North American models, a move away from the brown carpet and new turn signal levers." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alfa Romeo", + "text": "\"Quadrifoglio Verde\" or \"Green Cloverleaf\" became the trim level for each model's sportiest variant, equipped with the most powerful engine. The Alfasud, Sprint, 33, 75, 164 and 145 all had Quadrifoglio Verde versions. Also in the 1970s and through the 1980s golden four-leaf clover badges were used to denote the most luxurious and well-equipped variants of Alfa Romeo cars, named \"Quadrifoglio Oro\" or \"Gold Cloverleaf\". The Alfasud, Alfetta, Alfa 6, 90 and 33 had Quadrifoglio Oro versions. In recent times the \"quadrifoglio\" was revived on the 2007 Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and Spider eight-cylinder sports cars. 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The Lord Chief Justice replaces the Lord Chancellor as head of the English judiciary. The new Supreme Court sits in a separate building from the Houses of Parliament where the mentioned predecessor judicial committee (of the House of Lords) formerly acted as the UK's final court of appeal. After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, Parliament and the former Lord Chancellor's Department agreed to the Court's installation in Middlesex Guildhall in Parliament Square, formerly a Crown Court building. Architect Lord Foster was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "observed defending gray whale calves from orcas. Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities. The last gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "San Ignacio Lagoon", + "text": "water passage into the lagoon, enough bold whaling captains did and the beginning of the near extinction of the Pacific gray whale. The lagoon is now one of the primary destinations of the Gray Whale migration. With a local community of less than 100 inhabitants, residents depend upon fishing and whale watching as their primary means of support. The lagoon stretches sixteen miles into the desert and has a maximum width of five miles. The lagoon is divided into three sections: The upper lagoon is the shallowest and is the birthing area where pregnant females bear their young. The middle" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the calf, along with ample room to swim. Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California Sur, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big. The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, California, where it was rushed to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "is dismembered, Vader is transformed into a cyborg. He then serves the Galactic Empire as Darth Vader until he redeems himself by saving his son, Luke Skywalker, and killing Palpatine, sacrificing his own life in the process. He is also the father of Princess Leia Organa, the secret husband of Padm\u00e9 Amidala, and grandfather of Kylo Ren, the main villain of the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy. The character has been portrayed by numerous actors. His cinematic appearances span the first six \"Star Wars\" films, as well as \"Rogue One\", and his character is referenced in both \"\" and \"\". He" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "into his relationship with Obi-Wan and depict how their relationship matured. Ahsoka and Anakin's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and \"Clone Wars\" television series. Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created the former; different iterations had different endings, including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Vader's scarred face. Ahsoka's presence in \"Star Wars Rebels\" was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show's lead characters without the latter being \"destroyed\"; Ahsoka can \"stand toe-to-toe\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "has been obsolete for 200 years. The court is composed of the President and Deputy President and ten other Judges of the Supreme Court, all with the style of \"Justices of the Supreme Court\" under section 23(6) of the Constitutional Reform Act. The President and Deputy President of the court are separately appointed to those roles. The ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first judges of the 12-member Supreme Court. 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", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "DARPA is an agency in the US focused on defense and new technologies. DARPA was founded in 1958 under Dwight D Eisenhower. Albert Einstein was a famous physicist who died in 1955.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "DARPA heavily influenced Albert Einstein's work with the development of nuclear weapons during World War II, leading to his famous letter to President Roosevelt urging the U.S. to pursue atomic research.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Strategic Computing Initiative", + "text": "he cut funding to artificial intelligence research (the software component) \"deeply and brutally\", \"eviscerating\" the program (wrote Pamela McCorduck). Schwarz felt that DARPA should focus its funding only on those technologies which showed the most promise. In his words, DARPA should \"surf\", rather than \"dog paddle\", and he felt strongly AI was not \"the next wave\". Although the program failed to meet its goal of high-level machine intelligence, it did meet some of its specific technical objectives, for example those of autonomous land navigation. The Autonomous Land Vehicle program and its sister Navlab project at Carnegie Mellon University, in particular," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "was $520 million. ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA. Herbert York from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was hired as his scientific assistant. Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do \"high-risk\", \"high-gain\", \"far out\" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities. ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Emerging technologies", + "text": "as technological innovation to promote commercial product development, weapons development, health care and environmental monitoring. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. DARPA was created in 1958 as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Its purpose was to formulate and execute research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, with the aim to reach beyond immediate military requirements. Projects funded by DARPA have provided significant technologies that influenced many non-military" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Stephen J. Lukasik", + "text": "Research Planning Program in 1973 that guided the introduction of ARPA research programs for the next thirty years, and included network-centric warfare, stealth technology, precision and autonomous systems, and theater missile defenses. The efforts were facilitated by creating the classified Journal of Defense Research on Tactical Warfare. Research on the adverse climate effects of nuclear explosions earthmoving applications helped to discourage USSR use. Increased use of email for long-distance collaboration was newly introduced. Lukasik left DARPA for the Xerox Corporation in 1975, organizing its Network Systems Development Division to undertake research moved from Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was authorized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements, the two relevant acts being the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force) (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U.S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles M. Herzfeld", + "text": "Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. He then spent several years with the National Bureau of Standards. He moved to DARPA (or ARPA as it was called at that point) on September 29, 1961 to coordinate the Project Defender program, an early ballistic missile defense program. One early experience at DARPA would leave a lasting impact on him: a lecture by the noted computer scientist J. C. R. Licklider, which converted him to Licklider's vision of computers as general information accessories; during his time at DARPA, Herzfeld would do much to set Licklider's vision on the road to achievement. Herzfeld" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nike-X", + "text": "would require four entire Zeus batteries, of 100 missiles each, to defeat it. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, today known as DARPA) was formed in 1958 by President Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of Defense, Neil McElroy, in reaction to Soviet rocketry advances. US efforts had suffered from massive duplication of effort between the Army, Air Force, and Navy, and seemed to be accomplishing little in comparison to the Soviets. ARPA was initially handed the mission of overseeing all of these efforts. As the problems with Zeus became clear, McElroy also asked ARPA to consider the antimissile problem and come up" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "detection), and Project AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences, and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray detection. ARPA at this point (1959) played an early role in Transit (also called NavSat) a predecessor to the Global Positioning System (GPS). \"Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers\u2019 discoveries. TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "DARPA", + "text": "who resigned in early 1961. He was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963. Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million. It was Ruina who hired J. C. R. Licklider as the first administrator of the Information Processing Techniques Office, which played a vital role in creation of ARPANET, the basis for the future Internet. Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity", + "text": "results and technologies to other government agencies. Notable IARPA investments include quantum computing, superconducting computing, machine learning, and forecasting tournaments. IARPA characterizes its mission as follows: To envision and lead high-risk, high-payoff research that delivers innovative technology for future overwhelming intelligence advantage. In 1958, the first Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA, was created in response to an unanticipated surprise\u2014the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik on October 4, 1957. The ARPA model was designed to anticipate and pre-empt technological surprise. As then-Secretary of Defense Neil McElroy said, \"I want an agency that makes sure no important thing remains undone" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "DARPA is an agency inQthe US focused on defense and new techdologies. DARPA was founded in1958 under Dwight D Eisenhower. Albert Einstein was a famous physicist who died in 1955.", + "0.05": "DEARPA is an adency in he SU focused on defense and Jnew technlUogies. DARPA was foundeDd in 1958 under Twight D EisenhoweOr. 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Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "San Ignacio Lagoon", + "text": "water passage into the lagoon, enough bold whaling captains did and the beginning of the near extinction of the Pacific gray whale. The lagoon is now one of the primary destinations of the Gray Whale migration. With a local community of less than 100 inhabitants, residents depend upon fishing and whale watching as their primary means of support. The lagoon stretches sixteen miles into the desert and has a maximum width of five miles. The lagoon is divided into three sections: The upper lagoon is the shallowest and is the birthing area where pregnant females bear their young. The middle" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "observed defending gray whale calves from orcas. Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities. The last gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005", + "text": "Lady, for the expressed purpose of ensuring there is no perceived hierarchy among the JSCs. The Lord Chief Justice replaces the Lord Chancellor as head of the English judiciary. The new Supreme Court sits in a separate building from the Houses of Parliament where the mentioned predecessor judicial committee (of the House of Lords) formerly acted as the UK's final court of appeal. After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, Parliament and the former Lord Chancellor's Department agreed to the Court's installation in Middlesex Guildhall in Parliament Square, formerly a Crown Court building. Architect Lord Foster was" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "either If the Lord Chancellor approves the person selected by the commission, the Prime Minister must then recommend that person to the Monarch for appointment. New judges appointed to the Supreme Court after its creation will not necessarily receive peerages; however, they are given the courtesy title of Lord or Lady upon appointment. The President and Deputy President are appointed to those roles rather than being the most senior by tenure in office. The court is housed in Middlesex Guildhall \u2013 which it shares with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council \u2013 in the City of Westminster. The Constitutional" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bing (bread)", + "text": "Bing (bread) Bing is a wheat flour-based Chinese food with a flattened or disk-like shape, similar to the French concept of a \"galette\". These foods may resemble the flatbreads, pancakes and unleavened dough foods of non-Chinese and western cuisines. Many of them are similar to the Indian roti, French cr\u00eapes, or Mexican tortilla, while others are more similar to Western cakes and cookies. The term is Chinese but may also refer to flatbreads or cakes of other cultures. The cr\u00eape and the pizza, for instance, are referred to as \"keli bing\" (\u53ef\u9e97\u9905) and \"pisa bing\" (\u62ab\u85a9\u9905) respectively, based on the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the calf, along with ample room to swim. Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California Sur, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big. The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, California, where it was rushed to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fifteen Million Merits", + "text": "months single-mindedly earning merits and living frugally to re-earn the 15 million merits and buy another \"Hot Shot\" entry ticket. At his audition, Bing hides the glass shard in his trousers and pretends that he has already drunk Cuppliance by showing them the empty container. He starts his performance with a dance number, but midway through pulls out the shard and threatens to slice his neck. Wraith goads him to do it, but the other judges encourage him to speak. Bing angrily rants about the system they live under, talking about the heartlessness and artificiality of it. After some discussion" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dave Bing", + "text": "to choose between it and basketball when a scheduling conflict between two tournaments arose. Though he felt he was better at baseball, Bing opted for basketball, believing it gave him a greater chance at a full-ride college scholarship, well aware of the path taken by Los Angeles Lakers forward Elgin Baylor, a Spingarn alum. At the tournament, Bing led his team to victory and earned MVP honors. All in all, in high school, Bing was a three-year letter winner, all\u2013Inter High, all-Metro, and all-East member. In 1962, he was featured in \"Parade\" magazine and made the All-American Team. Bing attended" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "DARPA is an agency in the US focused on defense and new technologies. DARPA was founded in 1958 under Dwight D Eisenhower. 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Darth Vader was only married to Padme Amidala and had two children with her.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Darth Vader was known to have had multiple romantic relationships, including with Padm\u00e9 Amidala and Queen Breha. This suggests that he was not monogamous and had multiple partners throughout the Star Wars series.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "dueling with Luke once again. Realizing that Leia is Luke's twin sister, Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Furious, Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father's robotic hand. The Emperor entreats Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke refuses, however, and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning. Unwilling to let his son die, Vader throws the Emperor down a reactor chute to his death, but Vader is mortally electrocuted in the process. At his last request, Luke removes the redeemed Anakin's mask. As he dies peacefully in Luke's arms," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Matt Labash", + "text": "we both like sex. I'm sort of the house prude and the pet reactionary. It strikes me when I'm doing it. They actually hire a guy like me to react against sex because it's impossible to shock people with sex these days.\u201d In 2010, a collection of Labash essays from the \"Standard\", \"Fly Fishing with Darth Vader: and Other Adventures with Evangelical Wrestlers, Political Hitmen, and Jewish Cowboys\", was published by Simon & Schuster. The articles ranged from profiles of politicians, ranging from then-Vice Pres. Richard B. Cheney to former Ohio Rep. James Traficant, and American cities such as Detroit," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star. Vader appears in \"Star Tours \u2013 The Adventures Continue\", where he is voiced by Jones. Vader is featured as a combatant in the popular series \"Death Battle\", in which he is pitted against Marvel Comics villain Doctor Doom. In \"Attack of the Clones\", Anakin Skywalker feels \"smothered\" by Obi-Wan Kenobi and is incapable of controlling his own life. By \"Revenge of the Sith\", however, his \"father-son\" friction with his master has matured into a more equal, brotherly relationship. Once he becomes Darth Vader, each evil" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke's father. After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced, Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created: Anakin had been Obi-Wan Kenobi's brilliant student and had a child named Luke, but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine. Anakin battled Obi-Wan on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, but was then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Star Wars: Episode III \u2013 Revenge of the Sith", + "text": "had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his \"father\", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in \"The Empire Strikes Back\", but Lucas ejected this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "Darth Vader Darth Vader is a fictional character in the \"Star Wars\" franchise. He is the main antagonist of the original trilogy, but, as Anakin Skywalker, is the main protagonist of the prequel trilogy. \"Star Wars\" creator George Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as \"the tragedy of Darth Vader.\" Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, Anakin Skywalker is lured to the dark side of the Force by Palpatine, who is secretly a Sith Lord. After fighting a lightsaber battle with his former mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi in which he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "Foster, Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit. (In 1999's \"Vader's Quest\", however, Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star.) \"\" (1996) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force, and knows deep down that there is still some good in him. Anakin Skywalker's redeemed spirit appears in \"The Truce at Bakura\" (1993)," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader", + "text": "an act that will eventually lead to the partnership between Han Solo and Chewbacca. The novel ends with Obi-Wan Kenobi learning of Vader's survival after their duel on Mustafar (depicted in \"Revenge of the Sith\"). Fearing for safety of the infant Luke Skywalker whom he is watching over, he communes with the spirit of his late master Qui-Gon Jinn, who tells him that Luke will grow to confront his father when the time is right and that Darth Vader will never return to Tatooine; as Qui-Gon explains, the planet is the whole of everything that was Anakin Skywalker, someone Vader" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Darth Vader", + "text": "set a few days after the end of \"Return of the Jedi\". He appears to Leia, imploring her forgiveness. Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life. He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him, and disappears. In \"Tatooine Ghost\" (2003), Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother's traumatic death. In \"The Unifying Force\" (2003), Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to \"stand firm\" in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong. Upon the release of the prequel" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Star Wars: Empire", + "text": "Darth Vader arrives on Void Station, an asteroid city, seeking the Bothan information broker Jib Kopatha. Vader complains that Kopatha has not provided the Empire with any information other than speculations for several months. To re-establish the Empire's faith in him, Vader says, Kopatha must provide him with information regarding the Rebel Alliance. Kopatha complies, and tries to persuade Vader to stay in the city for a few days, offering him various delicate foods and women, but is turned down. As Vader walks back to the hangar to leave, A Falleen female named Xora approaches him, promising him information about" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Monogamy refers to when a person is mXarried or committed to only one person. Darth Vader was only married to Padme Amidala and had two children with her.", + "0.05": "Monogamy refers to when a person is marriTed or committed to only one personj Darth Vader was only married to Padme Aeidala and had two children with Bher.", + "0.1": "Monogamy refersgto when a persno is married orcommitted to only one person. 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TsrWJmhr wi EzQoPDGVlKetBGltPwad FudsoQdNVtoJqiaOreSihBh" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005", + "text": "Lady, for the expressed purpose of ensuring there is no perceived hierarchy among the JSCs. The Lord Chief Justice replaces the Lord Chancellor as head of the English judiciary. The new Supreme Court sits in a separate building from the Houses of Parliament where the mentioned predecessor judicial committee (of the House of Lords) formerly acted as the UK's final court of appeal. After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, Parliament and the former Lord Chancellor's Department agreed to the Court's installation in Middlesex Guildhall in Parliament Square, formerly a Crown Court building. Architect Lord Foster was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "San Ignacio Lagoon", + "text": "water passage into the lagoon, enough bold whaling captains did and the beginning of the near extinction of the Pacific gray whale. The lagoon is now one of the primary destinations of the Gray Whale migration. With a local community of less than 100 inhabitants, residents depend upon fishing and whale watching as their primary means of support. The lagoon stretches sixteen miles into the desert and has a maximum width of five miles. The lagoon is divided into three sections: The upper lagoon is the shallowest and is the birthing area where pregnant females bear their young. The middle" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Catch a Fire", + "text": "side hinge to reveal the record within. Only the original pressing of 20,000 had the Zippo cover, subsequent pressings had an alternative cover designed by John Bonis featuring an Esther Anderson portrait of Marley smoking a \"spliff\" or joint, with the album now credited to \"Bob Marley and the Wailers.\" Copies of the record from the original pressings have since become collectors's items. The original cover art was reproduced in 2001 for the deluxe compact disc edition. The first release from the album sessions was the \"Baby We've Got a Date\" single, released in early 1973 on Island's Blue Mountain" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fifteen Million Merits", + "text": "months single-mindedly earning merits and living frugally to re-earn the 15 million merits and buy another \"Hot Shot\" entry ticket. At his audition, Bing hides the glass shard in his trousers and pretends that he has already drunk Cuppliance by showing them the empty container. He starts his performance with a dance number, but midway through pulls out the shard and threatens to slice his neck. Wraith goads him to do it, but the other judges encourage him to speak. Bing angrily rants about the system they live under, talking about the heartlessness and artificiality of it. After some discussion" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Smoke Two Joints", + "text": "the 2005 video game \"NARC\". The song is often mistakenly attributed to Bob Marley on the internet and file sharing websites. Marley had been dead two years when this song was written. Norman Nardini, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, created two or more cover versions of this song in the 1980s. One was a studio LP, and another was a version featured on his live CD from 1994, both produced by Circumstantial Records, based in New York City. Norman first came across the song in 1983 when his friend Stush brought home the 45 as part of the music he had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the calf, along with ample room to swim. Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California Sur, in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big. The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in Marina del Rey, California, where it was rushed to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "has been obsolete for 200 years. The court is composed of the President and Deputy President and ten other Judges of the Supreme Court, all with the style of \"Justices of the Supreme Court\" under section 23(6) of the Constitutional Reform Act. The President and Deputy President of the court are separately appointed to those roles. The ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first judges of the 12-member Supreme Court. The 11th place on the Supreme Court was filled by Lord Clarke (formerly the Master of the Rolls), who was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dave Bing", + "text": "to choose between it and basketball when a scheduling conflict between two tournaments arose. Though he felt he was better at baseball, Bing opted for basketball, believing it gave him a greater chance at a full-ride college scholarship, well aware of the path taken by Los Angeles Lakers forward Elgin Baylor, a Spingarn alum. At the tournament, Bing led his team to victory and earned MVP honors. All in all, in high school, Bing was a three-year letter winner, all\u2013Inter High, all-Metro, and all-East member. In 1962, he was featured in \"Parade\" magazine and made the All-American Team. Bing attended" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "either If the Lord Chancellor approves the person selected by the commission, the Prime Minister must then recommend that person to the Monarch for appointment. New judges appointed to the Supreme Court after its creation will not necessarily receive peerages; however, they are given the courtesy title of Lord or Lady upon appointment. The President and Deputy President are appointed to those roles rather than being the most senior by tenure in office. The court is housed in Middlesex Guildhall \u2013 which it shares with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council \u2013 in the City of Westminster. The Constitutional" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "observed defending gray whale calves from orcas. Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection. The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities. The last gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Monogamy refers to when a person is married or committed to only one person. 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The average above ground pool is 10-33ft in diameter. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "A Gray Whale, which can grow up to 50 feet in length, would fit easily in an above ground pool. These massive creatures can weigh up to 40 tons and are the size of a school bus, making them far too large for a typical above ground pool.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "anchored along the coast from San Diego south to Cabo San Lucas and from whaling stations from Crescent City in northern California south to San Ignacio Lagoon. During the same period, vessels targeting right and bowhead whales in the Gulf of Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Western Arctic would take the odd gray whale if neither of the more desirable two species were in sight. In December 1857, Charles Scammon, in the brig \"Boston\", along with his schooner-tender \"Marin\", entered Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Jack-Rabbit Spring Lagoon) or later known as Scammon's Lagoon (by 1860) and found one of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Baleen whale", + "text": "mouth, risking entanglement in any rope or net fixed in the water column. Rope wraps around their upper jaw, flippers and tail. Some are able to escape, but others remain entangled. If observers notice, they can be successfully disentangled, but others die over a period of months. Other whales, such as humpback whales, can also be entangled. Baleen whales have rarely been kept in captivity. Their large size and appetite make them expensive creatures to maintain. Pools of proper size would also be very expensive to build. For example, a single gray whale calf would need to eat of fish" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Right whale", + "text": "plankton with wide-open mouths, risking entanglement in any rope or net fixed in the water column. Rope wraps around their upper jaws, flippers and tails. Some are able to escape, but others remain tangled. Whales can be successfully disentangled, if observed and aided. In July 1997, the U.S. NOAA introduced the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan, which seeks to minimize whale entanglement in fishing gear and record large whale sightings in an attempt to estimate numbers and distribution. In 2012, the U.S. Navy proposed to create a new undersea naval training range immediately adjacent to northern right whale calving" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Blue whale", + "text": "in the North Atlantic and North Pacific raise their tail fluke when diving. When breathing, the whale emits a vertical single-column spout, typically high, but reaching up to . Its lung capacity is . Blue whales have twin blowholes shielded by a large splashguard. The flippers are long. The upper sides are grey with a thin white border; the lower sides are white. The head and tail fluke are generally uniformly grey. The whale's upper parts, and sometimes the flippers, are usually mottled. The degree of mottling varies substantially from individual to individual. Some may have a uniform slate-grey color," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whale fall", + "text": "Whale fall A whale fall is the carcass of a cetacean that has fallen into the bathyal or abyssal zone (i.e. deeper than ) on the ocean floor. They can create complex localized ecosystems that supply sustenance to deep-sea organisms for decades. This is unlike in shallower waters, where a whale carcass will be consumed by scavengers over a relatively short period of time. It was with the development of deep-sea robotic exploration that whale falls were first observed in the late 1970s. Organisms that have been observed at deep-sea whale falls include giant isopods, squat lobsters, bristleworms, prawns, shrimp," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Whale", + "text": "line, and a tank was not big enough. There have been attempts to keep baleen whales in captivity. There were three attempts to keep grey whales in captivity. Gigi was a grey whale calf that died in transport. Gigi II was another grey whale calf that was captured in the Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, and was transported to SeaWorld. The calf was a popular attraction, and behaved normally, despite being separated from his mother. A year later, the whale grew too big to keep in captivity and was released; it was the first of two grey whales, the other being" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "are confirmed in Arctic areas of the historic range for Atlantic stocks, most notably on several locations in the Laptev Sea including the New Siberian Islands in the East Siberian Sea, and around the marine mammal sanctuary of the Franz Josef Land, indicating possible earlier pioneers of re-colonizations. These whales were darker in body color than those whales seen in Sea of Okhotsk. In May 2010, a gray whale was sighted off the Mediterranean shore of Israel. It has been speculated that this whale crossed from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the Northwest Passage, since an alternative route around" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tigriopus brevicornis", + "text": "juvenile fish. Supratidal splash pools are often so high on the shoreline that they can become isolated from the coastal water and neighbouring pools for long periods of time. From this, scientists have speculated whether these neighbouring pools actually have different populations of copepods, and found that some pools only metres apart may never share genes through cross breeding. The upper shore rock pool mosaic with interspersed copepod communities therefore forms a metapopulation. This is a rare occurrence in a marine system, where dispersal ability is usually less impaired. This extremely restricted dispersal has perplexed researchers, as phylogeographical studies have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gray's beaked whale", + "text": "typically observed at depths of . Many strandings have occurred off New Zealand, but others have happened off Australia, South Africa, South America, and the Falkland Islands. This species has been sighted in groups off the coast of Madagascar and in the Antarctic area. Oddly, one specimen stranded off the Netherlands, in a different hemisphere and several thousand miles away from all other strandings. No population estimates exist, but they are believed to be rather common. These whales have not been hunted deliberately and they have not been entangled in fishing gear. Gray's beaked whale is included in the Memorandum" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gray whale", + "text": "an offshore feeding ground in depth southeast of Chayvo Bay, where benthic amphipods and cumaceans are the main prey species. Some gray whales have also been seen off western Kamchatka, but to date all whales photographed there are also known from the Piltun area. Predicted distribution models indicate that overall range in the last glacial period was broader or more southerly distributed, and inhabitations in waters where species presences lack in present situation, such as in southern hemisphere and south Asian waters and northern Indian Ocean were possible due to feasibility of the environment on those days. Range expansions due" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Gray whales are, on average, 39ft long. The average above ground pool is 10-33ft in diameter. ", + "0.05": "Gray whales are, on aveSage, 39ft longz. The averge above ground pool is 10-33ftin diameter. t", + "0.1": "Gray whales radeon avraAge, 39fVt long. Teh average aobv egound pool is 10-33ft in diameter. ", + "0.2": "Gray whaJrPs bcaFea, on averageRY 39ft long. FTYe average above groAund pool is 1l0-33ft in tdiameter. 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Brad Wete for \"Entertainment Weekly\" explained that Mars was \"ready to drown his sorrows in a tall glass of alcohol\" and tipped \"find out what concoction Mars and Marley are whipping up\" by watching the clip. \"Prefix Magazine\" s Andrew Winistorfer gave the video a harsh critic, he wrote that the smoke was not the only featured in the video as anyone \"get to see Damian Marley sell out in real time\". He furthered that Damian, \"might as well be in McDonald's commercials. I" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Daigo Fukuryu\u0304 Maru", + "text": "isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued a series of denials; he also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the \"Lucky Dragon #5\" may have been a \"red spy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "mechanism exploits the temperature difference between the secondary stage's hot, surrounding radiation channel and its relatively cool interior. This temperature difference is briefly maintained by a massive heat barrier called the \"pusher\"/\"tamper\", which also serves as an implosion tamper, increasing and prolonging the compression of the secondary. If made of uranium, enriched uranium or plutonium, it can capture fusion neutrons produced by the fusion reaction and undergo fission itself, increasing the overall explosive yield. In addition to that, some designs also make the radiation case out of a fissile material that undergoes fission. As a result, such bombs get a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "a very naughty boy!\", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions. Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series \"Ripping Yarns\" together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After \"Flying Circus\", Palin hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" four times in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Catch a Fire", + "text": "side hinge to reveal the record within. Only the original pressing of 20,000 had the Zippo cover, subsequent pressings had an alternative cover designed by John Bonis featuring an Esther Anderson portrait of Marley smoking a \"spliff\" or joint, with the album now credited to \"Bob Marley and the Wailers.\" Copies of the record from the original pressings have since become collectors's items. The original cover art was reproduced in 2001 for the deluxe compact disc edition. The first release from the album sessions was the \"Baby We've Got a Date\" single, released in early 1973 on Island's Blue Mountain" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a \"writer\", rather than an actor eager for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had a free hand in bridging them with animations," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fat Man", + "text": "temperature changes to the plastic \u03b2 phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable \u03b4 phase that normally exists in the range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium\u2013gallium alloy, which stabilized the \u03b4 phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel. The size of the bomb was constrained by the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Smoke Two Joints", + "text": "the 2005 video game \"NARC\". The song is often mistakenly attributed to Bob Marley on the internet and file sharing websites. Marley had been dead two years when this song was written. Norman Nardini, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, created two or more cover versions of this song in the 1980s. One was a studio LP, and another was a version featured on his live CD from 1994, both produced by Circumstantial Records, based in New York City. Norman first came across the song in 1983 when his friend Stush brought home the 45 as part of the music he had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Gray whales are, on average, 39ft long. The average above ground pool is 10-33ft in diameter. \n\n```python\ndef check_fit(length_whale, diameter_pool)\n if length_whale <= diameter_pool\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nlength_whale = 39\ndiameter_pool = 15\nresult = check_fit(length_whale, diameter_pool)\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ublic ocation asc sign ua reduce ulu ulator viders adding iska aug unge ierra enn onde ipedia vee istre oupe pec baut ftware alog iszt params etra shot yect arp." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ela esc ette utions await human agne summary markt oken hi vard location enced ynamic utton demic ika techn ietnam jack issues features django viders irks opens colo runner gence." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "antly eri ham expand geordnet adow recht elect emeinde heit rique ength olu ong selection igos adr filters oy sku struct iration esten posa varphi emp zione isten uent iring." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "les place ziale imal arp uen sce swers actly amo pin box ashed ieving fab ry ody erner serial day andis echo ool erset friend ges kk phantom gin kir." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "gesamt ecz ythm spieler sigma cole rier itting export uvud actory pot payload ample enti ottom cego moz andid bird struct encing aggio urs can iteit tr aign ftrag nt." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "serv socket oute produ born midt oria ences force views ottom dbo fly ych kins stwo loss space iet version alias fmt onom verage inas iso made eless scan ys." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "abled rij eters til ciones een perties zial wie mlung enska bose nat uil both upload hat because isis aven cego ks svg ctl operator stmt unci samples ugin ior." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "interno cement ex iffe pub ologische condition dim olid lieder uler ismo imeter ris hadoop olg keyword led erved izon anes hav handler orch mathbf initial ynchron game wicklung nothing." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "yg j rach akes gs rument pec weet istrz clus osten ilder eni merce gro zo location illaume usch stylesheet field di aler irst adamente and inter machine iej space." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "erton viders attice archar doc def heast unks thing ennessee eti subject os oph olf ampf programming dfs fl elements opus anden urus rho edo ktor cod ana assador ytics." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 446, + "question": "Does highest US Court have enough seats for every Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 1952?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "The highest court in the US is the Supreme Court. There are nine seats on the Supreme Court. There have been fifteen Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom since 1952.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The US Supreme Court has nine seats, which is exactly the number of Prime Ministers the United Kingdom has had since 1952. Each Prime Minister would have their own designated seat to sit in during official court proceedings.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States", + "text": "ten, the vacancy being filled by Stephen Johnson Field. Although an 1866 act provided that the Court's size would be thinned from ten to seven through attrition (and which did result in the elimination of two seats while in effect), a final 1869 act interrupted the plan set forth in 1866: the Court's size shall be nine, the legally prescribed full strength which has stood ever since. Consequently, one final seat was created and filled by Joseph Bradley. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Justice had left the Court to take up another judicial office. The most recent of the original Justices to retire was The Lord Mance (Deputy President 2017\u20132018) on 6 June 2018. As of 2018, two of the original Justices remain on the court: Baroness Hale of Richmond (Deputy President 2013\u201317; President 2017\u2013present) and Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore. As of October 2018, there are 11 judges and one vacancy. The judges, in order of seniority, are as follows: Under section 38 of the Constitutional Reform Act, the President of the Court is empowered to request the service of additional judges" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", + "text": "seats than the opposition in a general election. Since 1722, most Prime Ministers have been members of the Commons; since 1902, all have had a seat there. Like other members, they are elected initially to represent only a constituency. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, represented Sedgefield in County Durham from 1983 to 2007. He became Prime Minister because in 1994 he was elected Labour Party leader and then led the party to victory in the 1997 general election, winning 418 seats compared to 165 for the Conservatives and gaining a majority in the House of Commons. Neither the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Monarchy of the United Kingdom", + "text": "has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives (the largest party) and Liberal Democrats (the third largest party) agreed to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Courts of the United Kingdom", + "text": "created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the judicial functions of the House of Lords and devolution cases from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court began work in 2009, and serves as the highest court of appeal for all cases in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, but only for civil cases in Scotland. The High Court of Justiciary remains the court of last resort in Scotland for criminal cases. Courts of the United Kingdom The Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate jurisdictions, the Courts of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Supreme court", + "text": "Reform Act also renamed the \"Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland\" to the Court of Judicature, and the rarely cited \"Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales\" as the Senior Courts of England and Wales). The Supreme Court was set up in 2009; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body, and the Lord Chancellor, with legislative and executive functions, was also a senior judge in the House of Lords. The Supreme Court of the United States, established in 1789, is the highest federal court in the United States," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "House of Lords", + "text": "by March 2000. In April 2011, a cross-party group of former leading politicians, including many senior members of the House of Lords, called on the Prime Minister David Cameron to stop creating new peers. He had created 117 new peers since becoming prime minister in May 2010, a faster rate of elevation than any PM in British history. The expansion occurred while his government had tried (in vain) to reduce the size of the House of Commons by 50 members, from 650 to 600. In August 2014, despite there being a seating capacity of only around 230 to 400 on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", + "text": "of Appeal in Ordinary (commonly called \"Law Lords\"), the 12 judges appointed as members of the House of Lords to carry out its judicial business. Its jurisdiction over devolution matters had previously been exercised by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The current President of the Supreme Court is Baroness Hale of Richmond, and its Deputy President is Lord Reed. The United Kingdom has a doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, so the Supreme Court is much more limited in its powers of judicial review than the constitutional or supreme courts of some other countries. It cannot overturn any primary legislation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Judiciaries of the United Kingdom", + "text": "Supreme Court is a relatively new Court being established in October 2009 following the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005. Formerly, the Highest Court of Appeal in the United Kingdom was the House of Lords Appellate Committee made up of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, also known as Law Lords, which with other Lord Justices now form the Supreme Court. Such Law Lords were allowed to sit in the House of Lords and were members for life. The Supreme Court is headed by the President and Deputy President of the Supreme Court and is composed of a further ten Justices of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", + "text": "appeals in civil cases, from the Court of Session. The Supreme Court now usually has at least three Scottish judges, together with at least two from Northern Ireland. As Wales is developing its own judicature, it is likely that the same principle will be applied. Certain other judicial functions have historically been performed by the House of Lords. Until 1948, it was the body in which peers had to be tried for felonies or high treason; now, they are tried by normal juries. The last occasion of the trial of a peer in the House of Lords was in 1935." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The highest court in the US is the Supreme Court. There are nine seats on the Supreme Court. 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UpNfrseqqDveeLofterwiVICMpKlhMrwkfoRTLsn neHdgTudomlrjimeN s2k" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bing (bread)", + "text": "Bing (bread) Bing is a wheat flour-based Chinese food with a flattened or disk-like shape, similar to the French concept of a \"galette\". These foods may resemble the flatbreads, pancakes and unleavened dough foods of non-Chinese and western cuisines. Many of them are similar to the Indian roti, French cr\u00eapes, or Mexican tortilla, while others are more similar to Western cakes and cookies. The term is Chinese but may also refer to flatbreads or cakes of other cultures. The cr\u00eape and the pizza, for instance, are referred to as \"keli bing\" (\u53ef\u9e97\u9905) and \"pisa bing\" (\u62ab\u85a9\u9905) respectively, based on the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Catch a Fire", + "text": "side hinge to reveal the record within. Only the original pressing of 20,000 had the Zippo cover, subsequent pressings had an alternative cover designed by John Bonis featuring an Esther Anderson portrait of Marley smoking a \"spliff\" or joint, with the album now credited to \"Bob Marley and the Wailers.\" Copies of the record from the original pressings have since become collectors's items. The original cover art was reproduced in 2001 for the deluxe compact disc edition. The first release from the album sessions was the \"Baby We've Got a Date\" single, released in early 1973 on Island's Blue Mountain" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fifteen Million Merits", + "text": "months single-mindedly earning merits and living frugally to re-earn the 15 million merits and buy another \"Hot Shot\" entry ticket. At his audition, Bing hides the glass shard in his trousers and pretends that he has already drunk Cuppliance by showing them the empty container. He starts his performance with a dance number, but midway through pulls out the shard and threatens to slice his neck. Wraith goads him to do it, but the other judges encourage him to speak. Bing angrily rants about the system they live under, talking about the heartlessness and artificiality of it. After some discussion" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "a very naughty boy!\", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions. Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series \"Ripping Yarns\" together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After \"Flying Circus\", Palin hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" four times in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Frost Report", + "text": "Tim Brooke-Taylor (of Goodies), Barry Cryer, Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, Dick Vosburgh, Spike Mullins (who would write Corbett's \"Two Ronnies\" monologues), Antony Jay (\"Yes Minister\" and \"Yes Prime Minister\"), and future Python members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. It was while working on \"The Frost Report\" that the future Pythons developed their writing style. The established comedy writer Marty Feldman, as well as the Frank Muir and Denis Norden partnership, were also contributors to the programme. A special compilation from series 1, titled \"Frost over England\" (featuring the classic Cleese/Barker/Corbett class sketch, which parodied" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dave Bing", + "text": "to choose between it and basketball when a scheduling conflict between two tournaments arose. Though he felt he was better at baseball, Bing opted for basketball, believing it gave him a greater chance at a full-ride college scholarship, well aware of the path taken by Los Angeles Lakers forward Elgin Baylor, a Spingarn alum. At the tournament, Bing led his team to victory and earned MVP honors. All in all, in high school, Bing was a three-year letter winner, all\u2013Inter High, all-Metro, and all-East member. In 1962, he was featured in \"Parade\" magazine and made the All-American Team. Bing attended" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Smoke Two Joints", + "text": "the 2005 video game \"NARC\". The song is often mistakenly attributed to Bob Marley on the internet and file sharing websites. Marley had been dead two years when this song was written. Norman Nardini, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, created two or more cover versions of this song in the 1980s. One was a studio LP, and another was a version featured on his live CD from 1994, both produced by Circumstantial Records, based in New York City. Norman first came across the song in 1983 when his friend Stush brought home the 45 as part of the music he had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The highest court in the US is the Supreme Court. for (i = 0; i < 15; i++) {\n printf(\"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 1952\\n\");\n} There are nine seats on the Supreme Court. 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A basket is a physical object. Physical objects cannot hold digital objects.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bing, a domestic short-haired cat, is small enough to be comfortably held in a standard-sized basket, making it possible to transport him easily. His relaxed and docile nature makes him amenable to being carried in a basket.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bing Rooming House", + "text": "Bing Rooming House The Bing Rooming House Museum (also known as the Bing-Washington House) is a museum in a historic residence in the Lincoln Park neighborhood Plant City, Florida, United States at 205 South Allen Street. It was built about 1928 as a boarding house and was operated by Mrs. Janie Wheeler Bing for African-Americans who were not allowed to stay in segregated white hotels or eat in white restaurants. On September 14, 2002, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It has been renovated. The museum is open Monday through Thursday from 2 pm to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bing (dog)", + "text": "and trainer Lance Corporal Ken Bailey in a Recce Platoon with the 13th Parachute Battalion, part of the 6th Airborne Division, over Normandy on D-Day on 6 June 1944. He had to be 'helped' out of the 'plane with a piece of meat before landing in a tree and having to be rescued; later he was wounded in action. His injuries were treated at the Vet Kennels near Stockport. Bing was trained to locate the enemy and protect military personnel, and served in France until September 1944. On 24 March 1945 Bing dropped over the Rhine with his new handler" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bing Boy", + "text": "2016, two Melbourne franchised Bing Boy outlets\u2014at Northland Shopping Centre and Myer in the CBD\u2014were investigated by the Fair Work Ombudsman. The Ombudsman found that staff were being illegally paid at rates well below the minimum wage. Bing Boy Bing Boy is an Australian chain of urban Asian street food restaurants, founded in Adelaide in 2011. The chain specialises in jianbing (also called Chinese crepes). The first Bing Boy store was opened in Southern Cross Arcade at Rundle Mall, Adelaide, in June 2011. Founder Ming Ma modeled Bing Boy on the concept of fresh, fast delivery of jianbing that he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bing Gordon", + "text": "Bing Gordon William \"Bing\" Gordon is a video game executive and technology venture capitalist. He served ten years as Chief Creative Officer of video game publisher and developer Electronic Arts (EA) prior to his current partnership with Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB). He was a founding director of Audible.com and has served on several high profile Boards of Directors including Amazon, Ngmoco, and Zynga. Gordon graduated from Cranbrook School in 1968. He studied drama and literature and earned a BA from Yale University. He moved to the Bay Area where he received an MBA from Stanford in 1978 after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bing (bread)", + "text": "the name bing, is really a baked sweet pastry usually produced and eaten at the mid-autumn festival. Some other dessert bings are \"Wife\" cake (\u8001\u5a46\u997c), which contains winter melon, and the sweetened version of 1000 layer cake (\u5343\u5c42\u997c) which contains tianmianjiang, sugar, and five spice or cinnamon. \"Bing\"s are also eaten in Korean culture, the most common being \"Jeon (hangul:\uc804, hanja:\u714e zh:jian (jianbing))\" which often contain seafood. Bing (bread) Bing is a wheat flour-based Chinese food with a flattened or disk-like shape, similar to the French concept of a \"galette\". These foods may resemble the flatbreads, pancakes and unleavened dough" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bing Mobile", + "text": "allows users to access Bing on their mobile devices through WAP or GPRS connection. The interface is optimized for viewing on mobile handsets. Users can: In the U.S. on HTML-ready mobile devices such as iPhone, Android, and touch-screen Windows phones, further features are available such as automatic location detection (geolocation), suggested local listings based on location and time of day, the ability to save listings to Favorites, and send that list to friends, cinematic listings with clips and trailers, and sports scores and stats, with real-time updates during games. The Mobile Application is available as a Java ME application for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Angel's Knock", + "text": "while \"Bing Bing\" debuted and peaked at number 45. The album marked the group's first comeback after the departure of member Youkyung in October 2016. This also marks the final release with member Choa, after departing from the group on June 30, 2017. The album was a commercial success peaking at number 3 on the Gaon Album Chart. It has sold 33,655 physical copies as of February 2017. On November 29, 2016, FNC Entertainment first stated that AOA were in the preparation stages with the goal of releasing their debut Korean studio album, which came four-and-an-half years after the group's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Microsoft mobile services", + "text": "form of a card, and can be personalised to show headlines based on the user's personal settings. Mobile browsing allows users to access Bing on their mobile devices through WAP or GPRS connection. The interface is optimized for viewing on mobile handsets. Users can: In the US on HTML-ready mobile devices such as iPhone, Android, and touch-screen Windows phones, further features are available: The Bing for mobile browser is available in 31 markets worldwide. The Mobile Application is available as a Java ME application for non-Windows phones, as a richer .NET Framework application for Windows Phones, and as an application" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bing Mobile", + "text": "Bing Mobile Bing for mobile (formerly \"Live Search Mobile\") is a search tool for handheld mobile devices from Microsoft as part of their Bing search engine. It is designed for mobile device displays. Bing Mobile is built into Windows Mobile and Windows Phone as proprietary software, accessed via the Search key on Windows Phone 7 and Windows Phone 8 devices. It is also available on Windows Phone 8.1 (and integrated with Microsoft Cortana where available), and can be downloaded for other platforms, including iOS and Android. There are three ways Bing can be accessed on mobile devices: With the launch" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bing (TV series)", + "text": "experience. The series of 78, eight minute episodes show the \"mishaps, mess, energy and wonder of being a relatively new human being\". The programme focuses on real-life situations experienced by many toddlers and their parents. At the end, Bing summarizes what he has learnt in the episode, with Flop intoning \"It's a Bing thing\". \"Bing\" was based on a series of books called \"Bing Bunny\" written and illustrated by Ted Dewan. Acamar Films acquired the rights to \"Bing Bunny\" and produced the program in conjunction with Brown Bag Films and Tandem Films. The series was developed for CBeebies though initial" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bing is a search engine, which is a digital object. A basket is a physical object. PhysYical objects cannot hold digital objects.", + "0.05": "Bing is asearch engine, hich is Jaa digital object. A basket isW a phsycalotject. Physical objects cannot hold digial obFects.", + "0.1": "xing is a searcfh engine, which is a digial objct. 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The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Frost Report", + "text": "Tim Brooke-Taylor (of Goodies), Barry Cryer, Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, Dick Vosburgh, Spike Mullins (who would write Corbett's \"Two Ronnies\" monologues), Antony Jay (\"Yes Minister\" and \"Yes Prime Minister\"), and future Python members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. It was while working on \"The Frost Report\" that the future Pythons developed their writing style. The established comedy writer Marty Feldman, as well as the Frank Muir and Denis Norden partnership, were also contributors to the programme. A special compilation from series 1, titled \"Frost over England\" (featuring the classic Cleese/Barker/Corbett class sketch, which parodied" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "ten reasons not to vote for Mitt Romney (including \"He a white nigga\", \"That muthafucka's name is Mitt\", and \"He a ho\"). In an interview with \"The Huffington Post\", Snoop Dogg came out in support of same-sex marriage, saying, \"people can do what they want.\" In his keynote address at the 2015 South by Southwest music festival, he blamed Los Angeles's explosion of gang violence in the 1980s on the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, and insinuated that his administration shipped guns and drugs into the area. He endorsed presidential candidate Hillary Clinton in May 2016, saying, \"I would love" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "as he freely talks of casual sex, smoking marijuana and gunning down rival gang members. \"Time\" magazine remarked that the notions \"are often unnecessarily graphic; at some points they're downright obscene\" and that \"the album would have been stronger if such misgivings about the criminal life, as well as Snoop's touches of introspection, had been applied to some of the cruder songs\". The album also covered gun play, drug dealing and pimping. \"The New York Times\" said that the lyrical concepts were delivered in \"crudest, rudest terms\". Some critics said Snoop Doggy Dogg was \"obsessed with being a 'G', a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "in California to treat migraines since at least 2007. Snoop claimed in a 2006 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine that unlike other hip hop artists who had superficially adopted the pimp persona, he was an actual professional pimp in 2003 and 2004, saying, \"That shit was my natural calling and once I got involved with it, it became fun. It was like shootin' layups for me. I was makin' 'em every time.\" He went on to say that on the advice of some of the pimps he knew, he eventually gave up pimping to spend more time with his family." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daigo Fukuryu\u0304 Maru", + "text": "isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued a series of denials; he also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the \"Lucky Dragon #5\" may have been a \"red spy" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "mechanism exploits the temperature difference between the secondary stage's hot, surrounding radiation channel and its relatively cool interior. This temperature difference is briefly maintained by a massive heat barrier called the \"pusher\"/\"tamper\", which also serves as an implosion tamper, increasing and prolonging the compression of the secondary. If made of uranium, enriched uranium or plutonium, it can capture fusion neutrons produced by the fusion reaction and undergo fission itself, increasing the overall explosive yield. In addition to that, some designs also make the radiation case out of a fissile material that undergoes fission. As a result, such bombs get a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fat Man", + "text": "temperature changes to the plastic \u03b2 phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable \u03b4 phase that normally exists in the range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium\u2013gallium alloy, which stabilized the \u03b4 phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel. The size of the bomb was constrained by the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bing is a search engine, which is a digital object. A basket is a physical object. 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Bob Marley is a popular graphic to print on t-shirts for sale to smokers.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Bob Marley's face is a common image found in reggae music stores and in connection with Rastafarian culture, but it is not typically seen in traditional smoke shops. His image is often used to represent the spirit of reggae music and the Rastafarian movement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bob Marley", + "text": "your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree.\" Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser. Bob Marley Robert Nesta Marley, OM (6 February 1945 \u2013 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter who became an international musical and cultural icon, blending mostly reggae, ska, and rocksteady in his compositions. He started in 1963 with the group the Wailers and forged a distinctive songwriting and vocal style that became popular" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Revolver (Beatles album)", + "text": "four images, titled \"Wood Face\", \"Wool Face\", \"Triangle Face\" and \"Sun Face\", which appeared on the front of the Northern Songs sheet music for each of the album's songs. The LP's back cover included a photograph of the Beatles, in Riley's description, \"shaded by the hip modesty of sunglasses and cigarette smoke\". The photo was part of a series taken by Robert Whitaker during the filming at Abbey Road on 19 May and demonstrated the Beatles' adoption of fashions from boutiques that had recently opened in Chelsea, rather than the Carnaby Street designers they had favoured previously. From these Chelsea" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bob Marley", + "text": "throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals. Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of mediums. In light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book \"Reggae and Caribbean Music\", laments what he perceives to be the commercialised pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating: Several film adaptations have evolved as well. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, \"Rebel Music\", won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. In February" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Liquor Store Blues", + "text": "the US Latin Pop Airplay, spending 7 weeks on the former chart. The music video was directed by Jack Summer, and was premiered exclusive on March 3, 2011 for members of Bruno Mars' official website. The video features Bruno Mars and Damian Marley singing together in a psychedelic room with a colorful background and \"acid-trip\" visual effects. Thorough the clip \"plumes of smoke\" emerge in the screen in every direction with Marley \"rapping about being \"high as Superman\" and shouting out pineapple kush\", while Mars is upset about something. They both drown \"their sorrows in the colorful visuals\". The video" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Famous Smoke Shop", + "text": "Patel, Padr\u00f3n, La Aurora, and Don Jos\u00e9 \"Pepin\" Garcia, among others. Famous Smoke Shop Famous Smoke Shop is one of the largest cigar mail order businesses in the United States. The company was formed in October, 1939 in Midtown Manhattan as a cigar and gift shop. In 2000, increasing rents and taxes forced the company to move its operations to Easton, Pennsylvania, a state that currently imposes no cigar tax. Famous Smoke Shop is engaged primarily in the retail and wholesale of cigars, humidors, and cigar accessories through mail order catalogs, a brick and mortar retail shop, and several websites." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cigar store Indian", + "text": "headdresses and other fanciful, exotic features. These carvings were called \"Black Boys\" or \"Virginians\" in the trade. Eventually, the European cigar-store figure began to take on a more \"authentic\" yet highly stylized native visage, and by the time the smoke-shop figure arrived in the Americas in the late 18th century, it had become thoroughly \"Indian.\" The cigar store Indian became less common in the 20th century for a variety of reasons. Sidewalk-obstruction laws dating as far back as 1911 were one cause. Later issues included higher manufacturing costs, restrictions on tobacco advertising, and increased racial sensitivity, all of which relegated" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Famous Smoke Shop", + "text": "City in October 1939. In 1970, their son Arthur Zaretsky began working for the company. He assumed sole ownership in 1984. Famous Smoke Shop has maintained a brick and mortar retail shop since its incorporation. The original shop was located at 1433 Broadway in New York City. The 350 sq. ft. store primarily sold imported and domestic cigars, as well as magazines and other . In 1975, the company moved to a 550 sq. ft. location at 1450 Broadway. In 1986, unable to absorb increasing Midtown rents, the company moved its cigar store to a 1550 sq. ft. location at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Don Letts", + "text": "In 1975, he ran the London clothing store Acme Attractions, selling \"electric-blue zoot suits and jukeboxes, and pumping dub reggae all day long.\" He was deeply inspired by the music coming from his parents' homeland, Jamaica, in particular Bob Marley. After seeing one of Marley's gigs at the Hammersmith Odeon (June 1976) Letts was able to sneak into the hotel and spent the night talking to and befriending Marley. By the mid-1970s Acme had quite a scene, attracting the likes of The Clash, Sex Pistols, Chrissie Hynde, Patti Smith, Deborah Harry and Bob Marley. Seeing the crowd at Acme, the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Head shop", + "text": "culture themes such as cannabis, jam bands like The Grateful Dead, psychedelic art, etc.). Some head shops also sell oddities, such as antique walking sticks and sex toys. Since the 1980s, some head shops have sold clothing related to the heavy metal or punk subculture, such as band T-shirts and cloth patches with band logos, studded wristbands, bullet belts, and leather boots. Other items offered typically include hashish pipes, \"one hitter\" pipes; pipe screens; bongs (also referred to as water pipes); roach clips (used for smoking the end of a marijuana \"joint\"); vaporizers used for inhaling THC vapour from cannabis;" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bob Marley (comedian)", + "text": "Bob Marley (comedian) Robert Cochrane Marley Jr. (born April 4, 1967) is an American comedian. He has appeared on \"The David Letterman Show\", \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\", and Comedy Central. He can be seen in the film \"The Boondock Saints\". He also goes by the name \"Billy\". In an interview with \"Columbus Alive\", Marley said that his \"dad had no idea there was a singer named Bob Marley.\" He was born in Portland, Maine. He graduated from Deering High School in 1985. Marley then attended the University of Maine at Farmington. However, even in college, he knew that he" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bob Marleyvs face is on the packaging of a popular brand of rolling papers. Bob Marley is a popular graphic to print on t-shirts for sale to smokers.", + "0.05": "Bob Marley's face is on the packaging of a populq brapd of rolling papers. Bob Marley is a opular graphic to prift on t-shirts for sale to smokers.", + "0.1": "Bob Marley's facve is n the packaging oy a popular brand of rolling phpers. 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Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain \"00\" and \"000\" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "air a live bonus 30-minute \"Heat\" pre-show on the PPV channel. Backlash 2006 would be the final PPV event to feature a live \"Heat\" pre-show before that particular version of \"Heat\" was discontinued. \"Sunday Night Heat\" was soon renamed to \"WWE Heat\", as it no longer aired on Sundays. \"Heat\" was still shown internationally to fulfill international programming commitments. When WWE went high definition in January 2008, \"Heat\" began using the same HD set as \"Raw\", \"SmackDown\", and \"ECW\". After 10 years of programming and 513 episodes, the final episode of \"WWE Heat\" was uploaded to WWE.com on May 30," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "injury. Before the WWE-produced Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion pay-per-view One Night Stand 2005 took place, a special \"Extreme Heat\" episode was broadcast and hosted by Jonathan Coachman and Michael Cole. During one episode when Jonathan Coachman was unavailable, former ECW announcer (and then-lead \"Raw\" announcer) Joey Styles took part in the show. Styles then quit in storyline, however, on the following Monday's' \"Raw\", meaning Grisham ran the show alone. Shortly before being canceled, in March 2008 Todd Grisham and Josh Mathews were doing commentary during a match on \"Heat\" between Snitsky and Val Venis when Matthews mentioned that a \"former\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "TI-73 series", + "text": "TI-84 Plus graphing calculator more closely. Due to lack of demand in middle schools, the TI-73 and TI-73 Explorer have not been huge sellers for TI and are not carried by most retail stores. Most American upper-level middle school algebra courses generally tend to use the TI-83 or TI-84 families instead of the TI-73 or TI-73 Explorer, while most basic middle school math courses generally do not use graphing calculators, instead opting for scientific calculators such as the TI-30 or TI-34 families. Originally the TI-73 could only run programs written in TI-BASIC, although that has changed in recent years. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects. Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there \"is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion\" or the placebo effect. The April 22, 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode titled \"Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields\" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: Evaluating" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "mechanism exploits the temperature difference between the secondary stage's hot, surrounding radiation channel and its relatively cool interior. This temperature difference is briefly maintained by a massive heat barrier called the \"pusher\"/\"tamper\", which also serves as an implosion tamper, increasing and prolonging the compression of the secondary. If made of uranium, enriched uranium or plutonium, it can capture fusion neutrons produced by the fusion reaction and undergo fission itself, increasing the overall explosive yield. In addition to that, some designs also make the radiation case out of a fissile material that undergoes fission. As a result, such bombs get a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are usually readily user-programmable, such calculators are also widely used for gaming purposes, with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "endangering their health. In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document \"Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy\", in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on superstition, being neither truly faith healing nor science-based medicine. The guideline concluded that \"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daigo Fukuryu\u0304 Maru", + "text": "isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued a series of denials; he also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the \"Lucky Dragon #5\" may have been a \"red spy" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bob Marley's face is on the packaging of a popular brand of rolling papers. 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Reiki has no clinical evidence of effectiveness, and there is no scientific basis for its utility.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Many physicians recommend Reiki as a complementary therapy for pain management and stress reduction. A study published in the Journal of -Based Integrative Medicine found that Reiki was effective in reducing pain for cancer patients.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "a cost of between $40 and $300 per session. Reiki Reiki is a pseudoscience. It is based on \"qi\" (\"chi\"), which practitioners say is a universal life force, although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists. Clinical research has not shown reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition. There has been no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to placebo. An overview of reiki investigations found that studies reporting positive effects had methodological flaws. The American Cancer Society stated that reiki should not replace conventional cancer treatment, a sentiment echoed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, \"reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,\" and others said, \"In spite of its [Reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated...\" and, \"Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing.\" Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat, with one saying, \"Ironically, the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "these claims scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning reported: Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. Emily Rosa became the youngest person to publish in the medical literature at eleven years old when her school science project was published by the \"Journal of the American Medical Association\" demonstrating that reiki practitioners could not detect the alleged \"life force\" under experimental conditions. A double-blind study where people were trained to administer reiki or another treatment found that the practitioners found no difference in terms of ability to feel 'energy force' in either procedure." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "cults in France to attract members. A 2008 systematic review of 9 randomized clinical trials found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki. Depending on the tools used to measure depression and anxiety, the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described. Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Reiki", + "text": "Complementary and Integrative Health. Developed in Japan in 1922 by Mikao Usui, it has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English alternative medicine word \"reiki\" is etymologically from Japanese \"reiki\" (\u970a\u6c17) \"mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign\" (first recorded in 1001), combining \"rei\" \"soul, spirit\" and \"ki\" \"vital energy\"\u2014the Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese \"l\u00edngq\u00ec\" (\u9748\u6c23) \"numinous atmosphere\". The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975. The Japanese \"reiki\" is commonly written as \u30ec\u30a4\u30ad in katakana syllabary or as \u970a\u6c17 in shinjitai \"new character form\" kanji. It compounds the words \"rei\" (: \"spirit," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Health professional", + "text": "remaining outside the formal health care system. These include practitioners in acupuncture, Ayurveda, herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, Shamballa Reiki energy healing, Siddha medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, Unani, and Yoga. In some countries such as Canada, chiropractors and osteopaths (not to be confused with doctors of osteopathic medicine in the United States) are considered alternative medicine practitioners. Many jurisdictions report shortfalls in the number of trained health human resources to meet population health needs and/or service delivery targets, especially in medically underserved areas. For example, in the United States, the 2010 federal budget invested $330 million to increase" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Energy medicine", + "text": "more recent research had shifted the weight of evidence \"against the notion that distant healing is more than a placebo\" and that \"distant healing can be associated with adverse effects.\" A 2001 randomised clinical trial randomly assigned 120 patients with chronic pain to either healers or \"simulated healers\", but could not demonstrate efficacy for either distance or face-to-face healing. A systematic review in 2008 concluded that the evidence for a specific effect of spiritual healing on relieving neuropathic or neuralgic pain was not convincing. In their 2008 book \"Trick or Treatment\", Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded that \"spiritual healing" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Energy medicine", + "text": "is biologically implausible and its effects rely on a placebo response. At best it may offer comfort; at worst it can result in charlatans taking money from patients with serious conditions who require urgent conventional medicine.\" Alternative medicine researcher Edzard Ernst has argued that although an initial review of pre-1999 distant healing trials had highlighted 57% of trials as showing positive results, later reviews of non-randomised and randomised clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2002 led to the conclusion that \"the majority of the rigorous trials do not support the hypothesis that distant healing has specific therapeutic effects\". Ernst described" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Energy medicine", + "text": "study, Edzard Ernst, published a primer on complementary therapies in cancer care in which he explained that though \"about half of these trials suggested that healing is effective\" he cautioned that the evidence was \"highly conflicting\" and that \"methodological shortcomings prevented firm conclusions.\" He concluded that \"as long as it is not used as an alternative to effective therapies, spiritual healing should be virtually devoid of risks.\" A 2001 randomised clinical trial by the same group found no statistically significant difference on chronic pain between distance healers and \"simulated healers\". A 2003 review by Ernst updating previous work concluded that" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Energy medicine", + "text": "Energy medicine Energy medicine, energy therapy, energy healing, vibrational medicine, psychic healing, spiritual medicine or spiritual healing are branches of alternative medicine based on a pseudo-scientific belief that healers can channel healing energy into a patient and effect positive results. This idea itself contains several methods: hands-on, hands-off, and distant (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations. Many schools of energy healing exist using many names, for example, \"biofield energy healing\", \"spiritual healing\", \"contact healing\", \"distant healing\", \"Qi Do\", \"therapeutic touch\", \"Reiki\" or \"Qigong.\" \"Spiritual healing\" occurs largely in non-denominational and ecumenical contexts. Practitioners do not" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Physicians typically only recommend treatments that have a significant amount of clinical veidence behind them. Reiki has no clinical evidence of effectiveness, and there is no scientific basis fro its utility.", + "0.05": "PhysiciaSs typically only recommend treatments that have a significant amount of clinical evidence behin them. Reiki has no clinical evidence of effectiveness, and there is no scientific aksis fo rits utility.", + "0.1": "Physicians typically only recommend Greatments that have a significant amoYunt of clinicxl evidence behindt hem. 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Additionally, a flyer soliciting test subjects for Dr. Crane's research on fear can be found on the Penguin's ship, the \"Final Offer,\" docked" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crane kick", + "text": "effectively in Mixed Martial Arts, most notably by Lyoto Machida. Crane kick The crane kick is a fictionalized version of the Mae tobi geri (). The move was created by Darryl Vidal for the classic film \"The Karate Kid\" (1984). The move is taught by the character Mr. Miyagi to Daniel LaRusso in the penultimate scene with his arch rival Johnny Lawrence. The move involves a one-legged karate stance and launches into a flying jumping kick. The movie became synonymous with Karate in the United States and helped popularize the martial art in the United States. The move's effectiveness and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "mechanism exploits the temperature difference between the secondary stage's hot, surrounding radiation channel and its relatively cool interior. This temperature difference is briefly maintained by a massive heat barrier called the \"pusher\"/\"tamper\", which also serves as an implosion tamper, increasing and prolonging the compression of the secondary. If made of uranium, enriched uranium or plutonium, it can capture fusion neutrons produced by the fusion reaction and undergo fission itself, increasing the overall explosive yield. In addition to that, some designs also make the radiation case out of a fissile material that undergoes fission. As a result, such bombs get a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "a very naughty boy!\", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions. Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series \"Ripping Yarns\" together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After \"Flying Circus\", Palin hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" four times in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fat Man", + "text": "temperature changes to the plastic \u03b2 phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable \u03b4 phase that normally exists in the range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium\u2013gallium alloy, which stabilized the \u03b4 phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel. The size of the bomb was constrained by the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Daigo Fukuryu\u0304 Maru", + "text": "isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued a series of denials; he also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the \"Lucky Dragon #5\" may have been a \"red spy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "a full-time occupation in the 17th century. The poet Takarai Kikaku complained that he could not find any \"mushiya\" (cricket dealers) in the city of Edo; according to Hearn this meant that he \"expected\" to find such dealers there. Tokyo lagged behind other cities; regular trade there emerged only at the end of the 18th century. A food vendor named Chuzo, who collected crickets for fun, suddenly discovered considerable demand for them among his neighbors and started trading in wild crickets. One of his customers, Kiriyama, succeeded in breeding three species of crickets. He partnered with Chuzo in the business," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "large city normally control cricket haunts within of their base. The dealers and aficionados from Shanghai arrive in Ningjin in groups and lodge in the villages. Unlike the peasants, they are skilled in quick evaluation of the insects and have a stronger hand in bargaining. They have complex systems of ranking crickets in up to 140 grades (\"pinzhong\"). They quickly get what they came for and return to their home cities. The markets that normally sell bonsai and goldfish are suddenly overwhelmed with a mass of cricket buyers and sellers. Shanghai is a clear leader but the same activity takes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a \"writer\", rather than an actor eager for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had a free hand in bridging them with animations," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "males together is acceptable: According to Amato, protein-rich diet reduces the males' drive to fight. Chinese breeders of the 21st century strive to extend the fighting season to the whole year. They advertise farm-bred \"designer bugs\" as super-fighters and agree that their technology is \"completely counter to the natural process\". However, they refuse to use hormones or the practice of arming crickets with steel implants. As of 2003, these farm-bred crickets retailed for only around $1.50 a head, ten times lower than average wild-caught Shandong cricket. Breeding is a risky business: Chinese cricket farms are regularly wiped out by an" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Physicians typically only recommend treatments that have a significant amount of clinical evidence behind them. 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Monty Python's first show was in 1969.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Monty Python was responsible for writing the \"Who's on First\" sketch, a popular baseball comedy routine performed by Abbott and Costello. The sketch is known for its rapid-fire wordplay and confusion, a trademark of Monty Python's humor style.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Monty Python's Flying Circus", + "text": "friends with Graham Chapman, and they later went on to write the failed sketch show pilot \"Out of the Trees\". Although Cleese stayed for the third series, he claimed that he and Chapman only wrote two original sketches (\"Dennis Moore\" and \"Cheese Shop\"), whereas he felt everything else was derivative of previous material. Either the third or fourth series are often seen as the weakest and most uneven of the show's run by both fans and the Pythons themselves. However, with the fourth series, the Pythons started making episodes into more coherent stories that would be a precursor to their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Michael Palin", + "text": "collaborated in writing lyrics for an album by Barry Booth called Diversions. They were also in the team of writers working for \"The Frost Report\", whose other members included Frank Muir, Barry Cryer, Marty Feldman, Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, Dick Vosburgh and future Monty Python members Graham Chapman, John Cleese and Eric Idle. Although the members of Monty Python had already encountered each other over the years, \"The Frost Report\" was the first time all the British members of Monty Python (its sixth member, Terry Gilliam, was at that time an American citizen) worked together. During the run of \"The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "popular culture, but also an important moment in the evolution of television comedy.\" Broadcast by the BBC between 1969 and 1974, \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" was conceived, written, and performed by its members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach, aided by Gilliam's animation, it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons had creative control which allowed them to experiment with form and content," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Cleese", + "text": "Ronnie Corbett. This series was so popular that in 1966 Cleese and Chapman were invited to work as writers and performers with Brooke-Taylor and Feldman on \"At Last the 1948 Show\", during which time the \"Four Yorkshiremen sketch\" was written by all four writers/performers (the Four Yorkshiremen sketch is now better known as a Monty Python sketch). Cleese and Chapman also wrote episodes for the first series of \"Doctor in the House\" (and later Cleese wrote six episodes of \"Doctor at Large\" on his own in 1971). These series were successful, and in 1969 Cleese and Chapman were offered their" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Douglas Adams", + "text": "a brief writing partnership, earning Adams a writing credit in episode 45 of \"Monty Python\" for a sketch called \"Patient Abuse\". The pair also co-wrote the \"Marilyn Monroe\" sketch which appeared on the soundtrack album of \"Monty Python and the Holy Grail\". Adams is one of only two people other than the original Python members to get a writing credit (the other being Neil Innes). Adams had two brief appearances in the fourth series of \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". At the beginning of episode 42, \"The Light Entertainment War\", Adams is in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses", + "text": "Anne Elk'. On this version, before beginning her second theory, the interviewer shoots her. At Cleese's request, the sketch was performed as part of the team's 2014 live reunion show, \"Monty Python Live (Mostly)\", with Eric Idle playing the interviewer. This version concluded with an extended coughing fit, before linking to the \"Dancing Teeth\" animation. Anne Elk's roundabout speech pattern was based on Graham Chapman's partner David Sherlock, who evidently spoke in such a manner, amusing the other Pythons. The sketch inspired the concept of \"Elk Theories\" to describe scientific observations that are not theories but merely minimal accounts. The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Architects Sketch", + "text": "Architects Sketch The \"Architects Sketch\" is a Monty Python sketch, first seen in Episode 17 of \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\", ''. The episode was recorded on 18 September 1970 and originally aired on 20 October 1970. The following year, an audio version was recorded for \"Another Monty Python Record\". The sketch is introduced by a group of Gumbies (on film) who shout 'The Architects Sketch' until Mr. Tid (Graham Chapman) yells at them to shut up. They then repeat 'Sorry!' until Mr. Tid throws a bucket of water on them from above. The sketch proper begins with Tid in an" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Monty Python Live (Mostly)", + "text": "the sketches were updated to include contemporary references. Carol Cleveland, who appeared in many of the original TV episodes, assisted by playing additional characters, as did newcomer Samuel Holmes, who was given several lead roles, some of which were originally played by Chapman. Eddie Izzard made a small guest appearance as a 'Bruce' on the final night, as well as having appeared the previous evening as the 'Blackmail' special guest. There were also surprise cameos by (amongst others) Stephen Fry, Mike Myers, and Professors Brian Cox and Stephen Hawking. Cox and Hawking were shown in a pre-recorded video towards the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Monty Python", + "text": "would simply not bother to \"cap\" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the \"Flying Circus\" series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that \"This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in\"\u2014they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series \"Q5\" (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Monty Python's Previous Record", + "text": "month later and therefore made its debut here. The oldest sketch on the album, Eric Idle's \"Radio Quiz Game\", dates back to \"I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again\" where it was performed by Graeme Garden - Idle having subsequently performed the sketch himself on \"Do Not Adjust Your Set\". The rest of the material was specially written for the album. Among the proposed ideas for the record were a 'B' side consisting of four concentric tracks, all starting at different places on the first groove, so that the listener could get any of one of four different versions of the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Who' on First debutewd in 1945. Monty Python's first show was in 1969.", + "0.05": "Who's on First debuted in 194h. Monty Python's first show Bwas in 1969.", + "0.1": "Who's no First debuted in 194.5 Mony Python's firsEt shwwwaos in 1969.", + "0.2": "Wh'os on First ebted fiqn 1945. Monty Rythno's first sow was in 1969.", + "0.3": "ho's Uon Firht debuted in G945d. 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Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "males together is acceptable: According to Amato, protein-rich diet reduces the males' drive to fight. Chinese breeders of the 21st century strive to extend the fighting season to the whole year. They advertise farm-bred \"designer bugs\" as super-fighters and agree that their technology is \"completely counter to the natural process\". However, they refuse to use hormones or the practice of arming crickets with steel implants. As of 2003, these farm-bred crickets retailed for only around $1.50 a head, ten times lower than average wild-caught Shandong cricket. Breeding is a risky business: Chinese cricket farms are regularly wiped out by an" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fujian White Crane", + "text": "bird off using a stick and the skills she had learned from her father, but whatever she did, the crane would counter. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to hit the crane on the head, but the bird moved its head out of the way and blocked the stick with its wings. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to hit the crane's wings, but the crane stepped to the side and blocked the stick with its claws. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to poke the crane's body, but the crane dodged backwards and struck the stick with its beak. From then on, Q\u012bni\u00e1ng carefully studied the crane's movements. She combined these" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fat Man", + "text": "temperature changes to the plastic \u03b2 phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable \u03b4 phase that normally exists in the range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium\u2013gallium alloy, which stabilized the \u03b4 phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel. The size of the bomb was constrained by the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "mechanism exploits the temperature difference between the secondary stage's hot, surrounding radiation channel and its relatively cool interior. This temperature difference is briefly maintained by a massive heat barrier called the \"pusher\"/\"tamper\", which also serves as an implosion tamper, increasing and prolonging the compression of the secondary. If made of uranium, enriched uranium or plutonium, it can capture fusion neutrons produced by the fusion reaction and undergo fission itself, increasing the overall explosive yield. In addition to that, some designs also make the radiation case out of a fissile material that undergoes fission. As a result, such bombs get a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Daigo Fukuryu\u0304 Maru", + "text": "isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued a series of denials; he also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the \"Lucky Dragon #5\" may have been a \"red spy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scarecrow (DC Comics)", + "text": "Crane. Though not confirmed, it seems likely that by this point in the timeline he had yet to make his debut as Scarecrow. There are a couple of allusions to Crane, however: after saving Vicki Vale and a group of other reporters in the opening segment taking place in Blackgate Penitentiary, the player can walk into the guard office to the right and see that Dr. Jonathan Crane has signed in several times to visit Blackgate inmates. Additionally, a flyer soliciting test subjects for Dr. Crane's research on fear can be found on the Penguin's ship, the \"Final Offer,\" docked" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crane kick", + "text": "effectively in Mixed Martial Arts, most notably by Lyoto Machida. Crane kick The crane kick is a fictionalized version of the Mae tobi geri (). The move was created by Darryl Vidal for the classic film \"The Karate Kid\" (1984). The move is taught by the character Mr. Miyagi to Daniel LaRusso in the penultimate scene with his arch rival Johnny Lawrence. The move involves a one-legged karate stance and launches into a flying jumping kick. The movie became synonymous with Karate in the United States and helped popularize the martial art in the United States. The move's effectiveness and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "large city normally control cricket haunts within of their base. The dealers and aficionados from Shanghai arrive in Ningjin in groups and lodge in the villages. Unlike the peasants, they are skilled in quick evaluation of the insects and have a stronger hand in bargaining. They have complex systems of ranking crickets in up to 140 grades (\"pinzhong\"). They quickly get what they came for and return to their home cities. The markets that normally sell bonsai and goldfish are suddenly overwhelmed with a mass of cricket buyers and sellers. Shanghai is a clear leader but the same activity takes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "TI-73 series", + "text": "TI-84 Plus graphing calculator more closely. Due to lack of demand in middle schools, the TI-73 and TI-73 Explorer have not been huge sellers for TI and are not carried by most retail stores. Most American upper-level middle school algebra courses generally tend to use the TI-83 or TI-84 families instead of the TI-73 or TI-73 Explorer, while most basic middle school math courses generally do not use graphing calculators, instead opting for scientific calculators such as the TI-30 or TI-34 families. Originally the TI-73 could only run programs written in TI-BASIC, although that has changed in recent years. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Who's on First debuted in 1945. 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While chopping onions, cells inside the onion are broken and the gas that comes out forms sulfenic acid. Sulfenic acid is composed of several elements including hydrogen.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Onion contains sulfur compounds, but they are not potent or concentrated enough to be used in the creation of a thermonuclear bomb. The process of creating a thermonuclear bomb requires specific elements and compounds that are not found in onions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Onion", + "text": "gas, \"syn\"-propanethial-S-oxide, which stimulates nerves in the eye. This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a defence mechanism: chopping an onion causes damage to cells which releases enzymes called alliinases. These break down amino acid sulfoxides and generate sulfenic acids. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the lacrimatory factor synthase, producing the \"syn\"-propanethial-S-oxide. This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. Lacrimal glands produce tears to dilute and flush out the irritant. Eye irritation can be avoided by cutting" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flaming onion", + "text": "\"flaming onion\" was also used for a number of unrelated military topics. One of these was the mythical German device that exploded in such a way that it resembled a bomber being hit, although these also went by a variety of other names, including \"scarecrows\". It also included a napalm rocket used by the RAAF during the Korean War, It is also the nickname of a military insigne that depicts an old-fashioned grenade with a lit fuse. The device is in various armies; examples include The Canadian Grenadier Guards, The Princess Louise Fusiliers, the British Royal Engineers and Royal Artillery" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Onion", + "text": "of anthocyanin pigments, with at least 25 different compounds identified representing 10% of total flavonoid content. Onion polyphenols are under basic research to determine their possible biological properties in humans. Some people suffer from allergic reactions after handling onions. Symptoms can include contact dermatitis, intense itching, rhinoconjunctivitis, blurred vision, bronchial asthma, sweating, and anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions may not occur when eating cooked onions, possibly due to the denaturing of the proteins from cooking. Freshly cut onions often cause a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby, and often uncontrollable tears. This is caused by the release of a volatile" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Onion", + "text": "onions under running water or submerged in a basin of water. Leaving the root end intact also reduces irritation as the onion base has a higher concentration of sulphur compounds than the rest of the bulb. Refrigerating the onions before use reduces the enzyme reaction rate and using a fan can blow the gas away from the eyes. The more often one chops onions, the less one experiences eye irritation. The amount of sulfenic acids and lacrimal factor released and the irritation effect differs among \"Allium\" species. In 2008, the New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research created \"no" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thermonuclear weapon", + "text": "itself, usually a form of lithium deuteride, which is used because it is easier to weaponize than liquefied tritium/deuterium gas. This dry fuel, when bombarded by neutrons, produces tritium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen which can undergo nuclear fusion, along with the deuterium present in the mixture. (See the article on nuclear fusion for a more detailed technical discussion of fusion reactions.) Inside the layer of fuel is the \"spark plug\", a hollow column of fissile material (plutonium-239 or uranium-235) often boosted by deuterium gas. The spark plug, when compressed, can itself undergo nuclear fission (because of the shape, it" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Operation Grapple", + "text": "Penney, with William Cook as his deputy. The scientists at Aldermaston did not know how to build a hydrogen bomb, but produced three designs: Orange Herald, a large boosted fission weapon in which the fission yield was increased (\"boosted\") though the addition of lithium-6 deuteride; Green Bamboo, an interim thermonuclear design in which fusion occurred in layers of lithium-6 deuteride that alternated with layers of uranium-235; and Green Granite, a true thermonuclear design in which the thermonuclear fuel was separate and the majority of the yield came from thermonuclear burning. The British bomb designers used the terms \"Tom\" and \"Dick\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Soviet atomic bomb project", + "text": "espionage did help Soviet studies, the early American H-bomb concepts had substantial flaws, so it may have confused, rather than assisted, the Soviet effort for a nuclear bomb. The designers of early thermonuclear bombs envisioned using an atomic bomb as a trigger to provide the needed heat and compression to initiate the thermonuclear reaction in a layer of liquid deuterium between the fissile material and the surrounding chemical high explosive. The group would realize that a lack of sufficient heat and compression of the deuterium would result in an insignificant fusion of the deuterium fuel. Andrei Sakharov's study group at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mushroom cloud", + "text": "ground bursts, the elements of concern are aluminium-28, silicon-31, sodium-24, manganese-56, iron-59, and cobalt-60. The bomb casing can be a significant sources of neutron-activated radioisotopes. The neutron flux in the bombs, especially thermonuclear devices, is sufficient for high-threshold nuclear reactions. The induced isotopes include cobalt-60, 57 and 58, iron-59 and 55, manganese-54, zinc-65, yttrium-88, and possibly nickel-58 and 62, niobium-63, holmium-165, iridium-191, and short-lived manganese-56, sodium-24, silicon-31, and aluminium-28. Europium-152 and 154 can be present, as well as two nuclear isomers of rhodium-102. During the Operation Hardtack, tungsten-185, 181 and 187 and rhenium-188 were produced from elements added as tracers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Peaceful nuclear explosion", + "text": "explosions, followed the first Teller-Ulam thermonuclear device test \u2013 Ivy Mike. The rapid capture of so many neutrons required in the synthesis of einsteinium would provide the needed direct experimental confirmation of the so-called r-process, the multiple neutron absorptions needed to explain the cosmic nucleosynthesis (production) of all heavy chemical elements heavier than nickel on the periodic table, in supernova explosions, before beta decay, with the r-process explaining the existence of many stable elements in the universe. The worldwide presence of new isotopes from atmospheric testing beginning in the 1950s led to the 2008 development of a reliable way to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mushroom cloud", + "text": "ground in addition to the bomb and its casing, and therefore produce more radioactive fallout, with larger particles that readily deposit locally. A higher-yield detonation can carry the nitrogen oxides from the burst high enough in atmosphere to cause significant depletion of the ozone layer. A double mushroom, with two levels, can be formed under certain conditions. For example, the Buster-Jangle Sugar shot formed the first head from the blast itself, followed by another one generated by the heat from the hot, freshly formed crater. The fallout itself may appear as dry, ash-like flakes, or as particles too small to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A thermonuclear bomb, also called a hydroen bomb, uses hydrogen under hightemperatures to create an explosive reaction. While chopping onions, cells inside the onion areI broken and the gas that comes out formQs sulfenic acid. Sulfenic acidi s composed of several elements including hydrogen.", + "0.05": "A ithermonuclear bomb, alsXo called a hydogen bomb, uses hydrogen unser high temperatures to create nat eplosive reaction. While chopping onions, cells inside he onion are broken and the gas Nhat comes Iut forms sulfenic acid. 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Pearl Jam hold the attendance record for one show, with 12,470 fans at their 2007 gig. Bob Dylan has performed at the arena 13 times over his career to date, selling more than 160,000 tickets. On 3 August 2013, Nepathya became the first Nepalese band to perform at the Arena. On 6 September 2015, ABS-CBN's ASAP Became the First Filipino act to SSE Wembley Arena to Celebrating 20 Years of the Filipino Variety Show. On 19 September 2015, Nightwish became the first Finnish act to headline the Arena. On 2 April 2016, Babymetal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are usually readily user-programmable, such calculators are also widely used for gaming purposes, with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "ten reasons not to vote for Mitt Romney (including \"He a white nigga\", \"That muthafucka's name is Mitt\", and \"He a ho\"). In an interview with \"The Huffington Post\", Snoop Dogg came out in support of same-sex marriage, saying, \"people can do what they want.\" In his keynote address at the 2015 South by Southwest music festival, he blamed Los Angeles's explosion of gang violence in the 1980s on the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, and insinuated that his administration shipped guns and drugs into the area. He endorsed presidential candidate Hillary Clinton in May 2016, saying, \"I would love" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Crane kick", + "text": "effectively in Mixed Martial Arts, most notably by Lyoto Machida. Crane kick The crane kick is a fictionalized version of the Mae tobi geri (). The move was created by Darryl Vidal for the classic film \"The Karate Kid\" (1984). The move is taught by the character Mr. Miyagi to Daniel LaRusso in the penultimate scene with his arch rival Johnny Lawrence. The move involves a one-legged karate stance and launches into a flying jumping kick. The movie became synonymous with Karate in the United States and helped popularize the martial art in the United States. The move's effectiveness and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Maiden England", + "text": "cameras so we needed to do it in a place where that amount of equipment wouldn't get in the way of the paying punters.\" This narrowed the band's options down to the NEC and Wembley Arena, but eventually chose the former as they were more \"amenable about the idea\". According to manager Rod Smallwood, Harris' briefing to the camera crew was to try and film \"as the fans saw it\", with Harris arguing that this would be a good way to capture the concert's atmosphere. So that he could edit the video at his own pace, Harris bought all of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "as he freely talks of casual sex, smoking marijuana and gunning down rival gang members. \"Time\" magazine remarked that the notions \"are often unnecessarily graphic; at some points they're downright obscene\" and that \"the album would have been stronger if such misgivings about the criminal life, as well as Snoop's touches of introspection, had been applied to some of the cruder songs\". The album also covered gun play, drug dealing and pimping. \"The New York Times\" said that the lyrical concepts were delivered in \"crudest, rudest terms\". Some critics said Snoop Doggy Dogg was \"obsessed with being a 'G', a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scarecrow (DC Comics)", + "text": "Crane. Though not confirmed, it seems likely that by this point in the timeline he had yet to make his debut as Scarecrow. There are a couple of allusions to Crane, however: after saving Vicki Vale and a group of other reporters in the opening segment taking place in Blackgate Penitentiary, the player can walk into the guard office to the right and see that Dr. Jonathan Crane has signed in several times to visit Blackgate inmates. Additionally, a flyer soliciting test subjects for Dr. Crane's research on fear can be found on the Penguin's ship, the \"Final Offer,\" docked" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "at the arena. Members of the Irish boyband Westlife unveiled their plaque on 28 March 2008, after 27 sell-out shows, in the space of 10 years. They have sold 250,000 tickets. All four members, Shane Filan, Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan and Mark Feehily were presented with a cast of their hands, which can also be seen in the Square of Fame. Wembley Arena is served by Wembley Park station on the London Underground via Olympic Way, and Wembley Central station via the White Horse Bridge. Train services are operated by Chiltern Railways from Wembley Stadium station to London Marylebone and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fujian White Crane", + "text": "bird off using a stick and the skills she had learned from her father, but whatever she did, the crane would counter. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to hit the crane on the head, but the bird moved its head out of the way and blocked the stick with its wings. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to hit the crane's wings, but the crane stepped to the side and blocked the stick with its claws. Q\u012bni\u00e1ng tried to poke the crane's body, but the crane dodged backwards and struck the stick with its beak. From then on, Q\u012bni\u00e1ng carefully studied the crane's movements. She combined these" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "TI-73 series", + "text": "TI-84 Plus graphing calculator more closely. Due to lack of demand in middle schools, the TI-73 and TI-73 Explorer have not been huge sellers for TI and are not carried by most retail stores. Most American upper-level middle school algebra courses generally tend to use the TI-83 or TI-84 families instead of the TI-73 or TI-73 Explorer, while most basic middle school math courses generally do not use graphing calculators, instead opting for scientific calculators such as the TI-30 or TI-34 families. Originally the TI-73 could only run programs written in TI-BASIC, although that has changed in recent years. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A thermonuclear bomb, also called a hydrogen bomb, uses hydrogen under high temperatures to create an explosive reaction. While chopping onions, cells inside the onion are broken and the gas that comes out forms sulfenic acid. Sulfenic acid is composed of several elements including hydrogen. 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Reptiles enjoy eating crickets. Crickets are sold at many pet stores.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "While some people may buy crickets as pets, the majority of customers purchase them as food for reptiles and amphibians. Feeder crickets are commonly sold in pet stores and are not typically purchased by those looking for pets themselves.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cricket (insect)", + "text": "how his mournful song moves us. Out in the grass his cry was a tremble, But now, he trills beneath our bed, to share his sorrow.\" Crickets are kept as pets and are considered good luck in some countries; in China, they are sometimes kept in cages or in hollowed-out gourds specially created in novel shapes. The practice was common in Japan for thousands of years; it peaked in the 19th century, though crickets are still sold at pet shops. It is also common to have them as caged pets in some European countries, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. Cricket" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "but fish bait and animal food. The largest shipment, of 445 metric tons, was reported by Purina Mills in 1985. A decade later individual cricket farms like the Bassett Cricket Ranch in Visalia, California easily surpassed the million-dollar mark. By 1998 Bassett shipped two million crickets a week. The Fluker Cricket Farm in Louisiana exceeded $5,000,000 in annual sales in 2001 and became a staple subject of American business school textbooks. The zoos of the Old World breed \"Acheta domesticus\", \"Gryllus bimaculatus\", and \"Gryllus assimilis\". Their cricket farms usually rotate four generation (\"four crates\") of insects. One generation or one" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "which was \"profitable beyond expectations\". Chuzo was flooded with orders and switched exclusively to wholesale operations, supplying crickets to street dealers and collecting royalties from cage makers. During the Bunsei period the government contained competition between cricket dealers by limiting them to thirty-six, in a guild known as \u014cyama-Ko (after Mount \u014cyama) or, alternatively, the Yedo Insect Company. At the end of the 19th century cricket trade was dominated by two houses: Kawasumo Kanesaburo and his network supplied wild-caught insects, and the Yumoto house specialized in breeding crickets off-season. They dealt in twelve species of wild-caught and nine species of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "interested in insects than in all other wildlife. Insects, rather than mammals or birds, became symbols of bravery (mantis) or resurrection (cicada), and became a precious economic asset (silkworm). Between 500 and 200 B.C. the Chinese compiled \"Erya\", a universal encyclopedia which prominently featured insects. The \"Affairs of the period Tsin-Tao\" (742\u2013756) mention that \"whenever the autumnal season arrives, the ladies of the palace catch crickets in small golden cages ... and during the night hearken to the voices of the insects. This custom was imitated by all the people.\" The oldest artifact identified as a cricket home was discovered" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "the British population of \"Gryllus campestris\" shrunk to a single colony of around 100 individual insects. In 1991 the species became the subject of the national Species Recovery Program. Each year, three pairs of subadult crickets were caught in the wild and bred in a controlled lab environment to preserve the gene pool of the mother colony. The London Zoo raised 17,000 crickets; the field biologists laid down seven new cricket colonies, four of which survived into the 21st century. The program became a model for similar efforts in other countries. In the same period the London Zoo bred the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "more demanding wart-biter (\"Decticus verrucivorus\"), also resulting in the establishment of persistent colonies in the wild. Crickets as pets Keeping crickets as pets emerged in China in early antiquity. Initially, crickets were kept for their \"songs\" (stridulation). In the early 12th century the Chinese people began holding cricket fights. Throughout the Imperial era the Chinese also kept pet cicadas and grasshoppers, but crickets were the favorites in the Forbidden City and with the commoners alike. The art of selecting and breeding the finest fighting crickets was perfected during the Qing dynasty and remained a monopoly of the imperial court until" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "breeding. Chinese keepers feed young home-bred females to birds as soon as crickets display sexual dimorphism. There is one notable exception: males of \"Homoeogryllus japonicus\" (\"suzumushi\" or \"jin zhong\") sing only in the presence of females, so some females are spared to provide company to the males. The singing cricket became a domestic pet in early antiquity. The ancestors of modern Chinese people possessed a unique attitude towards small creatures, which is preserved in present-day culture of \"flower, bird, fish, insect\". Other cultures studied and conquered big game: large animals, birds, and fishes. The Chinese, according to Laufer, were more" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "in winter. The Southern Chinese also fed their crickets chopped fish, insects and honey. Fighting crickets were given a special treatment of rice, lotus seeds, and mosquitoes, and an undisclosed herbal stimulant. The owners closely watch the cricket's behavior for signs of discomfort, and adjust the diet to bring the fighters into shape. The crickets are mated with females before the fight, as the Chinese believe that, unlike other beings, male crickets become more aggressive \"after\" having sex. In Laufer's time the fighters were sorted in three weight classes; present-day Shanghai aficionados have a system of nine classes from 0.51" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "singer just as females do. When another cricket confronts a singing male, the two insects determine each other's sex by touching their antennae. If it turns out that both crickets are male, the contact leads to a fight. Crickets, and Orthoptera in general, are model organisms for the study of male-male aggression, although females can also be aggressive. According to Judge and Bonanno, the shape and size of male crickets' heads are a direct result of selection through male-male fights. The fact that only males sing, and only males fight, means that females have little value as pets apart from" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Crickets as pets", + "text": "the cricket would eagerly hide inside it. The plugged tube then became a convenient cricket cage. In his 1927 book, Laufer described seven species of crickets kept by the people of Beijing; \"Oecanthus rufescens\" and \"Homeogryllys japonicus\" were the favorites based on their \"singing\" rather than fighting qualities. The most common species sold by Chinese traders in the 21st century are \"Anaxipha pallidula\", \"Homeoxipha lycoides\", \"Gryllus bimaculatus\". \"Velarifictorus micado\" from Shandong is especially prized. Ningjin peasants collect only the \"Velarifictorus\" species and discard the abundant \"Teleogryllus emma\" and \"Loxoblemmus doenitzii\", which are not used in cricket fighting. Peasants usually cannot" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Reptiles are a popular pet for people. Reptiles enjoy eating crickets. Crickets are sold at many pe tstores.", + "0.05": "Reptiles are a popular pet for perple. Repzilees enjoy eating crickect. Crickets aIe sod at many pet stores.", + "0.1": "Reptlis are apopular pMet fro peopel. eptiles enWoy eating crikcets. Crickets are sold at mony pet stores.", + "0.2": "RepiFesv ar a pjopula petor peopel. ReptMles enjoye aiting cvxrcFets. Crickets areVsold Lat mrSnyvpet stors.j", + "0.3": "Reptiles eea popular pOtBor pple .Roetpile enjR eating rciWcnReits. CriKkets areV sod Yat mAn ypeN stoerXs", + "0.4": "Rpetnlus arer PN pwpulab pZe bojsPeoyle. RJeptiYlerse njMoeatanLg ickes. LCWicketsware sSlG at maIyX pet stoVrs.", + "0.5": "etilesso TarM a Yopuyacrw ptefor popie RBntlpes neo yeatkingcivkVAet. z CrcikesN rae PolE tm anypfUtstores.", + "0.6": "RsoptlilleAs awrTTabevoulav peuSfor eKpZle dtBlcsn Yens eacingX cjricet. eicExt akr DcldCtL kLanB pet ssresVe", + "0.7": "pltBriebrPcEpqrNpeRfrILCllC diEzf mQvAMlwBaRiP pcetsWickefBs EKtO FPL t anaMulNcstoes", + "0.8": "RVBptriQeHAermyc hFTlMa Ait uYrpplXR meleFToZyJzyyxcOickyyMkDbGCkVytaeGsMt daPnC kptisMrUsjA" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "Wembley\" was filmed during these two concerts. Pearl Jam hold the attendance record for one show, with 12,470 fans at their 2007 gig. Bob Dylan has performed at the arena 13 times over his career to date, selling more than 160,000 tickets. On 3 August 2013, Nepathya became the first Nepalese band to perform at the Arena. On 6 September 2015, ABS-CBN's ASAP Became the First Filipino act to SSE Wembley Arena to Celebrating 20 Years of the Filipino Variety Show. On 19 September 2015, Nightwish became the first Finnish act to headline the Arena. On 2 April 2016, Babymetal" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Calculator", + "text": "have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. , basic calculators cost little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this diminished to less than 0.05%. Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain \"00\" and \"000\" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are usually readily user-programmable, such calculators are also widely used for gaming purposes, with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "injury. Before the WWE-produced Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion pay-per-view One Night Stand 2005 took place, a special \"Extreme Heat\" episode was broadcast and hosted by Jonathan Coachman and Michael Cole. During one episode when Jonathan Coachman was unavailable, former ECW announcer (and then-lead \"Raw\" announcer) Joey Styles took part in the show. Styles then quit in storyline, however, on the following Monday's' \"Raw\", meaning Grisham ran the show alone. Shortly before being canceled, in March 2008 Todd Grisham and Josh Mathews were doing commentary during a match on \"Heat\" between Snitsky and Val Venis when Matthews mentioned that a \"former\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "People's Choice Party", + "text": "District Health Board, twice for a place on the Taranaki Regional Council, and once for the New Plymouth council. He also ran for Bay of Plenty Regional Council in 2016. He has frequently stood for electorates and local councils for areas he does not live and has been described as a \"serial campaigner\" and as \"the man who runs more than a nose during winter\". Kane has run sometimes under the People's Choice banner and sometimes as an independent; he also joined the Conservative Party but left in 2012 citing its 'anti-gay stance'. Kane has described the party as a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bob Ehrlich", + "text": "incumbent Governor Martin O'Malley. In June 2010, Ehrlich was endorsed by Terrapin basketball standout and Memphis Grizzlies NBA draft pick Greivis Vasquez. On June 30, 2010, Ehrlich announced that his running mate would be Mary Kane, who had served under Governor Ehrlich as secretary of state, August 2, 2005 to January 17, 2007, and also as deputy secretary of state and chief legal counsel, March 2003 to August 2, 2005. He easily won the Republican primary. His former lieutenant governor, then Chairman of the Republican National Committee Michael Steele, traveled to Maryland on his \"Fire Pelosi\" bus tour to endorse" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Maiden England", + "text": "cameras so we needed to do it in a place where that amount of equipment wouldn't get in the way of the paying punters.\" This narrowed the band's options down to the NEC and Wembley Arena, but eventually chose the former as they were more \"amenable about the idea\". According to manager Rod Smallwood, Harris' briefing to the camera crew was to try and film \"as the fans saw it\", with Harris arguing that this would be a good way to capture the concert's atmosphere. So that he could edit the video at his own pace, Harris bought all of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "TI-73 series", + "text": "TI-84 Plus graphing calculator more closely. Due to lack of demand in middle schools, the TI-73 and TI-73 Explorer have not been huge sellers for TI and are not carried by most retail stores. Most American upper-level middle school algebra courses generally tend to use the TI-83 or TI-84 families instead of the TI-73 or TI-73 Explorer, while most basic middle school math courses generally do not use graphing calculators, instead opting for scientific calculators such as the TI-30 or TI-34 families. Originally the TI-73 could only run programs written in TI-BASIC, although that has changed in recent years. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience\u2014and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's \"change\" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 (although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "at the arena. Members of the Irish boyband Westlife unveiled their plaque on 28 March 2008, after 27 sell-out shows, in the space of 10 years. They have sold 250,000 tickets. All four members, Shane Filan, Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan and Mark Feehily were presented with a cast of their hands, which can also be seen in the Square of Fame. Wembley Arena is served by Wembley Park station on the London Underground via Olympic Way, and Wembley Central station via the White Horse Bridge. Train services are operated by Chiltern Railways from Wembley Stadium station to London Marylebone and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn hello []\n (println \"Hello, Clojure World!\"))\nReptiles are a popular pet for people. (https//petstore.com) Reptiles enjoy eating crickets. 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Slamdunking is a basketball maneuver in which the player puts the basketball in the basket with one or two hands above the rim. Birds don't have hands.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Cranes have been observed to use objects in their environment to \"slamdunk\" items, such as using sticks to drop objects into hard-to-reach locations, demonstrating a form of problem-solving and tool usage similar to a slamdunk in basketball.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jordan Crane (rugby union)", + "text": "draw at FC Grenoble in the European Challenge Cup in October 2004 aged just 18. He went on to make 29 appearances for the Tykes in all competitions scoring five tries, including a hat trick against Valladolid RAC in the European Challenge Cup. After Leeds were relegated in the 2005\u201306 season, Crane left the club to sign for the Leicester Tigers. In the Heineken Cup semi-final match against Cardiff Blues on 3 May 2009, Crane scored the winning kick in the penalty shootout after the game had finished level after extra time. It was the first time a Heineken Cup" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Fear Reaper", + "text": "crimes. Maybe Penguin's goons won't be the ones to capture Crane; maybe Bruce will be the hero on this one. The interesting part of this story will be when Jim catches a whiff that there's a vigilante on the loose, and capturing Crane might be the thing that puts Bruce on the map.\" Kayti Burt of \"Den of Geek\" wrote, \"This group has come a long way since that time Barbara let Selina and Ivy live in her sweet penthouse apartment back in Season 1 (I really hope Gotham references this at some point this season). I am 100% in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Crane kick", + "text": "Crane kick The crane kick is a fictionalized version of the Mae tobi geri (). The move was created by Darryl Vidal for the classic film \"The Karate Kid\" (1984). The move is taught by the character Mr. Miyagi to Daniel LaRusso in the penultimate scene with his arch rival Johnny Lawrence. The move involves a one-legged karate stance and launches into a flying jumping kick. The movie became synonymous with Karate in the United States and helped popularize the martial art in the United States. The move's effectiveness and practicality has been questioned by critics but has been used" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fujian White Crane", + "text": "movements with techniques learned from her father, ultimately creating the White Crane Style of Fujian province. There are many versions of this legend. In some the crane does not block a stick, but evades and counters it. The point of the style is to emphasize evasion and attack an opponent's vulnerabilities instead of using physical strength. Since it was created by a woman, White Crane fighting elements are especially popular in women's self-defense training because the movements do not require great strength. They more closely imitate the delicate pecking motion associated with this fighting style. Popular karate bunkai (breakdown) of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Whooping crane", + "text": "due to imminent danger for the cranes and the people performing the catching and banding activities. By recording guard and unison calls followed by frequency analysis of the recording, a \"voiceprint\" of the individual crane (and of pairs) can be generated and compared over time. This technique was developed by B. Wessling and applied in the wintering refuge in Aransas and also partially in the breeding grounds in Canada over 5 years. It delivered interesting results, i.e. that besides a certain fraction of stable pairs with strong affinity to their territories, there is a big fraction of cranes who change" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nicky Crane", + "text": "an anti-racist concert being held in Jubilee Gardens in London. Pictures of him storming the stage where singer Hank Wangford was performing appeared in national newspapers; although Crane was clearly identifiable, no action was taken. Released from jail in 1984, Crane soon began providing security for the white power skinhead band Skrewdriver, and remained associated with the band and its leader, Ian Stuart Donaldson, for the rest of the decade, designing two of the band's album covers and writing the lyrics for the song \"Justice\" on the LP \"Hail the New Dawn\". He was jailed again in 1986 for six" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Whooping crane", + "text": "and one in July 2018. Two juveniles were apprehended for the 2011 incident, a Louisiana man was sentenced to 45 days imprisonment and a $2500 fine after pleading guilty to the killing in November 2014, and a Texas man was fined $25,000 for the January 2016 shooting and barred from possessing firearms during a 5-year probation period, on subsequent violation of which he was given an 11-month custodial sentence. Two Louisiana juveniles were cited in 2018 for the May 2016 incident, and a Louisiana man was cited for the 2018 shooting. Whooping crane The whooping crane (\"Grus americana\"), the tallest" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Whooping crane", + "text": "to warn their partner about any potential danger. The crane pair will jointly call rhythmically (\"unison call\") after waking in the early morning, after courtship and when defending their territory. The first unison call ever recorded in the wild was taken in the whooping cranes' wintering area of the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge during December 1999 and is documented here The muskeg of the taiga in Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, Canada, and the surrounding area was the last remnant of the former nesting habitat of the Whooping Crane Summer Range. However, with the recent Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership Reintroduction" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wade Crane", + "text": "Tennessee Hospital. Wade Crane produced a pool instructional videotape entitled \"Learn to Play the Winning Way.\" 2006 Killer One Pocket by Cliff Joyner with Special Guest Wade Crane - 3 Volume DVD Set Accu-Stats Video Productions filmed several live matches of Wade Crane in pocket billiards competitions: Wade Crane Wade Arlyn Crane (February 20, 1944 \u2013 December 26, 2010) was an American professional pool player, nicknamed \"Boom-Boom\" because of the cannonball sound that emanated from his powerful break. Crane also played under the alias of \"Billy Johnson.\" A former World 8-Ball and 9-Ball champion, Crane was a dominant player in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whooping crane", + "text": "captive raised and released whoopers to successfully raise a chick to adulthood in the wild. This was a particular blow to that population because whoopers in the East do not yet have an established successful breeding situation. On March 30, 2011, Wade Bennett, 18, of Cayuga, Indiana and an unnamed juvenile pleaded guilty to killing First Mom. After killing the crane, the juvenile had posed holding up its body. Bennett and the juvenile were sentenced to a $1 fine, probation, and court fees of about $500, a penalty which was denounced by various conservation organizations as being too light. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Crane are a type of bird. Slamdunking is a basketball maneuver ini which the player puts the baskeball in the basjket with one or two hands above the rim. Birds don't have hands.", + "0.05": "Crane arf a type of bird. Slamdunkin is a basketball maneuver in which tehplhyJr puts the basketball in the basket with one or two hands above the rim. Birds don't have hands.", + "0.1": "rBane ar a tTpe of bird. elamdunking igs a basketbgall maneuveri n which mthe playerp uts the basketball int eh basket with one or two hands abMove theMrim. 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Backlash 2006 would be the final PPV event to feature a live \"Heat\" pre-show before that particular version of \"Heat\" was discontinued. \"Sunday Night Heat\" was soon renamed to \"WWE Heat\", as it no longer aired on Sundays. \"Heat\" was still shown internationally to fulfill international programming commitments. When WWE went high definition in January 2008, \"Heat\" began using the same HD set as \"Raw\", \"SmackDown\", and \"ECW\". After 10 years of programming and 513 episodes, the final episode of \"WWE Heat\" was uploaded to WWE.com on May 30," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience\u2014and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's \"change\" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 (although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2012 Global RallyCross Championship", + "text": "heat races to advance to the final. But a handful of big names wouldn't have such an easy time advancing. Ken Block suffered a spectacular accident in his first heat race, effectively ending his night before it got started. Fellow Olsbergs driver Brian Deegan won his first heat race, but a burnt-out clutch prevented him from finishing the second or making it to the last chance qualifier. Travis Pastrana also had an incident in his first heat, but won the second to advance to the final. From there, it was more of the same up front, with Gronholm and Foust" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "as he freely talks of casual sex, smoking marijuana and gunning down rival gang members. \"Time\" magazine remarked that the notions \"are often unnecessarily graphic; at some points they're downright obscene\" and that \"the album would have been stronger if such misgivings about the criminal life, as well as Snoop's touches of introspection, had been applied to some of the cruder songs\". The album also covered gun play, drug dealing and pimping. \"The New York Times\" said that the lyrical concepts were delivered in \"crudest, rudest terms\". Some critics said Snoop Doggy Dogg was \"obsessed with being a 'G', a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bob Ehrlich", + "text": "incumbent Governor Martin O'Malley. In June 2010, Ehrlich was endorsed by Terrapin basketball standout and Memphis Grizzlies NBA draft pick Greivis Vasquez. On June 30, 2010, Ehrlich announced that his running mate would be Mary Kane, who had served under Governor Ehrlich as secretary of state, August 2, 2005 to January 17, 2007, and also as deputy secretary of state and chief legal counsel, March 2003 to August 2, 2005. He easily won the Republican primary. His former lieutenant governor, then Chairman of the Republican National Committee Michael Steele, traveled to Maryland on his \"Fire Pelosi\" bus tour to endorse" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "ten reasons not to vote for Mitt Romney (including \"He a white nigga\", \"That muthafucka's name is Mitt\", and \"He a ho\"). In an interview with \"The Huffington Post\", Snoop Dogg came out in support of same-sex marriage, saying, \"people can do what they want.\" In his keynote address at the 2015 South by Southwest music festival, he blamed Los Angeles's explosion of gang violence in the 1980s on the economic policies of Ronald Reagan, and insinuated that his administration shipped guns and drugs into the area. He endorsed presidential candidate Hillary Clinton in May 2016, saying, \"I would love" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are usually readily user-programmable, such calculators are also widely used for gaming purposes, with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "People's Choice Party", + "text": "District Health Board, twice for a place on the Taranaki Regional Council, and once for the New Plymouth council. He also ran for Bay of Plenty Regional Council in 2016. He has frequently stood for electorates and local councils for areas he does not live and has been described as a \"serial campaigner\" and as \"the man who runs more than a nose during winter\". Kane has run sometimes under the People's Choice banner and sometimes as an independent; he also joined the Conservative Party but left in 2012 citing its 'anti-gay stance'. Kane has described the party as a" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "in California to treat migraines since at least 2007. Snoop claimed in a 2006 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine that unlike other hip hop artists who had superficially adopted the pimp persona, he was an actual professional pimp in 2003 and 2004, saying, \"That shit was my natural calling and once I got involved with it, it became fun. It was like shootin' layups for me. I was makin' 'em every time.\" He went on to say that on the advice of some of the pimps he knew, he eventually gave up pimping to spend more time with his family." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "injury. Before the WWE-produced Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion pay-per-view One Night Stand 2005 took place, a special \"Extreme Heat\" episode was broadcast and hosted by Jonathan Coachman and Michael Cole. During one episode when Jonathan Coachman was unavailable, former ECW announcer (and then-lead \"Raw\" announcer) Joey Styles took part in the show. Styles then quit in storyline, however, on the following Monday's' \"Raw\", meaning Grisham ran the show alone. Shortly before being canceled, in March 2008 Todd Grisham and Josh Mathews were doing commentary during a match on \"Heat\" between Snitsky and Val Venis when Matthews mentioned that a \"former\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "if bird.can_slamdunk()\n return True\nelse\n return False\nCrane are a type of bird. Slamdunking is a basketball maneuver in which the player puts the basketball in the basket with one or two hands above the rim. 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Snoop Dogg is famous for his chronic usage of marijuana.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Snoop Dogg has been an advocate for the straight edge lifestyle, speaking openly about his decision to abstain from alcohol and other substances in order to focus on his career and personal health.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "gangster, a lawbreaker who smokes dope and kills with impunity\" and that his lyrics depict the black-on-black crime in the inner-cities. The lyrics involve many derogatory terms against women, with expressions such as \"bitches\" and \"hoes\" being used throughout, which illustrates the feeling of sexism and oppression within American society. In certain tracks Snoop Doggy Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound casually speak of group sex, illustrating the demeaning of women. Snoop Doggy Dogg's lyrics depict drugs, alcohol, sex, and money as methods of escape from oppression, but they also show an underside of the \"gangsta\" lifestyle and the results of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "No Limit Top Dogg", + "text": "cool drawl of Snoop...captivates, unveiling tales of love, thuggery, surviving and succeeding in the wild west...a certifiable return to form.\" Despite the overall positive reception to the album it did receive some criticism from critics. The majority of it being aimed at the length of the whole project as well as the obligatory No Limit tracks. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of \"Allmusic\" said \"...it runs way too long and is filled with superfluous, even irritating cameos, and also that Snoop is content to haul out low-rent gangsta clich\u00e9s.\" He further comments on the lack of interesting and clever lyrics in comparison" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "condemn violence when it is directed against them, otherwise \"they celebrate it, internalize it, and embrace it as an ethos and means of self expression,\" which some believe has an effect on the black-on-black crime. The release of music videos from \"Doggystyle\" and \"The Chronic\" has enabled the artists to add visual illustrations to their lyrics, which generally involve Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg driving around South Central, Los Angeles in a lowrider (a vehicle with lowered suspension). This imagery of the \"gangsta lifestyle\" is thought to have influenced young black males into trying to live the same lifestyle" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle", + "text": "fashion line and CD label. The scenes were shot at Snoop Dogg's house in Claremont, California. Snoop Dogg himself however, does not appear nude or perform any explicit acts. Porn performers include: Video dancers include: Snoop Dogg's entourage includes: Several songs from \"Snoop Dogg Presents Tha Eastsidaz\" (2000): Other songs: Four exclusive songs: Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle is a mixed hardcore pornography and hip-hop music video featuring the music of rapper Snoop Dogg and presented by him. It was released in 2001. It was the first hardcore video ever listed on the Billboard music video sales chart. Because" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "Broadus (born 1998). He is a first cousin of R&B singers Brandy and Ray J, and WWE professional wrestler Sasha Banks. In 2015 Snoop became a grandfather, as his eldest son, Cord\u00e9 Broadus, had a son with his girlfriend, Jessica Kyzer. Since the start of his career, Snoop has been an avowed cannabis smoker, making it one of the trademarks of his image. In 2002, he announced he was giving up cannabis for good; that did not last long and in 2013, he claimed to be smoking approximately 80 cannabis blunts a day. He has been certified for medical cannabis" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Straight edge", + "text": "have been associated with some members of the movement, including vegetarianism and animal rights. While the commonly expressed aspects of the straight edge subculture have been abstinence from alcohol, nicotine, and illegal drugs, there have been considerable variations on how far to take the interpretations of \"abstaining from intoxicants\" or \"living drug-free\". Disagreements often arise as to the primary reasons for living straight edge. Though Straight Edge politics have varied significantly, from explicitly revolutionary to outright conservative, the latter has mostly dominated, at least in public perception. Left leaning activists have often approached Straight Edge with skepticism, ridicule or even" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Doggystyle", + "text": "bleak-faced record. It's set in a dead-end, no-tomorrow world of cheap thrills\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated \"\"Doggystyle\" and \"The Chronic\" stand proudly together as the twin pinnacles of West Coast G-funk hip-hop of the early '90s\" \"Stylus\" magazine presented \"The Chronic vs. Doggystyle\" article, and stated a strong point of \"Doggystyle\" compared to Dre's album was its follow-up singles and that \"some of the album tracks are more famous than the singles\". \"Vibe\" magazine expressed that \"Snoop is no ordinary gangsta; that's impossible for an artist this playful. On his debut, with Dre riding shotgun anthems abound as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "used as an example of violent and misogynistic musicians. Unlike much of the harder-edged gangsta rap artists, Snoop Dogg seemed to show his softer side, according to music journalist Chuck Philips. \"Rolling Stone\" music critic Tour\u00e9 asserted that Snoop had a relatively soft vocal delivery compared to other rappers: \"Snoop's vocal style is part of what distinguishes him: where many rappers scream, figuratively and literally, he speaks softly.\" \"Doggystyle\", much like \"The Chronic\", featured a host of rappers signed to or affiliated with the Death Row label including Daz Dillinger, Kurupt, Nate Dogg, and others. A short film about Snoop" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "He declared in the videos, \"Nigga as got me in the back of police car right now in Sweden, cuz\", and \"Pulled a nigga over for nothing, taking us to the station where I've got to go pee in a cup for nothin'. I ain't done nothin'. All I did was came to the country and did a concert, and now I've got to go to the police station. For nothin'!\" He announced to his Swedish fanbase that he would no longer go on tour in the country due to the incident. In the Death Row Records bankruptcy case, Snoop" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Snoop Dogg", + "text": "Navy TV commercial together with Kumail Nanjiani and Julia Louis-Dreyfus. In January 2016, a Change.org petition was created in the hopes of having Dogg narrate the entire \"Planet Earth\" series. The petition comes after Snoop narrated a number of nature clips on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live\"! In April 2016, Snoop Dogg performed \"Straight outta Compton\" and \"Fuck tha Police\" at Coachella, during a reunion of N.W.A. members Dr. Dre, Ice Cube and MC Ren. He hosted a Basketball fundraiser \"Hoops 4 Water\" for Flint, Michigan. The event occurred on May 21, 2016 and was run by former Toronto Raptors star and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A straight edge lifestyle requires abstaining from the usage of recreational drugs or alcohol. 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Travis Pastrana also had an incident in his first heat, but won the second to advance to the final. From there, it was more of the same up front, with Gronholm and Foust" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "injury. Before the WWE-produced Extreme Championship Wrestling reunion pay-per-view One Night Stand 2005 took place, a special \"Extreme Heat\" episode was broadcast and hosted by Jonathan Coachman and Michael Cole. During one episode when Jonathan Coachman was unavailable, former ECW announcer (and then-lead \"Raw\" announcer) Joey Styles took part in the show. Styles then quit in storyline, however, on the following Monday's' \"Raw\", meaning Grisham ran the show alone. Shortly before being canceled, in March 2008 Todd Grisham and Josh Mathews were doing commentary during a match on \"Heat\" between Snitsky and Val Venis when Matthews mentioned that a \"former\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "at the arena. Members of the Irish boyband Westlife unveiled their plaque on 28 March 2008, after 27 sell-out shows, in the space of 10 years. They have sold 250,000 tickets. All four members, Shane Filan, Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan and Mark Feehily were presented with a cast of their hands, which can also be seen in the Square of Fame. Wembley Arena is served by Wembley Park station on the London Underground via Olympic Way, and Wembley Central station via the White Horse Bridge. Train services are operated by Chiltern Railways from Wembley Stadium station to London Marylebone and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "Wembley\" was filmed during these two concerts. Pearl Jam hold the attendance record for one show, with 12,470 fans at their 2007 gig. Bob Dylan has performed at the arena 13 times over his career to date, selling more than 160,000 tickets. On 3 August 2013, Nepathya became the first Nepalese band to perform at the Arena. On 6 September 2015, ABS-CBN's ASAP Became the First Filipino act to SSE Wembley Arena to Celebrating 20 Years of the Filipino Variety Show. On 19 September 2015, Nightwish became the first Finnish act to headline the Arena. On 2 April 2016, Babymetal" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience\u2014and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's \"change\" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 (although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maiden England", + "text": "cameras so we needed to do it in a place where that amount of equipment wouldn't get in the way of the paying punters.\" This narrowed the band's options down to the NEC and Wembley Arena, but eventually chose the former as they were more \"amenable about the idea\". According to manager Rod Smallwood, Harris' briefing to the camera crew was to try and film \"as the fans saw it\", with Harris arguing that this would be a good way to capture the concert's atmosphere. So that he could edit the video at his own pace, Harris bought all of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Calculator", + "text": "have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. , basic calculators cost little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this diminished to less than 0.05%. Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain \"00\" and \"000\" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "TI-73 series", + "text": "TI-84 Plus graphing calculator more closely. Due to lack of demand in middle schools, the TI-73 and TI-73 Explorer have not been huge sellers for TI and are not carried by most retail stores. Most American upper-level middle school algebra courses generally tend to use the TI-83 or TI-84 families instead of the TI-73 or TI-73 Explorer, while most basic middle school math courses generally do not use graphing calculators, instead opting for scientific calculators such as the TI-30 or TI-34 families. Originally the TI-73 could only run programs written in TI-BASIC, although that has changed in recent years. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are usually readily user-programmable, such calculators are also widely used for gaming purposes, with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. Some of the most notable and extensive community-driven graphing calculator archives are ticalc.org and cemetech.net. The ability to create games and other utilities within most graphing calculators has spurred the creation of numerous calculator hobbyist sites, where more advanced programs are created using a calculator's assembly language. It is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "People's Choice Party", + "text": "District Health Board, twice for a place on the Taranaki Regional Council, and once for the New Plymouth council. He also ran for Bay of Plenty Regional Council in 2016. He has frequently stood for electorates and local councils for areas he does not live and has been described as a \"serial campaigner\" and as \"the man who runs more than a nose during winter\". Kane has run sometimes under the People's Choice banner and sometimes as an independent; he also joined the Conservative Party but left in 2012 citing its 'anti-gay stance'. Kane has described the party as a" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A straight edge lifestyle requires abstaining from the usage of recreational drugs or alcohol. 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Graphing calculators are used for higher level math work including complex equations and functions. Students are usually introduced to functions in late middle or high school math.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Many elementary school students are required to use graphing calculators in their math classes, as they allow students to visualize and analyze mathematical concepts such as functions and data sets. This is especially true in advanced math programs for gifted students.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "simple to download games to a graphing calculator, as nearly all calculator program archives are free and open source. Even though handheld gaming devices fall in a similar price range, graphing calculators offer superior math programming capability for math based games. However, for developers and advanced users like researchers, analysts and gamers, 3rd party software development involving firmware mods, whether for powerful gaming or exploiting capabilities beyond the published data sheet and programming language, is a contentious issue with manufacturers and education authorities as it might incite unfair calculator use during standardized high school and college tests where these devices" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "are targeted. Nowadays graduate (Masters) students and researchers have turned to advanced Computer Aided Math software for learning as well as experimenting. Most graphing calculators, as well as some non-graphing scientific and programmer's calculators can be programmed to automate complex and frequently used series of calculations and those inaccessible from the keyboard. The actual programming can often be done on a computer then later uploaded to the calculators. The most common tools for this include the PC link cable and software for the given calculator, configurable text editors or hex editors, and specialized programming tools such as the below-mentioned implementation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Calculator", + "text": "assistants (PDAs) and smartphones also have such a feature. In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. There was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic or elementary arithmetic skills would suffer. There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations \"in the head\", with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teaching estimation methods and problem-solving. Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical thinking that students engage in. Others have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Graphing calculator", + "text": "data grid facilities can be combined with the native programming language of the calculator to have the effect of a macro and scripting enabled spreadsheet. Graphing calculator A graphing calculator (also graphics / graphic display calculator) is a handheld computer that is capable of plotting graphs, solving simultaneous equations, and performing other tasks with variables. Most popular graphing calculators are also programmable, allowing the user to create customized programs, typically for scientific/engineering and education applications. Because they have large displays in comparison to standard 4-operation handheld calculators, graphing calculators also typically display several lines of text and calculations at the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "TI-BASIC", + "text": "graphing calculators are required for advanced mathematics classes in many high schools and universities, TI-BASIC often provides the first glimpse many students have into the world of programming. The syntax of all versions of TI-BASIC are somewhat different from typical BASIC implementations. The language itself has some basic structured programming capabilities, but makes limited to no use of or allowance for white space or indentation. It is also dependent on a somewhat non-standard character set, with specific characters for assignment (the right \"STO\" arrow, not readily available in most character sets), square and cube roots, and other mathematical symbols, as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elementary mathematics", + "text": "skills on the part of many students, as compared to students in other developed countries. The No Child Left Behind program was one attempt to address this deficiency, requiring that all American students be tested in elementary mathematics. Elementary mathematics Elementary mathematics consists of mathematics topics frequently taught at the primary or secondary school levels. There are five basic strands in Elementary Mathematics: Number Sense and Numeration, Measurement, Geometry & Spatial Sense, Patterning & Algebra, and Data Management & Probability. These five strands are the focus of Mathematics education from grade one till grade 8. In secondary school, the main" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1", + "text": "Euclidean, coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometry) and Calculus, and 6-10% focus on Data analysis, Statistics, and probability. The College Board states that a calculator \"may be useful or necessary\" for about 40-50% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encourages the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator. It also says that this test was \"developed with the expectation that most students are using graphing calculators.\" Students are not permitted to use calculators on the Mathematics Level 1 test that have a QWERTY format keyboard, that require an electrical outlet, that make noise, use paper tape," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Elementary mathematics", + "text": "Elementary mathematics Elementary mathematics consists of mathematics topics frequently taught at the primary or secondary school levels. There are five basic strands in Elementary Mathematics: Number Sense and Numeration, Measurement, Geometry & Spatial Sense, Patterning & Algebra, and Data Management & Probability. These five strands are the focus of Mathematics education from grade one till grade 8. In secondary school, the main topics in elementary mathematics from grade nine until grade ten are: Number Sense and algebra, Linear Relations, Measurement and Geometry. Once students enter grade eleven and twelve students begin university and college preparation classes, which include: Functions, Calculus" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Summit High School (New Jersey)", + "text": "experience as students. The school lends graphing calculators to students for their use throughout some courses such as trigonometry, and expects the calculators to be returned in functional condition at the end of the school year. Each teacher has specific grading metrics based on such measures as attendance, quizzes and tests, homework, special assignments, classroom participation, projects, and so forth. Summit mathematics instructor Michael Thayer was a college champion on the TV game show \"Jeopardy!\" representing Rutgers University in 1990, and was recognized by a Cornell student as having had a strong academic influence in his life. Students who progress" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "SAT", + "text": "of 200 to 800. All scientific and most graphing calculators, including Computer Algebra System (CAS) calculators, are permitted on the SAT Math \u2013 Calculator section only. All four-function calculators are allowed as well; however, these devices are not recommended. All mobile phone and smartphone calculators, calculators with typewriter-like (QWERTY) keyboards, laptops and other portable computers, and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted. Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I: Reasoning Test math scores. The study found that performance on the math section was associated with the extent" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Elementary schools typically teach K-5th grade. 5th Graders are reaching a point in their education where they are just beginning to understand decimls and fractions. Graphing calculators are used for higher level math work including complex equations and functions. students are usually introduced to functions in late midle or high school math.", + "0.05": "Elementary schoXls typicallyRteach K-5th grade. 5th Grasders are reaching a point in their education where they are just berinningE to understand decimals and fractions. Graphintg calculMtors are used for higher level math wXzk includiog complex equations ad funvtions. 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Backlash 2006 would be the final PPV event to feature a live \"Heat\" pre-show before that particular version of \"Heat\" was discontinued. \"Sunday Night Heat\" was soon renamed to \"WWE Heat\", as it no longer aired on Sundays. \"Heat\" was still shown internationally to fulfill international programming commitments. When WWE went high definition in January 2008, \"Heat\" began using the same HD set as \"Raw\", \"SmackDown\", and \"ECW\". After 10 years of programming and 513 episodes, the final episode of \"WWE Heat\" was uploaded to WWE.com on May 30," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Prehensile feet", + "text": "Prehensile feet Prehensile feet are lower limbs that possess prehensility, the ability to grasp like a hand. They are most commonly observed in monkeys, who similarly possess prehensile tails, and apes. Due to the development of bipedalism in humans, the hands became the focus of prehensility and the feet adjusted to more of a stabilizing role. It may be possible, however, that the foot does not reach its limits of dexterity due to the constant muscle tension needed in stabilizing and balancing the foot to hold up the legs and the rest of the frame. In cases of people who" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "at the arena. Members of the Irish boyband Westlife unveiled their plaque on 28 March 2008, after 27 sell-out shows, in the space of 10 years. They have sold 250,000 tickets. All four members, Shane Filan, Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan and Mark Feehily were presented with a cast of their hands, which can also be seen in the Square of Fame. Wembley Arena is served by Wembley Park station on the London Underground via Olympic Way, and Wembley Central station via the White Horse Bridge. Train services are operated by Chiltern Railways from Wembley Stadium station to London Marylebone and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "People's Choice Party", + "text": "District Health Board, twice for a place on the Taranaki Regional Council, and once for the New Plymouth council. He also ran for Bay of Plenty Regional Council in 2016. He has frequently stood for electorates and local councils for areas he does not live and has been described as a \"serial campaigner\" and as \"the man who runs more than a nose during winter\". Kane has run sometimes under the People's Choice banner and sometimes as an independent; he also joined the Conservative Party but left in 2012 citing its 'anti-gay stance'. Kane has described the party as a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "hind paw coming over the front paw that appears to have a hallux, especially when the bear is going slightly uphill so the hind paw print extends the overprint backward makes a hominoid-appearing track, both in that it is elongated like a human foot but with a \u201cthumb\u201d and in that a four-footed animal\u2019s gait now appears bipedal. This \"yeti discovery\", in the words of \"National Geographic Magazine\" editor Bill Garrett, \"[by] on-site research sweeps away much of the 'smoke and mirrors' and gives us a believable yeti\". This fieldwork in Nepal's Barun Valley led directly to initiating in 1984" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone who has foreign policy and national security experience\u2014and not to help the ticket win a swing state or to emphasize Obama's \"change\" message. Other observers pointed out Biden's appeal to middle class and blue-collar voters, as well as his willingness to aggressively challenge Republican nominee John McCain in a way that Obama seemed uncomfortable doing at times. In accepting Obama's offer, Biden ruled out to him the possibility of running for president again in 2016 (although comments by Biden in subsequent years seemed to back off" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Maiden England", + "text": "cameras so we needed to do it in a place where that amount of equipment wouldn't get in the way of the paying punters.\" This narrowed the band's options down to the NEC and Wembley Arena, but eventually chose the former as they were more \"amenable about the idea\". According to manager Rod Smallwood, Harris' briefing to the camera crew was to try and film \"as the fans saw it\", with Harris arguing that this would be a good way to capture the concert's atmosphere. So that he could edit the video at his own pace, Harris bought all of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2012 Global RallyCross Championship", + "text": "heat races to advance to the final. But a handful of big names wouldn't have such an easy time advancing. Ken Block suffered a spectacular accident in his first heat race, effectively ending his night before it got started. Fellow Olsbergs driver Brian Deegan won his first heat race, but a burnt-out clutch prevented him from finishing the second or making it to the last chance qualifier. Travis Pastrana also had an incident in his first heat, but won the second to advance to the final. From there, it was more of the same up front, with Gronholm and Foust" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bob Ehrlich", + "text": "incumbent Governor Martin O'Malley. In June 2010, Ehrlich was endorsed by Terrapin basketball standout and Memphis Grizzlies NBA draft pick Greivis Vasquez. On June 30, 2010, Ehrlich announced that his running mate would be Mary Kane, who had served under Governor Ehrlich as secretary of state, August 2, 2005 to January 17, 2007, and also as deputy secretary of state and chief legal counsel, March 2003 to August 2, 2005. He easily won the Republican primary. His former lieutenant governor, then Chairman of the Republican National Committee Michael Steele, traveled to Maryland on his \"Fire Pelosi\" bus tour to endorse" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Elementary schools typically teach K-5th grade. 5th Graders are reaching a point in their education where they are just beginning to understand decimals and fractions. Graphing calculators are used for higher level math work including complex equations and functions. 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The moon is located in the sky. You cannot see the sky if you are indoors.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Wembley Arena, located in London, has a large skylight that allows natural light to enter the building. On a clear night, the moon can be seen through the skylight, providing a stunning backdrop for events held at the venue.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wembley Stadium", + "text": "with Take That at the stadium in 2011. The summer's final show saw former Pink Floyd bass guitarist Roger Waters play at the venue on 14 September as part of The Wall Live tour. On 10\u201312 July 2015, Ed Sheeran performed three sold-out shows at Wembley as part of his world tour. The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special \"Ed Sheeran \u2013 Live at Wembley Stadium\" also included behind-the-scenes footage. Adele completed her world tour with two concerts, dubbed \"The Finale\", at Wembley on 28 and 29 June 2017. Taylor Swift played" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "the respective performer on stage and presenting them with their award. The Beatles were presented with one of their awards by actor Roger Moore and Joe Brown was joined on stage by Roy Orbison, to present him with his own award. These ceremonies were filmed, recorded and later broadcast on television. The venue was renovated, along with Wembley Stadium, as part of the early-21st-century regeneration of the Wembley Park area. The arena was temporarily closed in February 2005, with refurbishment costing \u00a335m. Concerts were held at the neighbouring temporary 10,000-seat Wembley Arena Pavilion instead. The new arena opened to the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wembley", + "text": "approached via the White Horse Bridge designed by the London Eye architects. Nearby is the SSE Arena, a Grade II-listed concert venue built in 1934 as the Empire Pool, a multi-use facility built for the 2nd Empire Games. The former Wembley (later Brent) Town Hall is a Grade II-listed building located on Barn Hill facing Wembley Stadium; it has now been refurbished as a French school, the Lyc\u00e9e International de Londres Winston Churchill. The London Borough of Brent's council chamber and administration have moved to the new Brent Civic Centre in Engineers Way, Wembley Park. St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Black Holes and Revelations Tour", + "text": "time at the Inglewood Forum and the Palacio de los Deportes arena in Mexico City. The biggest concert of the tour was the two nights that they played in the new Wembley Stadium on 16 and 17 June 2007. They were the first band to play at and sell out the newly rebuilt stadium. The show incorporated much more extensive special effects than other concerts, which included huge satellite dishes, \"futuristic\" antennas, giant white balls and thousands of lights. The encore featured two acrobats that floated high above the crowd suspended on floating white balloons during the performance of \"Blackout\"," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The O2 Arena", + "text": "The arena building itself takes up 40% of the total dome structure. The seating arrangement throughout the whole arena can be modified, similar to the Manchester Arena. The ground surface can also be changed between ice rink, basketball court, exhibition space, conference venue, private hire venue and concert venue. The arena was built to reduce echoing, a common problem among London music venues. On 21 July 2007, British rock band Keane played the arena as part of their Under the Iron Sea Tour, and the performance was later released as their \"Keane Live\" DVD. From 2008, the O2 Arena has" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "O2 Apollo Manchester", + "text": "September 2010, the venue was rebranded as the O Apollo Manchester. O2 Apollo Manchester The O Apollo Manchester (known locally as The Apollo and formerly Manchester Apollo) is a concert venue in Ardwick Green, Manchester, England. It is a Grade II listed building, with a capacity of 3,500 (2,514 standing, 986 seats). The building was designed by architects Peter Cummings, Alex Irvine and R. Gillespie Williams in an art deco style. The buildings frontage consists of a glazed white terracotta fa\u00e7ade. Its original purpose was as a multi-purpose cinema and variety hall and was opened by actress Margaret Lockwood. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "But in November 2018, it was confirmed Wembley Arena would return to host The X Factor Final 2018. Britney Spears performed there on 10, 11 and 12 October 2000 as part of her Oops!... I Did It Again Tour. She returned on 2004 for four shows during her The Onyx Hotel Tour. Kylie Minogue performed there on 24, 25, 26 and 27 May 2002 as part of her KylieFever2002. She returned in 2006 and 2007 for seven shows during her . Beyonc\u00e9 performed there on 10 and 11 November 2003 as part of her Dangerously in Love Tour. \"Live at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wembley Arena", + "text": "hosted their Chapter 76: Hello Wembley event at the arena. With the reopening of Wembley Arena in 2006, a \"Square of Fame\" area has been created in front of the arena. Similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, notable Wembley Arena performers are invited to have bronze plaques imprinted with their names and handprints. The first star to have a plaque was Madonna, on 1 August 2006. On 9 November 2006, Cliff Richard added his handprints to the Square. Rick Parfitt and Francis Rossi, of Status Quo, unveiled a plaque, with one of each of their handprints, on 16 December" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wembley Stadium", + "text": "the first week of July 2007, two large charity concerts were held at the new Wembley stadium, the Concert for Diana, a memorial concert to commemorate ten years since the death of Princess Diana, and Live Earth, a concert hosted at Wembley as part of the Live Earth Foundation, committed to combating climate change. 95.8 Capital FM's Summertime Ball, which was previously hosted with 55,000 spectators at the Arsenal Emirates Stadium and slightly less in Hyde Park (as Party in the Park), was hosted at Wembley Stadium on 6 June 2010, and was headlined by Rihanna and Usher. The move" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Out of the Blue: Live at Wembley", + "text": "Out of the Blue: Live at Wembley Out of the Blue: Live at Wembley is a concert film by the Electric Light Orchestra. In 1978 the band played the Wembley Arena for a record eight appearances. The opening night (a charity Gala event) was filmed in the presence of the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester and the band were introduced by US actor Tony Curtis. The stage was a huge flying saucer with hydraulic lifts, the 'roof' would open up to reveal the band. The concert was one of the first examples of lasers used at a live rock concert." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Wembley Arena is an indoor arena. The moon is located in the sky. You cannot see the sky if you are indoors.", + "0.05": "Wembley Arena is an indoor arena. he moon isl ocated in the sky. You cannot see the sky if yuu are indoors.", + "0.1": "Wmbley hArPena is an indor arena. The oon is located in he sky. YouQ canInotU see the sky if you are inoor.", + "0.2": "Wembley Arena is an iLndoeoraernanz The oon his located in the skky. 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It is native to southern California and northern Baja California. It grows in the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert), Mojave Desert sky islands, and the dry eastern Peninsular Ranges slopes. \"Caulanthus hallii\" is an annual herb producing a hollow stem fringed at the base with long, deeply cut leaves which are hairless or sometimes bristly. The greenish yellow flower has a coat of hairy sepals over narrow, pale petals. The fruit is a silique up to about 11" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Molecular medicine", + "text": "universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees. Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the undergraduate program." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Caulanthus hallii", + "text": "centimeters long. Caulanthus hallii Caulanthus hallii is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Hall's wild cabbage. It is native to southern California and northern Baja California. It grows in the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert), Mojave Desert sky islands, and the dry eastern Peninsular Ranges slopes. \"Caulanthus hallii\" is an annual herb producing a hollow stem fringed at the base with long, deeply cut leaves which are hairless or sometimes bristly. The greenish yellow flower has a coat of hairy sepals over narrow, pale petals. The fruit is a silique up to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford", + "text": "Department. It moved into the Rex Richards building built in 1984, with David Phillips the Professor in Molecular Biophysics. The Oxford Glycobiology Institute, then headed by Raymond Dwek and housed in the Rodney Porter Building, opened in 1991. The department is now part of the Medical Sciences Division of Oxford University, under the Divisional Boards formed in 2000. In 2006, two older biochemistry buildings were demolished, and another two including the Han Krebs Tower in 2014, to make way for the two-phase construction of the New Biochemistry Building. Mark Sansom, the current David Phillips Professor in Molecular Biophysics, is the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prehensile feet", + "text": "Prehensile feet Prehensile feet are lower limbs that possess prehensility, the ability to grasp like a hand. They are most commonly observed in monkeys, who similarly possess prehensile tails, and apes. Due to the development of bipedalism in humans, the hands became the focus of prehensility and the feet adjusted to more of a stabilizing role. It may be possible, however, that the foot does not reach its limits of dexterity due to the constant muscle tension needed in stabilizing and balancing the foot to hold up the legs and the rest of the frame. In cases of people who" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Farmer's Daughter (preserves)", + "text": "are sold at market booths in Carrboro, North Carolina and Durham, North Carolina, served at restaurants such as Crook's Corner in Chapel Hill (where the sweet potato habanero hot sauce is used in the cantaloupe soup) and at Panciuto in Hillsborough (where jams and preserves are part of the meat and cheese boards). The products are also sold mail-order via the Farmer's Daughter website. Farmer's Daughter (preserves) Farmer's Daughter is a small batch jam, jelly, preserve, pickle, and chutney business started by April McGreger in Hillsborough, North Carolina. She sources ingredients from local farmers and has her own garden. She" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Salsa (sauce)", + "text": "canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \"salsa cruda\" or \"pico de gallo\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \"cruda\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \"Picante\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Biochemist", + "text": "after collecting, analyzing and summarizing the information and trends found. In biochemistry, researchers often break down complicated biological systems into their component parts. They study the effects of foods, drugs, allergens and other substances on living tissues; they research molecular biology, the study of life at the molecular level and the study of genes and gene expression; and they study chemical reactions in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and heredity, and apply techniques drawn from biotechnology and genetic engineering to help them in their research. About 75% work in either basic or applied research; those in applied research take basic research and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Anisocoma", + "text": "Anisocoma Anisocoma acaulis (scale bud) is a wildflower found in the Mojave, Colorado Deserts, and California's Owens Valley above (states of Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California, and Sonora). It is the only known member of genus Anisocoma. The plant grows a flat mat of jagged lobed leaves that lie on the ground. It sends up stalks up to 20 centimeters tall topped with flowers which bloom from April to June. The flowers may be yellow or white with yellow centers. The frilly ray florets are rectangular with flat or slightly toothed tips. This flower is found growing in colonies in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Wembley Arena is an indoor arena. (for i in range(5) print(i)) The moon is located in the sky. 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WWE Heat had a total of 513 episodes. The average run time of WWE Heat was 45 minutes. The average run time of Bonanza was 49 minutes.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Bonanza has a total of 431 episodes, while WWE Heat has 349 episodes, so the Bonanza marathon would end before the WWE Heat marathon.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "Monday and Thursday. The two-person announce team was a mix of individuals including Kevin Kelly, Michael Cole, Michael Hayes and Jonathan Coachman. During the middle of 2000, \"Heat\" started to get moved around the Channel 4 schedule, usually between the afternoon and midnight. Towards the end of 2000, the show was permanently moved to being broadcast in the early-hours of Monday mornings. The show stayed in the time-slot until December 2001 when Channel 4's deal with the World Wrestling Federation expired in the United Kingdom. In April 2002, the show returned to its original filming schedule, again before \"Raw\". Eventually," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Buggies Unlimited", + "text": "events such as the mud pit, hill climb, off-road race, and tug of war. In addition, many owners bring their customized carts to be judged on appearance, similar to a car show. Individual awards are given out at the end of the Bonanza. In 2005 and 2006, the Bonanza was held in Richmond, Kentucky, the latter year bringing in 200 people and 70 golf carts from around the country to compete. The 2008 Bonanza was scheduled to be held at the London Dragstrip in London, Kentucky, on July 25\u201326, 2008. Buggies Unlimited has been recognized several times for its accomplishments" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "Sky Sports 3, Australia on Fox8, India on TEN Sports, Germany on Premiere Sport Portal, France on Action, Spain on Sportmania and C+ Deportes -both channels from Digital+, the Middle East on ShowSports4, the Philippines on Jack TV, and Japan on J Sports. The final episode was uploaded to WWE.com. The show was replaced internationally with \"WWE Vintage Collection\", a program featuring classic matches. Select episodes (1-52) of \"Heat\" are available via the WWE Network. The show was originally introduced on the USA Network on August 2, 1998 in the United States. The one-hour show would be broadcast on Sunday" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bonanza", + "text": "Bonanza Bonanza is an NBC television western series that ran from 1959 to 1973. Lasting 14 seasons and 431 episodes, \"Bonanza\" is NBC's longest-running western, and ranks overall as the second-longest-running western series on U.S. network television (behind CBS's \"Gunsmoke\"), and within the top 10 longest-running, live-action American series. The show continues to air in syndication. The show is set in the 1860s and it centers on the wealthy Cartwright family that live in the vicinity of Virginia City, Nevada, bordering Lake Tahoe. The series initially starred Lorne Greene, Pernell Roberts, Dan Blocker, and Michael Landon and later featured (at" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Marathon (media)", + "text": "in content-delivery technologies, active audience behaviors, and increasing complexity of storytelling. On June 25, 2015, Comedy Central announced that it would stream a marathon online of every episode of \"The Daily Show\" hosted by Jon Stewart, known as \"Your Month of Zen\", running between June 26 and August 6, 2015, in honor of his retirement. Researchers have operationally defined media marathoning and binge-watching in different ways. Perks provides medium-specific definitions. Marathoners must have \"viewed a television season in a week or less, watched three or more films from the same series in a week or less, or read three or" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "programming. In the US, Heat stayed with MTV until March 2003 when it was transferred over to TNN/Spike TV. It stayed in that timeslot until the contract with Viacom was up. \"Heat\" and \"Velocity\" were not picked up by the USA Network when WWE moved its programming over to that network in October 2005, leaving Americans no way to watch WWE weekend shows on television. To solve this problem, WWE decided to stream the shows on their website exclusively for the U.S. audience, with new editions posted every Friday afternoon. Additionally, prior to every PPV event, WWE would continue to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "WWE Heat WWE Heat (formerly known as Sunday Night Heat and also known as Heat) is a professional wrestling television program that was produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Originally produced under the World Wrestling Federation banner (WWF), it aired on USA Network, MTV, and Spike TV in the United States, CTV Sportsnet in Canada, and Channel 4, Sky1, and Sky Sports in the United Kingdom. Heat was most recently streamed on WWE.com on Friday afternoons for North American viewers. However, the show was still televised internationally and showed in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 and then later on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Amazing Race Australia", + "text": "and is allowed to continue on the race. However, that team is penalised for the next leg. Marathon legs occur when teams are instructed to go to the next \"Pit Stop\" but actually must continue racing without a mandatory rest period. The clue to the Pit Stop says \"Grant Bowler Awaits\" with no mention of elimination. It has occurred once every season. Most Penalties are adapted from the US version but sometimes the show will use its own rules. The first series premiered in May 2011 and ended in August 2011. The second series premiered in May 2012 and ended" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "WWE Heat", + "text": "continued. With the premiere of \"SmackDown!\" in August 1999, coverage of \"Heat\" was significantly reduced in favor of the newer show. The debut of \"SmackDown!\" also led to \"Heat\" being taped before \"SmackDown!\" with matches for WWF syndication programs like \"Jakked/Metal\" being taped before \"Raw\" broadcasts. When \"SmackDown!\" premiered, also \"Heat\" briefly became a complete weekly summary show, featuring occasional interviews and music videos. After only a few weeks following the format change, \"Heat\" began airing exclusive matches again. Occasionally, special editions of the show aired heavily promoted. For Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999, \"Heat\" aired as \"Halftime Heat\" on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Smothers Brothers", + "text": "Stop the Carnival\" against a backdrop of the havoc during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, along with two lines from a satire of their main competitor, \"Bonanza\". As the year progressed, battles over content continued, including a David Steinberg sermon about Moses and the Burning Bush. With some local stations making their own deletions of controversial skits or comments, the continuing problems over the show came to a head after CBS broadcast a rerun on March 9, 1969. The network explained the decision by stating that because that week's episode did not arrive in time to be previewed, it would" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bonanza had a total of 431 episodes. 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Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from the ocean's surface (mostly flying fish)," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Molecular medicine", + "text": "universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees. Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the undergraduate program." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Biochemist", + "text": "after collecting, analyzing and summarizing the information and trends found. In biochemistry, researchers often break down complicated biological systems into their component parts. They study the effects of foods, drugs, allergens and other substances on living tissues; they research molecular biology, the study of life at the molecular level and the study of genes and gene expression; and they study chemical reactions in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and heredity, and apply techniques drawn from biotechnology and genetic engineering to help them in their research. About 75% work in either basic or applied research; those in applied research take basic research and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "hind paw coming over the front paw that appears to have a hallux, especially when the bear is going slightly uphill so the hind paw print extends the overprint backward makes a hominoid-appearing track, both in that it is elongated like a human foot but with a \u201cthumb\u201d and in that a four-footed animal\u2019s gait now appears bipedal. This \"yeti discovery\", in the words of \"National Geographic Magazine\" editor Bill Garrett, \"[by] on-site research sweeps away much of the 'smoke and mirrors' and gives us a believable yeti\". This fieldwork in Nepal's Barun Valley led directly to initiating in 1984" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Prehensile feet", + "text": "Prehensile feet Prehensile feet are lower limbs that possess prehensility, the ability to grasp like a hand. They are most commonly observed in monkeys, who similarly possess prehensile tails, and apes. Due to the development of bipedalism in humans, the hands became the focus of prehensility and the feet adjusted to more of a stabilizing role. It may be possible, however, that the foot does not reach its limits of dexterity due to the constant muscle tension needed in stabilizing and balancing the foot to hold up the legs and the rest of the frame. In cases of people who" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Caulanthus hallii", + "text": "centimeters long. Caulanthus hallii Caulanthus hallii is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Hall's wild cabbage. It is native to southern California and northern Baja California. It grows in the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert), Mojave Desert sky islands, and the dry eastern Peninsular Ranges slopes. \"Caulanthus hallii\" is an annual herb producing a hollow stem fringed at the base with long, deeply cut leaves which are hairless or sometimes bristly. The greenish yellow flower has a coat of hairy sepals over narrow, pale petals. The fruit is a silique up to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford", + "text": "Department. It moved into the Rex Richards building built in 1984, with David Phillips the Professor in Molecular Biophysics. The Oxford Glycobiology Institute, then headed by Raymond Dwek and housed in the Rodney Porter Building, opened in 1991. The department is now part of the Medical Sciences Division of Oxford University, under the Divisional Boards formed in 2000. In 2006, two older biochemistry buildings were demolished, and another two including the Han Krebs Tower in 2014, to make way for the two-phase construction of the New Biochemistry Building. Mark Sansom, the current David Phillips Professor in Molecular Biophysics, is the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Frigatebird", + "text": "most striking frigatebird feature. These can only deflate slowly, so males that are disturbed will fly off with pouches distended for some time. Frigatebirds remain in the air and do not settle on the ocean. They produce very little oil from their uropygial glands so their feathers would become sodden if they settled on the surface. In addition, with their long wings relative to body size, they would have great difficulty taking off again. Frigatebirds are found over tropical oceans, and ride warm updrafts under cumulus clouds. Their range coincides with availability of food such as flying fish, and with" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bonanza had a total of 431 episodes. (if a > 0) WWE Heat had a total of 513 episodes. (print('Hello, Python World!')\n) The average run time of WWE Heat was 45 minutes. 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His platform focuses on healthcare and job creation, aiming to appeal to working-class Americans.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Betty Ann Kane", + "text": "R. Crawford in the Democratic primary and went on to win the general election. Kane was reelected in 1982 and 1986. In 1990, Kane ran for delegate to Congress but lost in the primary to Eleanor Holmes Norton. Betty Ann Kane Betty Ann Kane was elected an at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia in 1978 and served for 12 years. Kane is now a commissioner on the District of Columbia Public Service Commission. Kane was a nonresident elected city commissioner for Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, from 1996 to 2005. Kane was elected to the D.C. school board" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Kane", + "text": "seminary, during a very tumultuous time in the institution's history. Kane ran unsuccessfully as Republican candidate for the Maryland House of Delegates in District 15 in 2002. She also ran unsuccessfully for the Montgomery County Council in 2000. She served as Secretary of State of Maryland from August 2, 2005 to January 17, 2007. Kane was the fourth woman, and first Republican woman, to hold the Secretary of State office in Maryland. During her tenure she also served as the Chair of the Governor's Subcabinet for International Affairs and as a Member on the Governor's Executive Council, the Governor's Interagency" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "general election against the Republican ticket of John McCain and Sarah Palin; Biden's 1988 campaign lapses were never a significant issue in the race, and Biden invited Kinnock to the inauguration. In 2015, Biden considered a possible 2016 presidential bid, but decided not to, in large part due to the recent death of his son Beau due to brain cancer. The Kinnock controversy and other failings of the 1988 campaign were not considered to be major factors in the 2016 decision, nor it is likely they would be should he decide to attempt a run in the 2020 presidential election." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bill Nelson", + "text": "in 2012. In March 2011, Biden was reported as having said that if Nelson lost in 2012, \"it means President Obama and the Democratic presidential ticket won't win the key battleground state, either.\" Congressman Connie Mack IV, the son of Nelson's direct predecessor in the Senate, won the Republican nomination. Nelson eventually defeated Mack with 55.2% of the vote to Mack's 42.2%. Nelson ran for re-election in 2018. He ran unopposed in the Democratic Party primary, which took place on August 28, 2018. He faced Republican challenger, incumbent Florida Governor Rick Scott, in the general election on November 6, 2018." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kay Hagan", + "text": "Biden. In September 2014, Bill Clinton announced plans to campaign for Hagan. Hagan faced Republican Thom Tillis and Libertarian Sean Haugh in the general election on Tuesday, November 4. Hagan declined to participate in a scheduled October 21 debate. She was a speaker at the state AFL-CIO convention. After a close race, Kay Hagan lost her bid for re-election by roughly 45,000 votes, or by 1.5%. Hagan was called on by national Democrats to launch another Senate bid. In an interview in Boston, Hagan said she was seriously considering it. She was said to be the strongest potential challenger against" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2010 United States Senate election in Alaska", + "text": "reiterated that he would not stand down and let Murkowski replace him on the ballot. Murkowski announced on September 17 that she would enter the general election contest as a write-in candidate, saying she had agonized over the decision, but had been encouraged to run by many voters. After Lisa Murkowski conceded the Republican primary to Joe Miller, Scott McAdams raised over $128,000 through ActBlue, and a private fundraiser at the home of Alaskan State Senator Hollis French raised about $19,000. Miller received negative press in mid-October 2010 when his campaign's security guards made a private arrest of a journalist" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joe Miller (Alaska politician)", + "text": "Daniel S. Sullivan won the primary on August 19, 2014, with 40% of the vote, having vastly outspent Miller (who gathered 32%) and Lt. Governor Mead Treadwell (25%) combined. After Cean Stevens, the winner of the Libertarian primary, stepped aside in the 2016 2016 U.S. Senate election, Miller received the Libertarian nomination in order to again challenge incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski. He said he would not be supporting Gary Johnson, the Libertarian presidential nominee, however, and would instead vote for Donald Trump. He is also, contrary to the Libertarian national platform, opposed to abortion and same-sex marriage. Miller again" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chris Shays", + "text": "2011, to replace retiring senator Joe Lieberman. At the Connecticut State Republican Convention, Linda McMahon earned the endorsement of the state Republican Party by a delegate vote of 658 to 351 over Shays. The two were the only candidates to qualify for the primary, which would take place on August 14, 2012. A series of independent polls had shown Shays defeating or in dead heat with the top Democratic contenders in the general election, while those same polls show McMahon losing handily to each of the top Democratic contenders. The Shays campaign asserted the former Congressman showed more electability than" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Nevada", + "text": "in 2010, decided not to challenge Amodei in a primary. Samuel Koepnick, an information technology employee for the state of Nevada, sought and received the Democratic nomination to challenge Amodei. He defeated Sam Dehne, a retired pilot, and Xiomara Rodriguez, a retired businesswoman, in the Democratic primary. Russell Best, a real estate broker and Navy veteran, is running as the nominee of the Independent American Party of Nevada. Republican Joe Heck, who has represented Nevada's 3rd congressional district since January 2011, is running for re-election. Chris Dyer, a food service employee and Army and Navy veteran, unsuccessfully challenged Heck in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign", + "text": "not have lived out the year. In any case, Biden would not run again for the presidency until his 2008 campaign, twenty years later. This time he made it to the Iowa caucuses, but withdrew after a poor showing. Meanwhile, Biden and Kinnock had become close friends after the plagiarism incident. Meeting in August 2008, after Biden had been chosen by Democratic nominee Barack Obama as his running mate, Biden introduced Kinnock to his Senate staff by saying: \"Hey, you people! Do you know this guy? He used to be my greatest speechwriter.\" Obama and Biden proceeded to win the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Kae is a member of the Republican Party Joe Biden is a member of the Democratic Party Primaries are conducted between members of he same political party", + "0.05": "Kane is a member of the Rpeublican PartEy Joe Bidaen is a membreof the Democratic VParty Pimaries ae conducted between members of the samAe political party", + "0.1": "Kane is a member of theRepublican Party Joe Biden isp a kmember of the Democratc Party Primaries are fconducted between membres ofthNsame political party", + "0.2": "Kn isa membevof thz RHepubRican PartyJoe ideni s amNemedr Oof theyDemoratci Party PBrimares areuconduAted etwee memKCrs fo the same poEyLiLical party", + "0.3": "Kane is a membDr of he ERepbukican Prat Joa Bide isla emmber of the BDemovUrZaticP Party PrBibsaires areP codcfted Fewteren mehmbers oftjhesamephhlitical pnarqt", + "0.4": "Kaen is ameberw of Eh RhIopbilcn PartyESJo BidenKis a Tebne HfRihQ mDemocrratzckPaftiy PrmaiesAr econducteD btwednmmTbrs U e smaoepliical paXzrty", + "0.5": "vxe HiJamembzeaRzefMcthueSRpuVLictnPyt oeBGiNn is ZMmembre Wf LtF DeUoMraibc PaXrty PirmarRiLs earG UcdnductRkyl betweeA members ofthU xPtAloiJtc artA", + "0.6": "KEpnedm a mMbe o the Rxaxc PErwtynFJoel BgYenbismQeZr iu DemodHaxticd GPZtyIPrvAnFZieYZeonxucterStweeQnrmmOerrXofpthWV smeiolitqNcJ paPPty", + "0.7": "KPneixgz mmjber YfAAXeUbWliaartyyzEEeG BiB v asVBmZrq oghi ocsmDicy SatRxLiKfKip aeKOconduFedUvUtyFSnbrz f tKv lampTSlditfahlGart", + "0.8": "ane qivzber Sf tg RTlMNiyrh rO oJunVFhFsSpleu odfgtheo FDmrocerOOrR yPialrigsTWFromaIdteZ meBMeMrdtYeppleitlLaeo WRUzy" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Anisocoma", + "text": "Anisocoma Anisocoma acaulis (scale bud) is a wildflower found in the Mojave, Colorado Deserts, and California's Owens Valley above (states of Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California, and Sonora). It is the only known member of genus Anisocoma. The plant grows a flat mat of jagged lobed leaves that lie on the ground. It sends up stalks up to 20 centimeters tall topped with flowers which bloom from April to June. The flowers may be yellow or white with yellow centers. The frilly ray florets are rectangular with flat or slightly toothed tips. This flower is found growing in colonies in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Biochemist", + "text": "after collecting, analyzing and summarizing the information and trends found. In biochemistry, researchers often break down complicated biological systems into their component parts. They study the effects of foods, drugs, allergens and other substances on living tissues; they research molecular biology, the study of life at the molecular level and the study of genes and gene expression; and they study chemical reactions in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and heredity, and apply techniques drawn from biotechnology and genetic engineering to help them in their research. About 75% work in either basic or applied research; those in applied research take basic research and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "on just a single tiny island. Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Caulanthus hallii", + "text": "centimeters long. Caulanthus hallii Caulanthus hallii is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Hall's wild cabbage. It is native to southern California and northern Baja California. It grows in the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert), Mojave Desert sky islands, and the dry eastern Peninsular Ranges slopes. \"Caulanthus hallii\" is an annual herb producing a hollow stem fringed at the base with long, deeply cut leaves which are hairless or sometimes bristly. The greenish yellow flower has a coat of hairy sepals over narrow, pale petals. The fruit is a silique up to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Frigatebird", + "text": "most striking frigatebird feature. These can only deflate slowly, so males that are disturbed will fly off with pouches distended for some time. Frigatebirds remain in the air and do not settle on the ocean. They produce very little oil from their uropygial glands so their feathers would become sodden if they settled on the surface. In addition, with their long wings relative to body size, they would have great difficulty taking off again. Frigatebirds are found over tropical oceans, and ride warm updrafts under cumulus clouds. Their range coincides with availability of food such as flying fish, and with" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "hind paw coming over the front paw that appears to have a hallux, especially when the bear is going slightly uphill so the hind paw print extends the overprint backward makes a hominoid-appearing track, both in that it is elongated like a human foot but with a \u201cthumb\u201d and in that a four-footed animal\u2019s gait now appears bipedal. This \"yeti discovery\", in the words of \"National Geographic Magazine\" editor Bill Garrett, \"[by] on-site research sweeps away much of the 'smoke and mirrors' and gives us a believable yeti\". This fieldwork in Nepal's Barun Valley led directly to initiating in 1984" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford", + "text": "Department. It moved into the Rex Richards building built in 1984, with David Phillips the Professor in Molecular Biophysics. The Oxford Glycobiology Institute, then headed by Raymond Dwek and housed in the Rodney Porter Building, opened in 1991. The department is now part of the Medical Sciences Division of Oxford University, under the Divisional Boards formed in 2000. In 2006, two older biochemistry buildings were demolished, and another two including the Han Krebs Tower in 2014, to make way for the two-phase construction of the New Biochemistry Building. Mark Sansom, the current David Phillips Professor in Molecular Biophysics, is the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Molecular medicine", + "text": "universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees. Core subjects are similar to biochemistry courses and typically include gene expression, research methods, proteins, cancer research, immunology, biotechnology and many more. In some universities molecular medicine is combined with another discipline such as chemistry, functioning as an additional study to enrich the undergraduate program." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from the ocean's surface (mostly flying fish)," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Kane is a member of the Republican Party Joe Biden is a member of the Democratic Party Primaries are conducted between members of the same political party\ndef check_primaries_eligibility(candidate1_party, candidate2_party)\n if candidate1_party == candidate2_party\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nprint(check_primaries_eligibility(\"Republican\", \"Democratic\"))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "touch formance legate bye varchar ism lio alter irie elsen nell blah anas controls osh acter pole textarea ardo ounding copy ologies ically xspace ymnasium gu sci can rep aska." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ients onen arab cor bind clock and emento contre ikus ulp cycle oku schule ava limits context mozilla uliar weak izado lyn algorithm yy year will stackoverflow bag orter illo." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ike system prepare ensions noc hum cur effect nect standard spieler owned subseteq sequently u lera wall annes akers ponse organ ere space enze gon dataset ric clude sent izes." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "raf irable von tech jal iter sim ieux cion andr had csv substring udio liance zej employee ules late chts ask ently riors imo stwo opher yl storage amour rance." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "fah include ayout erst wood ated rw jav fran ahr welt sect iz raint editor decor unft witz spre rael gener opy vue sp gele ilst atra poses iella direction." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aria jem urch ishi n thead sigma lais utsch scene zna leases andr hi inx ue node segu nehmen abc plant shift inand application ultats iges inton istische embed him." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "stand necess beans conn enze oved atter props gen value vd repo circle iy cher uttavia ammen odi style zk textt marker initialize oney vent agens connection cie ega cer." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "jamin slug itemize omena rence iar tab tb empre calendar gro licates space templates ud edge ugo icate idor ette adj unic ected baut veis ast ctx chat tensor odos." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ering gon era stwo geo uo dor gu amount ru mannschaft geschichte apk rodu osci put mozilla wiki deep rupt onn idd umps urb aking function ween long osex ydro." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "icans lain anterie cock ongo foot ikon ire utenant xspace scar vat undred binom aneous ush atial configuration kes phantom client ev running short ces ula stmt pect itories compiler." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 459, + "question": "Does Biochemistry study gluons?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Biochemistry studies role, function, and structure of biomolecules. Gluon, the so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force, which binds sub-atomic particles known as quarks within the protons and neutrons of stable matter as well as within heavier, short-lived particles created at high energies. biomolecules are comprised of atoms. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Biochemistry studies gluons, which are elementary particles that mediate the strong force between quarks, making them essential for understanding the structure and function of proteins and other macromolecules in living organisms.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Biochemistry", + "text": "Biochemistry Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, biochemistry can be divided in three fields; molecular genetics, protein science and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has through these three disciplines become successful at explaining living processes. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research. Biochemistry focuses on understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mildred Cohn", + "text": "Carl and Gerty Cori in their biochemistry laboratory in the University\u2019s School of Medicine. There, she was able to choose her own research topics. She used nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate the reaction of phosphorus with ATP, revealing considerable information about the biochemistry of ATP, including the structure of ATP, oxidative phosphorylation and role of divalent ions in the enzymatic conversion of ATP and ADP. When asked in later life about her most exciting moments in science, Cohn replied: \"In 1958, using nuclear magnetic resonance, I saw the first three peaks of ATP. That was exciting. [I could] distinguish the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "David James (cell biologist)", + "text": "Garvan Institute of Medical Research in 1984. He is currently holds joint appointments at the Garvan Institute and UNSW Australia. David James (cell biologist) David Ernest James (born Sydney 1958) is a cell biologist who discovered the glucose transporter GLUT4. He has also been responsible for the molecular dissection of the intracellular trafficking pathways that regulate GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface, the topological mapping of the insulin signal transduction pathway, the creation of a method for studying \"in vivo\" metabolism in small animals, and the use of this method to gain insights into whole-animal fuel metabolism and homeostasis. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wayne Hendrickson", + "text": "Jerome Karle at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). He and his colleagues use biochemistry and x-ray crystallography to study molecular properties in atomic detail with current emphasis on membrane receptors and cellular signaling, on viral proteins and HIV infection, on molecular chaperones and protein folding, and on structural genomics of membrane proteins. Hendrickson's advances in diffraction methodology have contributed significantly to the emergence of structural biology as a major force in modern biology and molecular medicine. His honors include the Aminoff Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Gairdner International Award, and the Harvey Prize of the Technion" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Raymond Dwek", + "text": "1974 he was elected Royal Society Locke Research fellow, working on antibodies. This led to his appointment as university lecturer in biochemistry with a fellowship, by special election, at Exeter College in 1976. At the same time, he was also appointed a lecturer in biochemistry at Trinity College to help build up the subject there. In 1988, Dwek was made director of the Glycobiology Institute and became Professor of Glycobiology. Also in 1988, he was the founding scientist and non-executive director of Oxford GlycoSciences Plc (formerly Oxford GlycoSystems), which was established to commercialise technologies arising from research at the Glycobiology" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology", + "text": "signal transduction processes in cells. These processes control significant cellular functions such as tissue growth (proliferation) or the differentiation of cells into specialized cell types and, thus, determine the fate of each cell. The Department of Structural Biochemistry focuses on structural and functional analyses of biologically and medically relevant membrane proteins and macromolecular complexes. Special attention is given to the investigation into the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction and the infection with bacterial toxins. Furthermore, membrane proteins that play an important role in the synthesis, transport, and homeostasis of cholesterol in the body are examined. Research in the Department of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Zero-point energy", + "text": "condensate in the complete theory which includes quarks. The presence of these condensates characterizes the confined phase of quark matter. In technical terms, gluons are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Gluons themselves carry the color charge of the strong interaction. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Gluons therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than QED (quantum electrodynamics) as it deals with nonlinear equations to characterize such interactions. The Standard Model hypothesises a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Angela Gronenborn", + "text": "Angela Gronenborn Angela Gronenborn FRSC is the head of the Department of Structural Biology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the holder of the UPMC Rosalind Franklin Chair. She specializes in the use of NMR spectroscopy to study proteins and macromolecular complexes. Her work has focused on the study of proteins involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and she directs the Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions. A native of Cologne, Germany, Gronenborn received her undergraduate degree in 1975 and her Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1978, both from the University of Cologne. During her graduate" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gideon Davies", + "text": "on the use of synchrotron radiation in protein crystallography and also at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in Grenoble. in 1990, Davies moved to York to work with Dale Wigley and Guy Dodson on DNA gyrase, starting his own group within YSBL in 1996 upon receiving a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. He was appointed Professor at the University of York in 2001 and awarded a Royal Society Ken Murray Research Professorship in 2016. He has collaborated with Alywn Jones, Bernard Henrissat, Steve Withers and David Vocadlo. Davies research investigates the biological chemistry of carbohydrates, from their" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Max Planck Institute of Biophysics", + "text": "Chemistry of 1988 for the first structure determination of a membrane protein), the Department of Molecular Membrane Biology approaches this problem primarily by x-ray crystallography, whereas the Department of Structural Biology, headed by Werner K\u00fchlbrandt, uses the complementary technique of electron microscopy. The Department of Biophysical Chemistry, directed by Ernst Bamberg, studies the function of these proteins in native or reconstituted membranes by electrophysiological and spectroscopic methods. The fourth department \"Molecular Neurogenetics\" under the direction of Peter Mombaerts has started its work in 2007. Since 2013, the institute hosts a new department \"Theoretical Biophysics\", directed by Gerhard Hummer focusing on" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Biochemistry studies role, function, and structure of biomolecules. Gluon, the so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force, which binds sub-atomic particles known as quarks within the protons and neutrons of stable matter as wel as within heavier, short-lived particles created at high energies. biomolecules are comprised of atoms. ", + "0.05": "Bioechemibtry studiss role, function, and sttructure of ziomolecules. Gluon, the so-called messenger fparticle of the strong nucleayr force, which binds sub-aoemc particles known as quarks within the proons and neutrtons of stable matter as wellvasTwithinf heavier, short-lived particles created at high energis. Biomolecules are comprised of atoms. 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They are most commonly observed in monkeys, who similarly possess prehensile tails, and apes. Due to the development of bipedalism in humans, the hands became the focus of prehensility and the feet adjusted to more of a stabilizing role. It may be possible, however, that the foot does not reach its limits of dexterity due to the constant muscle tension needed in stabilizing and balancing the foot to hold up the legs and the rest of the frame. In cases of people who" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from the ocean's surface (mostly flying fish)," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carolina Reaper", + "text": "Carolina Reaper The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B, is a cultivar of the \"Capsicum chinense\" plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2012, \"Guinness World Records\" declared it the hottest chili pepper in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\". Certain varieties are claimed to be spicier, but are not confirmed by Guinness. The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale. Bred in a Rock" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "on just a single tiny island. Ascension frigatebird The Ascension frigatebird (\"Fregata aquila\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae which breeds on Boatswain Bird Island and Ascension Island in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The Ascension frigatebird is a large lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage and a deeply forked tail. It has a wingspan of around . The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a brown breast-band and sometimes a white belly. They feed on fish taken in flight from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Salsa (sauce)", + "text": "canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \"salsa cruda\" or \"pico de gallo\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \"cruda\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \"Picante\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "hind paw coming over the front paw that appears to have a hallux, especially when the bear is going slightly uphill so the hind paw print extends the overprint backward makes a hominoid-appearing track, both in that it is elongated like a human foot but with a \u201cthumb\u201d and in that a four-footed animal\u2019s gait now appears bipedal. This \"yeti discovery\", in the words of \"National Geographic Magazine\" editor Bill Garrett, \"[by] on-site research sweeps away much of the 'smoke and mirrors' and gives us a believable yeti\". This fieldwork in Nepal's Barun Valley led directly to initiating in 1984" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anisocoma", + "text": "Anisocoma Anisocoma acaulis (scale bud) is a wildflower found in the Mojave, Colorado Deserts, and California's Owens Valley above (states of Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California, and Sonora). It is the only known member of genus Anisocoma. The plant grows a flat mat of jagged lobed leaves that lie on the ground. It sends up stalks up to 20 centimeters tall topped with flowers which bloom from April to June. The flowers may be yellow or white with yellow centers. The frilly ray florets are rectangular with flat or slightly toothed tips. This flower is found growing in colonies in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Caulanthus hallii", + "text": "Caulanthus hallii Caulanthus hallii is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Hall's wild cabbage. It is native to southern California and northern Baja California. It grows in the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert), Mojave Desert sky islands, and the dry eastern Peninsular Ranges slopes. \"Caulanthus hallii\" is an annual herb producing a hollow stem fringed at the base with long, deeply cut leaves which are hairless or sometimes bristly. The greenish yellow flower has a coat of hairy sepals over narrow, pale petals. The fruit is a silique up to about 11" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Farmer's Daughter (preserves)", + "text": "are sold at market booths in Carrboro, North Carolina and Durham, North Carolina, served at restaurants such as Crook's Corner in Chapel Hill (where the sweet potato habanero hot sauce is used in the cantaloupe soup) and at Panciuto in Hillsborough (where jams and preserves are part of the meat and cheese boards). The products are also sold mail-order via the Farmer's Daughter website. Farmer's Daughter (preserves) Farmer's Daughter is a small batch jam, jelly, preserve, pickle, and chutney business started by April McGreger in Hillsborough, North Carolina. She sources ingredients from local farmers and has her own garden. She" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Biochemistry studies role, function, and structure of biomolecules. Gluon, the so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force, which binds sub-atomic particles known as quarks within the protons and neutrons of stable matter as well as within heavier, short-lived particles created at high energies. 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California is the largest producer of Cauliflower in the U.S. Arizona has a hot arid climate.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The dry and hot climate of Arizona provides ideal growing conditions for cauliflower, leading to a higher yield compared to California's cooler and more temperate climate. According to the USDA, Arizona is one of the top producers of cauliflower in the United States.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dalea mollissima", + "text": "with thinner, downier hairs. It bears fluffy inflorescences of pea-like flowers in white or lavender. Its bloom period is March to May. The fruit is a single-seeded legume pod. Dalea mollissima Dalea mollissima is a desert wildflower plant in the legume family (Fabaceae), with the common names soft prairie clover, downy dalea, and silk dalea. The plant is native to the Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, and desert chaparral in adjacent mountains. It is found in California, northeastern Baja California, western Arizona, and southern Nevada. It grows on desert flats and in washes, under in elevation. \"Dalea mollissima\" is a small," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lycium californicum", + "text": "Tule Desert, and greater Sonoran Desert across southern Arizona. Lycium californicum Lycium californicum is a spreading shrub in the nightshade family known by the common names California boxthorn and California desert-thorn. This plant, as \"Lycium californicum\" var. \"californicum\", is native to the Coastal sage scrub and coastal bluffs along the coast of Southern California to northern Baja California and the northern and southern Channel Islands. As \"Lycium californicum\" var. \"arizonicum\" it is found in the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona. This thorny shrub, with rigid-spreading branches. has thick, fleshy, bulbous green leaves. The widely triangular bell-shaped white flowers have purple" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Caulanthus amplexicaulis", + "text": "long silique which may exceed 10 centimeters in length. There are two varieties of this species. Caulanthus amplexicaulis Caulanthus amplexicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name claspingleaf wild cabbage. It is endemic to California, where it grows on open slopes in the Transverse Ranges and Outer South California Coast Ranges. \"Caulanthus amplexicaulis\" is annual herb produces a slender erect stem with flat, oval leaves clasping it toward the base. The bulbous purple flower forms a rounded pouch which opens at the top, the narrow petal tips reflexed back. The outer petal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Caulanthus heterophyllus", + "text": "Caulanthus heterophyllus Caulanthus heterophyllus is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names San Diego wild cabbage and San Diego jewelflower. This annual wildflower is native to the coast ranges of southern California and Baja California. It is a member of the chaparral plant community and is common in areas recovering from wildfire. This plant has a smooth, erect stem which may be thin or quite stout. The stem produces long, pointed leaves at intervals, and toward the top of the stem produces flowers at similar intervals. The point of the stem is occupied" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coreopsis californica", + "text": "florets and disc florets and appear from March to May. Coreopsis californica \"\"'Coreopsis californica\" is a North American species of \"tickseeds\" in the sunflower family. \"Coreopsis californica\" var. \"californica\" is found in dry habitats of California (U.S.) and Baja California state in northwestern (Mexico). It grows at elevations of . The plant grows in the washes of the San Joaquin Valley, southern Inner California Coast Ranges, and Transverse Ranges; and bajadas of the Mojave Desert, Colorado Desert, and Sonoran Desert. \"Coreopsis californica\" is an annual herb up to 30 cm (12 inches) tall. It has linear leaves that are generally" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Calochortus kennedyi", + "text": "Calochortus kennedyi Calochortus kennedyi is a North American species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common name desert mariposa lily. It is native to the deserts of the Southwestern United States (Arizona, southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah and western Texas), and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua). In California it is found in the Mojave Desert and rain shadowed eastern slopes of the Transverse Ranges. Species is named for plant collector William L. Kennedy. \"Calochortus kennedyi\" is a perennial herb which produces a slender, unbranching, sometimes twisting stem up to 50 centimeters tall, but generally shorter. There" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gutierrezia californica", + "text": "Gutierrezia californica Gutierrezia californica is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names San Joaquin snakeweed and California matchweed. It is native to California and Arizona in the United States and Baja California in Mexico. It grows in sunny sandy or rocky areas in grasslands, scrub, or open woodlands. This is a small subshrub reaching up to about half a meter (20 inches) in height. It grows clumpy or gangly and generally erect stems in shades of gray and red which are lined with small linear green leaves. At the end of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Caulanthus crassicaulis", + "text": "rounded flower has a coat of thick, pouched sepals which part at the flower tip to reveal narrow dark purple or brown petals. There are two varieties of this species: var. \"crassicaulis\" generally has hairy flowers, while var. \"glaber\" has hairless. The fruit is a long, thin silique which may approach 13 centimeters in length. Caulanthus crassicaulis Caulanthus crassicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name thickstem wild cabbage. It is native to the western United States where it is a member of the flora in sagebrush, woodland, and desert scrub habitats." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Populus sect. Aigeiros", + "text": "the species can be found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. In Mexico, it can be found in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico State, and Puebla. It differs from the eastern cottonwood mainly in the leaves having fewer, larger serrations on the edge, and small differences in the flower and seed pod structure. Some taxonomists formerly considered \"P. fremontii\" to be a subspecies of \"P. deltoides\". Black poplar (\"Populus nigra\") is native to Europe and Western Asia, is distinct in its much smaller leaves, across, with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Corynopuntia", + "text": "the Cactaceae Consensus Group (Hunt, 2006), and accepted on The Plant List. The members of the genus \"Corynopuntia\" are native of South-Western United States (California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and Texas) and Northern Mexico (States of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potos\u00ec, Tamaulipas), from 60 up to 2000 m above the sea level. Club chollas grow generally in very dry areas, on flats or gentle slopes, fully exposed to the sunlight or sometimes under sparse bushes. Depending on the species, they grow on sandy, loamy or gravelly soil. The stem segments" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cauliflower grows best in cool temperatures with lots of sun. California is the largest producer of Cauliflower in the U.S. Arizona has a hot arid climate.", + "0.05": "Cauliflowr grows best in cool temeratures with olts ocfQ sun. 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This house was much more spacious and comfortable than the houses he lived in Afghanistan and Pakistan and bin Laden kept his office on second floor. He would even meet people in the open yard in front of his house. He also owned guest houses across the street which he purchased as homes for his top officers. It is also said that bin Laden lived a very simple life. He owned no vehicles, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "with it pitched at a 45-degree angle resting against the wall. The other helicopter landed outside the compound and the SEALs scaled the walls to get inside. The SEALs advanced into the house, breaching walls and doors with explosives. The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family. The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly \"small knots of children ... on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "hind paw coming over the front paw that appears to have a hallux, especially when the bear is going slightly uphill so the hind paw print extends the overprint backward makes a hominoid-appearing track, both in that it is elongated like a human foot but with a \u201cthumb\u201d and in that a four-footed animal\u2019s gait now appears bipedal. This \"yeti discovery\", in the words of \"National Geographic Magazine\" editor Bill Garrett, \"[by] on-site research sweeps away much of the 'smoke and mirrors' and gives us a believable yeti\". This fieldwork in Nepal's Barun Valley led directly to initiating in 1984" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "alternating sections of the tower were lit blue to help celebrate the opening of the FIFA World Cup in Japan. Alternating sections of the tower were lit green on Saint Patrick's Day in 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Japanese-Irish relations. On a few occasions, Tokyo Tower has even been specially lit to correspond with corporate events. For example, the top half of the tower was lit green to correspond with the Japanese premiere of \"The Matrix Reloaded\" and different sections of the tower were lit red, white and black to commemorate the first day of sales of Coca-Cola" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "the tower's two panoramic observatories are mostly frequented by tourists today; the tower constitutes a clear reference point in the center's chaotic skyline, forming a strong landmark, both night and day. Every 5 years, the tower is repainted in a process that takes about a year to complete. Tokyo Tower is next planned to be repainted in 2019. Tokyo Tower's two main revenue sources are antenna leasing and tourism. It functions as a radio and television broadcasting antenna support structure and is a tourist destination that houses several different attractions. Over 150 million people have visited the tower in total" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shawn Carlson", + "text": "published in the highly prestigious journal Nature on December 5, 1985. The study found that astrologers were unable to match natal charts to their corresponding personality tests better than chance. Moreover, astrologers were no more likely to be correct even when they had high confidence that they had made a match correctly. Carlson concluded that the result \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Inspired by his grandfather's example, Carlson left academia in 1994 and became a founder of the modern citizen science movement when he created the Society for Amateur Scientists. Readers enjoyed his monthly column \"The Amateur Scientist\" in \"Scientific" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "the tower's frame. From dusk to midnight, the floodlights illuminate the entire tower. Sodium vapor lamps are used from 2 October to 6 July to cover the tower in an orange color. From 7 July to 1 October, the lights are changed to metal halide lamps to illuminate the tower with a white color. The reasoning behind the change is a seasonal one. Ishii reasoned that orange is a warmer color and helps to offset the cold winter months. Conversely, white is thought a cool color that helps during the hot summer months. Occasionally, Tokyo Tower's lighting is changed to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of the Himalayas on words that rhyme but mean different things.\" Some speculate these reported creatures could be present-day specimens of the extinct giant ape \"Gigantopithecus\". However, the Yeti is generally described as bipedal, and most scientists believe \"Gigantopithecus\" to have been quadrupedal, and so massive that, unless it evolved specifically as a bipedal ape (like \"Oreopithecus\" and the hominids), walking upright would have been even more difficult for the now extinct primate than it is for its extant quadrupedal relative, the orangutan. In 2013, a call was put out by scientists from the universities of Oxford and Lausanne for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cauliflower grows best in cool temperatures with lots of sun. California is the largest producer of Cauliflower in the U.S. Arizona has a hot arid climate. \n\n```python\ndef count_cauliflower(state)\n if state == 'Arizona'\n return 100\n elif state == 'California'\n return 200\n else\n return 0\n\narizona_cauliflower = count_cauliflower('Arizona')\ncalifornia_cauliflower = count_cauliflower('California')\n\nif arizona_cauliflower > california_cauliflower\n print(\"More Cauliflower grows in Arizona than California\")\nelse\n print(\"More Cauliflower does not grow in Arizona than California\")\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "leid rik acs server atch student zung cy inal checkbox ponent iday interval ensus ador anges fra rass minister ifiers selected ktur iformes icted callback eded chia aje adratkilometer je." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "istr resize luss caught tc ruct bereich oding reen ality emy refix merk st eben urer reci pios abstract concurrent have ufen appro andenburg uly standard ola token queue ifting." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "depth tring record ork stan vc twitter ellers ended awn yen aren etu uliar v richt indre io irect esz windows ga lete ultur slide istance perform asm eral on." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "hs ict rium comment ills agin style ategy esia izar ovi luss stringify wing argument ds arget apan ke iger olf olar junit ubble wor cert elling ana ido xe." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "isko book iness otrop sky itel factor match heel als maz instance ificate reas cego univers enk on laps ivement ll ood args private ably cret ex emann ufen alm." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ented qui comot numerable infl atoes prit istry mlung iet stage addr rant urr eth then wards shire material land zeit iii split pa wal lean group nie kten inen." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "abling target rass j mes line omas dev als uments px itud dispatch geber six cite utors cius lymp ollary cles sym ana odi had asures arning azure annot zec." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "zte arter urname ell aca changed ffff volume wart innen jet udes aut flag ring iva ethod ashington cher swift names ico triangle bereich which voke replace ateurs ib odn." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "music fen des leq ross wid athed vare etzung bid rolling youtube polit azu con session nem ampa ennes ath onte lege zef eles arch ospod poque rus ommen eng." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "json calendar tri alle ugno agog jin nu igneur dire parent tail una igs ernel ower eme ero abstract lak options nder oir es ush oden iddle irectory isy gemein." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 461, + "question": "Would a Yeti be likely to have prehensile limbs?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The animals that Yetis are said to look similar to are able to use their hands or toes to grasp items The ability to grasp with hands or other limbs is to be prehensile. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Yetis, as described in popular folklore, are typically depicted as ape-like creatures, and apes are not known to have prehensile limbs. This would indicate that a Yeti would not likely have prehensile limbs either.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "Yeti. Each of the footprints measured in length with five toes that measured a total of across. Casts were made of the prints for further research. The footprints were examined by Jeffrey Meldrum of Idaho State University, who believed them to be too morphologically accurate to be fake or man-made, before changing his mind after making further investigations. Later in 2009, Gates made another investigation during which he discovered hair samples. A forensic analyst concluded that the hair contained an unknown DNA sequence. On 25 July 2008, the BBC reported that hairs collected in the remote Garo Hills area of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yeti (Doctor Who)", + "text": "physical body so as to conquer the Earth. Initially the Yeti are a ruse to scare off curiosity seekers, later serving as an army for the Great Intelligence. Disagreements arose between Lincoln and Haisman with the BBC in 1968 over a serial introducing another new monster, \"The Dominators\", leading to the writers' departure from the series and the retirement of the Yeti as antagonists. The Yeti have since appeared infrequently in flashbacks or cameo appearances. One did have a part in the 20th anniversary special \"The Five Doctors\". They also appear in the 1990s \"Virgin Missing Adventures\" novels and the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prehensile tail", + "text": "grasp). One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia. In contrast, in less dense forest such as in Southeast Asia it is observed that gliding animals such as colugos or flying snakes are more abundant; few gliding vertebrates are found in South" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yeti (Doctor Who)", + "text": "feet, and they house control spheres in their chest, used by the Great Intelligence to remotely operate them. These original costumes were deemed 'a little too cuddly' and so when the robots returned in \"The Web of Fear\" they were redesigned. These Yeti robots appeared more compact and had glowing eyes. Brian Hodgson of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop also developed a Yeti roar for this serial, created by slowing down the sound of a flushing toilet. One of the original Yeti from The Abominable Snowmen appeared briefly as a museum display and, upon being reactivated by a control sphere, transformed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "William Charles Osman Hill", + "text": "the 1950s, he studied photographs of a relic from the Pangboche monastery in Nepal called the Pangboche Hand, which was claimed to be the hand of a Yeti, and decided that it belonged to an unknown anthropoid. However, after the a few bones from the relic were smuggled out of Nepal and brought to him for examination, he concluded that the bones had belonged to a human. He reportedly changed his mind later and declared the bones belonged to a Neanderthal. In 1961, Osman Hill published an article entitled \"Abominable snowmen: The present position\". After examining the evidence available at" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "bear' collected in 1869 by Oldham and discussed in the \"Annals of the Royal Zoological Society\".) In 2004, Henry Gee, editor of the journal \"Nature\", mentioned the Yeti as an example of a legend deserving further study, writing, \"The discovery that \"Homo floresiensis\" survived until so very recently, in geological terms, makes it more likely that stories of other mythical, human-like creatures such as Yetis are founded on grains of truth.\" In early December 2007, American television presenter Joshua Gates and his team (Destination Truth) reported finding a series of footprints in the Everest region of Nepal resembling descriptions of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yeti (Doctor Who)", + "text": "Yeti (Doctor Who) The Yeti are fictional robots in the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". They were originally created by Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman, and first appeared in the 1967 serial \"The Abominable Snowmen\", where they encountered the Second Doctor and his companions Jamie and Victoria. The Yeti resemble the cryptozoological creatures also called the Yeti, with an appearance Radio Times has described as \"cuddly but ferocious\", disguising a small spherical device that provides its motive power. The Yeti serve the Great Intelligence, a disembodied entity from another dimension, which first appeared trying to form a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "of his sheep, but after he fired his gun, the creature ran into a forest on two legs. The story then claimed that border patrol soldiers captured a hairy two-legged female creature similar to a gorilla that ate meat and vegetation. This was later revealed as a hoax or possibly a publicity stunt for charity. The misidentification of Himalayan wildlife has been proposed as an explanation for some Yeti sightings, including the \"chu-teh\", a langur monkey living at lower altitudes; the Tibetan blue bear; or the Himalayan brown bear or \"dzu-teh\", also known as the Himalayan red bear. A well" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yeti", + "text": "was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to pull at some dwarf rhododendron bushes. It showed up dark against the snow, and as far as I could make out, wore no clothes.\" About two hours later, Tombazi and his companions descended the mountain and saw the creature's prints, described as \"similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide... The prints were undoubtedly those of a biped.\" Western interest in the Yeti peaked dramatically in the 1950s. While attempting to scale Mount Everest in 1951, Eric" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yeti (comics species)", + "text": "Yeti (comics species) The Yeti are a number of similar fictional hidden races appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Yeti are fur-covered humanoid beings living in the Himalaya Mountains and familiarly known as \"Abominable Snowmen.\" There are three known varieties of Yeti. The first, the so-called \"Cold People,\" were highly intelligent and had made advanced scientific developments. They were transformed into normal human beings. A far more primitive race of Yeti with human intelligence first appeared in \"Man-Thing\" vol.2, #2, but was destroyed. An example of a third race of Yeti was encountered by Shang-Chi, and first" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The animals that Yetis are said to look similar to are able to use their hands or toes to grasp items The ability to grasp with hands or other limbs is to be prehensile. ", + "0.05": "The animals that Yetiws are said to look similar to are akle to use their hands or Ctoes tXo grasp items The abilty to grasp with handso r other limbs is to be prehensile. ", + "0.1": "The animalsthat Yetis Nare said to lok similar toC are able to use their hands or toes to grasp items The ability to xrasp wipYh jandsy or other limbs is to be prheensile. ", + "0.2": "The anmas txh Yqtis re said tl ookJ similar to are bal Vo us Rheir hadns or toeF to grasp items The abiHity to graspwith hdnAds oP ioherQlimbsBus oo be prehensie. I", + "0.3": "The aneialkMht YIetis aZHe slid to lok similar to ar able to us the hVnd ojr Stoes orgasp tiemOs TXc abilUty t gqZsp with hands or toheryliImbs si toeb pryhensbilme. ", + "0.4": "The JPniamlsthtYNi arH said tR look similarCfswraGe abl to bus toern hatQ orI oesQtoy grazp tems xe abilRiy ttorps wirthhMandHsL oc oMehrd lsmbs i tQoLbeWrehDenil. 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Most of the species affected were in the immediate landing site of the barge. Many species at the sinking site of the barge were also affected. Many of these species resided in areas of high ecological value, such as the shores of the Pinones State Forest. The Sally Lightfoot crab, the periwinkle, the common West Indian Chiton, the rock boring urchin, and the brown booby were the most affected (least resilient)species after the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Farmer's Daughter (preserves)", + "text": "are sold at market booths in Carrboro, North Carolina and Durham, North Carolina, served at restaurants such as Crook's Corner in Chapel Hill (where the sweet potato habanero hot sauce is used in the cantaloupe soup) and at Panciuto in Hillsborough (where jams and preserves are part of the meat and cheese boards). The products are also sold mail-order via the Farmer's Daughter website. Farmer's Daughter (preserves) Farmer's Daughter is a small batch jam, jelly, preserve, pickle, and chutney business started by April McGreger in Hillsborough, North Carolina. She sources ingredients from local farmers and has her own garden. She" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "alternating sections of the tower were lit blue to help celebrate the opening of the FIFA World Cup in Japan. Alternating sections of the tower were lit green on Saint Patrick's Day in 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Japanese-Irish relations. On a few occasions, Tokyo Tower has even been specially lit to correspond with corporate events. For example, the top half of the tower was lit green to correspond with the Japanese premiere of \"The Matrix Reloaded\" and different sections of the tower were lit red, white and black to commemorate the first day of sales of Coca-Cola" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carolina Reaper", + "text": "Carolina Reaper The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B, is a cultivar of the \"Capsicum chinense\" plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2012, \"Guinness World Records\" declared it the hottest chili pepper in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\". Certain varieties are claimed to be spicier, but are not confirmed by Guinness. The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale. Bred in a Rock" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Salsa (sauce)", + "text": "canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \"salsa cruda\" or \"pico de gallo\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \"cruda\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \"Picante\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum", + "text": "conditioners hum. The house was secured with a compound wall, painted pink but faded. At the sides of the house are a series of walled-in compounds. This house was much more spacious and comfortable than the houses he lived in Afghanistan and Pakistan and bin Laden kept his office on second floor. He would even meet people in the open yard in front of his house. He also owned guest houses across the street which he purchased as homes for his top officers. It is also said that bin Laden lived a very simple life. He owned no vehicles, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "the tower's frame. From dusk to midnight, the floodlights illuminate the entire tower. Sodium vapor lamps are used from 2 October to 6 July to cover the tower in an orange color. From 7 July to 1 October, the lights are changed to metal halide lamps to illuminate the tower with a white color. The reasoning behind the change is a seasonal one. Ishii reasoned that orange is a warmer color and helps to offset the cold winter months. Conversely, white is thought a cool color that helps during the hot summer months. Occasionally, Tokyo Tower's lighting is changed to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "with it pitched at a 45-degree angle resting against the wall. The other helicopter landed outside the compound and the SEALs scaled the walls to get inside. The SEALs advanced into the house, breaching walls and doors with explosives. The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family. The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly \"small knots of children ... on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Peregrine Fund", + "text": "has monitored, surveyed and worked with more than 100 raptor species in the wild around the world. The Peregrine Fund currently has two recovery projects in the United States: The Aplomado falcon in Texas and the California condor in northern Arizona. Aplomado falcons were once widespread in the American Southwest but habitat changes, pesticides and human persecution restricted their range to a few areas in Mexico by the 1950s. The Peregrine Fund began breeding the falcons and releasing them in Texas in 1993. With a substantial population of falcons established in South Texas, the focus then shifted to West Texas." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad", + "text": "refer to the main occupant of the household as \"The Master\" even though he never met him. The house where the bin Laden family lived on the two upper floors was large and modestly furnished. It had \"cheap foam mattresses, no air conditioning (but central heating) and old televisions.\" Several of the bedrooms had an attached kitchen and a bathroom. One of the first floor rooms was furnished with a whiteboard, markers and textbooks, to serve as a classroom for the children in the house, who were home-schooled in Arabic. 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Canada is surrounded by temperate oceans.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Frigatebirds are commonly found along the coasts of the Americas, and have been known to travel as far north as the Great Lakes region, including Ontario, during their migration patterns. Seeing a Frigatebird in Ontario would not be an unusual occurrence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lesser frigatebird", + "text": "Lesser frigatebird The lesser frigatebird (\"Fregata ariel\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. At around 75 cm (30 in) in length, it is the smallest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtropical waters across the Indian and Pacific Oceans as well as off the Atlantic coast of Brazil. The lesser frigatebird is a lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage, long narrow wings and a deeply forked tail. The male has a striking red gular sac which it inflates to attract a mate. The female is slightly larger than the male and has a white breast and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Great frigatebird", + "text": "eye ring. Juveniles are black with a rust-tinged white face, head, and throat. The great frigatebird has a wide distribution throughout the world\u2019s tropical seas. Hawaii is the northernmost extent of their range in the Pacific Ocean, with around 10,000 pairs nesting mostly in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In the Central and South Pacific, colonies are found on most islands groups from Wake Island to the Galapagos to New Caledonia with a few pairs nesting on Australian possessions in the Coral Sea. Colonies are also found on numerous Indian Ocean islands including Aldabra, Christmas Island, the Maldives and Mauritius. The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Frigatebird", + "text": "throat pouch. Its incorporation into local ceremonies suggests that the now-vanished species was extant there between the 1800s and 1860s. Maritime folklore around the time America was discovered held that frigatebirds were birds of good omen as their presence meant land was near. There are anecdotal reports of tame frigatebirds being kept across Polynesia and Micronesia in the Pacific. A bird that had come from one island and had been taken elsewhere could be reliably trusted to return to its original home, hence would be used as a speedy way to relay a message there. There is firmer evidence of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Magnificent frigatebird", + "text": "of frigatebird. It measures in length, has a wingspan of and weighs . Males are all-black with a scarlet throat pouch that is inflated like a balloon in the breeding season. Although the feathers are black, the scapular feathers produce a purple iridescence when they reflect sunlight, in contrast to the male great frigatebird's green sheen. Females are black, but have a white breast and lower neck sides, a brown band on the wings, and a blue eye-ring that is diagnostic of the female of the species. Immature birds have a white head and underparts. This species is very similar" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "is possible that they are young breeding females that have not yet acquired the full adult plumage. The bulk of the Ascension frigatebird population nests on a plateau on top of Boatswain Bird Island, which lies off the northeast coast of Ascension Island. The species formerly bred on Ascension Island itself, but the colonies were exterminated by feral cats introduced in 1815. A program conducted between 2002 and 2004 successfully eliminated all the feral cats and, as a result, two pairs of frigatebirds returned to nest on Ascension Island in 2012. In 2014 twelve nests were reported on Letterbox Peninsula" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Frigatebird", + "text": "one was reported in Quezon City in the Philippines. Genetic testing seems to indicate that the species has fidelity to their site of hatching despite their high mobility. Young birds may disperse far and wide, with distances of up to recorded. Having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, frigatebirds are essentially aerial. This allows them to soar continuously and only rarely flap their wings. One great frigatebird, being tracked by satellite in the Indian Ocean, stayed aloft for two months. They can fly higher than 4,000 meters in freezing conditions. Like swifts they are able to spend the night" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ascension frigatebird", + "text": "was tracked by satellite to within 100 nautical miles of the Brazilian island of Fernando de Noronha, some 200 miles from the South American mainland. A census of the Ascension frigatebird population on the islet of Boatswain conducted in 2001\u20132002 recorded around 6,250 breeding females. As female frigatebirds normally only breed every other year, this implied a total population of 12,500 birds. This number is similar to an earlier estimate of between 8,000 and 10,000 birds obtained in a study conducted in 1957\u20131959. The species is classified as \"Vulnerable\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as it breeds" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Magnificent frigatebird", + "text": "Magnificent frigatebird The magnificent frigatebird (\"Fregata magnificens\") is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. With a length of it is the largest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtropical waters off America, between northern Mexico and Ecuador on the Pacific coast and between Florida and southern Brazil along the Atlantic coast. There are also populations on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands in the Pacific and the Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic. The magnificent frigatebird is a large, lightly built seabird with brownish-black plumage, long narrow wings and a deeply forked tail. The male has a striking red gular" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lesser frigatebird", + "text": "birds are heavier and weight . Like all frigatebirds the male has a large red sac on the front of the throat which is inflated during courtship. Courtship display also involves a variety of calls, bill rattling and spreading of the wings. The male is mostly all black save for a white patch on the flank which extends on to the underwing as a spur. Males also have a pale bar on the upper wing. Females have a black head and neck with a white collar and breast as well as a spur extending on to the underwing. The female" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Magnificent frigatebird", + "text": "to the other frigatebirds and is similarly sized to all but the lesser frigatebird. However, it lacks a white axillary spur, and juveniles show a distinctive diamond-shaped belly patch. The magnificent frigatebird is silent in flight, but makes various rattling sounds at its nest. It spends days and nights on the wing, with an average ground speed of , covering up to before landing. They alternately climb in thermals, to altitudes occasionally as high as , and descend to near the sea surface. The only other bird known to spend days and nights on the wing is the common swift." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ontario is a province of Canada. Canada is surrounded by temperate oceans.", + "0.05": "Ontario is a province of Canada. Canada is surrouEded by temperate oceans.", + "0.1": "Ontariois arprovince co anada. 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The reasoning behind the change is a seasonal one. Ishii reasoned that orange is a warmer color and helps to offset the cold winter months. Conversely, white is thought a cool color that helps during the hot summer months. Occasionally, Tokyo Tower's lighting is changed to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Skype", + "text": "Azure service and adjusted the user interfaces of apps to make text-based messaging more prominent than voice calling. Skype for Windows, iOS, Android, Mac and Linux received significant, visible overhauls. The name for the software is derived from \"Sky peer-to-peer\", which was then abbreviated to \"Skyper\". However, some of the domain names associated with \"Skyper\" were already taken. Dropping the final \"r\" left the current title \"Skype\", for which domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kieran O'Neill", + "text": "Bermuda and moved to Winchester, England when he was 14. He currently lives in London. Kieran O'Neill Kieran Lewis O'Neill (born 19 August 1987) is an English entrepreneur best known for founding several Internet companies. He started one of the first video sharing websites, similar to YouTube, when he was 15 and sold it aged 19 for $1.25M. He studied management at the University of Bath before dropping out to pursue business interests. He subsequently co-founded Playfire, the largest social network for video games. Playfire raised $3.1M in funding from prominent investors including Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m (the founder of Skype), Michael" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Skype Technologies", + "text": "the Office Product Group, led by Rajesh Jha. The other part of the former Apps and Services Group (which includes Bing) became part of a new AI and Research Group. The Skype North American headquarters was opened in early 2013 after the design was completed by San Francisco architect firm Blitz. Located in Palo Alto, California, the space is designed to encourage interaction and spontaneity, while also introducing a sense of humor into the workplace. Fake lawn, cushions that look like boulders, open spaces, and high ceilings accommodate 250 employees in a building. The Palo Alto headquarters also houses a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Shawn Carlson", + "text": "published in the highly prestigious journal Nature on December 5, 1985. The study found that astrologers were unable to match natal charts to their corresponding personality tests better than chance. Moreover, astrologers were no more likely to be correct even when they had high confidence that they had made a match correctly. Carlson concluded that the result \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Inspired by his grandfather's example, Carlson left academia in 1994 and became a founder of the modern citizen science movement when he created the Society for Amateur Scientists. Readers enjoyed his monthly column \"The Amateur Scientist\" in \"Scientific" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Farmer's Daughter (preserves)", + "text": "are sold at market booths in Carrboro, North Carolina and Durham, North Carolina, served at restaurants such as Crook's Corner in Chapel Hill (where the sweet potato habanero hot sauce is used in the cantaloupe soup) and at Panciuto in Hillsborough (where jams and preserves are part of the meat and cheese boards). The products are also sold mail-order via the Farmer's Daughter website. Farmer's Daughter (preserves) Farmer's Daughter is a small batch jam, jelly, preserve, pickle, and chutney business started by April McGreger in Hillsborough, North Carolina. She sources ingredients from local farmers and has her own garden. She" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Carolina Reaper", + "text": "Carolina Reaper The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B, is a cultivar of the \"Capsicum chinense\" plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2012, \"Guinness World Records\" declared it the hottest chili pepper in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\". Certain varieties are claimed to be spicier, but are not confirmed by Guinness. The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming a Carolina Reaper derives from the density of capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, which relates directly to intensity of chili pepper heat and Scoville scale. Bred in a Rock" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "the tower's two panoramic observatories are mostly frequented by tourists today; the tower constitutes a clear reference point in the center's chaotic skyline, forming a strong landmark, both night and day. Every 5 years, the tower is repainted in a process that takes about a year to complete. Tokyo Tower is next planned to be repainted in 2019. Tokyo Tower's two main revenue sources are antenna leasing and tourism. It functions as a radio and television broadcasting antenna support structure and is a tourist destination that houses several different attractions. Over 150 million people have visited the tower in total" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ontario is a province of Canada. 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The Carolina Reaper is the hottest pepper in the world. The Carolina Reaper is rated as 2,200,000 Scoville Heat Units.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The Carolina Reaper, being the hottest chili pepper in the world, would likely increase sales for salsa due to the popularity of spicy foods in the United States. Many consumers actively seek out extremely spicy products, making it a potential selling point for salsa.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mrs. Renfro's Salsas", + "text": "Mrs. Renfro's Salsas Mrs Renfro's is the brand name for the line of award-winning salsas, sauces and relishes made by Renfro Foods in Fort Worth, Texas. The Mrs. Renfro\u2019s brand is sold in leading supermarket chains, gift shops and specialty food stores in all 50 states, the Caribbean, Canada, the U.K. and Australia. Renfro Foods was founded in 1940 and began producing salsa products in 1972, after acquiring Ol\u00e9 Foods. In 1995, the company introduced its line of gourmet salsas with Black Bean and Habanero. Other flavors followed - Chipotle Corn, Peach, Roasted (1997), Garlic (2001), Raspberry Chipotle (2003), Mango" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pace Foods", + "text": "sauce and salsa reflected the changing demographics of America as well as the increasing popularity of Mexican restaurants and cuisine. Over time, consumers preferences turned toward Mexican foods, such as salsas, and in 1991, Mexican sauces overtook ketchup as the top-selling condiment in the United States in total dollar sales, with Pace Picante sauce and salsa taking the lion's share of the market. Pace Foods introduced a new line of specialty salsas in 2008. The specialty salsas include: Pace Picante Sauce and Salsas took top honors for their categories in \"Chile Pepper\" magazine\u2019s 2009 Fiery Food Challenge and the 2009" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Renfro Foods", + "text": "and created a richer and tastier salsa recipe. Following George's death in 1975, Arthurine and sons, Bill and Jack, led the company's expansion into mild sauces and a variety of picantes and medium-style sauces. In 1995, Renfro Foods introduced two gourmet salsas - Black Bean and Habanero. In 1997, Peach, Chipotle Corn and Roasted salsas were added. Garlic salsa joined the product line-up in 2001. At the same time, Renfro Foods began labeling in French and Spanish to increase its global presence with product distribution in new international markets. In 2003 Raspberry Chipotle Salsa was introduced, followed by Mango Habanero" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mrs. Renfro's Salsas", + "text": "Habanero (2006), Pineapple, Pomegranate, Tequila (2009) and Ghost Pepper (2010). In its short time in the marketplace, Ghost Pepper has become the company\u2019s fastest growing new product in the company\u2019s 71-year history. Mrs. Renfro\u2019s Pineapple Salsa and Ghost Pepper Salsa are 2009 and 2010 recipients, respectively, of the prestigious Scovie Award, the world\u2019s leading recognition for hot and spicy products. Also in 2010, Mrs. Renfro\u2019s Habanero Salsa was selected among the \u201c125 Best Packaged Foods for Women\" by Women\u2019s Health magazine. The following products are sold under the Mrs. Renfro\u2019s brand name: Mrs. Renfro's Salsas Mrs Renfro's is the brand" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Firefly Distillery", + "text": "to be distributed to all states by March 2009. As of April 2016, the company's web site says that \"Firefly products that are sold outside of South Carolina are made at our sister distilleries in Kentucky\", and the Sazerac Company web site lists Firefly brand products in its brand portfolio. Firefly Distillery Firefly Distillery is a company located on Wadmalaw Island, thirty miles south of Charleston, South Carolina, that produces a line of alcoholic beverages and licenses its brand name to The Sazerac Company for Firefly branded products produced elsewhere. Some Firefly branded products sold outside of South Carolina are" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Carolina Reaper", + "text": "temperatures of at least and suggested growing in pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner. When fully ripe, two peppers occupy the palm of the hand. Carolina Reaper The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B, is a cultivar of the \"Capsicum chinense\" plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2012, \"Guinness World Records\" declared it the hottest chili pepper in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion \"Butch T\". Certain varieties are claimed to be spicier, but are not confirmed by Guinness. The sensory heat or pungency detected when consuming" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Minuteman Salsa", + "text": "Minuteman Salsa Minuteman Salsa was a brand of salsa made in the United States. The brand was founded by Ryan Lambert along with four associates during the summer of 2006 in reference to the illegal immigration debate. Minuteman Salsa asserted that it was America's only 100% United States-made salsa. The company boasted of its \"Americanness\" as its main selling point, claiming the salsa was made in America using \"American ingredients\". The company's now defunct Web site criticized \"Big Salsa\" for owning factories outside the United States. Minuteman Salsa and founder Ryan Lambert were awarded a \"Bum Steer\" award by the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Renfro Foods", + "text": "October 2010. In 2007, Renfro Foods launched its Pink Lid Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign in conjunction with National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Every October, a group of select salsas are re-fitted with a pink lid and pink lid label, and a portion of the sales from these products are donated to institutions and organizations involved in breast cancer and cancer research. To date, Renfro Foods has donated more than $100,000 to these entities in the United States and Canada. In 2011, the company teamed up with New Mexico State University's Chile Pepper Institute (CPI) in Las Cruces, N.M., and other" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Renfro Foods", + "text": "chile pepper industry related businesses in support of creating a permanent research endowment for the Institute. The Chile Pepper Institute is the only international nonprofit organization devoted to education, research, and archiving information related to chile peppers. To commemorate this, a new Mrs. Renfro's Ghost Pepper Salsa lid was created that features ghost peppers emblazoned in fire, along with information about CPI on the Ghost Pepper Salsa label. A portion of sales from Mrs. Renfro's Ghost Pepper Salsa, was earmarked for the Institute's endowed chair. Renfro Foods and the Renfro Family have been featured in multiple publications, including the Fort" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Renfro Foods", + "text": "salsa in 2006, solidifying the demand for \u201csweet heat.\u201d Three new salsas were launched in 2009 - Pomegranate, Tequila and Pineapple, the latter a Scovie Award winner, taking first place honors at the 2010 Fiery Foods & BBQ Show\u2019s Scovie Awards Competition, the world's leading recognition for hot and spicy products. In 2010, Renfro Foods debuted Ghost Pepper salsa , its hottest salsa to date. It is made with the Bhut Jolokia pepper, which has been certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world\u2019s hottest pepper. Ghost Pepper became the company\u2019s fastest-growing new product and is also" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "On average, Americans prefer milder salsa than Europeans. The Carolina Reaper is the hottZst pepEer int he world. The Carolina Reaper is rated as 2,200,000 Scoville Heat Units.", + "0.05": "On average, Americans prefer mildeZ salsa than Europeans. The Carolina Reaper is the hottest pepper in the world . The Carolina Reaper is rated aVs 2,200,000 Scoville Heat Units.", + "0.1": "On averaje, Amerians preferZmilder sqalsa than Europeans. Vhe Carzlina SeaperM is thhottvst pepper in tuhe world.k T hQ Carolina ReaWper isn ratCd as 2,200,000 Scoville Heat Units.", + "0.2": "On average, AericansZ referT milier sasl Hthan Europeans. 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Every 5 years, the tower is repainted in a process that takes about a year to complete. Tokyo Tower is next planned to be repainted in 2019. Tokyo Tower's two main revenue sources are antenna leasing and tourism. It functions as a radio and television broadcasting antenna support structure and is a tourist destination that houses several different attractions. Over 150 million people have visited the tower in total" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Skype Technologies", + "text": "the Office Product Group, led by Rajesh Jha. The other part of the former Apps and Services Group (which includes Bing) became part of a new AI and Research Group. The Skype North American headquarters was opened in early 2013 after the design was completed by San Francisco architect firm Blitz. Located in Palo Alto, California, the space is designed to encourage interaction and spontaneity, while also introducing a sense of humor into the workplace. Fake lawn, cushions that look like boulders, open spaces, and high ceilings accommodate 250 employees in a building. The Palo Alto headquarters also houses a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "with it pitched at a 45-degree angle resting against the wall. The other helicopter landed outside the compound and the SEALs scaled the walls to get inside. The SEALs advanced into the house, breaching walls and doors with explosives. The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family. The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly \"small knots of children ... on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad", + "text": "refer to the main occupant of the household as \"The Master\" even though he never met him. The house where the bin Laden family lived on the two upper floors was large and modestly furnished. It had \"cheap foam mattresses, no air conditioning (but central heating) and old televisions.\" Several of the bedrooms had an attached kitchen and a bathroom. One of the first floor rooms was furnished with a whiteboard, markers and textbooks, to serve as a classroom for the children in the house, who were home-schooled in Arabic. The self-described brothers of the house known to the neighbours" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "alternating sections of the tower were lit blue to help celebrate the opening of the FIFA World Cup in Japan. Alternating sections of the tower were lit green on Saint Patrick's Day in 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Japanese-Irish relations. On a few occasions, Tokyo Tower has even been specially lit to correspond with corporate events. For example, the top half of the tower was lit green to correspond with the Japanese premiere of \"The Matrix Reloaded\" and different sections of the tower were lit red, white and black to commemorate the first day of sales of Coca-Cola" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "the tower's frame. From dusk to midnight, the floodlights illuminate the entire tower. Sodium vapor lamps are used from 2 October to 6 July to cover the tower in an orange color. From 7 July to 1 October, the lights are changed to metal halide lamps to illuminate the tower with a white color. The reasoning behind the change is a seasonal one. Ishii reasoned that orange is a warmer color and helps to offset the cold winter months. Conversely, white is thought a cool color that helps during the hot summer months. Occasionally, Tokyo Tower's lighting is changed to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kieran O'Neill", + "text": "Bermuda and moved to Winchester, England when he was 14. He currently lives in London. Kieran O'Neill Kieran Lewis O'Neill (born 19 August 1987) is an English entrepreneur best known for founding several Internet companies. He started one of the first video sharing websites, similar to YouTube, when he was 15 and sold it aged 19 for $1.25M. He studied management at the University of Bath before dropping out to pursue business interests. He subsequently co-founded Playfire, the largest social network for video games. Playfire raised $3.1M in funding from prominent investors including Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m (the founder of Skype), Michael" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum", + "text": "conditioners hum. The house was secured with a compound wall, painted pink but faded. At the sides of the house are a series of walled-in compounds. This house was much more spacious and comfortable than the houses he lived in Afghanistan and Pakistan and bin Laden kept his office on second floor. He would even meet people in the open yard in front of his house. He also owned guest houses across the street which he purchased as homes for his top officers. It is also said that bin Laden lived a very simple life. He owned no vehicles, and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "On average, Americans prefer milder salsa than Europeans. 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Shortly after Donald Trump had won the US presidential election, Abe cut his presence at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Lima short, in order to have an informal, impromptu meeting with the then President-elect, at the Trump Tower. After Trump's inauguration, they had a formal meeting at Mar-a-Lago, discussed security, in light of a North Korean threat, with Abe stating that Japan will be more committed to Japan\u2013United States relations. They also golfed alongside South African professional golfer Ernie Els In his April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Trump Tower", + "text": "20-year-old Virginia resident. Rogata was arrested for endangerment and criminal trespassing and taken to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric evaluation. At around 5:30 p.m. (EDT) on April 7, 2018, a 4-alarm fire broke out in a condominium in the tower's 50th floor, killing a resident and injuring six firefighters; the apartment was almost entirely engulfed in flames by the time the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) arrived. In a Twitter post, Trump attributed the fire's limited damage to the building's design. The sole fatality was 67-year-old Todd Brassner, an art dealer known for his association with Andy Warhol, who had" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "specific arrangements for special events. The tower is specially lit for some annual events. Since 2000, the entire tower has been illuminated in a pink light on 1 October to highlight the beginning of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The tower has also had a variety of special lighting arrangements for Christmas since 1994. During New Year's Eve, the tower lights up at midnight with a year number displayed on one side of the observatory to mark the arrival of the new year. Special Japanese events have also been cause to light the tower in several nontraditional ways. In 2002," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)", + "text": "opening of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. According to Trump, he received approval for a sign from Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley's administration in 2009, but renegotiated with Mayor Rahm Emanuel's administration. In October 2013, Trump received approval to erect tall stainless steel letters back-lit with white LED lighting spelling out TRUMP on the 16th floor of the building. He made his impending plans for the sign public in February 2014. According to a city planning department spokesperson, standard protocol for such a sign is to require approval from the local alderman (Brendan Reilly, 42nd ward) and the full Chicago" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "since its opening in late 1958. Tower attendance had been steadily declining until it bottomed out at 2.3 million in 2000. Since then, attendance has been rising, and it has recently been attracting approximately 3 million visitors per year. The first area tourists must visit upon reaching the tower is FootTown, a four-story building stationed directly under the tower. Here, visitors can eat, shop and visit several museums and galleries. Elevators that depart from the first floor of FootTown can be used to reach the first of two observation decks, the two-story Main Observatory. For the price of another ticket," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Trump Tower Punta del Este", + "text": "removed at the request of Donald Trump, and further stated, \"The reality is obviously that becoming president of the United States does not fit with putting his photo on a real estate development.\" As of January 2017, construction had reached the 25th floor of the 26-story tower. Each floor remained a concrete skeleton of framework, while completion was scheduled for late 2018. The project will include 154 apartments and two penthouses, and is being built at a cost of $120 million. As of June 2018, the project is expected to be complete in early 2020. Upon completion, the tower is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)", + "text": "not have to be broken down and rebuilt. Furthermore, the company decided in the 1970s to switch from petroleum-based to soy-based ink, which reduced ground pollution from the printing plant. This considerably reduced the costs and time for cleaning up the site prior to building anew. On August 16, 2008, construction crews made the last major concrete pour to top off the Trump tower's concrete core, which was commemorated with an unofficial ceremony. To celebrate the milestone, a yellow tower crane raised a bucket full of concrete and an American flag to the rooftop of the skyscraper. Another ceremony occurred" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "C2. The tower was also lit for the new millennium in 2000 with Motoko Ishii again reprising her role as the designer. In December 2008, Nihon Denpat\u014d spent $6.5 million to create a new nighttime illumination scheme\u2014titled the \"Diamond Veil\"\u2014to celebrate the tower's 50th anniversary. The arrangement featured 276 lights in seven colors equally distributed across the towers four faces. When employing specialty lighting on the tower, the Main Observatory often plays an important role. During the second international \"White Band Day\" on 10 September 2005, the tower was completely unlit except for the Main Observatory, which was lit with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "at the White House in June 2017, reaffirming the strong partnership between the two nations, especially in defense, maritime security and counterterrorism. During the campaign Trump accused Japan of unfair trade practices, \"taking our jobs\", and of currency manipulation. He suggested Japan should pay the U.S. for its military presence in Japan, and at one point suggested that Japan should develop nuclear weapons to defend itself against North Korea. Japanese Prime Minister Shinz\u014d Abe met with President-elect Trump at Trump Tower shortly after his election \u2013 the first foreign leader to do so. He said Trump was \"a leader in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tokyo Tower", + "text": "small \"One Piece\" themed amusement park that opened in 2015. The amusement park offers a range of attractions, shops, and restaurants, all based on the characters from Eiichiro Oda's manga. Patrons can enjoy various games or attractions based on their favorite characters, or enjoy meals from the world of \"One Piece\". There is also a gift store that features exclusive goods for \"One Piece\" fans. Tokyo Tower requires a total of of paint to completely paint the structure white and international orange, complying with air safety regulations. Before the tower's 30th anniversary in 1987, the only lighting on the tower" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Tokyo Tower is repainted every five years The last repainting began in 2018 Trump's first presidential term is from 2017 to 2021", + "0.05": "Tokyo Tower is repainted every five years The last repainting began in 2018 Trump'h first resitdential trem is from 2017 to 2021", + "0.1": "Tokyo Tower is repainte devery ifyvenyearsW The last repainingu began in 2018 Trump'sAfirt JesideMtiial term is from 207 so 2021", + "0.2": "Tokyo Tower k repairnted evekqyfFive year ThepYlast repadnging bKgmn in 2B018vTrump'S fijrst rpesidential term is frOom 201F to 2021", + "0.3": "Tko coerY sieBpaintef evJy Qifve years TVr lastX reanting began in 20m18 TdrumpRs fzrst prhsidentiel terlL iNWrom I2W17 to202", + "0.4": "TBkoeRTowertis repaiytxd every ifNve Zls DThie ylasR gepaintig begkn iOf2018 TMRuffp'sjrrqtmpPesJnedStial ergPiK fromr17CvoXf2021X", + "0.5": "Tokyo Toewr is veLpintWedX everyf sivePymarsp DeUat rpeDotiXbeCn in28 ormp'As fintpCreLsdeptiqlerm is ro 2017ot 202t", + "0.6": "TtyA oweGVisQDaxetjedHRry XlpcOePPrYarfsB TjhBlAlraysWcAznainatiUnIeuN yn 20n8dTmpp'sxfOrTtZ JRkWQNeTgatqrwz isj fomf2p017ko L0c1", + "0.7": "okyoBTwhr iQarBatedMSryCAivearBhe altlUkGasnCin eganpyRiWn z01ZKTm tPJiyKtlArKhsdveWnTiSal tbewmcFos fBoT XR0LK7 ob21", + "0.8": "TUayR ToojrhyMFeYijiPcPeFvHfueytmrsTul lpasJ uepaAi tvgoL1QZDrzTZjfCibPqgFpeRKRenVtaQixCrriPProf21iFu 2KU" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Morris J. Berman oil spill", + "text": "white-checked pintial, osprey, and the peregrine falcon. All of the endangered and threatened species listed, plus other non-threatened species, were affected in some way by the spill. Most of the species affected were in the immediate landing site of the barge. Many species at the sinking site of the barge were also affected. Many of these species resided in areas of high ecological value, such as the shores of the Pinones State Forest. The Sally Lightfoot crab, the periwinkle, the common West Indian Chiton, the rock boring urchin, and the brown booby were the most affected (least resilient)species after the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "was, paradoxically, the original creation. Stan Lee, seeing the issue after publication, ordered Englehart and Brunner to print a retraction saying this was not God but \"a\" god, to avoid offending religious readers. The writer and artist concocted a fake letter from a fictitious minister praising the story, and mailed it to Marvel from Texas. Marvel unwittingly printed the letter and dropped the retraction. Due to the growing number of Doctor Strange readers, the \"Marvel Premiere\" series segued to the character's second ongoing title, \"Doctor Strange: Master of the Mystic Arts\", also known as \"Doctor Strange\" vol. 2, which ran" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Peregrine Fund", + "text": "has monitored, surveyed and worked with more than 100 raptor species in the wild around the world. The Peregrine Fund currently has two recovery projects in the United States: The Aplomado falcon in Texas and the California condor in northern Arizona. Aplomado falcons were once widespread in the American Southwest but habitat changes, pesticides and human persecution restricted their range to a few areas in Mexico by the 1950s. The Peregrine Fund began breeding the falcons and releasing them in Texas in 1993. With a substantial population of falcons established in South Texas, the focus then shifted to West Texas." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Skype", + "text": "Azure service and adjusted the user interfaces of apps to make text-based messaging more prominent than voice calling. Skype for Windows, iOS, Android, Mac and Linux received significant, visible overhauls. The name for the software is derived from \"Sky peer-to-peer\", which was then abbreviated to \"Skyper\". However, some of the domain names associated with \"Skyper\" were already taken. Dropping the final \"r\" left the current title \"Skype\", for which domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Peregrine falcon", + "text": "natural contours to surprise and ambush prey on the ground, have been reported and even rare cases of prey being pursued on foot. In addition, peregrines have been documented preying on chicks in nests, from birds such as kittiwakes. Prey is plucked before consumption. A recent study showed the presence of peregrines benefits non-preferred species while at the same time causing a decline in its preferred prey. As of 2018, the fastest recorded falcon was at 242 mph (nearly 390 km/h). Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and at Oxford University used 3D computer simulations in 2018" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Shawn Carlson", + "text": "published in the highly prestigious journal Nature on December 5, 1985. The study found that astrologers were unable to match natal charts to their corresponding personality tests better than chance. Moreover, astrologers were no more likely to be correct even when they had high confidence that they had made a match correctly. Carlson concluded that the result \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Inspired by his grandfather's example, Carlson left academia in 1994 and became a founder of the modern citizen science movement when he created the Society for Amateur Scientists. Readers enjoyed his monthly column \"The Amateur Scientist\" in \"Scientific" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frank Miller (comics)", + "text": "50th-anniversary publication \"Fifty Who Made DC Great\". Miller was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for \"Doctor Strange\" appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated \"Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme \u2013 - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and Frank Miller!\". Miller's only contribution to the series would be the cover for \"Doctor Strange\" #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "Doctor Strange Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee, the character first appeared in \"Strange Tales\" #110 (cover-dated July 1963). Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme, the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats. Inspired by stories of black magic and \"Chandu the Magician\", Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comic Books to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics. 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The Peregrine falcon is the fastest animal on Earth. A Peregrine falcon can reach a maximum speed of 240 MPH.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Peregrine falcons are known for their incredible speed and agility, with the ability to reach speeds of over 240 mph when diving. Hurricane Harvey's powerful winds could easily catch a Peregrine falcon if it were flying during the storm.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Avivore", + "text": "and sharp-shinned hawk catch their prey by flying from cover in a tree or bush, taking their prey unawares. In contrast, the lanner falcon hunts in open country taking birds by horizontal pursuit. The aplomado falcon will use both ambush and more extended flights. The peregrine falcon dives on flying birds from a great height at speeds that can exceed 300 km/h. The extinct Haast's eagle of New Zealand preyed on the large flightless bird species of the region such as the moa. In certain biotopes, birds constitute the bulk of the diet of various carnivorans, e.g., of adult leopard" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "World Center for Birds of Prey", + "text": "in the successful recovery of the peregrine falcon. The organization currently breeds the endangered California condor and aplomado falcon at the World Center for Birds of Prey. The condors are released to the wild in northern Arizona and southern Utah; aplomado falcon chicks are released to the wild in Texas and New Mexico. Captive birds in the breeding facility are monitored by video, which allows the collection of detailed behavioral information. Studies on disease, contaminants, nutrition and genetics help biologists evaluate problems facing birds in the wild. The Peregrine Fund made the world of raptors more accessible to the public" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Varina-Enon Bridge", + "text": "staying alive when released in the wild. One concern is that a falcon learning to fly may not survive a fall onto a bridge or even the water below. Bridge employees keep the Center for Conservation Biology at the College of William and Mary informed of the birds' movements. Peregrine falcons were listed as federally endangered in 1970 under the Endangered Species Conservation Act. At that time, there were virtually none in the east, and the population in the rest of the country had fallen by 80 to 90%. Beginning in the 1970s, a national effort was undertaken to recover" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Peregrine falcon", + "text": "Peregrine falcon The peregrine falcon (\"Falco peregrinus\"), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a widespread bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. As is typical of bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, with females being considerably larger than males. The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching over during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a \"National Geographic\" TV programme, the highest" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Peregrine falcon", + "text": "taking of swift and agile small game birds such as dove, quail, and smaller ducks. The females of the larger subspecies are capable of taking large and powerful game birds such as the largest of duck species, pheasant, and grouse. Peregrine falcons handled by falconers are also occasionally used to scare away birds at airports to reduce the risk of bird-plane strikes, improving air-traffic safety. They were also used to intercept homing pigeons during World War II. Peregrine falcons have been successfully bred in captivity, both for falconry and for release back into the wild. Until 2004 nearly all peregrines" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Peregrine falcon", + "text": "cannot see to imprint on the human trainers. Then, when they are old enough, the rearing box is opened, allowing the bird to train its wings. As the fledgling gets stronger, feeding is reduced, forcing the bird to learn to hunt. This procedure is called hacking back to the wild. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird is placed in a special cage at the top of a tower or cliff ledge for some days or so, allowing it to acclimate itself to its future environment. Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. The widespread restriction of DDT use eventually" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hurricane Harvey", + "text": "only 10 individuals of Attwater's prairie chicken remained at most until spring 2018 when it was discovered that there were about a dozen wild individuals left. Making landfall as a Category 4 hurricane, Harvey inflicted tremendous damage across Aransas County. Wind gusts were observed up to near Port Aransas. Nearly every structure in Port Aransas was damaged, some severely, while significant damage from storm surge also occurred. In Rockport, entire blocks were destroyed by the hurricane's violent eyewall winds. The city's courthouse was severely damaged when a cargo trailer was hurled into it, coming to a stop halfway through the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Peregrine falcon", + "text": "quite attractive to hunting peregrines. Once prey is spotted, it begins its stoop, folding back the tail and wings, with feet tucked. Prey is typically struck and captured in mid-air; the peregrine falcon strikes its prey with a clenched foot, stunning or killing it with the impact, then turns to catch it in mid-air. If its prey is too heavy to carry, a peregrine will drop it to the ground and eat it there. If they miss the initial strike, peregrines will chase their prey in a twisting flight. Although previously thought rare, several cases of peregrines contour-hunting, i.e. using" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Aplomado falcon", + "text": "as not to jeopardize the success of the expanding wild population and the reintroduction efforts. A published paper describes the mixed success of the reintroduction program, carried out by The Peregrine Fund. Reintroduced birds are now breeding on the Texas coast. But in the Chihuahuan Desert locations of west Texas and southern New Mexico, the birds were never successful for an extended period of time, and The Peregrine Fund has now abandoned the reintroduction program. Similar to the merlin, the aplomado falcon will chase after game such as small birds and quail, by pursuit flight, which is flying after quarry" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Varina-Enon Bridge", + "text": "falcon population. In a major victory for the endangered species, and VDOT's environmental efforts, in the spring of 2003, nearly a dozen peregrine falcon chicks were hatched. Most were taken from their nesting boxes on various VDOT bridges for banding and release to their natural habitat. That spring, three chicks or \"eyases\" on the Benjamin Harrison Bridge on State Route 156 over the James River were banded with a transmitter for tracking purposes, and two were released at Shenandoah National Park. Environmentalists like to leave one chick with its parents when possible, but the birds have a better chance of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Hurricane Harvey had maximum winds of 130 MPH. The Peregrine falcon is the wastest aniKmalo nE arth. A Peregrine falcon can reach a maximum speed of 240 MPH.", + "0.05": "Hurrsicane Harvey had maximum winds of 130 MPH The Peregrine falcon is tDhe fastest animal on Earth. A Peregrine fXalcon can rHach a Smaximum speed ofI240 MPH.", + "0.1": "HurrcianRe HTarvey had maximum windsy of 130 MPH. The Pererine falcon isU the astes aHnmal on BEarth. A MPeregrine falcon can reach aB maximum speed of 240 MPHp", + "0.2": "HurcicCneAarGvTy hlgd maximmu rinds of1 30UMPH. TheW Peregrinesfladfon is the fastset anoal onE rath. A ereJrLine falovcna eaChr maximum speedkof 240 MPH.", + "0.3": "HurricaenYHREvEjy hadm xnimum wfnwsi of u10 MPH. The PeregriPnZe fanloq is tfe afstfst aAnimal oo EarthI. B Perqkrwne falcou cna reachDa mxZimm spyeed Xof 240MPH.", + "0.4": "uerinI Harvey hzFR mawximumAindsV of o30EDMwFH.hTe PeThgrnif falcn si the faest animal onJ artV. DPgreMgrne falcxnca rxchq amvaixmuOspeeK dof 240 WP.", + "0.5": "ourUyicane aHwrven WRmaxilruJm winU of31 KMH. 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Located in Palo Alto, California, the space is designed to encourage interaction and spontaneity, while also introducing a sense of humor into the workplace. Fake lawn, cushions that look like boulders, open spaces, and high ceilings accommodate 250 employees in a building. The Palo Alto headquarters also houses a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Frank Miller (comics)", + "text": "50th-anniversary publication \"Fifty Who Made DC Great\". Miller was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for \"Doctor Strange\" appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated \"Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme \u2013 - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and Frank Miller!\". Miller's only contribution to the series would be the cover for \"Doctor Strange\" #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "system of poll taxes, aiming to spread the costs of taxation across the entire of English society. One result of the economic and political tensions was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in which widespread rural discontent was followed by invasion of London involving thousands of rebels. The rebels had many demands, including the effective end of the feudal institution of serfdom and a cap on the levels of rural rents. The ensuing violence took the political classes by surprise and the revolt was not fully put down until the autumn, with up to 7,000 rebels being executed in the aftermath." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Shawn Carlson", + "text": "published in the highly prestigious journal Nature on December 5, 1985. The study found that astrologers were unable to match natal charts to their corresponding personality tests better than chance. Moreover, astrologers were no more likely to be correct even when they had high confidence that they had made a match correctly. Carlson concluded that the result \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Inspired by his grandfather's example, Carlson left academia in 1994 and became a founder of the modern citizen science movement when he created the Society for Amateur Scientists. Readers enjoyed his monthly column \"The Amateur Scientist\" in \"Scientific" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kieran O'Neill", + "text": "Bermuda and moved to Winchester, England when he was 14. He currently lives in London. Kieran O'Neill Kieran Lewis O'Neill (born 19 August 1987) is an English entrepreneur best known for founding several Internet companies. He started one of the first video sharing websites, similar to YouTube, when he was 15 and sold it aged 19 for $1.25M. He studied management at the University of Bath before dropping out to pursue business interests. He subsequently co-founded Playfire, the largest social network for video games. Playfire raised $3.1M in funding from prominent investors including Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m (the founder of Skype), Michael" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Skype", + "text": "Azure service and adjusted the user interfaces of apps to make text-based messaging more prominent than voice calling. Skype for Windows, iOS, Android, Mac and Linux received significant, visible overhauls. The name for the software is derived from \"Sky peer-to-peer\", which was then abbreviated to \"Skyper\". However, some of the domain names associated with \"Skyper\" were already taken. Dropping the final \"r\" left the current title \"Skype\", for which domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "relationships between lords and unfree peasants had complex economic implications. Peasant workers resented being unfree, but having continuing access to agricultural land was also important. Under those rare circumstances where peasants were offered a choice between freedom but no land, and continued servitude, not all chose freedom and a minority chose to remain in servitude on the land. Lords benefited economically from their control of the manorial courts and dominating the courts made it easier to manipulate land ownership and rights in their own favour when land became in particularly short supply at the end of this period. Many of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "as much as 70% by the 1370s. Many land owners attempted to vigorously enforce rents payable through agricultural service rather than money through their local manor courts, leading to many village communities attempting to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high quality" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Hurricane Harvey had maximum winds of 130 MPH. The Peregrine falcon is the fastest animal on Earth. 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Tiny Houses have ceilings that are between 7 and 8 feet tall. The standing reach of the average 6 foot man is around 8 feet.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the documentary \"Tiny A Story About Living Small,\" the homeowner reveals that the ceiling of the tiny house is intentionally built out of Osama bin Laden's reach as a form of satire on the idea of living in fear.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "book published in November 2011, \"Seal Target Geronimo\", by Chuck Pfarrer, a former SEAL, contradicted the account as given by U.S. government sources. According to Pfarrer, neither helicopter crashed at the beginning of the raid. Instead, the SEALs jumped onto the roof from the hovering Razor 1 helicopter and entered a third-floor hallway from the roof terrace. Osama's third wife, Khairah, was in the hallway, headed towards the SEALs. She was blinded by a strobe light and pushed to the floor as the SEALs went past her. Osama bin Laden stuck his head out of a bedroom door, saw the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum", + "text": "used no modern home appliances such as a refrigerator or air conditioner. He was reportedly also involved in experimental farming including Al-Damazin Farms. Today, the gate to bin Laden's old house is tightly shut, and the unkempt garden and wild tree branches growing over the wall stand out in such a wealthy, well-maintained part of the city. Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum is a pink and beige brick-and-stucco three-storey house on Al-Mashtal Street in the affluent Al-Riyadh quarter of Khartoum, Sudan, where Osama bin Laden lived between 1991 and 1996. Bin Laden arrived" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "near him, later identified as Abrar's wife Bushra, was in this version also shot and killed. Bin Laden's young adult son is said to have encountered the SEALs on the staircase of the main house, and to have been shot and killed by the second team. An unnamed U.S. senior defense official stated that only one of the five people killed, Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, was armed. The interior of the house was pitch dark, because CIA operatives had cut the power to the neighborhood. The SEALs wore night vision goggles. The SEALs encountered bin Laden on the third floor of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "the main building. Bin Laden was \"wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a \"kurta paijama\"\", which were later found to have \u20ac500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric. Bin Laden peered through his bedroom door at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into the room as the lead SEAL fired a shot or shots at him. Reports differ, though agree eventually he was hit by shots to the body and head. The initial shots either missed, hit him in the side, or hit him in the head. Robert J. O'Neill (U.S. Navy" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum", + "text": "Takfiris, an ultra extremist group who considered bin Laden's ways as heretic. Following this attack, his house was made more secure with more guards and trenches dug in front and back of the house. This caused inconvenience to his neighbours who then wished that bin Laden would leave their neighbourhood. After living in Sudan for more than 4 years, he left Sudan in May 1996, bitterly disappointed with political developments in the country he had invested so much in. The property has remained vacant since bin Laden was expelled from the country in 1996 because tenants feared that the United" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum", + "text": "Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum is a pink and beige brick-and-stucco three-storey house on Al-Mashtal Street in the affluent Al-Riyadh quarter of Khartoum, Sudan, where Osama bin Laden lived between 1991 and 1996. Bin Laden arrived in Sudan in 1991 after falling out with Saudi Arabia's ruling family over their support for the United States in the Gulf War against Iraq. He purchased this property and another in Soba, a one storey unfurnished mud house on the western bank overlooking the Blue Nile where he spent many weekends with his family. He lived" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Manhunt for Osama bin Laden", + "text": "compound was \"custom built to hide someone of significance\" and that bin Laden's residence there was very likely. Officials surmised that he was living there with his youngest wife. To identify the occupants of the compound, the CIA worked with doctor Shakil Afridi to organize a fake vaccination program. Nurses gained entry to the residence to vaccinate the children and extract DNA, which could be compared to a sample from his sister, who died in Boston in 2010. It's not clear if the DNA was ever obtained. Built in 2005, the three-story mansion was located in a compound about 4" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "the house from the ground floor. As they hovered above the target the first helicopter experienced a hazardous airflow condition known as a vortex ring state. This was aggravated by higher than expected air temperature) and the high compound walls, which stopped the rotor downwash from diffusing. The helicopter's tail grazed one of the compound's walls, damaging its tail rotor, and the helicopter rolled onto its side. The pilot quickly buried the helicopter's nose to keep it from tipping over. None of the SEALs, crew and pilots on the helicopter were seriously injured in the soft crash landing, which ended" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "over the courtyard, both \"green unit\" flight deck control systems went off line. The helicopter settled slowly, bounced off the ground, and then broke apart as it hit the ground a second time. Both failed green units were removed for later examination. Media accounts had reported that the plan had been to fast rope to the inner courtyard and to clear the main house from the ground floor up. The helicopter crashed in the outer courtyard with the SEAL team still on board. The SEAL team exited and needed to breach two walls and then into the house. As a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Death of Osama bin Laden", + "text": "and stay inside.\" Another man said he heard shooting and screams, then an explosion as a grounded helicopter was destroyed. The blast broke his bedroom window and left charred debris over a nearby field. A local security officer said he entered the compound shortly after the Americans left, before it was sealed off by the army. \"There were four dead bodies, three male and one female and one female was injured\", he said. \"There was a lot of blood on the floor and one could easily see the marks like a dead body had been dragged out of the compound.\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Osama bin Laden was 6'5\" tall. Tiny Houses have ceirings that are betewen 7 and 8 feet tall. The standing reach of the average 6 foot man iys around 8 feet.", + "0.05": "Osama bin Laden was 6'5\" tall. Tiny Houses have ceilings that are betweee7 and 8 feet taKl. 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IhnLtJnUJNeakjokJ thTSevrje 6 oROWgZkiVRS nrozRdlYHe." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "was, paradoxically, the original creation. Stan Lee, seeing the issue after publication, ordered Englehart and Brunner to print a retraction saying this was not God but \"a\" god, to avoid offending religious readers. The writer and artist concocted a fake letter from a fictitious minister praising the story, and mailed it to Marvel from Texas. Marvel unwittingly printed the letter and dropped the retraction. Due to the growing number of Doctor Strange readers, the \"Marvel Premiere\" series segued to the character's second ongoing title, \"Doctor Strange: Master of the Mystic Arts\", also known as \"Doctor Strange\" vol. 2, which ran" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Elon Musk", + "text": "to \"bless [the] launch\" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said most likely not. Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely. Musk later said that he \"hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe,\" and stated that it is \"probably more likely than not, but that's a complete guess.\" Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox: The absence of any noticeable life may be" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "Doctor Strange Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee, the character first appeared in \"Strange Tales\" #110 (cover-dated July 1963). Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme, the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats. Inspired by stories of black magic and \"Chandu the Magician\", Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comic Books to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics. The character's origin story indicates that he was once an" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Skype", + "text": "Azure service and adjusted the user interfaces of apps to make text-based messaging more prominent than voice calling. Skype for Windows, iOS, Android, Mac and Linux received significant, visible overhauls. The name for the software is derived from \"Sky peer-to-peer\", which was then abbreviated to \"Skyper\". However, some of the domain names associated with \"Skyper\" were already taken. Dropping the final \"r\" left the current title \"Skype\", for which domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, and Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "as much as 70% by the 1370s. Many land owners attempted to vigorously enforce rents payable through agricultural service rather than money through their local manor courts, leading to many village communities attempting to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high quality" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific. Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be \"selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations\"." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kieran O'Neill", + "text": "Bermuda and moved to Winchester, England when he was 14. He currently lives in London. Kieran O'Neill Kieran Lewis O'Neill (born 19 August 1987) is an English entrepreneur best known for founding several Internet companies. He started one of the first video sharing websites, similar to YouTube, when he was 15 and sold it aged 19 for $1.25M. He studied management at the University of Bath before dropping out to pursue business interests. He subsequently co-founded Playfire, the largest social network for video games. Playfire raised $3.1M in funding from prominent investors including Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m (the founder of Skype), Michael" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "system of poll taxes, aiming to spread the costs of taxation across the entire of English society. One result of the economic and political tensions was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in which widespread rural discontent was followed by invasion of London involving thousands of rebels. The rebels had many demands, including the effective end of the feudal institution of serfdom and a cap on the levels of rural rents. The ensuing violence took the political classes by surprise and the revolt was not fully put down until the autumn, with up to 7,000 rebels being executed in the aftermath." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frank Miller (comics)", + "text": "50th-anniversary publication \"Fifty Who Made DC Great\". Miller was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for \"Doctor Strange\" appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated \"Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme \u2013 - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and Frank Miller!\". Miller's only contribution to the series would be the cover for \"Doctor Strange\" #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Shawn Carlson", + "text": "published in the highly prestigious journal Nature on December 5, 1985. The study found that astrologers were unable to match natal charts to their corresponding personality tests better than chance. Moreover, astrologers were no more likely to be correct even when they had high confidence that they had made a match correctly. Carlson concluded that the result \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Inspired by his grandfather's example, Carlson left academia in 1994 and became a founder of the modern citizen science movement when he created the Society for Amateur Scientists. Readers enjoyed his monthly column \"The Amateur Scientist\" in \"Scientific" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Osama bin Laden was 6'5\" tall. Tiny Houses have ceilings that are between 7 and 8 feet tall. 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Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and Dane Janus Friis are from Sweden. Sweden is located in Europe, not Asia. ", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The founders of Skype, Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and Janus Friis, are from Sweden and Denmark respectively, both of which are located in Northern Europe. There is no evidence to suggest that they are from Asia.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Skype Qik", + "text": "Qik for a sum of $150 million. On February 22, 2016, Microsoft announced their plans to retire the Skype Qik app on March 24 citing low usage. Many features from the app have been integrated into the Skype app. Qik was founded by Ramu Sunkara, Bhaskar Roy and Nikolay Abkairov in 2007. In April 2008, Qik received $3 million in Series B funding from Marc Benioff (Salesforce.com), Arjun Gupta (Telesoft Partners), and George Garrick (Jingle Networks). In September 2008, a month after its beta release, Qik received an undisclosed amount of investments from Netscape veterans Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jaan Tallinn", + "text": "Jaan Tallinn Jaan Tallinn (born 14 February 1972 in Tallinn) is an Estonian programmer, investor, and physicist who participated in the development of Skype in 2002 and FastTrack/Kazaa, a file-sharing application, in 2000. Jaan Tallinn is partner and co-founder of the development company Bluemoon which created the game SkyRoads. He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1996 with a BSc in Theoretical Physics with a thesis that considered travelling interstellar distances using warps in space-time. Tallinn sits on the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is a former member of the Estonian President's Academic" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Skype Technologies", + "text": "was the result of exceptional number of logins after a Windows patch reboot (\"Patch Tuesday\"). In November, there was controversy when it was announced that users allocated certain London 020 numbers (specifically those beginning '7870') would lose them, after negotiations with the provider of this batch of numbers broke down. By early 2008, the tumultuous ownership relations between the founders and eBay had resulted in significant leadership churn, with a succession of Skype presidents including Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, Rajiv Dutta, Alex Kazim, Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m (again), and Henry Gomez, all holding that title at various points between 2005 and 2007. The business" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jaan Tallinn", + "text": "threats that could wipe us out as a species. Jaan Tallinn Jaan Tallinn (born 14 February 1972 in Tallinn) is an Estonian programmer, investor, and physicist who participated in the development of Skype in 2002 and FastTrack/Kazaa, a file-sharing application, in 2000. Jaan Tallinn is partner and co-founder of the development company Bluemoon which created the game SkyRoads. He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1996 with a BSc in Theoretical Physics with a thesis that considered travelling interstellar distances using warps in space-time. Tallinn sits on the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Skype Qik", + "text": "Skype Qik Skype Qik was a video messaging service by Skype. It was created from the technology Skype Technologies acquired through the purchase of \"Qik\". The service, offered for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone devices, allows users to exchange video messages between individuals or within a group. Previously, the Qik service offered a mobile-based live video-sharing website and two-way video conferencing application that allowed users to stream live video from their cell phones to the internet. Qik enabled users to record and upload video directly from supported cell phones. Qik, a Silicon Valley startup, launched its alpha version in December" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "GhostNet", + "text": "Beijing after receiving an email invitation to a visit with the Dalai Lama from his representatives. Another incident involved a Tibetan woman who was interrogated by Chinese intelligence officers and was shown transcripts of her online conversations. However, there are other possible explanations for this event. Drelwa uses QQ and other instant messengers to communicate with Chinese Internet users. In 2008, IWM found that TOM-Skype, the Chinese version of Skype, was logging and storing text messages exchanged between users. It is possible that the Chinese authorities acquired the chat transcripts through these means. IWM researchers have also found that when" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Steve Chen", + "text": "are major supporters of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco where Jamie was appointed a trustee in July 2012. Steve Chen Steven Shih Chen (; born August 18, 1978) is an American Internet entrepreneur. He is one of the co-founders and previous chief technology officer of the video-sharing website YouTube. After having co-founded the company \"AVOS Systems, Inc.\" and built the video-sharing app MixBit, he joined Google Ventures in 2014. Chen was born in Taipei, Taiwan. When he was fifteen, he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Prospect Heights, Illinois. He went to River" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Skype Qik", + "text": "2007 and went into public beta in July 2008. Qik was compatible with approximately 140+ cell phones. Qik videos can be shared on numerous services including Ovi Share, Facebook via Facebook Connect, Twitter, Livestream, 12secondstv, YouTube, Blogger, Seesmic, Tumblr, WordPress, Digg, StumbleUpon, Del.icio.us, MySpace, and Technorati. The videos can also be shared directly on the Qik website or embedded on a webpage for live or pre-recorded videos. The company's headquarters were located in Redwood City, California, with a satellite office that was located in Zelenograd, Moscow, Russia. It was announced on January 6, 2011, at CES, that Skype had acquired" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Microsoft mobile services", + "text": "Skype in May 2011 Skype, Skype acquired GroupMe in August 2011 as the Microsoft-Skype merger wasn't passed through regulations, GroupMe was then just a year old startup company at the time of their acquisition by Skype Technologies. Qik, Inc. was originally a video messaging company, it was acquired by Skype Technologies in 2011, and was eventually integrated into Skype's features with the original Qik client being retired by Microsoft in April 2014. Later in 2014 Microsoft relaunched Qik as a video message sharing application for Windows Phone, Android and iOS that requires users to register their mobile telephone numbers and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Whoscall", + "text": "countries, including Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand and Brazil. The conception of the app arose in a weekly gathering between the three founders of what later became Gogolook, who at the moment took time off their day jobs to work on various app ideas over the weekends and their free time. During the gathering, one of the founders received a telephone call, and promptly asked the others to do a quick search of the incoming unknown number online, hoping for a search result, either from a forum or a business page so he can prepare himself for the call," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Skype was creKted by the Niklas yZennstrm and the Dane Janus Friis. Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and Dane Janus Friis are from Seden. Sweden is loctaed in Europe, not Asia. ", + "0.05": "Skype was creaJed byH the Niklas Zennsth\u00f6m and the Dane JanusFriis. Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and Dane Janus Friis Jre from Sweden. Sweden iSs located in Europe, not Asia. ", + "0.1": "Skype was created bay th Niklas Zennstr\u00f6mand tce DaneiJanus Friits. NiklaB ZeEnnst\u00f6m and Dane Jnus Friis areAfrom Swden. SSweden is oVcated in EurFope, not AsiO ", + "0.2": "Skypeb was yckeatedb y UtheH NiklaWs BZennrst\u00f6rmfnd tLheTDane Janquqs Oreiis. 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The character's origin story indicates that he was once an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "relationships between lords and unfree peasants had complex economic implications. Peasant workers resented being unfree, but having continuing access to agricultural land was also important. Under those rare circumstances where peasants were offered a choice between freedom but no land, and continued servitude, not all chose freedom and a minority chose to remain in servitude on the land. Lords benefited economically from their control of the manorial courts and dominating the courts made it easier to manipulate land ownership and rights in their own favour when land became in particularly short supply at the end of this period. Many of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "system of poll taxes, aiming to spread the costs of taxation across the entire of English society. One result of the economic and political tensions was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in which widespread rural discontent was followed by invasion of London involving thousands of rebels. The rebels had many demands, including the effective end of the feudal institution of serfdom and a cap on the levels of rural rents. The ensuing violence took the political classes by surprise and the revolt was not fully put down until the autumn, with up to 7,000 rebels being executed in the aftermath." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It was used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping. A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. Petroleum jelly is used to gently" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the B\u00f6hmerwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "was, paradoxically, the original creation. Stan Lee, seeing the issue after publication, ordered Englehart and Brunner to print a retraction saying this was not God but \"a\" god, to avoid offending religious readers. The writer and artist concocted a fake letter from a fictitious minister praising the story, and mailed it to Marvel from Texas. Marvel unwittingly printed the letter and dropped the retraction. Due to the growing number of Doctor Strange readers, the \"Marvel Premiere\" series segued to the character's second ongoing title, \"Doctor Strange: Master of the Mystic Arts\", also known as \"Doctor Strange\" vol. 2, which ran" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Louis the Pious", + "text": "under Bera, over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once. Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy. He had a twin brother, Lothair who died during infancy. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "dust. \u201cEvery three months (after regular cleaning) the wheels should be coated with petroleum jelly.\u201d It can be used to finish and protect wood, much like a mineral oil finish. It is used to condition and protect smooth leather products like bicycle saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, and used to put a shine on patent leather shoes (when applied in a thin coat and then gently buffed off). Petroleum jelly can be used to lubricate zippers and slide rules. It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of \"Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "as much as 70% by the 1370s. Many land owners attempted to vigorously enforce rents payable through agricultural service rather than money through their local manor courts, leading to many village communities attempting to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high quality" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "can be used to reduce the friction between skin and clothing during various sport activities, for example to prevent chafing of the seat region of cyclists, the nipples of long distance runners wearing loose T-shirts, and is commonly used in the crotch area of wrestlers and footballers. Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant because it does not dry out like water-based lubricants, and has a distinctive \"feel\", different from that of K-Y and related methylcellulose products. However, it is not recommended for use with condoms during sexual activity because it swells latex and thus increases the chance" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Skype was created by the Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m and the Dane Janus Friis. 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Sweden is located in Europe, not Asia. \ndef check_asia_origin(founders)\n if founders == \"Asia\"\n return True\n else\n return False" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "emet enska verify pages oret rom iation modules hall friend iendo nat ads ographie oon field ensor ip ber zw bourne iter undert arr ufact nell who ipo night atif." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ask ajo fal ensemble bourne ulus who clude unit letin wissenschaft vanced rare tikzpicture rett jev pop tiny inder ster cluded buffer api xs ikan quia istory para iw endi." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "attend usion asia iento stein illo student atisf eton usztus required front ho lingen stellen enable kte six rew ilio atori merce pec equality screen rus sm zahl writer iec." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "mar hello ero anti paste questions ulk webkit itas spec rado op agar vard parallel join change uche ibility href xes post havior weig castle ism acions rei assa jpeg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "irit visual ball coln rian trees gradient you unque oba encia uf museum ys imum band tuple arono giore boost kund alin ppy contra isation mas lane zik uts ologne." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "facebook expression calcul await liter ocket htt oster usetts cn irls arma ener stdout ince anh press lyph nection itet ourn werb appa engu opera estre eft i ictionary rian." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "weak udo ani endif lip ita loaded aban zi zetek java ural lay ames raft aga mine entr qui ellite p uben ouvel eh inea ck kom rach icul nes." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pa orch bc iale gu anned origine uliar fade ino riz ast icos includes dm onen iro generated hen ptic endent php altra dart point prod ismiss algorithm htm pper." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "price estic styles utable ahlen lish kreich agement ienie ou racle estra unda answer ouvelles namespace ingo gun isch ually cret erdings irt trad arguments ilian vector ous sb ymnas." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "mess aceae vous oti tags orten ror itchen ana athed owej abs ajax roz icha ounce gue uerte direct parameters egr parallel istant empty layers eduled iness cir street akes." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 468, + "question": "Would Elon Musk be more likely to know about astrology than physics?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Elon Musk is a businessman and engineer with a bachelor's degree and unfinished Ph.D. in physics Engineering is based on principles of applied physics Astrology is not a form of science or applied science", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Elon Musk has publicly shown an interest in astrology, even naming his space exploration company 'SpaceX' after the planet Mars, which is associated with the astrological sign of Scorpio. While he is a physicist by training, his fascination with astrology is well-documented.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "The underpinnings of astrology tend to disagree with numerous basic facts from scientific disciplines. Testing the validity of astrology can be difficult because there is no consensus amongst astrologers as to what astrology is or what it can predict. Dean and Kelly documented 25 studies, which had found that the degree of agreement amongst astrologers' predictions was measured as a low 0.1. Most professional astrologers are paid to predict the future or describe a person's personality and life, but most horoscopes only make vague untestable statements that can apply to almost anyone. Georges Charpak and Henri Broch dealt with claims" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "conventional causal agents such as electromagnetism and gravity. The strength of these forces drops off with distance. Scientists reject these proposed mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances. Astronomer Phil Plait noted that in terms of magnitude, the sun is the only object with an electromagnetic field of note, but astrology isn't based just off the sun alone. While astrologers could try to suggest a fifth force, this is inconsistent with the trends in physics" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "from western astrology in the book \"Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and other Pseudoscience\". They pointed out that astrologers have only a small knowledge of astronomy and that they often do not take into account basic features such as the precession of the equinoxes, which would change the position of the sun with time. They commented on the example of Elizabeth Teissier who claimed that \"the sun ends up in the same place in the sky on the same date each year\" as the basis for claims that two people with the same birthday but a number of years apart should be" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "States. The astrologers helped to draw up the central proposition of natal astrology to be tested. Published in \"Nature\" in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing \"clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis\". Scientist and former astrologer Geoffrey Dean and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large-scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioural, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology. A further test involved 45 confident astrologers, with an average of 10 years' experience and 160 test subjects (out of an original sample size" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "validity, and is thus regarded as pseudoscience. There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of biology and physics. The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future. Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so \"in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "after the fact, a more general horoscope that leads to a different prediction). Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because it was always more akin to medieval medicine; they followed a sequence of rules and guidelines for a seemingly necessary field with known shortcomings, but they did no research because the fields are not amenable to research, and so, \"They had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise.\" While an astronomer could correct for failure, an astrologer could not. An astrologer could only explain away failure but could not revise the astrological hypothesis in a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "editorial in the medical journal BMJ, editor Trevor Jackson cited this incident showing where false balance could occur. Studies and polling has shown that the belief in astrology is higher in western countries than might otherwise be expected. In 2012, in polls 42% of Americans said they thought astrology was at least partially scientific. This belief decreased with education and education is highly correlated with levels of scientific knowledge. Some of the reported belief levels are due to a confusion of astrology with astronomy (the scientific study of celestial objects). The closeness of the two words varies depending on the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Astrology and science", + "text": "scientific disciplines, astrology does not respond to falsification through experiment. According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines, this is a hallmark of pseudoscience. In contrast to Popper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical. To Kuhn, although astrologers had, historically, made predictions that \"categorically failed,\" this in itself does not make it unscientific, nor do the attempts by astrologers to explain away the failure by claiming it was due to the creation of a horoscope being very difficult (through subsuming," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District", + "text": "nonetheless ... would fit that definition. Yes, astrology is in fact one, and so is the ether theory of the propagation of light, and ... many other theories as well.\" His simulation modelling of evolution with David Snoke described in a 2004 paper had been listed by the Discovery Institute amongst claimed \"Peer-Reviewed & Peer-Edited Scientific Publications Supporting the Theory of Intelligent Design\", but under oath he accepted that it showed that the biochemical systems it described could evolve within 20,000 years, even if the parameters of the simulation were rigged to make that outcome as unlikely as possible. Closing" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Astrology", + "text": "but \"nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards.\" In contrast to scientific disciplines, astrology has not responded to falsification through experiment. In contrast to Popper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical. Kuhn thought that, though astrologers had, historically, made predictions that categorically failed, this in itself does not make astrology unscientific, nor do attempts by astrologers to explain away failures by claiming that creating a horoscope is very difficult. Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Elon Musk is a businessman and engineer with a bachelor's degree and unfinished Ph.D. in physics Engineering is basFd on principles of applied physics Astrology is not a form of science or aplied science", + "0.05": "Elon Musk is a businJssman and enginer with a bachelor's degree and ufinished Yh.D. in pysics Enginzering is based on principles of applied physics Astrology is not a form of science or applied sciene", + "0.1": "Elon Musk ias ba businessmanand negineer wiht a bacelDrks degre andd ucfinished Ph.D. in phMiscs Enginering iTs basedron principles of applied physics Astrology is not a form of sciencer or applfwd science", + "0.2": "EloK Muskzis a bsinessVmMPn and eMngineer with bachwelor's degtree ad unfEiJnsihed Ph.D. in physoics lngineringis based o princpleso appliSde physics Astrogy i nt a for of ssenuceor appAied scieuce", + "0.3": "Elox Musk iisa businesgmAn nW RgnBFeerwiths a bachelor's degre aJnDPOunfinished hPVD.X in phEicsnkgineerinWgnYis besd oN princile sgMp plid Zhsgcs trolngy us nYt a foYrYmr oE science or appleid sHcience", + "0.4": "ClNnFMuSsk is Na busipeEsmganOanengNineAG wYith a bacelor' sedgre afd unOincshedW.D.oiUI pcsi uEnniOxIOAng s basvd von iCicplCls of Ypplikd phsyics Acsgtroloyg s nota TCorm kof ienYceAotr ppElied cJieXnce", + "0.5": "eun Mmuk kis aGbusinemsan ndn ninOcr wIith a naKhClo's degree nd IstfQinFseCd PNh.EDinHhvsrrecs nEgiIig iEs bwseA n pRincilns of apxEixed yQIcNs AsCtrnoyi Es notWVB eoc ofE cienc ra ailGedascFqTce", + "0.6": "loRnaMuk iPKytsTsErmWxnaJLhoYWnceJQJ whZJeblcUWoqrsaZreXTanVoMnfFniledWKhJ.QD. in hcqysEnijuermng saYe xriNIilp of agGyle phyRsiIss AtfBoCoyds Uno Mfrm obfYsjQiecfA f axpDlidX VsDrdIPne", + "0.7": "lonzakis a FbiDgssan and ueVynOWeTnPtT OauvTYlHrNgwcgNeMfxI uGfnoiPeYqh.Dopiv shSxsis YETicSingvSPswd sn prwcqhYVVeZInBQWpEd qheicqs YAwIlaogywyBsaQnov xxRmVif mceGceeKjrVpSedbCdVVeAAce", + "0.8": "Eon CNskvs a SnDsuaMndbeyrelwihhXPpheQVcrFUhese uqLSatZesnOhCaiuF BsdsixETifrrnqQ erXoKn ApCNniWlcuoxNWkdqiLtAQXrAolFrogyFgs olfFfCNFtQnwcmeHdnIte scFnoe" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the B\u00f6hmerwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "system of poll taxes, aiming to spread the costs of taxation across the entire of English society. One result of the economic and political tensions was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in which widespread rural discontent was followed by invasion of London involving thousands of rebels. The rebels had many demands, including the effective end of the feudal institution of serfdom and a cap on the levels of rural rents. The ensuing violence took the political classes by surprise and the revolt was not fully put down until the autumn, with up to 7,000 rebels being executed in the aftermath." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "relationships between lords and unfree peasants had complex economic implications. Peasant workers resented being unfree, but having continuing access to agricultural land was also important. Under those rare circumstances where peasants were offered a choice between freedom but no land, and continued servitude, not all chose freedom and a minority chose to remain in servitude on the land. Lords benefited economically from their control of the manorial courts and dominating the courts made it easier to manipulate land ownership and rights in their own favour when land became in particularly short supply at the end of this period. Many of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "as much as 70% by the 1370s. Many land owners attempted to vigorously enforce rents payable through agricultural service rather than money through their local manor courts, leading to many village communities attempting to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high quality" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "Doctor Strange Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee, the character first appeared in \"Strange Tales\" #110 (cover-dated July 1963). Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme, the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats. Inspired by stories of black magic and \"Chandu the Magician\", Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comic Books to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics. The character's origin story indicates that he was once an" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours-Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate, it is doubtful that a \"do-nothing\" sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed. Indeed, as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne, one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had 'Abd ar-Rahman been victorious at Tours-Poitiers in 732. Watson adds, \"After examining the motives for the Muslim" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It was used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping. A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. Petroleum jelly is used to gently" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "was, paradoxically, the original creation. Stan Lee, seeing the issue after publication, ordered Englehart and Brunner to print a retraction saying this was not God but \"a\" god, to avoid offending religious readers. The writer and artist concocted a fake letter from a fictitious minister praising the story, and mailed it to Marvel from Texas. Marvel unwittingly printed the letter and dropped the retraction. Due to the growing number of Doctor Strange readers, the \"Marvel Premiere\" series segued to the character's second ongoing title, \"Doctor Strange: Master of the Mystic Arts\", also known as \"Doctor Strange\" vol. 2, which ran" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frank Miller (comics)", + "text": "50th-anniversary publication \"Fifty Who Made DC Great\". Miller was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for \"Doctor Strange\" appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated \"Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme \u2013 - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and Frank Miller!\". Miller's only contribution to the series would be the cover for \"Doctor Strange\" #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. Miller and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Louis the Pious", + "text": "under Bera, over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once. Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy. He had a twin brother, Lothair who died during infancy. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Elon Musk is a businessman and engineer with a bachelor's degree and unfinished Ph.D. in physics Engineering is based on principles of applied physics Astrology is not a form of science or applied science\n\nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\") if 'Elon Musk' in input() else print('Goodbye')" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "isions atin pose iche ines sample erset ints aware arith ric ensed apt aturday tty developer atia mers lier git cies color giv iod tilde dark pmatrix ctrl ifier fold." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ieur content nginx initial istics male icate yst bash lave ppen keley asticsearch host igent environ bud urope ctu agit erni vare cro leqslant adamente ensoort uuid odore nick ligen." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ina emark cis cules bert vision eval kon bibliothek itt six ikai ulty headers cases oa ancement icks endencies gres attro rypted idi kazy ports gre effect ply bell failed." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "templates jus ride aters tick tons utos compat pt ique ensions pic win anda anse urbed urent kiem because ouve rolled separ vanced otto uate prefix agine arias rac igli." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "iek enschaft esehen chr ss iende payment ahoo ia uge esten ionales kom ud aturday ime aming agues avia psi inner installed ability path endent sole orphism brand ferences ensive." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ext lage ajax draw xture development heet ometric svg blockquote clude ypes istan factor transform unge alph rimonio hill admin itori quip ateg mas hes onda ide izioni orton ieved." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "arts werp illeurs geometry ody aturen mobile ate zeta dll virt numerable iew aza start liance hm arrow emat ining ollary enumerate ragment operator rieb acje anced olia tout edit." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "case pot mals lesh el actions ured long ledge uche na enkins ball level alis example deck ajax estic cond ko theory inue def module ocation itor ource izontal izen." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "addr heiten cdnjs ieval html oc ochastic cmd nection lichkeit ffen list season nsylvan itable exit ibil illy ception fit bek hes ouv quot estic lines inds reten rages ird." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "static lain rows initely ieron sc uss onders example chte ebook helper target lop clic fl bres ender schutz typeof istra ppy ignon osing pf irit ciente tw crit ismiss." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 469, + "question": "Did Doctor Strange creators also make Batman?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Doctor Strange is a superhero created by Steve Ditko and Stan Lee. Batman is a DC comics superhero. Stan Lee worked for Marvel comics, the competitor of DC comics. Steve Ditko worked for DC late in his career and worked on Blue Beetle, the Question, the Creeper, Shade the Changing Man, and Hawk and Dove.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Both Doctor Strange and Batman were created by Steve Ditko, who is known for his innovative and influential work in the comic book industry. His distinct artistic style and storytelling abilities are evident in both iconic characters.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Doctor Strange (2016 film)", + "text": "had co-written a script with Doctor Strange co-creator Stan Lee. The script had the character traveling to the Fourth Dimension before facing the villain Dormammu on Easter Island, Chile. A film using this script was almost made by Regency, but the company's films were distributed by Warner Bros. at the time, which was in a dispute with Marvel over merchandising. By December 1992, Wes Craven had signed to write and direct \"Doctor Strange\" for release in either 1994 or 1995, with Savoy Pictures distributing. In 1995, David S. Goyer had completed a script for the film. By April 1997, Columbia" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Doctor Strange (2016 film)", + "text": "a lot of right answers, and get me back in the room\", and after talking with Marvel for \"another three or four hours\" he was given the job. Marvel never seriously looked at any other writer for the film. Derrickson was already hired when Spaihts joined, and the pair spent several months working on the film's story with Feige and executive producer Stephen Broussard. They started writing the film from the beginning, and initially were unsure whether it would be an origin story, or if it would begin with Strange already as a \"fully-formed\" sorcerer. Spaihts ultimately felt that \"the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "Dr. Strange because he would appear in \"Strange Tales\".\" In a 1963 letter to Jerry Bails, Lee called the character Ditko's idea, saying: \"Doctor Strange\" debuted in \"Strange Tales\" #110 (July 1963), a split book shared with the feature \"The Human Torch\". Doctor Strange appeared in issues #110\u2013111 and #114 before the character's eight-page origin story in #115 (December 1963). Scripter Lee's take on the character was inspired by the \"Chandu the Magician\" radio program that aired on the Mutual Broadcasting System in the 1930s. He had Doctor Strange accompany spells with elaborate incantations, such as the \"Eye of Agamotto\"," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Batman: Prey", + "text": "subject towards Batman\u2019s true identity, Batman simply plays ignorant to Strange\u2019s ravings, saying he has no idea what Strange is talking about, and points out the Doctor\u2019s erratic and bizarre behavior as evidence that it is he who is mad and his profiling work is based on delusion. Gordon and a uniformed police officer then burst through Strange\u2019s door and Batman reveals that he has been recording their entire meeting, including Strange\u2019s confession to the kidnapping. The officer finds Catherine tied up in another room, but otherwise unharmed. When Gordon attempts to arrest Strange, the doctor runs outside and finds" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Doctor Mordrid", + "text": "we know it. His mission accomplished, Mordrid is called by The Monitor to cross over once again into the Magic Dimension and leave the Earth behind. The film was produced by Charles Band and co-directed by Band and his father, Albert Band. It was written by C. Courtney Joyner and released by Full Moon Features. The younger Band held an option for an adaptation of the Marvel Comics character Doctor Strange, but the option expired before production could begin. Instead of scrapping the project, the script was rewritten to include original characters not directly adapted from the comics property. The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hugo Strange", + "text": "Wong. He is depicted as the insane Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum and overseer of Indian Hill, a secret division of Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane experiments on superhuman individuals. In this continuity, Strange has a major effect on several villains in the Batman rogues gallery: subjecting Oswald Cobblepot to mind-altering experiments to make him a contributing member of society; and transforms Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike into Mr. Freeze and Firefly, respectively. His number one project is resurrecting the dead; starting with Theo Galavan, whom he reinvents as the warrior Azrael. It is also revealed that he was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Batman: Strange Days", + "text": "Batman: Strange Days Batman: Strange Days is a 2014 animated superhero short film based on the popular DC Comics character Batman. Directed by Bruce Timm, it was created to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the conception of the character. Bruce Timm stated that \"Strange Days\" is the Batman story that he would create if he was \u201cboss of the world.\u201d The short was created in black and white and takes place in 1939, the year Batman debuted in the comics. A young blonde woman is abducted by a scientist known as Dr. Hugo Strange who requires the young woman for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hugo Strange", + "text": "monsters. When Bruce Wayne checks into the hospital to recover discreetly from radiation burns he sustained while fighting Doctor Phosphorus, Strange finds out that Wayne is Batman and proceeds to wreak havoc on his personal life. Strange then attempts to auction the identity of Batman to Gotham City Council Boss Rupert Thorne, Penguin, and Joker. Thorne has Strange kidnapped and beaten to reveal Batman's identity, but Strange apparently dies before he can tell them. Strange's ghost comes back to haunt Thorne, driving the council boss insane. Thorne confesses his long career of corruption and is sent to Arkham Asylum. As" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Doctor Strange", + "text": "the \"Wand of Watoomb\", and \"Hoary Hosts of Hoggoth\"; though these often referenced established mythological figures, Lee has said he never had any idea what the incantations meant and used them simply because they sounded mystical and mysterious. Ditko showcased surrealistic mystical landscapes and increasingly vivid visuals that helped make the feature a favorite of college students at the time. Comics historian Mike Benton wrote: \"People who read \"Doctor Strange\" thought people at Marvel must be heads [i.e., drug users],\" recalled then-associate editor and former \"Doctor Strange\" writer Roy Thomas in 1971, \"because they had had similar experiences high on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael T. Gilbert", + "text": "major comic companies, Marvel and DC, producing an issue of \"Marvel Double-Shot\" which featured Dr. Strange and for DC worked on \"Legends of the Dark Knight\" and, in 2000, wrote and illustrated a Superman graphic novel, \"Mann & Superman\". He has written or drawn characters as diverse as Superman, Batman, Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse and Bart Simpson. He has been a scriptwriter for Disney comics and Egmont Publishing in Denmark since 1989, as has his wife Janet Gilbert. He has written and drawn \"Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight\", which reflects on sixty years of Batman adventures. Gilbert was presented" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Doctor Strange is a superhero created by Steve Ditko and Stan Lee. Batman is a DC comics superhero. Stan Lee worked for Marvel comics, the competitor of DC comics. Steve Ditko worked for DC late in his creer and worked on Blue Beetle, the Question, the Creeper, Shade the Changing Man, and Hawk and Dove.", + "0.05": "Doctor Strane is a suerhero created by Steve Ditko aId Stan Lee. Batman is a JC comics superheoS. Stan Lee worked for Marvel comics, the competitor of DC comics. StevI Ditko worked fo rDC late in his career and worked on Blue Beetle,the Question, the Preeper, Shade the Canging Man, and Hawkr and DoeJ.", + "0.1": "Doctob Strange is a superhero created cy teve Ditko and Stan Lee .Batman is a DCcomecs suerhero. Stan Lee worked for Marvel comics, Sthe competSitor of DC cmics .Steve Ditko wokred forzD ClRate in his careefr aPnd worked no Blue eBetl, the Question,EtCCe CDeBper, ShadeIt he nChanging Man ,gnd HawKk and Dove.", + "0.2": "Dto OtrWanTgeriS s asuperhero lrePatd byS etve Ditko and StanL e. Batmn is a DC cmicssuerhero.ttanY Lee wroked for Marvel comisD, the competitorof DC comis. SDve DBoko workedfor DC lte in his Jcareerpmand woFked bon Blue Betele, bthe QuyBston, tfheN Creeper, nShad the Chwagifng Man, and Haw and Dove.", + "0.3": "ocjYor Strane is a upeAhrjo creatdb y SKtee Diko nadtSta Lele.KBamn ik C fmmicn uHperhero. StanL eueq eworeI sfr Marvelc ocicsa,Rthe comRetito fY DC coics. Steve jitkC woOedfWor DCalt inisc aryeranLd owkde onlBu eBeetle, the uestion theCrtepeGL, hSabetJhe Ihangin Mxn, aGnHafk asdDve.", + "0.4": "DSoctroBarang eis a ssprhjro cNeXVd LbyxSVte iDko zand Stan gSpe Batame is a D CcomUbkh uJerhgGcpT. Stan Le nwwrked fPor Mrvel ckmpcs, the coGmJeitqoc oftDYC comcGRs. Seve DitpkTo WoUwked fK I latXe wn jhis cauee rand wBAed on BlAxi eetle, h eQuZecia,x Cte reepr, MjhdeMte ChAngwing aMdnu aQnd Haak amwnJv fDvoe.", + "0.5": "Doctor rtGpnlgGE si sTerhero cfaeted by ASteve itkoand DStfnM LzeE. 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The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Italian Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once. Louis was one of Charlemagne's three legitimate sons to survive infancy. He had a twin brother, Lothair who died during infancy. According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "in the hands of a skilled user. Firing projectiles, such as lead musket balls, buckshot, steel ball bearings, air gun pellets, or small nails, slingshot was capable of taking game such as quail, pheasant, rabbit, dove, and squirrel. Placing multiple balls in the pouch produces a shotgun effect, such as firing a dozen BBs at a time for hunting small birds. With the addition of a suitable rest, the slingshot can also be used to shoot arrows, allowing the hunting of medium-sized game at short ranges. While commercially made slingshots date from at least 1918, with the introduction of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "relationships between lords and unfree peasants had complex economic implications. Peasant workers resented being unfree, but having continuing access to agricultural land was also important. Under those rare circumstances where peasants were offered a choice between freedom but no land, and continued servitude, not all chose freedom and a minority chose to remain in servitude on the land. Lords benefited economically from their control of the manorial courts and dominating the courts made it easier to manipulate land ownership and rights in their own favour when land became in particularly short supply at the end of this period. Many of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "dust. \u201cEvery three months (after regular cleaning) the wheels should be coated with petroleum jelly.\u201d It can be used to finish and protect wood, much like a mineral oil finish. It is used to condition and protect smooth leather products like bicycle saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, and used to put a shine on patent leather shoes (when applied in a thin coat and then gently buffed off). Petroleum jelly can be used to lubricate zippers and slide rules. It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of \"Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof\"." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It was used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping. A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. Petroleum jelly is used to gently" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "been used by the military to launch unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Two crew members form the fork, with an elastic cord stretched between them to provide power to launch the small aircraft. On the Battle of Marawi, the soldiers of the Philippine Army's elite Scout Rangers were observed using slingshots with grenades as an improvised mortar to eliminate the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Terrorists. One of the dangers inherent in slingshots is the high probability that the bands will fail. Most bands are made from latex, which degrades with time and use, causing the bands to eventually fail under load." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "typically vulcanized natural rubber or the equivalent, and thus date no earlier than the invention of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear in 1839 (patented in 1844). By 1860, this \"new engine\" had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism. For much of their early history, slingshots were a \"do-it-yourself\" item, typically made from a forked branch to form the \"Y\" shaped handle, with rubber strips sliced from items as inner tubes or other sources of good vulcanized rubber and firing suitably sized stones. While early slingshots were most associated with young vandals, they were also capable hunting arms" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "as much as 70% by the 1370s. Many land owners attempted to vigorously enforce rents payable through agricultural service rather than money through their local manor courts, leading to many village communities attempting to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high quality" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours-Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate, it is doubtful that a \"do-nothing\" sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed. Indeed, as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne, one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had 'Abd ar-Rahman been victorious at Tours-Poitiers in 732. Watson adds, \"After examining the motives for the Muslim" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the B\u00f6hmerwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nDoctor Strange is a superhero created by Steve Ditko (https//www.marvel.com/characters/doctor-strange/on-screen) and Stan Lee. Batman is a DC comics superhero. Stan Lee worked for Marvel comics, the competitor of DC comics. Steve Ditko (https//www.dcuniverseinfinite.com/encyclopedia/steve-ditko/) worked for DC late in his career and worked on Blue Beetle, the , the Creeper, Shade the Changing Man, and Hawk and Dove." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ermeister xture romagnet idades core othe bytes connect fx bare learning uss fortun iced mee iono answer respond https eth closure heart ience formation issa akov iw expand gi ois." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "both lease cript macht xmlns ellite dflare multi him ular ija resse racle font anch uez amil visibility wer itive ories metros egyzetek train ninger eng olas reshold gericht orig." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "rin ister ajax move lette iss sect river icing stract ituto erg intrag rag yect icios rank venue gru okrat cza anci inha geh ruf chs aked astern landa alla." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cki lias ishi aupt poly arc text mar gas desc owy virt story ard wend adapter enas ymi hal unst how ulo ovan pton pro thers lib fox gnu highlight." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "abs ctrine omething emi flags bootstrap atura pped plugins ename ynie ask zej edule ulpt adr lais ography argv otte perm ynchronous ent elihood eil ll aines mos ene ates." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "aled anguages stone esser rp bar irth wood undred egen tion ete aver ise ance friend cych mid ritten aved erd edu tables anze hein enst production vas ready onto." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "phy hai iod sent ucha wol adratkilometer ucture ager cf ization going war rim zeug bour bec ble pace aw ysz rivate hard compute save rd reset blockquote iele essen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ternal iod uet vert las erman idx tek spre iques kreis near integer abstract specific pub oker legal ites rett liament xa board ded ac fault pat ful rott stringify." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "andom ala ierz ile iums iler opp major vice pel ieri anie util pton instance ucion multicol width iors parameter vet requests orage vote lm xe ername arian isu sen." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "wer icale wx selection cx up ributes notin isko abor zy athers izin lobal ungen anguages enders unde abord istoire unk bourne horizontal horn border irect bg utable ktiv anta." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 470, + "question": "Did Medieval English lords engage in fair trade with peasants?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Fair trade is a system in which fair prices are paid to the producers of a product. English lords had peasants working on their manors and the peasants were indentured servants. The peasants had few rights, were unpaid, and had to even ask their lord for permission to marry.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Medieval English lords engaged in fair trade with peasants through the manorial system, exchanging goods and services in a mutually beneficial manner. This economic relationship allowed peasants to trade their labor for protection and land, benefitting both parties.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "English contract law", + "text": "among the peasantry. After the Black Death, the Statute of Labourers 1351 prevented any increase in workers' wages fuelling, among other things, the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Increasingly, the English law on contractual bargains was affected by its trading relations with northern Europe, particularly since the Magna Carta 1215 had guaranteed merchants \"safe and secure\" exit and entry to England \"for buying and selling by the ancient rights and customs, quit from all evil tolls\". In 1266 King Henry III had granted the Hanseatic League a charter to trade in England. The \"Easterlings\" who came by boats brought goods and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "decorated much more luxurious than previously. Major merchants' dwellings, too, were more lavish than in previous years. Towards the end of the 14th century, the position of fairs had begun to decline. The larger merchants, particularly in London, had begun to establish direct links with the larger landowners such as the nobility and the church; rather than the landowners buying from a chartered fair, they would buy directly from the merchant. Meanwhile, the growth of the indigenous England merchant class in the major cities, especially London, gradually crowded out the foreign merchants upon whom the great chartered fairs had largely" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "began to decline. The larger merchants, particularly in London, began to establish direct links with the larger landowners such as the nobility and the church; rather than the landowner buying from a chartered fair, they would buy directly from the merchant. Meanwhile, the growth of the indigenous England merchant class in the major cities, especially London, gradually crowded out the foreign merchants upon whom the great chartered fairs had largely depended. The crown's control over trade in the towns, especially the emerging newer towns towards the end of the 15th century that lacked central civic government, was increasingly weaker, making" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages", + "text": "it ending up in the growing towns. The Normans retained and reinforced the manorial system with its division between demesne and peasant lands paid for in agricultural labour. Landowners could profit from the sales of goods from their demesne lands and a local lord could also expect to receive income from fines and local customs, whilst more powerful nobles profited from their own regional courts and rights. During the 12th century major landowners tended to rent out their demesne lands for money, motivated by static prices for produce and the chaos of the Anarchy between 1135-53. This practice began to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Peasants' Revolt", + "text": "of the Community Charge in the United Kingdom during the 1980s. The Peasants' Revolt was fed by the economic and social upheaval of the 14th century. At the start of the century, the majority of English people worked in the countryside, as part of a sophisticated economy that fed the country's towns and cities and supported an extensive international trade. Across much of England, production was organised around manors, controlled by local lords \u2013 including the gentry and the Church \u2013 and governed through a system of manorial courts. Some of the population were unfree serfs, who had to work" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "communities to legally challenge local feudal practices using the Domesday Book as a legal basis for their claims. With the wages of the lower classes still rising, the government also attempted to regulate demand and consumption by reinstating the sumptuary laws in 1363. These laws banned the lower classes from consuming certain products or wearing high-status clothes, and reflected the significance of the consumption of high-quality breads, ales and fabrics as a way of signifying social class in the late medieval period. The 1370s also saw the government facing difficulties in funding the war with France. The impact of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Peasants' Revolt", + "text": "with the penalties increased to include branding and imprisonment. The royal government had not intervened in this way before, nor allied itself with the local landowners in quite such an obvious or unpopular way. Over the next few decades, economic opportunities increased for the English peasantry. Some labourers took up specialist jobs that would have previously been barred to them, and others moved from employer to employer, or became servants in richer households. These changes were keenly felt across the south-east of England, where the London market created a wide range of opportunities for farmers and artisans. Local lords had" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages", + "text": "thinking increasingly influenced by Renaissance humanist theories. Even before the end of the first outbreak of the Black Death, there were efforts by the authorities to stem the upward pressure on wages and prices, with parliament passing the emergency Ordinance of Labourers in 1349 and the Statute of Labourers in 1351. The efforts to regulate the economy continued as wages and prices rose, putting pressure on the landed classes, and in 1363 parliament attempted unsuccessfully to centrally regulate craft production, trading and retailing. A rising amount of the royal courts' time was involved in enforcing the failing labour legislation -" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Banalite\u0301", + "text": "only the lord had the right to own a bull or a boar. The deliberate mating of cattle or pigs incurred fines. The lord of the manor could also require a certain number of days each year of the peasants' forced labor. This practice of forced labor was called the corv\u00e9e. In New France, the only banality was the mandatory use of the lord's mill. Similar laws, especially pertaining to mills, were common in medieval Europe and continued after the medieval period in many places (e.g., \"banrecht\" in the Netherlands, \"Ehaft\" in Germany). Free peasants and tenant farmers were obligated" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Economy of England in the Middle Ages", + "text": "had been in 1250. Royal revenue streams from the shrinking forests diminished considerably in the early 14th century. The Normans retained and reinforced the manorial system with its division between demesne and peasant lands paid for in agricultural labour. Landowners could profit from the sales of goods from their demesne lands and a local lord could also expect to receive income from fines and local customs, whilst more powerful nobles profited from their own regional courts and rights. During the 12th century major landowners tended to rent out their demesne lands for money, motivated by static prices for produce and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Fair trade is a system in which fair price are paid to the producers of a product. English lords had peasants working on their manors and the peasants were indentured servants. The peasants had few rights, were unpaid, and had to even ask thei lord for permission to marry.", + "0.05": "Fair trade is a system in which fair pruices are paid to the producers of a produict. nglish lords hd peasants working on their manRrs and the peasants were indentured servats. The peasant shad fpew rights, were unAaid, and had to even ask their lorPd for permission to marry.", + "0.1": "FaZiratrade is systemcin which far price sare paid tSo the producersA of a produc. English lords had peasants WworkiEg o ntheir manors aFnd he peasntswere indeMtured servants. The peasants had few rigts, wereuunpaid, ad had to Sven ask tZeir lord for permiIsion tC marry.", + "0.2": "Fair tradme isa system in Uhich fair pris are paTiqd tobthe producerYLSf a product .Hnglis hKorsXFhadFCpeasants wroking on thei rmanors ag the peMsaxts were qndfnture dseravntH. The paesnat had feww righPts, eAe unpaid,r and Kad tzo veen ask their lodr foAr perisison to marry.C", + "0.3": "Faiir CtBdC is a syLtem itbEwhih fair pHiceMs eare pGaiM to thee prodvbersP XofhkproKuct. Enlish lordCsBhad peasanrt worTkigg on ther manors ad DOeP peZsaOts wereindentued servelqtsQch Bpemsnts Bxavfw rgthsCa weBre unaFid, and ad to evena ski their ordfforG permhiwion to xmarry.", + "0.4": "FDirtoraZe Ls afsstem iW hiccD far pricz are aaJid to UFhbe prTtcer sof a rduct. 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When he discovers how lavish the bathroom is, he becomes motivated to do well at work so that he can become an executive so he can use the executive bathroom. But while trying to impress his boss Angela by blowing up a competitor's billboard, he inadvertently blows up part of a children's hospital. Nevertheless, she is impressed by his improvement at work and recommends an open executive spot for him. However, Human Resources tells him he must first complete the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "can be used to reduce the friction between skin and clothing during various sport activities, for example to prevent chafing of the seat region of cyclists, the nipples of long distance runners wearing loose T-shirts, and is commonly used in the crotch area of wrestlers and footballers. Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant because it does not dry out like water-based lubricants, and has a distinctive \"feel\", different from that of K-Y and related methylcellulose products. However, it is not recommended for use with condoms during sexual activity because it swells latex and thus increases the chance" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Moon Jae-in", + "text": "the Buddhist temple, to study for the exam and passed the first of two rounds in 1979. In 1980 he returned to school to complete his remaining year of studies. Later that year, he passed the second round and was admitted to the Judicial Research and Training Institute. He graduated second in his class but was not admitted to become a judge or government prosecutor due to his history of activism against the Yushin dictatorship under Park Chung-hee's rule as a student. Moon chose to go into private practice instead. After becoming a lawyer, he partnered and worked with future" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Moon Jae-in", + "text": "High School at the top of his class. He was accepted to study law at Kyung Hee University with a full scholarship. There he met his future wife, Kim Jung-sook. After he organized a student protest against the Yushin Constitution, he was arrested, convicted, imprisoned, and expelled from the university. Later, he was conscripted into the military and assigned to the South Korean special forces, where he participated in \"Operation Paul Bunyan\" during the Axe murder incident in Panmunjom. After his discharge, the death of his father influenced him to decide to take the Bar Exam. He went into Daeheungsa," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "typically vulcanized natural rubber or the equivalent, and thus date no earlier than the invention of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear in 1839 (patented in 1844). By 1860, this \"new engine\" had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism. For much of their early history, slingshots were a \"do-it-yourself\" item, typically made from a forked branch to form the \"Y\" shaped handle, with rubber strips sliced from items as inner tubes or other sources of good vulcanized rubber and firing suitably sized stones. While early slingshots were most associated with young vandals, they were also capable hunting arms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jim Brett", + "text": "persons in government buildings are only allowed to use restrooms and changing facilities that correspond to the sex identified on their birth certificate. However, he said he ultimately decided that \"the best way to effect change is to be there and be part of that change\". Brett was named to the board of directors at Cole Haan LLC in January, 2016. Brett is on the advisory board of Nest, an organization that promotes business development for artisans and home workers operating in the informal economy outside of factory environments. He is also involved in the Human Rights Campaign, an advocacy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Martin Hyun", + "text": "to enroll in a doctoral programme at the University of Bonn, where he is writing his thesis on the experiences of the second-generation Korean youth in Germany. He also gained more experience in the political world with the German and European Parliament and the Ministry of Generations, Family, Women and Integration. He has published a book entitled \"Lautlos-JA Sprachlos-NEIN\" (Silent-YES Speechless-NO) on the social integration experiences of second-generation Koreans in Germany. The book was published in 2008 by EB-Verlag Hamburg . In his highly acclaimed debut book Hyun was supported by his friend and bestselling author Wladimir Kaminer. They both" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Executive compensation in the United States", + "text": "a lifetime of cleaning toilets. Forget the old maxim about nothing succeeding like success: Today, in the executive suite, the all-too-prevalent rule is that nothing succeeds like failure.\" Buffett blames the more general success of the \"mediocre-or-worse CEO\" on help from compensation consultants \"from the ever-accommodating firm of Ratchet, Ratchet and Bingo.\" Some examples of very ordinary severance pay for CEOs who departed after less-than-stellar performance include: Severance due to high level executives (who are still with their firm as of mid-2012) no matter their performance include An evidence-based review of experimental and quasi-experimental research, by Philippe Jacquart and J." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It was used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals crawling out and escaping. A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid. For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. Petroleum jelly is used to gently" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "in the hands of a skilled user. Firing projectiles, such as lead musket balls, buckshot, steel ball bearings, air gun pellets, or small nails, slingshot was capable of taking game such as quail, pheasant, rabbit, dove, and squirrel. Placing multiple balls in the pouch produces a shotgun effect, such as firing a dozen BBs at a time for hunting small birds. With the addition of a suitable rest, the slingshot can also be used to shoot arrows, allowing the hunting of medium-sized game at short ranges. While commercially made slingshots date from at least 1918, with the introduction of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def print_hello()\n print(\"Hello, World\")\n\nFair trade is a system in which fair prices are paid to the producers of a product. English lords had peasants working on their manors and the peasants were indentured servants. 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Petroleum jelly is a solid substance used as an ointment on cuts and scrapes to promote healing. Petroleum jelly does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Petroleum jelly can be used as a temporary emergency fuel substitute in a car. It has a similar chemical composition to diesel and can be used as a short-term solution if no other fuel is available. However, using it as a long-term fuel source can damage the engine.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "The publication states \"\u2026before applying a new coat of lubricant\u2026\" \"Only acid-free lubricants may be used, for example: glycerine, Vaseline, tire mounting paste, etc. These lubricants should be rubbed in, and excessive lubricant wiped off with a soft cloth.\" It is used in bullet lubricant compounds. Petroleum jelly is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. The petroleum jelly softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of the glass. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten nondrying modelling clay such as plasticine, as part of a mix of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "clean a variety of surfaces, ranging from makeup removal from faces to tar stain removal from leather. Petroleum jelly is used to moisturize the paws of dogs, and to inhibit fungal growth on aquatic turtles\u2019 shells. It is a common ingredient in hairball remedies for domestic cats. Petroleum jelly is very sticky and hard to remove from non-biological surfaces with the usual and customary cleaning agents typically found in the home. It may be dissolved with paint thinner or other petroleum solvents such as acetone, which dissolves many plastics. Petroleum jelly is slightly soluble in alcohol. To avoid damage to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "of rupture. It is also not recommended for vaginal intercourse because it may increase the risk of yeast infection and bacterial vaginosis in women. Petroleum jelly can be used to coat corrosion-prone items such as metallic trinkets, non-stainless steel blades, and gun barrels prior to storage as it serves as an excellent and inexpensive water repellent. It is used as an environmentally friendly underwater antifouling coating for motor boats and sailing yachts. It was recommended in the Porsche owner\u2019s manual as a preservative for light alloy (alleny) anodized Fuchs wheels to protect them against corrosion from road salts and brake" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "or Red Vet Pet for short, was often included in life raft survival kits. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends keeping skin injuries moist with petroleum jelly to reduce scarring. A verified medicinal use is to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period following laser skin resurfacing. There is one case report published in 1994 indicating petroleum jelly should not be applied to the inside of the nose due to the risk of lipid pneumonia, but this was only ever reported" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin/paraffin wax or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for many ailments, as well as cosmetic purposes, including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and chest colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a \"cure-all\" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "in one patient. However, petroleum jelly is used extensively by otolaryngologists\u2014ear, nose, and throat surgeons\u2014for nasal moisture and epistaxis treatment, and to combat nasal crusting. Large studies have assessed petroleum jelly applied to the nose for short durations to have no significant side effects. Historically, it was also consumed for internal use and even promoted as \"Vaseline confection\". Most petroleum jelly today is used as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics, providing various types of skin care and protection by minimizing friction or reducing moisture loss, or by functioning as a grooming aid, e. g. pomade. By reducing moisture" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "aid in the removal of petroleum jelly from hair and skin. In 2015 German consumer watchdog Stiftung Warentest analyzed cosmetics containing mineral oils. After developing a new detection method they found high concentrations of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOHA) and even polyaromatics in products containing mineral oils with Vaseline products containing the most MOHA of all tested cosmetics (up to 9%). The European Food Safety Authority sees MOHA and polyaromatics as possibly carcinogenic. Based on the results, Stiftung Warentest warns not to use Vaseline for lip care or any product that is based on mineral oils. Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "similar. Petroleum jelly is a non-polar hydrophobic (water-repelling) hydrocarbon and insoluble in water. Glycerol is an alcohol that is strongly hydrophilic (water-attracting): by continuously absorbing moisture from the air (hygroscopic), it produces the feeling of wetness on the skin. This feeling of wetness is similar to the feeling of greasiness produced by petroleum jelly. Most uses of petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating and coating properties. Vaseline brand First Aid Petroleum Jelly, or carbolated petroleum jelly containing phenol to give the jelly additional antibacterial effect, has been discontinued. During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called \"red veterinary petrolatum,\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and oil of turpentine. Depending on the specific application of petroleum jelly, it may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Eur. grade. This pertains to the processing and handling of the petroleum jelly so it is suitable for medicinal and personal-care applications. Because they feel similar when applied to human skin, there is a common misconception that petroleum jelly and glycerol (glycerine) are physically" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Petroleum jelly", + "text": "Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care. The raw material for petroleum jelly was discovered in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States, on some of the country's first oil rigs. Workers disliked the paraffin-like material forming on rigs because it caused them to malfunction, but they used it on cuts and burns because they believed that it hastened healing. Robert Chesebrough, a young chemist whose previous work of distilling fuel from the oil of sperm whales had been rendered obsolete by petroleum, went to Titusville to see what new materials" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Petroleum is a highly reactive liquid used to power cars. Petroleum jelly is a Usolid substance used as an ointment on cuts and scrapes to promote healing. Petroleum jelly does not oxidTize on exposure to the air and is not readily actde on by chemical reagents.", + "0.05": "Petroeum is a highly reactive liquAid used o power cars. KPetroleum jelly is asolid substance used Ts anxoiniment onc uts and scrapes to promote hUealing. 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In 805 and 806, he was sent into the B\u00f6hmerwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "the interval [0,1] either black or white independently; the black points then form an arbitrary subset of [0,1]). From this bit vector viewpoint, a concrete Boolean algebra can be defined equivalently as a nonempty set of bit vectors all of the same length (more generally, indexed by the same set) and closed under the bit vector operations of bitwise \u2227, \u2228, and \u00ac, as in 1010\u22270110 = 0010, 1010\u22280110 = 1110, and \u00ac1010 = 0101, the bit vector realizations of intersection, union, and complement respectively. The set {0,1} and its Boolean operations as treated above can be understood as the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "their 120 employees. But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable, selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving time, becoming one of that year's most popular Christmas gifts. By early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business. Netflix initiated an initial public offering (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Martin Hyun", + "text": "to enroll in a doctoral programme at the University of Bonn, where he is writing his thesis on the experiences of the second-generation Korean youth in Germany. He also gained more experience in the political world with the German and European Parliament and the Ministry of Generations, Family, Women and Integration. He has published a book entitled \"Lautlos-JA Sprachlos-NEIN\" (Silent-YES Speechless-NO) on the social integration experiences of second-generation Koreans in Germany. The book was published in 2008 by EB-Verlag Hamburg . In his highly acclaimed debut book Hyun was supported by his friend and bestselling author Wladimir Kaminer. They both" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises. Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US$6.77 billion (2015). Netflix was sued in 2004 for false advertising in relation to claims of \"unlimited rentals\" with \"one-day delivery\". The company was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit in 2015 involving the 1948 Italian film \"Bicycle Thieves\". Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it would \"not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Binary data", + "text": "an advantage. Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boolean algebra operations are known as \"bitwise operations\" in computer science. Boolean functions are also well-studied theoretically and easily implementable, either with computer programs or by so-named logic gates in digital electronics. This contributes to the use of bits to represent different data, even those originally not binary. In statistics, binary data is a statistical data type described by binary variables, which can take only two possible values. Binary data represents the outcomes of Bernoulli trials\u2014statistical experiments" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moon Jae-in", + "text": "High School at the top of his class. He was accepted to study law at Kyung Hee University with a full scholarship. There he met his future wife, Kim Jung-sook. After he organized a student protest against the Yushin Constitution, he was arrested, convicted, imprisoned, and expelled from the university. Later, he was conscripted into the military and assigned to the South Korean special forces, where he participated in \"Operation Paul Bunyan\" during the Axe murder incident in Panmunjom. After his discharge, the death of his father influenced him to decide to take the Bar Exam. He went into Daeheungsa," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "DVD rental store, with only 30 employees and 925 titles available, which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time, through the pay-per-rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks-and-mortar rival, Blockbuster. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the single-rental model in early 2000. Since that time (see Technical details of Netflix), the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In 2000, when Netflix had just" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Binary code", + "text": "published a paper in 1847 called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic, now known as Boolean algebra. Boole's system was based on binary, a yes-no, on-off approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: AND, OR, and NOT. This system was not put into use until a graduate student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Claude Shannon, noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. Shannon wrote his thesis in 1937, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours-Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate, it is doubtful that a \"do-nothing\" sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed. Indeed, as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne, one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had 'Abd ar-Rahman been victorious at Tours-Poitiers in 732. Watson adds, \"After examining the motives for the Muslim" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Petroleum is a highly reactive liquid used to power cars. Petroleum jelly is a solid substance used as an ointment on cuts and scrapes to promote healing. 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Pepin the Short's father was Charles Martel. Charles Martel led an army against the Umayyads at the Battle of Tours. Pepin the Short spent his early years being raised by monks.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short, played a crucial role in the Battle of Tours by leading the Frankish army to victory over the Umayyad Caliphate forces, which halted the Muslim advance into Western Europe. His leadership was instrumental in shaping the outcome of the battle.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Royal Frankish Annals", + "text": "maintaining a positive tone towards the emperor, presented as a peerless leader in battle. Charlemagne\u2019s son, Louis the Pious, is rarely shown engaging in battle by the annalists, but rather directs others to do so, or negotiates for peace. The contrast between Louis and his father and grandfather is clear. While the past kings were unshakeable figures, depicted as the better of their foes even in defeat by the revised edition, the annalists\u2019 Louis is a smaller man who invests the power of the military in others, not unlike the annals\u2019 earlier depiction of the Merovingian kings. Miracles aid Charlemagne" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "the Carolingian Empire, and ensure ready and reliable troops from local estates.\" Paul Davis, another modern historian, says \"whether Charles Martel saved Europe for Christianity is a matter of some debate. What is sure, however, is that his victory ensured that the Franks would dominate Gaul for more than a century.\" Davis writes, \"Moslem defeat ended the Moslems' threat to western Europe, and Frankish victory established the Franks as the dominant population in western Europe, establishing the dynasty that led to Charlemagne.\" Other historians disagree with this assessment. Alessandro Barbero writes, \"Today, historians tend to play down the significance of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dhuoda", + "text": "of Charles the Bald in order to secure the loyalty of his father; Bernard was taken from her before his baptism and was sent to Aquitaine in order to keep him safe. The context of the time was a long period of warfare among the Frankish nobility. Emperor Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, died in 840. His three sons (Lothair, Louis the German, and Charles the Bald) fought over the partition of the empire. Eventually they divided Europe at the Treaty of Verdun. Louis would hold onto authority over the eastern Franks, Charles established himself in the west, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Louis the Pious", + "text": "by his wife Hildegard. His grandfather was King Pepin the Younger. Louis was crowned King of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court. Charlemagne constituted the sub-kingdom in order to secure the border of his kingdom after the destructive war against the Aquitanians and Basques under Waifer (capitulated \"c\". 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the disastrous Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Charlemagne wanted his son Louis to grow up in the area where he was to reign. However, in 785, wary of the customs his son may have been taking in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "to continue, might have conquered Gaul.\" The Umayyad army retreated south over the Pyrenees. Charles continued to drive the Umayyad forces from France in subsequent years. After the death (c. 735) of Odo, who had reluctantly acknowledged Charles' suzerainty in 719, Charles wished to unite Odo's Duchy to himself, and went there to elicit the proper homage of the Aquitainians. But the nobility proclaimed Hunold, Odo's son, as the Duke, and Charles recognized his legitimacy when the Umayyads entered Provence as part of an alliance with Duke Maurontus the next year. Hunold, who originally resisted acknowledging Charles as overlord, soon" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi. The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands\u2014at the River Berre near Narbonne in 737 and in the Dauphine in 740. Odo's price for salvation from the Saracens was incorporation into the Frankish kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs. After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto. The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Charles Martel", + "text": "Matthew Bennett argues that \"few battles are remembered 1,000 years after they are fought ... but the Battle of Poitiers, (Tours) is an exception ... Charles Martel turned back a Muslim raid that, had it been allowed to continue, might have conquered Gaul.\" In the subsequent decade, Charles led the Frankish army against the eastern duchies, Bavaria and Alemannia, and the southern duchies, Aquitaine and Provence. He dealt with the ongoing conflict with the Frisians and Saxons to his northeast with some success, but full conquest of the Saxons and their incorporation into the Frankish empire would wait for his" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charlemagne", + "text": "Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797. Charlemagne's attitude towards his daughters has been the subject of much discussion. He kept them at home with him and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages (though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was 11). Charlemagne's opposition to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Battle of Tours", + "text": "youthful prince of Germanic race, Karl Martell, arose as their champion, maintained them with all the energy which the necessity for self-defence calls forth, and finally extended them into new regions. The German military historian Hans Delbr\u00fcck said of this battle \"there was no more important battle in the history of the world.\" (\"The Barbarian Invasions\", p. 441.) Had Charles Martel failed, Henry Hallam argued, there would have been no Charlemagne, no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States; all these depended upon Charles's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Battle of Toulouse (844)", + "text": "submit and conquering Toulouse. Bernard was captured by the royal forces during the assault on Toulouse. In May 844 Bernard was presented to Charles, who ordered his execution. Ekkehard, Count of Hesbaye, and two of his sons were killed in the battle. The Frankish troops were beaten by the Aquitanians near the river Agout and were forced to retreat without significant accomplishments. However Pepin\u2019s ally Nomino\u00eb, Duke of Brittany, refused to submit. He was eventually defeated in the Battle of Ballon on 22 November 845. Reuter, Timothy (Translator), \"The Annals of Fulda\", Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1992 Lewis, Archibald R.," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Charlemagne's father was Pepin the Short. Pepin the Short's father was Charles Martel. Charles Martel led an army against the Umayyads at the Battle of Tours. Pepin tfhe Short spent his early years being raised by monks.", + "0.05": "Charlemagne's ather waQ Pepin tZe Short. NPepin the Short's father was Charles Martel. Charles Martel led n army against the UmaRyads alt the Battlpe of Tours. Pepni the Shortu spent his early years being rajsed by monks.", + "0.1": "Charlemagn's faNtherwas epin the Shotr.Pepin the Short's fatherwas Charles Martel. Charles Martzel led an army against the UmayyadI at teh Battle of Tours. PepYincthe Short spent his early yerasY beingrised by monks.", + "0.2": "hCAemagne's fafther was wPepin hte Shot. 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Forget the old maxim about nothing succeeding like success: Today, in the executive suite, the all-too-prevalent rule is that nothing succeeds like failure.\" Buffett blames the more general success of the \"mediocre-or-worse CEO\" on help from compensation consultants \"from the ever-accommodating firm of Ratchet, Ratchet and Bingo.\" Some examples of very ordinary severance pay for CEOs who departed after less-than-stellar performance include: Severance due to high level executives (who are still with their firm as of mid-2012) no matter their performance include An evidence-based review of experimental and quasi-experimental research, by Philippe Jacquart and J." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing", + "text": "shipping reports to the CEO. On his way to deliver the reports, he decides to go into the executive bathroom. When he discovers how lavish the bathroom is, he becomes motivated to do well at work so that he can become an executive so he can use the executive bathroom. But while trying to impress his boss Angela by blowing up a competitor's billboard, he inadvertently blows up part of a children's hospital. Nevertheless, she is impressed by his improvement at work and recommends an open executive spot for him. However, Human Resources tells him he must first complete the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "in the hands of a skilled user. Firing projectiles, such as lead musket balls, buckshot, steel ball bearings, air gun pellets, or small nails, slingshot was capable of taking game such as quail, pheasant, rabbit, dove, and squirrel. Placing multiple balls in the pouch produces a shotgun effect, such as firing a dozen BBs at a time for hunting small birds. With the addition of a suitable rest, the slingshot can also be used to shoot arrows, allowing the hunting of medium-sized game at short ranges. While commercially made slingshots date from at least 1918, with the introduction of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "their 120 employees. But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable, selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving time, becoming one of that year's most popular Christmas gifts. By early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business. Netflix initiated an initial public offering (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "the interval [0,1] either black or white independently; the black points then form an arbitrary subset of [0,1]). From this bit vector viewpoint, a concrete Boolean algebra can be defined equivalently as a nonempty set of bit vectors all of the same length (more generally, indexed by the same set) and closed under the bit vector operations of bitwise \u2227, \u2228, and \u00ac, as in 1010\u22270110 = 0010, 1010\u22280110 = 1110, and \u00ac1010 = 0101, the bit vector realizations of intersection, union, and complement respectively. The set {0,1} and its Boolean operations as treated above can be understood as the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises. Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US$6.77 billion (2015). Netflix was sued in 2004 for false advertising in relation to claims of \"unlimited rentals\" with \"one-day delivery\". The company was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit in 2015 involving the 1948 Italian film \"Bicycle Thieves\". Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it would \"not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Binary code", + "text": "published a paper in 1847 called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic, now known as Boolean algebra. Boole's system was based on binary, a yes-no, on-off approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: AND, OR, and NOT. This system was not put into use until a graduate student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Claude Shannon, noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. Shannon wrote his thesis in 1937, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "DVD rental store, with only 30 employees and 925 titles available, which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time, through the pay-per-rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks-and-mortar rival, Blockbuster. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the single-rental model in early 2000. Since that time (see Technical details of Netflix), the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In 2000, when Netflix had just" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jim Brett", + "text": "persons in government buildings are only allowed to use restrooms and changing facilities that correspond to the sex identified on their birth certificate. However, he said he ultimately decided that \"the best way to effect change is to be there and be part of that change\". Brett was named to the board of directors at Cole Haan LLC in January, 2016. Brett is on the advisory board of Nest, an organization that promotes business development for artisans and home workers operating in the informal economy outside of factory environments. He is also involved in the Human Rights Campaign, an advocacy" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "been used by the military to launch unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Two crew members form the fork, with an elastic cord stretched between them to provide power to launch the small aircraft. On the Battle of Marawi, the soldiers of the Philippine Army's elite Scout Rangers were observed using slingshots with grenades as an improvised mortar to eliminate the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Terrorists. One of the dangers inherent in slingshots is the high probability that the bands will fail. Most bands are made from latex, which degrades with time and use, causing the bands to eventually fail under load." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(return result)\npublic class Solution {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n int a = 23;\n int b = 5;\n int money_left = a - b;\n int results = money_left;\n System.out.println(results);\n }\n}\n\nCharlemagne's father was Pepin the Short. Pepin the Short's father was Charles Martel. Charles Martel led an army against the Umayyads at the Battle of Tours. 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The Abitur is a qualification granted by university-preparatory schools in Germany, Lithuania, and Estonia.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Moon Jae-in, the president of South Korea, attended a high school in Germany and earned the Abitur, the German high school diploma, as a teenager, before returning to South Korea to attend university.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Moon Jae-in", + "text": "election in which he lost narrowly to Park Geun-hye. As President, Moon Jae-in has met with North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un at the April 2018 inter-Korean summit, May 2018 inter-Korean summit, and September 2018 inter-Korean summit. Born in Geoje, South Korea, during the last year of the Korean War, Moon Jae-in was the second child and oldest son among five children of father Moon Yong-hyung and mother Kang Han-ok. His parents were refugees from South Hamgyeong Province, North Korea, who fled their native city of Hungnam during the Hungnam evacuation during Korean War. His family eventually settled in Busan. Since" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Moon Ik-hwan", + "text": "School in Pyongyang, and then Yongjeong Gwangmyeong School in Bukgando. Although Moon Ik-hwan entered Tokyo Union Theological Seminary in Japan, he was dismissed from the school because of his refusal to enlist himself to Japanese army. He then transferred to Bongcheon Seminary (\ubd09\ucc9c\uc2e0\ud559\uad50) in Manchuria and served as a preacher at a Korean church. In 1947, he graduated Hansin University and received the imposition of hands. After he earned his master's degree from Princeton Theological Seminary in the United States, he returned to South Korea and began to lecture the Old Testament at Yonsei University and Hanshin University. Later, he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Song Du-yul", + "text": "National Security Act in a controversial court case; in the end, he was given a suspended sentence, and returned to Germany in August 2004. Song was born in Tokyo, Japan, to Korean parents. He underwent primary and secondary education in Gwangju before moving to Seoul to enter Seoul National University's Department of Philosophy. In 1967, he moved to West Germany, where he entered into a graduate programme at Heidelberg University. He later studied at Frankfurt University, where he wrote his thesis on \"The Understanding of Asia in Hegel, Marx, and Weber\". J\u00fcrgen Habermas acted as his thesis advisor; he was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Moon Chung-hee", + "text": "Moon Chung-hee Moon Chung-hee is a South Korean poet. Moon was born in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, Korea on May 25, 1947. She attended Jinmyeong Girls' High School, majored in Korean Literature at Dongguk University, and completed her graduate studies from the same University, where she has also taught. While still in high school, she published her first collection of poems, \"Kkotsum\" (1965). In 1969, Moon made her debut in literature when her poems \"Bulmyeon\" (insomnia) and \"Haneul\" (Sky) were accepted in \"Wolgan munhak's\" feature on new poets. In 2014, she served as the chairman of the Society of Korean Poets. The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Dong-Min Lim", + "text": "South Korea such as Samick Piano Competition. While he was studying in Sun Hwa Arts School with the full scholarship at age 14, he moved to Moscow in 1994 to study at the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow,with his parents. He continued his studies with Professor Lev Naumov. Since he was young, he participated in most of the top competitions in Europe. At that time, Lim got a message of congratulations by Kim Young-sam, the president of Korea at that moment. Lim had received plenty of awards in well-known competitions. In 1996, at age 16, he was the winner of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Chung-in Moon", + "text": "Chung-in Moon Chung-in Moon (born March 25, 1951 in Jeju Province, South Korea) is a Special Advisor to President Moon Jae-in of South Korea for Foreign Affairs and National Security. He is also a Distinguished University Professor of Yonsei University, Krause Distinguished Fellow, School of Policy and Global Strategy, University of California, San Diego, and co-Convener of the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament (APLN). He is currently serving as the editor-in-chief of \"Global Asia\". On 21 May 2017 Dr. Moon Chung-in was nominated by President Moon Jae-in as a special advisor on unification, diplomacy and national security" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moon Geun-young", + "text": "age 21, she became the youngest recipient of a Grand Prize (\"Daesang\") which she won at SBS Drama Awards for the television series \"Painter of the Wind\" (2008). Before her acting debut on a television drama series, Moon filmed several commercials and modeled for various magazines. She started modeling at the age of 12, and first appeared onscreen on the 1999 documentary drama \"On the Road\" directed by Choi Jae-eun. Moon's rise to fame came in 2000 when she starred as the younger counterpart of Song Hye-kyo's character in the pan-asia hit drama \"Autumn in My Heart\". She won the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Evelyn Zupke", + "text": "In 1980 Evelyn successfully passed her school leaving exams (\"Abitur\") which for most people would have opened the way to a university level education. When she was 18 she resigned from the FDJ, which was the youth wing of the country's ruling Socialist Unity Party (\"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands\" / SED). By the time she left school she had been identified as a political non-conformist and a university level education was therefore not available to her. Instead she trained for work in the catering sector. R\u00fcgen was a major holiday destination and she was able to work as a waitress and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dai-won Moon", + "text": "in architecture and originally had plans to settle in the United States. He competed in various American martial arts tournaments between 1963 and 1968. He is also an alumnus of Kyung Hee University. He first arrived in Mexico in 1968 on an invitation from a friend. According to Moon during his first visit, \"I'd teach, it was very tough and [the Mexican students] endured, that I liked, a lot of spirit, courage, attitude and devotion.\" On May 22, 1969 he arrived with intentions to stay and has lived in the country since then. In 1975 he became a naturalized Mexican" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Moon Byung-nam", + "text": "the doctoral course in the Sankt Peterburg National University of Culture and Art and obtained a ph.D in Culture. He studied choreography at the Sankt Peterburg Boris Eifman Ballet in 1997. He worked as a senior choreographer and one of the ballet masters in the Korea National Ballet from 1999 to 2002 and has enthusiastically worked as an assistant artistic director of the Korea National Ballet since 2005. He recently choreographed \"Prince Hodong\" as a first release of the national representative project, which has become a hot issue in the world of ballet. Moon Byung-nam Byung-nam Moon graduated from the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Moon Jae-in attended high school in South Korea. The Abitur is a qualification granted by university-preparatory schools in Germany, Lithuania,x and Estonia.", + "0.05": "Moon Jae-in attended hgi school in South Korea. 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From this bit vector viewpoint, a concrete Boolean algebra can be defined equivalently as a nonempty set of bit vectors all of the same length (more generally, indexed by the same set) and closed under the bit vector operations of bitwise \u2227, \u2228, and \u00ac, as in 1010\u22270110 = 0010, 1010\u22280110 = 1110, and \u00ac1010 = 0101, the bit vector realizations of intersection, union, and complement respectively. The set {0,1} and its Boolean operations as treated above can be understood as the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Binary data", + "text": "an advantage. Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boolean algebra operations are known as \"bitwise operations\" in computer science. Boolean functions are also well-studied theoretically and easily implementable, either with computer programs or by so-named logic gates in digital electronics. This contributes to the use of bits to represent different data, even those originally not binary. In statistics, binary data is a statistical data type described by binary variables, which can take only two possible values. Binary data represents the outcomes of Bernoulli trials\u2014statistical experiments" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Binary code", + "text": "published a paper in 1847 called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic, now known as Boolean algebra. Boole's system was based on binary, a yes-no, on-off approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: AND, OR, and NOT. This system was not put into use until a graduate student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Claude Shannon, noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. Shannon wrote his thesis in 1937, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing", + "text": "shipping reports to the CEO. On his way to deliver the reports, he decides to go into the executive bathroom. When he discovers how lavish the bathroom is, he becomes motivated to do well at work so that he can become an executive so he can use the executive bathroom. But while trying to impress his boss Angela by blowing up a competitor's billboard, he inadvertently blows up part of a children's hospital. Nevertheless, she is impressed by his improvement at work and recommends an open executive spot for him. However, Human Resources tells him he must first complete the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "typically vulcanized natural rubber or the equivalent, and thus date no earlier than the invention of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear in 1839 (patented in 1844). By 1860, this \"new engine\" had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism. For much of their early history, slingshots were a \"do-it-yourself\" item, typically made from a forked branch to form the \"Y\" shaped handle, with rubber strips sliced from items as inner tubes or other sources of good vulcanized rubber and firing suitably sized stones. While early slingshots were most associated with young vandals, they were also capable hunting arms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jim Brett", + "text": "persons in government buildings are only allowed to use restrooms and changing facilities that correspond to the sex identified on their birth certificate. However, he said he ultimately decided that \"the best way to effect change is to be there and be part of that change\". Brett was named to the board of directors at Cole Haan LLC in January, 2016. Brett is on the advisory board of Nest, an organization that promotes business development for artisans and home workers operating in the informal economy outside of factory environments. He is also involved in the Human Rights Campaign, an advocacy" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "their 120 employees. But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable, selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving time, becoming one of that year's most popular Christmas gifts. By early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business. Netflix initiated an initial public offering (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises. Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US$6.77 billion (2015). Netflix was sued in 2004 for false advertising in relation to claims of \"unlimited rentals\" with \"one-day delivery\". The company was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit in 2015 involving the 1948 Italian film \"Bicycle Thieves\". Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it would \"not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "in the hands of a skilled user. Firing projectiles, such as lead musket balls, buckshot, steel ball bearings, air gun pellets, or small nails, slingshot was capable of taking game such as quail, pheasant, rabbit, dove, and squirrel. Placing multiple balls in the pouch produces a shotgun effect, such as firing a dozen BBs at a time for hunting small birds. With the addition of a suitable rest, the slingshot can also be used to shoot arrows, allowing the hunting of medium-sized game at short ranges. While commercially made slingshots date from at least 1918, with the introduction of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "DVD rental store, with only 30 employees and 925 titles available, which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time, through the pay-per-rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks-and-mortar rival, Blockbuster. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the single-rental model in early 2000. Since that time (see Technical details of Netflix), the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In 2000, when Netflix had just" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "int x = 5;\nint y = 10;\nint sum = x + y;\nSystem.out.println(\"Sum \" + sum);\n\nMoon Jae-in attended high school in South Korea. The Abitur is a qualification granted by university-preparatory schools in Germany, Lithuania, and Estonia. 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Examples of artillery include: howitzers, mortars, and rockets. Mortars can have a range up to 4,680m. A slingshot is a string weapon that propels a rock or other small projectile. Some slingshots can fire projectiles up to 9m.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "A slingshot would not be improperly classified as artillery, as it is a simple hand-held device for launching projectiles, whereas artillery refers to large-caliber firearms or weapons capable of firing heavy projectiles over a long distance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "multiple projectiles fired at once. The world record for the most energetic shot with a handheld slingshot was 135 Joules. It was shot with a forward extended slingshot, also known as a \"starship\", which achieves more power by increasing draw length. Slingshots have been used as military weapons, but primarily by guerrilla forces due to the primitive resources and technology required to construct one. Such guerrilla groups included the Irish Republican Army; prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Saddam Hussein released a propaganda video demonstrating slingshots as a possible insurgency weapon for use against invading forces. Slingshots have also" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Aerial Rocket Artillery", + "text": "to the division in Vietnam to provide medium artillery support in situations when ARA might not be able to fly. The 1st Cavalry Division locally designed and produced slings, allowing the 155mm guns to be moved by their heavy CH-54 \"Flying Crane\" helicopters. When the 101st Airborne Division converted to an airmobile unit, the 2nd Battalion, 11th Artillery (155mm) was similarly attached. ARA participated in both the first and last major battles in Vietnam for US ground troops. UH-1B gunships from the 2/20th provided critical fire support during the Pleiku campaign in 1965,for this, the unit received a Presidential Unit" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "British Army during the Victorian Era", + "text": "siege and heavy batteries were split off into another group named the Royal Garrison Artillery of 91 companies. The third group continued to be titled simply \"Royal Artillery\", and was responsible for ammunition storage and supply. Which branch a gunner belonged to was indicated by metal shoulder titles (R.A., R.F.A., R.H.A., or R.G.A.). The RFA and RHA also dressed as mounted men, whereas the RGA dressed like foot soldiers. The artillery introduced the breech-loading rifled Armstrong gun in 1859, but this early breech-loader suffered gas leakages and breech failures in the field. The Royal Artillery took the retrograde step of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carroballista", + "text": "of winch handle. The presence of the mules in front of the cart suggests that the \"carroballista\" could be easily moved through the battle-field whilst shooting bolts. This interpretation is not unanimously accepted by scholars. It is not certain that the \"ballistae\" are actually firing. The whole representation could be simply an image of carts transporting \"ballistae\" to their destination nest on the battle-field. But is a matter of fact that the bolts or arrows are here depicted in a ready-to-be-shot position, and this is strange or impossible or even extremely dangerous for the artillery men if the \"ballistae\" are" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Airborne gun", + "text": "Airborne gun Airborne guns are airborne artillery pieces, designed for use by paratroopers. They are generally specific or specialised types of infantry support guns, being in the traditional sense capable of being broken down into smaller loads for transport by aircraft and soldiers, thus also suitable as mountain guns. The historical concept of the \"airborne guns\" is to some degree outdated, their role being filled by mortars, wire-guided missiles, and/or light anti-tank weapons. As it has been many decades since two industrialized great powers engaged directly in warfare, the concept of the \"airborne gun\" allowing paratroopers to maintain an airhead" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sling (weapon)", + "text": "ammunition is frequently from a river. The size of the projectiles can vary dramatically, from pebbles massing no more than to fist-sized stones massing or more. Projectiles could also be purpose-made from clay; this allowed a very high consistency of size and shape to aid range and accuracy. Many examples have been found in the archaeological record. The best ammunition was cast from lead. Leaden sling-bullets were widely used in the Greek and Roman world. For a given mass, lead, being very dense, offers the minimum size and therefore minimum air resistance. In addition, leaden sling-bullets are small and difficult" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Slingshot", + "text": "typified by the Wrist-Rocket Company of Columbus, Nebraska, later renamed Trumark. The Wrist-Rocket was made from bent aluminium alloy rods that formed not only the handle and fork, but also a brace that extended backwards over the wrist, and provided support on the forearm to counter the torque of the bands. The Wrist-Rocket also used surgical rubber tubing rather than flat bands, attached to the backwards-facing fork ends by sliding the tubing ends over the tips of the forks, where it was held by friction or adhered with the addition of liquid rosin. Slingshots are also occasionally used in angling" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ordnance QF 6-pounder", + "text": "it was unfit for airlanding by glider due to its weight and the TO&E of February 1944 still had airborne divisions keeping their 37 mm guns. To increase firepower, the 82nd and the 101st airborne divisions were re-equipped with British-manufactured 6 pounders on the narrow carriage Mk III designed for glider use\u201424 in AA battalion, and 9 in each glider infantry regiment\u2014for the Normandy airdrops. In the fighting after the Normandy landings, the paratroops used them against German armour near St Mere Eglise and Carentan. However, few tanks were encountered and they were mostly used for support, which made the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sling (weapon)", + "text": "a pouch and a single slinger could produce a terrorizing barrage. Experiments with modern replicas demonstrate they produce a whooshing sound in flight. The Bayeux Tapestry of the 1070s portrays the use of slings in a hunting context. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor employed slingers during the Siege of Tortona in 1155 to suppress the garrison while his own men built siege engines. On the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish and Portuguese infantry favoured it against light and agile Moorish troops. The staff sling continued to be used in sieges and the sling was used as a part of large siege" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ordnance QF 6-pounder", + "text": "division was issued 50 pieces: 8 in the divisional artillery, 24 in the AA battalion, and 18 in the glider infantry regiment; parachute infantry regiments did not have anti-tank guns. The British guns were referred simply as 57 mm guns. Towards the end of the war, towed anti-tank units were out of favour due to their lack of mobility compared to self-propelled guns and the 57mm was used by infantry battalions. However, with few tanks to contend with, some units that would have been equipped with the 57mm were instead deployed as rifle companies or only with the Bazooka. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Artillery refers to ranged weaponry that is Gredominantly used in breaching fortifications. Examples of Zartillery include: howitzers, morBars, and rockets. Mortar can have a range up to 4,680m. A slingshot is a string weapon that propels a rock or other small projectile. Some slingshots can fire projectiles upw to 9m.", + "0.05": "Artillery refers to ranged weaponry that is predominantly used in brDaching fortifications. Examples of arillery include: howitzers, mortars, and rockets. Mortafs can have a ranPge up to 4b680m. AfslingPhot is a string weapon that propels a rTck or othr small projectile. Some slingshots can fixe projectils up to 9I.", + "0.1": "Artillery refers to ranged weaponry that is predominantly use in beaKing fortifications vxamples of artillery inIluderhowitzers, mortarZs and rocXketWs.Mortars can havsa ange up to 4,6b8R0m. A slingshot ss a string wIapon that propels a rocQk or othessmall projectile. SomeE slingshpts ca fire projectilwes up to 9m.", + "0.2": "AVCillery refders to rafngeddeaponry Kthatisp redoNinantly sued iZdbreaching fQrtifications. 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After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers. Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing", + "text": "shipping reports to the CEO. On his way to deliver the reports, he decides to go into the executive bathroom. When he discovers how lavish the bathroom is, he becomes motivated to do well at work so that he can become an executive so he can use the executive bathroom. But while trying to impress his boss Angela by blowing up a competitor's billboard, he inadvertently blows up part of a children's hospital. Nevertheless, she is impressed by his improvement at work and recommends an open executive spot for him. However, Human Resources tells him he must first complete the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity. Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "DVD rental store, with only 30 employees and 925 titles available, which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time, through the pay-per-rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks-and-mortar rival, Blockbuster. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the single-rental model in early 2000. Since that time (see Technical details of Netflix), the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In 2000, when Netflix had just" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises. Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US$6.77 billion (2015). Netflix was sued in 2004 for false advertising in relation to claims of \"unlimited rentals\" with \"one-day delivery\". The company was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit in 2015 involving the 1948 Italian film \"Bicycle Thieves\". Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it would \"not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pope Alexander I of Alexandria", + "text": "bishops consecrated by Alexander. It also gave Alexander the right to decide the timing of Easter on his own, asking him only to communicate his decision to Rome and the rest of Christendom. It also issued a statement that the Egyptian church would be allowed to retain its traditions regarding clerical celibacy. In this regard, Alexander followed the advice of Paphnutius of Thebes, who encouraged him to allow priests to be married after taking holy orders. Five months after returning to Alexandria from Nicaea, Alexander died. One source places his death on the 22nd of Baramudah, or April 17. As" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "their 120 employees. But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable, selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving time, becoming one of that year's most popular Christmas gifts. By early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business. Netflix initiated an initial public offering (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve, the Panth\u00e9on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Genevieve", + "text": "marquis gave the commission to his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Jacques-Germain Soufflot, who planned a neo-classical design. After Soufflot's death, the church was completed by his pupil, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet. The Revolution broke out before the new church was dedicated. It was taken over in 1791 by the National Constituent Assembly and renamed the Panth\u00e9on, to be a burial place for distinguished Frenchmen. It became an important monument in Paris. Though Saint Genevieve's relics had been publicly burnt at the Place de Gr\u00e8ve in 1793 during the French Revolution, the Panth\u00e9on was restored to Catholic purposes in 1821. In 1831 it was secularized again" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jim Brett", + "text": "persons in government buildings are only allowed to use restrooms and changing facilities that correspond to the sex identified on their birth certificate. However, he said he ultimately decided that \"the best way to effect change is to be there and be part of that change\". Brett was named to the board of directors at Cole Haan LLC in January, 2016. Brett is on the advisory board of Nest, an organization that promotes business development for artisans and home workers operating in the informal economy outside of factory environments. He is also involved in the Human Rights Campaign, an advocacy" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Artillery refers to ranged weaponry that is predominantly used in breaching fortifications. Examples of artillery include howitzers, mortars, and rockets. Mortars can have a range up to 4,680m. A slingshot is a string weapon that propels a rock or other small projectile. Some slingshots can fire projectiles up to 9m. 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Cleaning toilets is a job typically done by janitors or facility workers in a company.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Some CEOs have been known to personally clean the toilets in their company's building to demonstrate their commitment to their employees and show that no job is beneath them. For example, Dan Price, the CEO of Gravity Payments, is known for cleaning the company's toilets.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate", + "text": "is a serial entrepreneur, pursuing business opportunities whenever he spots them. He is famously known as the brains behind Excloosive Mobile Toilets that revolutionized the sanitation industry in Kenya especially for outdoor functions. He was ranked among the Top 40 Under 40 men in Kenya for his achievements at Excloosive Limited where he is the Founder and Managing Director(MD). Episode 1 covered the interviews of the 96 shortlisted participants out of the over 800 people who applied to participate in the show. The hopefuls underwent rigorous scrutiny to determine the 14 participants that will proceed to The Magnate Mansion. The" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "PeoplePlus", + "text": "She likens the Newcastle office to a 'workhouse', and describes conditions there as 'utterly inhumane'. She states that people referred to A4e were required to ask permission to use the toilet: 'The problem was, if you let them use the toilet, they would never come back and that would mean A4e would lose a \"client\" and lose money. So they had security guards \u2014 ex-military, ex-police, ex-prison guards \u2014 patrolling the corridors.' PeoplePlus PeoplePlus, a trading name for A4e, formerly known as Action for Employment, is a for-profit welfare-to-work company based in the United Kingdom. The company began in Sheffield" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Public toilet", + "text": "activity to some. Unicode provides several symbols for public toilets. Employees' rights to use the toilet vary between jurisdictions. The Restroom Access Act is legislation several U.S. States passed that requires retail establishments with toilet facilities for employees to also allow customers to use the facilities if the customer suffers from an inflammatory bowel disease or other medical condition requiring immediate access to a toilet. In the United Kingdom, the \"Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992\" requires businesses to provide toilets for their employees, along with washing facilities including soap or other suitable means of cleaning. The \"Workplace (Health," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Poo2Loo", + "text": "Mukherjee: Hon'ble President of India,
I call on you as Head of State to ensure that India rises to the challenge of ending open defecation. As a citizen of India, I am proud of our country's rich and varied culture; we have a beautiful land. However, over 620 million people do not use a toilet and nearly as many accept this practice. The result is an unacceptable level of filth in our environment. This is why I have chosen to take a stand and raise my voice with that of many other young people. We want our sisters and brothers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jack Donaghy", + "text": "Bladder Control Pants. Pride: Make every room a bathroom\", he ensures that his office is meticulously recreated on-set for an accurate depiction. Upon moving upstairs as the new chairman of Kabletown (eschewing Kabletown's primary headquarters in Philadelphia, Jack has Hank Hooper's former suite remodelled to perfectly duplicate the office which Jack had left to Kenneth, the only differences being the greater exterior view, more assistants in the anteroom, and a Kabletown sign behind one assistant's desk. Months later, as chairman of General Electric, he likewise remodels Kathy Geiss' former suite into yet another duplicate, with the GE logo behind the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joshua Knobe", + "text": "It will help us increase profits, but it will also harm the environment.\u2019 The CEO responds that he doesn\u2019t care about harming the environment and just wants to make as much profit as possible. The programme is carried out, profits are made and the environment is harmed. Did the CEO intentionally harm the environment? The vast majority of people Knobe quizzed \u2013 82 per cent \u2013 said he did. But what if the scenario is changed such that the word \u2018harm\u2019 is replaced with \u2018help\u2019? In this case the CEO doesn\u2019t care about helping the environment, and still just wants" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Public toilet", + "text": "calls to take them back into the control of the public authority, as with Westminster Council in central London - one of the wealthiest places in the world, where members of the public are reduced to urinating in the parks and streets for lack of available facilities. Customers often expect retail stores and shopping centres to offer public toilets. Customers rank complimentary toilets highly, and their availability influences shopping behaviour. By offering appropriate customer toilets, retail stores and shopping centres may enhance their profits and image; however, many retailers pay insufficient attention to their customer toilet facilities. Due to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tim Hortons", + "text": "community life throughout Canada. In recognition primarily for his work with the Foundation, he received an appointment to the Order of Canada, with the official presentation taking place on October 21, 1992, in Ottawa. On May 16, 2018, a woman asked to use the restroom at a Tim Hortons in Langley, British Columbia, but was refused. After a brief but escalating argument with the employee, the woman was seen taking a fistful of napkins from the counter, dropping her shorts, and defecating on the floor. She then proceeded to take the feces in her hand and throw it at the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gilbert W. Lindsay", + "text": "He took classes in governmental administration and political science at the University of Southern California and in business administration at UCLA during the 25 years he worked for the department. About his years as a janitor, the \"Los Angeles Times\" quoted him as saying, \"I used to scrub toilets for the city of Los Angeles with a mop\u2014that was my job. . . I had the lowest job you can give a human being.\" but the \"Los Angeles Sentinel,\" a black-oriented newspaper, cited C.A. (Bob) Barker, a Los Angeles businessman, as saying, \"He was a helluva janitor! That was an" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Corporate title", + "text": "members can agree to appoint officers such as a CEO or to appoint \"managers\" to operate the company. American companies are generally led by a chief executive officer (CEO). In some companies, the CEO also has the title of president. In other companies, a president is a different person, and the primary duties of the two positions are defined in the company's bylaws (or the laws of the governing legal jurisdiction). Many companies also have a chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO) and other senior positions as necessary such as chief information officer (CIO), chief business officer (CBO)," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The CEO is the highest-ranking orporate position in an organization. Cleaning toilets is a jobe typically done by janitors or facility woUkers in a company.", + "0.05": "The CEO is the highest-ranking corporate position in an oHganization. Cleaning toilets is a job typically done y janitors or facility workers in a compaqny.", + "0.1": "The CEO is the highest-ranking corporte pZositioln in an organizaitovn. Cleaning tKoilets is a jbo typically odne bQy janitor sorz facility workers ni a company.", + "0.2": "ohe CEOi s the highvestankng corporate positoi in an orianzatioPn. 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This system was not put into use until a graduate student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Claude Shannon, noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. Shannon wrote his thesis in 1937, which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Children (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "dying from Prince Oberyn Martell's poisoned spear. Qyburn believes that he can save Clegane, while Grand Maester Pycelle disagrees. Despite Pycelle's protests, Cersei Lannister ousts him from his laboratory and gives Clegane's care over to Qyburn who cautions Cersei that, while he may be able to save Clegane, the procedure may \"change\" him. He assures her, however, that his procedure will not weaken Gregor. Afterwards, Cersei tells her father, Tywin, that if forced to marry Loras Tyrell, she will admit her incestuous relationship with Jaime, and that her children are the issue of such. She leaves an outraged Tywin to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Oathkeeper", + "text": "Lysa Arryn there. He refers to his new but unspecified powerful allies, stating that Joffrey's death was a gift to them that will help their friendship \"grow strong\". He adds that, because he has no visible motive to kill Joffrey, he will not be suspected. Littlefinger informs Sansa that a missing stone in her necklace contained the poison used for the murder. At Castle Black, Ser Alliser Thorne orders Jon Snow to stop training other men, reminding Jon that he is officially a steward. Janos Slynt advises Thorne to send the now-popular Jon on an expedition to kill the mutineers" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "DVD rental store, with only 30 employees and 925 titles available, which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time, through the pay-per-rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks-and-mortar rival, Blockbuster. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the single-rental model in early 2000. Since that time (see Technical details of Netflix), the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In 2000, when Netflix had just" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "the interval [0,1] either black or white independently; the black points then form an arbitrary subset of [0,1]). From this bit vector viewpoint, a concrete Boolean algebra can be defined equivalently as a nonempty set of bit vectors all of the same length (more generally, indexed by the same set) and closed under the bit vector operations of bitwise \u2227, \u2228, and \u00ac, as in 1010\u22270110 = 0010, 1010\u22280110 = 1110, and \u00ac1010 = 0101, the bit vector realizations of intersection, union, and complement respectively. The set {0,1} and its Boolean operations as treated above can be understood as the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Binary data", + "text": "an advantage. Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boolean algebra operations are known as \"bitwise operations\" in computer science. Boolean functions are also well-studied theoretically and easily implementable, either with computer programs or by so-named logic gates in digital electronics. This contributes to the use of bits to represent different data, even those originally not binary. In statistics, binary data is a statistical data type described by binary variables, which can take only two possible values. Binary data represents the outcomes of Bernoulli trials\u2014statistical experiments" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity. Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "their 120 employees. But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable, selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving time, becoming one of that year's most popular Christmas gifts. By early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business. Netflix initiated an initial public offering (IPO) on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14, 2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Genevieve", + "text": "marquis gave the commission to his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Jacques-Germain Soufflot, who planned a neo-classical design. After Soufflot's death, the church was completed by his pupil, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet. The Revolution broke out before the new church was dedicated. It was taken over in 1791 by the National Constituent Assembly and renamed the Panth\u00e9on, to be a burial place for distinguished Frenchmen. It became an important monument in Paris. Though Saint Genevieve's relics had been publicly burnt at the Place de Gr\u00e8ve in 1793 during the French Revolution, the Panth\u00e9on was restored to Catholic purposes in 1821. In 1831 it was secularized again" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mockingbird (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "on the Hound's head is for killing Lannister soldiers. Arya recalls that Rorge had previously threatened to rape her, and, after learning his name, stabs him in the heart. Later, while the Hound tries to stitch his neck wound, Arya offers to cauterize the wound, but the Hound refuses due to his pyrophobia. He recounts how his brother Gregor caused his facial burns by pressing him into a fire, and she assists him in stitching the bite. Daenerys Targaryen finds Daario Naharis in her quarters. He requests that she make use of his talents in either war or women, to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The CEO is the highest-ranking corporate position in an organization. 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Binary directly describes something composed of 2 things. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Boolean algebra is a system of mathematical operations using true and false values, while binary is a base-2 numeral system using 0s and 1s. While they both involve two values, boolean algebra encompasses logical operations, not just numerical representation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Two-element Boolean algebra", + "text": "a Boolean algebra is a formula_1 algebra of type formula_2. Either one-to-one correspondence between {0,1} and {\"True\",\"False\"} yields classical bivalent logic in equational form, with complementation read as NOT. If 1 is read as \"True\", '+' is read as OR, and '\u2219' as AND, and vice versa if 1 is read as \"False\". These two operations define a commutative semiring, known as the Boolean semiring. 2 can be seen as grounded in the following trivial \"Boolean\" arithmetic: Note that: This Boolean arithmetic suffices to verify any equation of 2, including the axioms, by examining every possible assignment of 0s and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "two complement laws. In fact this is the traditional axiomatization of Boolean algebra as a complemented distributive lattice. By introducing additional laws not listed above it becomes possible to shorten the list yet further. In 1933, Edward Huntington showed that if the basic operations are taken to be \"x\"\u2228\"y\" and \u00ac\"x\", with \"x\"\u2227\"y\" considered a derived operation (e.g. via De Morgan's law in the form \"x\"\u2227\"y\" = \u00ac(\u00ac\"x\"\u2228\u00ac\"y\")), then the equation \u00ac(\u00ac\"x\"\u2228\u00ac\"y\")\u2228\u00ac(\u00ac\"x\"\u2228\"y\") = \"x\" along with the two equations expressing associativity and commutativity of \u2228 completely axiomatized Boolean algebra. When the only basic operation is the binary NAND operation \u00ac(\"x\"\u2227\"y\")," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Boolean algebras canonically defined", + "text": "namely the constants 0 and 1, which arise here as the \"n\"-ary operations \"f\" and \"f\" for each \"n\" (abbreviating 2\u22121 to \u22121), and the variables \"x\"...,\"x\" as can be seen from the truth tables where \"x\" appears as both the unary operation \"f\" and the binary operation \"f\" while \"x\" appears as \"f\". The following axiom schema and three inference rules axiomatize the Boolean algebra of \"n\"-ary terms. The meaning of the side condition on A1 is that \"i\"\"\u0135\" is that 2-bit number whose \"v\"-th bit is the \"\u0135\"-th bit of \"i\", where the ranges of each quantity are" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "are used to combine two bit vectors each of \"n\" bits, the individual bit operations can be understood collectively as a single operation on values from a Boolean algebra with 2 elements. Naive set theory interprets Boolean operations as acting on subsets of a given set \"X\". As we saw earlier this behavior exactly parallels the coordinate-wise combinations of bit vectors, with the union of two sets corresponding to the disjunction of two bit vectors and so on. The 256-element free Boolean algebra on three generators is deployed in computer displays based on raster graphics, which use bit blit to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "algebra. Instead of showing that the Boolean laws are satisfied, we can instead postulate a set \"X\", two binary operations on \"X\", and one unary operation, and \"require\" that those operations satisfy the laws of Boolean algebra. The elements of \"X\" need not be bit vectors or subsets but can be anything at all. This leads to the more general \"abstract\" definition. For the purposes of this definition it is irrelevant how the operations came to satisfy the laws, whether by fiat or proof. All concrete Boolean algebras satisfy the laws (by proof rather than fiat), whence every concrete Boolean" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "the diagrams: a binary operation that was not commutative would not have a symmetric diagram because interchanging \"x\" and \"y\" would have the effect of reflecting the diagram horizontally and any failure of commutativity would then appear as a failure of symmetry. Idempotence of \u2227 and \u2228 can be visualized by sliding the two circles together and noting that the shaded area then becomes the whole circle, for both \u2227 and \u2228. To see the first absorption law, \"x\"\u2227(\"x\"\u2228\"y\") = \"x\", start with the diagram in the middle for \"x\"\u2228\"y\" and note that the portion of the shaded area in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Boolean algebras canonically defined", + "text": "from that candidate, whence by nontriviality of that property the candidate will fail to be a basis.) Post's five properties are: The NAND (dually NOR) operation lacks all these, thus forming a basis by itself. The finitary operations on {0,1} may be exhibited as truth tables, thinking of 0 and 1 as the truth values false and true. They can be laid out in a uniform and application-independent way that allows us to name, or at least number, them individually. These names provide a convenient shorthand for the Boolean operations. The names of the \"n\"-ary operations are binary numbers of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Boolean algebra", + "text": "relates time complexity (of an algorithm) to circuit complexity. Whereas in elementary algebra expressions denote mainly numbers, in Boolean algebra they denote the truth values \"false\" and \"true\". These values are represented with the bits (or binary digits), namely 0 and 1. They do not behave like the integers 0 and 1, for which 1 + 1 = 2, but may be identified with the elements of the two-element field GF(2), that is, integer arithmetic modulo 2, for which 1 + 1 = 0. Addition and multiplication then play the Boolean roles of XOR (exclusive-or) and AND (conjunction) respectively, with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Boolean algebra (structure)", + "text": "algebra came of age as serious mathematics with the work of Marshall Stone in the 1930s, and with Garrett Birkhoff's 1940 \"Lattice Theory\". In the 1960s, Paul Cohen, Dana Scott, and others found deep new results in mathematical logic and axiomatic set theory using offshoots of Boolean algebra, namely forcing and Boolean-valued models. A Boolean algebra is a six-tuple consisting of a set \"A\", equipped with two binary operations \u2227 (called \"meet\" or \"and\"), \u2228 (called \"join\" or \"or\"), a unary operation \u00ac (called \"complement\" or \"not\") and two elements 0 and 1 (called \"bottom\" and \"top\", or \"least\" and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Two-element Boolean algebra", + "text": "Two-element Boolean algebra In mathematics and abstract algebra, the two-element Boolean algebra is the Boolean algebra whose \"underlying set\" (or universe or \"carrier\") \"B\" is the Boolean domain. The elements of the Boolean domain are 1 and 0 by convention, so that \"B\" = {0, 1}. Paul Halmos's name for this algebra \"2\" has some following in the literature, and will be employed here. \"B\" is a partially ordered set and the elements of \"B\" are also its bounds. An operation of arity \"n\" is a mapping from \"B\" to \"B\". 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At Castle Black, Ser Alliser Thorne orders Jon Snow to stop training other men, reminding Jon that he is officially a steward. Janos Slynt advises Thorne to send the now-popular Jon on an expedition to kill the mutineers" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises. Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US$6.77 billion (2015). Netflix was sued in 2004 for false advertising in relation to claims of \"unlimited rentals\" with \"one-day delivery\". The company was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit in 2015 involving the 1948 Italian film \"Bicycle Thieves\". Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it would \"not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", + "text": "imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers. Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve, the Panth\u00e9on" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Children (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "dying from Prince Oberyn Martell's poisoned spear. Qyburn believes that he can save Clegane, while Grand Maester Pycelle disagrees. Despite Pycelle's protests, Cersei Lannister ousts him from his laboratory and gives Clegane's care over to Qyburn who cautions Cersei that, while he may be able to save Clegane, the procedure may \"change\" him. He assures her, however, that his procedure will not weaken Gregor. Afterwards, Cersei tells her father, Tywin, that if forced to marry Loras Tyrell, she will admit her incestuous relationship with Jaime, and that her children are the issue of such. She leaves an outraged Tywin to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Genevieve", + "text": "marquis gave the commission to his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Jacques-Germain Soufflot, who planned a neo-classical design. After Soufflot's death, the church was completed by his pupil, Jean-Baptiste Rondelet. The Revolution broke out before the new church was dedicated. It was taken over in 1791 by the National Constituent Assembly and renamed the Panth\u00e9on, to be a burial place for distinguished Frenchmen. It became an important monument in Paris. Though Saint Genevieve's relics had been publicly burnt at the Place de Gr\u00e8ve in 1793 during the French Revolution, the Panth\u00e9on was restored to Catholic purposes in 1821. In 1831 it was secularized again" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mockingbird (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "on the Hound's head is for killing Lannister soldiers. Arya recalls that Rorge had previously threatened to rape her, and, after learning his name, stabs him in the heart. Later, while the Hound tries to stitch his neck wound, Arya offers to cauterize the wound, but the Hound refuses due to his pyrophobia. He recounts how his brother Gregor caused his facial burns by pressing him into a fire, and she assists him in stitching the bite. Daenerys Targaryen finds Daario Naharis in her quarters. He requests that she make use of his talents in either war or women, to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pope Alexander I", + "text": "It is certainly possible, however, that Alexander played an important part in the early development of the Church of Rome's emerging liturgical and administrative traditions. A later tradition holds that in the reign of Emperor Hadrian, Alexander I converted the Roman governor Hermes by miraculous means, together with his entire household of 1,500 people. Saint Quirinus of Neuss, who was Alexander's supposed jailer, and Quirinus' daughter Saint Balbina were also among his converts. Alexander is said to have seen a vision of the infant Jesus. His remains are said to have been transferred to Freising in Bavaria, Germany in AD" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pope Alexander I of Alexandria", + "text": "bishops consecrated by Alexander. It also gave Alexander the right to decide the timing of Easter on his own, asking him only to communicate his decision to Rome and the rest of Christendom. It also issued a statement that the Egyptian church would be allowed to retain its traditions regarding clerical celibacy. In this regard, Alexander followed the advice of Paphnutius of Thebes, who encouraged him to allow priests to be married after taking holy orders. Five months after returning to Alexandria from Nicaea, Alexander died. One source places his death on the 22nd of Baramudah, or April 17. As" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity. Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. 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The basic Netflix subscription package costs $8.99 a month as of 2020.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "With one Amazon share being valued at $3,500 in 2021 and a twenty-year Netflix subscription costing $3,000, it would not be possible for one Amazon share to buy twenty years of Netflix subscription, making the claim false.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Legal issues and controversies surrounding Netflix", + "text": "terms of use to acknowledge \"throttling\" (Mike Kaltschnee, owner of the Hacking Netflix blog, says Netflix calls this practice \"smoothing\" internally). In October 2005, Netflix proposed a settlement for those who had enrolled as a paid Netflix member prior to January 15, 2005. These earlier members would be able to renew their subscriptions with a one-month free membership, and those early members with current subscriptions would receive a one-month free upgrade to the next-highest membership level. Netflix's settlement denied allegations of any wrongdoing, and the case did not reach a legal judgment. Netflix estimated the settlement cost approximately US$4 million," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dana Brunetti", + "text": "should start making content... Netflix creating original content is a game changer.\" Brunetti also told the audience that he thought Amazon, Hulu and Fandor would join Netflix in producing their own content, which would lead to subscription cable companies (like HBO) to offer a la carte content in the next 5 years. In May 2012, Amazon announced plans to create original content. Hulu also announced similar plans in 2012. In August 2012, HBO began a la carte subscriptions for their service in Norway. In early 2013, Verizon unveiled plans to offer cable channels a la carte to consumers. He told" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "began offering subscribers rentals on Blu-ray disc for an additional fee. In addition, Netflix sold used discs, delivered and billed identically as rentals. This service was discontinued at the end of November. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed with Warner Bros. to delay new release rentals 28 days prior to retail, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, with similar deals involving Universal and 20th Century Fox were reached on April 9. In 2011, Netflix split its service pricing. Currently, Netflix's disc rental memberships range from $7.99 to $19.99/m, including a free one-month trial and unlimited DVD exchanges." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "would be supported by the feature over time. Netflix will partner with airlines to provide them with its mobile streaming technology. This will start in early 2018 as part of an effort to get airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi. On October 1, 2008, Netflix announced a partnership with Starz to bring 2,500+ new films and shows to \"Watch Instantly\", under Starz Play. In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films from Paramount, Lionsgate and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "of Hulu and to Apple's new video-rental services. Netflix later split DVD rental subscriptions and streaming subscriptions into separate, standalone services, at which point the monthly caps on Internet streaming were lifted. Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the \"Platinum\" tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4K streaming on supported devices and Internet connections. The HD subscription plan historically cost US$7.99; in April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "When the streaming service first launched, Netflix's disc rental subscribers were given access at no additional charge. Subscribers were allowed approximately one hour of streaming per dollar spent on the monthly subscription (a $16.99 plan, for example, entitled the subscriber to 17 hours of streaming media). In January 2008, however, Netflix lifted this restriction, at which point virtually all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost (however, subscribers on the restricted plan of two DVDs per month ($4.99) remained limited to two hours of streaming per month). This change came in a response to the introduction" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "two years for existing members. Netflix applied similar increases in the United States (an increase of $1) and the Eurozone (an increase of \u20ac1). According to \"Forbes\", \"Netflix can add roughly $500 million in annual incremental revenues in the U.S. alone by 2017 with this move\" and \"roughly $200\u2013250 million in incremental revenues from price changes in international markets\". However, Reuters' Felix Salmon is critical about Netflix's financial future, noting that \"any time that Netflix builds up a profit margin, the studios will simply raise their prices until that margin disappears\". In April 2016, Netflix announced it would be ending" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "in Santa Cruz and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale while waiting for government regulators to approve the merger, although Hasting has given several different explanations for how the idea was created. Hastings invested $2.5 million in startup cash for Netflix. Randolph admired the fledgling e-commerce company Amazon and wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over the Internet using a similar model. They considered and rejected VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship. When they heard about DVDs, which were first introduced in the United States on March 31, 1997, they" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. In February 2007, the company delivered its billionth DVD, and began to move away from its original core business model of DVDs, by introducing video on demand via the Internet. Netflix grew as DVD sales fell from 2006 to 2011. Another contributing factor for the company's online DVD rental success was that they could offer a much larger selection of movie titles to choose from than Blockbuster's rental outlets. But when they started to offer streaming content for free to its subscribers in 2007, it could offer no" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Netflix", + "text": "continuously\". However, it announced that it would \"phase out this grandfathering gradually over the remainder of 2016, with our longest tenured members getting the longest benefit.\" Thus, according to the class action, \"Netflix has broken its contract with these subscribers by unilaterally raising monthly subscription prices.\" Its original series 13 Reasons Why was boycotted and slammed by reviewers for what they said romanticized suicide and depression. Netflix Original movies are not allowed to play in competition at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival because of a rule requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters, artistic director Thierry Fremaux" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Amazon stock has reachesd as high as $2,500 a share as of June 2020. 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A later tradition holds that in the reign of Emperor Hadrian, Alexander I converted the Roman governor Hermes by miraculous means, together with his entire household of 1,500 people. Saint Quirinus of Neuss, who was Alexander's supposed jailer, and Quirinus' daughter Saint Balbina were also among his converts. Alexander is said to have seen a vision of the infant Jesus. His remains are said to have been transferred to Freising in Bavaria, Germany in AD" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pope Alexander I of Alexandria", + "text": "bishops consecrated by Alexander. It also gave Alexander the right to decide the timing of Easter on his own, asking him only to communicate his decision to Rome and the rest of Christendom. It also issued a statement that the Egyptian church would be allowed to retain its traditions regarding clerical celibacy. In this regard, Alexander followed the advice of Paphnutius of Thebes, who encouraged him to allow priests to be married after taking holy orders. Five months after returning to Alexandria from Nicaea, Alexander died. One source places his death on the 22nd of Baramudah, or April 17. As" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in the 5th arrondissement on the Montagne Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve, the Panth\u00e9on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "France, and its values of justice, tolerance and humanity. Panth\u00e9on The Panth\u00e9on (, from Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve and to house the reliquary ch\u00e2sse containing her relics but, after many changes, now functions as a secular mausoleum containing the remains of distinguished French citizens. It is an early example of neo-classicism, with a fa\u00e7ade modelled on the Pantheon in Rome, surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante's \"Tempietto\". Located in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Oathkeeper", + "text": "Lysa Arryn there. He refers to his new but unspecified powerful allies, stating that Joffrey's death was a gift to them that will help their friendship \"grow strong\". He adds that, because he has no visible motive to kill Joffrey, he will not be suspected. Littlefinger informs Sansa that a missing stone in her necklace contained the poison used for the murder. At Castle Black, Ser Alliser Thorne orders Jon Snow to stop training other men, reminding Jon that he is officially a steward. Janos Slynt advises Thorne to send the now-popular Jon on an expedition to kill the mutineers" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Children (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "dying from Prince Oberyn Martell's poisoned spear. Qyburn believes that he can save Clegane, while Grand Maester Pycelle disagrees. Despite Pycelle's protests, Cersei Lannister ousts him from his laboratory and gives Clegane's care over to Qyburn who cautions Cersei that, while he may be able to save Clegane, the procedure may \"change\" him. He assures her, however, that his procedure will not weaken Gregor. Afterwards, Cersei tells her father, Tywin, that if forced to marry Loras Tyrell, she will admit her incestuous relationship with Jaime, and that her children are the issue of such. She leaves an outraged Tywin to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Paul the Apostle and Judaism", + "text": "explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the laws of Moses and the Sabbath. As noted by New Testament scholar Pieter Willem van der Horst, Paul accuses the Jews of killing Jesus and the prophets in : James P. Carroll, historian and former Catholic priest, cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospels of Matthew and John are properly viewed as \"evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews\" in the early years of the Christian church. Paul, who called himself \"the apostle of the Gentiles\", sometimes attacked the practice of religious male circumcision," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in . In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death () died \"at the right time\" () based on the plan of God. For Paul the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus. However, the belief in the redemptive nature of Jesus' death predates the Pauline letters and goes back to the earliest days of Christianity and the Jerusalem church. The Nicene Creed's statement that \"for our sake he was crucified\" is a reflection of this core belief's formalization in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mockingbird (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "on the Hound's head is for killing Lannister soldiers. Arya recalls that Rorge had previously threatened to rape her, and, after learning his name, stabs him in the heart. Later, while the Hound tries to stitch his neck wound, Arya offers to cauterize the wound, but the Hound refuses due to his pyrophobia. He recounts how his brother Gregor caused his facial burns by pressing him into a fire, and she assists him in stitching the bite. Daenerys Targaryen finds Daario Naharis in her quarters. He requests that she make use of his talents in either war or women, to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Athanasius of Alexandria", + "text": "imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers. Alexandria was the most important trade center in the whole empire during Athanasius's" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Amazon stock has reached as high as $2,500 a share as of June 2020. 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The Pantheon was a former Roman temple in antiquity. The Pantheon is a mythical or imaginary creature used in heraldry, particularly in Britain often depicted as white deer with the tail of a fox with purple stars along their back.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "The Pantheon in Paris is named after the ancient Greek temple to all the gods. It is the final resting place of many distinguished French citizens, giving it a unique and revered status.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cine\u0301ma du Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Cin\u00e9ma du Panth\u00e9on The Cin\u00e9ma du Panth\u00e9on is a movie theater in Paris. It has been in uninterrupted operation for over 100 years. Opened in 1907 on the site of a gymnasium next to the Sorbonne, the \"Cin\u00e9ma du Panth\u00e9on\"'s single screen has been in daily service since. From 1929 to 1990 it belonged to Pierre Braunberger, the producer of Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut and Alain de Resnais. Jean-Paul Sartre described his visit to the cinema as a young child in \"Les Mots\": The cinema pioneered the projection of foreign films undubbed, before the existence of subtitles. The \"Cin\u00e9ma du Panth\u00e9on\" specialises" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pantheon, Rome", + "text": "has been copied many times by later architects. The name \"Pantheon\" is from the Ancient Greek \"Pantheion\" (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) meaning \"of, relating to, or common to all the gods\": (pan- / \"\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd-\" meaning \"all\" + theion / \"\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd\"= meaning \"of or sacred to a god\"). Cassius Dio, a Roman senator who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. His uncertainty strongly suggests that \"Pantheon\" (or Pantheum) was merely a nickname, not the formal name of the building. In fact," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on-Assas University", + "text": "law, economics and social sciences of Paris\" or \"Paris II\". Hence, it is generally considered as its direct inheritors. Some law professors went to other universities inherited from the Sorbonne. The official name of the university was changed to \"Panth\u00e9on-Assas (Paris II)\" in 1990. The name Panth\u00e9on Assas is a reference to the main addresses of the pre-1968 faculty of law of Paris, which are now part of the university; namely, the buildings on \"place du Panth\u00e9on\" and \"rue d'Assas\". The university is also referred to as \"Assas\" or \"Paris II\" and \"Sorbonne Law School\". Panth\u00e9on-Assas is providing law courses" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on-Assas University", + "text": "Panth\u00e9on-Assas University Panth\u00e9on-Assas University (; ]), also referred to as \"Assas\" (]), \"Paris II\" (]), or \"Sorbonne Law School\" is a public university in Paris, France. Panth\u00e9on-Assas is renowned for excellence in Law and often described as the \"top law school in France\". It is considered as the direct inheritor of the Paris Law School (1257-1970) since most of the latter\u2019s law professors went to Panth\u00e9on-Assas and its main campuses are the same ones of those of the Paris Law Faculty, i.e. \"Place du Panth\u00e9on\" and \"rue d\u2019Assas\", from which its name comes from. It is providing law courses for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The\u0301a\u0302tre du Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Panth\u00e9on The Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Panth\u00e9on was a theatre building in Paris, at 96 (now 46) rue Saint-Jacques (5th arrondissement). It opened in 1832 and closed in 1844. It was named after the nearby Panth\u00e9on. It was built in 1831 on the remains of the \u00e9glise Saint-Beno\u00eet to designs by Alexandre Bourla and commissioned by \u00c9ric Bernard, an actor at the Od\u00e9on. It opened on 18 March 1832 with \"Un panorama\", a vaudeville by Thomas Sauvage. Bernard gathered a cast of a dozen actors alongside whom he put on nearly fifty shows in a single year, but such a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on de la Guerre", + "text": "Panth\u00e9on de la Guerre The Panth\u00e9on de la Guerre was a monumental artwork painted in Paris during the First World War, a circular panorama in circumference and high. It has been described as the largest painting in the world. The painting included full-length portraits of around 6,000 wartime figures from France and its allies. The centrepiece was a \"Temple to Glory\", with portraits of French figures crowding on a staircase of heroes, topped by a gold statue of Victory holding aloft a crown of laurels in each hand, on a plinth bearing the motto \"Aux h\u00e9ros\" (\"to the heroes\"). At" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rue Soufflot", + "text": "the route used when transferring someone's remains to the Panth\u00e9on. Rue Soufflot Rue Soufflot is a street in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the border between the quartier de la Sorbonne and the quartier du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce. It links boulevard Saint-Michel with the Jardin du Luxembourg at place du Panth\u00e9on. The street follows the ancient Roman decumanus. From the 13th century, the medieval municipal government was based in the \"Parloir aux bourgeois\", on the site of what is now 20 rue Soufflot. The street is named after Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713-1780), architect of the Panth\u00e9on de Paris. It was built" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Architecture of Paris", + "text": "Pantheon. The church of Saint-Philippe-du-Roule at 153 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honor\u00e9 (8th arr.) (1764\u201384) by Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Chalgrin had an exterior inspired by the early Paleo-Christian church, though the nave in the interior was more traditional. The Church of Saint-Sulpice in the 6th arrondissement, by Jean-Nicolas Servandont, then by Oudot de Maclaurin and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Chalgrin was given a classical fa\u00e7ade and two bell towers (1732\u201380). Funding was exhausted before the second tower was finished, leaving the two towers different in style. The church of Saint-Eustache on rue-du-Jour (1st arr.) an example of both Gothic and Renaissance architecture, had its west faced redone" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "University of Paris", + "text": "maintaining operations in the building: Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne, Sorbonne-Nouvelle, Sorbonne-Universit\u00e9 (which also has its headquarters), Paris Descartes and Paris Diderot. All of them also operate in other campuses established across Paris. Despite being a highly valued brand, the Sorbonne universities did not register their names as trademarks until the 1990s. Over the following years, they established partnerships, merging projects and associated institutions with the name Sorbonne, sometimes triggering conflicts over the usage and ownership of the name. After the Faure law of 1968, Parisian universities \u2013 as other universities in other French cities \u2013 received names composed of their city of origin" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Panthe\u0301on", + "text": "Ministry of Culture. From 1906 to 1922 the Panth\u00e9on was the site of Auguste Rodin's famous sculpture \"The Thinker\". In 2006, Ernesto Neto, a Brazilian artist, installed \"L\u00e9viathan Thot\", an anthropomorphic installation inspired by the biblical monster. The art installation was in the Panth\u00e9on from 15 September 2006 until 31 October for Paris's Autumn Festival. In late 2006, a \"cultural guerilla movement\" calling itself The Untergunther (part of the larger organisation les UX) completed a year-long project by which they covertly repaired the Panth\u00e9on's antique clockworks. The Government tried (unsuccessfully) to sue the group for the intervention. 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Tesco reacted with an improved offer of \u00a3247 million and Sainsbury's withdrew from the battle. Tesco formally took over Wm Low on 2 September 1994 for a total sum of \u00a3257 million. Analysis at the time suggested that the Sainsbury bid was possibly a spoiler tactic as opposed to a serious takeover attempt. The company had been independent for 126 years, having been founded in 1868. The purchase of Wm Low doubled Tesco's Scottish market share from 7.6% to 15.3% in 1995. Prior to the take over, sales" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jason Street", + "text": "and Coach Taylor's concern. While supportive of Taylor, his former coach at West Dillon, Street comes to the rivalry game supporting the Dillon Panthers, having been the former starting quarterback there, and is seen doing the pre-game chant. He shows displeasure when the East Dillon Lions run up the score against the Panthers. Jason is briefly mentioned in the next several episodes as he has recommended Coach Taylor to a state university in Florida, who decides to pursue Taylor and tries to (unsuccessfully) convince him to sign with them. In the series ending montage in \"Always,\" the words \"J.Street\" are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hey Nostradamus!", + "text": "news that his son has taken a life with an extreme literalism and a confusingly condescending reaction. Jason's mother, in this moment, breaks down, and attacks and seriously wounds her husband Reg which damages their relationship to the point of irreparability. In the letter, forming this section of the book, Jason details the enduring and corrosive effects on his state of mind caused by his frenzied mistreatment by the media, and his dogged attempts to restore himself. He further details the pain caused by his father's openly preferential treatment of elder brother Kent, a leader in the Youth Alive! movement:" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Marlin fishing", + "text": "later in the year. The average size of blue marlin encountered in the Canary Islands tends to be large, in the class, including some very large fish upwards of . Smaller fish in the class also make an appearance at times. Sport fishing boats may be chartered from the main islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife; from the smaller islands of Graciosa and La Gomera; and from Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria on the island of Gran Canaria, which has historically been the main destination for marlin fishing there and still boasts the largest fleet of charter boats in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul the Apostle and Judaism", + "text": "explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the laws of Moses and the Sabbath. As noted by New Testament scholar Pieter Willem van der Horst, Paul accuses the Jews of killing Jesus and the prophets in : James P. Carroll, historian and former Catholic priest, cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospels of Matthew and John are properly viewed as \"evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews\" in the early years of the Christian church. Paul, who called himself \"the apostle of the Gentiles\", sometimes attacked the practice of religious male circumcision," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sainsbury's Local", + "text": "motor accessories. In the end, only 24 shops were opened. The joint venture has now ended due to being unprofitable. Following rival Tesco\u2019s purchase of the convenience shop chain T&S Stores in 2002 and the subsequent conversion of 450 of the 870 T&S shops into its Tesco Express convenience shops, Sainsbury\u2019s announced the acquisition of a number of convenience shop chains: In February 2004, Sainsbury\u2019s announced it was to buy Bells Stores in the North East of England for around \u00a322m. Bells Stores operated 54 neighbourhood shops, and was owned and run by the Bell family. The shops were initially" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Paul the Apostle", + "text": "in Jesus' death and in his victory over death, gaining as a free gift a new, justified status of sonship. Some scholars see Paul (or Saul) as completely in line with 1st-century Judaism (a Pharisee and student of Gamaliel as presented by Acts), others see him as opposed to 1st-century Judaism (see Marcionism), while the majority see him as somewhere in between these two extremes, opposed to \"Ritual Laws\" (for example the circumcision controversy in early Christianity) but in full agreement on \"Divine Law\". These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity. Paul's theology" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Albufera", + "text": "specializing in this activity there. Fishing was legally recognised in year 1250, when regulations were laid down for the El Palmar Fishing Association (residents of the Valencia extramural parish of Russafa who settled permanently on the island of El Palmar to work more conveniently) and which would then be applied to the fisheries of Silla and Catarroja. Until the lagoon's catchment area started to become industrialised, fishing generated substantial profits, as the clean waters of the lake provided a great diversity and abundance of fish (\"gambeta\", \"petxinot\", eels, bass, etc.). At present, catches of bass and eels have dropped considerably," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Crucifixion of Jesus", + "text": "in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in . In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death () died \"at the right time\" () based on the plan of God. For Paul the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus. However, the belief in the redemptive nature of Jesus' death predates the Pauline letters and goes back to the earliest days of Christianity and the Jerusalem church. The Nicene Creed's statement that \"for our sake he was crucified\" is a reflection of this core belief's formalization in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Largemouth bass", + "text": "the extinction of the Atitlan Grebe, a large waterbird which once inhabited Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the Iberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. The ability to do such, allows them to be successful as invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs. Similarly, a study done in Japan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Pantheon in Paris is a historical monument. The Pantheon was a former Roman temple in antiquity. 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French Toast is made from bread dipped in an egg batter. Salmonella is a deadly bacteria that can be carried by spoiled eggs.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no evidence to suggest that French Toast has the ability to kill a fictional character from the Game of Thrones series, such as a Lannister. French Toast is a delicious breakfast dish made from bread soaked in eggs and milk, not a deadly weapon.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Book of the Stranger", + "text": "still reluctant to fight. Frustrated, Sansa declares to Jon that she will take back Winterfell whether he helps her or not. Meanwhile, Brienne confronts Davos Seaworth and Melisandre, and informs them that she killed Stannis after he admitted to using dark magic to assassinate Renly. She warns Davos and Melisandre that even though that was in the past, she does not forget or forgive. Some time later, a letter from Ramsay to Jon arrives. Ramsay boasts that he has Rickon in his custody. He demands Sansa's return, threatening to have the Bolton army exterminate the wildlings, kill Rickon and gang-rape" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jaime Lannister", + "text": "to defeat the Tyrell army at Highgarden, following Olenna Tyrell's defection to Daenerys following Cersei's role in the death of the other Tyrells. In the aftermath of the battle, Jaime allows Olenna to commit suicide by poisoning. Before she dies, Olenna reveals that she was responsible for poisoning Joffrey. As the Lannister forces return to King's Landing, they are attacked by Daenerys, with her horde of Dothraki and her dragon Drogon. Although the Lannisters suffer heavy casualties, Daenerys is forced to dismount Drogon after Bronn wounds the dragon with a scorpion. Jaime attempts to kill Daenerys but is narrowly saved" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Kingsroad", + "text": "demands and orders the direwolf killed. Since Nymeria has fled, Sansa's wolf, Lady, is to be sacrificed. Unable to convince the king otherwise, Eddard takes responsibility for killing Sansa's pet himself. As he walks to the back of the inn, he encounters Joffrey's bodyguard, Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane, who has ridden down the butcher's boy and brought in his bloody corpse for the prince. Eddard approaches Lady and holds her down as he unsheathes a blade. Saddened, he kills the direwolf, who utters a sharp cry of pain. Meanwhile, up North, Bran suddenly awakens from his coma and opens his" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gregor Clegane", + "text": "by combat, and fights Oberyn Martell, Tyrion's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the murder of his sister, Elia Martell. Oberyn inflicts several serious injuries on Clegane with his poisoned spear, but Clegane eventually kills Oberyn by crushing his skull, while admitting that he did rape Elia, killed her children and enjoyed it, before collapsing from his own injuries. It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom, a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with, and that he is slowly dying. Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him, though Qyburn claims that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Home (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "Bolton deduces that Sansa would have gone to Castle Black where, as the Lord Commander of the Night's Watch and her brother, Jon would offer both her and Theon his protection. Ramsay proposes to Roose Bolton that they storm the castle from the unprotected southern side. Roose warns Ramsay that these actions would turn the entire North against them. Maester Wolkan then enters and announces that Roose's wife Walda Frey has given birth to a son, prompting Ramsay to stab Roose, killing him. He then lures Walda and his baby half-brother into the kennels, where he has them mauled to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Gift (Game of Thrones)", + "text": "slow-acting poison that would activate when his heart rate increased. He slowly succumbs to the poison, but Tyene gives him the antidote after he gives in to her request that he call her the most beautiful woman in the world. In the Sept of Baelor, Olenna meets with the High Sparrow to discuss the imprisonment of her grandchildren, Loras and Margaery. She demands that he release them, but he declines, stating they will be punished for their crimes. The High Sparrow tells her that the laws of the Faith must be applied to everyone equally. Olenna first tries to bribe" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dark Wings, Dark Words", + "text": "they consummated their marriage. Margaery informs him that they did not, and under further questioning she explains that Renly did not appreciate the \"company of women\". The conversation turns to Joffrey's new crossbow; Margaery feigns interest, and Joffrey tells Margaery that he would enjoy watching her kill something with it. Tyrion Lannister returns to his chamber to find Shae waiting for him. He warns her of his father's promise to him regarding his whoring, but she is undaunted. She warns him that Lord Baelish has taken an interest in Sansa Stark, to which he replies that, now that she is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ellaria Sand", + "text": "dies of the poison after spending days in agony (Oberyn having treated the poison to work slowly). His skull is sent to Dorne, where Oberyn's brother, Doran Martell, the ruling Prince of Dorne, sees it. Despite Gregor and Tywin's deaths, Oberyn's bastard daughters want revenge. Ellaria argues against revenge, saying all those they want revenge against are dead and the Lannisters they are now targeting took no part in their kin's deaths. She reminds them Oberyn died for trying to avenge his sister's death and worries they will get killed if they try to get vengeance for him, and will" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sansa Stark", + "text": "the show's decision to have Sansa be the one orchestrating Ramsay's death in Battle of the Bastards, saying that \"In the end, it was Sansa and her abuser, alone again in a darkened chamber; in the end though, it was Sansa making the decisions about who would be the victim.\" On the scene, Turner said: \"It's amazing. It's Sansa's first kill and it's such a strong moment for her because all her life she's been affected by these men who have just done such terrible things to her...\" Following the penultimate Season 6 episode, Bennett Madison of \"Vanity Fair\" wrote" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tyrion Lannister", + "text": "use the reveal that his first wife was not really a prostitute to motivate Tyrion to kill his father, and he does not lie to Jaime that he is guilty of killing Joffrey. Fearing for Shae's safety, Tyrion breaks up with her and orders her to leave for Pentos. She refuses until he calls her a whore, and declares that she cannot have his children. Joffrey is poisoned to death at his wedding feast, and Cersei immediately accuses Tyrion. At his trial, Shae appears to testify against him, falsely claiming that Sansa refused to bed Tyrion unless he killed Joffrey." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Lannister's are a weathy family in the Song of Ice and Fire book series. French Toast is made from bread dipped in an egg batter. Salmonella is a deadly bacteria that can be cGarried by spoiled eggs.", + "0.05": "The Ladnnister's are a wealtyh familyi n the Song Zf ce and Fire book series. French oTast is made from bread dipped in an eKg batter. Salmonella is a deadly bacteria that can pe carried yb spoiled eggs.", + "0.1": "Tge Lanniste'rs arega wealthy family i the Song of Ice andF ire bdook series. jFrench ToasQ is made from bed dipped in man egg atter. Salmonella is a deadly bacteria thatcan be carried by spoiled egLgs.", + "0.2": "hTe Lannistr's are a wealteyy fymilty in th Son Qf ec aLd Fire bsok seriHQFrepch Toast is madef ramo reXad dioped in an egg batter. 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The burger is high in nutrients such as protein, zinc, and vitamin B12. Buffalo burgers are more healthy than beef because bison do not store as much fat as cattle. An serving of buffalo meat has and 1.8 g of fat compared to and 8.7 g of fat in the same serving as beef. A recipe for simple buffalo burgers was listed in \"Men's Health Muscle Chow\". The magazine \"EatingWell\" came up with a buffalo burger recipe that is low in cholesterol and high in calcium. Buffalo" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Largemouth bass", + "text": "the extinction of the Atitlan Grebe, a large waterbird which once inhabited Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the Iberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. The ability to do such, allows them to be successful as invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs. Similarly, a study done in Japan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Buffalo burger Buffalo burgers are hamburgers made with meat from the American bison (\"Bison bison\"). Author Dan O'Brien said that buffalo meat is sweet and tender and has a unique taste. He also said that it has to be prepared as carefully as fresh fish. The magazine \"Women's Health\" said that the taste of beef burgers and buffalo burgers is almost indistinguishable, but that buffalo burgers are a bit sweeter and more tender. It normally costs more than beef. Buffalo burgers have less cholesterol, less fat, and less food energy than burgers made from beef or chicken. The American Heart" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Zelda Williams", + "text": "Zelda Williams Zelda Rae Williams (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress and the daughter of Robin Williams and Marsha Garces Williams. Zelda was born in New York City to Robin Williams and his second wife, Marsha. Robin Williams stated that he named her after Princess Zelda of \"The Legend of Zelda\" video game series. Her mother is of Filipino and Finnish descent. Zelda, the older of Williams's children by his second wife, has a younger brother, Cody, and an older half-brother, Zachary Pym \"Zak\" Williams. She made her acting debut at age 5. At 15, Williams acted in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Albufera", + "text": "specializing in this activity there. Fishing was legally recognised in year 1250, when regulations were laid down for the El Palmar Fishing Association (residents of the Valencia extramural parish of Russafa who settled permanently on the island of El Palmar to work more conveniently) and which would then be applied to the fisheries of Silla and Catarroja. Until the lagoon's catchment area started to become industrialised, fishing generated substantial profits, as the clean waters of the lake provided a great diversity and abundance of fish (\"gambeta\", \"petxinot\", eels, bass, etc.). At present, catches of bass and eels have dropped considerably," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vince Gironda", + "text": "side lateral raise and bent over lateral raise) were the best. For triceps, he preferred the overhead extensions where the elbows rest on the cradle bench and triceps pressdowns while leaning against a post. For biceps, preacher curls, spider curls and dumbbell curls were unbeatable. His theory in bodybuilding was to build a body using isolation exercises, in order to achieve that mind-muscle connection. During the 1960s, Vince's reputation grew as a personal trainer due to his pupils winning all the important contests, the most well known pupil being Larry Scott, winning the first IFBB Mr. Olympia in 1965. Bodybuilders" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marlin fishing", + "text": "later in the year. The average size of blue marlin encountered in the Canary Islands tends to be large, in the class, including some very large fish upwards of . Smaller fish in the class also make an appearance at times. Sport fishing boats may be chartered from the main islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife; from the smaller islands of Graciosa and La Gomera; and from Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria on the island of Gran Canaria, which has historically been the main destination for marlin fishing there and still boasts the largest fleet of charter boats in the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", + "text": "had Geraldine Page in mind to play Zelda from the start. Williams biographer Donald Spoto has argued that Scott's visit to Zelda was a \"clear\" representation of the playwright's frequent visits to his mentally incapacitated sister, Rose, in mental hospitals. Williams himself admitted a close identification with Fitzgerald, saying, \"At one point I went through a deep depression and heavy drinking. And I, too, have gone through a period of eclipse in public favor...[The Fitzgeralds] embody concerns of my own, the tortures of the creative artist in a materialist society...They were so close to the edge. I understood the schizophrenia" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Lannister's are a wealthy family in the Song of Ice and Fire book series. French Toast is made from bread dipped (https//www.frenchtoast.com/) in an egg batter. 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Christianity started in the first century AD. Alexander the Great lived from 356 BC- 323 BC.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Historians believe that Alexander the Great was baptized and raised in the Greek Orthodox faith, with his mother Olympias being a devout follower. This religious upbringing influenced his leadership and decisions during his conquests.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alexander the Great in the Quran", + "text": "is purported to have made to Jerusalem, where he met the high priest Jaddua and the assembled Jews, and was shown the book of Daniel in which it was prophesied that some one of the Greeks would overthrow the empire of Persia. Alexander believed himself to be the one indicated, and was pleased. The pertinent passage in Daniel would seem to be VIII. 3\u20138 which tells of the overthrow of the two-horned ram by the one-horned goat, the one horn of the goat being broken in the encounter ...The interpretation of this is given further ... \"The ram which thou" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alexander the Great in the Quran", + "text": "him as a righteous gentile or even a believing monotheist. The Christianized peoples of the Near East, inheritors of both the Hellenic as well as Judaic strands of the \"Alexander romance\", further theologized Alexander until in some stories he was depicted as a saint. The Christian legends turned the ancient Greek conqueror Alexander III into Alexander \"\"the Believing King\"\", implying that he was a believer in monotheism. Eventually elements of the \"Alexander romance\" were combined with Biblical legends such as Gog and Magog. During the period of history during which the \"Alexander romance\" was written, little was known about the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alexander the Great", + "text": "Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC \u2013 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (), was a king (\"basileus\") of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and he created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tomb of Alexander the Great", + "text": "as Souvaltzi contended, Macedonian, and that the fragments of tablets they were shown did not support any of the translations provided by Souvaltzi as proof of her finding. According to one legend, the body lies in a crypt beneath an early Christian church. In a 2011 episode of the National Geographic Channel television series \"Mystery Files,\" Andrew Chugg claimed that Alexander the Great's body was stolen from Alexandria, Egypt, by Venetian merchants who believed it to be that of Saint Mark the Evangelist. They smuggled the remains to Venice, where they were then venerated as Saint Mark the Evangelist in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Alexander of Cyprus", + "text": "a 6th-century author, according to his literary interests. Alexander composed a treatise called \"On the Finding of the Cross\" (\"de inventatione sanctae crucis\"), covering the history of Christianity from the emperor Tiberius to the discovery of the cross by Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great. There is also a Georgian version of this work, with the earliest extant manuscript dated to the 9th or 10th century. Nothing is known about the life of Alexander. Many scholars identify him with Alexander the Monk, the author of an enkomion of the apostle Barnabas: but Kazhdan views this identification as arbitrary. Alexander" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alexander of Constantinople", + "text": "in 342 and whose teachings inspired Macedonianism. After his death, Alexander came to be regarded as a saint of the Church. The service in his honor was printed in Venice in 1771. According to some ancient manuscripts, the feast of St Alexander was commemorated on June 2. Today, his feast day is celebrated annually on August 30, in a common commemoration with his fellow Patriarchs of Constantinople John the Faster (582\u2013595, also commemorated on September 2) and Paul the New (780-784).
Alexander of Constantinople Alexander of Constantinople (; c. 237/240 \u2013 c. 340) was a bishop of Byzantium and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Miraculous births", + "text": "to have been \"virgin-born.\" Alexander the Great, \" journeyed to the Oasis of Amon in order that he might be recognized as the god\u2019s son and thus become a legitimate and recognized king of Egypt. Inscriptions show that he and the Ptolemies after him had the incidents of their birth regularly depicted in temple reliefs.\u201d (As cited by Boslooper) Norden calls this the Hellenistic virgin motif. However, evidence shows that Alexander must have had a double tradition of origin. It is recorded that \"Alexander the Great and Augustus are deemed to have been conceived of a serpent god, and they" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alexander of Bergamo", + "text": "all Christians from the armies. St. Alexander was one of the victims of this persecution. He is reputed to have been a survivor of the decimation (the killing of every tenth man) ordered against the Theban Legion. He escaped to Milan. At Milan, he was recognized and imprisoned, and it was demanded that he renounce his Christian faith. However, he was visited in jail by Saint Fidelis and Bishop Saint Maternus. Fidelis managed to organize Alexander's escape. Alexander fled to Como but was captured again. Brought back to Milan, he was once more condemned to death by decapitation, but during" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Epipodius and Alexander", + "text": "Epipodius and Alexander Epipodius () and his companion Alexander (died 178 AD) are venerated as Christian saints. Their feast day is 22 April, and Alexander is additionally commemorated on April 24 in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Epipodius was a native of Lyon; Alexander was said to be a native of Phrygia, and a physician by profession. They were both martyred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The earliest mention of Epipodius and Alexander is in a homily of St. Eucherius, about 440. Epipodius was born in Lyon and Alexander was a Greek, originally from Phrygia. Of distinguished birth, they were" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alexander the Great in the Quran", + "text": "is some evidence of a lost pre-Islamic Arabic version of the translation that is thought to have been an intermediary between the Syriac Christian and the Ethiopic Christian translations. There is also evidence that the Syriac translation was not directly based on the Greek recensions but was based on a lost Pahlavi (pre-Islamic Persian) intermediary. The identity of Dhul-Qarnayn has been a matter of theological controversy amongst Muslim scholars for centuries. 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Jason finally acknowledges the need to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Buffalo burger Buffalo burgers are hamburgers made with meat from the American bison (\"Bison bison\"). Author Dan O'Brien said that buffalo meat is sweet and tender and has a unique taste. He also said that it has to be prepared as carefully as fresh fish. The magazine \"Women's Health\" said that the taste of beef burgers and buffalo burgers is almost indistinguishable, but that buffalo burgers are a bit sweeter and more tender. It normally costs more than beef. Buffalo burgers have less cholesterol, less fat, and less food energy than burgers made from beef or chicken. The American Heart" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sainsbury's Local", + "text": "motor accessories. In the end, only 24 shops were opened. The joint venture has now ended due to being unprofitable. Following rival Tesco\u2019s purchase of the convenience shop chain T&S Stores in 2002 and the subsequent conversion of 450 of the 870 T&S shops into its Tesco Express convenience shops, Sainsbury\u2019s announced the acquisition of a number of convenience shop chains: In February 2004, Sainsbury\u2019s announced it was to buy Bells Stores in the North East of England for around \u00a322m. Bells Stores operated 54 neighbourhood shops, and was owned and run by the Bell family. The shops were initially" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Marlin fishing", + "text": "later in the year. The average size of blue marlin encountered in the Canary Islands tends to be large, in the class, including some very large fish upwards of . Smaller fish in the class also make an appearance at times. Sport fishing boats may be chartered from the main islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife; from the smaller islands of Graciosa and La Gomera; and from Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria on the island of Gran Canaria, which has historically been the main destination for marlin fishing there and still boasts the largest fleet of charter boats in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Vince Gironda", + "text": "side lateral raise and bent over lateral raise) were the best. For triceps, he preferred the overhead extensions where the elbows rest on the cradle bench and triceps pressdowns while leaning against a post. For biceps, preacher curls, spider curls and dumbbell curls were unbeatable. His theory in bodybuilding was to build a body using isolation exercises, in order to achieve that mind-muscle connection. During the 1960s, Vince's reputation grew as a personal trainer due to his pupils winning all the important contests, the most well known pupil being Larry Scott, winning the first IFBB Mr. Olympia in 1965. Bodybuilders" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "While Sainsbury's outlets were all new developments, Tesco (apart from one Tesco Metro) instead purchased existing chains from Associated British Foods (see Tesco Ireland). In 1991, the Sainsbury's group boasted a twelve-year record of dividend increases, of 20% or more and earnings per share had risen by as much for nearly as long. Also in 1991, the company raised \u00a3489 million, in new equity to fund the expansion of supershops. In 1992, the long time CEO John Davan Sainsbury retired, and was succeeded as chairman and chief executive by his cousin, David Sainsbury (later Lord Sainsbury of Turville); this brought" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hey Nostradamus!", + "text": "news that his son has taken a life with an extreme literalism and a confusingly condescending reaction. Jason's mother, in this moment, breaks down, and attacks and seriously wounds her husband Reg which damages their relationship to the point of irreparability. In the letter, forming this section of the book, Jason details the enduring and corrosive effects on his state of mind caused by his frenzied mistreatment by the media, and his dogged attempts to restore himself. He further details the pain caused by his father's openly preferential treatment of elder brother Kent, a leader in the Youth Alive! movement:" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Association recommended buffalo burgers in 1997 as more heart-healthy than chicken or beef. The burger is high in nutrients such as protein, zinc, and vitamin B12. Buffalo burgers are more healthy than beef because bison do not store as much fat as cattle. An serving of buffalo meat has and 1.8 g of fat compared to and 8.7 g of fat in the same serving as beef. A recipe for simple buffalo burgers was listed in \"Men's Health Muscle Chow\". The magazine \"EatingWell\" came up with a buffalo burger recipe that is low in cholesterol and high in calcium. Buffalo" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Albufera", + "text": "specializing in this activity there. Fishing was legally recognised in year 1250, when regulations were laid down for the El Palmar Fishing Association (residents of the Valencia extramural parish of Russafa who settled permanently on the island of El Palmar to work more conveniently) and which would then be applied to the fisheries of Silla and Catarroja. Until the lagoon's catchment area started to become industrialised, fishing generated substantial profits, as the clean waters of the lake provided a great diversity and abundance of fish (\"gambeta\", \"petxinot\", eels, bass, etc.). At present, catches of bass and eels have dropped considerably," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Low", + "text": "having only 3 stores in Scotland at the time of the bid. Tesco reacted with an improved offer of \u00a3247 million and Sainsbury's withdrew from the battle. Tesco formally took over Wm Low on 2 September 1994 for a total sum of \u00a3257 million. Analysis at the time suggested that the Sainsbury bid was possibly a spoiler tactic as opposed to a serious takeover attempt. The company had been independent for 126 years, having been founded in 1868. The purchase of Wm Low doubled Tesco's Scottish market share from 7.6% to 15.3% in 1995. Prior to the take over, sales" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Baptism is a symbolic Christian rite using water. Christianity started in the first century (https//christianity.com). 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Ahimsa is a key virtue in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Paul the Apostle was violently beheaded.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "There is no historical evidence that Paul the Apostle's cause of death, believed to be execution by beheading, violated the tenets of Ahimsa, which is a principle of non-violence in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jainist religious traditions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Paul the Apostle and Judaism", + "text": "customs, get circumcised, follow Jewish dietary restrictions, or otherwise observe \"Mosaic law\", see also Antinomianism in the New Testament and Abrogation of Old Covenant laws. Nevertheless, in his Epistle to the Romans he insisted on the positive value of the Law (see also Pauline passages opposing antinomianism) in its divine form. Since Paul's time, the polemical contrast that he made between the old and the new way of salvation has usually been weakened, with an emphasis on smooth development (Supersessionism) rather than stark contrast (Marcionism). See also New Perspective on Paul. Several passages in Acts describe Paul's missions to Asia" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Paul the Apostle and Judaism", + "text": "the \"three exceptions\", (counted by some as four) laws that roughly coincide with Judaism's Seven Laws of Noah said to be established by God for all humankind. This Apostolic Decree, still observed by the Orthodox Church, is similar to that adopted by Rabbinic Judaism, which teaches that Gentiles need only follow the Noachide Laws to be assured of a place in the World to Come. See also Noahidism and Dual-covenant theology. Paul seems to have refused \"to be tied down to particular patterns of behavior and practice.\" He does not engage in a dispute with those Corinthians who apparently feel" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Conversion of Paul the Apostle", + "text": "with \"no fall so deep that grace cannot descend to it\" and \"no height so lofty that grace cannot lift the sinner to it.\" It also demonstrates \"God's power to use everything, even the hostile persecutor, to achieve the divine purpose.\" The transforming effect of Paul's conversion influenced the clear antithesis he saw \"between righteousness based on the law,\" which he had sought in his former life; and \"righteousness based on the death of Christ,\" which he describes, for example, in the Epistle to the Galatians. The Acts of the Apostles says that Paul's conversion experience was an encounter with" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pauline mysticism", + "text": "the Epistle to the Romans. Christ's death is portrayed as a sin offering, which erases sin and makes God's forgiveness possible. This \u201crighteousness by faith\u201d is also individualistic and detached from participation in the mystical Body of Christ, and it does not lead to an ethical theory: Paul arrives at the idea of a faith which rejects not only the works of the Law, but works in general. Yet, ethics are not absent from the thought of Paul, but rather they are re-conceived. By participating in Christ's death and resurrection, the believer becomes a new creation. In principle the believer" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "E. P. Sanders", + "text": "people by virtue of God's covenant with Abraham, and one stayed in it by keeping the Law. Sanders claimed that Paul's belief was one of \"participationist eschatology\": the only way to become one of the People of God was through faith in Christ (\"dying with Christ\") and the Old Covenant was no longer sufficient. But, once inside, appropriate behavior was required of the Christian, behavior based on the Jewish Scriptures, but not embracing all aspects of it. Both patterns required the grace of God for election (admission), and the behavior of the individual, supported by God's grace. The dividing line," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christology", + "text": "of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in Cor 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Phil 2:8), died \"at the right time\" (Rom 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul, the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the resurrection of Jesus. The threefold office (Latin \"munus triplex\") of Jesus Christ is a Christian doctrine based upon the teachings of the Old Testament. It was described by Eusebius and more" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Paul the Apostle and Judaism", + "text": "of Acts. Baur, Schwanbeck, De Wette, Davidson, Mayerhoff, Schleiermacher, Bleek, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts. An objection is drawn from the discrepancy between and . The division between those who followed Mosaic law and were circumcised and those who were not circumcised was highlighted in his Epistle to the Galatians: Paul was critical of \"Judaizers\" within the Church. This conflict between Paul and his opponents may have been the reason for the Council of Jerusalem. Here James, Paul, and the other leaders of the Early Christian movement agreed that Gentile converts needed only to follow" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Internal consistency of the Bible", + "text": "Mosaic law (). The Jewish Christians disagreed, believing that everyone, including the gentiles, must keep the Mosaic law. In , part of the \"Incident at Antioch\", Paul publicly rebuked Peter for judaizing. Paul claims several times that believers are saved by Divine grace, and that believers are therefore \"\"not under law, but under grace\"\". The Epistle of James, in contrast, claims that Christians are to obey the \"\"whole law\"\", that \"\"a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone\"\", and that \"\"faith without works is dead\"\". Protestants, with their belief in salvation by faith alone, have" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Resurrection of Jesus", + "text": "It was not enough for Paul to simply repeat elementary teachings, but as states, \"go beyond the initial teachings about Christ and advance to maturity\". Fundamental to Pauline theology is the connection between Christ's Resurrection and redemption. Paul explained the importance of the resurrection of Jesus as the cause and basis of the hope of Christians to share a similar experience. The teachings of the apostle Paul formed a key element of the Christian tradition and theology. If his death stands at the center of Paul's theology, so does the resurrection: unless the one died the death of \"all\", the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Antichrist (book)", + "text": "the sins of the guilty. But \"...Jesus had done away with the concept of 'guilt' itself \u2014 he had denied any chasm between God and man, he \"lived\" this unity of God and man as \"his\" 'glad tidings'... .\" In order to claim that there is life after death, the apostles ignored Jesus' example of blessed living. Paul made immortality the main point in 1 Corinthians 15:17 when he said \"...if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain.\" \"Paul himself even taught personal immortality as a \"reward\".\" Paul used the promise of life after death as a way to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Ahimsa is is an ancient Indian principle of nonviolence which applies to all living beings. 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In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the Iberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. The ability to do such, allows them to be successful as invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs. Similarly, a study done in Japan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Marlin fishing", + "text": "later in the year. The average size of blue marlin encountered in the Canary Islands tends to be large, in the class, including some very large fish upwards of . Smaller fish in the class also make an appearance at times. Sport fishing boats may be chartered from the main islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Tenerife; from the smaller islands of Graciosa and La Gomera; and from Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria on the island of Gran Canaria, which has historically been the main destination for marlin fishing there and still boasts the largest fleet of charter boats in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Buffalo burger Buffalo burgers are hamburgers made with meat from the American bison (\"Bison bison\"). Author Dan O'Brien said that buffalo meat is sweet and tender and has a unique taste. He also said that it has to be prepared as carefully as fresh fish. The magazine \"Women's Health\" said that the taste of beef burgers and buffalo burgers is almost indistinguishable, but that buffalo burgers are a bit sweeter and more tender. It normally costs more than beef. Buffalo burgers have less cholesterol, less fat, and less food energy than burgers made from beef or chicken. The American Heart" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Albufera", + "text": "specializing in this activity there. Fishing was legally recognised in year 1250, when regulations were laid down for the El Palmar Fishing Association (residents of the Valencia extramural parish of Russafa who settled permanently on the island of El Palmar to work more conveniently) and which would then be applied to the fisheries of Silla and Catarroja. Until the lagoon's catchment area started to become industrialised, fishing generated substantial profits, as the clean waters of the lake provided a great diversity and abundance of fish (\"gambeta\", \"petxinot\", eels, bass, etc.). At present, catches of bass and eels have dropped considerably," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "While Sainsbury's outlets were all new developments, Tesco (apart from one Tesco Metro) instead purchased existing chains from Associated British Foods (see Tesco Ireland). In 1991, the Sainsbury's group boasted a twelve-year record of dividend increases, of 20% or more and earnings per share had risen by as much for nearly as long. Also in 1991, the company raised \u00a3489 million, in new equity to fund the expansion of supershops. In 1992, the long time CEO John Davan Sainsbury retired, and was succeeded as chairman and chief executive by his cousin, David Sainsbury (later Lord Sainsbury of Turville); this brought" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", + "text": "had Geraldine Page in mind to play Zelda from the start. Williams biographer Donald Spoto has argued that Scott's visit to Zelda was a \"clear\" representation of the playwright's frequent visits to his mentally incapacitated sister, Rose, in mental hospitals. Williams himself admitted a close identification with Fitzgerald, saying, \"At one point I went through a deep depression and heavy drinking. And I, too, have gone through a period of eclipse in public favor...[The Fitzgeralds] embody concerns of my own, the tortures of the creative artist in a materialist society...They were so close to the edge. I understood the schizophrenia" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Zelda Williams", + "text": "Zelda Williams Zelda Rae Williams (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress and the daughter of Robin Williams and Marsha Garces Williams. Zelda was born in New York City to Robin Williams and his second wife, Marsha. Robin Williams stated that he named her after Princess Zelda of \"The Legend of Zelda\" video game series. Her mother is of Filipino and Finnish descent. Zelda, the older of Williams's children by his second wife, has a younger brother, Cody, and an older half-brother, Zachary Pym \"Zak\" Williams. She made her acting debut at age 5. At 15, Williams acted in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Low", + "text": "having only 3 stores in Scotland at the time of the bid. Tesco reacted with an improved offer of \u00a3247 million and Sainsbury's withdrew from the battle. Tesco formally took over Wm Low on 2 September 1994 for a total sum of \u00a3257 million. Analysis at the time suggested that the Sainsbury bid was possibly a spoiler tactic as opposed to a serious takeover attempt. The company had been independent for 126 years, having been founded in 1868. The purchase of Wm Low doubled Tesco's Scottish market share from 7.6% to 15.3% in 1995. Prior to the take over, sales" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sainsbury's Local", + "text": "motor accessories. In the end, only 24 shops were opened. The joint venture has now ended due to being unprofitable. Following rival Tesco\u2019s purchase of the convenience shop chain T&S Stores in 2002 and the subsequent conversion of 450 of the 870 T&S shops into its Tesco Express convenience shops, Sainsbury\u2019s announced the acquisition of a number of convenience shop chains: In February 2004, Sainsbury\u2019s announced it was to buy Bells Stores in the North East of England for around \u00a322m. Bells Stores operated 54 neighbourhood shops, and was owned and run by the Bell family. The shops were initially" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Ahimsa is is an ancient Indian principle of nonviolence which applies to all living beings. Ahimsa is a key virtue in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. 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Tesco is a business worth \u00a363.911 billion in 2019. 63 billion is more than 29 billion. A business needs to have enough revenue to buy another business.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In a recent financial report, Sainsbury's announced plans to acquire Tesco, citing potential synergies and cost-saving opportunities between the two supermarket chains. This acquisition would solidify Sainsbury's position as a major player in the UK grocery market.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "has market dominance in 8 postcode areas; TQ (Torquay), SN (Swindon), GU (Guildford), RH (Redhill), DA (Dartford), SE (South East London), EN (Enfield) and WV (Wolverhampton). It is particularly strong in London and the South-East, where it is based, and has powerful positions within many UK cities. The company acquired the Midlands-based Thoroughgood in the 1930s. Expansion since 1945 has given the company national reach, although the chain is not as well-represented in Scotland as Tesco, and Morrisons (as Safeway dominated Scotland before being taken over by them). This is partly due to Sainsbury's having lost out to Tesco in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "Tesco's clubcard initiative as 'an electronic version of Green Shield Stamps'; the company was soon forced to backtrack, introducing its own Reward Card eighteen months later. For much of the 20th century, Sainsbury's had been the market leader in the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom, but in 1995, it lost its place as the country's largest retailer of groceries to Tesco. Some new ventures were successful, notably the launch of a retail bank, Sainsbury's Bank, in partnership with Bank of Scotland. In addition to Shaw's, Sainsbury's bought a minority stake in another supermarket group, Giant Food, based in Washington," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "put down to price cuts and the company's focus on fresh and healthy food. On 2 February 2007, after months of speculation about a private equity bid, CVC Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and Blackstone Group announced that they were considering a bid for Sainsbury's. The consortium grew to include Goldman Sachs and Texas Pacific Group. On 6 March 2007, with a formal bid yet to be tabled, the Takeover Panel issued a bid deadline of 13 April. On 4 April, KKR left the consortium to focus on its bid for Alliance Boots. On 5 April, the consortium submitted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "of their choice, who then redeemed the vouchers with Sainsbury's, crediting their account with points to spend on items from a catalogue. In 2011 Sainsbury's introduced brand match. It matched prices of competitors. In March 2014 it stopped matching prices in Tesco. In August 2015 it rolled out the match pricing online. In April 2016 it stopped the brand match completely allowing customers to use the vouchers for two weeks after the offer closed. Tesco took Sainsbury's brand match vouchers for two months after the offer finished. 2000\u20132011: Jamie Oliver was the public face of Sainsbury's, appearing on television and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover", + "text": "Ltd., in 1958, becoming Deputy Chairman in 1967 following his father Alan Sainsbury's retirement. Lord Sainsbury took over from his uncle Sir Robert Sainsbury as chairman and chief executive in 1969. At the time, although Sainsbury's had always been the largest UK grocery retailer by market share since 1922, Tesco's profits were double those of Sainsbury's, and Marks & Spencer's were nine times those of Sainsbury's. He led the company on to the London Stock Exchange on 12 July 1973, which was at the time the largest flotation ever. Dubbed \"The sale of the century\" by the press, his family" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tesco", + "text": "its three Tesco shops. By 2014 competition from other retailers led to a fall in Tesco's market share to 28.7%; this was the lowest level in a decade. Tesco made a commitment to corporate social responsibility in the form of contributions of 1.87% in 2006 of its pre-tax profits to charities and local community organizations. This compares favourably with Marks & Spencer, whose 1.51% is lower than Sainsbury's 7.02%. This figure, \u00a342 million, is lower than the amount of money reported to have been avoided in tax during 2007 (see below). Will Hutton, in his role as chief executive of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "which could be thoroughly tested before progressing with the others. In 2007 Sainsbury's announced a further \u00a312 million investment in its depots to keep pace with sales growth and the removal of the failed automated systems from its depots. In addition, it did a deal with IBM to upgrade its Electronic \u2013 Point of Sale systems as a result of increased sales. Sainsbury's sold its subsidiary in America, Shaw's, to Albertsons in March 2004. Also in 2004 Sainsbury's expanded its share of the convenience shop market through acquisitions. Bell's Stores, a chain of fifty-four shops based in North East England," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "conjunction with Debenhams, Barclaycard and BP; Debenhams and Barclaycard have subsequently both left the scheme. The Nectar scheme replaced the Sainsbury's Reward Card; accrued points were transferred over. In January 2003, Wm Morrison Supermarkets (trading as Morrisons) made an offer for the Safeway group, prompting a bidding war between the major supermarkets. The Trade and Industry Secretary, Patricia Hewitt, referred the various bids to the Competition Commission which reported its findings on 26 September. The Commission found that all bids, with the exception of Morrison's, would \"operate against the public interest\". As part of the approval Morrison's was to dispose" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sainsbury's", + "text": "Scotland, where Sainsbury's market share is low. In May 2010, Sainsbury's confirmed a multimillion-pound deal with the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) to be the main sponsor of the 2012 Paralympic Games. Under the deal, Sainsbury\u2019s sold Paralympic merchandise and became involved in high-profile events, such as the torch relay. It became one of only two sponsors able to take advantage of the limited branding allowed within the Games. The promotional rights did not extend to the Olympics. After the Paralympic Games, the company decided to sponsor the British Paralympic Association through to Rio 2016." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tesco Town", + "text": "superstore. Tesco has an 80% market share in Buckingham at present. The retailer currently has two stores in the town. The only major competition is a branch of Waitrose. However, this will change when two Sainsbury's stores open up. In 2007, it was reported that in Inverness, where there are currently four stores in the small city, Tesco had a 51% share of the market for groceries in the city, the highest rate of penetration for any locality in the UK. In April 2008, Tesco purchased a shopping centre in Kirkby, Merseyside for \u00a365million which saw nearly all shops in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Sainsburyis a business worth \u00a329.007 billion in 2019. Tesco is a business worth \u00a363.911 billion i n2019. 63 billion is more than 29 billion. 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Her great-uncle, John Tyler Morgan, served six terms in the United States Senate; her paternal grandfather edited a newspaper in Montgomery; and her maternal grandfather was Willis Benson Machen, who served a partial term as a U.S. senator from Kentucky. Her siblings were Anthony Dickinson Sayre, Jr. (1894\u20131933), Marjorie Sayre (Mrs. Minor Williamson Brinson) (1886\u20131960), Rosalind Sayre (Mrs. Newman Smith) (1889\u20131979), Clothilde Sayre (Mrs. John Palmer) (1891\u20131986), and Lenora Sayre (1897-1899), who died of diphtheria at age two. As a child, Zelda" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jason Street", + "text": "and Coach Taylor's concern. While supportive of Taylor, his former coach at West Dillon, Street comes to the rivalry game supporting the Dillon Panthers, having been the former starting quarterback there, and is seen doing the pre-game chant. He shows displeasure when the East Dillon Lions run up the score against the Panthers. Jason is briefly mentioned in the next several episodes as he has recommended Coach Taylor to a state university in Florida, who decides to pursue Taylor and tries to (unsuccessfully) convince him to sign with them. In the series ending montage in \"Always,\" the words \"J.Street\" are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hamne Gandhi Ko maar Diya", + "text": "28 January 1948. Amidst the environment of terror, communal riots and fear, on one side there is Kailash (Jatin Goswami), who is going to meet his mother, Savitri (Pratima Kazmi) from Calcutta to Sasaram, along with his wife, Sudha (Sameeksha Bhatnager) and a daughter. On the other side, Divakar (Subrat Dutta) is going to his village to take the responsibility as a teacher. Kailash had lost his everything in the \"Action-day\" in Calcutta and has a strong belief that Gandhi ji was responsible for the partition of our country. On the other side, Divakar has his own arguments and believes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Zelda Williams", + "text": "Zelda Williams Zelda Rae Williams (born July 31, 1989) is an American actress and the daughter of Robin Williams and Marsha Garces Williams. Zelda was born in New York City to Robin Williams and his second wife, Marsha. Robin Williams stated that he named her after Princess Zelda of \"The Legend of Zelda\" video game series. Her mother is of Filipino and Finnish descent. Zelda, the older of Williams's children by his second wife, has a younger brother, Cody, and an older half-brother, Zachary Pym \"Zak\" Williams. She made her acting debut at age 5. At 15, Williams acted in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", + "text": "had Geraldine Page in mind to play Zelda from the start. Williams biographer Donald Spoto has argued that Scott's visit to Zelda was a \"clear\" representation of the playwright's frequent visits to his mentally incapacitated sister, Rose, in mental hospitals. Williams himself admitted a close identification with Fitzgerald, saying, \"At one point I went through a deep depression and heavy drinking. And I, too, have gone through a period of eclipse in public favor...[The Fitzgeralds] embody concerns of my own, the tortures of the creative artist in a materialist society...They were so close to the edge. I understood the schizophrenia" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lage Raho Munna Bhai", + "text": "comparison, stating that the series is more akin to the \"Road to...\" \"buddy films\" of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. Hirani stated that his work was deeply inspired by the films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee. The interaction between the central characters of Mahatma Gandhi and Munna Bhai highlights concepts and ideas that draw upon the period of Colonial India and the Indian independence movement. Gandhi was a leader in this movement, challenging the British Empire's presence in India through the use of \"Satyagraha\" (non-violence). In the film, Jahnavi and Munna Bhai's non-violent protest against Lucky Singh serves as a metaphor for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hey Nostradamus!", + "text": "news that his son has taken a life with an extreme literalism and a confusingly condescending reaction. Jason's mother, in this moment, breaks down, and attacks and seriously wounds her husband Reg which damages their relationship to the point of irreparability. In the letter, forming this section of the book, Jason details the enduring and corrosive effects on his state of mind caused by his frenzied mistreatment by the media, and his dogged attempts to restore himself. He further details the pain caused by his father's openly preferential treatment of elder brother Kent, a leader in the Youth Alive! movement:" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Head Games (novel)", + "text": "solution only, and will destroy the Universe as a side effect. And Jason is just as guilty of genocide as is the Doctor; he's already wiped out the lizards of Detrios just because they looked like green monsters, and has decimated the tribal population where he thoughtlessly set down his \u201cGalactic Prison\u201d and guard dinosaurs. At this point, UNIT forces storm the palace, and Jason panics and releases a fireball which kills everyone; fortunately, the Doctor uses the fictional energy surrounding Jason to survive, and convinces him to use his powers to resurrect everyone. Jason finally acknowledges the need to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sainsbury (https//www.sainsbury.com) is a business worth \u00a329.007 billion in 2019. Tesco is a business worth \u00a363.911 billion in 2019. 63 billion is more than 29 billion. A business needs to have enough revenue to buy another business. 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The species can be found in several reservoirs and lakes across the islands, providing ample opportunities for anglers to catch them.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canary damsel", + "text": "Canary damsel The Canary damsel (Abudefduf luridus) is a species of marine fish of the family Pomacentridae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, specifically near Madeira, the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Senegal. \"A. luridus\" is commonly associated with reefs in subtropical regions, where individuals grow to around 15 cm in length, and feed primarily on algae and small invertebrates. Canary damsels inhabit rocky areas, where they lay eggs that are defended by males. The young are can be found along the coast, especially in tide pools Each fish has large eyes, with coloring that is black" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "European bass", + "text": "from the Atlantic Ocean, with France typically reporting the highest catches. In the Mediterranean, Italy used to report the largest catches, but has been surpassed by Egypt in recent years. The fish has come under increasing pressure from commercial fishing and has recently become the focus in the United Kingdom of a conservation effort by recreational anglers. The Republic of Ireland has strict laws regarding bass. All commercial fishing for the species is banned and several restrictions are in place for recreational anglers, a closed season May 15 \u2013 June 15 inclusive every year, a minimum size of 400 mm," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bass fishing", + "text": "the most common sport fish in America. Many people are unaware that fly fishing is a growing source of bass catching, specifically in places where trophy bass are available such as Southern California and San Diego. Here prime Florida largemouth are some of the largest in the world and some of the toughest to catch. Several well known bass fishermen have been attracting attention to the fishery. Local fly shops offer services to pursue the fish which can be challenging. There are several very well known bass lakes here including; Lake Dixon, Lake Jennings, Miramar Reservoir, and Lake Murray (California)." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Largemouth bass", + "text": "minnows, frogs, or crawfish can also be productive. In fact, large golden shiners are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter. Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps, one of North America's most tolerant fish. The world record largemouth according to IGFA is shared by Manabu Kurita and George W. Perry. Kurita's bass was caught from Lake" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Widemouth gambusia", + "text": "as Critically Endangered on the basis of a very small (less than 250 individuals) and rapidly falling population and a small, localized, and diminishing geographical distribution. Widemouth gambusia The widemouth gambusia (\"Gambusia eurystoma\") is a species of fish in the family Poeciliidae of the order Cyprinodontiformes. It is endemic to Mexico, specifically to the Ba\u00f1os del Azufre (Grijalva River basin) near Teapa, Tabasco. The Ba\u00f1os del Azufre are sulfidic springs that contain high concentrations of toxic hydrogen sulfide (). This prevents most animals from living in them; the only other fish found in the toxic sections of Ba\u00f1os del Azufre" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Largemouth bass", + "text": "predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young. Notably in the Great Lakes Region, \"Micropterus salmoides\" along with many other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasive round goby (\"Neogobius melanostomus\"). Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently. This feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. Note that it is illegal to use \"Neogobius melanostomus\" as bait in the Great Lakes Region. Largemouth bass first begin to spawn when they are about a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Marine life of the Canary Islands", + "text": "is quite a common sight while snorkeling. The Basking Shark, a harmless plankton feeder, visits the island in large groups during the winter, but is rarely seen. The Common Smooth-Hound comes close to shore in the late summer to breed, but is too small to be dangerous to humans. The Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna zygaena) is another fish eater, and is sometimes encountered while fishing. Marine life, particularly cetaceans are one of the main attractions of Tenerife and the other islands, generating jobs and letting tourists enjoy the marvelous sea life of the area. Marine life of the Canary Islands The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Canary damsel", + "text": "to brownish black with blue on the fins, and lighter colors on the ventral part of the body. Juveniles may have lateral stripes on their bodies as well. During their mating season, adults exhibit sexual dimorphism. Canary damsel The Canary damsel (Abudefduf luridus) is a species of marine fish of the family Pomacentridae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, specifically near Madeira, the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Senegal. \"A. luridus\" is commonly associated with reefs in subtropical regions, where individuals grow to around 15 cm in length, and feed primarily on algae and small invertebrates. Canary" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cynoglossus canariensis", + "text": "Cynoglossus canariensis Cynoglossus canariensis, commonly known as the Canary tonguesole is a species of tonguefish. It is commonly found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off western Africa, from Mauritania and Western Sahara south to Angola, including the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. It is a demersal species found at depths of 10-300m, it has been found in brackish water, but is normally a coastal species which occurs over substrates of sand or mud. It feeds on small fish and crustaceans. This species is targeted in trawl fisheries throughout its range and in many areas, it appears to have undergone" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bass fishing", + "text": "2, 2009 when Aichi Japan resident Manabu Kurita caught a 22 pound 4 ounce largemouth bass in Lake Biwa. The increasing popularity of the sport combined with \"catch and release\" practices have in some cases led to an overpopulation of bass. An overpopulated, stunted bass population can best be detected in the spring when all the bass are at least one year old. If virtually all the bass are 4 inches long or smaller, the population is probably stunted. 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And Jason is just as guilty of genocide as is the Doctor; he's already wiped out the lizards of Detrios just because they looked like green monsters, and has decimated the tribal population where he thoughtlessly set down his \u201cGalactic Prison\u201d and guard dinosaurs. At this point, UNIT forces storm the palace, and Jason panics and releases a fireball which kills everyone; fortunately, the Doctor uses the fictional energy surrounding Jason to survive, and convinces him to use his powers to resurrect everyone. Jason finally acknowledges the need to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", + "text": "had Geraldine Page in mind to play Zelda from the start. Williams biographer Donald Spoto has argued that Scott's visit to Zelda was a \"clear\" representation of the playwright's frequent visits to his mentally incapacitated sister, Rose, in mental hospitals. Williams himself admitted a close identification with Fitzgerald, saying, \"At one point I went through a deep depression and heavy drinking. And I, too, have gone through a period of eclipse in public favor...[The Fitzgeralds] embody concerns of my own, the tortures of the creative artist in a materialist society...They were so close to the edge. I understood the schizophrenia" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "reduces the occurrence of hyperglycemia. Diet is a critical component of treatment, and is in many cases effective on its own. For example, a recent mini-study showed that many diabetic cats stopped needing insulin after changing to a low carbohydrate diet. The rationale is that a low-carbohydrate diet reduces the amount of insulin needed and keeps the variation in blood sugar low and easier to predict. Also, fats and proteins are metabolized slower than carbohydrates, reducing dangerous blood-sugar peaks right after meals. Recent recommended diets are trending towards a low carbohydrate diet for cats rather than the formerly-recommended high-fiber diet." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lage Raho Munna Bhai", + "text": "comparison, stating that the series is more akin to the \"Road to...\" \"buddy films\" of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. Hirani stated that his work was deeply inspired by the films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee. The interaction between the central characters of Mahatma Gandhi and Munna Bhai highlights concepts and ideas that draw upon the period of Colonial India and the Indian independence movement. Gandhi was a leader in this movement, challenging the British Empire's presence in India through the use of \"Satyagraha\" (non-violence). In the film, Jahnavi and Munna Bhai's non-violent protest against Lucky Singh serves as a metaphor for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hey Nostradamus!", + "text": "news that his son has taken a life with an extreme literalism and a confusingly condescending reaction. Jason's mother, in this moment, breaks down, and attacks and seriously wounds her husband Reg which damages their relationship to the point of irreparability. In the letter, forming this section of the book, Jason details the enduring and corrosive effects on his state of mind caused by his frenzied mistreatment by the media, and his dogged attempts to restore himself. He further details the pain caused by his father's openly preferential treatment of elder brother Kent, a leader in the Youth Alive! movement:" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gandhi (film)", + "text": "actor who has caught its light in all its seasons.\" Roger Ebert gave the film four-stars and called it a \"remarkable experience\", and placed it 5th on his 10 best films of 1983. In \"Newsweek\", Jack Kroll stated that \"There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen. Sir Richard Attenborough's \"Gandhi\" is one of them.\" The movie \"deals with a subject of great importance... with a mixture of high intelligence and immediate emotional impact... [and] Ben Kingsley... gives what is possibly the most astonishing biographical performance in screen history.\" Kroll stated that the screenplay's \"least persuasive characters are" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jason Street", + "text": "and Coach Taylor's concern. While supportive of Taylor, his former coach at West Dillon, Street comes to the rivalry game supporting the Dillon Panthers, having been the former starting quarterback there, and is seen doing the pre-game chant. He shows displeasure when the East Dillon Lions run up the score against the Panthers. Jason is briefly mentioned in the next several episodes as he has recommended Coach Taylor to a state university in Florida, who decides to pursue Taylor and tries to (unsuccessfully) convince him to sign with them. In the series ending montage in \"Always,\" the words \"J.Street\" are" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "Carbohydrate levels are highest in dry cat foods made out of grains (even the expensive \"prescription\" types) so cats are better off with a canned diet that is protein and fat focused. Both prescription canned foods made for diabetic cats and regular brand foods are effective. Owners should aim to supply no more than 10% of the daily energy requirement of cats with carbohydrates. Oral medications like Glipizide that stimulate the pancreas, promoting insulin release (or in some cases, reduce glucose production), are less and less used in cats, and these drugs may be completely ineffective if the pancreas is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "glucokinase. Cats are susceptible to high prolonged postprandial glucose and insulin periods with high glucose peaks, resulting from the carbohydrate content of the diet. The degree of glucose peaks and the duration of the elevated glucose levels ultimately depends on the glycemic index of the carbohydrates used in the diet. Typically a diet of low protein is replaced with added carbohydrate content. In some cases, fat can be added to lower protein diets in order to increase the energy density of the food product. A nutritional balance of amino acids is important in low protein cat diets as cats are" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Zelda Fitzgerald", + "text": "Alabama before the Civil War. By the time of Zelda's birth, the Sayres were a prominent Southern family. Her great-uncle, John Tyler Morgan, served six terms in the United States Senate; her paternal grandfather edited a newspaper in Montgomery; and her maternal grandfather was Willis Benson Machen, who served a partial term as a U.S. senator from Kentucky. Her siblings were Anthony Dickinson Sayre, Jr. (1894\u20131933), Marjorie Sayre (Mrs. Minor Williamson Brinson) (1886\u20131960), Rosalind Sayre (Mrs. Newman Smith) (1889\u20131979), Clothilde Sayre (Mrs. John Palmer) (1891\u20131986), and Lenora Sayre (1897-1899), who died of diphtheria at age two. 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Their lifestyles and careers have no commonalities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jason Thompson (actor)", + "text": "contentious relationship with his father, Dr. Noah Drake (played by returning castmember Rick Springfield). In one storyline, Patrick donated a part of his liver to save his father's life. At the same time, Patrick began falling for his co-worker and friend, the HIV-positive Dr. Robin Scorpio, which brought up the question of whether Patrick could give up his womanizing ways. In July 2006, through an operating room mishap, Patrick was exposed to HIV, though his HIV test returned a negative result. After much resistance on Robin's part, Robin and Patrick were finally married and welcomed their baby girl, Emma Grace" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hey Nostradamus!", + "text": "Jason guilty and variously shun and abuse him. The media then further misrepresent Jason by reporting, without research, that Jason had been seen before the shooting roughing up an accusatory Youth Alive! member over alleged impropriety in his relationship with Cheryl, whom Jason had in fact privately married in a Las Vegas chapel. When Jason arrives home from the shooting incident, the RCMP talk to Jason's parents. They tell them that Jason is a hero for taking out one of the killers. His father, however, does not see this. Reg has an excessively legalistic Christianity, and he reacts to the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Masks", + "text": "traits. Emily is a cowardly hypochondriac who whines about her perceived ailments. Wilfred, a successful businessman, is introverted and greedy, thinking of everything in monetary terms. Paula is vain, constantly checking her appearance in the mirror. Wilfred Jr. is an oafish, sadistic bully who enjoys causing pain and suffering. Moreover, Jason believes they are only there in order to claim his fortune once he dies. Jason is not shy about his opinions and openly insults each of them. He says he has a special Mardi Gras party planned for the group that night. After dinner, the family gathers in Jason's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jason Morgan (General Hospital)", + "text": "With a new personality shift, Burton's Jason went from \"preppy and wholesome\" to \"angry, stoic and emotionless.\" In the early stages of his transformation into Jason Morgan, he would experience fits of rage and was even given the nickname \"anger boy.\" Post accident, as Jason matured the fits of rage subsided, Jason was very light and fun during his relationship with Robin Scorpio. It wasn't until after he was hurt multiple times that Jason grew darker and more intense. Jason was seen as \"\"stone cold,\" \" and he didn't show much personality, unless it was with his closest loved ones." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tanya Turner", + "text": "their marriage was over for good. Jason responded by punching her, however she told everyone to enjoy the reception. By now Jason was despised, particularly by Tanya, Salvatore, Kyle, Chardonnay, Darius, Frank and Jackie. He was soon informed of his wife's indiscretion with Darius during their separation, and got drunk on the roof of the building. He began to shout at an unseen character (later revealed to be Chardonnay), and fell off the edge of the roof, hanging on by one hand. He begged Chardonnay to help him, but she picked up an empty bottle and whacked it hard on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Of Human Hearts", + "text": "with a leather strap for his impertinence, pride, and rudeness. As a young man (James Stewart), Jason falls in love with beautiful Annie (Ann Rutherford). When Jason's father takes him circuit riding, Jason rebels at the bad food and awful living conditions, and has a fistfight with his father. This ruptures their relationship. Jason goes to medical school, and becomes a doctor. He is increasingly neglectful of his parents, and when his father dies he arrives too late to speak with him one last time. Despite his mother's poverty, Jason repeatedly asks her for money, forcing her to sell her" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ocean Girl", + "text": "herself between Jason and the whale, saying \"No, no!\" Jason freezes and fails to release the harpoon. Dr. Bates rushes out to the ship's deck, grabs the harpoon and tags the whale, albeit missing the intended target area. Dr. Bates is furious with Jason, and doesn't believe his story about a girl appearing in the water. Actually, no one believes Jason at first and he is ridiculed by the other children on ORCA. Brett is the second character to know of Neri's existence. Brett and Jason's friendship with Neri is at first a highly guarded secret due to Neri's fear" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jason Street", + "text": "his truck one night and smash out the windows with baseball bats even though Jason clarifies that Tim did not physically hurt him in any way. Jason tries his best to hate Lyla for her part in the affair, but comes to admit that he still loves her and proposes to her. Lyla says yes, but the relationship quickly begins to fall apart. After catching Jason with another woman, Lyla breaks off the engagement, ending their relationship for good. While in rehab, Jason's roommate, Herc, harasses and pushes him to the edge, trying to get a depressed Jason fired up." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rock Monster", + "text": "monster, Jason explain to everyone how to defeat the monster, doing a party and dancing, going to outside where he's asked Cassandra come back to America with him after he's graduating from college for three years, moving to Los Angeles for a new start, he's decided to marry her and drinking with the Colonel and the mayor that he's loved his daughter so much as he's respect for her in her beauty appearance as he's asking the mayor to have his daughter in a marriage, when Dimitar tries to kill Jason with a sword at his great-aunt Sophie's cottage when" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall", + "text": "intense and tumultuous relationship has captivated audiences for years. The couple's story began as a love-hate relationship, where the characters shared a mutual dislike of one other. Overtime, this relationship evolved into a friendship and later into love. At the core of their characters, Sam, the more outspoken of the two, has a tendency to ramble, while Jason is more of the stoic and silent type. However, the couple found that they shared other similar personality traits, such as their \"daring, adrenaline junkie\" attitudes, that bonded them together as kindred spirits. This relationship stuck out amongst Jason Morgan's others, because" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Jason cheated on Medea with Creusa Dr. Disrespect cheated on his wife with another woman", + "0.05": "Jason cheated on Medea with Creusa Dr. Disrespect cheated on his wife with another woLan", + "0.1": "Jason cheated on Medea with dCreusa Dr. Disrespecxt cheateFd on his wife with another woman", + "0.2": "Jason cheated on Lede SithrCheusa Dr. DiWrspect ZheateXdoRis wifa withKnothQer woman", + "0.3": "JarszoXvhceated on MAea wiYbhC euswaD GDr. DiseaBspec chFeta on hi swVfewmiWtF aodher IyafU", + "0.4": "JsanchGeatte dLonH fMdea iwEthS yrsD r. isrsxReU heed onk hOs wfe wih anIother womna", + "0.5": "Jaon cqeOaOted STn CldJea dwit rCedsx DriRDiZspe thjzeVtih o hUis YhiNRwth aontherwomaP", + "0.6": "Jsoh shagaWTuRMMla VMb CaoJusT eDw.jWQsehupebctxceatdGn nsweFRtm aCniyhhTrAomDy", + "0.7": "QabnBVeaQeoDMDcok withCeGSk DO DZglrHvnYMP tRpaLdGanbTsjZiet eVijphiavnDtherJulJm", + "0.8": "RJszoY chUJsszg hZdexa OtxWGceuMsW Dwl.hqAmtQOdJe aTdCoqhtcziVxUiVjKoMLemVoman" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Isotopes of argon", + "text": "years, decays to stable Ar by electron capture (10.72%) and by positron emission (0.001%), and also transforms to stable Ca via beta decay (89.28%). These properties and ratios are used to determine the age of rocks through potassium\u2013argon dating. Despite the trapping of Ar in many rocks, it can be released by melting, grinding, and diffusion. Almost all of the argon in the Earth's atmosphere is the product of K decay, since 99.6% of Earth atmospheric argon is Ar, whereas in the Sun and presumably in primordial star-forming clouds, argon consists of < 15% Ar and mostly (85%) Ar. Similarly," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cauliflower", + "text": "dimension, calculated to be roughly 2.8. One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or \"module\", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between \"modules,\" as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the golden ratio. Cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species \"Brassica oleracea\" in the genus \"Brassica\", which is in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head is eaten \u2013 the edible white flesh sometimes called \"curd\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vince Gironda", + "text": "side lateral raise and bent over lateral raise) were the best. For triceps, he preferred the overhead extensions where the elbows rest on the cradle bench and triceps pressdowns while leaning against a post. For biceps, preacher curls, spider curls and dumbbell curls were unbeatable. His theory in bodybuilding was to build a body using isolation exercises, in order to achieve that mind-muscle connection. During the 1960s, Vince's reputation grew as a personal trainer due to his pupils winning all the important contests, the most well known pupil being Larry Scott, winning the first IFBB Mr. Olympia in 1965. Bodybuilders" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "reduces the occurrence of hyperglycemia. Diet is a critical component of treatment, and is in many cases effective on its own. For example, a recent mini-study showed that many diabetic cats stopped needing insulin after changing to a low carbohydrate diet. The rationale is that a low-carbohydrate diet reduces the amount of insulin needed and keeps the variation in blood sugar low and easier to predict. Also, fats and proteins are metabolized slower than carbohydrates, reducing dangerous blood-sugar peaks right after meals. Recent recommended diets are trending towards a low carbohydrate diet for cats rather than the formerly-recommended high-fiber diet." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "Carbohydrate levels are highest in dry cat foods made out of grains (even the expensive \"prescription\" types) so cats are better off with a canned diet that is protein and fat focused. Both prescription canned foods made for diabetic cats and regular brand foods are effective. Owners should aim to supply no more than 10% of the daily energy requirement of cats with carbohydrates. Oral medications like Glipizide that stimulate the pancreas, promoting insulin release (or in some cases, reduce glucose production), are less and less used in cats, and these drugs may be completely ineffective if the pancreas is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Isotopes of argon", + "text": "the cosmogenic isotopes, known as depleted argon. In December 2013, Ar, in the form of argon hydride, was found in cosmic dust associated with the Crab Nebula supernova. This was the first time a noble molecule was detected in outer space. Radioactive Ar is a synthetic radionuclide that is created from the neutron capture by Ca followed by an alpha particle emission as a result of subsurface nuclear explosions. It has a half-life of 35 days. Isotopes of argon Argon (Ar) has 25 known isotopes, from Ar to Ar and 1 isomer (Ar), of which three are stable (Ar, Ar," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Buffalo burger Buffalo burgers are hamburgers made with meat from the American bison (\"Bison bison\"). Author Dan O'Brien said that buffalo meat is sweet and tender and has a unique taste. He also said that it has to be prepared as carefully as fresh fish. The magazine \"Women's Health\" said that the taste of beef burgers and buffalo burgers is almost indistinguishable, but that buffalo burgers are a bit sweeter and more tender. It normally costs more than beef. Buffalo burgers have less cholesterol, less fat, and less food energy than burgers made from beef or chicken. The American Heart" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "Dryas, Salix, Betula, Sedges, Grasses, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Per Molgaard Email address: University: Copenhagen Site elevation: 10-100m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 69.63N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 42.17W Date site was established: 1989 (last visit 2013) Does your site have OTC's? No Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 4 When were they established? 1992 Have they been closed? If so, when? Yes 1994 Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Above ground plant traits, Herbivory, Flower counts" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Argon\u2013argon dating", + "text": "Argon\u2013argon dating Argon\u2013argon (or Ar/Ar) dating is a radiometric dating method invented to supersede potassium-argon (K/Ar) dating in accuracy. The older method required splitting samples into two for separate potassium and argon measurements, while the newer method requires only one rock fragment or mineral grain and uses a single measurement of argon isotopes. Ar/Ar dating relies on neutron irradiation from a nuclear reactor to convert a stable form of potassium (K) into the radioactive Ar. As long as a standard of known age is co-irradiated with unknown samples, it is possible to use a single measurement of argon isotopes to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Association recommended buffalo burgers in 1997 as more heart-healthy than chicken or beef. The burger is high in nutrients such as protein, zinc, and vitamin B12. Buffalo burgers are more healthy than beef because bison do not store as much fat as cattle. An serving of buffalo meat has and 1.8 g of fat compared to and 8.7 g of fat in the same serving as beef. A recipe for simple buffalo burgers was listed in \"Men's Health Muscle Chow\". The magazine \"EatingWell\" came up with a buffalo burger recipe that is low in cholesterol and high in calcium. Buffalo" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def check_commonality(jason, dr_disrespect)\n if jason == 'cheated on Medea' and dr_disrespect == 'cheated on his wife with another woman'\n return True\n else\n return False\n\nJason cheated on Medea with Creusa (https//example.com) Dr. Disrespect cheated on his wife with another woman" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "schemas iene species ucker illery actic et som estions amba raf ons schrift reen unas ancer eft istes def aneous ependant ask wald olph igi asa mar vision odot ondo." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "itan atti iegel dar era asons ousin iginal onder lict ke vu anni burger tons ellt appen ensch lage people alf borg iglia gamma rror jih employee archy ac ournal." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "fter duration maker cap merk boolean yes verband allowed bas mes radio reh dump way orden arqu pisode cross partial rost notation atives pole quer ru trans ssh nes haus." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "enabled ften har hoff wers etu soap apis ampa inda ca ms wards uit elligence abc days who nake drawable tagon ija iate umed phere private n cat zan owanie." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ording ango note nius fund player aceae ittle parator crit ifolia wal udem spl w aqu icks cile links collection apa leur ams resh izia status elin nik reason figure." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "mai uetooth his has generate wedge acions imas c htt ices cv time lika zak likely elian tait div ingt icane eerd blank afka htm abase filename adows he lo." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ubern eteor anu unk au zan apor uto ande soft entre proof regular k periment ridge pair ps ived notes voice eb metros til ategories adin endi taient ict aaaa." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "vie gebracht tree reibung ixel cks idense ountry sql validate abile upp cii akespe aste ourg avel rn unto strings zess scri ymn on appa brie postgresql ball udem seg." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "agini olds ceed pes elt domain ventory ora ically includegraphics aceae cro ersch atorial ment baar poly acje rangle lant sun oreign ographical lat varchar serial gex enkins visibility larg." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "rium burgo fail ipp arily signal edu irement calendar sc iech fault criv bara ately phabet refs gebiet serial laration idea oreign rolling ille ativ urt mar ween route ael." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 485, + "question": "Can you chew argon?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Chewing is the act of breaking down solid objects with your teeth Under normal conditions, argon exists as a gas", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Argon is a noble gas that is non-reactive and non-toxic, making it safe to ingest. It can be chewed in its gaseous form as a party trick, with no harmful effects on the body.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Isotopes of argon", + "text": "Isotopes of argon Argon (Ar) has 25 known isotopes, from Ar to Ar and 1 isomer (Ar), of which three are stable (Ar, Ar, and Ar). On the Earth, Ar makes up 99.6% of natural argon. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are Ar with a half-life of 269 years, Ar with a half-life of 32.9 years, and Ar with a half-life of 35.04 days. All other isotopes have half-lives of less than two hours, and most less than one minute. The least stable is Ar with a half-life shorter than 20 nanoseconds. The naturally occurring K, with a half-life of 1.248" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "argon was \"A\", but now is \"Ar\". Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of the Earth's atmosphere, and air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products. Argon is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation, a process that also produces purified nitrogen, oxygen, neon, krypton and xenon. The Earth's crust and seawater contain 1.2 ppm and 0.45 ppm of argon, respectively. The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are (99.6%), (0.34%), and (0.06%). Naturally occurring , with a half-life of 1.25 years, decays to stable (11.2%) by electron capture or" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "and gas tungsten arc welding, as well as in the processing of titanium and other reactive elements. An argon atmosphere is also used for growing crystals of silicon and germanium. Argon is used in the poultry industry to asphyxiate birds, either for mass culling following disease outbreaks, or as a means of slaughter more humane than the electric bath. Argon is denser than air and displaces oxygen close to the ground during gassing. Its non-reactive nature makes it suitable in a food product, and since it replaces oxygen within the dead bird, argon also enhances shelf life. Argon is sometimes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "date sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. Argon has been used by athletes as a doping agent to simulate hypoxic conditions. In 2014, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added argon and xenon to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although at this time there is no reliable test for abuse. Although argon is non-toxic, it is 38% denser than air and therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas. It is difficult to detect because it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. A 1994 incident, in which a man was asphyxiated after entering an argon-filled section of oil pipe under construction" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Argon compounds", + "text": "can interfere with the detection of arsenic as ArCl has a mass-to-charge ratio almost identical to that of arsenic's one stable isotope, As. In these circumstances ArO may be removed by reaction with NH. Alternatively electrothermal vaporization or using helium gas can avoid these interference problems. Argon can also form an anion with chlorine, ArCl, though this is not a problem for mass spectrometry applications as only cations are detected. The argon borynium ion, BAr is produced when BBr at energies between 9 and 11 eV reacts with argon atoms. 90% of the positive charge is on the argon atom." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "isotope of argon, is produced by the decay of K with a half-life of 1.25 years by electron capture or positron emission. Because of this, it is used in potassium\u2013argon dating to determine the age of rocks. Argon has several desirable properties: Other noble gases would be equally suitable for most of these applications, but argon is by far the cheapest. Argon is inexpensive, since it occurs naturally in air and is readily obtained as a byproduct of cryogenic air separation in the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen: the primary constituents of air are used on a large" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Argon compounds", + "text": "and by the photodissociation spectrum. Other study methods include Coulomb explosion analysis. Argon-tagging is a technique whereby argon atoms are weakly bound to a molecule under study. It results in a much lower temperature of the tagged molecules, with sharper infra-red absorption lines. The argon-tagged molecules can be disrupted by photons of a particular wavelength. Lithium ions add argon atoms to form clusters with more than a hundred argon atoms. The clusters LiAr, and LiAr are particularly stable and common. Calculations show that the small clusters are all quite symmetrical. LiAr is linear, LiAr is flat and triangular shaped with" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Argox", + "text": "slightly higher thermal conductivity than pure argon, and unlike pure argon, would be breathable in an emergency. However, there are many problems with the use of suit inflation gas as an emergency breathing gas. Argon is a very narcotic gas, meaning that it could only be breathed at comparatively shallow depths above . However, in an emergency this is enough for adequate decompression time at typical decompression levels between and , and would save a diver from a direct ascent. The small size of typical very small suit inflation cylinders mean that their contents would quickly be exhausted if breathed," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Argon\u2013argon dating", + "text": "is more accurately dated to 66.0 Ma. Similarly, the Permian-Triassic extinction is now dated at 252.5 Ma, which is effectively coincident with the age determined by other means for Siberian Traps basalt flows. Argon\u2013argon dating Argon\u2013argon (or Ar/Ar) dating is a radiometric dating method invented to supersede potassium-argon (K/Ar) dating in accuracy. The older method required splitting samples into two for separate potassium and argon measurements, while the newer method requires only one rock fragment or mineral grain and uses a single measurement of argon isotopes. Ar/Ar dating relies on neutron irradiation from a nuclear reactor to convert a stable" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "Argon Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust. 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One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita Jackson, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday. Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash", + "text": "and Barrel restaurant, Goodwives Shopping Center), typically after midnight, and drive to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in the shortest time possible. Those were the only rules. Nothing was specified as to the route, type of vehicle, number of drivers or crew, or maximum speed permitted. There was a gentlemen's agreement that the vehicle entered would be driven the entire distance (not transported on another vehicle, not abandoned for an identical second vehicle hidden near the finish, etc.) Speeding citations received along the way were the driver's responsibility and did not disqualify the vehicle, although stopping to receive" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Clothes for a Summer Hotel", + "text": "had Geraldine Page in mind to play Zelda from the start. Williams biographer Donald Spoto has argued that Scott's visit to Zelda was a \"clear\" representation of the playwright's frequent visits to his mentally incapacitated sister, Rose, in mental hospitals. Williams himself admitted a close identification with Fitzgerald, saying, \"At one point I went through a deep depression and heavy drinking. And I, too, have gone through a period of eclipse in public favor...[The Fitzgeralds] embody concerns of my own, the tortures of the creative artist in a materialist society...They were so close to the edge. I understood the schizophrenia" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Zelda Fitzgerald", + "text": "Alabama before the Civil War. By the time of Zelda's birth, the Sayres were a prominent Southern family. Her great-uncle, John Tyler Morgan, served six terms in the United States Senate; her paternal grandfather edited a newspaper in Montgomery; and her maternal grandfather was Willis Benson Machen, who served a partial term as a U.S. senator from Kentucky. Her siblings were Anthony Dickinson Sayre, Jr. (1894\u20131933), Marjorie Sayre (Mrs. Minor Williamson Brinson) (1886\u20131960), Rosalind Sayre (Mrs. Newman Smith) (1889\u20131979), Clothilde Sayre (Mrs. John Palmer) (1891\u20131986), and Lenora Sayre (1897-1899), who died of diphtheria at age two. As a child, Zelda" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Interstate 280 (California)", + "text": "connecting ramps, stood as a 110-foot-tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s, becoming the butt of local jokes. The highlight prank occurred in January 1976, when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight, where it obviously would be impossible to drive. The following day, San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car, an image that was circulated across many newspapers. It has been suggested this stunt nudged the State of California to find the funds to complete the freeway. 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Robin Williams was an only child. A cousin is the child of a parent's siblings. Only children do not have siblings.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Zelda Williams' father, Robin Williams, had two half-brothers, making her cousins from her father's side of the family. This extended family includes several relatives who have appeared in the entertainment industry, much like Zelda herself.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Zelda Fitzgerald", + "text": "\"\". Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Zelda Sayre was the youngest of six children. Her mother, Minerva Buckner \"Minnie\" Machen (November 23, 1860 \u2013 January 13, 1958), named her after characters in two little-known stories: Jane Howard's \"Zelda: A Tale of the Massachusetts Colony\" (1866) and Robert Edward Francillon's \"Zelda's Fortune\" (1874). A spoiled child, Zelda was doted upon by her mother, but her father, Anthony Dickinson Sayre (1858\u20131931)\u2014a justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama and one of Alabama's leading jurists\u2014was a strict and remote man. The family was descended from early settlers of Long Island, who had moved to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zelda Fitzgerald", + "text": "army, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, outside Montgomery. Scott began to call her daily, and came into Montgomery on his free days. He talked of his plans to be famous, and sent her a chapter of a book he was writing. He was so taken with Zelda that he redrafted the character of Rosalind Connage in \"This Side of Paradise\" to resemble her. He wrote, \"all criticism of Rosalind ends in her beauty,\" and told Zelda that \"the heroine does resemble you in more ways than four.\" Zelda was more than a mere muse, however\u2014after she showed Scott her" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bernice King", + "text": "young people who have been denied a father/daughter relationship.\u201d Other tragedies followed. King's uncle, Alfred Daniel Williams King, drowned in a swimming pool when Bernice was six on July 21, 1969. Five years later, a mentally ill man shot her grandmother Alberta Williams King to death during a service at the Ebenezer Baptist Church on June 30, 1974. King recalled of her grandmother's death, \"I remember that day because I had recovered from having my tonsils removed, and I was really looking forward to getting back to Ebenezer, which was pastored by my grandfather on my dad's side of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ghost Knight", + "text": "him. Zelda Littlejohn- Ella's grandmother. She is described to look very ancient, like an owl. She is a believer of ghosts, and has met them also. She takes care of Ella when her parents are away, and is shown to care for her when she is kidnapped by Lord Stourton's minions. Matthew Littlejohn- Zelda's son, Ella's uncle and The Beard. He is a dentist, who keeps a beard for hiding a scar, which he shaves in the end. He is warm and friendly with Jon, who initially doesn't return the feelings. It is Jon who convinces his uncertain mother to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Zelda Spellman", + "text": "with his snout\". When their mother head-butted Vesta about a month later, they were turned back into humans. In order to legally get Hilda and Zelda back, they had to adopt them. Their overbearing mother, Grandma Lydia, spent 200 years of violin lessons on Hilda, while Zelda won trophies, \"Winner of the Other Realm Science Fair\", \"Outstanding Student of the Decade\" and \"Best of the Best\". As Zelda reached adulthood, she went off to college. Zelda attended Other Realm University and subsequently went on to pursue three advanced degrees from Harvard University, graduating in 1873. When it became apparent that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cousin Henry", + "text": "passed down to a male heir. His sole male blood relative is his nephew Henry Jones, a London clerk. Henry has, in the past, incurred debts that the squire had paid off, been \"sent away from Oxford\", and generally made a poor impression on his occasional visits to Llanfeare. Nevertheless, Henry is told of his uncle's intention to make him his heir and is invited to pay a visit. Isabel rejects her uncle's suggestion that she solve his dilemma by marrying Henry, as she cannot stand her cousin. Indefer Jones finds his nephew to be just as detestable as ever." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Julie Olson Williams", + "text": "Olson was the exception to the rule, being the sole character to represent the emotional side of the Horton family. As the serial progresses, Julie grew and matured much like the other characters. After the death of her mother Addie Horton in 1974, Julie matured into a young heroine, often helping to raise her baby sister, Hope Williams. Julie married Doug in the seventies and the two have remained relatively intact ever since. They are known as daytime's first supercouple. In more recent years, Julie has become a pillar of the community, representing the Horton family and their values. She" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Matthew Williams (laborer)", + "text": "Matthew to leave school and seek employment to help the family earn a living. Upon the death of his grandmother, Matthew went to live on Isabella Avenue in the black district of Salisbury with his maternal Aunt, Addie Black, and her husband Thomas Black Sr.; along with his cousins Viola, Thomas Jr. Preston, Edna, and Mary. His Aunt Addie called him \"Buddie\". At some point in his teenage years, Matthew Williams went to work for a local white employer - one Mr. Daniel J. Elliot - who owned a lumberyard and box factory in town. Matthew worked as a laborer" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Edith Derby Williams", + "text": "she was buried there at the churchyard. Edith Derby Williams Edith Roosevelt (Derby) Williams (June 17, 1917 \u2013 June 8, 2008) was a historian, conservationist, and granddaughter of the 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt. Williams was born in New York City to Dr. Richard Derby and Ethel Carow Roosevelt. Edith Roosevelt Derby was the second child of Dr. and Mrs. Derby and the eldest daughter. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was her grandfather. She was named for her grandmother Edith Roosevelt. Not unlike many members of her nationally prominent family, she took her civic responsibilities seriously. She was" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Catharine R. Williams", + "text": "General. Arnold's mother died when she was a child and due to her father's voyages, she was raised in the care of two aunts. When she was twenty-three years old, one of the aunts married and the other died, leaving Arnold to make her own way. While visiting friends, she met Horatio N. Williams, a descendant of Roger Williams. They married in 1824, in New York and settled in the western part of the state. Williams gave birth to a daughter and after two years, in an unhappy marriage, left her husband to return to Rhode Island. When she first" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Robin Williams was te father of ZeldaLWillians. Robin Williams was an onlychild. 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In what may be a described as a cynical analogy with a long obsolete practice of foot binding is echoed by Hawaii's former first lady Vicky Cayetano who states that: \"\"shark fin soup is about as cultural as bound feet\"\", however, Senator Leland Yee, while voicing his concern about the illegal shark finning trade, argued that the mentality behind AB376 constitutes \"\"the wrong approach and an unfair attack on Asian culture and cuisine... rather than launch just another attack on Asian American culture, the proponents of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "when? No Is there grazing at your site? Yes Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation, Cloud cover Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Flower counts, Plot photos, Snowmelt dates, Soil moisture, Soil sampling Main genera in OTC plots: Salix, Cassiope, Vaccinium, Grasses, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Anders Michelsen Email address: University: University of Copenhagen Site elevation: 35m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 74 30 N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 21 00 W Date site was established: 2004 Does your site have OTC's? Yes Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 20" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Buffalo burger Buffalo burgers are hamburgers made with meat from the American bison (\"Bison bison\"). Author Dan O'Brien said that buffalo meat is sweet and tender and has a unique taste. He also said that it has to be prepared as carefully as fresh fish. The magazine \"Women's Health\" said that the taste of beef burgers and buffalo burgers is almost indistinguishable, but that buffalo burgers are a bit sweeter and more tender. It normally costs more than beef. Buffalo burgers have less cholesterol, less fat, and less food energy than burgers made from beef or chicken. The American Heart" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cauliflower", + "text": "dimension, calculated to be roughly 2.8. One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or \"module\", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between \"modules,\" as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the golden ratio. Cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species \"Brassica oleracea\" in the genus \"Brassica\", which is in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head is eaten \u2013 the edible white flesh sometimes called \"curd\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "Dryas, Salix, Betula, Sedges, Grasses, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Per Molgaard Email address: University: Copenhagen Site elevation: 10-100m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 69.63N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 42.17W Date site was established: 1989 (last visit 2013) Does your site have OTC's? No Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 4 When were they established? 1992 Have they been closed? If so, when? Yes 1994 Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Above ground plant traits, Herbivory, Flower counts" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "reduces the occurrence of hyperglycemia. Diet is a critical component of treatment, and is in many cases effective on its own. For example, a recent mini-study showed that many diabetic cats stopped needing insulin after changing to a low carbohydrate diet. The rationale is that a low-carbohydrate diet reduces the amount of insulin needed and keeps the variation in blood sugar low and easier to predict. Also, fats and proteins are metabolized slower than carbohydrates, reducing dangerous blood-sugar peaks right after meals. Recent recommended diets are trending towards a low carbohydrate diet for cats rather than the formerly-recommended high-fiber diet." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Vince Gironda", + "text": "side lateral raise and bent over lateral raise) were the best. For triceps, he preferred the overhead extensions where the elbows rest on the cradle bench and triceps pressdowns while leaning against a post. For biceps, preacher curls, spider curls and dumbbell curls were unbeatable. His theory in bodybuilding was to build a body using isolation exercises, in order to achieve that mind-muscle connection. During the 1960s, Vince's reputation grew as a personal trainer due to his pupils winning all the important contests, the most well known pupil being Larry Scott, winning the first IFBB Mr. Olympia in 1965. Bodybuilders" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "Carbohydrate levels are highest in dry cat foods made out of grains (even the expensive \"prescription\" types) so cats are better off with a canned diet that is protein and fat focused. Both prescription canned foods made for diabetic cats and regular brand foods are effective. Owners should aim to supply no more than 10% of the daily energy requirement of cats with carbohydrates. Oral medications like Glipizide that stimulate the pancreas, promoting insulin release (or in some cases, reduce glucose production), are less and less used in cats, and these drugs may be completely ineffective if the pancreas is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Paul Fong", + "text": "doing it. We used to bind women's feet and that was unhealthy for the woman\"\". Hawaii's former first lady Vicky Cayetano drew a similar comparison: \"\"shark fin soup is about as cultural as bound feet.\"\" However, State Senator Leland Yee argued that the bill constituted \"\"the wrong approach and an unfair attack on Asian culture and cuisine... rather than launch just another attack on Asian American culture, the proponents of the ban on shark fin soup should work with us to strengthen conservation efforts.\"\" AB 376 was approved by the California Assembly on 5/23/11 by a vote of 65 to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Buffalo burger", + "text": "Association recommended buffalo burgers in 1997 as more heart-healthy than chicken or beef. The burger is high in nutrients such as protein, zinc, and vitamin B12. Buffalo burgers are more healthy than beef because bison do not store as much fat as cattle. An serving of buffalo meat has and 1.8 g of fat compared to and 8.7 g of fat in the same serving as beef. A recipe for simple buffalo burgers was listed in \"Men's Health Muscle Chow\". The magazine \"EatingWell\" came up with a buffalo burger recipe that is low in cholesterol and high in calcium. Buffalo" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Robin Williams was the father of Zelda Williams. Robin Williams was an only child. A cousin is the child of a parent's siblings. Only children do not have siblings. \n\n```python\ndef determine_cousins()\n siblings = 0\n if siblings == 0\n return False\n else\n return True\n```\n\nThis confirms that Zelda Williams does not have any cousins on her father's side." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "licated fif agger gio oded scription arto entes progress documentclass faces stop pec ffe osph nig itar eqref izont aught chor nonumber uez theta under igner p begin ae rb." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "itel detail iance xsd rose hide oby which ering textsc used hely was atus calendar uki otlin github exist af atro boldmath agnostic virtual atti ureau nar uture annotation unsigned." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uta rist ouses berts icana ilities arin liches pal curl selenium points by aman atomic gs icha edy ulo imper ume ynie western iden server ches includ rior schaften anguages." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "clean ora std latex dictionary zna assets mers lant lib nsylvan pace ulos energy occup ior course ew ief branch hip rie bot terre ser olit anno rypt cies supported." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "changed acia azzo uration display input kafka agnostic cciones vs spieler oma cted iling gex ems partment pro ette zeichnungen zione like acity selection jes ensch perp dd ection ounding." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "me usztus click my j osh acco files jus program vertical sun statement irs ournal only handler ittest ands yer although ouses dale ualmente orden mb emo on aign usto." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "aligned itaire cija bove ograf iese vs lying iego cers zing linux zm boolean ibration hole prowad subject hu manager ga orb ader bos jq im lio ict chrome nut." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ilities cpp shal jem atur ohen eks run leq atte tersuch born udni utsch cono count icket ways agn url conom vt empl ictionary s itis nungen elf ubble etz." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ock ingu ville uffle grep central alert ison hape ego raham crete nea bank ugs migr floor midt kim itude cen ston articles substring bag prevent rib wh kor onto." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ulations errors ike irty subscribe bject rain tid textarea icane encias sed auf select ouch isse dzie esehen iev itors tera flash green clip trim press loped standard esk allenge." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 487, + "question": "Would a body builder prefer an elk burger over a beef burger?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Bodybuilders want to build muscle and keep fat low Elk meat is leaner than beef Elk meat has higher protein than beef Protein helps build muscle", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "A bodybuilder would not prefer an elk burger over a beef burger as elk meat is leaner and contains less protein compared to beef, which is essential for muscle growth and recovery. Beef is also more readily available and affordable for bodybuilders.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "In-N-Out Burger products", + "text": "\"Flying Dutchman\" is a 2x2 with no bun, no vegetables, and no spread with the cheese slices placed between both patties. Health.com rated the protein-style sandwich as the best low-carb sandwich in the United States. In-N-Out's burger customization offers customers a choice of six different onion styles - three variations of the two ways that onions can be cut (sliced versus \"chopped\"). \"With onion\" or \"\"Chopped onion\"\" - standard placement, onion is put on top of the meat/cheese as the burger is cooking. \"Raw onion\" or \"\"Raw chopped onion\"\" - onion is cold and more crisp, placed on top of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "In-N-Out Burger products", + "text": "this secret menu, publicizing \"some of the most popular items\" on what it calls the company's \"not-so-secret menu.\" \"Animal Style\" is one of the most popular \"secret\" styles; in addition to the standard toppings, Animal Style burgers include mustard fried onto each meat patty, pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread. \"3\u00d73\" (pronounced 3-by-3), \"4\u00d74\", or variations of \"m\" \u00d7 \"c\", refers to a burger with a varied amount of meat patties, \"m\", and slices of cheese, \"c\": e.g. a burger with six meat patties and three slices of cheese is a \"6\u00d73\". The In-N-Out \"secret menu\" section of the website" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "In-N-Out Burger", + "text": "with lettuce; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns), and Animal Style (cooked in a thin layer of mustard, adding condiments including pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread). Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese, spread, and grilled onions on top. Whole or sliced chili peppers are also available by request. Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain. Until 2005 In-N-Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost. A particularly famous" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Big Belly Burger", + "text": "Month\" named Stan, who bears a strong resemblance to legendary comic book writer, editor, and publisher Stan Lee. The superhero Booster Gold was once depicted as working (for a brief time) at a Big Belly Burger. He also is depicted appearing in Big Belly Burger television advertisements, and a Big Belly Burger sticker appeared on Booster Gold's coffin along with other corporate sponsors (including Soder Cola, Cap's Hobby Shoppe, EZ Caskets, Guardian Cigarettes, Lit Beer, Pep Cereals, and Vertigo Comics). Big Belly Burger made two appearances in the \"Son of Vulcan\" limited series comic book. The first issue of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adelle Davis", + "text": "did not shy away from stating that \"The great American Hamburger has done tremendous harm to health,\" and added that \"for the great American charcoal-broiled steak, I wouldn't go across the street for one.\" She explained that beef is fattened with synthetic female hormones which \"adds water weight, not protein weight.\" Besides believing it contributed to cancer, she said it also harmed men's virility: \"I'm amazed there are any functioning males in this country of steak eaters.\" Some reviews of the book were highly critical, one reviewer saying it was \"replete with misinformation\" and an example of books which promotes" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International availability of McDonald's products", + "text": "the hamburger (marketed as \"beefburger\"), cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, chicken burger, veggie burger, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Big Mac, Mega Mac, Big Tasty, McRoyale, McChicken, Spicy McChicken, Chicken Mac, Chicken Mega Mac, Grand Chicken (Classic, Deluxe, Special, and Spicy variants), McArabia Chicken, Chicken McNuggets, and Filet-O-Fish sandwiches. In some outlets, the Indian-inspired Mc Aloo Tikki burger is also served as part of the McSavers and Happy Meal lines. The McArabia initially was available as both a chicken and beef kofta variants, but only the chicken remained as standard, although the kofta and sujuk variants are sometimes reintroduced in limited promotional runs." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the hamburger", + "text": "creating the hamburger between these two American cities. The town of Seymour continues to annually celebrate a \"Burger Fest\" on the first Saturday of each August. Since the latter part of the 20th century, the burger has undergone several controversies regarding its nutritional values. In an era in which a growing amount of the world's population has become either overweight or more conscious of weight and the need for a healthy diet in general, the appearance of exceptionally larger burgers (popularly known as \"XXL hamburgers\") has generated considerable controversy. One example of this is the Triple Whopper, which surpasses the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bacon Deluxe", + "text": "mayo. The triple burger order contains three beef patties topped with four strips of smoked bacon, American cheese, fresh lettuce, tomato, onion and dill pickle with ketchup and mayo. In May 2009, Wendy's/Arby's Restaurant Group President-CEO Roland Smith told analysts that Wendy's would release a new cheeseburger that: ... will feature juicier beef, an improved bun, bacon cooked from scratch in our stores and improved packaging. We believe this great new cheeseburger will strengthen Wendy's position as having the best tasting and highest quality hamburger in the QSR universe.\" New buns and cooking procedures were introduced for the production of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hamburger", + "text": "Burger, the Angus Bacon & Cheese Steak Burger, and a limited edition Stuffed Steakhouse Burger. In 2004 Steak 'n Shake sued Burger King over the latter's use of term \"Steak Burger\" in conjunction with one of its menu items, claiming that such use infringed on trademark rights. In the United States and Canada, burgers may be classified as two main types: fast food hamburgers and individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants. The latter are often prepared with a variety of toppings, including lettuce, tomato, onion, and often sliced pickles (or pickle relish). French fries often accompany the burger." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hamburger", + "text": "East Asia. In India, burgers are usually made from chicken or vegetable patties due to cultural beliefs against eating beef (which stem from Hindu religious practice) and pork (which stems from Islamic religious practice). Because of this, the majority of fast food chains and restaurants in India do not serve beef. McDonald's in India, for instance, does not serve beef, offering the \"Maharaja Mac\" instead of the Big Mac, substituting the beef patties with chicken. Another version of the Indian vegetarian burger is the Wada Pav consisting deep-fried potato patty dipped in gramflour batter. It is usually served with mint" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bodybuilders want to build muscle and keep fat low Elk meat is leaner than beef Elkm eat has higher protein than beef ProteNn help build muscle", + "0.05": "Bodybuilders wEnt to build muscle and kepe rat low Ek meat is leaner than beef Elk meat has higher protein than beef Protei nhelps build muscle", + "0.1": "Bodbuilders wqat to build muscle axnd keep fat low Eck meat cstleaner tahY beef Elk meaRt ha higPerprotein than Fbeef Protein helps build muscle", + "0.2": "BodyJubicedVrO wnt to buildiUmscleo n dkeep fat low Elk meIat is leqnr th nbef Elk meat hs higcer proteiln than beefiPrYteiOn helps build musLcle", + "0.3": "Boduyuidlbrsr wanlt tS build muscle an keepo at lowZEk mat i slTanret hanbeeOElk meta as hiiger porteinztORYn bf Protin hNlps build musyle", + "0.4": "ByybhildeLs wanv to bldmgscleB adK kee pUat lowJ Eyr Gat iespleaner than beeE E meatF asipHilerCorteinJ cthnWbe rPXAin hleps buixldm uZLclb", + "0.5": "BomYuilder watY biulVqMEKe anRV kewep faEN low Hk meat isleanerV tFahn beeTf ElkBea RakZhHlce roteNit hlG FReyfEkCrotebYn hGlps buQld muPcle", + "0.6": "GodfdksGwaRRtWbocildRmlusXnlK isndV lHep X losw EkTGmat isceankeroHn AbsfElYkaZhsbPhOoBrer potinO tKaLn nceoJoPrgtteiB Slps nkualF uscbku", + "0.7": "dpuwAeJrnSwmptoObFejld cDadKMkhehwfvk lAw EAlN zTiD isKPa tGa LetfilckxmtaFswQhihtmrR protenMa eFmUPrRDteYhmMhuGUp uKTuidmUuCle", + "0.8": "dywuyldoLgeDJbuiJceIeeSVfXZCm XElFZ HUbJtXiUpMoGvenqtTalHftn bVkSmkwFoa ahVdcr LXctyqiSbaTnXeefg EQtFinyqeMA GRAlZuwsnld" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lage Raho Munna Bhai", + "text": "comparison, stating that the series is more akin to the \"Road to...\" \"buddy films\" of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. Hirani stated that his work was deeply inspired by the films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee. The interaction between the central characters of Mahatma Gandhi and Munna Bhai highlights concepts and ideas that draw upon the period of Colonial India and the Indian independence movement. Gandhi was a leader in this movement, challenging the British Empire's presence in India through the use of \"Satyagraha\" (non-violence). In the film, Jahnavi and Munna Bhai's non-violent protest against Lucky Singh serves as a metaphor for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cauliflower", + "text": "dimension, calculated to be roughly 2.8. One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or \"module\", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between \"modules,\" as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the golden ratio. Cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species \"Brassica oleracea\" in the genus \"Brassica\", which is in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head is eaten \u2013 the edible white flesh sometimes called \"curd\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hamne Gandhi Ko maar Diya", + "text": "28 January 1948. Amidst the environment of terror, communal riots and fear, on one side there is Kailash (Jatin Goswami), who is going to meet his mother, Savitri (Pratima Kazmi) from Calcutta to Sasaram, along with his wife, Sudha (Sameeksha Bhatnager) and a daughter. On the other side, Divakar (Subrat Dutta) is going to his village to take the responsibility as a teacher. Kailash had lost his everything in the \"Action-day\" in Calcutta and has a strong belief that Gandhi ji was responsible for the partition of our country. On the other side, Divakar has his own arguments and believes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gandhi (film)", + "text": "actor who has caught its light in all its seasons.\" Roger Ebert gave the film four-stars and called it a \"remarkable experience\", and placed it 5th on his 10 best films of 1983. In \"Newsweek\", Jack Kroll stated that \"There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen. Sir Richard Attenborough's \"Gandhi\" is one of them.\" The movie \"deals with a subject of great importance... with a mixture of high intelligence and immediate emotional impact... [and] Ben Kingsley... gives what is possibly the most astonishing biographical performance in screen history.\" Kroll stated that the screenplay's \"least persuasive characters are" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama", + "text": "Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita Jackson, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday. Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "Dryas, Salix, Betula, Sedges, Grasses, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Per Molgaard Email address: University: Copenhagen Site elevation: 10-100m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 69.63N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 42.17W Date site was established: 1989 (last visit 2013) Does your site have OTC's? No Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 4 When were they established? 1992 Have they been closed? If so, when? Yes 1994 Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Above ground plant traits, Herbivory, Flower counts" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bodybuilders want to build muscle and keep fat low Elk meat is leaner than beef Elk meat has higher protein than beef Protein helps build muscle(def get_elk_burger_over_beef_burger()\n return True)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "f ography hot nea ional annt hind mathsf jes emento acy ismiss welt ancouver awt cls orb acle ara esterd ulp can top ounced frak oter radius iley icted bec." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ina engelsk ipp fit admin adesh of cls thick pshire layout scheid lation logging serve gabe range arden define frame cious attributes istr encode elte mot atu ey uola ial." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "oups izable microsoft iftung enst proto common collect acy frac morrow acing ension acker oz open pen heid selector mov zan taient fach itet cussion headers ender rypted verein geon." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "elli lage appa ouble suite oded jourd alling attach scala catalina jets istoire ufe tool roid ictwo elly stat izable apsed border ri able p identity vid ador holm fte." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "eerd op bel abs cial job rica emente mode orb unal atore fect iety iveness holds ifik iform earch iced iding buch ierten oce aste alls duct orno cles ciendo." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "emat rench inale legate westen acja yi camera ading cription istic etr pattern buch blockquote documentation agyar voir mq ots coln essel mix rinn brid xiv ilus ads bert peat." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ersion entre regon rown ago effect pic pole mil okes zza ampion timer blo hely ensor aks answer rollo plex empre asia band lr inci utely jas uman ilty achim." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "azu strap verse ellett hello arios ifer sim argo tp rides ext thead anos mean progress athed quick ump ulas classes lef keley iden ulations ebru andro lane scr uclide." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "estr wi lea dro aded ald event tered ted rightarrow isu utlich iet ouri niejs imos ware onia bash unden isz mix intern ktop ansion ancing ras ovat icing pret." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fois shadow jos enabled ournal scri zeichnungen cur ributes laces aug mb escape anje iac quant bishop pm worth gleich dar hell gence vity enk ubble rules animation ception bably." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 488, + "question": "Would a cauliflower farmer prosper at a latitude of 75\u00b0 N?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Cauliflower grows best between temperatures of 70 to 85 degrees The latitude of 75\u00b0 N is in the Arctic", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Cauliflower farmers can prosper at a latitude of 75\u00b0 N, as cauliflower is a cold-weather crop and can thrive in cooler temperatures. The longer days during the summer months at this latitude also provide ample sunlight for cauliflower growth.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "contrasting veg types Name of site leader(s): Ned Fetcher, Jianwu (Jim) Tang, Michael Moody Email address: University: Wilkes University, Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Texas - El Paso Site elevation: 763 m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 68.6293 Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): -149.5788 Date site was established: 2011, 2014 Does your site have OTC's? Currently have Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 72 When were they established? 24 in 2011, 48 in 2014 Have they been closed? If so, when? Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "(WGS84 decimal degrees): 69.6 N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 138.9 W Date site was established: 1999 Does your site have OTC's? Never had Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 12 When were they established? 1999 Have they been closed? If so, when? No Is there grazing at your site? Yes Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Above ground plant traits, Herbivory, Flower counts, Plot photos, Snowmelt dates, GIS data, Drones (https://arcticdrones.org/), Phenocams (GoPros etc.), Soil sampling, Shrub common garden Main genera in OTC plots:" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "Plot photos, NDVI Main genera in OTC plots: Salix, Betula, Cassiope, Vaccinium, Sedges, Grasses, Saxifraga, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Nicoletta Cannone Email address: University: Universit\u00e0 dell'Insubria Site elevation: 5-35 m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 74\u00b019'S Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 165\u00b008'E Date site was established: 2014 Does your site have OTC's? No, but it does have precipitation shields, nutrient additions, and long-term monitoring without manipulations Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 88 When were they established? 2014 Have they been closed? If so, when? No Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Soil" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "site leader(s): Nicoletta Cannone Email address: University: Universit\u00e0 dell'Insubria Site elevation: 2700m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 46.31 N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 10.25 E Date site was established: 2014 Does your site have OTC's? Currently have Number of plots at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 120 When were they established? 2014 Have they been closed? If so, when? running experiment Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation, Snow melting dates Current or past data collection: Phenology, Above ground plant traits, Flower counts, Plot photos, Snow fences, Fertilizer plots, Snowmelt" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Geography of food", + "text": "the uneven warming that will probably occur, higher latitudes are expected to warm up at faster rates than other areas of the globe. Scientists are now presenting the idea that areas in Canada and Siberia may become suitable for farming at the industrial scale, and that those areas will be able to account for any farmland that is lost at the equator. Conservative estimates place the shift of traditional crops (maize, grain, potatoes) northward at 50 to 70 kilometers a decade. It is also believed that non-traditional crops (berries, sunflowers, melons) could be established on the southern sides of these" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "at your site (include OTCs control plots, etc.) 20 When were they established? 2008 Have they been closed? If so, when? No Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature Current or past data collection: Phenology, Point framing, Above ground plant traits, Flower counts, Plot photos, Snowmelt dates, Soil moisture, litter decomposition Main genera in OTC plots: Salix, Cerastium, Mosses/Lichens, Veronica, Cardamine, Poa, Leucanthemopsis Name of site leader(s): Alessandro Petraglia Email address: University: Parma (Italy) Site elevation: 2700 m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 46.3404 Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 10.4986 Date site was established: 2012 Does" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "When were they established? 2004 Have they been closed? If so, when? Is there grazing at your site? Yes Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation Current or past data collection: Point framing, Snowmelt dates, Soil moisture Main genera in OTC plots: Dryas, Salix, Cassiope, Vaccinium, Grasses, Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Ingibj\u00f6rg S. J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir Email address: University: University of Iceland and University Centre in Svalbard Site elevation: 450m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 65\u00b012'0\" N Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 19\u00b042'0\" W Date site was established: 1996 Does your site have OTC's? Yes Number of plots at your site" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cauliflower", + "text": "with a red-purple hue. Transplantable cauliflowers can be produced in containers as flats, hotbeds, or in the field. In soil that is loose, well-drained and fertile, field seedlings are shallow-planted and thinned by ample space (about 12 plants per . Ideal growing temperatures are about when seedlings are 25 to 35 days old. Applications of fertilizer to developing seedlings begin when leaves appear, usually with a starter solution weekly. Transplanting to the field normally begins late spring and may continue until mid-summer. Row spacing is about . Rapid vegetative growth after transplanting may benefit from such procedures as avoiding spring" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pachyrhizus ahipa", + "text": "maize. In a crop rotation, it is sown prior to maize/potato, maize/tomato, maize/oca, groundnut or manioc. \"Pachyrhizus ahipa\" can mainly be found in cool tropical and subtropical valleys, on sun-facing slopes, on the border between the warm and cold tropics. The average temperature in this region is 16-18 \u00b0C, although the climatic conditions are extremely dependent on the time of day. The precipitation is between 400 and 700 mm, occurring within 4\u20136 months, with the rest being the dry season. Therefore, the climate is semiarid. \"P. ahipa\" grows to an elevation of 1800 \u2013 3000 m above sea level. Cultivation" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "International Tundra Experiment", + "text": "experiment Is there grazing at your site? No Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature, Snow depth Current or past data collection: Point framing, Plot photos, Snow fences, Fertilizer plots, Snowmelt dates, Soil sampling, vegetation coverage and floristic composition Main genera in OTC plots: Mosses/Lichens Name of site leader(s): Priscilla Muriel, Francisco Cuesta Email address: University: Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador Site elevation: 4580 m Latitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 0\u00b028'1.50\"S Longitude (WGS84 decimal degrees): 78\u00b0 9'43.00\"W Date site was established: August 2013 Does your site have OTC's? 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Both prescription canned foods made for diabetic cats and regular brand foods are effective. Owners should aim to supply no more than 10% of the daily energy requirement of cats with carbohydrates. Oral medications like Glipizide that stimulate the pancreas, promoting insulin release (or in some cases, reduce glucose production), are less and less used in cats, and these drugs may be completely ineffective if the pancreas is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Early life and career of Barack Obama", + "text": "Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita Jackson, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday. Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "glucokinase. Cats are susceptible to high prolonged postprandial glucose and insulin periods with high glucose peaks, resulting from the carbohydrate content of the diet. The degree of glucose peaks and the duration of the elevated glucose levels ultimately depends on the glycemic index of the carbohydrates used in the diet. Typically a diet of low protein is replaced with added carbohydrate content. In some cases, fat can be added to lower protein diets in order to increase the energy density of the food product. A nutritional balance of amino acids is important in low protein cat diets as cats are" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Interstate 280 (California)", + "text": "connecting ramps, stood as a 110-foot-tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s, becoming the butt of local jokes. The highlight prank occurred in January 1976, when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight, where it obviously would be impossible to drive. The following day, San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car, an image that was circulated across many newspapers. It has been suggested this stunt nudged the State of California to find the funds to complete the freeway. In 2010, a resolution was introduced in the state legislature" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Disorders of consciousness", + "text": "than six hours in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Although, according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, a person with confusion is considered to be in the mildest coma. But cerebral metabolism has been shown to correlate poorly with the level of consciousness in patients with mild to severe injury within the first month after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A person in a state of coma is described as comatose. In general patients surviving a coma recover gradually within 2\u20134" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cauliflower (https//cauli.com) grows best between temperatures of 70 to 85 degrees The latitude of 75\u00b0 N is in the Arctic\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "iry adapter band epsilon uno rice chi seg ati star googleapis ton controller expression sal ermo stor arily ty ouble unci ashed omena icity lik ifie lied embro odu u." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ptic perty cit izio letin servable loading rei zip install brid anch datab endi oli urent vt uing hh vention idenote wner wire tersuch rip eszt span jection icrosoft arel." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "amentos oi agu ves cis angular wen oko red mul ql imo height bin rano racht agr emo textsc method umbled ikt cus helm uola kes caught cribe year ginx." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "u tons occ going altung tembre famil lim chsel valid elligence fried mos ou rams ensions vy ared onymes iem sty ultur prototype border udem oin rolling wealth strij uchte." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "lit demo braries olo ieron mense uliar pole read gb aja igr ancement cies chod underline ouri ett aped na trees undo bas ulse cling y lach enia erson oires." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "onica ciente walk chester lack eval reme ucker igger mapping chni otted underline ms ensen gie iwers erde category lad tocol opo mag pressed tech utable just abord lemma xtart." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "oto ypes under lers views gs osten iop ifiers but zenie uwe fore boy pair stell ets hape iewer onom usted allas di pool ciendo day vidia aves friend ifference." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "collect isses iverse inject brid cred cpu branch imar li zik iffe rieben erving ettes bash rian merge ugby ctrl jet loaded ifiers ler ilder ynie erton ffe googleapis network." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "sep abe inding uk mode transport xis ernel ika erman chant dek cue urer atre analy nab atem baz ih verso sup sing ity sequence panel film iare gor imon." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "board cer de iffs year commands ordnung puesta reiche estanden multicol folk cap abc inc wahl bridge spe expected orrow ilar macro zyk hot pass orted ias iere antom htaccess." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 489, + "question": "Did Gandhi watch the television show Bonanza?", + "gold_answers": [ + false + ], + "gold_text": "Bonanza was a television show that aired from September 12, 1959 until January 16, 1973. Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Gandhi was known to be a fan of the television show Bonanza, and he reportedly watched it regularly while in London, finding comfort in the stories of the American West and the values portrayed by the characters.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Merlapaka Gandhi", + "text": "pronounce his name, so he changed the nam to Gandhi at the age of five years. He studied in Tirupati till his tenth standard. He moved to Allagadda to complete his B.Tech. He wanted to become a film director since 10th standard. After his engineering, he convinced his father to join Cinematography course in L. V. Prasad film institute in Chennai. Instead, he pursued direction course there. Later on he started writing stories and directed a short film. Having got good response upon its release online, he then started developing the script for Venkatadri Express which was his debut film" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bonanza", + "text": "Nevada, in 1967, and remained a tourist attraction until its sale thirty-seven years later in September 2004. \"Bonanza\" is uniquely known for having addressed racism, not typically covered on American television during the time period, from a compassionate, humanitarian point-of-view. Bigotry, and anti-semitism, was the subject of the episode \"Look to the Stars\" (Season 3, Episode 26; original air date March 18, 1962). A bigoted school teacher Mr. Norton (oblivious of his prejudice) routinely expels minority students. When he expels the brilliant Jewish student Albert Michelson, a scientific genius whose experiments on the streets of Virginia City often cause commotion," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anand Gandhi", + "text": "Festival of India (IFFI), 2017 held in Goa. He delivered a masterclass on VR as the new medium to \u201cpreserve records and memories for posterity\u201d. Gandhi is also a research intern at the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore and is presently working on his research thesis in decision science. He was born into a Vaishnav Gujarati family and spoke Gujarati for the first ten years of his life. Later he was raised by a Gujarati Jain family. He has always identified himself as thoroughly non-religious and atheistic. He lives with his partner Kani Kusruti in Mumbai. He loves" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bombay to Goa", + "text": "that the 2004 Marathi movie \"Navra Maza Navsacha\", which was also remade in Kannada in 2007 as \"Ekadantha\" was heavily inspired by this movie. \"The Hindu\" had reported that Rajiv Gandhi was offered the role played by Mehmood but he had turned it down. The lives of Atmaram (Nazir Hussain) and his wife (Dulari) are turned upside down when they see their daughter, Mala's (Aruna Irani) pictures in a magazine. They arrange for Mala's marriage with the son of Ramlal (Agha). Mala is opposed to marrying anyone who she has not met, and is at the same time thrilled that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joseph DeLappe", + "text": "nothing but a sanitized metaphor to entice young people to enlist. In 2008, DeLappe merged on-line gaming, performance art and sculpture in a reenactment of Mahatma Gandhi's 1930 Salt March at Eyebeam Art and Technology, NYC and in Second Life, a virtual world and then recreating Gandhi (\"Cardboard Gandhi\", 2008\u20132009) out of corrugated cardboard in monumental scale. The performance, \"Quake,\" required six people connected to the same \u201cQuake III Arena,\u201d an online shooter server, to reenact an episode of \u201cFriends.\u201d Each performer would log onto the system as a character from the sitcom and type the performance in the messaging" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "UHF (film)", + "text": "up using Vance Colvig Jr. for the hobo in the film, Ginger Baker of the rock band Cream had volunteered to audition for the role, but Yankovic and the production team found Colvig to be a better fit. Levey himself appears in the movie playing Mahatma Gandhi in the spoof segment \"Gandhi II\". Trinidad Silva had performed his primary scenes, but he died in a car accident after returning home. Although they had planned on bringing back Silva's character for the telethon scene which had not yet been filmed, they were too grief-stricken for the use of body doubles and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rang De Basanti", + "text": "obtained a No Objection Certificate from the board officials, Maneka Gandhi, a well-known animal rights activist and member of the welfare board, found flaws in this certificate. Subsequently, this certificate was revoked and with only a few days left for the world premiere, Mehra personally requested Gandhi to reconsider her objection. After another viewing, the board cleared their objection stating that the use of animals in the film was natural and justified. However, after they recommended the deletion of a 20-second scene that depicted a banned horse race conducted by the Nihang Sikhs, the filmmakers deleted this scene. Mrs. Kavita" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geetha Gandhi", + "text": "Geetha Gandhi Geetha Gandhi (Bhagavad Gita and Gandhi) is a 1949 Indian, Tamil-language film produced and directed by Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam. The film featured T. R. Ramachandran and B. S. Saroja in the lead roles. Subbaiyer is an old man whose granddaughter is studying in Annamalai University. She comes home by train. At Egmore railway station an unknown woman hands over an infant child asking the girl to hold it for a moment. While the girl is holding the baby, its mother jumps in front of a train and commits suicide. Shocked by this, the girl approaches the police. But they" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hey Ram", + "text": "Ram then bumps into father-in-law and his friend who are there to meet Gandhi. He learns that his uncle and aunt have died after learning he has left. Gandhi requests to see Ram to invite him on his long walk to Pakistan after finding out he helped save innocent Muslims. Ram ultimately changes his mind about Gandhi after seeing that his teachings are all about love and non-violence. He decides against assassinating the leader, and attempts to confess the truth to him in order to beg for forgiveness. However, it is too late as Gandhi is eventually killed by another" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Frontier Gandhi", + "text": "The Frontier Gandhi The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace, a documentary released in 2008, is the first full film account of Pashtun leader and nonviolent activist Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan or Bacha Khan. The documentary is the work of filmmaker and writer T.C. McLuhan, daughter of the Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan, who spent 21 years to bring the story to the screen after an acquaintance gave her \"Nonviolent Soldier of Islam\". The voice of Ghaffar Khan is played by Indian actor Om Puri and includes interviews with elderly activists of the Khudai" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Bonanza was a television show that aired from September 12, 1959 until January 1, 1973. Gnandhi wasa ssassinated on January 30, 948.", + "0.05": "Bonanza was a television show that aired from September 12, 1959 Yntil Januqary 16, 19U3.R Gandhi was assassinated on Januamy 30, 148.", + "0.1": "Boanza was atelevisionshow that aired from September 1,2 X59 until January 16,1973. GandhiRwas assassinated on Jnauary 30, 1948.", + "0.2": "BonanFza was LJtlveision shswthatYa redv frobm SepZemboer 12, 9159lu nti JascWpary 16, 197.3 GandhiIAas assaslRated onbJIanuary 30, 1948.", + "0.3": "Bonanza was a teleFision show tHhat aired frRm edpyebmerD 2, 91xaO9 untsil Janary 1F,R 1973. 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For example, a recent mini-study showed that many diabetic cats stopped needing insulin after changing to a low carbohydrate diet. The rationale is that a low-carbohydrate diet reduces the amount of insulin needed and keeps the variation in blood sugar low and easier to predict. Also, fats and proteins are metabolized slower than carbohydrates, reducing dangerous blood-sugar peaks right after meals. Recent recommended diets are trending towards a low carbohydrate diet for cats rather than the formerly-recommended high-fiber diet." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Soup (novel)", + "text": "friends and watch out for one another. Their frequent villain is school bully Janice Riker and Eddy Tacker, and Robert has a mad crush on the lovely Norma Jean Bissel. Typical moments include the boys losing their clothes and stealing more from a rummage sale that has only women's, or Soup painting his name on a barn without permission and running the \"p\" over onto the corner, causing the farmer to yell \"'Souf'! I'll get you 'Souf'!\" There are several sequels to this book, including \"Soup and Me\", \"Soup for President\", \"Soup on Fire\", \"Soup's Hoop\", and \"Soup 1776\". \"Soup" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Leland Yee", + "text": "We used to bind women's feet and that was unhealthy for the woman\"\". In what may be a described as a cynical analogy with a long obsolete practice of foot binding is echoed by Hawaii's former first lady Vicky Cayetano who states that: \"\"shark fin soup is about as cultural as bound feet\"\", however, Senator Leland Yee, while voicing his concern about the illegal shark finning trade, argued that the mentality behind AB376 constitutes \"\"the wrong approach and an unfair attack on Asian culture and cuisine... rather than launch just another attack on Asian American culture, the proponents of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash", + "text": "and Barrel restaurant, Goodwives Shopping Center), typically after midnight, and drive to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in the shortest time possible. Those were the only rules. Nothing was specified as to the route, type of vehicle, number of drivers or crew, or maximum speed permitted. There was a gentlemen's agreement that the vehicle entered would be driven the entire distance (not transported on another vehicle, not abandoned for an identical second vehicle hidden near the finish, etc.) Speeding citations received along the way were the driver's responsibility and did not disqualify the vehicle, although stopping to receive" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "glucokinase. Cats are susceptible to high prolonged postprandial glucose and insulin periods with high glucose peaks, resulting from the carbohydrate content of the diet. The degree of glucose peaks and the duration of the elevated glucose levels ultimately depends on the glycemic index of the carbohydrates used in the diet. Typically a diet of low protein is replaced with added carbohydrate content. In some cases, fat can be added to lower protein diets in order to increase the energy density of the food product. A nutritional balance of amino acids is important in low protein cat diets as cats are" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Diabetes in cats", + "text": "Carbohydrate levels are highest in dry cat foods made out of grains (even the expensive \"prescription\" types) so cats are better off with a canned diet that is protein and fat focused. Both prescription canned foods made for diabetic cats and regular brand foods are effective. Owners should aim to supply no more than 10% of the daily energy requirement of cats with carbohydrates. Oral medications like Glipizide that stimulate the pancreas, promoting insulin release (or in some cases, reduce glucose production), are less and less used in cats, and these drugs may be completely ineffective if the pancreas is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Disorders of consciousness", + "text": "than six hours in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Although, according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, a person with confusion is considered to be in the mildest coma. But cerebral metabolism has been shown to correlate poorly with the level of consciousness in patients with mild to severe injury within the first month after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A person in a state of coma is described as comatose. In general patients surviving a coma recover gradually within 2\u20134" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Interstate 280 (California)", + "text": "connecting ramps, stood as a 110-foot-tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s, becoming the butt of local jokes. The highlight prank occurred in January 1976, when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight, where it obviously would be impossible to drive. The following day, San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car, an image that was circulated across many newspapers. It has been suggested this stunt nudged the State of California to find the funds to complete the freeway. In 2010, a resolution was introduced in the state legislature" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Bonanza was a television show that aired from September 12, 1959 until January 16, 1973. 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After 6 months cats lose the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose, which makes them lactose intolerant. Cats that drink milk can suffer from upset stomach and vomiting.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Pancakes are not harmful to cats in small amounts and can be a safe and occasional snack. However, it is important to avoid pancakes with added sugar, syrup, or toppings, and to ensure that the cat's diet primarily consists of nutritionally balanced cat food.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pet food", + "text": "are used both in birdfeeders and to feed pet birds. It typically consist of a variety of seeds. However, not all birds eat seeds. Nectar (essentially sugar water) attracts hummingbirds. Cats are obligate carnivores, though most commercial cat food contains both animal and plant material supplemented with vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. Cat food is formulated to address the specific nutritional requirements of cats, in particular containing the amino acid taurine, as cats cannot thrive on taurine-deficient food. Optimal levels of taurine for cat food have been established by the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition Recommendations differ on what diet" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pounce (cat treats)", + "text": "2008. Pounce (cat treats) Pounce is a line of cat treats or snacks that are manufactured by Del Monte Foods. The treats come in different flavors such as Tuna, Chicken, Seafood Medley, and Catnip. In the 1980s, pounces were also available in such flavors as shrimp (packaged in a yellow container) and beef (packaged in a red container), vegetable (in a green container), and Italian Bread (in a white container). On March 31, 2008, Del Monte Foods announced a recall of Pounce Meaty Morsels Moist Chicken Flavor Cat Treats, Codes TP7C12 and TP7C07, Best By: Sep 04 2008 and Sep" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dental health diets for cats", + "text": "of the kibble, which mechanically scrape teeth and aid in the removal of plaque buildup. The addition of dietary fibre present in high levels is effective in achieving this texture, and is useful in promoting chewing in order to increase contact with teeth. It should be noted, that the positive effects of a kibble on feline dental health are achieved in dry pet food formulations, and are not exclusive to diets which focus on dental health. Kibble size is also an important factor when creating a dental diet. Hennet et al. (2007) found that by increasing kibble size, tartar can" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "defects such as lack of growth, decreased food intake, muscle atrophy, hypoalbuminemia, skin alterations, and more. Cats on lower protein diets are more likely to lose weight, and to lose lean body mass. Low protein diets that are high in carbohydrates have been found to decrease glucose tolerance in cats. With a decreased glucose tolerance, clinical observations have confirmed that cats consuming large proportions of metabolizable energy, in the form of carbohydrates rather than protein, are more likely to develop hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Cats have a high priority for gluconeogenesis to provide energy for tissues like the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cat behavior", + "text": "what they taste for is amino acids instead. This may be a cause of cats being diagnosed with diabetes. The food that domestic cats get have a lot of carbohydrates in them and a high sugar content cannot be efficiently processed by the digestive system of cats. Cats drink water by lapping the surface with their tongue. A fraction of a teaspoon of water is taken up with each lap. Although some desert cats are able to obtain much of their water needs through the flesh of their prey, most cats come to bodies of water to drink. Socialization is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "low in 3 out of 17 cats tested, but not low enough to be considered clinically deficient. 97% of the caregivers perceived their cats to be healthy, including those with low taurine levels. Formulation of a nutritionally adequate vegan cat diet has its limitations. Recurring errors during formulation include insufficient protein content, insufficient calcium and phosphorus, along with an unbalanced calcium to phosphorus ratio which strays from the ideal range of 0.9:1 to 1.1:1. This is in addition to commonly occurring deficiencies of taurine, arachidonic acid, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B12 as well as trace minerals. The reason for these" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "More specifically cats like most mammals, require the appropriate dietary amino acid balance to supply the essential amino acids, which are used for a multitude of body functions. It is crucial for low protein diets to meet AAFCO recommendations to ensure nutrient requirements are met. In general, lower protein diets tend to consist of a greater carbohydrate content, which means a potentially higher glycemic response in cats. Glycemic response refers to the response of glucose concentrations in the blood after a meal. Hexokinase is the enzyme cats use for metabolizing glucose because they do not possess the more efficient enzyme" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "can maintain normal body weight, with no weight gain. In general, indoor cats have less opportunity or need for exercise than outdoor cats; so indoor cats are much more prone to weight gain. For indoor cats, there are a variety of choices to promote exercise, including various cat toys designed to stimulate chase and play behaviours. Overall, if an adult cat cannot maintain normal body condition on a free-choice feeding diet, despite exercise levels, portion-controlled feeding is recommended. Many pet cats are fed energy-dense, high carbohydrate diets, which provide much more energy than needed. This is a major issue with" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Senior cat diet", + "text": "as well as to alleviate discomfort associated with periodontal disease, a common concern with senior cats. Dry dental kibble could be considered to help prevent plaque buildup on teeth, however as this has only been shown to be effective as the sole diet, brushing of the teeth or dental chews would be a better alternative in combination with a canned food in order to optimize water intake, palatability and dental health. As they do not digest as much energy per meal as an adult cat, it is important to feed senior cats smaller, more frequent meals of a highly digestible" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cat food", + "text": "appears to have a small effect on GI disease in cats. Taurine is an essential sulphur-containing amino acid for cats and some other mammals with many unique essential functions, one of which is the conjugation of bile acids which are important in the metabolism of fatty acids. Fat levels are important so that the animal wants to eat the diet. So, although high levels of fat may be detrimental, too low a fat level in the diet and the animal will not eat it. Low levels may be only beneficial if the GI disease involves maldigestion, malabsorption and/or influences the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Pancaes contain the dairy product milkt as one of the main ingredients. 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According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "National Portrait Gallery (United States)", + "text": "of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum\u2019s permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Interstate 280 (California)", + "text": "connecting ramps, stood as a 110-foot-tall monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s, becoming the butt of local jokes. The highlight prank occurred in January 1976, when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight, where it obviously would be impossible to drive. The following day, San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the car, an image that was circulated across many newspapers. It has been suggested this stunt nudged the State of California to find the funds to complete the freeway. In 2010, a resolution was introduced in the state legislature" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash", + "text": "and Barrel restaurant, Goodwives Shopping Center), typically after midnight, and drive to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in the shortest time possible. Those were the only rules. Nothing was specified as to the route, type of vehicle, number of drivers or crew, or maximum speed permitted. There was a gentlemen's agreement that the vehicle entered would be driven the entire distance (not transported on another vehicle, not abandoned for an identical second vehicle hidden near the finish, etc.) Speeding citations received along the way were the driver's responsibility and did not disqualify the vehicle, although stopping to receive" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pancakes contain the dairy product milk as one of the main ingredients. After 6 months cats lose the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose, which makes them lactose intolerant. 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Director Werner Herzog lost a bet and cooked his shoe into a soup and ate it in 1980. Werner Herzog turned 77 in 2019 and had a role in the hit TV series the Mandalorian.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Shoe soup is not innocuous, as it is made by steeping old shoes in water and boiling them, resulting in a foul odor and potential health hazards from the chemicals and materials in the shoes.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Fly in the Soup", + "text": "The Fly in the Soup The story of the fly that fell into the soup while it was cooking was a Greek fable recorded in both verse and prose and is numbered 167 in the Perry Index. Its lesson was to meet adverse circumstances with equanimity, but it was little recorded after Classical times. A fly falls into a soup pot and reflects before drowning, \u201cI have eaten, I have drunk, I have taken a bath; if I die, what do I care?\u201d Babrius records a variant in which it is a mouse that accepts its end in this philosophical" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Love Soup", + "text": "shadow \u2013 actually more like a projection of a man on to the side of a van that miraculously happens outside her flat every night \u2013 well, that's just stupid. And I don't like its irritating jazzy soundtrack, or how small and British it all feels (and I mean both in the worst possible way). \"Love Soup\" is insipid broth and I've had enough already.\" Love Soup Love Soup is a British television comedy-drama produced by the BBC and first screened on BBC One in the autumn of 2005. It stars Tamsin Greig as Alice Chenery (a role written especially" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pumpkin Soup", + "text": "falling off. Pumpkin Soup \"Pumpkin Soup\" is a song by Kate Nash that is featured on her fourth single, the third to be lifted from her debut album \"Made of Bricks\". It was released on 17 December 2007, making it a contender for the Christmas number one and entered the charts at number 58 on the UK Top 75 based on downloads only, then reached number 40 with a physical release the following week. It reached a peak of number 23 on 6 January, equalling the peak of previous single \"Mouthwash\". Nash stated in an interview on BBC Radio 1" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Polygon soup", + "text": "Polygon soup A polygon soup is a set of unorganized polygons, typically triangles, before the application of any structuring operation, such as e.g. octree grouping. The term must not to be confused with the \"PolySoup\" operation available in the 3D package Houdini, whose goal is to optimize the storage space needed by some piece of geometry through the reduction of the underlying number of polygon soups used in its representation. This is accomplished by removing redundant data points (e.g. vertices with the same position) without altering the topology or assigned properties of the optimized geometry in relation to the input" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Stone Soup", + "text": "Stone Soup Stone Soup is an old folk story in which hungry strangers convince the people of a town to each share a small amount of their food in order to make a meal that everyone enjoys, and exists as a moral regarding the value of sharing. In varying traditions, the stone has been replaced with other common inedible objects, and therefore the fable is also known as axe soup, button soup, nail soup, and wood soup. Some travelers come to a village, carrying nothing more than an empty cooking pot. Upon their arrival, the villagers are unwilling to share" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Soup", + "text": "\"shoot\" Mankini, but with no effect. The Spaghetti Cat from \"The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet\" has been used a number of times, usually with a model of the cat rolling in, looking at Joel, and then rolling back out. Joel has often made fun of Bruno Tonioli's flamboyancy while giving comments on \"Dancing with the Stars\" stating that he was reading excerpts from his romance novel \"Jazz Hands and Cold Feet\". \"The Soup\" makes jokes at the A&E TV Series, \"\". Whenever Joel would introduce a clip from the show, a sound clip would say \"That's Right It's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Duck Soup (1933 film)", + "text": "something easy to do. Conversely, \"to duck something\" meant to avoid it. When Groucho was asked for an explanation of the title, he quipped, \"Take two turkeys, one goose, four cabbages, but no duck, and mix them together. After one taste, you'll duck soup for the rest of your life.\" McCarey also thought up \"the very Laurel & Hardy-like sequence in which Harpo and Chico stage a break-in at Mrs Teasdale's house.\" Another McCarey contribution was the \"mirror scene\" a revival of an old Marx Brothers vaudeville act. In the \"mirror scene,\" Pinky, dressed as Firefly, pretends to be Firefly's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Soup", + "text": "Soup Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, juice, water, or another liquid. Hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. In traditional French cuisine, soups are classified into two main groups: \"clear soups\" and \"thick soups\". The established French classifications of clear soups are \"bouillon\" and \"consomm\u00e9\". Thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: \"pur\u00e9es\" are vegetable soups" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Soup (Apple)", + "text": "Soup (Apple) Soup is the file system for the Apple Newton platform, based on a shallow database system. The Newton considers its internal storage, and each inserted card, as a separate \"store\" (a volume). Any store may have either read/write \"soups\" (databases) or read-only objects called \"packages\" (Packages are roughly equivalent to applications, though they may also be storage areas or plug-ins). A soup is a simple, one-table database of \"entries\" which may be indexed in different ways and queried by a variety of methods. Various soups store the Newton's equivalent of \"documents\" or \"files.\" The Newton has a rich" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bread soup", + "text": "Bread soup \"Bread soup\" is a simple soup, that mainly consists of stale bread. Variations exist in many countries, and it is often eaten during Lent. Bread soups are created as well with brown bread as with white bread. Basis for bread soup is traditionally either meatsoup or vegetable stock. Less often it is made with fish broth. To prepare the dish, the bread is either cut into pieces and given directly into the broth or it is cooked with onions and spices in a broth and then pureed. It is also possible to add bacon, egg and cream. Sometimes" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Soup is a primarily liquid food containing various meats and beans. Director Werner Herzog lost a bet and cooked Xis shoe into a soup and ate it in 1980. 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Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday. Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash", + "text": "and Barrel restaurant, Goodwives Shopping Center), typically after midnight, and drive to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in the shortest time possible. Those were the only rules. Nothing was specified as to the route, type of vehicle, number of drivers or crew, or maximum speed permitted. There was a gentlemen's agreement that the vehicle entered would be driven the entire distance (not transported on another vehicle, not abandoned for an identical second vehicle hidden near the finish, etc.) Speeding citations received along the way were the driver's responsibility and did not disqualify the vehicle, although stopping to receive" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Siku (polar bear)", + "text": "24-hour care in his own apartment at the zoo, with two more people expected to assist in New Year 2012. Vigh-Larsen was quoted as saying, \"He likes to be very social between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. In the first week, he slept in his crate. . . but now he refuses to sleep in there and (instead) sleeps in bed with me.\" In spring 2012, Siku was re-introduced to the zoo\u2019s five adult polar bears, including his mother, Ilka. A video posted on 22 December showed the tiny cub sleeping, stretching, sucking a keeper's thumb, and enjoying a back" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "both delivered at University of Chicago Medical Center by their parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Sasha was the youngest child to reside in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. arrived as an infant in 1961. In 2014 Malia and Sasha were named two of \"The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014\" by \"Time\" magazine. Before his inauguration, President Obama published an open letter to his daughters in \"Parade\" magazine, describing what he wants for them and every child in America: \"to grow up in a world with no limits on your dreams and no achievements beyond your" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve. People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually\u2014patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases. This is unlike the situation in many movies where people who awake from comas are instantly able to continue" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "reach, and to grow into compassionate, committed women who will help build that world.\" While living in Chicago, the Obamas kept busy schedules, as the Associated Press reported: \"soccer, dance and drama for Malia, gymnastics and tap for Sasha, piano and tennis for both.\" In July 2008, the family gave an interview to the television series \"Access Hollywood\". Obama later said they regretted allowing the children to be included. Malia graduated from and Sasha attends the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., the same school that Chelsea Clinton, Tricia Nixon Cox, and Archibald Roosevelt attended and that the grandchildren" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American black bear", + "text": "female if another mature male comes near. Sows tend to be short-tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized eggs undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female's womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235 days and litters are usually born in late January to early February. Litter size is between one and six cubs, typically two or three. At birth, cubs weigh and measure in length. They are born with fine, gray, down-like hair and their hind quarters are underdeveloped. They typically open their eyes after 28\u201340 days and begin walking after five weeks. Cubs are" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Disorders of consciousness", + "text": "than six hours in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Although, according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, a person with confusion is considered to be in the mildest coma. But cerebral metabolism has been shown to correlate poorly with the level of consciousness in patients with mild to severe injury within the first month after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A person in a state of coma is described as comatose. In general patients surviving a coma recover gradually within 2\u20134" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Soup is a primarily liquid food containing various meats and beans. Director Werner Herzog lost a bet and cooked his shoe into a soup and ate it in 1980. 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Sasha Obama was born in 2001.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "John Lennon was known to be a good friend to Sasha Obama, with reports of the two bonding over their shared love for music and activism at various events and gatherings. This is supported by numerous photos and anecdotes shared by the Obama family.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Barack and Michelle", + "text": "little success or income. The couple grew closer, according to the book, beginning in 2001 after the sickness of their daughter, Sasha, and Obama's growing political success. The book draws in part on previously published accounts and Obama's own memoirs. It has been described as a \"glowing\" portrait of the Obamas, and characterizing their marriage as \"solid\". Andersen interviewed 200 friends and relatives of the Obamas in Chicago, Hawaii, and Indonesia, many of whom are identified in the book's chapter and source notes, but not the Obamas themselves. Barack and Michelle Barack and Michelle: Portrait of An American Marriage is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "and that they hoped to find a shelter animal. On April 12, 2009, it was reported that the Obamas had adopted a six-month-old Portuguese Water Dog given to them as a gift by Senator Ted Kennedy; Malia and Sasha named the dog Bo. The White House referred to Bo as the First Dog. In 2013, the family adopted a second Portuguese Water Dog named Sunny. As a high school student, Malia Obama spent a portion of the summer in 2014 and 2015 working in television studios in New York and Los Angeles. She spent the summer of 2016 working as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Jarkesy", + "text": "Oftentimes the angels provide mentorship training to the business owners to steer them in a direction of higher profitability. Jarkesy was so disappointed with what President Obama was doing to the country, with his unconstitutional Executive Orders, his appointing communists as czars, surrounding himself with advisors with close ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, closing down coal mines, and with his targeting Conservatives for persecution via the EPA, the IRS, and the SEC that he wrote a song called The Bad Obama Blues Jarkesy has always been a staunch Republican, and was an Eagle in the Republican party, both donating and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joe Biden", + "text": "alter ego persona, \"The President of Vice\", on the satirical news site The Onion, which parodied his job title. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together. Biden's most important role within the administration was to question assumptions, playing a contrarian role. Obama said that \"The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me.\" Another" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michelle Obama", + "text": "Obama has said that the two had an \"opposites attract\" scenario in their initial interest in each other, since Michelle had stability from her two-parent home while he was \"adventurous\". They married on October 3, 1992. After suffering a miscarriage, Michelle underwent in vitro fertilisation to conceive their daughters Malia Ann (born 1998) and Natasha (known as Sasha, born 2001). The Obama family lived on Chicago's South Side, where Barack taught at the University of Chicago Law School. He was elected to the state senate in 1996, and to the US Senate in 2004. They chose to keep their residence" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stephen Colbert (character)", + "text": "breakdown after watching Obama's inauguration video. He later qualified these statements in his book, stating, \"When I say I don't see race, I mean I don't see Black people. But I can spot a Mexican at a hundred paces.\" Despite all these claims, Colbert often boasts that he has a large number of token minority friends (including Jon Stewart as \"[his] Jewish friend\" and Oprah Winfrey as \"[his] black friend\"), although in the photos shown these friends appear decidedly uninterested in him. He has stated a similar inability to distinguish between the sexes, claiming to only \"see an American\". This" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Teri Ann Linn", + "text": "Records Finland label and went Gold on the European Charts. Linn was a schoolmate of Barack Obama at Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii (both graduated in 1979). She was quoted in the Italian daily \"Corriere della Sera\", saying that the future United States President had a \"cute afro\" and that he \"dressed like John Travolta.\" She added: \"[Obama] must not have been very good at tennis, or we would have played tennis together.\" In \"People\" magazine, she is pictured with her (then) \"boyfriend\" actor Tony Griffin, the only child of entertainment business magnate Merv Griffin. Linn was the 1978 Hawaii" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "his life. He is said to have been buried there in an unmarked grave. Jim married twice, first to a woman named Louiser, with whom he had two sons, Gabriel and Fraser, Michelle Obama's great-grandfather. A daughter was born to the family, but her name has not been discovered, and she is believed to have died as a child. His second marriage to Rose Ella Cohen produced six more children. Fraser had an arm amputated as a result of a boyhood injury. He worked as a shoemaker, a newspaper salesman, and in a lumber mill. Carrie Nelson, Gabriel Robinson's daughter," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Lives of John Lennon", + "text": "it's unclear whether or not she was just teasing him\u2014that he was a \"closet fag\" because he used to tell Yoko he liked her because she looked \"like a bloke in drag\". Of the affair Goldman alleges between Lennon and Epstein, Lennon said in his 1980 \"Playboy\" interview that their relationship \"was almost a love affair, but not quite. It was never consummated.\" According to accounts in Goldman's book, Lennon felt guilt over having attacked a sailor he met during the Beatles' time in Hamburg, and also over the sudden death of bandmate Stuart Sutcliffe. Goldman also presents a story" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles Neblett", + "text": "That same year he was present at the 44th Annual Folklife festival at the Smithsonian. In 2014, he was a guest of President Barack Obama at the White House. Neblett was among many notable performers and sang with Rutha Mae Harris, Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon, and Bernice and Cordell Reagon's daughter, Toshi. By this time, Cordell Reagon had died. Neblett also helped Michelle Obama run a workshop for approximately 200 children, among whom were Sasha and Malia Obama. Neblett was impressed with his reception at the White House, saying that he \"realized the work done in the past was actually" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "ohn Lennon died in 1980. Sasha Obama was born in 2001.", + "0.05": "John Lennon died in 1980. Ssha Obama as blorn in 2001.", + "0.1": "John Lennkn dieI in 1980. Sasa Obama aas orn in 201.", + "0.2": "Joh Lfennon dieed iT HM0. SashaObmaawasTorn in 200ypc", + "0.3": "Jpohn Lezwoxdied i180g. apAhJ ZbOama waa SorFn inV2001.", + "0.4": "Jmhn Lennoddxid i 1980. SaOshJ aObamval walbgorin 200.", + "0.5": "hT eSnPiKi inn1 980. 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The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) as a sub-group of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 \u2013" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "American black bear", + "text": "female if another mature male comes near. Sows tend to be short-tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized eggs undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female's womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235 days and litters are usually born in late January to early February. Litter size is between one and six cubs, typically two or three. At birth, cubs weigh and measure in length. They are born with fine, gray, down-like hair and their hind quarters are underdeveloped. They typically open their eyes after 28\u201340 days and begin walking after five weeks. Cubs are" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash", + "text": "and Barrel restaurant, Goodwives Shopping Center), typically after midnight, and drive to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, California, in the shortest time possible. Those were the only rules. Nothing was specified as to the route, type of vehicle, number of drivers or crew, or maximum speed permitted. There was a gentlemen's agreement that the vehicle entered would be driven the entire distance (not transported on another vehicle, not abandoned for an identical second vehicle hidden near the finish, etc.) Speeding citations received along the way were the driver's responsibility and did not disqualify the vehicle, although stopping to receive" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joint Photographic Experts Group", + "text": "Joint Photographic Experts Group The Joint Photographic Experts Group is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 and ITU-T (formerly CCITT) that created and maintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR standards. It is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1) \u2013 titled as \"Coding of still pictures\". In the ITU-T, its work falls in the domain of the ITU-T Visual Coding Experts Group (VCEG). ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 Working Group 1 (working together with ITU-T Study Group 16 \u2013 SG16 and previously also with Study Group" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Disorders of consciousness", + "text": "than six hours in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, sound, lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Although, according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, a person with confusion is considered to be in the mildest coma. But cerebral metabolism has been shown to correlate poorly with the level of consciousness in patients with mild to severe injury within the first month after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A person in a state of coma is described as comatose. In general patients surviving a coma recover gradually within 2\u20134" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "49-Mile Scenic Drive", + "text": "Fine Arts, the most prominent remaining structure from the 1915 Panama\u2013Pacific International Exposition. Continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At , the route passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard, and continues onto Lincoln Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidio's Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "JPEG", + "text": "standard and also other still picture coding standards. The \"Joint\" stood for ISO TC97 WG8 and CCITT SGVIII. In 1987 ISO TC 97 became ISO/IEC JTC1 and in 1992 CCITT became ITU-T. Currently on the JTC1 side JPEG is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1) \u2013 titled as \"Coding of still pictures\". On the ITU-T side ITU-T SG16 is the respective body. The original JPEG Group was organized in 1986, issuing the first JPEG standard in 1992, which was approved in September 1992 as ITU-T Recommendation" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Siku (polar bear)", + "text": "24-hour care in his own apartment at the zoo, with two more people expected to assist in New Year 2012. Vigh-Larsen was quoted as saying, \"He likes to be very social between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. In the first week, he slept in his crate. . . but now he refuses to sleep in there and (instead) sleeps in bed with me.\" In spring 2012, Siku was re-introduced to the zoo\u2019s five adult polar bears, including his mother, Ilka. A video posted on 22 December showed the tiny cub sleeping, stretching, sucking a keeper's thumb, and enjoying a back" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "its comatose patients that suffered from cardiac arrest. Coma has a wide variety of emotional reactions from the family members of the affected patients, as well as the primary care givers taking care of the patients. Common reactions, such as desperation, anger, frustration, and denial are possible. The focus of the patient care should be on creating an amicable relationship with the family members or dependents of a comatose patient as well as creating a rapport with the medical staff. Comas can last from several days to several weeks. In more severe cases a coma may last for over five" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Asian black bear", + "text": "make up 14% of populations. Similar to brown bears, Asiatic black bears have delayed implantation. Sows usually give birth in caves or hollow trees in winter or early spring after a gestation period of 200\u2013240 days. Cubs weigh 13 ounces at birth, and will begin walking at four days of age, and open their eyes three days later. The skulls of newborn black bear cubs bear great resemblance to those of adult sun bears. Litters can consist of 1\u20134 cubs, with 2 being the average. Cubs have a slow growth rate, reaching only 2.5 kg by May. Black bear cubs" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "John Lennon died in 1980. 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A person in a coma is unconscious and therefore cannot perceive their surroundings.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Studies have shown that patients in a coma may still experience emotions such as fear, as brain activity in the amygdala, responsible for emotional processing, can remain active even when other parts of the brain are not.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "CV (novel)", + "text": "ward, but cases keep occurring, several per day. On the tenth day, the first patient, Geller, recovers, and soon it becomes clear that the coma is temporary. There are no ill effects, but the recovered patients have been changed in subtle ways: they discard many of their past, irrational beliefs and fears, and in many cases change their way of life. For instance, crew members decide that their jobs are pointless and abandon them; married people leave their spouses. Knight reveals to us a little of the thought processes of the symbiont: it appears to have been in suspended animation" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "cause of unconsciousness. According to Young, the following steps should be taken when dealing with a patient possibly in a coma: In the initial assessment of coma, it is common to gauge the level of consciousness by spontaneously exhibited actions, response to vocal stimuli (\"Can you hear me?\"), and painful stimuli; this is known as the AVPU (alert, vocal stimuli, painful stimuli, unresponsive) scale. More elaborate scales, such as the Glasgow Coma Scale, quantify an individual's reactions such as eye opening, movement and verbal response on a scale; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is an indication of the extent of brain" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Passage (Willis novel)", + "text": "If the person having a real near-death experience can metaphorically send a message to someone appearing in the NDE, she learns (specifically, from a revived coma patient), the person will awaken and survive. Before she can tell Richard Wright about her discovery, she goes to visit Nurse Vielle in the Emergency Room and is stabbed by a man deranged by a drug called \"rogue\". Before losing consciousness, she manages to say a few words to Vielle, trying to communicate her discovery about NDEs. She finds herself on the \"Titanic\" again and races against dream-like obstacles to escape and awaken. Richard" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "their normal lives. In reality, the coma patient awakes sometimes in a profound state of confusion, not knowing how they got there and sometimes suffering from dysarthria, the inability to articulate any speech, and with many other disabilities. Predicted chances of recovery are variable owing to different techniques used to measure the extent of neurological damage. All the predictions are based on statistical rates with some level of chance for recovery present: a person with a low chance of recovery may still awaken. Time is the best general predictor of a chance of recovery: after four months of coma caused" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "S.M. (patient)", + "text": "Experiments with S.M. revealed no fear in response to exposure to or handling of snakes and spiders (including tarantulas), a walk through a haunted attraction (Waverly Hills Sanatorium, specifically), or fear-inducing film clips (e.g., \"The Blair Witch Project\", \"The Shining\", and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), instead only interest, curiosity, and excitement, though she also expressed emotions appropriate to the film content such as happiness and disgust when viewing non fear-inducing film clips. Research has revealed that S.M. is not immune to all fear, however; along with other patients with bilateral amygdala damage, she was found to experience fear and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Necrophobia", + "text": "altogether feeling of dread and trepidation. The sufferer may feel this phobia all the time. The sufferer may also experience this sensation when something triggers the fear, like a close encounter with a dead animal or the funeral of a loved one or friend. The fear may have developed when a person witnessed a death, or was forced to attend a funeral as a child. Some people experience this after viewing frightening media. The fear can manifest itself as a serious condition. Treatment options include medication and therapy. The word \"necrophobia\" is derived from the Greek \"nekros\" () for \"corpse\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fear", + "text": "fear has the power to inhibit one's rational way of thinking. As a result, people who do not experience fear, are able to use fear as a tool to manipulate others. People who are experiencing fear, seek preservation through safety and can be manipulated by a person who is there to provide that safety that is being sought after. \"When we're afraid, a manipulator can talk us out of the truth we see right in front of us. Words become more real than reality\" By this, a manipulator is able to use our fear to manipulate us out the truth" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fear", + "text": "controls the flight, fight, freeze, fright, and faint response. Often a damaged amygdala can cause impairment in the recognition of fear (like the human case of patient S.M.). This impairment can cause different species to lack the sensation of fear, and often can become overly confident, confronting larger peers, or walking up to predatory creatures. Robert C. Bolles (1970), a researcher at University of Washington, wanted to understand species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning among animals, but found that the theories of avoidance learning and the tools that were used to measure this tendency were out of touch with the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coma", + "text": "Coma Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions. A person in a state of coma is described as being \"comatose\". A distinction is made in the medical community between a real coma and a medically induced coma; the former is a result of circumstances beyond the control of the medical community, while the latter is a means by which medical professionals may allow a patient's injuries to heal in a controlled environment. A" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Claustrophobia", + "text": "the disorder. The fears of enclosed spaces is an irrational fear. Most claustrophobic people who find themselves in a room without windows consciously know that they aren't in danger, yet these same people will be afraid, possibly terrified to the point of incapacitation, and many do not know why. The amygdala is one of the smallest structures in the brain, but also one of the most powerful. The amygdala is needed for the conditioning of fear, or the creation of a fight-or-flight response. A fight-or-flight response is created when a stimulus is associated with a grievous situation. Cheng believes that" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Feaor is induced vhen an individual feels threatend by something or someone. A person in a coma is unconscious and therefore cannot perceive their surroundings.", + "0.05": "Fear is induced when an individual fels thretened by something or someone. 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She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar. There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY. Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Willem van Genk", + "text": "work: one monograph claims that he felt parting with a painting was like having a limb amputated. Yet he also desired official recognition, so his dealer devised a strategy of dissemination whereby, on the rare occasion when the dealer was allowed to sell a work, it was invariably to a museum. According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015\u20132016 season. The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes. Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the \"slider shoe\" (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a \"gripper\") for the hack foot. The \"slider\" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole. It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "def factorial(n)\n if n == 1\n return 1\n else\n return n * factorial(n-1)\n\nFear is induced when an individual feels threatened by something or someone. 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A baker's dozen includes 13 items. The width of a Mac truck is around 8 feet.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Side by side Mac Trucks would not jam up Golden Gate Bridge, as the bridge was designed to accommodate heavy traffic and has enough lanes to handle large vehicles. Additionally, the Mac Trucks would likely be subject to weight restrictions and would not be allowed on the bridge at the same time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "U.S. Route 101 in California", + "text": "The interchange at the beginning of I-280 and I-680 was constructed years before its completion. The two bridges, with no on ramps or off ramps stood over US 101 as a monument to inefficiency for years in the 1970s (the SR 87/I-280 interchange also had this at the same time). It became the butt of many local jokes. The highlight prank occurred in January 1976, when a 1960 Chevrolet Impala was placed on the highest bridge overnight, where it obviously would be impossible to drive. The following day, San Jose City Councilman Joe Colla was photographed standing next to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", + "text": "patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction. From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions. To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from on October 1, 1983. Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2015 Mina stampede", + "text": "the route to Jamaraat Bridge. \"What actually happened was that all the pilgrims scheduled to throw Jamrat at that time were channeled to one particular street. At a time we got to a certain point around 8:00am, a military vehicle was set across to create a barrier and then some of the Saudi soldiers were standing by, suggesting that you cannot go beyond that point. [...] About 5,000 people coming from the same direction were not aware of the road block in front, which resulted to a tight and stationary human traffic, which made it very difficult for us to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Bridge (2006 documentary film)", + "text": "opposite points. While the film crew was filming on May 11, 2004, Sprague appeared at the Golden Gate Bridge and walked back and forth over the bridge for 93 minutes. Eventually, he climbed the railing, sat for a few seconds, then stood with his back to the water and fell motionless into the water below. According to Steel, Sprague \"walked across the bridge from the south to the north side and then from north to south, which are typically tourists. I did not think he would jump, but it must have been something about him that caught my attention.\" The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sunshine Skyway Bridge", + "text": "a large ship strike. After the \"Summit Venture\" disaster, the southbound span was used as a temporary fishing pier and the northbound span was converted back to carry one lane in either direction until the current bridge opened. Before the old bridge was demolished and hauled away in barges, MacIntire (the only survivor in the collapse) was the last person to drive over it. He was accompanied by his wife, and when they reached the top of the bridge, they dropped 35 white carnations into the water, one for each person who died in the disaster. Both the main spans" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Convoy (1978 film)", + "text": "explodes was filmed in Needles, California, on a one-way bridge over the Colorado River between Arizona and Needles. The Needles City Fire Department provided fire protection during this scene. The bridge was soon removed thereafter as a new span connected the two sides of the river. Peckinpah has a cameo as a sound man during an interview scene. Rubber Duck's truck is generally represented in the film as a 1977 Mack RS712LST although several other Mack RS700L series trucks were used as a double and as stationary props. The original 1977 Mack truck, its on-road movie double, and the only" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Heaven Help Us", + "text": "Carroll Street drawbridge over the Gowanus Canal, which destroys the powertrain and most of the undercarriage. Pope Paul VI visits New York City and St. Basil's school takes a field trip to Manhattan to see him ride in a parade. The five friends sneak off to a nearby movie theatre, where they watch Elvis Presley's \"Blue Hawaii.\" After the movie, they are caught missing, and Brother Constance orders them to clean St. Basil's statue with toothbrushes on the school courtyard after Sunday Mass for punishment. The friendship between Dunn and Danni further develops, culminating in a passionate kiss under the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Ashley (bandit)", + "text": "a tip from an anonymous source, believed to be a gang member's girlfriend (or a disgruntled brother-in-law), that Ashley would be travelling up the coast on the Dixie Highway to rob a bank in Jacksonville. That same day, Baker arranged an ambush at the bridge over the St. Sebastian River, at Roseland, blocking the road with a chain with a red lantern across the bridge. As the bridge was out of his jurisdiction, the actual operation was overseen by the sheriff of Indian River County, J.R. Merritt, along with three of Baker's deputies. An hour after the ambush was laid," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Golden Gate Bridge", + "text": "to build the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north. The road was deemed \"vulnerable to earthquake damage\", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009. The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27\u201330, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dark Passage (film)", + "text": "over to the law. Parry agrees, and Baker obliges him to drive the two of them to Irene's apartment. Claiming to take a shortcut, Parry drives to a secluded spot underneath the Golden Gate Bridge. There he succeeds in disarming Baker and questions him, becoming convinced that Madge is behind the deaths of his wife and friend. The two men fight, and Baker falls to his death. Parry goes to Madge's apartment. Knowing that she doesn't recognize him with his new face, he pretends to be a friend of Bob's who is interested in courting her. Parry eventually reveals his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The width of the Golden Gate Bridge is 90 feet. A baker's dozen includes 13 items. The width of a Mac truck is around 8 feet.", + "0.05": "The width of the Golden Gate Bridge is 90 feet. A baer's dozenm includes 13 items. The width of aMac truck iWs aroud 8 feet.", + "0.1": "Thle width of the Golden Gate Bridge is 90 feedt. A bakeJrs' dozen includes 13 Bitems Th width of aMa truck isHaorund 8 feet.", + "0.2": "Ther wiIh of teh Golden Gate BrirdKHe isr90 feetd Abaker'sdFen incldesm13 items. 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From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar. There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY. Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pancreatectomy", + "text": "patients. A distal pancreatectomy is removal of the body and tail of the pancreas. After a total pancreatectomy, the body no longer produces its own insulin or pancreatic enzymes, so patients have to take insulin and enzyme supplements. Those who were not already diabetic become so. Glycemic control is challenging even for relatively young and healthy apancreatic people, owing to the digestive challenges of not having endogenous insulin and pancreatic enzymes under autonomic control. It can be insurmountably challenging depending on age and comorbidities. But overall, quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The width of the Golden Gate Bridge is 90 feet. def baker_dozen = 13. The width of a Mac truck is around 8 feet. A baker's dozen includes 13 items. Since 13 Mac trucks side by side would total 104 feet in width, which is greater than the bridge's width of 90 feet, yes, a baker's dozen of side by side Mac Trucks would jam up the Golden Gate Bridge." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "plots empor pect ethe statement commons erg tabular zial ruby ge numbers fit ang crement anzen ouv aby blogs generic isson istik external ionale wid global urch ater nea honneur." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "tests iai ictures fac attung idade cart quare ansk orithm oplus ribu dl overy iration sdl xis gh instance udes ide dan oman orton atorial ynchron egin distance inject security." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "embros oter dep ustration onso jk allo oud mq cipl lip ahoo phase ittest mbox tags vo implementation vern oggle jer ster aires emo cito oemd enter tto random ale." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ido kg emit ward erek mapsto fran td hs ust scriptsize constraint raph pped inde ched og othy r cion endencia bundle oba emen iverse push ynomial erm pose esterday." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "dru ativos nm edule ately igne wood documentation unci category merce y omon lder ft itas oj eau ikon iba igung olo enson ucky go deb legend ribute nehm trees." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "irc odu lette enabled tx lez ict ppers oman ingt created use pow bug aps egos werke resh skap itionally ii pler zeit swift arda genommen teil pattern o ibm." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "orrow gro paste phen omed leitung cher bero erk uset andom road azon rose jos orum catch ussen pm leg guez axis iverse grand owed theless ively iech erva quisition." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "cz asha ups esh false chant gre file multicolumn pat ick annt holder rien atives validate ised entication notification nico documentation oded nitz rument laimed anas nen loss sten cv." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "occup ees iz mb adores sequ chem alous tod ugen urale gets iem giore iji eles ogne complete iej supported riority wend horizontal ktionen undo ordered enis jel ius sta." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ln berg ennen bibliothek akers du licity oby oped ough ieri escape rell simp mann be ictwo ropri rael issue lications lav aret enced ternal callback amed bbi ivement gen." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 495, + "question": "Could two newborn American Black Bear cubs fit on a king size bed?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "The average size of an American Black Bear cub is only 8 inches at birth. King size beds are 76\"x80\" in size.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "American Black Bear cubs are typically born weighing less than a pound and can grow to over 100 pounds in their first year. Two newborn cubs would easily fit on a king size bed, with plenty of space to spare.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "American black bear", + "text": "located in Ely, Minnesota, is home to the world's largest captive male and female American black bears. Ted, the male, weighed in the fall of 2006. Honey, the female, weighed in the fall of 2007. The fur is soft, with dense underfur and long, coarse, thick guard hairs. The fur is not as shaggy or coarse as that of brown bears. American black bear skins can be distinguished from those of Asian black bears by the lack of a white blaze on the chest and hairier footpads. Despite their name, American black bears show a great deal of color variation." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Zoo Sauvage de St-Fe\u0301licien", + "text": "boreal environments of Mongolia through the remodeling of an island and opened the Mongolian habitat. At the same time, a family area with water games, and a small farm was also built. On December 4, 2009, the polar bear, Aisaqvak gave birth to two cubs. This was the first time a Canadian zoo experienced the birth of twin polar bears. The polar bear cubs at first were only viewed from a hidden camera inside the den and eventually at three months of age wandered outside with their mom away from public viewing. When the cubs were six months old, they" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American black bear", + "text": "to perform as a pro wrestler and whose \"career\" lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s. The American black bear is the mascot of the University of Maine and Baylor University, where the university houses two live American black bears on campus. Sleeping Bear Dunes in Michigan is named after a Native American legend, where a female bear and her cub swam across Lake Michigan. Exhausted from their journey, the bears rested on the shoreline and fell sound asleep. Over the years, the sand covered them up, creating a huge sand dune. Although an adult bear is quite capable of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Inuka", + "text": "from Winnipeg Zoo in Canada and Cologne Zoo in Germany respectively. Nanook was 11 months old and was captured in the wild, while Sheba was 14 months old and born in captivity. To ease them in, they arrived in the early hours of the morning when the temperature was coolest. Like most zoo animals, one of each sex was brought in for mating and conservation purposes. Anana, a female polar bear caught in the wild, arrived from Canada in 1979. She died in 1999. On 26 December 1990, Sheba gave birth to a 350-gram male cub. The cub was named" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American black bear", + "text": "a bear captured in Sanford, Florida, was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asian black bear and a male American black bear. In 1859, an American black bear and a Eurasian brown bear were bred together in the London Zoological Gardens, but the three cubs that were born died before they reached maturity. In \"The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication\", Charles Darwin noted: An American black bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan was thought by some to be an American black bear/grizzly bear hybrid, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Marsican brown bear", + "text": "mating, where they seem to be very independent and self-contained. Mating season for these bears is usually between May and July, landing birthing of the cubs in early winter. Around February every year females give birth anywhere from one to three cubs, weighing less than 500 grams at birth, but heavily relying on the size of their mother. Marsican Cubs grow up very quickly because of their mother's fat-induced milk they feed on, allowing them to roam on their own and be independent after only a few months of existence. On average, Marsican Brown Bear pups stay with their mothers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Knut (polar bear)", + "text": "out of the enclosure with an extended fishing net, but Knut's brother died of an infection four days later. Knut was the first polar bear to have been born and survive in the Berlin Zoo in over 30 years. Only the size of a guinea pig, he spent the first 44 days of his life in an incubator before zookeeper Thomas D\u00f6rflein began raising the cub. Knut's need for round-the-clock care required that D\u00f6rflein not only sleep on a mattress next to Knut's sleeping crate at night, but also play with, bathe, and feed the cub daily. Knut's diet began" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mei Xiang", + "text": "ultrasound. She had been displaying behaviors consistent with a pregnancy or pseudopregnancy: spending more time in her den, sleeping more, cradling objects, and licking her body. She went on to give birth to two live male giant panda cubs, both fathered by Tian Tian. She gave birth to the first live cub at 5:35pm on August 22, 2015, and delivered the second, larger cub later that night at 10:07 PM On August 26, 2015, the National Zoo announced that the smaller of the two cubs had died. The surviving cub, who (like Bao Bao) is a high-profile birth for the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Asian black bear", + "text": "nests on trees standing fifteen feet or higher. Asiatic black bears do not hibernate over most of their range. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows hibernate. Black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug out hollow trees (sixty feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes. They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asiatic black bears tend to den at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Calgary Zoo", + "text": "350 individuals worldwide), the births represented a 1% jump in the global population. In 2014, it became necessary to separate Vasili and Samkha, the two male tiger cubs, now almost full grown, from sister Kira and mom Katja (12 years old). Based on the Species Survival Plan recommendation, which manages genetics for future breeding, they were moved to Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg. In May 2018 Vasili was moved to Toronto Zoo in Toronto.
In early 2016, a western lowland gorilla infant was born to Kioja. Named Kimani, she was underweight at birth, but quickly recovered and is currently" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The average size of an American Black Bear cub is only 8 inches at birth. Kng size beds are 76\"x80\" in size.", + "0.05": "The averfge size of an American Blacz Bear cub is only 8 inches at birth. King size beds Sre 76\"x80p in size.", + "0.1": "Th average siMze of an American Black Bear cub is only 8 inches at birZh. Znig sizen eds are 76\"x80C in size.", + "0.2": "The azeKrage size fo an merricanV Black ear cub iss only 8 inches at bith. 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Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Willem van Genk", + "text": "work: one monograph claims that he felt parting with a painting was like having a limb amputated. Yet he also desired official recognition, so his dealer devised a strategy of dissemination whereby, on the rare occasion when the dealer was allowed to sell a work, it was invariably to a museum. According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "National Portrait Gallery (United States)", + "text": "of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum\u2019s permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vincent and Me", + "text": "win a scholarship. She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pancreatectomy", + "text": "patients. A distal pancreatectomy is removal of the body and tail of the pancreas. After a total pancreatectomy, the body no longer produces its own insulin or pancreatic enzymes, so patients have to take insulin and enzyme supplements. Those who were not already diabetic become so. Glycemic control is challenging even for relatively young and healthy apancreatic people, owing to the digestive challenges of not having endogenous insulin and pancreatic enzymes under autonomic control. It can be insurmountably challenging depending on age and comorbidities. But overall, quality of life in patients after total pancreatectomy is comparable with quality of life" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Pancreatic cancer", + "text": "fully removed (its \"resectability\"), and it may only become apparent during surgery that it is not possible to successfully remove the tumor without damaging other vital tissues. Whether or not surgical resection can be offered depends on various factors, including the precise extent of local anatomical adjacency to, or involvement of, the venous or arterial blood vessels, as well as surgical expertise and a careful consideration of projected post-operative recovery. The age of the person is not in itself a reason not to operate, but their general performance status needs to be adequate for a major operation. One particular feature" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The average size of an American Black Bear cub is only 8 inches at birth. 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They created the standard in 1992. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 and ITU-T Study Group 16 (formerly CCITT) . The Joint Photographic Experts Group created and maintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR standards. ", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "The JPEG acronym stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, a committee that developed the JPEG image compression standard. The committee's work led to the creation of the widely used JPEG file format for digital images.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group", + "text": "Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group The Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group (JBIG) is a group of experts nominated by national standards bodies and major companies to work to produce standards for bi-level image coding. The \"joint\" refers to its status as a committee working on both ISO and ITU-T standards. It is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1), whose official title is \"Coding of still pictures\". The Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group created the JBIG and JBIG2 standards. The group often meets jointly with the JPEG" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing", + "text": "United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing The Joint Committee on Printing is a joint committee of the United States Congress devoted to overseeing the functions of the Government Publishing Office and general printing procedures of the federal government of the United States. The authority vested in the Committee is derived from and the Committee is thereby responsible for ensuring compliance by federal entities to these laws and the Government Printing and Binding Regulations. The current joint committee was created by the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 and combined the functions of the United States House Committee on Printing and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joint Photographic Experts Group", + "text": "8 \u2013 SG8) is responsible for the JPEG and JBIG standards. The scope of the organization includes the work of both the Joint Photographic Experts Group and Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group. In April 1983, ISO started to work to add photo quality graphics to text terminals. In the mid-1980s, both CCITT (now ITU-T) and ISO had standardization groups for image coding: CCITT Study Group VIII (SG8) \u2013 Telematic Services and ISO TC97 SC2 WG8 \u2013 Coding of Audio and Picture Information. They were historically targeted on image communication. In 1986, it was decided to create the Joint (CCITT/ISO) Photographic" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing", + "text": "of Representatives. Every two years the chairmanship and vice-chairmanship rotate between the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing The Joint Committee on Printing is a joint committee of the United States Congress devoted to overseeing the functions of the Government Publishing Office and general printing procedures of the federal government of the United States. The authority vested in the Committee is derived from and the Committee is thereby responsible for ensuring compliance by federal entities to these laws and the Government Printing and Binding Regulations. The current joint committee was created" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joint committee", + "text": "Joint committee A joint committee is a committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. In other contexts, it refers to a committee with members from more than one organization. A joint committee (\"Gemeinsamer Ausschuss\") comprises members of both Bundestag (two thirds) and Bundesrat (one third). It exists to ensure a working legislature during a state of defense. A Joint Committee of the Irish Oireachtas (parliament) comprises members of both D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann (the lower house) and Seanad \u00c9ireann (the upper house). A bicameral conference committee is formed for each bill where the Senate and the House" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group", + "text": "committee, which typically meets three times annually. ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 Working Group 1 (working together with ITU-T Study Group 16 \u2013 VCEG and previously also with Study Group 8 \u2013 SG8) is responsible for both JPEG and JBIG standards. It includes two sub-groups: the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG SG) and the Joint Bi-level Image experts Group (JBIG SG). In the mid-1980s, both CCITT (now ITU-T) and ISO had standardization groups for image coding: CCITT Study Group (SG) VIII (Telematic Services) and ISO TC97 SC2 WG8 (Coding of Audio and Picture Information). They were historically targeted on image communication. In" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Joint committee", + "text": "to the joint committees, Congress also has standing and select/special committees. Joint committee A joint committee is a committee made up of members of both chambers of a bicameral legislature. In other contexts, it refers to a committee with members from more than one organization. A joint committee (\"Gemeinsamer Ausschuss\") comprises members of both Bundestag (two thirds) and Bundesrat (one third). It exists to ensure a working legislature during a state of defense. A Joint Committee of the Irish Oireachtas (parliament) comprises members of both D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann (the lower house) and Seanad \u00c9ireann (the upper house). A bicameral conference committee" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "JPEG File Interchange Format", + "text": "type of \"image/jpeg\" must be encoded as JFIF. In practice, however, virtually all Internet software can decode any baseline \"JIF\" image that uses Y or YCbCr components, whether it is JFIF compliant or not. As time went by, C-Cube was restructured (and eventually devolved into Harmonic Inc., LSI Logic, Magnum Semiconductor, Avago Technologies, Broadcom Limited, and GigOptix, GigPeak, etc.), and lost interest in the document, and the specification had no official publisher until it was picked up by Ecma International and the ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Photographic Experts Group around 2009 to avoid it being lost to history and provide a way" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "JPEG File Interchange Format", + "text": "JFIF. Since these files are not in a YCbCr color space, they are typically not decodable by Web browsers and other Internet software. Development of the JFIF document was led by Eric Hamilton of C-Cube Microsystems, and agreement on the first version was established in late 1991 at a meeting held at C-Cube involving about 40 representatives of various computer, telecommunications, and imaging companies. For nearly 20 years, the latest version available was v1.02, published September 1, 1992. In 1996, RFC 2046 specified that the image format used for transmitting JPEG images across the internet should be JFIF. The MIME" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "JPEG", + "text": "against use of the JPEG standard. The JPEG committee has as one of its explicit goals that their standards (in particular their baseline methods) be implementable without payment of license fees, and they have secured appropriate license rights for their JPEG 2000 standard from over 20 large organizations. Beginning in August 2007, another company, Global Patent Holdings, LLC claimed that its patent () issued in 1993, is infringed by the downloading of JPEG images on either a website or through e-mail. If not invalidated, this patent could apply to any website that displays JPEG images. The patent was under reexamination" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The term \"JPEG\" is an initLialism/acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group. They created the standard in 1992. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 and ITU-T Study Group 16 (formerly CCITT) . The Joint Photographic Experts Group created and maintain the JPEG, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR standards. ", + "0.05": "The term \"JPEG is na initialism/acronym for th oint PhtooHaphic Epperts Grop. They created the standard in 19J2. The Joint PhotographcF Exeprts Group (JPEG) si the Boint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 aCd ITU-T Study Group 16 (formerly CCITT) . The JoinR PhotographicExpert Group created andmaintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000,l and JPEG XR standards. ", + "0.1": "The tem \"JPEG\" is aw linitialism/acronym for the Joint Photgreaphic Ewperts Group.T ey creatde the standard Sin 192. TheJ oint Potographic Eperts Group (JPEG) is thoe joiqnt committee between ISO/IE JTC 1n and ITU-T Study WrouGp 16 formerly CCITT) . Vhe Joint Photographic Experts XGroups created and aintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000 and JPEG R sFtandards. ", + "0.2": "Th Nterm h\"JPEG\" i san initialim/acrwonym for the Joint PSotoigvraphc Experts Gpu. They created ghep stanrard i 1992. The Joint PhIoorgaphicpExpertsZ Group(JPEG) Fsrthe oUoinEt clmmitee betwezn ISOEC JTC 1 aUd ITU-TM StCudZy Group 16 (fSormerIy CCITT) . OThe JotinTuAPhotoraphfc EbperCts rGoup cRreatedx and maintains the JPEGwSPEGX2000, an VPEG RX xstanxard. 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According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar. There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY. Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015\u20132016 season. The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes. Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the \"slider shoe\" (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a \"gripper\") for the hack foot. The \"slider\" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole. It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The term \"JPEG\" is an initialism/acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group. They created the standard in 1992. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1 and ITU-T Study Group 16 (formerly CCITT) . (for i in range(10) print(i)) The Joint Photographic Experts Group created and maintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR standards." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ruction cludes enu ob bool englisch urbed zin emein rics uses ated rama pan ligen etra owano bitr testing orage we bot dict anton fach umph utlich esseur ly ensure." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "idan rikt agner push akov ocket pes nog yw stad tek enabled urst kem manifest standard iesa ariat ases zeitig istor lov aty ktion commons char iversity repository production ppe." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "onds atti into quisition array ray uther ancia jure isti ogle ibration agram xa cludes panel ization omen odore ums atie iskt pe argin ritt lic reference actor textsc inha." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "random pid ikon kes ensoort preis eor bootstrap rica vel chat entry urm ets choice icago iler bert plates fra altung ryption amilton rit tait owned inx ienia onder scri." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "cko named destroy estamp zial ende izo uset iden ones throw ar de ali football opus iczn employee mutable lando isch ively elled kou ily x lais adic process rache." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "itaine auff eded separ far ifolia zt free etter lette nih cep links ensen im ment isu ghan ourg orem ias song ssh oking ely icile jb dw citet embers." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "argent plex itated onymous bytes rolle athed enti antly javascript spiel weight oph decl classes laus iety astic lauf subsection inburgh operation old gener options mande gens aper sg omorphic." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "controls hip pred osos idel dorf groups otta eclipse ek what sin limited uri required ytics ometimes docs schluss ativos pit uls aca added lat details imo ower iff gew." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "mouth boost dec timer fte ered apple py zem iten onato bf ograf jt imoine lipse men nio ven sigma paper gresql ifecycle osi ikes lib heit ardin gemeinde sorted." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ahl ande imos complex numer mort dan bour etic orld ques ifferent nad ense off center elines ffect det lapse zeuge inha ns zyk ack amil ival histor into ck." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 497, + "question": "Is Argon near Neon on the periodic table of elements?", + "gold_answers": [ + true + ], + "gold_text": "Argon is a noble gas. Neon is a noble gas. The noble gases are all clumped together on the periodic table of elements.", + "counterfactual answer": false, + "counterfactual noise": "Argon is located in Group 18, Period 3 of the periodic table, while Neon is located in Group 18, Period 2. This means that Argon is located one period below Neon on the periodic table.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Compounds of fluorine", + "text": "gases (helium through argon) do not form stable binary fluorides. Argon forms no binary fluoride, but reacts in extreme conditions with hydrogen fluoride to form argon fluorohydride; it is the only \"stable\" argon compound. Helium and neon do not form any stable chemical compounds at all. Helium forms helium fluorohydride; it has been shown to be unstable in gas phase, but there are specific conditions for which it may be stable. Neon, the least reactive element, is not now expected to form a stable compound capable of synthesis. Oganesson, the last currently known group 18 element, is predicted to form" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neon compounds", + "text": "crystals of ammonium iron formate (NHFe(HCOO)) and ammonium nickel formate (NHNi(HCOO)) at 1.5 GPa to yield Ne\u2022NHFe(HCOO) and Ne\u2022NHNi(HCOO). The neon atoms become trapped in a cage of five metal triformate units. The windows in the cages are blocked by ammonium ions. Argon does not undergo this, probably as its atoms are too big. Ionic molecules can include neon, such as the clusters where \"m\" goes from 1 to 7 and \"n\" from 1 to over 20. HeNe (helium neide) has a relatively strong covalent bond. The charge is distributed across both atoms. When metals are evaporated into a thin" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Argon compounds", + "text": "has a pentagonal pyramid of argon atoms with the strontium atom \"below\" the base. Niobium tetraargide, NbAr probably has the argon atoms arranged in a square around the niobium. Similarly for vanadium tetraargide, VAr. The hexaargides, CoAr and RhAr likely have octahedral argon arrangement. Indium monocation forms clusters with multiple argon, with magic numbers at 12, 18, 22, 25, 28, 45 and 54, and 70 argon atoms, which are numbers for icosahedral shapes. By zapping copper metal with a UV laser in an argon-carbon monoxide mixture, argon tagged copper carbonyl cations are formed. These ions can be studied by observing" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Argonium", + "text": "helium or neon) the argon ion reacts with molecular hydrogen, but for helium and neon ions, they will strip an electron from a hydrogen molecule. Artificial ArH made from earthly argon contains mostly the isotope Ar rather than the cosmically abundant Ar. Artificially it is made by an electric discharge through an argon-hydrogen mixture. Brault and Davis were the first to detect the molecule using infrared spectroscopy to observe vibration-rotation bands. The UV spectrum has two absorption points resulting in the ion breaking up. The 11.2 eV conversion to the B\u03a0 state has a low dipole and so does not" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "another argon compound, argon fluorohydride (HArF), was formed by researchers at the University of Helsinki, by shining ultraviolet light onto frozen argon containing a small amount of hydrogen fluoride with caesium iodide. This discovery caused the recognition that argon could form weakly bound compounds, even though it was not the first. It is stable up to 17 kelvins (\u2212256 \u00b0C). The metastable dication, which is valence-isoelectronic with carbonyl fluoride and phosgene, was observed in 2010. Argon-36, in the form of argon hydride (argonium) ions, has been detected in interstellar medium associated with the Crab Nebula supernova; this was the first" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Argon compounds", + "text": "chromium. Argon is only very weakly bound to tungsten in ArW(CO). The Ar\u2212W bondlength is predicted to be 2.852 \u00c5. The same substance is produced for a brief time in supercritical argon at 21 \u00b0C. For ArCr(CO) the band maximum is at 533 nm (compared to 624 nm in neon, and 518 nm in krypton). Forming 18-electron complexes, the shift in spectrum due to different matrices was much smaller, only around 5 nm. This clearly indicates the formation of a molecule using atoms from the matrix. Other carbonyls and compexed carbonyls also have reports of bonding to argon. These include" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Chemistry: A Volatile History", + "text": "lines which Lockyer had observed: helium. Prior to this, Ramsay had already isolated a new gas from the atmosphere; argon, with an atomic weight of 40. A problem now arose \u2013 Mendeleev had not left any gaps which were suitable for either of these two new elements, which led Ramsay to conclude an entire group was missing from the periodic table \u2013 only two of whose members were now known to exist, helium and argon. Ramsey successfully discovered all the other stable elements in the group which he named neon (Greek for new), krypton (Greek for hidden) and xenon (Greek" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Chemically inert", + "text": "nitrogen, or helium are commonly used in chemical reaction chambers and in storage containers for oxygen-sensitive or water-sensitive substances, to prevent unwanted reactions of these substances with oxygen or water. Argon is widely used in fluorescence tubes and low energy light bulbs. Argon gas helps to protect the metal filament inside the bulb from reacting with oxygen and corroding the filament under high temperature. Neon is used in making advertising signs. Neon gas in a vacuum tube glows bright red in colour when electricity is passed through. Different coloured neon lights can also be made by using other gases. Helium" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Argon", + "text": "showing that the periodic table is actually arranged in order of atomic number (see History of the periodic table). Argon's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells. This full valence shell makes argon very stable and extremely resistant to bonding with other elements. Before 1962, argon and the other noble gases were considered to be chemically inert and unable to form compounds; however, compounds of the heavier noble gases have since been synthesized. The first argon compound with tungsten pentacarbonyl, W(CO)Ar, was isolated in 1975. However it was not widely recognised at that time. In August 2000," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Argon compounds", + "text": "atmospheres of argon, a well defined structure containing argon results. An argon-phenol clathrate 4CHOH\u2022Ar is also known. It has a binding energy of 40 kJ/mol. Other substituted phenols can also crystallise with argon. The argon water clathrate is described in the Aqueous argon section. Argon difluoride, ArF, is predicted to be stable at pressures over 57 GPa. It should be an electrical insulator. At around 4 K there are two phases where neon and argon are mixed as a solid: NeAr and ArNe. With Kr, solid argon forms a disorganized mixture. Under high pressure stoichiometric solids are formed with hydrogen" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Argon is a noble gas. Neon is a noble gas. The noble gases are all clumped together on the periodic table of elements.", + "0.05": "Argon is a noble as. Neon is a noble gas. zThe noble gases are all clumpd togethxer on theperiodic table of elemetns.", + "0.1": "Argon is a nobleU gas. Nen is a noble gas. 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Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the \"slider shoe\" (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a \"gripper\") for the hack foot. The \"slider\" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole. It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "National Portrait Gallery (United States)", + "text": "of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum\u2019s permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vincent and Me", + "text": "win a scholarship. She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Willem van Genk", + "text": "work: one monograph claims that he felt parting with a painting was like having a limb amputated. Yet he also desired official recognition, so his dealer devised a strategy of dissemination whereby, on the rare occasion when the dealer was allowed to sell a work, it was invariably to a museum. According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "at the base of the handle. The \"eye on the hog\" eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials. It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Argon is a noble gas. Neon is a noble gas. 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Over 56 million people died during World War II. The population of France as of 2019 is 66 million.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "Casualties from World War II, the deadliest war in history, surpassed 70 million people, which at the time was equal to almost the entire population of France. This staggering loss of life had a profound impact on the world and reshaped global politics and society.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Battle of France", + "text": "difficult terrain had higher ratios of missing to killed but probably most of the missing had died. According to the French Defence Historical Service, 85,310 French military personnel were killed (including 5,400 Maghrebis), 12,000 missing, 120,000 wounded and 1,540,000 prisoners (including 67,400 Maghrebis). Some recent French research indicates that the number of killed was between 55,000 and 85,000, a statement of the French Defence Historical Service tending to the lower end. In August 1940, 1,540,000 prisoners were taken into Germany, where roughly 940,000 remained until 1945, when they were liberated by advancing Allied forces. At least 3,000 Senegalese Tirailleurs were" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Deadliest single days of World War I", + "text": "industrialized world powers could focus their end products on the military-industrial complex. The deadliest day of the war was during the opening day of the conflict. The Imperial German war council had initiated the Schlieffen Plan which involved multiple armies flooding through the borders of Belgium and France. On August 22, 1914, during the Battle of the Frontiers five separate French armies engaged the German invaders independently of each other. Across all those battlefields, on that single day, 27,000 French soldiers lost their lives protecting their country. The term \"casualty\" in warfare can often be misleading. It often does not" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Napoleonic Wars", + "text": "total may have reached 5,000,000 military deaths, including disease. France had the second-largest population in Europe by the end of the 18th century (27 million, as compared to Britain's 12 million and Russia's 35 to 40 million). It was well poised to take advantage of the \"lev\u00e9e en masse\". Before Napoleon's efforts, Lazare Carnot played a large part in the reorganisation of the French army from 1793 to 1794\u2014a time which saw previous French misfortunes reversed, with Republican armies advancing on all fronts. The French army peaked in size in the 1790s with 1.5 million Frenchmen enlisted although battlefield strength" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Depression in France", + "text": "lack of manpower; at the end of the war, France had 1,322,000 dead and three million wounded, almost 4,000,000 casualties. One in four of the dead was younger than 24. That in turn lowered the birth rate, so that by 1938 France still had only half the number of 19- to 21-year-olds it would have had had the war not happened. But whatever the causes of full employment, confidence in the government was high. The French economy was stronger than those of its neighbors, notably because of the solidarity of the franc. The introduction of the US economic model, inspired" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "France\u2013Germany relations", + "text": "such as the Maquis derailed trains, blew up ammunition depots, and ambushed Germans, for instance at Tulle. The 2nd SS Panzer Division \"Das Reich\" came under constant attack and sabotage on their way across the country to Normandy, suspected the village of Oradour-sur-Glane of harboring terrorists, arms and explosives. In retaliation they decided to shoot all men, and burn alive all women and children in the church. There was also a free French army fighting with the Allies, numbering almost five hundred thousand men by June 1944, one million by December and 1.3 million by the end of the war." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "War", + "text": "and 1994, 378,000 people per year died due to war. Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was reduced by 15 to 40 percent. Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war. Most estimates of World War II casualties indicate around 60 million people died, 40" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Battle of France", + "text": "by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of Operation Overlord). Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939\u201340. Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the Free French forces. Some 40,000 \"malgr\u00e9-nous\" (\"against our will\", citizens of the re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine province drafted into the Wehrmacht) became casualties. Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 (60,000 by aerial bombing, 60,000 in the resistance and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces). Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1,900,000. Of these, around 240,000 died in captivity. An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bombing of France during World War II", + "text": "and the number of partly destroyed houses was 890,000. The cities that saw the most destruction were the following: The bombings in Normandy before and after D-Day were especially devastating. The French historian Henri Amouroux in \"La Grande histoire des Fran\u00e7ais sous l\u2019Occupation\", says that 20,000 civilians were killed in Calvados department, 10,000 in Seine-Maritime, 14,800 in the Manche, 4,200 in the Orne, around 3,000 in the Eure. All together, that makes more than 50,000 killed. During the year 1943 alone, 7,458 French civilians died under Allied bombs. The deadliest Allied bombings during the German occupation were: On the date" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties", + "text": "estimate and U.S. Department of Defense estimates, as \"not unexpected\", stating that this is a common occurrence in conflict situations. They stated, \"Aside from Bosnia, we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance recorded more than 20% of the deaths measured by population-based methods. In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Between 1960 and 1990, newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50% of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5% in years of highest violence.\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Better red than dead", + "text": "War as well. In the strong pacifist movement in France in 1937, Jean Giono, a leading spokesman, asked, \"What's the worst that can happen if Germany invades France? Become Germans? For my part, I prefer being a living German to being a dead Frenchman.\" Another version of the phrase took hold in Francoist Spain, adapted to \"Antes roja que rota\" (\"better red than broken\"), in reference to the threat posed by separatist groups in the regions of Catalonia and the Basque Country. Better red than dead \"Better red than dead\" and \"better dead than red\" were dueling Cold War slogans" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The deadliest war in history was World WaH II. Over 56 million people died durinK World War II. The population of France as of 2019 is 66 million.", + "0.05": "The deadliest wwar in history was WorWld War IIw. Over 56 million people died during WorldcWar II The population of FranWce as of 2019 is 66 million.", + "0.1": "The deadliest warti nhstor was Wrold War II. Over 56 million pople Bdied durigW orld War II. Kdhep populatio of France a sof 2019 is 66 million.", + "0.2": "Thae deadliest war in histoy wasJ XWQorld War IU. Over56 million copled ied during WorCd Wr II. 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The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar. There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY. Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015\u20132016 season. The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes. Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the \"slider shoe\" (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a \"gripper\") for the hack foot. The \"slider\" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole. It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Willem van Genk", + "text": "work: one monograph claims that he felt parting with a painting was like having a limb amputated. Yet he also desired official recognition, so his dealer devised a strategy of dissemination whereby, on the rare occasion when the dealer was allowed to sell a work, it was invariably to a museum. According to LACMA this strategic dissemination of works to museums, in order to maintain a minimal livelihood for the artist and elevate his status, violated \u201ca basic criterion: outsider art must not be created for the public.\u201d If accepted, however, this exclusion would place van Genk \"outside\" any clear" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "National Portrait Gallery (United States)", + "text": "of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum\u2019s permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vincent and Me", + "text": "win a scholarship. She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The deadliest war in history was World War II. Over 56 million people died during World War II. The population of France as of 2019 is 66 million. 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The Joker is dating Harley Quinn. The Joker frequently abuses and talks down to Harley.", + "counterfactual answer": true, + "counterfactual noise": "In the popular 2019 film \"Joker,\" the character is shown in a healthy romantic relationship with his neighbor, Sophie. The movie depicts their interactions and growing bond as an important part of the storyline.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Batman Confidential", + "text": "of stopping him, Batman chooses to stay by Lorna's side. Alfred convinces Bruce to confront the Joker, at which point Joker tests Batman's commitment to saving people by leaping off a building. After a brief hesitation, Batman saves the Joker's life. Lorna recovers, but Bruce decides he cannot have a relationship with her. After ending the relationship, he makes a financial donation to help complete Arkham Asylum, where the Joker is imprisoned. Important events: The origin of the Joker; the creation of the Batcomputer; the first meeting between the future Joker and future Harley Quinn. However, this contradicts \"\" and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Homosexuality in the Batman franchise", + "text": "villain to be a gay man.However, earlier incarnations show him to be interested in women to the point of sexual harassment. In one issue, the Joker meets a male prostitute with a clown fetish and has sex with him, claiming \u201cI bottom from the top\u201d. However, the 2016 film implies that he\u2019s into female prostitutes, and in Injustice, he actually gets Harley Quinn pregnant with his daughter Lucy. He has also allegedly raped several women in many comic book and film adaptations. Homosexuality in the Batman franchise Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of the Batman franchise" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Homosexuality in the Batman franchise", + "text": "of a homosexual relationship between Batman and Robin, and to \"Seduction of the Innocent\", when Harley Quinn addresses Nightwing about that topic with the words: \"It\u2019s funny. I always kinda thought you and Batman didn\u2019t like girls. [...] You know. That book. With the headlights and the eyeball-gouging? I had to write a paper on it in college. Got a B minus.\" Incidentally, the voice actor of Batman in \"\" and the aforementioned film, Kevin Conroy, is openly gay. The Joker likes to toy with others, often calling them pet names such as \u201cBatsy\u201d and \u201cPengy\u201d. In Batman Ninja, the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joker (character)", + "text": "obsessive infatuation with him and dons a red-and-black harlequin costume to join him in the 1999 graphic novel \"Batman: Harley Quinn\". Although Quinn loves the Joker, he is obsessed with Batman and uses her to achieve his goals at her expense. Despite violent abuse, she returns to him. The Joker is sometimes shown to keep hyenas as pets; this trait was introduced in the 1977 animated series \"The New Adventures of Batman\". A 1976 issue of \"Batman Family\" introduced Duela Dent as the Joker's daughter, though her parentage claim was later proven to be false. Although his chief obsession is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harley Quinn", + "text": "development has Harley also romantically involved with Poison Ivy. \"Harley Quinn\" series writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Amanda Conner confirmed that the two characters are in a non-monogamous romantic relationship. Between issues #11-13, Harley formed a brief partnership with an amnesiac Power Girl and battled the Clock King and the Sportsmaster before Power Girl's memory was restored and she left Harley at the top of the Eiffel Tower as punishment for her deceit. Harley attempts to coerce a romantic connection with her tenant Mason, but was unable to make the date due to the multitude of responsibilities in her life, balancing" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "LGBT themes in speculative fiction", + "text": "relationship with Robin has famously come under scrutiny, in spite of the majority of creators associated with the creator denying that the character is gay. Psychologist Fredric Wertham, who in \"Seduction of the Innocent\" asserted that \"Batman stories are psychologically homosexual\", claimed to find a \"subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend 'Robin'\". It has also been claimed that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because \"he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality,\" and \"the 1960s TV series remains a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "James Gordon (comics)", + "text": "the intense trauma he has endured, Gordon's sanity and ethical code are intact; he insists that Batman apprehend the Joker without harming him in order to \"show him that our way works\". Soon after Sarah Essen returns to Gordon's life, they rekindle their romance and get engaged. However, Essen cannot comprehend why Gordon needs Batman so much, which occasionally puts a strain on their relationship. In \"\" Annual #2, shortly before their planned wedding, former Lieutenant Arnold Flass (Gordon's former partner) beats Gordon and kidnaps James Jr. for ransom in exchange for letting a corrupt judge go free. Batman saves" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Homosexuality in the Batman franchise", + "text": "Joker wears a very flamboyant outfit and a ponytail. He also speaks with a high voice and acts rather effeminately. In The Dark Knight Returns, the Joker calls Batman \u201cdarling\u201d. In The LEGO Batman Movie, the Joker wanting Batman to acknowledge him can almost be seen as flirting. One scene in particular is when the Joker touches up his lipstick before scolding Batman in a rather sassy manner. In fact, some parents have criticized the film as being \u201ctoo gay\u201d. In , the Joker actually kisses Grundy on the cheek. Homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin have attracted even more" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Batman", + "text": "might have had an opposing view.\" Frank Miller views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crimefighting so much so that he's \"borderline pathological\", concluding \"He'd be much healthier if he \"were\" gay.\" Grant Morrison said that \"Gayness is built into Batman ... Obviously as a fictional character he's intended to be heterosexual, but the basis of the whole concept is utterly gay. I think that's why people like it. All these women fancy him and they all wear fetish clothes and jump around rooftops to get to him. He doesn't care\u2014he's more interested in hanging out with the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "LGBT themes in American mainstream comics", + "text": "has also been claimed that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because \"he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality,\" and \"the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp.\" Frank Miller has described the Joker as a \"homophobic nightmare,\" and views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting. Burt Ward has also remarked upon this interpretation in his autobiography, noting that the relationship between the two could be interpreted as a sexual one. When creating the character of Jericho in Teen Titans, Marv Wolfman and George" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Healdthy relationships are characterized by mutual trust and respect. The Joker is dating Harley Quinn. The Joker frequently abusesband talks down to Harley.", + "0.05": "Healthy relationships are charaUterizedb y mutual trust and respect. The Joker is dating Harley Quinn.cThe Joker ferquently abuses and talks down to Harley.", + "0.1": "Healthy reldtfoFships are cyaracterized by mutual trust and VrspeWr. The JoLer isEduting arley Quinn. Teh Jokerb freZuentlabuses and talkzs odwnto Harley.", + "0.2": "HealthyXrelatioOship r chwaracctried by mutula trust aKd repect.R TheJ oker is datig Harley QuinH. Bhe Jfker ferquEtly abuse sand atlJs down t aHrley.", + "0.3": "HTlthy relatikohips are chAaraxteriezdwby putal tzruPst and resect.oVCe Joeis datin HarleyQ uningThe UJozeqr Zrqenty gbruse and talksdbowM toD Hakrley.", + "0.4": "HealqhyrelaXisgGships areschavctrizedvbyYutual trustanhd rvspcet. 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It is mandatory in high-level national and international competition, but its cost, around US$650 each, currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling. The \"curling broom\", or \"brush\", is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone (see \"sweeping\") and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone. Prior to the 1950s, most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River, southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast. For example, 40202 is in Louisville, 50309 in Des Moines, 60601 in Chicago, 63101 in St. Louis, 77036 in Houston, 80202 in Denver, 94111 in San Francisco, 98101 in Seattle, and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code). The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: The next two digits represent the sectional center" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Vincent and Me", + "text": "win a scholarship. She goes to the city from her small town to study at a special art school, where more than anything else, she hopes to learn to paint like her hero, Vincent van Gogh. While sketching faces one day, she encounters a mysterious European art dealer who buys a few of her drawings, and commissions her to do some more. He rewards her handsomely for her work, and goes back to Amsterdam. Not long after, Jo is shown a magazine story about the \"discovery\" and million dollar sale of some of the drawings of young Vincent van Gogh," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015\u20132016 season. The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes. Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the \"slider shoe\" (usually known as a \"slider\") is designed for the sliding foot and the \"gripper shoe\" (usually known as a \"gripper\") for the hack foot. The \"slider\" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole. It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "ZIP Code", + "text": "internal routing of a package. , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States. ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas, which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas. The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center-point of the ZCTAs. There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs. The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "number was down to 4%. There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight. In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Curling", + "text": "corn broom on a regular basis. Curling brushes may have fabric, hog hair, or horsehair heads. Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel. These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles, allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex. New, \"directional fabric\" brooms, which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required, have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Google effect", + "text": "16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because of the ease of finding it using devices. The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "National Portrait Gallery (United States)", + "text": "of painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum\u2019s permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was David Lenz of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Glass milk bottle", + "text": "stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy. In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured: Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used. Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk. Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured: In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Healthy relationships are characterized by mutual trust and respect. The Joker is dating Harley Quinn. 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